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. Assembleia na Web .
How to Get Digital Certificate?
Has the Digital Certificate an Validity?
How to Use the Assembly?
What is an Assembly on the Web?
Why to Perform an Assembly on the Web?
How to Perform an Assembly on the Web?
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Here's how much you should be investing by your 30s, according to former Wall Street executive Sallie Krawcheck
Emmie Martin
Nov. 25, 2016, 2:00 PM
Don't wait until your 30s to start investing — start as early as you can.
University of Exeter/flickr
In your 30s, you've (hopefully) started to check off important financial milestones: You're paying down debt, you have an emergency fund, and you're making monthly contributions to your 401(k).
And if you haven't already, you also want to start investing. But how much should you contribute?
The short answer: Anything you can, according to Sallie Krawcheck, a former Wall Street executive who founded and now serves as the CEO of Ellevest.
But if you're waiting until your 30s to start investing, you're too late.
"Just do it, just do it, just do it!" Krawcheck told Business Insider. "Because it's costing you a fortune, especially women," she added, noting that women were less likely to invest. "It costs women tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, sometimes millions of dollars over the course of their lives."
Contrary to the idea that you should wait until you have a substantial amount to invest, Krawcheck recommends that everyone start in his or her 20s, even if someone has only $50 or $100 to put in, because it will start compounding right away.
"Over time," Krawcheck said, you will "have a return on that money you put in, and then you'll earn a return on that return, and then you'll earn a return on that return on that return."
She's referring to compound interest, which is when the interest earned on an investment earns interest on itself. Because of it, a little money contributed today will ultimately earn more than a lot of money contributed tomorrow — so don't wait, even if you're putting in only 1% of your paycheck at first.
SEE ALSO: A financial planner reveals the best money habit for 30-somethings
DON'T MISS: Former Wall Street executive Sallie Krawcheck explains the best way to ask for a raise — and get one
More: Investing Sallie Krawcheck Money Advice Your Money Saving
Smart Investor
Hedge funds are getting swamped by alternative data. Some want to fast-track how they buy it and focus back on trades.
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We are a software development company dedicated to solving our customer's problems with custom software.
LTS Technology is focused on making our customers extremely happy with our products and services.
We create custom web applications that solve complex business problems. Our solutions are custom developed for your specific needs. They are tailored to your specific requirements and industry.
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Our custom business solutions are innovations and created specifically for your needs. We can develop for Mobile, Tablets, Windows and Mac. We can integrate our custom solutions with your existing systems.
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From our many years of experience, we've had a lot of opportunities to work on some very cool projects. The following is a small sample of some of the incredible work we've done.
We created a data visualization application that allows our client's customer the ability to see the results of product specification tests in a visual way. This allows our client's sales people to show how their products perform leading to their customer's deeper understanding of the products and ultimately an increase in sales.
We created a system that automates the addition of customers into our client's SAP system. The system we developed allows our client's customers to enter their own information into the system. A workflow was created that lets various departments augment and approve the data before it is automatically loaded into their ERP system.
LTS Technology developed a system to automate the raw material approval processing. Driven by the purchasing process, this system allows many departments within our client's organization change, enhance and approve various raw materials entering the organization. Documentation was archive for various regulatory processes.
We enhanced an existing workflow system that allows our client to track the funding approval for capital projects. This decreased their costs and provided them greater visibility into their large scale, important projects.
We built a system that allows our client to create and track customer specifications associated with purchase orders. This system helps to ensure that our client has the necessary approvals in place before committing to honor a purchase order.
We developed a system that helps make our client's clinical trials known to the general public. This helps our client drive inquiries into their clinical trials, helping to ensure that enough people take part in the trials to allow them to be successful.
LTS Technology built an app for the Apple App Store called Pic Send that simplifies the process of mailing pictures, and adds additional functionality beyond the default picture sending process. In addition to being able to mail photos, Pic Send also gives you control over the additional EXIF data being sent with the photo.
We created an app called Water Pilot that provides the user with all of the functionality of a traditional marine oriented GPS system in an easier to use format available on their phone. Water Pilot is compatible with the Pebble smartwatch to make navigation information available on your wrist. See more information about water pilot here.
A major international chemical company with locations around the world.
A leading cancer research and treatment center.
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A non-profit company based on business education for high school students.
Learn more about who you'll be working with.
Dennis is an industry leader having over 30 years of field, corporate, and consulting experience in the fields of information technology and software engineering.
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for i in `find ./ -name \*.jpg`; do
outputFile=${i%.jpg}_optimized.jpg;
jpegtran -optimize $i > $outputFile;
done
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
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A friendly central GUI allows developers to configure test inputs, schedule test runs and read reports as part of a streamlined workflow.
Our system utilizes public cloud infrastructure to simulate up to 100,000 virtual concurrent users from a range of regions. Best optimized for applications hosted in Microsoft Azure & AWS.
The performance and behaviors of the application will be analyzed in detailed reports. Based on the results, customers will be able to improve their system stability under selected scenarios.
Ability to test the performance of secure and internal systems which require user authentication for proxy bypassing; and allow assessing of the complete log-in & user registration to a webpage.
Purchase our VM image from a cloud marketplace (Microsoft Azure Marketplace or AWS Marketplace) and setup your test environment with a single click.
Create your own test by specifying the address and the number of virtual concurrent users you need.
Generate test results in clear and concise reports, which you can monitor or share.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
| 8,343 |
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Hôtel Eiffel Blomet - A Romance in Paris?
What if you were to enjoy a romantic holiday in Paris? It's Valentine's day all year round at the Eiffel Blomet ! Make yourself at home in one of our delightful rooms in the heart of the 15th arrondissement and take advantage of our Romance offer.
Our Romance offer is first and foremost a floral one. It enchants the eyes and the sense of smell and brings you, as you step through the door of your room, an intimate and warm ambience that will set the tone for your stay. Rose petals adorn your bed. Petals forming a heart, of course! Once the eyes and nose are satisfied, it's time to enchant the taste buds! It is with great pleasure that we offer you a bottle of Champagne, to enjoy together and at your leisure. Other treats (fruit, chocolates...) will be brought to you on request, so that this perfect day... is even more so!
It's an obvious choice. After all, this is the world's most romantic city. Wander, hands entwined, following the banks of the Seine. Lose yourselves in the shopping streets of the 15th arrondissement and stroll through the charming flea markets of the Porte de Vanves. Enjoy an intimate dinner for two in one of the welcoming little restaurants of the 14th arrondissement. Then finish the evening with a glass of Champagne. Gazing out of the window of your room, softly illuminated by the lights of the Eiffel Tower, you can drink to a love that will be eternal. To your love.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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| 4,949 |
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Deciphered
Post-Grant Proceedings (IPR, PGR...)
Back to Practice Areas
Since the enactment of the America Invents Act ("AIA"), contested proceedings before the PTO's Patent Trial and Appeal Board ("PTAB") have assumed an integral - and often dispositive - role in patent disputes. Today, the possibilities of such PTAB proceedings must be considered in all patent disputes. Lerner David's post‑grant practice has always been active. In the early 1980s, we succeeded in ex parte reexaminations involving patents on basic laser technology that dominated an entire industry. Later, when inter partes reexamination became available, we quickly developed expertise in those proceedings as well.
Our post‑grant practice expanded almost immediately with the passage of the AIA. For one major medical device manufacturer, Lerner David filed some of the last inter partes reexaminations just before AIA implementation in September 2012; and then, less than two months later, we filed one of the first inter partes reviews ("IPRs") to go to hearing. That IPR, where the challenged claims were ultimately found invalid, was drafted in part by flashlight and filed just a week after Super Storm Sandy battered New Jersey. Since then, Lerner David has been involved in over 60 IPRs on behalf of both Petioners and Patent Owners. On the Petitioner side, we have successfully represented pharmaceutical and medical device clients, among others, while representing patent owners in the food supplement, battery, and multinational media content delivery service industries in defending against IPRs. On behalf of Petitioners, our institution rate exceeds the PTAB averages, and we have prevailed in 90% of final written decisions rendered. On behalf of Patent Owners, through the strategic use of preliminary responses, Lerner David has been able to forestall the institution of, stay federal litigations, and obtain prompt settlements in multiple proceedings.
Lerner David has also represented a major consumer electronic and computer company and a multinational pharmaceutical company in more than a dozen IPRs. Many of those have also led to favorable settlements, or have been instrumental in obtaining a stay in parallel district court litigations, or both. One such IPR was filed a year after litigation began and resulted in a settlement within weeks, saving millions of dollars in continued litigation costs. Lerner David is also one of the few firms to have filed a "derivation proceeding" (which, under the AIA, replaced certain "interferences") and has prepared several Post‑Grant Review petitions, which can be used to attack the validity of a patent on far more grounds than in an IPR.
Lerner David, with its experience in both patent acquisition and enforcement, possesses a unique skill set tailor made for these new Patent Office proceedings, which are neither litigations nor examination, and cannot be treated merely as either. Because our ability to assimilate the intricacies of the technology, and our knowledge of the institution and its procedures, Lerner David is well poised to bring and defend post-grant procedures.
Lerner David Achieves Favorable IPR Settlement Granting Amneal Pharmaceuticals Early Market Entry for Vivitrol®
With only a few hours until a scheduled hearing before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board, Lerner David client Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC reached a settlement with Alkermes whereby both parties agreed to seek termination. Alkermes granted Amneal a license allowing it to market a generic version of VIVITROL® (naltrexone for extended release injectable suspension) in the U.S. beginning in 2028 or earlier under some circumstances in exchange for Amneal agreeing to drop its challenge to U.S. Patent No. 7,919,499 ("the '499 Patent"), an Orange Book-listed patent for VIVITROL®. The '499 Patent does not expire until 2029. While the terms of the settlement are confidential, in an analysis by Nasdaq.com, Alkermes' management was said to have "noted that Vivitrol is a complicated drug to both make and sell, so even if the company loses the patent hearing, it may be hard for makers of generics to enter the market." You can draw your own conclusions as to Alkermes' level of confidence in the '499 Patent. The case is Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC v. Alkermes Pharma Ireland Limited, Case No. IPR20198-00943.
Kashiv and Amneal Prevail in Fourth IPR, Invalidating All Challenged Claims of OxyContin® Patents
In a Final Written Decision issued in favor of Lerner David clients Kashiv Pharma, LLC and Amneal Pharmaceuticals, LLC, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ("PTAB") held all challenged claims of U.S. Patent No. 9,034,376 invalid on both asserted grounds. The '376 Patent is directed to a sustained release formulation of oxycodone HCl, marketed by Purdue Pharma as OxyContin®, and is one of twenty patents that Purdue has asserted against Kashiv's ANDA directed to its own abuse-deterrent formulation of oxycodone. This marks the fourth IPR win for Kashiv against this family of patents. Collectively, Lerner David has prevailed in all six grounds asserted over four IPRs. The case is Amneal Pharmaceuticals, LLC v. Purdue Pharma, L.P. et al., Case No. IPR2016-01412, (Feb. 8, 2018). The previous cases are Case Nos. IPR2016-01413, (Jan. 17, 2018), IPR2016-01027, (Nov. 8, 2017), and IPR2016-01028, (Nov. 8, 2017).
Amneal and Kashiv Prevail, Again, in Invalidating Additional OxyContin® Patent
In a Final Written Decision issued in favor of Lerner David clients Amneal Pharmaceuticals, LLC and Kashiv Pharma, LLC, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ("PTAB") held all challenged claims of U.S. Patent No. 9,034,376 invalid. The '376 Patent is directed to a sustained release formulation of oxycodone HCl, marketed by Purdue Pharma as OxyContin®, and is one of twenty patents that Purdue has asserted against Kashiv's ANDA directed to its own abuse-deterrent formulation of oxycodone. The case is Amneal Pharmaceuticals, LLC v. Purdue Pharma, L.P. et al., Case No. IPR2016-01413, (Jan. 17, 2018).
Federal Circuit Affirms PTAB Decisions Holding Prasugrel Patents Invalid
In a Rule 36 affirmance entered just two days after oral argument, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit entered judgment upholding two decisions by the Patent Trial and Appeal Board finding invalid all claims of two Orange Book-listed patents directed to Eli Lilly's blood thinner Effient® (prasugrel). Lerner David represented Dr. Reddy's Laboratories in the two Inter Partes Reviews before the PTAB and in the consolidated appeals to the Federal Circuit. The appeals are Daiichi Sankyo Company, Ltd. et al. v. Accord Healthcare Inc., USA et al., Nos. 2017-1052, 2017-1053 (Dec. 12, 2017).
Amneal and Kashiv Prevail in Two IPRs Invalidating OxyContin® Patent
In a pair of companion cases dated November 8, 2017, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ("PTAB") issued Final Written Decisions in favor of Lerner David clients Amneal Pharmaceuticals, LLC and Kashiv Pharma, LLC finding unpatentable the asserted claim of U.S. Patent No. 9,060,976. The '976 Patent is listed in the Orange Book for OxyContin® (oxycodone HCl), the blockbuster opioid analgesic marketed by Purdue Pharma, and is one of twelve patents currently asserted against Kashiv's ANDA directed to its own abuse-deterrent formulation of oxycodone. The PTAB held the '976 Patent invalid on all three instituted grounds. The cases are Amneal Pharmaceuticals, LLC v. Purdue Pharma, L.P. et al., Case No. IPR2016-01027, Paper No. 48 (Nov. 8, 2017) and Amneal Pharmaceuticals, LLC v. Purdue Pharma, L.P. et al., Case No. IPR2016-01028, Paper No. 47 (Nov. 8, 2017).
PTAB Institutes Trial on IPR Petition filed by Lerner David on behalf of Amneal
In companion Decisions issued in favor of Lerner David client Amneal Pharmaceuticals, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board instituted Inter Partes Review on three grounds against all challenged claims of U.S. Patent No. 9,034,376, listed in the Orange Book for OxyContin® (oxycodone HCl). These Institution Decisions follow a pair of decisions issued by the PTAB in November 2016 against a different listed patent.
PTAB Institutes Trial on IPR Petition filed by Lerner David on behalf of Luye Pharma
In a Decision issued in favor of Lerner David clients Luye Pharma Group Ltd., Luye Pharma (USA) Ltd., Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Nanjing Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. the Patent Trial and Appeal Board instituted Inter Partes Review of all challenged claims of U.S. Patent No. 6,667,061, listed in the Orange Book for Risperdal®CONSTA® (risperidone).
PTAB Institutes Trial on Two IPR Petitions filed by Lerner David on behalf of Amneal
In two related Decisions issued in favor of Lerner David client Amneal Pharmaceuticals, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board instituted Inter Partes Review on three grounds challenging U.S. Patent No. 9,060,976, listed in the Orange Book for OxyContin® (oxycodone HCl).
Lerner David Succeeds in Having IPR Instituted on Behalf of MVG, Inc.
On October 12, 2016, Lerner David received a decision from the Patent Trial and Appeal Board instituting Inter Partes Review on behalf of MVG against an ETS-Lindgren patent (IPR2016-00879). The patent, U.S. Patent No. 8,331,869, generally relates to complex radiation pattern measurements for testing the radiated performance of wireless devices. The Board found that MVG had made a showing that all challenged claims of the patents were either anticipated or obvious in light of the prior art. Indeed, the Board decided that the IPR should be instituted on all seven different grounds requested by MVG, including different combinations of prior art against many of the same claims.
Lerner David Invalidates Key Prasugrel Patents Before PTAB on Behalf of Dr. Reddy's Laboratories
In two Final Written Decisions entered by the Patent Trial and Appeal Board, Lerner David attorneys prevailed in invalidating all challenged claims of two Orange Book-listed patents directed to Effient® (prasugrel). Lerner David was one of five firms representing a total of 20 named generic pharmaceutical Petitioners in two related Inter Partes Reviews. These decisions pave the way for the prevailing generics to launch their products as early as October 14, 2017.
PTAB Denies Petition for IPR of Lambeth Magnetic Structures
In a decision in favor of Lambeth Magnetic Structure, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board denied TDK Corporation's request for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent 7,128,988 (IPR2016-00013). The '988 patent relates to magnetic structures used in devices such as memories. In its decision on April 12, 2016, the Board decided that TDK had not met its burden to show a reasonable likelihood that TDK would prevail with respect to at least one challenged claim. Instead, the Board ruled in Lerner David's and Lambeth's favor in finding that the petitioner provided insufficient evidence to show certain claim limitations were taught or suggested by the prior art.
Lerner David Succeeds In Instituting IPRs On Behalf Of Sony
On December 25, 2015 and January 4, 2016, Lerner David received decisions from the Patent Trial and Appeal Board instituting Inter Partes Review on behalf of Sony Corporation against two Imation patents. The patents, U.S. Patent Nos. 6,908,038 and 6,890,188, are directed to multi-connector portable memory cards. The Board found that Sony had made a showing that all challenged claims of the patents were either anticipated or obvious in light of the prior art. The Board's institution of IPRs follows Lerner David success in obtaining a stay of related district court proceedings involving the same patents. Imation sued Sony in the District of Minnesota in 2014, alleging that Sony's MicroVault Smartphone USB Flash Drive infringed both the '038 and '188 Patents. Following initial contentions, early discovery and the filing of the two IPR petitions, the case was stayed, allowing invalidity issues at the heart of the case to be litigated in the PTAB, with its favorable burden of proof and claim construction standards. The PTAB cases are Sony Corp. v. Imation Corp., Case No. IPR2015-1556, Paper No. 8 (Dec. 29, 2015) and Sony Corp. v. Imation Corp., Case No. IPR2015-1557, Paper No. 7 (Jan. 4, 2016).
Lerner David Successful in Early IPR
Lerner David filed one of the initial Inter Partes Review ("IPR") back in November 2012. On May 1, 2014 the Patent Office Patent Trial And Appeal Board ruled in favor of our client, St. Jude Medical, Cardiology Div., Inc. in IPR 2013-00041. The IPR had been filed by St. Jude against the patent owner, The Board of Trustees of the University of Michigan, regarding U.S. Patent No. 5,746,775. St. Jude was a licensee of the '775 Patent. The Board's decision found that St. Jude had met their burden of proof in establishing that all of the claims of the '775 Patent which were the subject of the IPR were invalid on the basis of obviousness over the prior art. That decision was then appealed, but resulted in an advantageous settlement on the part of St. Jude. The entire process resulted in a net savings of substantial amounts by St. Jude.
Lerner David Charges Forward in IPR
On January 27, 2014, Lerner David won a complete victory for our client, LG Chem, in an Inter Partes Review filed by Ube Maxell Co., Ltd. against LG Chem's U.S. Patent No. 7,709,152. Ube Maxell challenged the '152 Patent as anticipated and obvious on more than six different grounds. The Patent Trial and Appeal Board relied on Lerner David's arguments in a Preliminary Response as to why Ube Maxell's prior art references were deficient to show unpatentability of LG Chem's '152 Patent. Accordingly, the PTAB denied Ube Maxell's petition as to all challenged claims and ordered that no IPR trial be instituted.
Van Buskirk Recognized as "Life Sciences Star" for Fourth Year in a Row
PTAB Holds Service of Deficient Infringement Claim May Start One-Year IPR Filing Period
Lerner David Littenberg Krumholz & Mentlik LLP Welcomes Brothers Scott and Christian Samay as New Partners
Van Buskirk and Valeyko Presenting at CPhI's 8th Annual Pharma IPR Conference India 2019
Van Buskirk Recognized as "Life Sciences Star" for Third Year in a Row
Tedd Van Buskirk Named as Acritas Star for Second Year in a Row
Supreme Court Rules Inter Partes Decisions Are Here To Stay, With Modifications
Lerner David Again Named Intellectual Property Litigation Department of the Year
Federal Circuit Makes It Easier For Patent Owners To Amend Claims in IPR
Van Buskirk Recognized as "Life Sciences Star" for Second Year in a Row
Lerner David Ranked Top Tier Intellectual Property Law Firm
Lerner David Named Top IP Litigation Firm in New Jersey
"Web-Based Publications As Prior Art Under Section 102" by Elizabeth A. O'Brien published in New Jersey Law Journal on April 3, 2017
Lerner David Sponsors 11th Annual ACI Paragraph IV Disputes Conference on April 24-26, 2017
Tedd Van Buskirk Named as Acritas Star in Inaugural Report
Van Buskirk presents at 10th Annual ACI Paragraph IV Disputes Conference
Petitions For Inter Partes Review Face Increased Scrutiny
"Inter Partes Review and the Pharmaceutical Industry: A New Normal" by Maegan Fuller and Jennifer Yu published in New Jersey Law Journal on November 30, 2015
Gilman Gives Presentation on Post-Grant Proceedings at the International Patent Forum in London
Sales Speaks at Brazilian International Congress for Intellectual Property
PTAB Ruling Demonstrates Value of Patent Owner Preliminary Responses in Inter Partes Review
Patent Office Invalidity Challenges Gather Momentum
America Invents Act Changes Go Into Effect September 16, 2012
Keith Gilman Gives Speech Before the Michigan State Bar on "What E.U. Opposition Practice Teaches us about Post-Grant Review"
The America Invents Act Is Coming
Orville R. Cockings
Alyssa N. D'Antonio
Jonathan A. David
Aaron S. Eckenthal
Russell W. Faegenburg
Gregory S. Gewirtz
Kendall K. Gurule
Kelly Y. Hwang
Stephen M. Lund
William L. Mentlik
Marcus J. Millet
Scott R. Samay
Michael H. Teschner
Tedd W. Van Buskirk
[email protected]
[email protected]
Privacy/Disclaimer
© 2020 Lerner David Littenberg Krumholz & Mentlik LLP. All rights reserved.
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Q: Bash if statement [: missing `]' error I am having trouble with bash. I am trying to put a command in an if statement and then compare it to a string.
This works perfectly.
echo $(ipcs | grep Shared | awk '{print $2}')
When I put it in an if statement I get some problems.
$ if [ "$(ipcs | grep Shared | awk '{print $2}')" -eq "Shared"]; then
echo expression evaluated as true;
else
echo expression evaluated as false;
fi
bash: [: missing `]'
expression evaluated as false
$ if [ "$(ipcs | grep Shared | awk '{print $2}')" = "Shared"]; then
echo expression evaluated as true;
else
echo expression evaluated as false;
fi
bash: [: missing `]'
expression evaluated as false
$ if [ "$(ipcs | grep Shared | awk '{print $2}')" == "Shared"]; then
echo expression evaluated as true;
else
echo expression evaluated as false;
fi
bash: [: missing `]'
expression evaluated as false
I tried ==, =, and -eq because I wasn't sure which one to use.
A: Your missing ]' error is because you need a space at the inbetween "Shared" and ], so the line should be if [ "$(ipcs | grep Shared | awk '{print $2}')" == "Shared" ]; then.
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Hydro Quebec making headway in aftermath of fierce autumn storm, but will need more time
MONTREAL – Hydro-Quebec's president said the number of clients without power will drop to less than 100,000 by late Sunday, with the remaining, more complex cases to take a few more days to fix as the utility deals with the aftermath of a powerful autumn storm that hit late last week.
Eric Martel, president of Hydro-Quebec, thanked Quebecers for their patience given that some had been without power for more than 48 hours since Friday, when rain and strong winds of 100 km/h struck the province.
Martel told reporters Sunday that significant progress had been made in bringing the number of clients without power from 990,000 at its peak on Friday afternoon down to 119,000 nearly 48 hours later.
"We'll be under 100,000 by midnight," Martel said. "We know there are clients where we will need Monday, Tuesday, but it's clear we'll be under 100,000."
Crews were working around the clock but repair work was proving complicated in more remote areas not accessible by traditional equipment.
Of the remaining cases, Martel said about 70 per cent were cases where successful repair work would mean roughly 20 clients at a time would be hooked up to the grid again, slowing down that steady progress.
Spokesman Francis Labbe explained earlier Sunday those harder to reach areas had their own set of challenges.
"We're getting close to places where the population is more isolated, so accessing the outages is more complicated, and sometimes the work we have to do before we even start to repair the line is major," Labbe said. "For example, our crews often have to act as lumberjacks before they can even repair the line – lots of branches and trees are down."
Martel said the remaining outages were mainly in the Monteregie area south of Montreal, the Eastern Townships area including the cities of Granby and Sherbrooke, the Laurentians and Lanaudiere region north of Montreal, and areas near Trois-Rivieres and Drummondville and the Beauce region south of Quebec City.
The utility said in some areas, entire segments of the system need to be rebuilt, while in others transformers and poles need to be replaced, with equipment being shipped from across the province. Repairing poles can take between five and seven hours.
The broken electrical poles and downed power lines are nothing compared to the province's 1998 ice storm, which plunged 1.4 million clients into darkness for several weeks.
Martel had been questioned repeatedly about a comparison of the two incidents and said the situations were completely different, noting that with the ice storm, transmission towers collapsed from the weight of the ice.
"We're in situation where we're not talking about weeks to bring back electricity, we're talking about hours and days because it's the distribution system that's affected – the poles and the lines that lead to homes," Martel said.
The utility said nearly 1,400 employees were on the ground and reinforcements have arrived from Michigan, Ontario and the Maritimes with more reinforcements to come on Monday.
At an afternoon briefing, Energy and Natural Resources Minister Jonatan Julien said he was confident that 90 per cent of clients would be hooked up and preached patience as those remaining cases would require more time.
"It's not less work, but the result is less convincing in terms of number of customers being reconnected," Julien told reporters in Quebec City.
Julien also encouraged people to be safe and not use outdoor barbecues inside their homes after reports of several cases of carbon monoxide poisoning.
"I know after 48 hours, it's getting to be long, but we're asking people to be patient and please not to put your welfare in peril," Julien said.
Friday's storm claimed at least one life in Quebec.
Police in Bromont, Que., 85 kilometres east of Montreal, said a 63-year-old man was killed by a falling tree outside his home.
Imperial Oil CEO offers faint praise for Alberta curtailment cuts for rail plan
CTMA Hosts Series of Seminars on Doing Business
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She Who Destroys the Light
Fairy Tales Gone Wrong
By Shahida Arabi
PDF $5.99
The best fairy tales are the untold stories, the ones where the powerless take back their power and emerge as the victors, but not before enduring a long, arduous battle with the self and the world. In her debut poetry collection, 'She Who Destroys The Light: Fairy Tales Gone Wrong,' Shahida Arabi candidly explores the themes of destruction and resurrection, unraveling the dark realities of abuse, trauma, heartbreak and the survivor's convoluted journey to freedom, healing, creativity and self-love. This collection provides an uncensored and raw exploration into the complexities of adversity and agency, offering a rare glimpse of what it truly means to survive and rise again from the impact of emotional and psychological violence.
About Shahida Arabi
Shahida Arabi is a graduate of Columbia University graduate school and the bestselling author of The Smart Girl's Guide to Self-Care and Becoming the Narcissist's Nightmare: How to Devalue and Discard the Narcissist While Supplying...
Read more about Shahida Arabi
Hi-Res Cover Photo
More From Thought Catalog Books
About Thought Catalog Books
Thought Catalog introduces long reads and digital books for your tablet, eReader or mobile device. All titles are available through Amazon, Apple, and Barnes & Noble. New titles are released biweekly. Questions? Email [email protected].
Retail inquiries: [email protected]
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Our Elders
Sundays at Faith
Faithlife Sunday Morning
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Individual and Family Resources
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Text-to-Give
We want to establish and strengthen churches to the glory of God throughout the world in obedience to the Great Commission. "Tell of His glory among the nations, His wonderful deeds among all the peoples." Psalm 96:3
We want to go into all the world, proclaim the gospel of Jesus Christ, make disciples, and compassionately serve the hurting.
Possibilities Africa
Possibilities Africa is a ministry started to equip pastors in rural African communities for holistic transformation of their communities. This is implemented through a plan where Possibilities Africa recruits, equips, and partners with rural pastors and their churches to enable them to provide spiritual leadership for their churches and communities, promote the development of income-generating activities by providing training and seed capital in order to alleviate handouts-generated poverty, and to prepare, through mentorship and discipleship, their children and youth to live holistic Christian lives. Learn more at www.possibilitiesafrica.org.
Kingdom Harvest International
KHI fulfills the Great Commission by presenting the gospel and discipling believers in unreached areas of the world. Together with India Campus Crusade for Christ (ICCC), they identify regions of villages where no churches are present. They then assign indigenous teams of two with the responsibility of beginning a church planting movement in their region. Learn more at www.kingdomsharvest.com.
Denise & Luke
Denise and Luke are a part of a team that is convinced that no one should live and die without hearing God's good news and is working to bring the gospel to the largest ethnic minority in an eastern Asian country. Currently, there is not one known follower of Jesus Christ among this people and no Christian resources in their language. Scattered around a mountainous region in small, isolated villages, this people group observes the animistic Mo religion, believing that spirits are present in everything. Denise, Luke, and their teammates are working to create an enterprise that will allow them to be able to enter the villages and share the good news of Christ.
International Gospel Ministries
Terry and Lorie Lingel oversee International Gospel Ministries. They split their time between their home in Idaho and Mexico, where they bring the gospel to lost people through evangelistic outreaches, support local pastors, and serve the poor.
Eric and his wife Adriana, Mexican nationals, also serve with IGM. A few years ago, Eric was falsely accused and imprisoned for four years and four months. During this time they watched God move in mysterious ways. While the enemy sought to silence the witness of Christ, God worked to bring His Word and the freedom of His salvation to many people imprisoned with Eric.
Peggy Warren
Peggy Warren serves with Ethnos360 in Chihuahua, Mexico. Ethnos360 is in Mexico to train Latin missionaries, to teach Spanish to missionaries, and to plant self-supporting, reproducing churches among the indigenous people groups of Mexico. They work with local churches, informing them of the need to spread the gospel message in Mexico and around the world.
Refugee Outreach
Lincoln is quickly becoming a global city. Over the past three decades, Lincoln has been a favorite relocation destination for refugees because of its stable job market and family-friendly atmosphere. Represented among these are over twenty ethnic groups without consistent gospel witness in their language, neither in their homelands nor here. We support two couples working full-time to bring the gospel to members of our refugee community. One couple, serving with Christar, is working with Arabic speakers from Muslim, Yazidi, Christian, and Sabean backgrounds. The other is seeking to plant a church among the Middle Eastern and North African population and is also ministering to Persians.
If you'd like to stay up-to-date with our missionaries and their ministries, please contact the church office at [email protected] or 402-484-6020.
To see how we support our local community click here.
Copyright © 2022 Faith Bible Church
6201 S. 84th Street, Lincoln, NE 68516
402-484-6020 | [email protected]
Join Us Sunday for Worship
at 9:00am & 10:30am
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Sophomore cross country runner looking forward to next season and Air Force future
By: Erin Onderko For the Yellow Jacket While all of our athletes' seasons may look different this year because of the Coronavirus pandemic, they are still doing what they can to be involved with their teams and prepare for whatever the season holds, to the best of their ability. Like every athlete, Sophomore cross country … Continue reading
Senior Spotlight: Cunningham part of Waynesburg's rise from worthy challengers to perennial champions
Joseph Smeltzer April 16, 2020
The Waynesburg University women's cross country team has emerged as a dynasty in recent years. The Jackets have been so dominant that it's easy to forget that there was once a time when they had never won a Presidents' Athletic Conference title, but that was the case entering the 2016 season. It took the arrival … Continue reading
Column: Women's cross country's run of dominance far from over
Joseph Smeltzer November 7, 2019
Expect anything different? In what's become a yearly ritual around the late-October/early-November time of the year, the Waynesburg University women's cross country team won the Presidents' Athletic Conference championship, edging out a scrappy Geneva squad by four points. Although the 2019 PAC Championships just ended, and the cross country season is still going on for … Continue reading
Wingeart, Cokley make XC history, Wingeart lone Waynesburg runner to advance to nationals
Jared Wiker November 13, 2021
Emily Reifsnyder
Qualifying for nationals, a feat so nice. Aubrey Wingeart just did it twice. The selections for the NCAA Division III National Cross Country Championships aren't made until Sunday. However, Wingeart put herself in a position to guarantee herself a spot at the championships for the second time in her collegiate career. "It's a great accomplishment," … Continue reading
Q&A: Chris Hardie leads Waynesburg's successful Cross Country program
Hardie reacts to winning sixth straight women's cross country championship
Jared Wiker November 5, 2021
Riley Holsinger
Make sure to check out Riley's interview with coach Hardie from the latest episode of WCTV's Jacket Sports Weekly on YouTube here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4gRC0fZFWQ Chris Hardie has hoisted a lot of hardware as the head coach of the Waynesburg women's cross country teams over his 11-year tenure as head coach. Seven Presidents' Athletic Conference (PAC) Women's Coach … Continue reading
Waynesburg Cross Country earns six-peat sweetness
Women's cross country dynasty continues, men's cross country finishes fifth
Jared Wiker October 31, 2021
By: Riley Holsinger For The Yellow Jacket The three inevitable things in life: death, taxes and the Waynesburg women's cross country team winning the Presidents' Athletic Conference (PAC) championship. For the sixth consecutive season, the women's team has hoisted the PAC championship trophy. This year, it was a nail biter as they placed just one … Continue reading
Waynesburg returns to running (From 9-25-21)
Wingeart impresses in first meet back
Patty Kaczynski Scott
By: Riley Holsinger For the Yellow Jacket Three weeks ago, the Waynesburg University cross country teams hit the trails at the Dickinson Long/Short Invitational. Aubrey Wingeart, a familiar face for the Yellow Jackets, returned to the trails for her first meet this season. "I really loved being out with the team again," Wingeart said. "I … Continue reading
Cross Country falls back into a normal season
Women's team finishes fourth, men's team gets fifth at Fisher Invitational
Bruce Davidson September 8, 2021
For the first time since the fall of 2019, the Waynesburg University cross country teams returned to a normal fall season with two competitions last week. "It was good to get back out there on the course again," sophomore Andrew Kasper said. "That was really exciting." Last year, the Presidents' Athletic Conference (PAC) pushed all … Continue reading
Waynesburg's 24th Annual 5K, what/how is it?
Saturday Morning's Homecoming run goes virtual for 2020
Dylan Cleland September 21, 2020
Waynesburg SAB
As this weekend marks Homecoming at Waynesburg University, the events will be set-up quite differently this year with some being socially distanced, and the majority taking place virtually. The 5K Homecoming race is no different and for the first time will be held as a virtual race. Typically held in the morning on the Saturday … Continue reading
Running from disappointment
People exercise to keep spirits up during coronavirus outbreak
Dylan Cleland April 16, 2020
A screeching halt. Waynesburg spring athletes' seasons, along with many others across the nation came to an end in early March. A month later, there is no competition in sight for the immediate future. "Disappointment comes every day as part of every life, and you can only get stronger by it," said Waynesburg track coach … Continue reading
Wingeart's magical cross country season ends at nationals
Joseph Smeltzer November 25, 2019
Chris Hardie
For the entirety of the 2019 season, everything had been going right for Aubrey Wingeart. In particular, the month of November has been a magical one for the Waynesburg University sophomore. At the Presidents' Athletic Conference Championships Nov. 2, Wingeart placed first overall and led her team to a fourth straight title. Two weeks later … Continue reading
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Ars Prosa: NaNoWriMo - Day 15 - Half way?
It's day 15, which means by now I should have about 25,000 words written; in reality I have about 17,000 words, which is a little over a third. If I write 2200 words a day I should be able to finish on time, and that strikes me as doable, though I'd much rather have a couple of more 3500+ days to compensate for some future days I might not be feeling it.
I also feel like the novel will be much longer than 50,000 words (which would be a novella anyway, remember this post?) perhaps even longer than my previous novel (73,000 words), and it's making me think up of tactics for the future. Though reaching the 50K word count seems seems to be the right goal now, I think that at some point I'll have to stop, look back on the whole thing with a far more critical eye, and examine my notes to see how much the project has mutated since its first inception, and whether that's good or bad. For now, however, it's full speed ahead.
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Christians: Not of the World?
It's a well known phrase that has been preached in many sermons and repeated by many, many more Christians. It is a conviction which many Christians, especially of the Bible-believing, conservative-evangelicalish type, understand the relationship they are to have with the world. That's why you won't hear such Christians talk about going out to see the movie Fifty Shades of Grey followed up by dinner at some restaurant like Hooters or Tilted Kilt.
"I am not asking you to take them out of the world, but I ask you to protect them from the evil one. They do not belong to the world, just as I do not belong to the world. Sanctify them in the truth; your word is truth. As you have sent me into the world, so I have sent them into the world. And for their sakes I sanctify myself, so that they also may be sanctified in truth" (NRSV).
The idea of sanctification means to be holy, set apart for God and his mission. While Christians are sent into the world, rather than withdrawn from the world, Christians must abstain from living as the world because they do not belong to the world. The Apostle Paul expresses a very similar concern as he commands the Christians in Rome saying, "Do not be conformed to this present world… (Rom 12:2).
But living as people who are not of the world is more than just abstaining from certain segments of the entertainment culture.
In his book Exclusion and Embrace, Miroslav Volf writes about the strangeness that Christians are to have regarding their culture as a result of their allegiance to God rather than country. Such strangeness gives "…a vantage point form which to perceive and judge the self and the other not simply on their own terms but in the light of God's new world…" (p. 53). Thus, by embracing this strangeness, Christians are able to see the world as God sees it and respond in ways that reflect the new creation they belong to.
The importance of this strangeness cannot be overstated. Two Sunday's ago I turned on the news and was horrified by the news that twenty-one Coptic Christians were beheaded as martyrs of Jesus Christ by the terrorist group ISIS. It is horrible and as expected, everyone believes something needs to be done about such terrorism. The world, including the United States, will meet such violence with violence. Militaries will wage war and the masses will champion the cause as if it will really save the world, ridding it of evil.
Yet a lot of Christians, including some preachers, are among the masses cheering this cause and here in the United States it too often ends up having to do with what is best for America… filtered through whatever political camp one affiliates with. So much for being not of the world!
I'm not writing this just for the sake of being critical. I'm concerned with how the church is going convince this broken world of the gospel when so many Christians speak as people who still belong to the world?
I went and saw the movie American Sniper yesterday. It was a realistically brutal portrayal of war, in more ways than one. Besides the bloodshed and the loss of lives of both Americans and Iraqi insurgents, who both bear the image of God, families suffered on both sides for the gods of war. As the movie finished, I was left with nothing but sadness. There was anything to celebrate, there wasn't any winners to applaud, and there wasn't any heroes to venerate as a legend. What I saw were victims. That's right, victims! I saw victims of a dark and broken world where everyone keeps trying to kill everyone not in a war that ends all wars but as a war that only begets more war.
The only way the world is ever going to know there is hope beyond such mayhem, the future hope which Jesus has established through his own crucifixion and resurrection, is for Christians to speak of such hope… to speak as people who are not of this world in response to the terrorism and violence of this world. The world doesn't need the church to champion its way of the sword, as it already has plenty of people ready and willing to do that. What the world needs is for Christians "to be concerned about nothing among [the world] except Jesus the Messiah and him crucified" (1 Cor 2:2) because it is only through the crucified Jesus that the world will ever know the hope of the resurrected Jesus.
This entry was posted in Contemporary Christianity, Contemporary Culture, Discipleship, Hope, Scripture, Theology. Bookmark the permalink.
Amen. I read that when,asked what she,would,do if she saw an ISIS killer of her son, an Egyptian Coptic mother said, ´I would invite him home to eat'. Jesus always linked our knowledge of God with the overcoming love of our enemies…. this Coptic mother whom many Christians in this country would hardly consider Christian at all, has put us all to shame.
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ABC just announced a 'The Little Mermaid' live concert with a flawless cast
By Alexis Nedd 5 months, 3 weeks
Sometimes you gotta send a princess to do a princess's job.
The Hollywood Reporter reports that ABC will air a live concert of The Little Mermaid, and that certified Disney princess Auli'i Cravalho will sing the role of Ariel. Cravalho previously voiced Moana in 2016's Moana, about a princess who lives on an island and wants to explore the sea. Take that idea, reverse it, and that's The Little Mermaid in a nutshell.
In addition to Cravalho, ABC announced Queen Latifah as Ursula and Shaggy as Sebastian the crab. The Little Mermaid live will be Queen Latifah's second time performing in a live television musical; she previously played The Wiz in 2016's The Wiz on NBC in addition to her supporting role in the movie version of Hairspray and her Oscar-nominated role in 2002's Chicago.
As for Shaggy, bless whoever cast him as Sebastian. It feels impossible somehow that he has not already played Sebastian, considering his two Best Reggae Album Grammys and distinctive, recognizable voice. "Under the Sea" will never be the same after Shaggy puts his spin on it.
SEE ALSO: Teen babysitter transforms a normal night in into a mermaid party extravaganza
The Little Mermaid concert will air on ABC on November 5th as a part of The Wonderful World of Disney's special programming, and will incorporate songs from the original animated movie as well as the Broadway stage version of The Little Mermaid. Though it is being billed as a concert, THR reports that the show "will feature intricate sets and costumes."
This live production is of course in addition to the live-action The Little Mermaid currently in pre-production at Disney, which stars Halle Bailey as Ariel, and with Melissa McCarthy, Awkwafina, and Harry Styles all in talks to join.
That's a lot of mermaids, but considering The Little Mermaid is one of Disney's best-loved animated movies, it's better not to complain about the full sea of adaptations.
WATCH: Mickey Mouse was in 'The Little Mermaid' and you probably missed it
TOPICS: Entertainment, Entertainment, movies tv shows, Movies & TV shows, UAE, Queen Latifah, Shaggy
Dominic Torretto is a proud father in 'Fast & Furious 9' teaser
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The coronavirus has sent a video game about wiping out humanity to #1
Lizzo quietly chants "Beyoncé" before her Grammys win
Billie Eilish wins big at Grammys, duh
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Former Staff Writer, St. Petersburg Times
[email protected]Email [email protected]Email
The latest Truth-O-Meter items from John Frank
The 7-7-7 plan requires a bit of rounding
"My 7-step plan" creates 700,000 jobs in 7 years.
— PolitiFact Florida on Monday, July 26th, 2010
Cherry-picking the most favorable numbers
Charlie Crist
Cover Florida "is available to any Floridian, offering basic coverage for about $150 a month, instead of the typical $600 a month."
— PolitiFact Florida on Wednesday, March 3rd, 2010
"Was," not "is"
Van Jones "is an avowed, self-avowed radical revolutionary communist."
— PolitiFact National on Tuesday, September 8th, 2009
Palin endorsed wolf bounty
Defenders of Wildlife Action Fund
"Palin (proposed) a $150 bounty for the severed foreleg of each killed wolf."
— PolitiFact National on Wednesday, October 1st, 2008
Palin supports aerial shooting, for a reason
Palin supports "aerial hunting of wolves and other wildlife."
McCain flipped on payroll taxes, if only once
"When he was asked a few years ago whether he could see himself lifting the cap on the payroll tax, (McCain) said, 'I could.' But today he's attacking me for holding the very same position."
— PolitiFact National on Thursday, June 26th, 2008
Obama's more right than he knows
"I'm the product of a mixed marriage that would have been illegal in 12 states when I was born."
— PolitiFact National on Tuesday, April 15th, 2008
That's not the whole plan
McCain's "plan for the economy is to extend George Bush's tax cuts for billionaires and give a $100-billion additional corporate tax cut."
— PolitiFact National on Wednesday, April 2nd, 2008
Pretty much yes, but it's not 'special'
"He told gay organizers in Massachusetts he would be a stronger advocate for special rights than even Ted Kennedy."
— PolitiFact National on Thursday, January 31st, 2008
He's right, but Clinton 'quote' isn't hers exactly
"But it was Hillary Clinton, in an interview with Tom Brokaw, who quote 'paid tribute' to Ronald Reagan's economic and foreign policy."
— PolitiFact National on Friday, January 25th, 2008
Recent stories from John Frank
Rick Scott, Florida's new governor
After a high-spending campaign with mostly his own money, Republican Rick Scott narrowly won election to become Florida's next governor. Here's a look back through our fact-checking eyes at what he said, and what others said about him.
By John Bartosek, Becky Bowers, Louis Jacobson, Aaron Sharockman, Amy Sherman. Published on Wednesday, November 3rd, 2010 at 5:30 p.m.
Rudy's Florida pitch
In a TV ad aimed at voters in Florida, Rudy Giuliani makes claims about cutting taxes, welfare reform and a national insurance fund. We find he's mostly right on two, but wrong on the other.
By Robert Farley, John Frank. Published on Friday, January 18th, 2008 at 7:51 p.m.
History is not their best subject
Presidential candidates often make historical references to emphasize points or justify positions. A lot of the time, though, they get their facts wrong -- to the dismay of historians.
By John Frank. Published on Tuesday, December 18th, 2007 at 5:28 p.m.
Making 'disruption' equal 'destruction'
Rudy Giuliani frequently attacks Hillary Clinton over her views on the free market, but he's blatantly misquoting her.
By John Frank. Published on Tuesday, November 13th, 2007 at 6:18 p.m.
Thompson's first role: factory worker
To counter his history in Hollywood and Washington, he tells of growing up in rural Tennessee.
By John Frank. Published on Thursday, October 18th, 2007 at 4:38 p.m.
No easy pricetag for Iraq war
A precise figure on the cost of the Iraq war is missing in action.
By John Frank. Published on Thursday, September 20th, 2007 at 2:29 p.m.
|
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Nest weekend, Feb 9-11, Eagle River is hosting its 13th annual pond hockey national championship. Over 300 teams on 30 rinks in three days. so if you are still looking for lodging in Three Lakes, cabins or cottages we still have 4 available units left to rent. Peyer's Paradise Resort Three Lakes WI 715-490-3008.
It's gotten quite warm out there today, already hitting 40 by noon. Lots of sleds going by in trail 13. The weekend is going to be crazy. Putting together a nice give away for this spring. check out our Peyer's Paradise Resort facebook page. Details coming soon for a guided fishing with cabin, FREE!!
The weekend was warm but not as warm as predicted. The sun didn't shine much so not a lot of melting occurred. The trails held up pretty well even with all the traffic. Today has been a real winter wonderland. 5 inches on the ground and more on the way. Stay tuned for more updates.
Cabins 3, 4, 5, & 6 are all done, and almost full for the summer!! For you "regulars", you won't believe your eyes when you get here!! It's been fun to see people's reactions when they step through the door! Looking forward to a full and fun summer!!!
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This types of restraining order is used to prevent abuse from family members or household members. It can be used to prevent future abuse or contact, and order the abuser to vacate the marital home. These orders can have profound effects on issues of custody and visitation. The complaint is civil in nature, but any violation will have criminal consequences.
258E – Harassment Prevention- Unlike the 209A restraining orders these do not require a familial connection. The standard for these complaints is three or more willful and malicious acts committed with the intent to cause fear, intimidation, or abuse.
265 §43- Stalking- This also does not require a familial connection and is committed where there is a knowing pattern of malicious conduct that seriously annoys or alarms that person, or makes a threat with the intent to cause that victim to fear for the immediate bodily safety.
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Utricularia dunstaniae — вид рослин із родини пухирникових (Lentibulariaceae).
Біоморфологічна характеристика
Це невеликий однорічний наземний вид. Суцвіття прямовисне, одиночне, 6–15 см. Мабуть, квіти завжди поодинокі. Віночок жовтуватий, жовто-коричневий. Цвітіння: березень — травень.
Середовище проживання
Ендемік півночі Австралії (пн. Західна Австралія, пн. Північна територія).
Цей вид росте у вологому піску, часто на мілководді в лісах Melaleuca nevosa або Verticordia.
Примітки
dunstaniae
Флора Австралії
Рослини, описані 1936
Рослини-хижаки
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Strencom inks €300,000 deal with Irish animator Brown Bag Films
News > Strencom inks €300,000 deal with Irish animator Brown Bag Films
Featured Article 24 Oct 2014
Data networks provider Strencom has inked a three-year contract with Irish animation company Brown Bag Films valued at €300,000.
The company has already implemented a combined Unified Communications as a Service (UCaaS) and has managed connectivity solution to Brown Bag Films, who produces children's animation series such as Henry Hugglemonster, Peter Rabbit, Octonauts and Doc McStuffins.
Strencom's UCaaS solution offers Brown Bag Films a virtual collaboration space, connecting its Dublin-based offices with its partners around the world. The technology allows Brown Bag Films to switch between audio and video conferencing, instant messaging, and desktop and application sharing, to facilitate global animation production.
"When we implemented Strencom we immediately began to see creative and productivity gains that we hadn't initially planned," said Cathal Gaffney, CEO of Brown Bag Films in a statement.
"It has immensely improved internal communications helping to facilitate our scaling in Ireland and internationally."
Tim Murphy, CEO, Strencom added: "Brown Bag Films is one of the world's most original and creative animation studios. It has a tradition of leveraging advanced technologies to produce great films and TV shows. We are delighted that our integrated UCaaS and managed connectivity platform is helping them with collaboration among colleagues, customers and partners worldwide."
Dean Van Nguyen
This article was originally published on www.siliconrepublic.com and can be found at:
http://www.siliconrepublic.com/business/item/38957-strencom-inks-300-000-deal/
(Photo Caption)
Tim Murphy, CEO of Strencom, and Cathal Gaffney, CEO of Brown Bag Films
Optibelt Urethane Belting – The Letterkenny site really going places
NCAD and Tympany Medical consortium awarded €3.2m grant
Six Ireland-based researchers bag €12m in European funding
Dáire Keogh confirmed as next DCU president
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How did Legionnaires' disease get its name?
GeoPure is a leading independent provider of specialist services relating to monitoring the safety of water systems and in particular the risk from exposure to Legionella bacteria.
We work with a broad range of organisations assisting them in the prevention, control and compliance of the risks associated with Legionella bacteria in line with the Governments Health and Safety Executive Approved Code of Practice (HSE ACOP L8).
© 2016 GeoPure. All rights Reserved.
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Home Industries Banking & Finance Shareholders approve Johnson Controls-Tyco merger
Shareholders approve Johnson Controls-Tyco merger
$16 billion deal set to close Sept. 2
Molly Dill
Shareholders of both Glendale-based Johnson Controls Inc. and Cork, Ireland-based Tyco International PLC today approved the $16 billion merger of the companies, clearing the path to the completion of the deal Sept. 2.
Johnson Controls makes automotive batteries and seating components, as well as building energy efficiency systems. Its shareholders voted in Dallas at 1 p.m. They voted 97 precent in favor of the transaction, with 81 percent of outstanding shares represented.
Shareholders in Tyco, which makes fire and safety products, voted at 3 a.m. Milwaukee time in Dublin. The breakdown of that vote was not given.
Two-thirds of outstanding shares of JCI stock were required to vote in favor of the merger to represent an approval. JCI shareholders also conducted an advisory vote on executives' compensation related to the merger, which did not pass.
"I am pleased our shareholders have voted in favor of this powerful strategic combination, which will unite two world-class companies with complementary capabilities," said Alex Molinaroli, chairman and chief executive officer of Johnson Controls. "I am excited and enthusiastic as we create the world leader in buildings and energy systems with a strong leadership team and dedicated employees around the world ready to deliver on the promise of smarter cities and communities."
"We are excited about combining the vast capabilities of Johnson Controls and Tyco to help customers improve their safety, performance and operations," said Tyco CEO George Oliver. "I would also like to thank our shareholders for their confidence and investment in the company over the years and for their support of our vision with their approval of this merger."
The companies will be combined under Tyco International plc, and the new company will be called Johnson Controls plc. Johnson Controls shareholders will own 56 percent of the equity of the combined firm, for aggregate cash consideration of about $3.9 billion. The total transaction price was not disclosed, but a Reuters report pegged it at $16.5 billion.
Immediately prior to the merger, Tyco will effect a reverse stock split and its shareholders will receive a fixed exchange ratio of 0.9550 shares for each of their existing Tyco shares, which is at a 13 percent premium on 30-day volume-weighted average prices. The transaction will be tax-free to Tyco shareholders.
Johnson Controls shareholders will have one of two options: exchange each Johnson Controls Inc. share for a Johnson Controls plc share; or receive $34.88 per share of Johnson Controls Inc. stock. This transaction will be taxable to Johnson Controls shareholders.
JCI and Tyco expect to achieve $1 billion in savings as a result of the merger. JCI also is establishing its headquarters in Ireland as part of the merger in a tax saving move known as an inversion. The North American operational headquarters will be in the Milwaukee area.
After the merger, JCI will spin off its automotive seating business into a new company, Adient Ltd., also to be based in Ireland.
The companies have faced criticism and pushback on the planned combination, which would allow it to avoid paying $150 million in U.S. taxes each year, while retaining its North American operational headquarters in the U.S. The combined firm will have $32 billion in annual revenue.
Johnson Controls and Tyco expect the merger to allow them to accelerate growth and innovation. In March, they named the integration team and in May, they named the leadership team for the combined firm.
Tyco will move some of its operations to Milwaukee when the firms integrate, but Johnson Controls has not revealed its overall plan for Milwaukee operations moving forward. Johnson Controls has about 3,400 employees in Milwaukee and 130,000 globally.
Last week, the firms settled a lawsuit attempting to block the merger.
Molly Dill, former BizTimes Milwaukee managing editor.
North Shore Bank names new CEO
Spring Bank names new president
VC 414 aims to support underrepresented founders, de-mystify venture capital
Shareholders of both Glendale-based Johnson Controls Inc. and Cork, Ireland-based Tyco International PLC today approved the $16 billion merger of the companies, clearing the path to the completion of the deal Sept. 2. Johnson Controls makes automotive batteries and seating components, as well as building energy efficiency systems. Its shareholders voted in Dallas at 1 p.m. They voted 97 precent in favor of the transaction, with 81 percent of outstanding shares represented. Shareholders in Tyco, which makes fire and safety products, voted at 3 a.m. Milwaukee time in Dublin. The breakdown of that vote was not given. Two-thirds of outstanding shares of JCI stock were required to vote in favor of the merger to represent an approval. JCI shareholders also conducted an advisory vote on executives' compensation related to the merger, which did not pass. "I am pleased our shareholders have voted in favor of this powerful strategic combination, which will unite two world-class companies with complementary capabilities," said Alex Molinaroli, chairman and chief executive officer of Johnson Controls. "I am excited and enthusiastic as we create the world leader in buildings and energy systems with a strong leadership team and dedicated employees around the world ready to deliver on the promise of smarter cities and communities." "We are excited about combining the vast capabilities of Johnson Controls and Tyco to help customers improve their safety, performance and operations," said Tyco CEO George Oliver. "I would also like to thank our shareholders for their confidence and investment in the company over the years and for their support of our vision with their approval of this merger." The companies will be combined under Tyco International plc, and the new company will be called Johnson Controls plc. Johnson Controls shareholders will own 56 percent of the equity of the combined firm, for aggregate cash consideration of about $3.9 billion. The total transaction price was not disclosed, but a Reuters report pegged it at $16.5 billion. Immediately prior to the merger, Tyco will effect a reverse stock split and its shareholders will receive a fixed exchange ratio of 0.9550 shares for each of their existing Tyco shares, which is at a 13 percent premium on 30-day volume-weighted average prices. The transaction will be tax-free to Tyco shareholders. Johnson Controls shareholders will have one of two options: exchange each Johnson Controls Inc. share for a Johnson Controls plc share; or receive $34.88 per share of Johnson Controls Inc. stock. This transaction will be taxable to Johnson Controls shareholders. JCI and Tyco expect to achieve $1 billion in savings as a result of the merger. JCI also is establishing its headquarters in Ireland as part of the merger in a tax saving move known as an inversion. The North American operational headquarters will be in the Milwaukee area. After the merger, JCI will spin off its automotive seating business into a new company, Adient Ltd., also to be based in Ireland. The companies have faced criticism and pushback on the planned combination, which would allow it to avoid paying $150 million in U.S. taxes each year, while retaining its North American operational headquarters in the U.S. The combined firm will have $32 billion in annual revenue. Johnson Controls and Tyco expect the merger to allow them to accelerate growth and innovation. In March, they named the integration team and in May, they named the leadership team for the combined firm. Tyco will move some of its operations to Milwaukee when the firms integrate, but Johnson Controls has not revealed its overall plan for Milwaukee operations moving forward. Johnson Controls has about 3,400 employees in Milwaukee and 130,000 globally. Last week, the firms settled a lawsuit attempting to block the merger.
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The Hurley Dri-FIT Driver Men's Walkshorts are made with sweat-wicking fabric with a touch of stretch for lasting comfort and natural range of motion. Men's Boardshorts . Dri-FIT fabric helps keep you dry and comfortable. 48cm length for enhanced range of motion. Button waist and zip fly for a secure fit.
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Suspect identified in serial 'butt-slashing' case
Law_Crime
Johnny D. Guillen Pimentel
By Andrea Noble - The Washington Times - Wednesday, September 7, 2011
Fairfax County Police on Wednesday identified a suspect in at least one of the incidents this summer in which a woman's buttocks were slashed while shopping.
The suspect has been identified as Johnny D. Guillen Pimentel, 40, according to police, who have obtained a warrant for his arrest. Mr. Pimentel may be driving a blue 2003 Honda Civic with Virginia tags KLX2689.
The attacks in Northern Virginia stores occurred from February to July 25. None of the women who have reported being attacked suffered serious injuries.
Police say they are looking for Mr. Pimentel based on a tip they received, and they think he may have left the area.
A total of nine incidents that were similar in nature have been reported, Fairfax County Police Department spokeswoman Lucy Caldwell said. Several of the victims came forward to report the slashings after the police department first publicized an incident in July.
"Some of the victims didn't realize what had happened to them," Ms. Caldwell said. "Their injuries were relatively minor."
Police have issued an arrest warrant for Mr. Pimentel but would not say which of the nine cases it was in connection with.
The tip that led to the identification of Mr. Pimentel as a suspect came from a person in the region who had seen one of the fliers posted by police, Ms. Caldwell said.
The most recent attack occurred July 25 at the Fair Oaks Mall, inside the Forever 21 women´s clothing store.
The 18-year-old victim received a 1.5-inch gash across her buttocks, police said. The woman said she was shopping when she noticed clothing that had fallen from a rack behind her and then a man bending down to pick up the fallen items. She then felt a sharp pain in her buttocks, but thought she might have been poked by one of the clothes hangers. A short time later, she realized that her denim shorts had been slashed and that she was cut and bleeding.
A motive for the attacks remains unclear.
• Andrea Noble can be reached at [email protected].
|
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namespace media {
LineSegmentFrame::LineSegmentFrame(const FrameBase& aFrame)
{
Q_ASSERT(isCopyable(aFrame));
setMaxVectors(aFrame.getDimensionT(VectorNo).mResolution);
setVectorSizeT(VectorSize);
int point[Dimensions] = {0, 0};
for (point[VectorNo] = 0; point[VectorNo] < aFrame.getDimensionT(VectorNo).mResolution; ++point[VectorNo])
for (point[ParamNo] = 0; point[ParamNo] < aFrame.getDimensionT(ParamNo).mResolution; ++point[ParamNo])
setSampleT(point, aFrame.getSampleT(point));
}
} // namespace media
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The Human Development Report 2007/8 shows that climate change is not just a future scenario. Increased exposure to droughts, floods and storms is already destroying opportunity and reinforcing inequality. Meanwhile, there is now overwhelming scientific evidence that the world is moving towards the point at which irreversible ecological catastrophe becomes unavoidable. Business-as-usual climate change points in a clear direction: unprecedented reversal in human development in our lifetime, and acute risks for our children and their grandchildren.
As the Human Development Report 2007/8 argues, climate change poses challenges at many levels. In a divided but ecologically interdependent world, it challenges all people to reflect upon how we manage the environment of the one thing that we share in common: planet Earth. It challenges us to reflect on social justice and human rights across countries and generations. It challenges political leaders and people in rich nations to acknowledge their historic responsibility for the problem, and to initiate deep and early cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Above all, it challenges the entire human community to undertake prompt and strong collective action based on shared values and a shared vision.
|
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Q: Search for square brackets in NSString I have some text loaded into NSString objects which contains annotations in square brackets - I need to strip the square brackets and everything within them so the user is only presented with the body text.
However, because of the reliance of Objective-C on square brackets for messaging etc..., I'm having a bit of a problem removing them.
Is there some special escape character for using square brackets (for example as an argument to 'rangeOfString:')? Xcode repeatedly informs me that there isn't.
Cheers
A: You can use regular expressions to remove substrings you want:
NSString *s = @"hi[bla]tototo[lalA123]a";
NSString *result = [s stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString:@"\\[[\\w]+\\]"
withString:@""
options:NSRegularExpressionSearch|NSCaseInsensitiveSearch
range:NSMakeRange(0, [s length])];
NSLog(@"%@", result);
// output "hitototoa"
P.S. You may need to adjust regexp pattern if your annotations may contain characters that not match '\w' specifier
A: You mean like @"[" and @"]" ?
Any string in Objective-C must be between @" and ".
A: I think Vladimir's regex-based answer is fine, but I wanted to address the point about using rangeOfString because OP sounds very confused. There's no problem using square brackets inside NSStrings, and this has nothing to do with Objective C's use of square brackets for messaging.
This works fine for me:
NSString * a = @"Some [thing] here";
NSRange rangeOpen = [a rangeOfString:@"["];
NSRange rangeClose = [a rangeOfString:@"]"];
NSLog(@"%lu %lu, %lu %lu.",
(unsigned long)rangeOpen.location,
(unsigned long)rangeOpen.length,
(unsigned long)rangeClose.location,
(unsigned long)rangeClose.length);
# Logs "5 1, 11 1."
|
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Engineer Tried to Ram Hospital Ship Mercy With His Train Over Fears of 'Government Plot'
He admitted he was trying to "wake people up" with the stunt.
byJames Gilboy| PUBLISHED Apr 2, 2020 11:20 AM
James GilboyView james gilboy's Articles
_JamesGilboy
jamesgilboy
When hospital ship USNS Mercy pulled into the Port of Los Angeles this past Friday to alleviate strain on regional healthcare facilities, it wasn't met with the same foolhardy curiosity as her sister ship USNS Comfort on arrival in New York. Instead, a local locomotive engineer viewed the humanitarian vessel with such suspicion that he attempted to damage or sink the ship by ramming it with a train.
Eduardo Moreno, a 44-year-old Pacific Harbor Line engineer, admitted to a California Highway Patrol officer Tuesday that on a whim, he decided to ram the hospital ship, stating he didn't believe that "the ship is what they say it's for" according to the U.S. Department of Justice. Cab footage shows Moreno lighting a flare in the locomotive's cab before crashing through the concrete buffer at the end of the line, with the train aimed at the USNS Mercy.
A CHP officer that witnessed the event recalled seeing "the train smash into a concrete barrier at the end of the track, smash into a steel barrier, smash into a chain-link fence, slide through a parking lot, slide across another lot filled with gravel, and smash into a second chain-link fence." Moreno's locomotive came to a halt just past the onramp to the Port of Los Angeles-spanning Vincent Thomas Bridge, some 250 yards from the Mercy.
Though Moreno attempted to flee, the CHP officer that witnessed the event detained him and heard martyr-like ramblings such as a claim that the ship was "part of a federal government plot to control our lives," according to CBS Los Angeles.
"You only get this chance once. The whole world is watching. I had to," the CHP officer recalled Moreno saying. "People don't know what's going on here. Now they will."
Moreno later admitted in an interrogation by the Los Angeles Port Police that he "did it" deliberately, his goal being to "wake people up." The engineer denied his actions were premeditated, leading authorities to believe he acted alone.
No injuries have been reported as a result of the incident, though hazmat teams had to clean up fuel spilled by the rogue locomotive. Moreno faces one count of train wrecking, which carries a penalty of up to 20 years' time in federal prison.
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Missing Cornell student found dead after leaving frat event
Jackie Salo
Social Links for Jackie Salo
Antonio Tsialas NY State Police
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5-year-old boy dead after going missing from home
The body of a missing Cornell University student was found Saturday in a gorge after he left a fraternity party and disappeared, police said.
Antonio Tsialas, 18, was reported missing Friday afternoon after he failed to meet up with his family for Family Weekend at the Ivy League school in Ithaca, the Cornell Sun reported.
The night before he vanished, the college freshman had dinner with his mother, then went to a frat event, the Miami Herald reported.
He was last seen leaving the Phi Kappa Psi house around 9:30 p.m. but had not been heard from after the gathering, police said.
Campus police reported that they found his body Saturday afternoon at the base of Fall Creek gorge.
"The circumstances of Tsialas's death are still under investigation, but no foul play is suspected," police said in a statement.
His mother said the Miami native was happy at college and had been selected as a campus tour guide in addition to joining the Cornell Mundial FC club soccer team, the Miami Herald reported.
Officials from his private high school, Ransom Everglades, remembered the teen as enthusiastic and driven.
"It was fitting that Antonio was a goalie, as he always seemed to be watching over his teammates," Ransom Everglades head of school Penny Townsend told the Miami Herald in a statement. "He brought energy, enthusiasm and drive to all he undertook, and he elevated the spirits of those around him. He was truly a special young man, and we are all deeply saddened by the loss of Antonio."
Read Next Colombia's capital elects first female mayor
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The Mater Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) has been certified by the NHMRC as a lead committee under the HoMER initiative.
The Committee is constituted in accordance with the National Health and Medical Research Council's National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (NHMRC, 2007).
population health and/or public health research.
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Led Zeppelin: Led Zeppelin, II, III Reissues
By Ryan Reed | June 19, 2014 | 1:07pm
Music Reviews Led Zeppelin
Individual Ratings:
Led Zeppelin: Remastered Album (9.5), Deluxe (5.0)
Led Zeppelin II: Remastered Album (9.5), Deluxe (8.0)
Led Zeppelin III: Remastered Album (9.0), Deluxe (9.0)
Led Zeppelin reinvented the vocabulary of rock music many times throughout their decade-long career, but their most radical burst of creativity came straight out of the gate. In a historic run shorter than two calendar years, the quartet released three mind-altering rock milestones—twisting blues riffs (and rips), metallic noise, incense-tinted folk, Indian drones and flower-power psychedelia into a magnetic yet indefinable sound often generically labeled "hard rock."
Such a shame, then, that these albums—on CD form, at least—sound like they were recorded in a tin can. For years, Zep-heads have tolerated the murky fidelity of the '90s remasters, but thanks to a new expanded reissue campaign led by guitarist-producer Jimmy Page (which will eventually trace the band's entire studio output), Led Zeppelin I, II and III finally punch and shimmer instead of fizzling in fuzz.
Each album sounds fuller, warmer—with added resonance added to John Bonham's godly kick-drums and John Paul Jones' nimble bass (check the juicy thump of "How Many More Times" or the rhythmic clarity on "Heartbreaker"). From a purely sonic standpoint, these new versions are impossible to disregard. These are far from major-label cash-grabs—after all, it's admirable that they haven't been reissued a million times already. And Page's involvement is the kicker: He's the chief musical architect of this music, and if he felt the albums needed a polish, it's impossible to argue.
The deluxe edition bonus material is more hit-or-miss. Since the Led Zeppelin vaults had basically already been emptied, Page tosses in a bonus Paris live show from 1969; the eight-track set has already circulated as a bootleg for years, and it remains inessential—the very definition of "for completists only." It's fascinating to hear the band toy with medleys and transitions (check how Page quotes the main riff from "Dazed and Confused" during "I Can't Quit You Baby"), but the show also demonstrates Zeppelin at their most bloated, sloppily fumbling through rhythmic cues and extending tracks to their breaking point (an echo-laden "Dazed and Confused" stretches out to 15 minutes, eight of which were clearly not necessary).
The bonus material on Led Zeppelin II and III is more revelatory, showcasing the band's creative process through assorted alternate takes and rough mixes. An alternate version of the epic "Immigrant Song" adds subtle tweaks to Robert Plant's banshee wail, revealing previously unheard vocal layers toward the song's climax; the mix on "Bathroom Sound" is more lively than the original "Out on the Tiles," boosting Bonham's kick drum without the claustrophobic reverb. (Even the distracting bass drum squeak on "Since I've Been Loving You" sounds quieter—or maybe this is some kind of sonic placebo effect.)
But the true gems here are the unheard b-sides, particularly the closing duo on Led Zeppelin III. That album threw critics a curveball back in 1970, toning down their blues influences and infusing folk and Celtic strains; the two unheard tracks from that LP help fill in the missing transitional blanks: "Jennings Farm Blues" is a psychedelic blues workout, an electrified version of "Bron-Yr-Aur Stomp" that offers some rhythmic variations on that acoustic barnburner. Meanwhile, "Keys to the Highway/Trouble in Mind" takes a more subdued approach to their beloved traditional blues, with Plant tossing out sensual, tremolo vocals and excellent harmonica over an acoustic Page riff.
Quibbles aside, these reissues feel like the closing of a chapter in Zeppelin history—in his twilight years, Page can rest far more comfortably on his masterful body of work. Across the planet, 16-year-old kids are hearing these albums for the first time—in the way they were intended to be heard.
led zeppelin iii
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Ian Dennis may refer to:
Ian Dennis (artist) Internet celebrity
Ian Dennis (football commentator) (born 1971), British football commentator
Ian Dennis (professor), professor of English law
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Australia Rugby League Cap 1924 – Part of the Vic Armbruster collection comprising a 1922 NSW Rugby league cap, a 1924 Queensland Rugby League cap, a 1924 Australian cap – National Museum of Australia
Australasia Rugby League Cap 1921-22 awarded to Duncan Fulton Thompson who was a renowned Rugby League half-back who played for the Toowoomba Clydesdales, the North Sydney Bears, represented Queensland from 1915 to 1925 and Australia in 1919 to 1922 – National Museum of Australia
Australia Kangaroos Rugby League 1908-1909 Cap awarded to Pat "Nimmo" Walsh. In 1908, the Auckland press proclaimed Walsh was the best forward in New Zealand under rugby union. Whilst still playing union in New Zealand, Walsh received a cable from James Giltinan in Sydney, asking him to join the newly formed Rugby League competition, where he could be selected in an end-of-season tour to England playing for Australia (PW)
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Chevron Calls for Dismissal of Ecuador Lawsuit
SAN RAMON, CA, Oct. 8, 2007 - Chevron Corporation (NYSE:CVX) today filed a petition in an Ecuador Superior Court seeking dismissal of an ongoing environmental lawsuit that has descended into a judicial farce, constituting a denial of Chevron's right to a fair and impartial trial based on evidence and the rule of law.
Chevron's petition to dismiss cites multiple examples of inappropriate interference in the civil proceeding by the executive branch of the government, judicial misconduct and misconduct by the plaintiffs' attorneys as well as their technical staff. The petition also argues that the court has failed to recognize the overwhelming volume of admissible evidence and irrefutable legal defenses that exonerate Chevron and cites the court's lack of jurisdiction, lack of due process and demonstrated bias (see Note to Editors).
"Chevron has acted in good faith throughout this trial, producing significant, scientifically sound evidence disproving the allegations of the plaintiffs' attorneys. A verdict delivered today and based on the only credible and properly submitted evidence presently before the court would exonerate Chevron," said Charles James, Chevron vice president and general counsel. "However, too many improper, unethical and illegal events have occurred, and the court must dismiss this case if it is to preserve any semblance of credibility. For the case to proceed in its current form would constitute a denial of Chevron's right to a fair trial based on evidence and the rule of law."
Chevron's legal team has demonstrated through volumes of credible scientific evidence that the allegations of the plaintiffs' attorneys are without merit. The petition outlines a long list of actions during the trial that, taken together, constitute a denial of justice.
"The court has now abandoned the law of the case and the Ecuadorian Code of Civil Procedure and has denied Chevron due process by acquiescing (likely as a result of political pressure and nationalistic bias) to plaintiffs' requests," Chevron states in its petition. "In the absence of a complete dismissal, therefore, this matter will result in a violation of Ecuador's Political Constitution. ... Moreover, a failure by this court to dismiss this case - followed by any judgment against Chevron on the plaintiffs' unproven claims - would likely constitute a violation of Ecuador's obligations under international law."
Further, the petition states that Petroecuador, which has exclusively owned the oil fields since 1992 and has operated them for more than 17 years, never fulfilled its remediation obligations and has operated the oil fields in a manner that has caused numerous environmental problems, including frequent spills. Petroecuador officials admitted publicly that Petroecuador - not Texaco Petroleum Co. (Texpet, a third-tier subsidiary of Texaco Inc.) - is responsible for cleaning up the remaining well sites in the former Consortium area that were not remediated by Texpet.
In its petition, Chevron describes the various efforts of the plaintiffs' attorneys and their supporters to politicize the lawsuit by convincing senior members of the government of Ecuador to offer their support to the civil lawsuit. For example, in April 2007, plaintiffs' attorneys, activists and senior members of the Ecuadorian government held a joint news conference and a highly publicized visit to certain former Petroecuador-Texpet consortium sites. With the plaintiffs' supporters at their side during one of these visits, senior members of the administration offered "the national government's full support" to the plaintiffs. Also in April, the executive branch of the government issued a news release announcing the government's intention to provide plaintiffs with "assistance in gathering evidence" against Chevron.
According to Chevron's petition filed before the court, "This manner of interference by the executive branch in a private civil dispute certainly suggests an ulterior motive (i.e., the avoidance of Petroecuador's liability), and it intolerably offends the most basic tenets of due process. ... this illegitimate conduct has unfairly prejudiced Chevron, changed the course of the trial, and caused the court to deny the due process to which Chevron, like all litigants, is entitled."
Chevron's petition argues that the court's failure to follow the law of Ecuador or even its own procedural orders casts serious doubt over its adherence to the rule of law. The failure to address legitimate legal defenses, while simultaneously absolving plaintiffs of any obligation to substantiate their claims with legally qualified evidence, amounts to a clear denial of justice for Chevron. If not addressed by the court, these violations of the most basic and fundamental principles of universal justice will destroy any legal legitimacy for the results of this proceeding and sentence the litigants on both sides to a lifetime of appellate and collateral litigation. Accordingly, Chevron has requested the judge to dismiss the lawsuit in its entirety.
For a complete copy of Chevron's petition for dismissal and additional information on this litigation, please visit http://www.texaco.com/sitelets/ecuador/en/.
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package com.twu.biblioteca.entities;
import java.util.HashMap;
/**
* Created by alvarohernandez on 6/13/17.
*/
public abstract class LibraryElement {
protected int id;
protected String currentOwner;
public abstract HashMap<String,String> getDetails();
public abstract String getCurrentOwner();
abstract void setCurrentOwner(String currentOwner);
abstract String getTextIdentifier();
public String getAsSimpleListElement() {
StringBuilder elementString = new StringBuilder();
elementString.append(id).append(". ").append(getTextIdentifier());
if(currentOwner != null){
elementString.append(" - CheckedOutBy: ").append(currentOwner);
}
elementString.append("\n");
return elementString.toString();
}
}
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
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Pre K-12
ART + MUSIC, CLASSROOM, COMMUNITY, CONCEPT DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT, Daniel Woodside, DINING, EXTERIOR FACADE, FITNESS AND ATHLETICS, GREEN DESIGN, INTERIOR DESIGN, LIBRARY, Prek-12, Scott Wolfe, SECURITY, STEM, Thomas Kenney, Tina Mesiti-Céas
Malone Central School District Ellenburgh Depot, NY
District-wide Capital Improvements
This rural school district undertook a comprehensive additions and renovations project to re-invent its 1929 original high school into a 21st century middle school. Design solutions provided space for expanded educational programs ensuring the middle school, the literal and figurative center of Malone, remains a vibrant part of the community.
Approximately 7,000 square feet of existing construction from the 1970's was stripped down to its structural bones to make way for a seamless connection of a two-story, 15,000 square foot addition. New and renovated spaces include cafeteria, classrooms, computer and science labs, library, music and band rooms, guidance suite, main office and secure entry vestibule and lobby.
The new lobby entrance provides improved security and direct access to the new main office suites. Upon entering, visibility is provided past the vestibule and through the cafeteria, the heart of the student community. North facing glazing lines the length of the cafeteria, allowing daylight to fill the space and offer views to the outdoors.
Second-story classrooms were designed with window openings reminiscent of the historic classrooms. These expansive window bays located along the north and west façade of the classroom addition, provide learning spaces with abundant natural daylight and views out beyond the schools property, creating a healthy environment for student learning.
Program needs were met in energy-conscious ways utilizing a wood-pellet-sourced heating system and low maintenance interior and exterior finishes. The original coal storage room was converted into wood pellet storage, which feeds state of the art boilers in the existing mechanical space.
In-house services included Architecture, Construction Management and Interior Design.
Eastern New York Chapter, 2013 Design Award
"CSArch has been a staunch advocate for our school district during an extremely ambitious and condensed one-year capital construction project. The leaders of CSArch never left the owner's side night or day, including weekends, so that we could successfully have students occupy all of our buildings on opening day."
Wayne C. Wallbridge, Superintendent of Schools
All PreK - 12 Projects
Northern Adirondack Central School DistrictART + MUSIC, Bryan Manning, CLASSROOM, COMMUNITY, CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT, DINING, Edwin Anker, ENERGY SERVICES, EXTERIOR FACADE, FITNESS AND ATHLETICS, GREEN DESIGN, INTERIOR DESIGN, LIBRARY, MEP ENGINEERING, Prek-12, Scott Wolfe, SECURITY, WORKPLACE
East Greenbush Central School DistrictDINING, EXTERIOR FACADE, INTERIOR DESIGN, MEP ENGINEERING, Prek-12, SECURITY, STEM
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
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Writing on the blackboard without chalk dust or chalk fingers. This is possible with this almost completely dust-free, hard blackboard chalk. This chalk can also leave a residue on certain blackboard surfaces.
|
{
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When you've landed walk to the north towards the cave.
In front of it you can find some tents. In the snow you see a metal rod but it's frozen. Enter the tent on the right and take the SCREWDRIVER from the table. Search the backpack standing against the wall to find a pack of BUBBLE GUM and device which appears to be a PULSE READER. The radio doesn't work.
Walk to the left and go inside the other tent. Look at the shoes next to the bed. The boots have a nice pair of SHOE LACES you can take. On the bed you can find a BELT. Walk to the right to exit the tent and outside walk to the left.
Walk south into the cave and meet a scientist working. He asks you to repair the computer. When he leaves, follow him to the left. Enter the building and walk further to the left. Since you don't have a card, you can't use the door so walk further to the left.
Wilson is working on a device. Talk to him and he'll ask you to help him restoring the power. Walk further to the left and you'll help him with the door. Once he's burned the card reader, walk back to the right and talk to Wilson again. Learn about the tents and the expedition in the hole. Eventually tell him you've got the pulse reader he's looking for. You'll get an ID CARD in return. Walk to the right again and use the key card on the door. You can now enter the lab.
The scientist will tell you all about the ships, the aliens and the discoveries so far. He'll tell you about the DVD to gain access. When you tell him about the pulse reader, he rushes off to see Wilson. Pick up the CERAMIC PIECES from the floor. Use the switch on the wall left of the chair to see through the glass wall.
Walk to the right to leave the lab and outside go to the right twice to walk outside the structure. Walk to the south to go back to the generator. Take a close look at the generator and use your screwdriver on the warning plate to remove it and get 4 SCREWS. The cooling pipes are visible now. Use the screwdriver on the cooling pipes to break them. Use the gum to create a piece of USED GUM. Use both ceramic parts of the pot together and then use the used gum to stick them together. Use the shoelaces on the pot to tie both parts. You now have an EMPTY POT to hold water.
Look at the right side of the generator and use the buttons to start it. Water will flow out of the pipes and in front of the generator. Use the buttons again to turn off the machine. Use the pot on the WATER to take it with you. Use the pot on the engine part of the generator and then turn on the generator by using the buttons again. The water will heat up. While it's warming up, walk to the left, back into the building again.
Keep walking all the way to the left to the end where you find a hole in the ground (not the one with the tentacle growing out of the wall). Take the BROKEN PICK from the floor and walk back to the right to the generator.
Use the pack of hankies on the POT WITH WATER to protect yourself from the heat. Walk to the right twice and use the pot on the frozen metal rod in the snow. Once thawed, pick up the METAL ROD. You have to do this quickly otherwise the water is cooled down too much and you need to reheat the pot with water near the engine again.
Use the metal rod on the broken pick to remove the handle. Walk to the left into the building and south into the corridors. Walk to the left until you're at the first hole in the floor and the tentacles. There's also a crack in the floor. Use your gum again to create USED GUM and then use the used gum with the metal rod. Now use both on the crack in the floor to take the SECURITY CARD out. Walk further to the left and use the security card on the card reader next to the door. Enter the room.
Look around. Take the LENGTHENING PIECE from the network box. Note the DVD-player in the desk and the diploma on the wall. Take the DIPLOMA with you. On the left is a door. Use it to get to the other control room. Take the SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS from the wall and use the door on the right to return to the first control room. Walk to the right here to use the door and go to the corridor. Walk to the left until you reach the hole in the ground again. Use the lenghthening piece on the railing. Then climb the rope to see what lies beneath.
Looking at the bones you found a NECKLACE. Walk back to the right to the rope and climb it. Walk further to the right until you find the scientist. Follow him to the lab and he'll tell you more. But a lot you already knew. He'll give you a PULSE READER. You need it to find the power capsule.
Once the scientist has left, use the diploma on the printer to created a printed paper. Take the paper from the printer and there's your PR MANUAL. Leave the lab on the right and walk to the left to go to the other lab. On the floor you'll find an unknown person. Talk to the person and see how he changes into a skeleton.
Walk further to the left until you reach the other lab, use the security card on the reader next to the door and enter the lab. Put the DVD in the DVD-player and wait for something to overload. Once you've heard the explosion open the door on the left to go to the next room. The pipe from the steam chamber came off.Leave the room on the right again and walk to the right to leave the lab and return to the corridor.
Walk to the left and on the corner some cracks will turn up in the wall. Eventually they'll become a passage. Go through the hole in the wall and look at the terminal in the control room. On top is a red light flashing. Use the terminal to shut it down. Walk to the left to exit the room and walk further left in the corridor. Another crack will show up in the wall. This time only an arm came out. Walk further to the left and take the LENGTHENING PIECE from the railing. Walk back to the right to the first lab on the left.
Use the security card on the card reader to enter the room and use the door on the left to go to the next room. There's no more steam coming out of the pipe in the steam chamber so you can take the PIPE.
Use the door on the right to leave the room and then walk to the right to go back to the corridor. Walk to the right, past the skeleton and the generator until you're in the opening of the cave. Use the PR manual to read it and then use the pulse reader to reveal a spot on the wall on the left. Use the red pipe on the pick head to repair it and then use the belt on the loosen pick to make it safer.
Use the pickaxe on the spot. You reveal some metal but can't do much with it. Walk to the left until you see Wilson again working on a panel. Talk to him and ask him for help and you both return to the spot. Wilson has a cutter but needs power to operate it.
Walk to the south and use the lengthening piece on the generator. Then use the other end to take it to Wilson. Push the button on the generator to turn it on and walk back to the right to see how Wilson's doing. He's cutting.
While he's busy, walk to the left back into the building to the panel where Wilson was working. Walk back to the right to where Wilson is cutting to find him gone. A lot of blood and an object in the wall. Take the object to find it's a POWER MODULE for the necklace. Use the power module on the necklace and walk to the right to go outside again.There's another skeleton. Use the necklace to reveal it's power.
Take the red WIRE and leave the room on the south. You're outside the ship in the jungle and will have a conversation with the person in your mind. Walk to the right and find a man sitting on the ground. Talk to the man and learn about what happened and where to find others. Use the hole on the left to see what's down there.
Below you find another body. Search the body to find a BULLET. Walk to the right, across the plank and enter the door left of the guard. Standing behind the gate you can see a metal piece shining on the floor. Use the pulse reader on the METAL PIECE to pull it towards you. Leave the room and walk to the right, to the door right of the guard. Use the lamp next to the drain and then use the light head on the drain. The light will shine through the drain now. Walk to the left to leave the room. The guard will search you.
Walk to the left, over the plank and use the entrance next to it. You can see light shine through the shaft so this must be the other end. Near the water is a metal wreck. Search it to find a BATTERY. Go left to leave the oom and walk to the right, past the guard into the room again.
Use the light to put it in upright position again. In the box near the door you can find another METAL PIECE and a SMALL KEY. Since you're not allowed to take anything with you, and you now know where the drain leads to, use the metal piece and the small key on the drain. Look at the laptop and read that you need to supply power and an empty cartridge in order to load the program. Walk to the left to leave the room and outside go left again. The guard can't find anything. Walk further to the left and use the entrance left of the plank.In the middle of the room is a hole in the ground. Use it to find the SMALL KEY and METAL PIECE again.Walk to the left to leave the room.
Walk further to the left and after the body climb the steps to climb out of the hole. Walk all the way to the left, past the ship, across the river until you find a statue on the other side of the river. Use the pickaxe on the head of the statue to reveal a lattice underneath. Use your watch on the vine on the floor and the use the vine on the lattice. The vine is now hanging down. Use the small key on the bars of the tunnel on the left to unlock it. Then enter the tunnel. Walk to the right until you find the vine.
It's a good thing you attached your watch to the vine because now you can use the pulse reader to pull the vine to you. You use the vine to swing accross the hole. Search the dead man to find a LIGHTER and a METAL PART. Use the pulse reader on the vine again to return to the other side of the hole and walk to the left to exit the tunnel again.
Walk to the right, cross the river and go back into the spaceship. On the floor is a loose plate that can be moved. Put the battery you've found on the circuit board to power up the computer. Use both small metal pipe like parts in your inventory with the other metal part to create a METAL KEY. Use this metal key on the key lock on the right of the door. Now that the door is open, the battery is empty.
Walk to the next room on the right. Here you'll find antoher body. You'll get the assignment to find two cartridges. Search the body and you'll find a third METAL PIECE. Use it on the key you created earlier. On the wall are several plates. Remove the long one to find two CARTRIDGES behind it. Walk back to the left and leave the ship on the south.
Walk to the right and climb down the hole again. Downstairs walk to the left. Use the metal key on the lock at the right side of the door. Walk into the next room. Use the control console in front of the teleporter to start it up. Lights will go on in the back. Use the teleporter to be transported to the ship. You'll get your next assignment.
Use the screwdriver on the panel next to the door to reveal the power console. Climb the box and use the screwdriver to smash the light above you. You can now reach the power supply. Use the wire from your inventory on the power supply and the console will be powered. Use the door to leave the room.
Walk to the right until you see a robot. Walk quickly back to the left and hide behind the boxes. When the robot is near, use the heavy object on top of the boxes to destroy the robot. Search the robot to find another BATTERY. Behind the boxes is a door. Use the pickaxe to open it and go through. Take a BLUE CRYSTAL from the floor and leave the room again.
Use the door to the right of the boxes and use the control console on the teleport again to turn it on. Use the teleport to return to the cave. Walk to the left to exit the room and the walk all the way to the right through the door on the right of the guard.
Use the battery on the Alien Programator and then add the blue cartridge to it. Use the laptop and wait until the program is loaded onto the cartridge. Then take the BLUE CARTRIDGE back from the programator. Also take the BATTERTY out again. Walk to the left to leave the room.
Walk all the way to the left and enter the room again. Use the control console to power up the teleporter and then use the teleporter to return to the ship. Use the door on the left and in the next room walk to the right. You can see two doors, one with a panel next to it. Use the screwdriver on the panel to open it. Then use the battery on the power console to activate the door. Open the door and enter the room.
The robot is standing on a big plate. In order to move the robot, use the blue cartridge on the robot control station. The robot will move to it's new coordinates and you can move the plate it was standing on. Go down the shaft that is revealed.
You've found the virus. Use the red cartridge on the Shield Control Station. You can now destroy the ship. That is, if you want to because from here you have two possibilities: detroy the ship and necklace or use the ship and fullfill your task.
You'll return to Antartica where it all started but now as a skeleton. Walk to the north to the cave and enter the construction. Walk to the left to begin remembering.
The control station above the shaft has a STONE TABLET. Take it and enter the shaft again. Use the door on the right and walk to the left. Use the door to the right of the boxes to enter the teleport room again. Use the control console to power up the teleporter and then use the machine to leave the ship and go back to the cave. Walk to the left to leave the room. Walk to the right and go north before the steps leading to the hole.
You are on a platform with a rope ladder in front of you. Go downstairs at the end of the ladder. Walk towards the swamp and find the valve on the pipe near the swamp. Use the valve to discover the pipe is damaged. Use the valve again to shut it and use the metal plate on the pipe to cover the hole. Use the pickaxe on the metal plate to hold it against the pipe. Use the valve again and this time the water stays in the pipe.
Climb the ladder to go up and walk to the right. Use the steps to climb through the hole again. When you walk to the right you'll notice the wounded man isn't in front of the door anymore. On the right side of the door is a slot. Looking at it shows the same points as on the stone plate. Use the stone plate with the slot to open the door. Enter the room.
You're on the other side of the room you saw earlier. Use the blue crystal on the hole in the wall on the left of the grating. Another entrance will be revealed. Go through the opening and walk all the way to the right until you meet the captain. He doesn't want you to destroy the ship. So we must take care of him first.
Use the screwdriver on the bullet to get the GUN POWDER and the EMPTY BULLET CASE. Use the case on the metal rod and you have a BARREL. Use the gun powder on the barrel to load it. Use the screws on the barrel to create a FIREARM. Use the firearm on the captain to kill him and get his KEY CARD.
Walk to the left until you're in the room with the army chest again. Use the key card on the chest to open it and take the CUTTING TORCH out. Walk to the right again to the room where you killed the captain and use the torch on the black cable below the fence. This will shut down the laser protection. Use the cannon control to destroy the ship.
Thank you for making the walkthrough for this game!
I Have beaten the game before!
thanks for providing valuable info about the topic. I am a fan from your website. Keep up the nice job.
|
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Crutches' rental solution at La Maison André Viger: an easy and economical solution!
La Maison André Viger offers you its crutches' rental solutions for a short period of time. We are providing you with advantageous fees that allow you to benefit from our equipment adapted to your needs. Whether you are in rehabilitation after an accident or that you are losing your mobility, a pair of adapted crutches can make a whole difference on a daily basis.
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|
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Casella, E.Collin, A.Harris, D.Ferse, S. C. A.Bejarano, S.Parravicini, V.Hench, J. L.Rovere, A.
We propose a novel technique to measure the small-scale three-dimensional features of a shallow-water coral reef using a small drone equipped with a consumer grade camera, a handheld GPS and structure from motion (SfM) algorithms. We used a GoPro HERO4 with a modified lens mounted on a DJI Phantom 2 drone (maximum total takeoff weight < 2 kg) to perform a 10 min flight and collect 306 aerial images with an overlap equal or greater than 90%. We mapped an area of 8380 m2 , obtaining as output an orthorectified aerial photomosaic and a bathymetric digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 0.78 and 1.56 cm pixel-1, respectively. Through comparison with airborne LiDAR data for the same area, we verified that the location of the ortho-rectified aerial photomosaic is accurate within ~1.4 m. The bathymetric difference between our DEM and the LiDAR dataset is -0.016 ± 0.45 m (1s). Our results show that it is possible, in conditions of calm waters, low winds and minimal sun glint, to deploy consumer-grade drones as a relatively low-cost and rapid survey technique to produce multispectral and bathymetric data on shallow-water coral reefs. We discuss the utility of such data to monitor temporal changes in topographic complexity of reefs and associated biological processes.
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Q: Making carousel slider fill the entire page Hey I made this carousel slide and I wanna make it fill my entire page by changing my CSS code, how would I do that??
This is my Javascript
const carouselSlide = document.querySelector('.carousel-slide');
const carouselImages = document.querySelectorAll('.carousel-slide img');
const prevBtn = document.querySelector('#prevBtn');
const nextBtn = document.querySelector('#nextBtn');
let counter = 1;
const size = carouselImages[0].clientWidth;
carouselSlide.style.transform = 'translateX(' + (-size * counter) + 'px)';
nextBtn.addEventListener('click',()=>{
if (counter >= carouselImages.length - 1) return;
carouselSlide.style.transition = "transform 0.4s ease-in-out";
counter++;
carouselSlide.style.transform = 'translateX(' + (-size * counter) + 'px)';
});
prevBtn.addEventListener('click',()=>{
if (counter <= 0) return;
carouselSlide.style.transition = "transform 0.4s ease-in-out";
counter--;
carouselSlide.style.transform = 'translateX(' + (-size * counter) + 'px)';
});
carouselSlide.addEventListener('transitionend', ()=>{
if (carouselImages[counter].id === 'lastClone'){
carouselSlide.style.transition = "none";
counter = carouselImages.length - 2;
carouselSlide.style.transform = 'translateX(' + (-size * counter) + 'px)';
}
if (carouselImages[counter].id === 'firstClone'){
carouselSlide.style.transition = "none";
counter = carouselImages.length - counter;
carouselSlide.style.transform = 'translateX(' + (-size * counter) + 'px)';
}
});
and my html:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pro.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.10.0/css/all.css"
integrity="sha384-AYmEC3Yw5cVb3ZcuHtOA93w35dYTsvhLPVnYs9eStHfGJvOvKxVfELGroGkvsg+p"
crossorigin="anonymous"/>
<title>My Goals</title>
</head>
<body>
<div class="carousel-container">
<i class="fas fa-arrow-left" id="prevBtn"></i>
<i class="fas fa-arrow-right" id="nextBtn"></i>
<div class="carousel-slide">
<img src="img5.jpg" id="lastClone" class="image" alt="">
<img src="img1.jpg" alt="" class="image">
<img src="img2.jpg" alt="" class="image">
<img src="img3.jpg" alt="" class="image">
<img src="img4.jpg" alt="" class="image">
<img src="img5.jpg" alt="" class="image">
<img src="img1.jpg" id="firstClone" class="image" alt="">
</div>
</div>
<script src="app.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
and lastly my css (where the "error" is):
*{
padding: 0px;
margin: 0px;
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.image {
width: 1000px;
height: 800px;
}
.carousel-container {
width: 1000px;
margin: auto;
overflow: hidden;
position: relative;
}
.carousel-slide {
display: flex;
width: 100%;
height: 800px;
}
#prevBtn {
position: absolute;
top: 50%;
z-index: 10;
left: 5%;
font-size: 60px;
color: white;
cursor: pointer;
}
#nextBtn {
position: absolute;
top: 50%;
z-index: 10;
right: 5%;
font-size: 60px;
color: white;
cursor: pointer;
}
I have tried to play around with the width: 100% or vh different places in my css but i cant seem to make it work. Remember there is no issue with the code. All i want is to make it 100% on the width and 100% height but when try to do that then the images just look weird and doesn't fill the entire screen like its supposed to. My code pen is here if you wanna help. :)
https://codepen.io/lucasthorsen/pen/gOxYEWm
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
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Nathan Travassos offers unparalleled service to ALL clients in the San Diego California real estate market. Your complete satisfaction with his service and representation is his number one priority.
Nathan Travassos serves the entire San Diego real estate market including the surrounding cities such as Coronado, Imperial Beach, Lemon Grove, La Mesa, El Cajon, Chula Vista and National City.
Whether you are considering buying a home, selling a home or both, he knows this area inside and out.
Let him know if there is something specific you are looking for and he'll find what you need. Enjoy your visit and please contact him if there is anything he can do to make your next home buying or home selling experience the best it can be!
Receive a complimentary analysis of your home's approximate present market value today.
|
{
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Hi there! thank you for stopping by. My name is June, I am a model currently based out of Los Angles. I have been modeling for a decade, and started in commercial/ runway through representation by a big agency in Chicago and in Hong Kong. I took a hiatus for several years, and when I returned I delved into the niche of freelance art modeling and have had a modest success from it in the past few years. I love the freedom and self expression it allows for, and I've met some truely incredible people through it.
although I try to get back to everyone that tags, I don't know if you want to shoot if you don't tell me - Please message me!
Worked with June St Paul? Share your experience and become verified!
Absolutely love your work. Will let you know if I'm ever in LA. Please let me know if you're ever in DC.
|
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We automatically reduce your event volumes so you can detect problems earlier and resolve them faster. Best of all, our unsupervised machine-learning algorithms work across any event source — infrastructure, application, and user experience, both historical and streaming.
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Produced by Chris Curnow, Charlie Howard and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
file was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)
THE
SECRETS OF CHEATING
[Illustration: THE DETECTION OF KEPPLINGER
'Then, suddenly and without a moment's warning, Kepplinger was seized,
gagged, and held hard and fast.... The great master-cheat was searched,
and upon him was discovered the most ingenious holdout ever
devised.'--Chap. v. p. 99.]
SHARPS AND FLATS
A COMPLETE REVELATION OF
The Secrets of Cheating
AT GAMES OF CHANCE AND SKILL
BY
JOHN NEVIL MASKELYNE
LONDON
LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
AND NEW YORK: 15 EAST 16th STREET
1894
_All rights reserved_
TO THE ATTENTION OF
THAT MAJORITY SPOKEN OF BY CARLYLE
AND WHICH MAY BE SAID TO INCLUDE
ALL GAMBLERS
THIS BOOK IS PARTICULARLY ADDRESSED
BY THE AUTHOR
PREFACE
In presenting the following pages to the public, I have had in view a
very serious purpose. Here and there may be found a few words spoken in
jest; but throughout my aim has been particularly earnest.
This book, in fact, tends to point a moral, and present a problem. The
moral is obvious, the problem is ethical; which is, perhaps, only
another way of saying something different.
In the realm of Ethics, the two men who exert, probably, the greatest
influence upon the mass of humanity are the philosopher and the
politician. Yet, strange to say, there would appear to be little that
can be considered as common knowledge in either politics or philosophy.
Every politician and every philosopher holds opinions which are
diametrically opposed to those of some other politician or philosopher;
and there never yet existed, apparently, either politician or
philosopher who would admit even that his opponents were acquainted with
the fact of two and two making four. So much, then, for dogmatism.
In the natural order of events, however, there must be things which even
a politician can understand. Not many things, perhaps; but still some
things. In like manner, there must be things which even a philosopher
can _not_ understand--and a great many things.
As an illustration, let us take the case of 'sharping.' Politician and
philosopher alike are interested in the origin of crime, its
development, and the means of its prevention. Now, even a politician can
understand that a man, having in view the acquisition of unearned
increment, may take to cheating as being a ready means of possessing
himself of the property of others, with but little effort upon his own
part. At the same time, I will venture to say that not even a
philosopher can render any adequate reason for the fact that some men
will devote an amount of energy, labour, perseverance and ingenuity to
the gaining of a precarious living in the paths of chicanery, one-half
of which, if directed into legitimate channels, would serve to place
them in a position commanding both affluence and respect.
To my mind, the only hypothesis which in any way covers the facts of the
case is that some men are _born_ to crime. It is their destiny, and they
are bound to fulfil it.
Whether this hypothesis represents the solution of the problem or not is
a bone of contention over which I am content to allow others to
quarrel, without joining in the fray. I am only concerned with the facts
as we know them--the plain and unmistakable facts that cheating, upon a
gigantic scale, _does_ exist; that the resources available for its
advancement become every day more numerous, whilst the means of its
prevention become more and more inadequate.
A goodly portion of my life has been spent in battling with
superstition, credulity and chicanery in every form. It has been a
labour of love with me. At times I have, so to speak, cried from the
house-top truths so obvious that there hardly seemed any necessity for
calling attention to them, and yet have found some who could not believe
them. Again and again, Time, the prover of all things, has without
exception borne out my statements to the very letter; yet even now there
are some who will prefer to rely upon the word of a charlatan--an
impostor--rather than accept a plain statement of palpable facts at my
hands. It is curious, but nevertheless it is true. It is magnificent,
but it is not common sense. Fortunately, however, there are not many
such, though some there are.
Experience has demonstrated that the ignorance of the public with regard
to the capabilities of trickery is the principal factor in all problems
connected with every kind of deception. If the public only knew a little
more in this respect, the thousand-and-one quackeries which flourish in
our midst could not exist. My self-imposed task, then, has ever been to
endeavour to educate the public, just a little, and to enlighten those
who really seek for truth amid the noxious and perennial weeds of humbug
and pretence. In this, I am happy to say, I have to some extent
succeeded; but there is still much to be done.
This book, then, is but another stone, as it were, in an edifice raised
for the purpose of showing to the world the real nature of those things
which are not really what they appear to be, and practices with the very
existence of which the average man is unacquainted.
Although the immediate practical outcome of this book may be _nil_, I
shall not be depressed upon that account. If it only has the effect of
opening the eyes of the authorities to some extent, and of hinting a
caution to gamblers generally, I shall be content; and, commending it to
the public with this reflection, and with the hope that this much, at
least, may be accomplished, I leave it to its fate.
J. N. MASKELYNE.
EGYPTIAN HALL, LONDON, W.
_February 1894._
CONTENTS
CHAP. PAGE
I. INTRODUCTORY 1
II. COMMON SHARPERS AND THEIR TRICKS 10
III. MARKED CARDS AND THE MANNER OF THEIR EMPLOYMENT 26
IV. REFLECTORS 60
V. HOLDOUTS 73
VI. MANIPULATION 112
VII. COLLUSION AND CONSPIRACY 159
VIII. THE GAME OF FARO 184
IX. PREPARED CARDS 215
X. DICE 229
XI. HIGH BALL POKER 261
XII. ROULETTE AND ALLIED GAMES 267
XIII. SPORTING-HOUSES 285
XIV. SHARPS AND FLATS 312
POSTSCRIPT 331
LIST OF PLATES
FIGURE
THE DETECTION OF KEPPLINGER _Frontispiece_
12 'FALLEN ANGELS' _to face p._ 46
15 SCROLL-WORK " 50
22 PIPE-REFLECTOR IN SITU " 66
SHARPS AND FLATS
CHAPTER I
_INTRODUCTORY_
That 'it requires all kinds of men to make a world,' is an aphorism
which may or may not be gainsaid, according to the aspect in which it is
regarded. For whilst, on the one hand, we are painfully cognisant of the
fact that this world, as we find it, is composed of 'all sorts and
conditions of men,' and among them not a few sorts with which we could
very readily dispense, still, on the other hand, the idea of a world
with some of the existing components omitted is by no means
inconceivable. Do we not, in fact, every day of our lives, meet with
schemes, philanthropic and otherwise, formulated expressly for the
regeneration of man? Yes, we know them of old; those schemes which,
according to their gifted authors, are to elevate mankind to one
universal level of goodness and purity. Sad to say, however, in spite
of these well-meant efforts, continued from time immemorial, mankind
would appear to be in about the same unregenerate condition as ever. The
'kinds of men' seem to multiply rather than to diminish, and the
long-deferred millennium looms as far off in the dim and distant future
as at any period of the world's history.
Accepting, then, this many-sided world of ours as an established fact,
impossible of modification, it is obvious that, to quote another
time-honoured proverb, and say that 'one half the world does not know
how the other half lives,' is to convey but a very feeble and inadequate
idea of the real facts of the case. All things considered, it may be
safely said that the majority know far too little of the means of
subsistence employed by their fellows, and, in consequence, often suffer
for that lack of knowledge. The fact is, too many of us possess the
gentleness of the dove (more or less) without the qualifying and
ever-necessary wisdom of the serpent.
Among the bye-paths of existence, among the various underhand methods of
obtaining a living--sweet little conceptions evolved, presumably, from
the primordial basis of original sin--probably there is none so little
understood by the community at large as the art and practice of
'sharping.' At the same time, it is not too much to say that there is no
subject more worthy of serious consideration, when regarded in the
relation it holds to the moral well-being of mankind in general.
It is, of course, common knowledge that there are in existence
individuals who live by cheating at games of chance and skill, but few
persons have any idea of the extent to which the practice obtains, or of
the number of the professors of this particular branch of swindling.
Possibly, of the work-a-day inhabitants of this planet, nine persons out
of ten of the majority who are 'indifferent honest,' will be inclined to
a belief that sharping, at the worst, can form but a very insignificant
factor in the social problems of modern times. A glance at the contents
of this book, however, will serve to remove that very erroneous
impression. The author is not raising a 'bogey' for the purpose of
pretending to demolish it. The spectre is a very substantial one indeed,
and the task of 'laying' it is far beyond the power of any one man to
accomplish.
The system, in fact, is a gigantic one, and its professors are legion.
It is as thriving an industry (save the mark) as any in the world. It is
as perfectly organised in every department as any legitimate business.
Its markets are regulated by the same inexorable laws of supply and
demand, competition and cooperation, which govern the development of
every branch of commerce. It has its manufacturers, its wholesale
houses, its canvassers and retail dealers, all in regular form. Its
price-lists, descriptive pamphlets, circulars and advertisements are
issued as methodically as those of _bona fide_ merchants and traders.
Its ramifications extend to every quarter of the globe.
This book will show that not only is a thriving trade in cheating
utensils carried on openly and unblushingly, but also that there must be
an enormous number of swindlers at large, who live by means of unfair
practices in connection with all forms of gambling; sharps who are still
undetected, and, notwithstanding the vigilance of the authorities, are
still pursuing their calling under the very eyes of Justice.
Startling as these statements may appear to the uninitiated, of their
absolute truth there cannot exist the slightest doubt in the mind of
anyone who will take the trouble to glance through these pages. This
book, in fact, may be regarded as 'The Sharp's Vade Mecum, or a
Theoretical and Practical Treatise on the Art and Practice of Cheating.'
No pains have been spared to make it as complete as possible, and, if
advantage be taken of the instructions it contains, and any person of
dishonest tendencies utilises the same for the purpose of swindling his
fellow-men, it will be entirely the fault of those who have not profited
by the information which the author has given.
That the condition of affairs herein revealed should be found to exist
in the midst of our boasted civilisation is a fact which is, to say the
least, deplorable. Further, it is a fact which urgently demands that
every possible effort should be made towards its mitigation by those
who may find themselves in a position to obtain information respecting
these nefarious practices, and to throw light into the recesses of this
obscure phase of human nature.
By far the major portion of the details given in these pages have never
before been made public. Even among exponents of legitimate legerdemain,
there are very few who have any cognisance of them whatever. It is
obvious that a professional illusionist having a reputation for
'squareness' is at a decided disadvantage in seeking for information of
this kind. The author, for instance, being so well known to the
swindling fraternity as an exposer of frauds, could not possibly have
acquired without assistance the countless minutiae which have come into
his possession. The very suspicion that he was engaged in such an
investigation would be sufficient to dry up all sources of information,
and to remove all possibility of arriving at anything of moment. He has
therefore to acknowledge his indebtedness for much that is valuable to a
friend who desires to be nameless. In the assumed guise of an English
'sharp,' this gentleman has pursued his investigations to such good
purpose that he has gained a fund of information relative to 'sharps and
sharping,' which may be fairly said to include all the most important
methods employed at the present day. The information so obtained has
been freely drawn upon in the production of this book.
The head-quarters of this abominable system of wholesale robbery are to
be sought for in the land which has bestowed upon civilisation so many
blessings of a similar character. From the spirit-medium to the wooden
nutmeg, they all hail from that most 'go-ahead,' and yet most easily
hoodwinked country, America. True, there are so many dunderheads of all
nationalities who can never realise the truth of that simple maxim which
teaches that 'honesty is the best policy,' and such a very large
proportion of these have turned their steps to America, that it is,
perhaps, hardly fair to regard them as an integral part of the American
nation. Still there they are, and it behoves America to grasp the
situation with a much firmer hand than heretofore, with a view to the
suppression of these pernicious creatures, and of attaining a reputation
more in accord with her honourable traditions--more worthy of the great
names associated with her history.
There is every reason for believing that at the present moment England
is the happy hunting-ground of the swindling fraternity, and for this
reason. In America many of the older frauds are tolerably well-known to
those who are addicted to gambling, but over here most of these things
are absolutely unknown. Even the English sharp himself is in a condition
of unsophisticated innocence compared with his American rival.
It is certain that our ocean steamboats are infested with gangs of men,
provided with these means of relieving their fellow-passengers of
superfluous cash. And in all probability, every one of our 'swellest'
clubs possesses at least one member who makes a good living by the use
of methods and contrivances never dreamt of by his dupes. It is true,
the 'Dudley Smooths' of to-day are no longer cold-blooded duellists who
can over-awe their victims with the dread of sword and pistol, but they
are quite as keen as they ever were, and their resources are infinitely
greater than formerly.
Of course there is not the slightest necessity for anyone, however
foolish, to fall a victim to the wiles of the sharper in any game either
of skill or chance. There is no reason why the greatest simpleton alive
should ever be cheated of his money. There is one golden rule, the
observance of which must utterly checkmate the most cunning swindler. It
is a rule by which the author has always been guided, and one which,
were it universally adopted, would banish the cheat and his
paraphernalia from the face of the earth. It is a system which is easily
learned and which requires no skill in execution. It is simply to
abstain from every form of gambling whatever. Make up your mind that
'you want no man's money, and that no man shall have yours,'[1] and you
cannot come to much harm in this direction.
It would seem, however, that there is a kind of fatal fascination in
gambling which some persons appear to be wholly unable to resist. It is
therefore quite as well that those who _will_ indulge in such an
expensive propensity should do so, at least, with their eyes open. On
this account, if for no other reason, the publication of this book is
fully justified, and any apology for its appearance would be
superfluous.
No attempt has been made to deal with the subject historically. Quite
sufficient scope is afforded for a work of this kind in the undertaking
to set forth an account of such frauds as are practised at the present
day. Our attention therefore will be chiefly directed towards devices
which are of recent invention, together with those that have survived in
practice from former times.
The originals of the various circulars &c., reprints of which are given
in the following pages, are in the author's possession. The names and
addresses of the firms from which they emanate are, however, for very
obvious reasons, omitted from these reprints, though all else is given
verbatim. The illustrations are all taken from actual articles,
purchased for the avowed purpose of cheating by their means. The reader
will thus be enabled to gather some idea as to the amount of misplaced
ingenuity which has been brought to bear upon the production of these
_fin-de-siecle_ appliances for robbing the unwary.
This much, then, having been said by way of introduction, we may at once
proceed to consider systematically the methods of the modern 'sharp;'
and to describe, for the first time in any language, the various
mechanical and other devices he uses, and the manner in which they are
employed.
FOOTNOTE:
[1] Quotation from the late Earl Fitz-Hardinge, a most ardent sportsman.
CHAPTER II
_COMMON SHARPERS AND THEIR TRICKS_
In dealing with a subject of so wide a character as that upon which we
are engaged, the difficulty of beginning at the beginning is greater
than may appear to a casual reader. There are so many points from which
it may be attacked. As to treating of all that is known in reference to
it, or tracing it back to the earliest records, that, of course, is out
of the question in the limited space at our disposal. Even were one
historically inclined, who can say where the beginning begins.
Doubtless, one would have to search the geological formations at great
depth in order to discover remains of that man who first conceived the
idea of correcting fickle fortune at the expense of his fellows. If
science ever achieves this discovery, we shall certainly have reasonable
grounds for believing that we have found a very near relative of Adam.
Although the general public have so little acquaintance with the higher
developments of cheating, still, a great deal has been written
concerning some of the more elementary methods. This being so, the
question of what ought to be left out--at what point we ought to take up
the thread of our discourse--becomes of paramount importance. Obviously,
it is useless to repeat what is well-known.
Many of these primitive methods, however, are still so frequently
practised, that this book would be incomplete without some reference at
least being made to the more important among them. Therefore, with a
view to clearing the ground for what is to follow, and for the benefit
of the general reader, this chapter will be devoted to the more familiar
systems of 'sharping.'
There is, perhaps, no field of operation so prolific in specimens of the
genus 'sharp' as a race-course and its approaches upon the occasion of a
popular race-meeting. For our present purpose, therefore, we cannot do
better than to imagine, for the moment, that we are on our way to some
such gathering. Arriving at the London terminus, in good time for our
train, we take our seats in a second-class smoking compartment. Possibly
the only other occupants of the carriage at first are two or three
holiday makers, on pleasure bent. Not really sporting men, but average
citizens, looking forward to the excitement of the race, and also
possibly to the pleasurable anxiety of a little 'flutter,' at long odds
or otherwise.
It is not long before the other seats are all occupied. A man of
decidedly 'sporting' appearance, with a field-glass slung over his
shoulder, and carrying a thick travelling rug, strolls leisurely by the
door, merely glancing in as he passes. In a few moments, however, he
returns, and takes a middle seat in the compartment. Then follow two or
three others, averaging in appearance something between sporting
characters and second-rate commercial travellers. These take whatever
seats may happen to be vacant, and either become absorbed in their
newspapers or enter into conversation with their neighbours, as the case
may be. The experienced reader will have no need to be told that we are
associating with a gang working the 'three-card trick.' The man in
sporting attire is the 'sharp,' and those who accidentally (?) dropped
in after him are his confederates.
No sooner is the train well on its way, than our friend of the
field-glasses takes down his rug from the rack, folds it across his
knees, and producing a pack of cards, selects three--generally a king
and two others--which he throws, face upward, upon the rug.
'Now, gentlemen,' he says, 'I think we'll have a little game, just to
pass the time. Anyhow, if it amuses me, it won't hurt you.' With these
or some such words by way of preface, he takes up the three cards, and
throws them, one at a time, face downward, upon the rug. Then, with much
rapidity, he transposes the positions of the cards several times, and
observes, 'Now, tell me which is the king, and stake your money.'
Having thus attracted attention, he commences again. At this point, one
of the confederates looks calmly up from his paper, and murmurs
something to his neighbour about 'making one's expenses.' Probably,
also, he will produce a couple of sovereigns.
'Now, gentlemen,' continues the sharp, 'there are two cards for
you,'--taking them up--'and one card for me. The king is mine,'--taking
it up--'the ace and the seven are yours.' Then, with everyone in the
carriage following his movements, he again throws the cards down and
manipulates them as before. 'Now, tell me which is my card,' he says.
Nobody responds, however; and the sharp picks up the king, which proves
to be in the position where one would expect to find it. Indeed, the
on-looker who could not follow the king through its various evolutions
would be dull of perception.
Again and again the performance is repeated, and every time the
on-lookers can follow the movements of the king with the utmost ease. At
length, in response to an appeal from the operator 'not to be backward,
gentlemen,' the confederate who produced the sovereigns a little while
ago suddenly dashes one down on the card which all believe to be the
king. The card is turned up, and proves to be the right one,
consequently he receives the amount of his stake.
At the next turn another confederate stakes a sovereign, and wins. The
same thing follows with a third. Then, perhaps, the first stakes two
sovereigns, and again wins. Not only so, but taking advantage of the
obviously unsuspicious nature of the operator, he picks up the card
himself, and in so doing accidentally bends one corner up slightly.
Now everyone has heard of the three-card trick, though not one in a
thousand knows how it is worked. Consequently, the uninitiated among our
associates, finding that they are able to trace the king unerringly,
begin to think that, either this operator is a duffer, or that they are
particularly sharp fellows. Besides, there is the king, going about with
a turned-up corner, and losing money for the performer at every turn.
Small wonder, then, that their cupidity is aroused, and at length one of
them stakes a sovereign on the card with the turned-up corner. And he
wins? Oh, dear no! By some, unaccountable mischance, the king has become
straightened in the course of manipulation, and a corner of one of the
other cards has been turned up. Singular, is it not? Of course the loser
cannot complain, or he would have to admit that he had been trying to
take an unfair advantage of his opponent. Therefore he resolves to trust
entirely to his judgment in the future.
Then, for the first time, apparently, the operator notices the defective
corner and straightens it. Again the cards are thrown down, and the last
player, thinking to retrieve his loss, stakes another sovereign. He has
kept his eyes intently upon the king, as it passed from side to side and
back to the centre. He feels confident of success this time; but there
is a mistake somewhere, for again he loses.
And so the game goes on, with unvarying result. Whenever one of the
first two or three players--the confederates--stakes his money, he
always wins. Everyone else always loses. Eventually, the game is
discontinued; either owing to the fact that no more stakes are to be
had, or that we are approaching our destination.
Upon leaving the train, if we are curious, we may easily discover which
of our late companions are the confederates. They leave the carriage to
all appearance perfect strangers to one another; but follow one of them
at a distance, and it will be found that they are fairly well-acquainted
when not professionally employed.
This trick is an extremely simple one; and is accomplished as follows.
[Illustration: FIG. 1.--Three-card Trick.]
When the cards are taken up, preparatory to manipulation, they are held
as indicated in fig. 1. First, the two indifferent cards are taken, one
in each hand, and next, the king in the right hand. Card No. 2 in the
illustration, therefore, is the king. In throwing down the cards at the
outset No. 1 card is placed in position 1; No. 2 card in position 2; and
No. 3 in position 3. Thus, the king occupies a position between the two
other cards. So far, all is plain sailing, and it is by no means
difficult to trace the movements of the card we are following up,
however deftly it may be manipulated. There is a saying that 'the
quickness of the hand deceives the eye.' That is nonsense. No hand,
however expert, can produce a movement so quick that the eye cannot
detect it. What really deceives the eye in sleight of hand is that some
of the movements are not exactly what they appear to be, their real
nature is skilfully disguised. Of this the three card trick is a good
example. When the sharp observes his pigeon getting ready to be plucked,
he changes his tactics slightly from the straightforward course he has
hitherto pursued. The cards appear to be thrown down in the same manner
as before, but it is not so. In this case, No. 1 card is thrown down in
No. 1 position, as at the outset; but, instead of throwing down No.
2--the king--in No. 2 position, it is card No. 3 which is allowed to
fall, and the king goes finally into position 3. Thus the uninitiated,
instead of following up the king, as they fondly believe, are really on
the trail of card No. 3.
It will be readily understood that the turned-up corner can present no
difficulty to a sharp who has devoted a little practice to its
rectification. The act of throwing down the cards is quite sufficient to
cover all the movement which is necessary.
Instead of ear-marking the card by turning up a corner, the confederate
will sometimes tear off a very minute scrap from his newspaper, and,
wetting it, will attach it to a corner of the card as he turns it up.
When this is done, the operator of course contrives to slip the
moistened fragment from one card to another.
Leaving our three-card acquaintances to their own devices--though,
perhaps, our duty would be to give them into the hands of the police--we
will proceed to the race-course.
Space will not permit us here to consider the numerous evil devices for
acquiring the root of all evil indulged in by race-course sharps. In
fact, these scarcely form part of our subject. Some of them, such as
'telling the tale,' and so on, are more or less ingenious; but at best
they are merely vulgar swindles which involve no skill beyond the
exercise of that tact and plausibility which are common to sharps and
swindlers of every kind.
Pursuing our investigations, then, let us suppose that we now approach
one of the spots where winners and losers, sharps and flats, meet on the
common ground of applying meat and drink to the refreshment of body and
soul. Here, if we are favoured, we may chance to meet with a little
entertainment--intellectual and instructive--provided by the spectacle
of three persons who are engaged in the scientific recreation of
spinning coins upon some convenient corner of table or buffet. Needless
to say, they are two 'sharps' and a 'flat,' and their little game is
'odd man.'
The game is simple, but financially there is a good deal in it. It is
played in this way. Three coins being spun on edge upon a table, it is
obvious that either all three will fall with the same side up--in which
case the spin must be repeated--or, two will fall one way and one the
other. The owner of the latter coin is the 'odd man.' There are two
systems of playing. Either the odd man is out--that is to say, he stands
aside, whilst the other two spin for 'head' or 'woman'--or the odd man
pays. In either case, the loser pays the other two. If fairly played, of
course the chances are equal for all three players. But, alas! even this
apparently innocent game is capable of sophistication.
The method of cheating will be seen at a glance on referring to fig. 2.
[Illustration: FIG. 2.--Bevelled Coins.]
A coin which has been slightly bevelled to one side will bear a
superficial examination without creating suspicion as to its
genuineness. If it has a milled edge, it must necessarily be re-milled.
Such a coin, when spun on edge, will always tend to fall in one
direction. The bevelling, as shown in the figure, is exaggerated, for
distinctness' sake; in practice, the angle is very slight.
Two 'sportsmen,' each provided with coins of this description, meet with
a 'mug' and propose spinning for liquid refreshment. If they are pretty
sure of their man they may possibly allow him to win. Afterwards,
however, they lead him on to spin for higher stakes, and then he
invariably loses.
If the game is 'odd man pays,' they spin with coins which will fall
alike; simultaneously changing their coins from time to time, so that
they do not always bring them same side up. This being so, all three
coins must either fall alike, or else the dupe will be the odd man. Then
he pays each of his companions the amount of the stakes. Thus, the
chances are dead against the dupe, for his opponents cannot possibly
lose.
When the game is 'odd man out,' the winnings are not made so rapidly;
but at the same time they are quite as certain, and the proceedings are
not so liable to create suspicion. In this case, the sharps spin with
coins which will fall in different directions, and consequently the dupe
is never the odd man. His coin is bound to fall the same way as one of
the others; so he has to spin again with one or other of the 'rooks.' If
the second spin is 'head wins,' the sharp will use a coin which falls
'head.' Here, again, the coins must either fall alike, and the spin be
repeated, or the dupe must lose.
To disarm suspicion, however, the second spin may occasionally be a fair
one; his opponent using a 'square' coin. Even then, the chances are two
to one against him. Supposing the stakes are a sovereign, the loser has
to pay the two winners a sovereign each; and therefore if the dupe loses
he has to pay two sovereigns, whilst, if he wins, he receives only one.
So much, then, for 'odd man.'
If we search the purlieus of the race-course, we are sure to find the
'purse trick' well in evidence. A good many people seem to get a living
at it, yet there is not much mystery connected with it. Its
accomplishment rests purely on sleight of hand. We are all familiar with
the purse purporting to contain a half-crown and a shilling which the
salesman offers to dispose of for the modest amount of sixpence or so.
It is extraordinary, however, how few know wherein the trick lies. For
the benefit of those who are unacquainted with it, the following short
description is given.
The man throws a half-crown and a shilling into a two-penny purse,
and the price demanded for the whole may vary from sixpence to
eighteenpence, according to circumstances. Sometimes the purse, when
purchased, is found to contain the actual amount ostensibly put into it.
'Springes to catch woodcocks!' The purchaser is a confederate. In the
event of a stranger buying it, the contents will prove to be a penny and
a halfpenny. The operator really throws the half-crown and shilling into
the purse several times; turning them out again into his hand, to show
the genuineness of the transaction. Or, he may spin them in the air, and
catch them in the purse by way of variety. But when the time for selling
arrives, although he does not appear to have changed his tactics in the
least, the transmutation of metals becomes an accomplished fact, silver
is converted to bronze.
The man has a money-bag slung in front of him, into which he is
continually dipping his hand, for the purpose of taking out or returning
the coins. This bag seems to contain only silver, but there is a vein of
baser metal underlying the nobler. Therefore, in taking out a
half-crown, nothing is easier than for the man to palm a penny at the
same time. This being done, it is the penny which goes into the purse,
and the half-crown is transferred, for the moment, to his palm; but only
for the moment. It is dropped, immediately, into the bag; so that, by
the time that his hand has fallen to his side, it is empty. That is one
dodge. Another is to take the half-crown and penny together in the
fingers, the penny underlying the half-crown, concealed from view. Then
the penny is dropped and the half-crown palmed as before. Again, the
half-crown and shilling being really in the purse, the man will take
them out with his fingers, apparently for the purpose of showing them to
the multitude, at the same time introducing into the purse three
halfpence which he has held concealed. Then he appears to throw the
silver coins quickly into the purse, but in reality he palms them, the
sound made by the coins in falling being counterfeited by chinking the
coppers which the purse already contains. A variation upon this trick is
sometimes performed with a piece of paper in which is screwed up some
article of cheap jewellery, and into which the coins are supposed to be
thrown, as in the purse trick. These men adopt various methods of
explaining their reasons for selling so much money at so cheap a rate,
one of the most common being that someone has laid a wager that the
public are too sceptical to buy money offered in that manner. Well, such
a wager would be a tolerably safe one; for, as a rule, the public are
only sceptical concerning those things which are genuine. It is
probably because the purse-trick is not genuine that the tricksters find
purchasers. It is always the swindle which takes best with the public.
Certainly, anyone who is taken in over this trick deserves to be.
On our way home in the train we may, perhaps, encounter a party playing
'Nap.' It may be a friendly game, fairly played--or it may not. If it is
not, we shall undoubtedly find that one of the players loses heavily. It
is only penny Nap, he is told. Yes, but one can lose a good deal, in a
small way, even at penny Nap. Especially if the other players know the
best and quickest way of winning.
The most ordinary way of cheating at this game consists of 'putting up'
hands for the dupe and one of the other players. The methods of
accomplishing this manoeuvre will be fully detailed in the chapter on
'Manipulation.' For the present, it is sufficient to say that the cards
are so manipulated that the dupe has always a good hand. So far, this
looks as though matters should prove very favourable to the dupe;
therefore, he frequently goes 'Nap.' It always happens, however, that
one of the other players holds a hand which is slightly better. The dupe
may even hold the ace, king, queen, and knave of one suit, and the ace
of another. By every law of the game he is bound to go 'Nap,' and win.
So he makes his long suit trumps, feeling that he has a 'certainty.'
But when the cards are played, it turns out that one of his opponents
holds five small trumps against his four big ones, and he loses on the
last round.
An incident of this kind is reported, where the dupe, in a two-handed
game, being rendered suspicious by the eagerness of those about him to
wager that he would not make his Nap, instead of leading out his long
suit, made his odd ace the trump, and thereby won. In a game of more
than two players, this could be prevented by one of the others holding
two cards of the same suit as the ace. Moral--Don't gamble with
strangers. It is never safe; particularly in a railway train.
The foregoing being sufficient to give the reader a general idea of the
common sharp and his methods, no more need be said with regard to this
elementary branch of our subject. It will be sufficient to point out
that the sharp usually devotes his entire energies to perfecting himself
in some particular game. Having found his victim, he feigns indifferent
play, and encourages the dupe to 'take him on.' No matter how skilful he
may be, he never allows any evidence of the fact to escape him. One does
not find a card-sharper, for instance, entertaining his chance
acquaintances with card-tricks--at least, not to their knowledge. To use
the language which he would probably adopt, such a proceeding would be
'giving himself away with a pound of tea.' The sharp's motto is, 'Art
is to conceal art;' and his success in life depends very greatly upon
the strict observation of this maxim.
Skill, however, is not the only qualification necessary to the
successful sharp. He must have unbounded self-confidence if his wiles
are to be of any avail. In addition, he must also possess tact and
address, for upon these two qualities will depend the grade of society
into which he will be enabled to carry his operations. Given a liberal
endowment of these two attributes, there is no circle, however high or
however select, into which the sharp will not ultimately penetrate. The
public have occasionally an opportunity of peeping behind the scenes,
but the cases of cheating which come to light bear a very small
proportion to those which are condoned or hushed up, and the number of
these again is nothing when compared with the infinity of cases which
are never discovered.
All the comparatively insignificant matters dealt with so far are of
course common knowledge to many. As before mentioned, however, the
general public know very little of them, otherwise the numbers who gain
a living by such means could not exist. It is for this reason only that
they have been even referred to here. Other and far more ingenious
trickeries call for our attention, and to these we will now pass on.
CHAPTER III
_MARKED CARDS AND THE MANNER OF THEIR EMPLOYMENT_
Probably it was at no very recent date in the history of card-playing
that some genius first recognised the advantage which would accrue to a
player who could devise some means of placing a distinctive mark on the
back of each card, imperceptible to all but himself, to indicate its
suit and value. Every card-player must at some time or other have
exclaimed mentally, 'Oh, if I only knew what cards my opponents hold!'
There one has, then, the origin of marked cards. The sharp, above all
others, desires to know his opponent's cards. It is almost a necessity
of his existence; and in his case it is certainly true that 'necessity
is the mother of invention,' and 'knows no law.' Whatever the sharp may
find necessary he is sure to acquire, and will not be scrupulous as to
the manner of its acquisition.
The systems of card-marking are as numerous as they are ingenious. They
vary from a mark which covers the greater portion of the back of the
card to a mark which is invisible. This latter may not appear to be of
much utility, but it must be borne in mind the sharp is not restricted
to the use of the sense of sight only. Sometimes, indeed, it is
necessary for him to know the cards without looking at them, and then a
visible mark would be of no possible use to him.
So numerous, indeed, are the systems of marking--almost every
card-sharper, worthy of the name, having a system peculiar to
himself--that it is impossible to give a tenth part of them. To attempt
to do so would be to weary the reader, and, further, it is unnecessary.
All these various systems are capable of general classification, and a
few leading instances will suffice to give the key to the whole. For
brevity and convenience, then, we will consider the subject under the
following heads:--
A--General principles of marking.
B--The marking of unprinted backs.
C--Marking by dot and puncture.
D--Cards marked in manufacture.
E--Shading and tint-marking.
F--Line and scroll work.
G--Cards marked whilst in play.
Sec. A--_General principles of marking._--Whatever method of marking may be
adopted in the preparation of 'faked' cards or 'readers,' however
recondite that method may be, it is referable to one or other of two
general principles. That is to say, either the cards have each a
distinctive mark placed in some convenient position, or the mark is
similar in every case, the indication being given by the position which
it occupies. Some systems are based upon a combination of the two
principles; but all are developments of either one or the other. When
the mark, whatever it may be, is placed at one end of the card, it is of
course necessary to mark both ends.
The chief desideratum in marking, of course, is to produce work which is
easily decipherable to the trained eye of the expert, but which
nevertheless is invisible to others. How well this has been accomplished
will be seen from the examples which follow. Many of the specimens given
herein have been submitted to experts who have been allowed to retain
them as long as they pleased, and have been returned with the statement
that to all appearance the cards have not been tampered with, no mark
being discoverable. This being the case, what chance has a player of
detecting the falsification, in the very cursory examination which is
possible during play? As the reader will perceive, there is no
difficulty in marking cards in such a manner as will arouse no
suspicion. Anyone could invent a system which no one but himself could
decipher, and which would defy detection. The only difficulty is to read
the marks with speed and accuracy. In many games it is only necessary to
know which are high cards and which are low; then the matter is
considerably simplified. In some games it is not even necessary to know
the suit of the cards, and thus the case is simplified still further. It
is rarely, indeed, that the sharp requires to know all the cards.
Generally speaking, if all the picture-cards and the aces are marked,
that will give him all the advantage he needs. The rest may be left to
chance and good play. In fact, the sharp uses trickery as little as
possible; he never overdoes the thing. Whilst he is winning, he is, as a
rule, content to win fairly, for the most part. His subtle methods are
reserved--or should be, if he knows his business--for occasions when
chance is against him. The fewer are the cards which are marked, the
less the chance of detection, and the less the marks are resorted to the
better. Obviously, the man who has it in his power to stock his hand
with high cards at will, need never be in a hurry to win. The game is in
his hands. The sharp who uses marked cards will always contrive to 'work
in' those he has prepared when possible, but failing this, he is
generally in a position to mark all the cards he wishes to know during
the course of the game, as we shall see further on.
Sec. B--_The marking of unprinted backs._--It might very naturally be
supposed, that the application of any system of marking to the backs of
those cards which are of an even tint, without pattern, would be a very
difficult operation. Such, however, is by no means the case. One might
think that any mark, however slight, placed upon the plain white back of
a 'club-card,' must inevitably be discovered sooner or later. Such an
idea, nevertheless, would indicate a very scant acquaintance with the
resources which are available to the card-sharper.
One of the earliest methods of marking of which there is any record was
used in connection with this class of card. The incident is related by
Houdin, whose account of the matter is to the following effect.
A card-sharper having been detected in cheating, a great quantity of
cards were found in his possession. The authorities, thinking that there
might possibly be some preparation or falsification of them, sent them
to Houdin for examination. To all appearance, however, the cards were
perfectly genuine. He could detect nothing amiss with them. But
notwithstanding the negative result of his investigation, he felt
morally certain that they must have been tampered with in some way. He
therefore persevered in his efforts to solve the problem, but several
weeks elapsed, and still he found himself exactly in the position from
which he started. At length, disgusted by such prolonged and repeated
failure, he flung a pack of the cards carelessly across the table at
which he was sitting. Then, in an instant, the long-sought revelation
was presented to his view. The cards were marked, and in a manner
sufficiently ingenious to arouse the investigator's enthusiasm at the
time, although the method employed might not be thought so very high
class nowadays. We have advanced since then.
The cards in question were of the ordinary glazed kind, and lying at
some little distance upon the table the light from the window was
reflected from their backs. This circumstance disclosed the fact that
each one had a small unglazed spot upon it, placed in such a position as
to indicate the suit and value. Fig. 4 will explain the system at a
glance.
The glaze is removed by the simple expedient of putting a drop of water
upon the required spot, and blotting it off after a few seconds. Such a
mark is quite invisible under ordinary circumstances, but when the cards
are held at a suitable angle to the light, the unglazed spot is readily
apparent.
This, of course, is not the only method of producing the desired effect.
Sometimes the glaze is removed by means of a sharp knife.
Another plan is to produce a shallow concavity at the proper position by
laying the card upon its face and pressing upon it with the rounded end
of a penholder or some similar and convenient instrument. In fact,
anything which will cause a little variation in the reflection of the
light from the back of the card will suffice.
The cards above referred to were merely 'picquet' packs. Therefore there
was nothing lower than the 'seven.' If it is necessary to mark a full
pack, the lower cards may be marked with two dots, as shown in fig. 4.
When unglazed, or 'steam-boat' cards were in general use, a very
efficient mode of marking was devised. It was done by ruling lines on
the backs with a piece of paraffin wax. Fig. 3 shows the arrangement.
This method is of course the converse of the foregoing, the object of
using the wax being to impart a glaze where none previously existed. As
before, these marks are only decipherable when the cards are held at a
proper angle.
[Illustration: FIG. 3.--Unglazed Cards.]
Cards marked as in fig. 3 would answer perfectly for a game such as
'poker,' where the suit is of no consequence. If it is required to give
both suit and value, another mark--a dot for example--could be added,
the position of which would give the necessary indication. The ace, it
will be observed, is not marked. In most systems, either the ace or the
two is indicated by the absence of marking. The same thing applies to
the suits, it is only required to mark three out of the four.
Sec. C--_Marking by dot and puncture._--The main outlines of this method
will be understood from what has already been said. If the unglazed
spots are represented by minute dots, the principle is practically the
same. The only difference is in connection with marking by puncture. In
this case the mark is made by pricking the card with a very fine needle
upon its face. This raises a minute point or 'burr' upon the back, which
can be detected by passing the thumb across the back of the card whilst
dealing.
[Illustration: FIG. 4.--Divisions indicating suit and value.]
If a plate of metal the size of a playing-card is divided at each end
into parallelograms, after the manner shown in fig. 4, these divisions
will represent the positions occupied by the puncture or dot in
representing the various suits and values. A small hole being drilled in
the centre of each parallelogram, the plate will serve for a 'template'
by means of which the cards may be pierced in the correct places. The
plate is laid upon the face of the card, and a fine needle is pricked
through the proper hole, just far enough to raise the necessary
projection on the back of the card. One point at each end, then, will
serve to mark all the cards of a picquet pack. If those cards which are
lower than seven have to be marked, two points may be taken. For
instance, a point in the top left-hand corner, together with one three
divisions further to the right, will indicate the six of clubs. A point
in the second space on the same line, with one in the fifth space, will
represent the five of clubs, and so on. This is a very good system of
marking for many purposes. It takes only a short time to mark the whole
pack; the marks are invisible, and will escape the closest scrutiny. But
great practice is necessary to render the touch sufficiently acute, and
the perception of the small differences sufficiently delicate, to read
the marks with precision.
[Illustration: FIG. 5.]
Another method whereby a single dot is made to represent both suit and
value of any card is illustrated in fig. 5. In every ornamental back
almost, there is some portion of the pattern which is more or less of a
fan-shaped or radial design. If this should happen to contain thirteen
divisions, nothing is easier than to assign to each one a value, and
thus the entire suit is represented by merely varying the position of
the dot. The suit is given by placing the dot nearer or farther from
the centre. Fig. 5 is a diagram which illustrates this method in its
simplest form. A dot placed outside the periphery of the design stands
for 'spades,' one just inside for 'hearts,' half-way between the two
lines for 'diamonds,' and close to the inner circle it means 'clubs.'
The value or 'size,' as it is called, is shown by the radial line,
opposite which the mark is placed. Having followed this explanation, the
reader will at once perceive that the dot marked _a_ (fig. 5) represents
the two of diamonds.
Of course it frequently happens that there is no part of the pattern
which contains thirteen divisions. Then, either more than one design
must be used, or the form of the mark must be varied. Supposing there
are only six divisions available for the purpose, the six highest cards
can be indicated by a dot, the six next in order by a small dash, and
the last by a minute cross.
Sec. D--_Cards marked [Illustration: squiggle] in manufacture._--Given the
original conception of marked cards, and their practical application to
the needs of the sharper, the next step is, obviously, the production of
such wares commercially. The desirability of being able to open a new
pack of cards and find them ready prepared for use, was too palpable to
be overlooked.
For a long time the existence of such cards was kept profoundly secret
among a very few sharpers, and those 'in the know' reaped a rich
harvest. Nowadays, however, these things are, comparatively speaking,
'common objects of the sea-shore.'
Fig. 6 is a reproduction of the first pattern ever supplied, ready
marked, by the makers.
[Illustration: FIG. 6.]
The distinctive marking was arranged by causing the end of the scroll,
marked '_a_,' to assume various forms, and point in different
directions.
This card did very well for a time; but the mark was very obtrusive and
the pattern became obsolete, being discarded, in fact, for improved
forms which were of later invention.
The next step in the way of improvement came with the introduction of
the plaid-back cards, at one time largely used. It was soon discovered
that these lent themselves readily to the purposes of falsification, and
the result was the invention of a mark both easy to read and not liable
to detection. Like so many other good things, it is marvellous in its
simplicity. It is based partly upon modification of the pattern, and
partly upon the position occupied by the mark. Fig. 7 illustrates a
complete suit of these cards.
The higher cards commence with a set of five parallel lines, placed
somewhat to the left of the top right-hand corner. The space between the
first and second lines is increased to indicate an ace; between the
second and third, a king; between the third and fourth, a queen; and
between the fourth and fifth, a knave. For the ten, nine, eight, and
seven, the pattern is so arranged that the indicating lines terminate at
the corner of the card. These being similarly treated, correspond with
the four cards of that group. The six, five, four, and three, are
respectively given by a similar band, which is so placed that it
terminates upon the right hand side of the card, immediately below the
top corner. The two is known by the fact of the card being unmarked;
that is to say, the lines of all the bands are an equal distance apart,
and are not tampered with in any way.
The suit is given by a band of lines, terminating some little distance
below the top left-hand corner, on the left of the card. The first space
(counting from the top) being widened, signifies a diamond; the second,
a heart; the third, a club; and the fourth, a spade. If the reader has
made the progress in 'sharping' which might reasonably be expected at
this stage of his instruction, he should have no difficulty in
distinguishing the suit of the ace in fig. 7. It is evidently the ace of
clubs.
[Illustration: FIG. 7.]
This pattern is of especial value to the man who can deal 'seconds,'[2]
as in giving off the 'draft' at poker, and so on, by keeping the pack
spread out a little, he can read off the values of the first four or
five cards. That is the great advantage in having marks which come quite
close to the edge.
We will conclude this subject of printed backs with a description of one
of the best designs ever made (fig. 8). This pattern is particularly
easy to read, even at a considerable distance, yet it is certainly not
liable to detection by the uninitiated. To anyone who knows the
secret, it appears strange that a pack of these cards may be given to a
novice for examination, with the information that they are marked, and
he will never find anything wrong with them. He may even examine them
with a microscope, yet he will see nothing amiss. The reason is that he
does not know what to look for. Most probably he will expect to find
dots or marks, _put on_ the card by hand. He might thus detect 'scroll
work,' examples of which are given further on, though most likely
'shading' would escape his notice from the fact that it is something for
which he is not prepared.
In this instance the distinguishing marks are two in number, one for
suit and one for value. These are respectively indicated by variations
in the form of the two small sprays in the left hand corner, round which
lines have been drawn in the upper card (fig. 8).
[Illustration: FIG. 8.]
The lower of the two sprays is caused to show the suit by being curved
up or down, or having its termination formed into a suggestion of a
spade or a heart, as will be seen on reference to the figure.
The upper spray is variously altered to denote the values. Thus:
[Illustration: FIG. 9.]
Cards marked in printing have of late years been virtually abandoned in
America, owing to the fact that they are readily detected, even by those
who are utterly unable to discover the marks. The general appearance of
the cards is sufficient to show their origin. In the first place, the
ink with which the cards are printed is as a rule very inferior; and
secondly, the 'ace of spades' has NOT the maker's name upon it. As the
maker himself would say--'What do _you_ think?'
Fig. 10 is a comparison of the ace of spades from a genuine pack with
that from a pack of manufactured 'marked backs.' It will be seen that
the marked card bears the title of a purely hypothetical 'Card Company.'
[Illustration: FIG. 10.
Genuine Card. Manufactured Marked-back.]
By referring to the price-lists given towards the end of this book, one
finds that the price at which they are quoted is by no means exorbitant,
when one bears in mind the risk which the maker runs, and the fact that
he has to go to the expense of fifty-two plates for printing the backs,
as against the one only which is required for genuine cards. In revenge,
and to keep down the cost of production, he uses ink of a very inferior
quality to that employed by good firms. Thus, the cards are rendered
open to suspicion from the first, and no doubt this has much to do with
their falling into disuse.
In America their employment is confined chiefly to mining camps, where
one may still find 'saloons' which are stocked entirely with this kind
of 'paper,' as the cards are called.
England, however, must be a fine field for them, as card players here
are really so ignorant that the subtle methods of cheating would be
thrown away. The best work is not necessary, and the sharp who went to
the trouble of adopting it would be simply wasting his substance on the
desert air. There is little doubt that these cards are largely used over
here.
Sec. E--_Shading and tint-marking._--Manufactured cards having fallen into
comparative desuetude, the reasonable inference is that they have been
supplanted by something better; and such is the fact. In the hands of
the best men they have been superseded by genuine cards, marked
(generally by the sharp himself) either with 'shading' or 'line-work.'
The earliest method of shading, so far as can be ascertained, consisted
of the application to plain-backed cards of an even tint which, being
rendered more or less deep, denoted the values of certain cards. This
tint was produced by rubbing the card with a rag, lightly impregnated
with plumbago, until the required depth of tint was obtained. This
imperfect method, however, has gradually developed into others which can
hardly be said to leave anything to be desired--at least from the
sharp's point of view.
At the present time shading is principally confined, if not entirely so,
to ornamental backs. It is effected by applying a faint wash of colour
to a fairly large portion of the card. This colour of course must be one
which approximates to the tint of the card, and further, it must be one
which will dry without removing the glaze.
Just as there has been continual warfare between the makers of heavy
guns and the inventors of armour-plating, so there has been a long
struggle between the playing-card manufacturer and the professional
gambler. Whilst the latter has been engaged in the endeavour to concoct
a stain with which he could shade his cards without spoiling the enamel
or altering the colour, the former has done his best to circumvent the
sharp's endeavours by compounding the glaze of ingredients which will
spoil the 'little game.' For some time the manufacturer triumphed, and
it became known that Hart's red 'Angel-backs' were unstainable. Alas!
however, vice--and, shall we say science--was victorious, and one can
now buy a fluid warranted to stain any card for a mere trifle.
These fluids are nothing more than solutions in spirit of various
aniline dyes. For red, aurosine is used, and for blue aniline blue.
Stafford's red ink, diluted with spirit, produces a perfect stain for
red cards. Others as good can be made with the 'Diamond' dyes.
A suitable solution having been obtained, the cards are shaded, either
by putting a wash over a certain spot or by washing over the whole of
the back with the exception of one spot. The latter method is the better
of the two in many respects, as the cards can be distinguished at a
distance of two or three yards, and yet will bear the strictest
examination, even at the hands of one who understands the former method.
In fact, the closer one looks at the cards the less likely one is to
discover the mark, or, as the sharp would say, to 'tumble' to the
'fake.'
The directions for use issued with the shading fluids will be found on
page 302.
As the delicate tints of shaded work are lost in reproduction,
satisfactory examples cannot be given. On the opposite page, however,
will be found an illustration of one method of shading the familiar
'angel-back' card represented in fig. 11.
[Illustration: FIG. 11.--Angel-back.]
The shading in fig. 12 has been considerably exaggerated, to render it
apparent.
[Illustration: FIG. 12.--'FALLEN ANGELS']
The little 'angel' (_a_, fig. 11) is made to indicate the value of the
cards by shading the head for an ace; the right wing for a king; the
left wing for a queen; the right arm for a knave, and so on. The two is
not marked.
The suit of the card is denoted by shading various portions of the
foliated design adjacent to the 'angel' (_b_, fig. 11).
With the exception of the exaggerated shading, these marks are
facsimiles of those upon a pack purchased from one of the dealers, all
of whom supply them. Although the cards can be bought ready shaded, most
sharpers prefer to do them for themselves. Therefore, they merely buy
the marking-fluids, and invent their own marks.
Sec. F--_Line and scroll work._--This is the kind of marking which is
adopted by the most expert among card-sharpers. When well done it can
hardly be detected even by another sharper.
This system may be briefly summarised as follows. Some convenient
portion of the card-back is selected--a flower or some similar device in
the pattern, for instance--and a shading consisting of very fine lines,
in imitation of the normal shading of the pattern, is used, its position
indicating the value of the card. A specially prepared 'line-work fluid'
is used, and the work is put on with a fine pen or, better still, with a
fine sable pencil. In using a pen there is always a danger of scratching
the enamel, but by the use of a 'photographic sable,' such as retouchers
employ, this is obviated.
In order to imbue the reader with a due appreciation of these works of
art, our first example shall be one of a very obvious character; one
that could only be used in a 'soft game.'[3] We shall then have an
opportunity of comparing it with one or two of the masterpieces of the
century, and, looking back upon the earlier pages of this book, we can
reflect upon the manner in which the science of card-sharping is
progressing, like other and more legitimate sciences.
A portion of the pattern, consisting of five projections, is usually
chosen in line-marking, and the line-work is applied in the following
manner. The first projection, or petal, on the left, is shaded to denote
an ace; the second a king; the third a queen; the fourth a knave; and
the fifth a ten. Then for a nine, the first and second are shaded; for
an eight the second and third; and so on to the six. Lastly, taking the
foliations in groups of three, the first three represent the five; the
second, third, and fourth, the four; and the third, fourth, and fifth,
the three. The two is not shaded.
[Illustration: FIG. 13.]
In the case of the card which is reproduced in fig. 13, the spray of
leaves marked _a_ would be chosen to indicate the values. The spray _b_
would be shaded to denote the suit. Reference to fig. 14 will serve to
make this clear.
[Illustration: FIG. 14.]
Having mastered this elementary method, we will now turn to some of the
finest work that has ever been put upon cards. Fig. 15 illustrates five
cards of the 'angel-back' pattern. These are respectively the king,
queen, knave, ten, and nine. It is not too much to say that the mark
would never be discovered without assistance being given, by one
previously acquainted with it.
[Illustration: FIG. 15.--SCROLL-WORK]
In this example the spray marked _c_ (fig. 11) is chosen, and marked in
a manner of which fig. 16 is a magnified diagram.
[Illustration: FIG. 16.]
As a concluding example of line-work, if the reader will turn back to
fig. 8, he will find, in each corner of the pattern upon the card, a
leaf with five points, an ivy leaf in fact. In marking a genuine
card of this pattern, this leaf would be selected for the purpose, and
shaded with line-work after the manner of fig. 17.
[Illustration: FIG. 17.]
_Cards marked whilst in play._--We now arrive at the last subdivision of
this branch of our subject, and perhaps the one which will prove most
generally interesting, viz. the possibility of placing distinctive marks
upon the cards during the course of the game. The average reader may
probably be surprised to learn that such a practice has been resorted to
by sharpers from time immemorial. Further, its accomplishment presents
not the slightest difficulty, in fact it is the simplest thing in the
world.
The earliest method appears to have been that of raising a slight burr
upon the edges of the cards with an instrument provided--perhaps for
that purpose(?)--by Nature, to wit, the thumb-nail. This and other
primitive methods alike have been superseded by others more scientific.
Therefore we will not waste our time in detailing such elementary
matters, but pass on to the means used at the present day.
One of the simplest appliances is the 'nail prick,' quoted in the
price-lists at half a dollar. This is simply a tiny piece of metal,
carrying a point, which is held when in use under the thumb-nail of the
right hand. With this point the cards can be pricked without
observation, in positions which will indicate the suit and value. It is,
however, not much used.
Pricking the cards is a method chiefly employed by men who can deal
'seconds.' The sharp will prick the corners of all the aces and court
cards, or as many of them as happen to fall into his hands, from time to
time; and whilst dealing, he can feel the little projection caused by
the prick, and hold these cards back till they could be dealt to
himself. One who did this every time it came to his turn to deal must
inevitably win all the money sooner or later. No sharp, however, would
be insane enough to arouse suspicion in this manner.
The most refined and scientific method of pricking the cards is by means
of an ingenious little appliance, known as the 'poker-ring.' This is an
ordinary finger-ring, having attached to it upon the under side a
needle-point of about one sixty-fourth of an inch in length (fig. 18).
In the illustration, the length of the point is exaggerated.
[Illustration: FIG. 18.]
As the cards are held in the hand, the corner of any one which it is
desired to mark is simply pressed against the point with the thumb of
either hand. Thus with one hand the sharp is enabled to mark any card he
chooses, under the very eyes of his adversaries, and without a single
suspicious movement being observable.
But the greatest advance in this direction was made when the art of
marking cards with shade-work was discovered. It was found that a little
aniline colour, taken upon the tip of the finger, could be transferred
to the back of a card slightly deepening the tint in the spot to which
it was applied. The colour was at first derived from a piece of blue
aniline pencil, carried in the pocket, and upon the point of which the
finger was secretly rubbed. As far as one can ascertain, the English
sharp has not progressed beyond this point in his professional
knowledge. In America, however, it is otherwise. Across the water,
superior intelligences soon concocted a coloured paste which would
answer the purpose much better. Scooping a hole in a piece of cork, the
cavity was filled with the composition, and the cork was sewn inside the
lower edge of the waistcoat. In this position the colour was convenient
to the hand.
The idea thus conceived has been improved upon until one may say that
this method has reached perfection in the form of appliances known as
'shading boxes.'
[Illustration: FIG. 19.]
These implements of chicanery, of which fig. 19 is an illustration, are
little nickel-plated boxes, which are completely filled with the
coloured composition. In the centre of the lid is a slot through which
the colour is pressed. The finger being passed over this slot, takes up
a little of the colour. The base of the box is pierced around the
circumference with small holes, for convenience in sewing it to the
inside of the waistcoat or underneath the flap of a side pocket, as may
be preferred. The boxes are generally used in pairs, one containing red
composition and the other blue. With these two colours, almost every
coloured card can be marked. The paste for refilling the boxes is
supplied separately, or, if the sharp is acquainted with its
composition, he may make it for himself. Here is the recipe.
Olive oil, stearine, and camphor are incorporated in a melted condition
with aniline of the required hue. The mixture is then poured out upon a
level surface and allowed to cool. When cold it is worked up with the
blade of a knife upon a sheet of white paper, to get rid of the
superfluous oil. It is then ready for use.
Marking placed upon cards in this way can be instantly removed by merely
rubbing the card upon the table-cloth.
It is worthy of note that these boxes are considered to be so good that
they are not included in the catalogues of dealers in so-called
'sporting-goods.' They are kept as a secret among those who are 'in the
know.'
These convenient little articles, then, bring us to the end of the
systems of marking. It only remains to instruct the neophyte who has
followed the course of our lessons so far, in the methods of utilising
the marks when once they are placed upon the cards.
Those familiar words of the great artist who said that the medium he
employed in mixing his colours was 'brains,' may find an echo in the
directions for playing marked cards. They must be used with intelligence
or not at all. Indeed, great circumspection is requisite in utilising
the information which the marks provide. In a game of whist, for
instance, a thorough-paced player would at once detect any glaring
peculiarity of play resulting from knowledge surreptitiously acquired.
One may know, perfectly well, which card in one's hand would win the
trick, but it is not always advisable to play it. Tact and judgment,
added to a thorough acquaintance with the rules of the game which is
being played, are necessary adjuncts to the successful employment of any
system of cheating.
In a round game, when it is your turn to deal, you may read the cards as
you deal them; and in this way know the hands of your opponents, or at
any rate the principal cards. In a single-handed game you can remember
the whole of your antagonist's cards, but with more than two players it
is not advisable to attempt to commit to memory more than one hand.
That, preferably, should be the hand of the 'flattest man,' the
'greatest mug,' the man who is playing highest, or your most dangerous
opponent. With a little practice the top card of the pack can be read,
just before it is dealt. There is plenty of time for this whilst the
previous card is on its way to the table. In a game such as Poker, where
the suit is of no consequence, you simply repeat to yourself the value
of the card as you deal it, and from your knowledge of the game you may
deduce the discards from that particular hand. Then, in giving off the
'draft'--_i.e._ the cards to replace those which have been discarded,
and which, of course, you have not seen--you read the cards as they are
given out. In this way you can form a tolerably accurate opinion as to
what cards that hand finally contains. If your hand happens to be
better, you can bet against this particular player, continually raising
the stakes until all the other players are 'raised out.' That is to say,
they do not feel inclined to risk so much money on their hands, and
therefore they throw them down, and leave the game, for the moment, in
the hands of the two highest players.
A knowledge of the top card may be utilised in dealing 'seconds.' The
top card, being one which you require, may be kept back until it comes
to your turn either on the deal or the draft. This, however, is a very
bad way of using marked cards. It is sure to be detected sooner or
later, and then your only course will be to 'clear out' from the scene
of your former victories. Whilst, if you confine your attention to the
use of the information given by the marks, trusting to your wits rather
than to the deftness of your fingers, you will not only win but 'last.'
Working with shaded cards, in which the shading occupies the greater
portion of the card, many of your opponents' cards can be read as they
hold them in their hands; especially where they are held spread out, as
is so often the case in England.
Whatever may be the game, marked cards will often enable you to win
where you otherwise would lose, so long as due care and judgment are
exercised. For example, at Vingt-et-un, you will always know whether it
is advisable to draw another card or not. You will not stand in doubt as
to the card you will get. At Baccarat you will know what cards you have
given the players, and what you will draw if you take one. Too many
false drafts, however, are liable to create suspicion; so in this game
you must be careful in your proceedings. At Loo, you will have a strong
advantage, as you will always know the contents of the hand upon the
table, and when to take 'miss.' In games such as 'Banker' or 'Polish
Bank,' which consist of betting that you have in your hand a card (not
seen) which will beat one that has been turned up, you have to contend
with no uncertainty whatever.
Having pursued our subject to this point, it cannot be denied that we
have learnt something of great importance, viz. that among the
advantages enjoyed by us in this nineteenth century, we must not
overlook those embodied in the fact, that not only are marked cards
articles of commerce, readily obtainable at the right places, but we
have also the means of falsifying genuine cards, of any pattern, at a
few minutes' notice. Even failing this, we have at our command means of
marking all the cards which it is necessary to know whilst under the
very noses of our antagonists.
The practical philosopher--if such exist--whilst meditating upon the
benefits accruing to mankind from civilisation, should by no means
forget that, in one notable instance at least--card-playing to
wit--civilisation has provided the means of eliminating from the affairs
of life the undesirable and inconvenient element of chance. There is no
such thing as chance, says the predestinationist; and certainly in some
cases the truth is with him.
FOOTNOTES:
[2] _Vide_ Chapter VI., 'Manipulation.'
[3] This expression does not apply, as might be imagined, to the
comparative simplicity of the game, but rather to the positive
simplicity of the players.
CHAPTER IV
_REFLECTORS_
Although there can be no question as to the utility of marked cards in
the hands of the sharper, it frequently happens that he is unable to
avail himself of the advantages presented by their employment. It may
be, perhaps, that he is so situated as to be compelled to use genuine
cards belonging to someone else; and that, the comparatively scanty and
hurried marking supplied by means of poker-ring or shading box will not
provide him with all the information imperatively demanded by the nature
of the game in which he is engaged. He may, perhaps, be playing in
circles where the devices of marking, and the methods of accomplishing
it, are well known. For many reasons the use of marked cards may be too
risky to be ventured upon; or the cards themselves may not be available
at the moment. Again, the sharp may not have taken the trouble to master
any system of marking; yet, for all that, he requires a knowledge of his
opponent's cards just as much as his more talented brother of the pen,
the brush, and the needle-point. How then, it may be asked, is he to
obtain this knowledge? Simply--very simply. The sharp needs to be hard
pressed indeed, to be driven to the end of his tether.
Marked cards being out of the question, it is possible to obviate to a
great extent the necessity for them by the use of certain little
instruments of precision denominated 'reflectors,' or, more familiarly,
'shiners.' These are not intended to be used for the purpose of casting
reflections upon the assembled company. Far from it. Their reflections
are exclusively such as have no weight with the majority. They, and
their use alike, reflect only upon the sharp himself.
These useful little articles are constructed in many forms, and are as
perfectly adapted to the requirements of the individual as are the works
of Nature herself. Just as man has been evolved in the course of ages
from some primitive speck of structureless protoplasm, so, in like
manner, we find that these convexities of silvered glass have
crystallised out from some primordial drop of innocent liquid, more or
less accidentally spilled upon the surface of a table in years gone by.
Such, then, was the origin of the reflector. The sharp of long ago was
content to rely upon a small circular drop of wine, or whatever he
happened to be drinking, carefully spilled upon the table immediately in
front of him. Holding the cards over this drop, their faces would be
reflected from its surface, for the information of the sharp who was
dealing them.
Times have advanced since then, however, and the sharp has advanced with
the times. We live in an age of luxury. We are no longer satisfied with
the rude appliances which sufficed for the simpler and less fastidious
tastes of our forefathers; and in this respect at least the sharp is no
exception to the general rule. He, too, has become more fastidious, and
more exacting in his requirements, and his tastes are more expensive.
His reflector, therefore, is no longer a makeshift; it is a
well-constructed instrument, both optically and mechanically, costing
him, to purchase, from two and a half to twenty-five dollars. Not
shillings, bear in mind, but dollars. Think of it! Five pounds for a
circular piece of looking-glass, about three-quarters of an inch in
diameter! The fact that such a price is paid is sufficient to indicate
the profitable character of the investment.
The first record we have of the employment of a specially constructed
appliance of this kind describes a snuff-box bearing in the centre of
the lid a small medallion containing a portrait. The sharp in taking a
pinch of snuff pressed a secret spring, the effect of which was to
substitute for the portrait a convex reflector. The snuff-box then being
laid upon the table the cards were reflected from the surface of this
mirror, giving the sharp a reduced image of each one as it was dealt. A
device of this kind may have passed muster years ago, but it could
never escape detection nowadays. At the present day card-players would
be, unquestionably, 'up to snuff.'
Among the more modern appliances, the first to which we shall refer is
that known as the 'table-reflector.' As its name implies, it is designed
for the purpose of being attached to the card-table during the game. It
is thus described in one of the price-lists.
'_Table-reflector._--Fastens by pressing steel spurs into under side of
table. A fine glass comes to the edge of table to read the cards as you
deal them off. You can set the glass at any angle or turn it back out of
sight in an instant.'
From the many samples similar to the above with which one meets
in 'sporting' literature, the legitimate inference is that
punctuation-marks are an expensive commodity in certain districts of
America.
[Illustration: FIG. 20.]
The reflector to which this paragraph refers is illustrated in fig. 20.
It is a neat little contrivance, nicely finished and nickel-plated.
The mirror _m_ is convex, forming as usual a reduced image of the card.
A represents the position of the reflector whilst in use. B shows the
manner in which it is turned back, out of the way and out of sight. The
hinge is fitted with light friction-springs, which enable the mirror to
retain any position in which it may be placed.
The correct way to 'play' the reflector is to press the steel point into
the under side of the table, just sufficiently far back to bring the
hinge about level with the lower edge of the table top. Whilst in use,
the mirror, contrary to what one might suppose, is not inclined
downwards, but the inclination given to it is an upward one as in the
illustration. Thus, whilst the sharp is leaning slightly forward, as one
naturally would, whilst dealing, the cards are reflected from the mirror
as he looks back into it.
Used in this manner, the reflector can be played anywhere, and even
those who are familiar with 'shiners' will 'stand' it. Inclined
downwards, it may be easier to use, but in that case the dealer would
have to lean back whilst distributing the cards. A proceeding such as
that would be liable to attract attention and to arouse suspicions
which, all things considered, had better be allowed to slumber if the
sharp is to maintain that mental quietude so necessary to the carrying
out of his plans. It is possible of course that nothing of the kind may
occur, but, on the other hand, it might. One cannot be too careful, when
even the most innocent actions are apt to be misconstrued. The world is
so uncharitable, that a little thing like the discovery of a bit of
looking-glass might lead to a lot of unpleasantness. Who knows?
Should anyone happen to come behind the dealer whilst the mirror is in
view, it can always be turned out of sight with the little finger in the
act of taking up one's cards from the table, or by sitting very close it
can be altogether concealed.
Another very efficient form of reflector is one so constructed as to be
adaptable to the interior of a pipe-bowl. It consists of a small convex
mirror, similar to the one used in the table reflector, which is
cemented to a piece of cork shaped to fit inside the bowl of an ordinary
briar-root pipe (fig. 21).
[Illustration: FIG. 21.]
Such a device is more adapted to the requirements of the second or
third-rate sharper, as it would not be available in a circle of
cigarette-smoking 'Johnnies.' It is used in the following manner.
The 'shiner' is carried separately from the pipe, and held until
required in the palm of the hand, with the cork downwards. The sharp
having finished his pipe, stoops down to knock out the ashes, upon any
convenient spot. As the hand is again brought up to the level of the
table, the glass is pressed into the bowl of the pipe with the thumb.
The pipe is then laid upon the table, with the bowl facing towards its
owner, a little to the left of where he is sitting. In this position the
mirror is visible to no one but the sharp himself. He is therefore at
liberty to make the freest use of it without exciting suspicion in the
least.
[Illustration: FIG. 22.--PIPE-REFLECTOR _IN SITU_]
Fig. 22 is a photograph of pipe and mirror _in situ_, which will give a
far better idea of the convenience of this arrangement than any amount
of explanation could possibly enable the reader to form. The card which
is seen reflected in miniature was held at a distance from the mirror of
about six inches.
Among the various forms in which reflectors are supplied, there are some
attached to coins and rouleaux of coins of various values. Also there
are some so constructed as to be attached to a pile of 'greenbacks' or
bank-notes. The manner in which these are used will be readily
understood, therefore there is no need to do more than refer to them. In
addition to these, there is the appliance described in the catalogue
as--'Reflector, attached to machine, can be brought to palm of hand at
will.' This will be found described in the chapter on 'holdouts,' to
which class of apparatus it properly belongs.
The smallest and most difficult to use of all reflectors is one the very
existence of which is but little known, even among sharps, viz. the
tooth-pick reflector. In this instance the mirror is a very tiny one
adapted to lie at an angle within the interior of a large quill
tooth-pick. With the exception of its size, it is similar in other
respects to the pipe-reflector already described. Needless to say, the
extreme minuteness of the image formed by so small a mirror entirely
precludes its use except by a sharp who is an expert indeed, and one
whose vision is of the keenest description: _m_, fig. 23, indicates the
position occupied by the mirror within the interior of the quill. The
noble bird--typical of all gamblers--from whose pinion the feather has
been extracted for so unworthy a purpose, might well exclaim, 'To what
base uses may we come!'
[Illustration: FIG. 23.]
The operator who has adopted this form of instrument will enter the room
where card-players are assembled, chewing his tooth-pick after the
approved Piccadilly fashion of a few years ago. Having taken his place
at the table, he throws down the tooth-pick in front of him, with the
pointed end turned towards him. His mirror then comes into play, in the
same manner as that of the pipe-reflector aforesaid.
One form of reflector which is very useful to the sharp in a
single-handed game, is that mentioned in one of the catalogues as being
intended to stand behind a pile of 'chips' or counters upon the table.
It may appear to the uninitiated that there would be great difficulty
in concealing a mirror in this way. Such, undoubtedly, would be the case
if only one pile of chips were used. By placing two piles side by side,
however, the difficulty disappears. With counters, say, an inch and a
quarter in diameter, there is ample space behind two piles, when
standing close together, to accommodate and conceal a tolerably large
reflector, as such things go.
The mirror in this case is mounted somewhat after the fashion of a
linen-prover; and precisely resembles a small hinge. The hinge being
opened, reveals the reflector. It is set at a suitable angle and simply
laid upon the table, either behind the rouleaux of counters, as
explained above, or behind a pile of bank-notes, as may be most
convenient. If the sharp should unhappily be compelled to part with
either counters or notes--a circumstance, by the way, which should never
occur in the ordinary course of events--though accidents will happen now
and then--the reflector can be closed up and secreted in an instant.
It is a neat little device, and one well worthy the notice of intending
purchasers. (_See advt._)
In connection with sharping of any kind, as in every other branch of
art, whether sacred or profane, legal or illegal, one fact is always
distinctly noticeable. No matter what improvements may be made, or what
amount of complexity may be introduced into any system, or into the
appliances which have been invented to meet its requirements, the
practice of its leading exponents always tends towards simplicity of
operation. To this rule there are very few exceptions. The greatest
minds are, as a rule, content to use the simplest methods. Not the
easiest, bear in mind, but the simplest. The simple tools are generally
more difficult to use with effect than the more elaborate ones. The
great painter with no other tools than his palette-knife and his thumb
will produce work which could not be imitated by a man of inferior
talents, although he had the entire stock of Rowney or Winsor and Newton
at his disposal. So, in like manner, is it with the really great expert
in sharping. With a small unmounted mirror, and a bit of cobbler's wax,
he will win more money than a duffer who possesses the most perfect
mechanical arrangement ever adapted to a reflector. It is the quality of
the man which tells, not that of his tools.
It may perhaps be asked then, if the simplest appliances are best, why
is it that they are not generally adopted, in place of the more
complicated devices. That, however, is just the same thing as asking why
an organ-grinder is content to wind out machine-made airs during the
whole of his existence, rather than to devote his time to the far less
expensive process of learning to play an instrument. The answer is the
same in both cases. It is simply that machinery is made to take the
place of skill. The machine can be obtained by the expenditure of so
much or so little money, whilst the skill can only be obtained by a
lifetime of practice. Your duffer, as a rule, does not care about hard
work. He prefers a situation where all the hard work is put out, and the
less irksome is done by somebody else. Hence the demand for
cheating-tools which will throw the responsibility of success or failure
upon the manufacturer, leaving the operator at liberty to acquire just
as much skill as he pleases, or to do without skill altogether if he
thinks fit.
According to one of the leading experts in America, the above-mentioned
bit of cobbler's wax, in conjunction with the plain unmounted mirror, is
by far the best method of employing a reflector. The mirror is simply
attached, by means of the wax, to the palm of the hand near the edge;
and when it is fixed in this position, the little indices, usually found
upon the corners of modern playing-cards, can be read quite easily.
Furthermore, so situated, the reflector is quite secure from
observation.
The majority of sharps, however, appear to strike the happy medium
between the simplicity of this device and the complexity of the
'reflector attached to machine.' Thus, it is the table-reflector which
appears to be the most popular for general use, although from its nature
it is not well-adapted for use in a round game. There are too many
people to the right and left of the operator. For a single-handed game,
however, where the sharp has no opportunity of 'getting his own cards
in,' it is invaluable.
Supposing, then, for the moment, gentle reader, that you were a sharp,
your plan of working the table-reflector would be as follows. You would
find your 'mug' (first catch your hare), and perhaps you might induce
him to invite you to his club. Having got your hand in to this extent,
doubtless you would find means of persuading him to engage you in a game
of cards, 'just to pass the time.' He thinks, no doubt, that he
is perfectly safe, as the club cards are being used, and moreover
being in all probability what is known in 'sporting' circles as a
'fly-flat'--that is, a fool who thinks himself wise--he imagines that he
knows enough about cheating to 'spot' anyone who had the audacity to
'try it on' with him. Now, if there is one thing more certain than
another, it is that a sharp is always safest in the hands of a man who
thinks he knows a lot. The event will nearly always prove that his
knowledge is limited to an imperfect acquaintance with some of the older
forms of manipulation; things which have been discarded as obsolete by
all practical men. Therefore, if he anticipates cheating at all, he
prepares himself to look out for something vastly different to what is
about to take place. His mind running in a groove, he is preoccupied
with matters which are of no importance to him; and thus falls an easy
prey to the sharper.
In such a case, then, you have a 'soft thing.' You select a table which
affords you the opportunity of securing a nice, convenient seat, with
your back to the wall. You fix your 'shiner' just under the edge of the
table, and engage your 'pigeon' in a single-handed game of poker. If you
are worth your salt, you ought to pluck him--nay, _skin him_, for all he
is worth.
CHAPTER V
_HOLDOUTS_
The term 'Holdout' is the name given to a mechanical contrivance,
constructed with the object of enabling the card-sharper to 'hold-out,'
or conceal one or more cards, until such time as he finds that they will
be useful to him by turning the balance of fortune in his favour at some
critical point of the game. They are obviously unavailable in those
games where the whole pack is distributed among the players, as the
cards abstracted must in that case necessarily be missed.
It will be seen, then, that although the name may appear clumsy and
puerile, it is notwithstanding well chosen and expressive. The gambler
'holds out' inducements to the cheat; the market, provided by cheating,
'holds out' inducements to the manufacturer; the manufacturer 'holds
out' inducements to purchase his machines; and the machines themselves
'hold out' inducements which very few sharpers can resist. It is like
the nursery-rhyme of the dog that was eventually 'purwailed on' to get
over the stile.
As far as we have yet travelled upon our explorations into the regions
of fraud and chicanery, yclept 'sharping,' our path has been,
comparatively speaking, a rosy one. The way has been by no means
intricate, and the difficulties we have had to encounter have been but
few. At this point, however, the course runs through a region which is,
to some extent, beset with thorn and bramble, in the guise of mechanical
contrivances having a more or less complex character. The non-technical
reader, however, has no cause for being appalled at the nature of the
ground which he is invited to traverse; the author undertakes to render
his travelling easy, and to put him through, as it were, by
'Pullman-Express.' One should always endeavour to popularise science
whenever the opportunity serves. The mechanically minded reader,
at any rate, will revel in the examples of human ingenuity--and
corruptibility--which are here presented for the first time to his
admiring gaze.
As in all other instances of means well-adapted to a given end, these
utensils of the holdout persuasion have taken their origin from
extremely simple and antiquated devices. Perhaps we are not correct in
saying 'extremely antiquated,' since 'Cavendish' is of opinion that
cards have not been invented more than five hundred years. Those,
however, who attribute their invention to the Chinese, aeons before the
dawn of western civilisation, will be inclined to the belief that the
'Heathen Chinee' of succeeding ages must have coerced the smiles of
fortune, with the friendly aid of a holdout, centuries before the
discovery of the land of that instrument's second or third nativity.
As to this debatable point, however, there is very little hope that we
shall ever be better informed than at present. It belongs to the dead
things of the dead past; it is shrouded in the mist of antiquity and
buried beneath the withered leaves of countless generations; among which
might be found the decayed refuse of many a family tree, whose fall
could be directly traced to the invention of the deadly implements known
as playing cards. Do not let the reader imagine for a moment that I am
inveighing against the use of cards, when employed as an innocent means
of recreation. That is not my intention by any means. Such a thing would
savour of narrow-mindedness and bigotry, and should be discouraged in
every possible way. The means of rendering our existence here below as
mutually agreeable as circumstances will permit are by no means so
plentiful that we can afford to dispense with so enjoyable a pastime as
a game of cards. It is not the fault of the pieces of pasteboard, that
some people have been ruined by their means; it is the fault of the
players themselves. Had cards never been invented, the result would have
been very similar. Those who are addicted to gambling, in the absence
of cards, would have spun coins, drawn straws, or engaged in some other
equally intellectual recreation. When a man has arrived at the state of
mind which induces him to make 'ducks and drakes' of his property, and a
fool of himself, there is no power on earth that can prevent him from so
doing.
But to return. The earliest account we have of anything in the holdout
line is the cuff-box described by Houdin. I for one, however, am
inclined to think that there is a slight tinge of the apocryphal in the
record as given by him. My reason for this opinion is twofold. In the
first place the description is singularly lacking in detail, considering
Houdin's mechanical genius; and secondly, the difficulty of constructing
and using such an apparatus would be for all practical purposes
insuperable. I should say that Houdin had never seen the machine; and
that he trusted too implicitly to hearsay, without exercising his
judgment. Of course there is nothing but internal evidence to support
this view; still, I cannot help believing that part at least of the
great Frenchman's account must be taken 'cum grano.' In any event,
however, we are bound to admit that something in the nature of a holdout
was known to some persons in the early part of the present century.
Houdin entitles the device above referred to--'La boite a la manche;'
and his description is to the following effect.
A box sufficiently large to contain a pack of cards was concealed
somewhere in the fore part of the sharp's coat-sleeve. In picking up the
pack, preparatory to dealing, the forearm was lightly pressed upon the
table. The box was so constructed that this pressure had the effect of
throwing out the prepared or pre-arranged pack previously put into it,
and at the same time a pair of pincers seized the pack in use, and
withdrew it to the interior of the box, in exchange for the one just
ejected. In his autobiography, Houdin recounts an incident in which this
box played a prominent part. A sharp had utilised it with great success
for some time, but at last the day came when his unlucky star was in the
ascendant. The pincers failed to perform their function properly, and
instead of removing the genuine pack entirely, they left one card upon
the table. From the description given of the apparatus, one may imagine
that such a contingency would be very likely to arise. The dupe of
course discovered the extra card, accused the sharp of cheating--and not
without reason, it must be admitted--challenged him to a duel, and shot
him. Serve him right, you say? Well, we will not contest the point.
The substitution of one pack for another appears to be the earliest
conception of anything approximate to the process of holding-out cards
until they are required. All sorts of pockets, in every conceivable
position, appear to have been utilised by the sharps of long ago, for
the purpose of concealing the packs which they sought to introduce into
the game. This necessarily could only be done at a period when
plain-backed cards were generally used. The sharp of to-day would want a
goodly number of pockets, if it were necessary for him to be able to
replace any pattern among the cards which he might be called upon to
use.
Holding out, however, in the true sense of the term, became a power in
the hands of the sharp only with the introduction, and the reception
into popular favour, of games such as Poker, in which the cards are not
all dealt out, and the possession of even one good card, in addition to
a hand which, apart from fraud, proves to be decent, is fraught with
such tremendous advantages to the sharp who has contrived to secrete it.
The earliest example of a card being systematically held out until it
could be introduced into the game with advantage to the player, is
probably that of the sharp who, during play, was always more or less
afflicted with weariness, and consequently with a perpetual desire to
stretch himself and yawn. It was noticed after a while that he always
had a good hand after yawning; a singular fact, and unaccountable.
Doubtless the occultists of that day sought to establish some plausible
connection between the act of stretching and the caprices of chance. If
so, there is very little question that, according to their usual
custom, they discovered some super-normal, and (to themselves)
satisfactory hypothesis, to account for the influence of lassitude upon
the fortunes of the individual. In accordance with the usual course of
events in such instances, however, the occult theory would be unable to
retain its hold for long. The super-normal always resolves itself into
the normal, when brought under the influence of practical common-sense.
In this particular case the explanation was of the simplest. Having
secreted a card in the palm of his hand, the sharp, under cover of the
act of stretching, would just stick it under the collar of his coat as
he sat with his back to the wall. When the card was required for use, a
second yawn with the accompanying stretch would bring it again into his
hand. This, then, was the first real holdout--the back of a man's coat
collar.[4]
Since that time the ingenuity of the cheating community has been
unremittingly applied to the solution of the problem of making a machine
which would enable them to hold out cards without risk of detection.
That their efforts have been crowned with complete success we have the
best of reasons for believing, inasmuch as holdouts which can be used
without a single visible movement being made, and without the least fear
of creating suspicion, are articles of commerce at the present moment.
You have only to write to one of the dealers, inclosing so many dollars,
and you can be set up for life. No doubt you can obtain the names and
addresses of these gentlemen without difficulty; but since the object of
this book is not to supply them with gratuitous advertisement, their
local habitation will not be given herein, although their wares are
prominently mentioned.
In order that the reader may fully appreciate the beauty and value of
the latest and most improved devices, we will run lightly over the gamut
of the various instruments which have been introduced from time to time.
This course is the best to pursue, since even among the earlier
appliances there are some which, if well-worked, are still to be relied
upon in certain companies, and indeed _are_ relied upon by many a sharp
who considers himself 'no slouch.'
There is every reason to believe that the first contrivance which proved
to be of any practical use was one designated by the high-sounding and
euphonious title of 'The Bug.' Your sharp has always an innate sense of
the fitness of things, and an unerring instinct which prompts him to
reject all things but those which are beautiful and true. Ample evidence
of this is not wanting, even in such simple matters as the names he
gives to the tools employed in his handicraft.
'The Bug' would appear to be an insect which may be relied upon at all
times, and in whose aid the fullest confidence may be placed. In fact,
there is a saying to the effect that the bug has never been known to
fail the enterprising naturalist who has been fortunate enough to secure
a specimen, and that it has never been detected in use.
[Illustration: FIG. 24.--'The Bug.']
This entomological curiosity is illustrated in fig. 24, and is thus
described in the catalogue of one indefatigable collector.
'The Bug.' A little instrument easily carried in your vest pocket, that
can be used at a moment's notice to hold out one or more cards in any
game. Simple yet safe and sure. Price $1,00.
Such then are the general characteristics of the species; but since the
reader will probably desire a more intimate acquaintance with its habits
and its structural details, the following description is appended.
In its essential features the bug is simply a straight piece of
watchspring, bent--as Paddy might say--at one end. The end nearest the
bend is inserted into the handle of a very small shoemaker's awl. There
is nothing else 'to it' whatever. The point of the awl is stuck into the
under side of the table, in such a manner that the spring lies flat
against the table top, or nearly so, the point of the spring projecting
beyond the edge of the table to the extent of about one-eighth of an
inch.
The cards having been dealt out (say for Poker), the sharp takes up
those which have fallen to his hand, and stands them on edge upon the
table, with their faces towards him, holding them with both hands. The
card or cards which he wishes to hold out are then brought in front of
the others, and with the thumbs they are quietly slid under the table
between it and the spring. In this position they are perfectly
concealed, and may be allowed to remain until required. When again
wanted, these cards are simply pulled out by the two thumbs, as the
sharp draws his other cards towards him with a sweeping motion. Thus, by
selecting a good card here and there, as the succeeding hands are
played, the sharp acquires a reserve of potential energy sufficient to
overcome a great deal of the inertia with which he would otherwise be
handicapped by the fluctuations of fortune.
The next form of holdout which falls beneath our notice is that known as
the 'Cuff Holdout.' Let us see how the genius of the maker describes it.
'Cuff Holdout. Weighs two ounces, and is a neat invention to top the
deck, to help a partner, or hold out a card playing Stud Poker, also
good to play the half stock in Seven Up. This holdout works in shirt
sleeves and holds the cards in the same place as a cuff-pocket. There is
no part of the holdout in sight at any time. A man that has worked a
pocket will appreciate this invention. Price, by registered mail,
$10,00.'
The cuff-pocket, above alluded to, was a very early invention. As its
name indicates, it was a pocket inside the coat sleeve, the opening to
which was situated on the under side at the seam joining sleeve and
cuff. In fig. 25 '_a_' denotes the opening of the pocket.
[Illustration: FIG. 25.]
In a game of Poker it would be employed as follows. Whilst shuffling the
cards, the sharp would contrive to get three of a kind at the top of the
pack. He would then insert his little finger between these three cards
and the rest, the pack being in the left hand. Then holding his hand in
front of him he would reach across it with the other, for the
(apparently) simple purpose of laying down his cigar, upon his extreme
left, or if he were not smoking he might lean over in the same manner to
'monkey with his chips' (_i.e._ to arrange his counters). In this
position the orifice of the pocket would come level with the front end
of the pack, the latter being completely covered by his right arm. This
would give him an opportunity of pushing the three selected cards into
the pocket, where they would remain until he had dealt out all the cards
and given off all the 'draft' except his own. Still holding the pack in
his left hand, and his hand in front of him, he would again cross his
right hand over, this time for the purpose of taking up and examining
his own hand of cards, which he had taken the precaution of dealing well
to the left, to give him an excuse for crossing his hands. He would then
remove the cards from the cuff-pocket to the top of the pack, and lay
the whole down upon the table. His manoeuvring having been successful
so far, he would now throw away three indifferent cards from his hand
and deliberately help himself to the three top cards of the pack. These,
of course, would be the three (aces for preference) which he had
previously had concealed in the pocket. Thus, he is bound to have a
'full,' in any case. If he had been so fortunate as to possess another
ace among the cards which fell to his hand on the deal, he would have a
'four'; which can only be beaten when 'straights' are played by a
'straight flush'--in other words, a sequence of five cards, all of the
same suit. His chances of 'winning the pot,' then, are infinite as
compared with those of the other players.
The great disadvantage of the cuff-pocket was the difficulty of
removing the cards when once they had been put into it. To facilitate
their removal, therefore, the pocket was sometimes provided with a
slide, having a projecting stud, which could be drawn with the finger.
This would throw the cards out into the hand.
This description will serve to enlighten the reader as to the advantages
to be gained by substituting the cuff-holdout in place of the pocket
which it is intended to supplant. It fulfils its purpose in a much more
perfect manner, being far easier to use, and requiring less skill on the
part of the operator.
[Illustration: FIG. 26.]
Referring to fig. 26, it will be seen that this instrument consists
practically of a pair of jaws, which, being movable, will separate
sufficiently to allow a card to be held between them. These jaws are
drawn towards each other by means of an elastic band slipped over them.
Elastic is the material commonly used in the springs of holdouts, being
readily replaced when worn out or otherwise deteriorated. The projecting
lever situated at the side of the machine is for the purpose of
separating the jaws when the cards are to be withdrawn. The act of
pressing it to one side releases the cards, and at the same time throws
up a little arm from the body of the holdout, which thrusts them out.
The machine is strapped around the fore-arm with the jaws underneath,
and is worn inside the sleeve of the coat or, if playing in
shirt-sleeves, inside the shirt-sleeve. Acting from the inside it will
hold a card or cards against the under surface of the sleeve, in which
position they are concealed from view by the arm. The hands being
crossed, as in the case of the cuff-pocket, the cards are simply slipped
between the jaws, where they are held until required. The hands being
crossed for the second time, the lever is pressed and the cards fall
upon the top of the pack, which is held underneath at the moment. This
operation is termed technically 'topping the deck.' Fig. 27 shows the
manner in which the cards are held by this machine.
[Illustration: FIG. 27. Showing card held under the arm.]
An extremely simple form of appliance, and one which may be utilised
with effect, is that known as the 'ring holdout.' It is merely a small
piece of watchspring fitted with a clip, enabling it to be attached to
an ordinary finger-ring. Between this spring and palm of the hand the
cards are held (fig. 28).
[Illustration: FIG. 28.--Ring Holdout.]
With a little practice the deck may be topped, hands made up or shifted,
and cards held out in a manner which is far safer and better than any
'palming,' however skilfully it may be done. Needless to say, the cards
used must not be too large, or the operator's hand too small, if this
device is to be employed.
We now come to the subject of coat and vest machines, among which are to
be found some of the finest examples of mechanical genius as applied to
the art of cheating.
The earliest vest machine was a clumsy utensil covering nearly the whole
of the wearer's chest. It was called--not inaptly--by the gambling
fraternity of the time the 'Breast-plate.'
Like all other ideas, however, which contain the germ of a great
principle, this conception has been improved upon, until it has
developed into an invention worthy of the noble end which it is intended
to fulfil.
In its latest and most improved form, as widely used at the present day,
it is illustrated in fig. 29.
As a thorough acquaintance with the construction and working of this
machine will be of great assistance to us in arriving at an
understanding of those which follow, we will go into it somewhat
exhaustively with the aid of the lettering in the illustration.
[Illustration: FIG. 29.]
Referring then to fig 29, _a_ is a slide which is free to move in the
direction of the length of the base-plate _b_. It is held in position
and guided by means of fittings which pass through the slot cut in the
base-plate. This slide is composed of two thin plates of metal between
which the cards are held as shown, and is protected by the cover _c_,
which is removable, and which is hinged when in use to lugs provided for
the purpose upon the base-plate. The ends of base-plate and cover
farthest from the hinge-joint are each pierced with a row of small
holes. These are to facilitate the sewing of the apparatus to the
divided edges of a seam.
Attached to the upper surface of the slide will be seen thin strips of
metal, bent into somewhat of the form of a bow. In practice these are
covered with cloth, to prevent the noise they would otherwise make in
rubbing against the cover. As the slide moves forward into the position
it occupies in the figure these projecting strips, pressing against the
cover, tend to thrust base-plate and cover apart. This action separates
the edges of the seam to which those parts of the apparatus are
respectively sewn, and provides an aperture for the entrance or the exit
of the slide, together with the cards it is holding out. As the slide
returns to the other end of the base-plate, the cloth-covered strips
fall within the curvature of the cover, thus allowing the edges of the
seam to come together; and when the slide is right home, the central
projecting strip passes beyond the hinge-joint, thus tending to press
the free ends of base-plate and cover into intimate contact. The opening
which has been fabricated in the seam is thus securely closed, and
nothing amiss can be seen.
The to-and-fro movement of the slide is effected in the following
manner. Attached at one end to the base-plate is a flexible tube _d_,
consisting simply of a helix of wire closely coiled. Through this tube
passes a cord _e_, one end of which is led around pulleys below the
base-plate, and attached to the slide in such a manner that, when the
cord is pulled, the slide is drawn into the position shown. To the other
end of the cord is fastened a hook for the purpose of attaching it to
the 'tab' or loop at the back of the operator's boot. It may be here
mentioned that the cord used in this and all similar machines is a very
good quality of fishing-line. The slide is constantly drawn towards its
normal position within the machine by the piece of elastic _f_. The
band _g_ with the buckle attached is intended to support the machine
within the coat or vest.
The foregoing description necessarily partakes of the nature of Patent
Office literature, but it is hoped that the reader will be enabled to
digest it, and thereby form some idea of this interesting invention.
Although it is both a coat and vest machine, this apparatus is more
convenient to use when fastened inside the coat, as the front edges of
that garment are readier to hand than those of the waistcoat. The edge
of the right breast is unpicked, and the machine is sewn into the gap.
The flexible tube is passed down the left trouser-leg, inside which the
hook hangs at the end of the cord ready for attachment to the boot.
When the operator is seated at the table, he seizes a favourable
opportunity of hooking the cord to the loop of his boot, and all is
ready. Having obtained possession of the cards he wishes to hold out, he
holds them flat in his hand, against his breast. Then, by merely
stretching his leg, the cord is pulled, the seam of the coat opens (the
aperture being covered, however, by his arm) and out comes the end of
the slide. The cards are quietly inserted into the slide; the leg is
drawn up, and--hey, presto! the cards have disappeared. When they are
again required, another movement of the leg will bring them into the
operator's hand.
One can readily see how useful a device of this kind would be in a game
of the 'Nap' order. Having abstracted a good hand from the pack (five
cards 'never would be missed') it could be retained in the holdout as
long as might be necessary. Upon finding oneself possessed of a bad
hand, the concealed cards could be brought out, and the others hidden
until it came to one's turn to deal, and then they could be just thrown
out on to the pack.
The price of this little piece of apparatus is $25.00, and, doubtless,
it is worth the odd five, being well made and finished up to look
pretty. In fact, it is quite a mantelboard ornament, as most of these
things are. Evidently, the sharp, whilst possessing the crafty and
thieving instincts of the magpie, has also the magpie's predilection for
things which are bright and attractive. Therefore his implements are
made resplendent with nickel and similar precious metals. Although
electroplating or something of the kind is necessary to prevent rust and
corrosion, one would be inclined to think that articles which are
intended to escape observation would be better adapted to their end if
they were protected by some method just a trifle less obtrusive in its
brilliancy. However, that is not our business. If the buyers are
satisfied, what cause have _we_ to complain?
The 'Kepplinger' vest or coat machine, which is referred to in the
Catalogue (p. 293), is exactly the same thing as that just described,
with the addition of Kepplinger's method of pulling the string, which
will be described further on.
The 'Arm Pressure' vest machine, mentioned in the same Catalogue, is a
modification of the old 'Jacob's Ladder' sleeve holdout, to which we
shall have occasion to revert presently. In an earlier edition of the
Catalogue the arm-pressure machine is thus eulogised:--
'New Vest Machine. Guaranteed to be the best Vest Machine made. This
machine weighs about three ounces, and is used half-way down the vest,
where it comes natural to hold your hands and cards. The work is done
with one hand and the lower part of the same arm. You press against a
small lever with the arm (an easy pressure of three-quarters of an inch
throws out the cards back of a few others held in your left hand), and
you can reach over to your checks or do anything else with your right
hand while working the Hold-Out. The motions are all natural and do not
cause suspicion. The machine is held in place by a web belt; you don't
have to sew anything fast, but when you get ready to play you can put on
the machine and when through can remove it in half a minute. There are
no plates, and no strings to pull on, and no springs that are liable to
break or get out of order. This machine is worth fifty of the old style
Vest Plates for practical use, and you will say the same after seeing
one.'
The statement guaranteeing this to be the best vest machine ever made
has been expunged of late, as will be noticed in the reproduction of the
Catalogue upon page 294. In reality it is not nearly so efficient as the
Kepplinger, all statements and opinions to the contrary notwithstanding.
Its construction will be readily understood from the description of the
'Jacob's Ladder' which follows next in order.
This brings us, then, to the subject of sleeve machines, or appliances
whereby the sharp, like Ah Sin, the 'Heathen Chinee,' who understood so
well 'the game he did not understand,' is enabled to have a few cards up
his sleeve. 'Up his sleeve!' How those words suggest the explanation so
often given by the innocent-minded public to account for the
disappearance of the various articles which slip so nimbly through a
conjurer's fingers. And yet, if they only knew it, that is about the
last place in the world that a conjurer, as a rule, would use as a
receptacle for anything. Of course there is no Act of Parliament to
prevent him, should he desire to do so; but that's another story. With
the sharp, however, there are several Acts of Parliament to prevent
_him_ from using his sleeve for any such purpose; and yet he often
resorts to it. How true is the saying that 'one man may steal a horse,
whilst another may not look over the hedge.'
[Illustration: FIG. 30.]
[Illustration: FIG. 31.]
As far as can be ascertained, the 'Jacob's Ladder' was the forerunner of
all other sleeve holdouts. It was fastened to the under side of the
fore-arm, and worked by pressure upon the table. Its construction was
essentially that of a pair of lazy-tongs, arranged as in figs. 30 and
31. The base-plate carrying the working parts was curved so as to lie
closely against the arm and hold the machine steady whilst in use. The
'lazy-tongs' device was fixed to the base-plate at one end, the other
being free to move, and carrying the clip for the cards. Situated at an
angle above the 'tongs' was a lever, also attached at one end to the
base-plate, the other end terminating in a knob. Half-way down this
lever was hinged a connecting-rod, joining the lever with the second
joint of the 'tongs.' Pressure being applied to the knob, the
connecting-rod would force out the joint to which it was attached; and
the motion being multiplied by each successive joint, the clip was
caused to protrude beyond the coat cuff. In this position the card could
be inserted or removed as in the cases already noticed. The clip was
returned to its place within the sleeve by means of a rubber band.
Some of these 'Jacob's Ladder' sleeve machines are made to work by
pulling a string, after the manner of the coat and vest machine already
described. Those advertised at $50.00 are of this description.
The advantage of a machine of this kind is of course found in the fact
that the cards are brought directly into the hand. This particular form,
however, was very difficult to use, as the cards were always liable to
catch in the cuff, a circumstance which is obviously much to the
detriment of the apparatus. There is also the further disadvantage of
being compelled to wear an abnormally large shirt-cuff, which in itself
would attract attention among men who had their wits about them.
The enormous facilities for unostentatious operation afforded by a
machine working inside the sleeve were too readily apparent to allow of
the sleeve holdout falling into disuse. It was the kind of thing which
must inevitably be improved upon, until it became of practical utility.
And such has been the case. The very finest holdout the world has ever
seen is that known as the Kepplinger or San Francisco. This machine in
its latest forms is certainly a masterpiece. Yet so little appreciation
has the world for true genius, that the inventor of this marvellous
piece of apparatus is practically unknown to the vast majority of his
fellow-men.
Kepplinger was a professional gambler; that is what _he_ was. In other
words, he was a sharp--and of the sharpest.
As to the date at which this bright particular Star of the West first
dawned upon the horizon of 'Tom Tiddler's Ground' deponent sayeth not.
Neither have we any substantial record of the facts connected with the
conception and elaboration of that great idea with which his name is
associated. Of its introduction into the field of practical utility,
however, and its subsequent revelation to the fraternity to whom its
existence was of the utmost consequence, the details are available, and
therefore may be revealed. The event occurred in this wise, as follows,
that is to say:--
In the year of grace 1888, Kepplinger, the inventor, gambler and cheat,
was resident and pursuing his daily avocations in the city known
colloquially as 'Frisco.'
Now it is a singular feature of human nature that, whatever a man's
calling may be, however arduous or exacting, he becomes in course of
time so much a creature of habit that he is never really happy apart
from it. One may suppose that it is the consciousness of ability to do
certain things, and to do them well, which accounts for this fact. At
any rate, the fact remains. We are all alike in this respect--especially
some of us. The barrister at leisure will prefer to sit in Court and
watch another conducting a case; the actor with an evening to spare will
go and see someone else act; the omnibus-driver with a day off will
perch himself upon a friend's vehicle, and ride to and fro; and the
sharp will infallibly spend his leisure moments in gambling. When there
are no dupes to be plundered, no 'pigeons' who have a feather left to
fly with, the 'rooks' will congregate in some sequestered spot, and
enjoy a quiet game all to themselves. And they play fairly? Yes--if they
are obliged to do so; not otherwise. They will cheat each other if they
can. Honour amongst thieves! Nonsense.
In 1888, then, Kepplinger's relaxation for some months consisted of a
'hard game' with players who were all professional sharps like himself.
The circle was composed entirely of men who thought they 'knew the
ropes' as well as he did. In that, however, they were considerably in
error. He was acquainted with a trick worth any two which they could
have mentioned. However much the fortunes of the others might vary,
Kepplinger never sustained a loss. On the contrary, he always won. The
hands he held were enough to turn any gambler green with envy, and yet,
no one could detect him in cheating. His companions were, of course, all
perfectly familiar with the appliances of their craft. Holdouts in a
game of that description would have been, one would think, useless
incumbrances. The players were all too well acquainted with the signs
and tokens accompanying such devices, and Kepplinger gave no sign of the
employment of anything of the kind. He sat like a statue at the table,
he kept his cards right away from him, he did not move a muscle as far
as could be seen; his opponents could look up his sleeve almost to the
elbow, and yet _he won_.
This being the condition of affairs, it was one which could not by any
stretch of courtesy be considered satisfactory to anyone but Kepplinger
himself. Having borne with the untoward circumstances as long as their
curiosity and cupidity would allow them, his associates at length
resolved upon concerted action. Arranging their plan of attack, they
arrived once again at the rendezvous, and commenced the game as usual.
Then, suddenly and without a moment's warning, Kepplinger was seized,
gagged, and held hard and fast.
Then the investigation commenced. The great master-cheat was searched,
and upon him was discovered the most ingenious holdout ever devised.
What did the conspirators do then? Did they 'lay into him' with cudgels,
or 'get the drop' on him with 'six-shooters'? Did they, for instance,
hand him over to the Police? No! ten thousand times no! They did none of
those things, nor had they ever any intention of doing anything of the
kind. Being only human--and sharps--they did what they considered would
serve their own interests best. A compact was entered into, whereby
Kepplinger agreed to make a similar instrument to the one he was wearing
for each of his captors, and once again the temporary and short-lived
discord gave place to harmony and content.
Had Kepplinger been content to use less frequently the enormous
advantage he possessed, and to have exercised more discretion in
winning, appearing to lose sometimes, his device might have been still
undiscovered.
It was thus, then, that the secret leaked out, and probably without the
occurrence of this 'little rift within the lute'--or should it be
_loot_?--the reader might not have had this opportunity of inspecting
the details of the 'Kepplinger' or 'San Francisco' holdout.
This form of sleeve machine will be easily understood by the reader who
has followed the description of the coat and vest holdout already given
upon referring to fig. 32 upon the opposite page, the illustration being
a diagrammatic representation of the various parts of the apparatus.
[Illustration: FIG. 32.]
It is evident that we are here brought into contact with a greater
complexity of strings, wheels, joints, tubes, pulleys, and working parts
generally than it has hitherto been our lot to encounter. There is,
however, nothing which is superfluous among all these things. Every
detail of the apparatus is absolutely necessary to secure its
efficiency. The holdout itself, _a_, is similar in construction to the
coat and vest machine, except that it is longer, and that the slide _b_
has a greater range of movement.
The machine is worn with a special shirt, having a double sleeve and a
false cuff. This latter is to obviate the necessity of having 'a clean
boiled shirt,' and the consequent trouble of fixing the machine to it,
more frequently than is absolutely necessary.
It will be seen that the free ends of the base-plate and cover, instead
of being pierced with holes, as in the vest machine, are serrated,
forming a termination of sharp points (_p_). These are for the purpose
of facilitating the adaptation of the machine to the operator's
shirt-sleeve, which is accomplished in the following manner. In the
wristband of the inner sleeve a series of little slits is cut with a
penknife, and through these slits the points upon the base-plate are
thrust. The base-plate itself is then sewn to the sleeve with a few
stitches, one or two holes being made in the plate to allow this to be
done readily. Thus the points are prevented from being accidentally
withdrawn from the slits, and the whole apparatus is firmly secured to
the sleeve. In the lower edge of the false cuff slits are cut in a
similar manner, and into these the points of the cover are pushed. The
cuff is held securely to the cover by means of little strings, which
are tied to holes provided for the purpose in the sides of the cover.
These arrangements having been made, the shirt, with the machine
attached, is ready to be worn. The operator having put it on, takes a
shirt stud with rather a long stem, and links the inner sleeve round his
wrist. Then he fastens the false cuff to the inner sleeve by buttoning
the two lower stud-holes over the stud already at his wrist. Thus, the
inner sleeve and the cuff are held in close contact by the base-plate
and cover of the machine. Finally, he fastens the outer sleeve over the
whole, by buttoning it over the long stud which already holds the inner
sleeve and the cuff. Thus, the machine is concealed between the two
sleeves. If one were able to look inside the operator's cuff whilst the
machine is in action, it would appear as though the wristband and cuff
came apart, and the cards were protruded through the opening. The
points, then, are the means whereby the double sleeve is held open while
the machine is in operation, and closed when it is at rest.
From the holdout, the cord which works the slide is led to the
elbow-joint, where it passes around a pulley (_c_). This joint, like all
the others through which the cord has to pass, is what is known as
'universal'; that is to say, it allows of movement in any direction.
From the elbow to the shoulder the cord passes through an adjustable
tube (_d_). The telescopic arrangement of the tube is to adapt it to
the various lengths of arm in different operators. At the shoulder-joint
(_e_) is another universal pulley-wheel, which is fastened up to the
shoulder by a band of webbing or any other convenient means. At this
point begins the flexible tube of coiled wire, which enables the cord to
adapt itself to every movement of the wearer, and yet to work without
much friction (_f_). The flexible tube terminates at the knee in a third
pulley (_g_), attached to the leg by a garter of webbing. The cord (_h_)
now passes through an opening in the seam of the trouser-leg and across
to the opposite knee, where through a similar opening projects a hook
(_i_), over which the loop at the end of the cord is placed.
It must not be imagined that the sharp walks about with his knees
tethered together with a piece of string, and a hook sticking out from
one leg; or even that he would be at ease with the knowledge of having a
seam on each side unpicked for a distance of two inches or so. That
would be what he might call 'a bit too thick.' No; when the sharp sits
down to the table, nothing of any such a nature is visible. Nor when he
rises from the game should we be able to discover anything wrong with
his apparel. He is much too knowing for that. The arrangement he adopts
is the following:--
At each knee of the trousers, where the seams are split open, the gap
thus produced is rendered secure again, and free from observation, by
means of the little spring-clip shown in fig. 33. This contrivance is
sewn into the seam, being perforated to facilitate that operation. When
closed, it keeps the edges of the opening so well together that one
could never suspect the seam of having been tampered with. When it is
required to open the gap, the ends of the clip are pressed with the
finger and thumb (B, fig 33). This instantly produces a lozenge-shaped
opening in the seam, and allows of the connection between the knees
being made.
[Illustration: FIG. 33.--Seam-clips, A and B.]
When the sharp sits down to play, then, he first presses open these
clips; next, he draws out the cord, which has hitherto lain concealed
within the trouser-leg, and brings into position the hook, which,
turning upon a pivot, has until now rested flat against his leg: lastly,
he passes the loop at the end of the cord over the hook, and all is in
readiness. These operations require far less time to accomplish than to
describe.
The sharp being thus harnessed for the fray, it becomes apparent that by
slightly spreading the knees, the string is tightened, and by this means
the slide within the body of the holdout is thrust out, through the
cuff, into his hand. The cards which he desires to hold out being
slightly bent, so as to adapt themselves to the curve of the cuff, and
placed in the slide, the knees are brought together, and the cards are
drawn up into the machine.
At the conclusion of the game the cord is unhooked, and tucked back
through the seam; the hook is turned round, so that it lies flat; and
finally the apertures are closed by pressing the sides of the clips
together.
There is one point in connection with the practical working of the
machine which it may be as well to mention. The pulley _g_ at the end of
the flexible tube is not fixed to the knee permanently, or the sharp
would be unable to stand up straight, with the tube only of the
requisite length; and if it were made long enough to reach from knee to
shoulder whilst he was in a standing position, there would be a good
deal too much slack when he came to sit down. This pulley, therefore, is
detachable from the band of webbing, and is fixed to it when required by
means of a socket into which it fits with a spring-catch.
Such then, is the Kepplinger holdout; and the selling-price of the
apparatus complete is $100.00. If there were any inventor's rights in
connection with this class of machinery, doubtless the amount charged
would be very much higher. Governments as a rule, however, do not
recognise any rights whatever as appertaining to devices for use in the
unjust appropriation of other people's goods or money--at least, not
when such devices are employed by an individual. In the case of devices
which form part of the machinery of government, the Official Conscience
is, perhaps, less open to the charge of prejudice and narrow-mindedness.
What is sauce for the (individual) goose is not sauce for the
(collective) gander. However, two wrongs would not make a right, and
perhaps all is for the best.
Before leaving the subject of holdouts, there is one other form to which
it is necessary to refer, viz. the table holdout. It is thus described
by the maker:--
'_Table Holdout._--Very small and light. It can be put under and removed
from any table in less than half a minute. Works easily from either
knee. It will bring three or more cards up into your hand and take back
the discards as you hold your hands and cards in a natural position on
top of the table.'
This 'contraption' is an extremely simple thing, its recommendation
being that it accomplishes mechanically what the 'bug' requires
manipulation to effect. It is constructed on the same principle as the
ordinary vest machine, and is fastened to the under side of the
table-top by means of a spike, in a similar manner to the table
reflector. The string which works the slide terminates, at the end which
is pulled, in a hook having a sharp point. The machine being fixed under
the table ready to commence operations, the pointed hook is thrust
through the material of the trousers just above one knee. When the slide
is required to come forward, the knee is dropped a little; and, upon
raising the knee again, the slide is withdrawn by its spring, as in all
similar arrangements.
By this time the reader will be in a position to understand the nature
of the 'reflector on machine,' referred to in the last chapter, without
needing to be wearied with further details of this particular kind.
Having thus glanced at all the principal varieties of the modern
holdout, with one or two of the more ancient ones, it only remains to
add a few general remarks to what has been said.
Each class of machine has its own peculiar advantages and disadvantages.
Each sharp has his own peculiarities of taste and his own methods of
working. Therefore, there is no one kind of appliance which appeals
equally to all individuals. Some will prefer one machine; some another.
That, of course, is the rule in the world generally. A great deal also
depends upon the manners and customs of the country in which the
machine is to be used.
[Illustration: FIG. 34.--Poker player's method of holding cards.]
For instance, how many card-players are there in England who hold their
cards in the manner represented in fig. 34? Very few, I take it. Yet it
is a very good method of preventing others from seeing one's hand.
Further, it is the correct way to hold the cards when using the
Kepplinger sleeve-machine. The cards are placed flat in one hand, the
fingers of the other are pressed upon them in the centre, whilst the
thumb turns up one corner to allow of the indices being read. To adopt
this method in England, however, would be to arouse suspicion at once,
merely because it is unusual. Therefore the vest machine is the best for
the English sharp; although no holdout can compare with the Kepplinger
in a game of Poker in America.
Although most of these contrivances are simple in operation, the reader
must not run away with the idea that their use entails no skill upon the
part of the sharp who uses them. That would be far too blissful a state
of affairs ever to be achieved in this weary world, where all is vanity
and vexation of spirit. Certainly, they do not demand the dismal hours
of solitary confinement with hard labour which have to be spent upon
some of the manipulative devices and sleight-of-hand dodges; but still
they require a certain amount of deftness, which can only be acquired by
practice. The following instructions will represent the advice of an
expert, given to a novice who proposed to try his hand with a machine at
the game of Poker:--
'Practise at least three weeks or a month with the machine, to get it
down fine [i.e. to gain facility of working, both of machine and
operator]. Don't work the machine too much. [Not too often during the
game.] In a big game [that is, where the stakes are high] three or four
times in a night are enough. NEVER play it in a small game [because the
amount that could be won would be incommensurate with the risk of
detection]. Holding out one card will beat any square game [honest play]
in the world. Two cards is very strong; but can easily be played on
smart people. Three cards is too much to hold out on smart men, as a
'full' is too big to be held often without acting as an eye-opener.
Never, under any circumstances, hold out four or five. One card is
enough, as you are really playing six cards to everyone else's five.
This card will make a 'straight' of a 'flush' sometimes; or, very often,
will give you 'two pair' or 'three' of a kind. If you are very expert,
you can play the machine on your own deal; but it looks better to do it
on someone else's.'
Having digested these words of comfort and advice--precious jewels
extracted from the crown of wisdom and experience--we may proceed on our
way invigorated and refreshed by the consciousness of having acquired
knowledge such as rarely falls to the lot of man to possess.
FOOTNOTE:
[4] Even the modern sharp sometimes uses a method quite as simple. He
will put the cards he wishes to hold out under his knee-joint, and when
he requires to use them, he will hitch his chair closer to the table,
taking the cards into his hand as he does so. This device is called in
France the 'coup de cuisse.'
CHAPTER VI
_MANIPULATION_
Many readers upon the occasion of their taking up this book for the
first time will be under the impression, doubtless, that the most
important revelations it contains will prove to be those connected with
the manipulative devices employed by card-sharpers and others in
cheating the simple-minded and unwary. But, whatever preconceptions upon
the subject may have existed, the details of mere manipulation are far
from being those of the most consequence to the sharp in the exercise of
his profession. This, of course, must be understood to be simply a
general statement which does not apply to particular cases. The
low-class English sharp, for instance, relies almost entirely upon
certain forms of sleight of hand to deceive the senses of his dupes.
Again, there are some tricks and dodges which are practised by even the
most high-class cheats. The rule is, however, that mere sleight of hand
is to a great extent obsolete; at least, among those who seek to swindle
really good card-players. The methods of legerdemain are more the
common property of the multitude than formerly, and this fact tends to
operate very largely to the detriment of the sharp. With the legitimate
_prestidigitateur_ it is otherwise. It is true, some persons are in a
position to form a better idea as to how his tricks are accomplished
than was the case in years gone by; but even then, there remains the
advantage that they are better able to appreciate his deftness and his
ingenuity. Therefore, he is rather benefited than otherwise by the
spread of this particular form of knowledge. It is the poor sharp who
has suffered through the enlightenment of the public. His lines have
fallen in rough places of late years; yet it can hardly be said that he
has not proved himself more than equal to the occasion. When checkmated
in one direction, he is generally capable of creating a diversion in his
own favour in another.
In card games especially there is always a risk in resorting to
manipulation nowadays. There is the ever-present possibility of some one
among the cheat's antagonists having sufficient knowledge to detect him
in his manipulation of the cards. He is haunted by the fear that sharp
eyes are watching his every movement, and he knows full well that he can
accomplish nothing in this way without some movement which a trained eye
would instantly detect. Once detected in cheating, his reputation is
gone. He can no longer hope to find dupes among his former
acquaintances. He must seek 'fresh fields and pastures new.' However
precious reputation may be to an honest man, it is a thousand times more
so to the sharp. Once his reputation is gone he has to depend upon
chance custom; whereas he might otherwise have a nice little circle of
regular clients, at whose expense he could live in ease and comfort.
As a professional sharp remarked to a young friend, to whom he was
giving lessons in the art of cheating: 'The best gamblers [they don't
call themselves sharps] play with fair cards only; and, by being
wonderfully keen card-players, make their brains win, instead of
cheating with the pack. They play in partnership (secret), and are
invincible, as they know all the various swindles and so can protect
themselves from being cheated. The most successful men are among this
class, although nearly all of them can do the finest work with a pack of
cards.
'The next best class are those who play marked cards well, many of them
using cards that no one not acquainted with the work could find out in a
lifetime. [Instance, the scroll-work on p. 51.] These men, if they can
only get their own cards into a game, are sure to win.
'Then, after these, come the class of "second dealers," "bottom
dealers," and men who habitually do work with the pack to win. _These
men always get caught in the long run._'
Such, then, being the case as evidenced by the word of an expert, one
may form some idea of the relative value of manipulation as compared
with other methods in the hands of the card-sharper.
To deal thoroughly with this branch of our subject would require a
text-book of sleight of hand, as nearly all the tricks of 'hanky-panky'
could be made to serve the purposes of cheating. But since so many
excellent treatises of that kind are readily accessible to the public,
it would be superfluous to do more than give the reader a general idea
of those methods which the sharp has made peculiarly his own. Even among
those which are here represented, there are many devices which are
rapidly becoming obsolete, and others of which it is very doubtful how
far they are used at the present moment. In sharping, like everything
else, 'the old order changeth, giving place to new.' However, the reader
must judge for himself as to what devices would be likely to deceive him
personally, and that will help him to an understanding of what would
probably have the same effect upon others. Thus he will be able to
arrive at a tolerably approximate estimate of the probabilities in
connection with the use or disuse of any individual trick. The author,
being too old a bird to be caught with any such chaff, is really not so
competent to form an opinion upon the subject. In his case familiarity,
if it has not bred contempt, has at least deadened the due appreciation
of the relative merits and advantages of the various trickeries. They
all appear of the same tint against the background of past experience,
each one possessing but little individuality of its own. With the
reader, however, it is in all probability different. Assuming that he
has merely a casual acquaintance with manual dexterity of this kind he
will come fresh to the subject, and therefore to him the details will
assume their proper relative proportions.
To begin, then, with the oldest and most simple manipulations, our first
topic is that of the 'Bottom Deal.' This trick, simple as it is, is the
very stronghold of the common English sharp. In whatever game he is
playing, he seizes the opportunity afforded by picking up the cards
preparatory to dealing to place certain cards which would form a good
hand at the bottom of the pack, and in shuffling he takes good care not
to disturb them. But there is still the 'cut' to be thought about. Well,
we shall see later on how the effects of the cut are to be obviated. In
the meantime, however, it is evident that if the cards were cut and
piled in the ordinary manner, those cards which the sharp had so
carefully preserved at the bottom would be brought to the centre. That
would never answer his purpose; so, when the cut has been made, if the
game is one which does not necessitate the dealing out of the entire
pack, he simply takes up the bottom half of the pack, leaving the other
on the table. Then, holding the cards as in fig. 35, he proceeds to
deal. From this point the trick, as its name suggests, consists of
dealing the bottom cards, either to himself or, preferably, to a
confederate, in place of the upper cards which should justly fall to
that hand.
[Illustration: FIG. 35.--Bottom Deal.]
From the position in which the cards are held it will be seen that, as
each card is dealt, the finger and thumb of the dealer's right hand fall
respectively below and above the pack. It is, therefore, entirely
optional whether he shall take the top card with his thumb, or the
bottom one with his finger. When a card has to be dealt, then, to
himself or to his confederate, as the case may be, it is the bottom one
which is taken; to the other players the top ones are dealt out. When
quickly done, it is impossible to see whether the card comes from the
top or the bottom, although the manner of holding and dealing the cards
would imply that the bottom deal was being resorted to: the cards which
come from the bottom, being pulled upwards, appear to come from the top.
It can always be detected, nevertheless, by the different sound made by
a card when brought from the bottom. There is just a slight click, which
is distinctly audible, and easily recognised. The reader should try it
for himself, and note the effect referred to. After a few minutes'
experience he would never afterwards be mistaken in deciding as to
whether a card was dealt from the top or bottom of the pack. A sharp who
uses the bottom deal rarely employs any other form of manipulation
whatever.
We now pass on to the trick known as 'Dealing Seconds.' The trick is so
named because it consists of dealing out the second card from the top
instead of the top one. It is particularly useful in connection with
marked cards, where of course the top card can be read, and very often
the second one also.[5] The effect in this case is that the sharp can
always retain the better of the two top cards for himself. Suppose,
then, there are four players. The sharp, commencing to deal, notices
that the top card is a knave, whilst the second is a three. He therefore
deals the second card to the player immediately to his left. It may then
appear that the second card now is a king; and, consequently, the sharp
deals the top card to the second hand, leaving the king on top. If the
card which is now second in the pack is lower than the king, the third
player receives that card; but if the second should prove to be an ace,
the king goes to the third player, and the ace to the sharp himself. It
may happen, however, that the sharp, having dealt round to the three
players in this manner, finds that the second of the remaining cards is
of more value to him than the first. In that case, of course, he would
deal himself the second. Thus it is seen that the sharp has really had a
choice of five cards on one round of the deal; and the larger the number
of players, the greater his choice, although he may at times have to
choose between two cards which would answer his purpose equally well. If
he is thus compelled to give away a good card he should dispose of it
where it is likely to do him least harm, if he can contrive to do so.
Besides marked cards, there are other methods of discovering the value
of the top card and, consequently, the advisability of dealing seconds,
as we shall see presently.
The trick of dealing the second card is very easily learned. Take a pack
of cards in your left hand, in the manner usually adopted in dealing,
with the thumb lying across the middle of the pack. Then with the thumb
advance the two top cards slightly to the right. This being done, it
will be found that these two cards can be taken between the thumb and
middle finger. With the second held by the tip of the middle finger,
advance the top card a little further to the right. The cards will now
be in a position frequently adopted in dealing, the top card being
sufficiently forward to be grasped by the right finger and thumb. So
far, there is nothing unusual in the operations; but this is where the
trick comes in. If the middle finger of the hand holding the cards is
advanced, the second card, resting upon its tip, will be advanced also;
and if at the same time the thumb is drawn back, the top card is
withdrawn with it. It is now the second card which is the more advanced
of the two, and consequently the card which would be taken by the right
hand in dealing. In fact, the two cards can be rubbed together by the
finger and thumb, alternately advancing and receding. If the second card
is to be dealt, then it is pushed forward and the top one is drawn back,
the movement being masked by a slight dropping of the arm towards the
operator. Of course the change in the position of the cards is not made
until the instant the right hand reaches the pack to take the card. Thus
the entire operation appears to consist of one movement only. An expert
'second-dealer' will place a known card on top of the pack and deal the
whole of the other cards from beneath it, leaving that card in his hands
at the finish; and this without any manipulation being visible to any
but the sharpest vision.
The utility of the second-dealing method of procedure, it is evident,
depends greatly upon the fact of having a knowledge of the top card.
With marked cards the acquiring of this knowledge can present no
difficulty, and even with genuine ones the difficulty is by no means
insuperable. All that is necessary is to reach over to the left, keeping
the cards in front of one, with the top card drawn off a little to one
side, so as to have the index in the corner visible from below, and a
sly peep will do the trick. There are innumerable excuses available to
account for the reaching over, as we have already seen in the case of
the cuff holdout. Given the fact that there is something to the left of
the operator which must be reached with the right hand, the rest is
easy. The act of leaning to one side effectually covers the slight
tilting of the left hand which enables the under side of the cards to be
seen. There used to be an old American colonel (the numerical strength
of officers in the American army must have been extraordinary at some
time or another) at one of the best London clubs who was very partial to
the use of this trick. He would lay his cigar upon the table, well over
to his left, and then, bending down to get it, he would note both top
and bottom cards, in the manner described.
Simple as this dodge may be, it is unquestionably of great service at
times. Take, for instance, the case of the dealer at Poker. After he has
dealt the cards, but before giving off the draft, he leans over to pick
up his hand, and in so doing sees the 'size' of the top card of the
'deck.' Upon inspecting his hand, he can tell whether the top card will
be of use to him or not. If it is, he can easily hold it back until he
can take it for himself; if not, he very generously lets someone else
have it.
For the benefit of those who may not know the game of Poker, and in
England there are many who do not, I may illustrate the great utility of
knowing the top and bottom cards by a reference to the results
attainable by such means in the familiar game of Nap. Suppose that you
are playing a single-handed game, and it is your turn to deal. You note
the top and bottom cards. If they happen to be decent ones, both of the
same suit, you hold back the top card, and give your opponent the
second. The top one then comes to you. You now give your opponent the
card next in order, and deal the bottom one to yourself. The rest of the
cards may be left to chance, until the five are dealt out to each hand.
The consequence of this manoeuvre is as follows. You are sure of
having two good cards of one suit, and it is about an even chance that
among the other three will be another of the same kind. Therefore, you
are pretty certain of a long suit to lead from. Your chances, therefore,
are a long way better than your opponent's. If, however, on the other
hand, you find that the top and bottom cards are small ones, and of
different suits, you may make your opponent a present of them. They may
of course prove useful to him; but the chances are that they do not.
But, whatever happens, you know the value of two cards out of his five;
a fact which may have considerable influence upon the result of the
hand, as all 'Nappists' will admit. Necessarily there is nothing of real
certainty about this achievement; but, still, the player who knows the
top and bottom cards, even though he is not skilful enough to dispose of
them to the best advantage, gathers in a goodly proportion of the
chances of the game which do not belong to him by right.
We now come to the consideration of methods employed by the sharp in
manipulating the cards to his own advantage during the process of
shuffling, and of preventing the overthrow of his plans by the
disarrangement introduced into the result of his efforts in the fact of
the cards having to be cut by an opponent. However carefully he may
contrive to arrange the order of the cards, the cut would obviously
upset his calculations. Therefore, in addition to some method of placing
the cards in order, he must also have a ready means of rendering the cut
inoperative. We have already seen how the bottom-dealer dodges it; and
now we will look into one or two other systems, most of them equally
simple, and all of them equally effective.
We will suppose for the moment that the cards have been arranged in, or
at any rate not disarranged by, the shuffle. The sharp lays the pack
upon the table; his opponent lifts up the top half and lays it down
near the bottom half. In the natural course of things the sharp should
now take up the bottom half, place it upon the top half that was, close
the cards together, and commence to deal. If this were done, the cards
which he required to have on top would now be in the middle of the pack,
and all the trouble he had devoted to their disposition would be wasted.
So he is compelled to adopt some means of restoring the cards to their
former position. In accomplishing this there are several courses open to
him. The simplest and most barefaced method, and yet one which will
escape detection nine times out of ten, is the following. The cards
having been cut, and the two halves of the pack having been placed side
by side in the usual manner, the sharp picks up the bottom half with the
right hand, as though he were about to place it upon the other; but
instead of so doing, he deliberately puts it into his left hand. Then
picking up the top half, he adds it to the other, in the position it
originally occupied. There is absolutely nothing in this but impudence,
and yet the dodge will nearly always pass muster. Try it the next time
you are playing cards, and you will find that nobody will notice it if
it is done with apparent carelessness. Even though someone did perceive
that the cards were in the same order as formerly, the sharp could
always apologise for his inadvertence and suffer them to be cut again.
Another very simple method is to cross the hands, picking up the right
half of the pack with the left hand, and the left half with the right
hand. Then uncrossing the hands, the two halves are put together in
their former order. The crossing of the hands tends to confuse the mind
of an onlooker, so that he really does not know which hand contains the
half that should be placed on top.
The reader must distinctly understand that such open and palpable
deceptions as these two last would only be practised by the very lowest
class of sharps. A good man would scorn the action.[6] With regard to
the methods resorted to at any time very much depends upon the class of
sharp and the intelligence of the company in which he happens to find
himself. The employment of simple trickeries like these in a card party
of 'smart' players could only be attended with modified success, very
modified indeed. If the players were smart, the sharp would smart. This
joke is not copyright, but it is logical nevertheless.
The 'pass,' which is the essence of so many card-tricks, is another
means of restoring the order of the cards after they have been cut.
Since it is explained in every book on conjuring, however, we will only
just glance at it. For a fuller description the reader may be referred
to Professor Hoffman's admirable treatises.
In making the pass the two halves of the pack are picked up in the order
they should rightly assume after being cut, care being taken however
that there is a slight division maintained between them. For instance,
the bottom half is placed upon the top one as it lies upon the table
perfectly level sideways, but projecting over one end about a quarter of
an inch. The pack is now put into the left hand, and in the act of
levelling up the two halves the little finger is inserted between them.
Meanwhile the sharp engages the other players in an animated
conversation. Then just before dealing, apparently with the object of
again levelling the cards, he covers the pack with his right hand. In an
instant the cards appear to pass through one another, and the half which
was uppermost before cutting is in that position now. The action is
simply this. The little finger of the left hand being between the two
halves of the pack, that which is above for the moment is held by the
little finger and the other three. The lower half is gripped by the
thumb and fingers of the right hand. Then by slightly opening the left
hand and closing the right, the two halves are drawn asunder.
Immediately reversing the motion the two halves come together again with
their respective positions reversed. The movement necessary to effect
this operation is covered by a slight dropping of the hands at the
critical moment. This is called the 'double-handed pass,' as both hands
are used to effect it.
There are also various single-handed passes available to the expert, but
these are more difficult to accomplish neatly, and cannot be so readily
disguised. If used at all they are accompanied by a movement of the hand
from the operator, as in pointing at something or in shaking the wrist
clear of the cuff to give freedom of arm during dealing. The simplest of
these passes is made by holding the cards between the thumb and the last
three fingers of the left hand, a slight division between the two halves
of the pack being maintained at the thumb side. The lower half is now
dropped into the palm, and with the forefinger it is turned up towards
the thumb. The upper half is now released and allowed to fall upon the
fingers which are extended for its reception. Finally, the lower half is
dropped upon the upper one and the original order is restored. Much
practice, of course, is required to perform this operation with ease and
despatch.
Another form of pass may be accomplished in putting the cards from the
right hand into the left. The pack is held in the right hand, with the
upper half slightly advanced, and the lower nipped in the thumb-joint.
The left hand, instead of taking the whole pack, merely takes the upper
half. The right, in levelling the cards, deposits the lower half upon
the upper.
It must be forcibly impressed upon the reader that under no
circumstances whatever is it possible to make the pass without that
device being detected by an expert who is looking for it. Even half a
glance at the operator's movements would arouse suspicions which could
not be easily allayed. It is therefore a dangerous proceeding at any
time for a sharp to indulge in. It is possible that through inattention
the expert may not actually see the pass made; but the accompanying
movements are sufficient indication of what is going on to anyone who
'knows his way about.' In days gone by, the pass was a power in the
hands of the sharp; but now, alas, it is only of occasional use, and the
risk it involves is very, very great.
Another method of dodging the cut is to take the half of the pack which
should finally be on the top, but which the sharp desires to be
underneath, holding it by the thumb and three last fingers of the right
hand, with the forefinger bent, and its back resting upon the back of
the top card. The cards, being thus removed from the table, are now held
entirely by the forefinger and the other three, the thumb being taken
away. The second half of the pack is now taken up between the thumb and
forefinger; at the same instant, the other cards being slipped
underneath instead of on top as they should be. Skilfully and quickly
done, this plan is very deceptive, as such things go.
Rather than resort to any method of restoring the order of the cards
after they have been cut, it is far preferable for the sharp to so
arrange matters, if possible, that the act of cutting should bring
those cards uppermost which are required to be at the top. In a
single-handed game, by keeping strict watch upon the direction of his
opponent's gaze, he may be enabled to find an opportunity of making the
pass; but in a round game, someone is sure to be looking at the cards,
and the pass becomes much too risky to be attempted. Therefore, in a
case of this kind, the sharp will endeavour to manipulate the cards in
such a way that the cut merely serves the purpose of removing certain
cards, which are placed above those he needs, uppermost.
[Illustration: FIG. 36.--The Bridge.]
The commonest plan in use for this purpose is the device known as the
'Bridge.' This architectural contrivance consists of either bending the
two halves of the pack in opposite directions, or bending one half, and
leaving the other straight (fig. 36). The trick derives its name from
the curvature thus produced.[7] In the illustration, the cards which are
required to be on top are the straight ones now lying underneath. An
unsuspicious player, being called upon to cut the pack, will undoubtedly
lift off the bent half, owing to the division existing between it and
the other. Then there is no need of the pass, or anything of the kind.
The sharp has 'forced the cut.' Considering how well-known the bridge
is, it is extraordinary how often it is successful. The fact is, the
players are not looking for it; they assume that they are playing with
honest men, and upon that assumption the sharp in great measure relies.
The bridge is specially useful in cases where a confederate is available
to cut the cards. Then the bridge need not be so much arched. The very
slightest bend is sufficient, as the 'confed.' will be careful to cut at
the right place. The 'end-bridge' is a variety we shall have to touch
upon later on, and other dodges for attaining the same end as this one
will be described in the chapter on 'Prepared Cards.'
Working backwards, then, from the end to the means, we arrive by a
natural transition to the methods of manipulation employed in securing
an advantageous disposition of the cards. Among these, a prominent place
is occupied by what are known as 'false shuffles.' These are of three
kinds. The first is the shuffle which leaves undisturbed the previous
arrangement of the entire pack. The second is that which affects only
part of the pack, allowing the rest to retain its original order. The
third is the variety which effects the systematic disposition of the
cards in a manner which will bring good hands to the sharp and his
accomplices, if such there be, or at any rate either to the sharp
himself or to an accomplice.
By way of familiarising the reader with these processes, we will just
glance through the older forms of all three kinds. It must be distinctly
borne in mind, however, that the modern methods of shuffling have
rendered most of these obsolete. They have been replaced by improved
manipulations, as we shall see later.
Of the first kind of these shuffles there is a great variety. They are
simply manipulations which appear to be shuffles, but in reality are not
so. We will investigate one of them. The pack is taken in two halves,
one of which is held in each hand. From the right hand half about half a
dozen cards are pushed off and placed _beneath_ those in the left hand.
Then, from the left hand, three cards say are pushed off and placed
beneath those in the right hand. This process is continued, always
putting more cards from right to left than _vice versa_, until the whole
pack appears to have been shuffled into the left hand. This looks
exactly like a genuine shuffle. In fact, most persons upon having it
explained to them will say that the cards really _are_ shuffled, but it
is not so. The effect produced is that of a simple cut. If the bridge is
made before commencing, the process can be continued until the top card
has resumed its former place. Then it will be found that there has been
absolutely no disarrangement of the cards whatever.
This shuffle is particularly useful at the beginning of a game when the
sharp contrives to get the deal, or upon the introduction of a fresh
pack of cards. Gamblers are superstitious as a rule, and when their
'luck is out,' which is generally the case when they happen to be
playing with a sharp, they will sometimes seek to improve it by changing
the cards. Now, even a new pack can be opened for the purpose of
arranging the contents, and sealed up again so neatly that there is no
evidence of its ever having been tampered with. Then, supposing the
sharp to be a member of a club, the person who purchases the club cards
may be a confederate, and thus the cards which are apparently fresh from
the maker may have been falsified in any desired manner.[8] Whatever
method may have been adopted to arrange the pack, the foregoing shuffle
will not disturb it. The cut is rendered inefficient by either of the
methods given, and all is happiness and prosperity.
The second form of false shuffle is quite as easy to accomplish as the
first. All that is necessary is to take care that the part of the pack
which is required to be kept intact should not be disturbed. The rest of
the cards may be shuffled to one's heart's content. The sharp, having
noted certain cards among those which have been played that would be of
service to him in some way or another, in picking them up contrives to
place them all together at the top or bottom of the pack. Then in
shuffling he avoids all interference with those cards. A good plan is to
put the cards on top and lay the pack upon the table. Then with the
right hand lift up the top cards, and, with the left, cut the remainder
in two and shuffle one portion into the other. This will pass for a
genuine shuffle almost anywhere. Selected cards, placed above or below
the pack, are called 'top-stock' or 'bottom-stock,' as the case may be.
They are useful for a variety of purposes, as will be readily
understood. The effect of the holdout when used in the game of Poker, as
described in the last chapter, is to work the top-stock for draught. The
shuffle just dealt with would work the top-stock for deal.
The last of the three kinds of false shuffles enumerated is of course
the most generally useful in almost any game. Take whist for example.
How pleasant would it be to be able to deal oneself, or one's partner, a
hand containing nearly all the trumps. Well, that is a thing which is
quite possible of accomplishment and by no means difficult. The cards
are simply arranged during the shuffle. It is what is called 'putting
up' a hand, and this is how it is done.
As the tricks are played in the previous hand you notice those which
contain a preponderance of the best cards of one suit, say diamonds. You
keep an eye particularly upon the four tricks which would make the best
hand, viz., those which contain the highest cards. It is your turn to
deal. You pick up the tricks as they lie upon the table or are passed to
you, keeping those you require slightly separate from the rest as you
gather them up, and finally place them at the bottom of the pack, with
the little finger of your right hand inserted between them and the cards
which are above. You now proceed to shuffle. The first operation is to
put all the cards above your little finger into the right hand. Thus you
hold the cards you require in your left hand, but there are sixteen of
them, and you only want thirteen. Therefore you push off three of them
into the right hand. Now you are ready to make your final arrangements.
With the thumb of your left hand slip off one card from that hand on to
those in the right. Then with the thumb of your right hand slip that
card together with the three immediately below it _under_ the cards in
the left. Again you slip one from the left on top of those in the right,
and again place that card with the three next to it under the left hand
cards.
This action is repeated until only three cards remain in the right hand.
Arriving at this point care must be observed. You have of course borne
in mind the necessity of having the bottom card, which will be the
trump, of the same suit as that which preponderates in the number
selected, and have arranged matters accordingly. Now, with only three
cards in the right hand, there remain two of the selected cards above
those in the left which have not been handled. The second of these two
will be the one required for the trump card, in this case a diamond.
Therefore you put the first one on top of the three remaining in the
right, and the second one below them. Then the whole five are put at the
bottom of the pack and the shuffle is complete. You evade the cut by
whichever method suits your opportunities best, and upon dealing, all
the selected cards fall to yourself.
The above is a shuffle which is easily acquired, and when done neatly
and quickly, the effect is very good. It looks exactly like a genuine
shuffle. The only difficult part of the manipulation is placing the four
cards from right to left. There is not much time to count them. With a
little practice however, the operator can _feel_ that the right number
of cards go into the other hand. The best practice is to pick out all
the cards of one suit, and shuffle them into the others in the manner
described. Then when the cards are dealt out, it will be seen at once
whether the shuffle has been correctly performed or not. The passing of
the cards from side to side must be quickly done, and without pausing
between the movements, if the trick is to escape detection.
This one instance will serve to give the reader the basis of all the
other shuffles in which the cards are arranged. They all consist in the
main principle of placing certain cards all together in some convenient
position in the pack, and then arranging them with a proper number of
indifferent cards between each one and the next. The nature of the game
of course decides the manner of their arrangement.
The reader may very possibly find some difficulty in quite grasping the
details of these explanations, but if he will take a pack of cards and
follow the instructions step by step they will all become clear. If
these older forms of shuffling are thoroughly understood, it will be a
great help towards arriving at the full significance of the more modern
manipulations which are about to be described.
At the present day the foregoing trickeries would be inadmissible owing
to the fact that only the most juvenile card players would ever use the
form of shuffles they involve. No _player_ would ever think of taking
the two halves of the pack, one in either hand, when about to shuffle.
That style of thing is quite out of date. Indeed in a smart game the
dealer would not be even allowed to raise the cards from the table when
shuffling, although in the ordinary way they are more often than not
simply shuffled from one hand into the other.
The principal shuffles of modern times are three in number:--
1. The 'Over-hand Shuffle.'
2. The 'Riffle' or 'Butt-in Shuffle.'
3. The 'Ecarte Shuffle.'
The over-hand shuffle is that in which the cards are taken in the left
hand and shuffled, a few at a time, into the right. It is familiar to
all, and requires no more than the mere mention of it to recall it to
the reader's mind.
The riffle, or butt-in, as it is called in America, is the shuffle in
which the pack is laid upon the table, the top half is taken off with
the right hand and laid near it. The fingers of either hand then press
upon the cards of the respective halves of the pack, whilst the thumbs
'riffle' or bend up the corners of the cards, allowing them to spring
down, one or two at a time, from right to left alternately, those of one
side falling between those of the other. Finally the cards are levelled
up and the shuffle is complete.
The ecarte shuffle is one in which the cards are laid on the table with
one side of the pack facing the operator. The top half of the pack, or
rather less, is taken off with the right hand and shuffled into the
remainder of the cards held by the left as they lie upon the table.
In those cases where the dealer is not allowed to shuffle the cards in
his hands, the riffle or the ecarte shuffle is used. A variety of the
riffle called the French shuffle is sometimes adopted in which a half of
the pack is taken in either hand, the two halves resting upon the table
at one end and inclined towards each other, a few cards at a time being
allowed to fall from either side alternately.
With these higher class shuffles then, it is evident that more improved
methods of manipulation must be adopted to render them amenable to the
purposes of cheating. We have therefore to examine the means employed by
the sharp (1) to keep intact a pre-arrangement of the cards, (2) to
leave undisturbed a certain portion of the pack which has been 'put up'
or 'stocked,' and (3) to put up hands or arrange the cards to suit his
own purposes. The corollary to these manipulations is necessarily the
means of nullifying the effect of the cut which follows as an inevitable
consequence upon the shuffle; except, of course, in those cases where a
player is content to 'knock' instead of cutting. This 'knock' is an
American institution, and consists of merely rapping the top of the pack
with the knuckles. It signifies that the player does not wish to cut,
and is frequently practised by the sharp's accomplice, when he has one,
to avoid disturbing the order of the cards.
To retain the original order or pre-arrangement of a whole pack, the
riffle is the shuffle that is generally used; the modification referred
to in the last paragraph but one being the most convenient form for the
purpose. The top half of the pack being taken in the right hand, and
those of the bottom half in the left, the cards are riffled together
upon the table. If the pack were levelled up, the shuffle would of
course be effectual; but it is in the act of levelling that the trickery
is introduced. As the cards rest in front of the operator, those of one
side alternating with those of the other, they are covered by his hands,
the thumbs being towards him, the three first fingers of each hand on
the opposite side of the pack, and the little fingers pressing upon the
ends of the right and left halves respectively. In this way the cards
are just straightened merely, but not closed up. A turn of the hands,
from the little fingers outwards, throws the two packets of cards at an
angle one to the other, the thumbs now resting upon the corners nearest
the operator. The little fingers are then closed in towards the thumbs.
This has the effect of pushing the cards of each packet diagonally
across those of the other. Those of the right half pass against the
thumb of the left hand, whilst those of the left half pass in a similar
manner across the right thumb. Thus the cards simply pass from either
hand into the other. The top half of the pack is now held by the fingers
and thumb of the _left_ hand and _vice versa_. The two packets are now
quickly separated, and that in the left hand is placed above that in the
right. The whole of the cards are therefore in their original positions,
although they appear to have been perfectly shuffled. The passing of the
cards across is to give the appearance of closing them together;
whereas they really pass right through into the opposite hands. Quickly
done, this shuffle is most deceptive, but the whole operation should not
occupy more than a couple of seconds. It can always be detected by one
who knows it, on account of the necessity of turning the two halves at
an angle; otherwise it is perfect. It cannot be very successfully
performed with a full pack, but with an ecarte pack of 32 cards it is
very simple.
To allow a certain number of cards to remain undisturbed is a
comparatively simple matter in any shuffle. It is only necessary to see
that they _are_ undisturbed. In the over-hand shuffle they may be placed
either at the top or bottom of the pack, passing them all together from
the left hand into the right. When they are at the top, the approved
method is to slip off at once, into the right hand, as many of the top
cards as may be necessary to insure that the whole of the selected cards
are together. This packet is held by pressing the cards endwise between
the forefinger and the root of the thumb. The remaining cards are then
shuffled _on to the forefinger_, thus maintaining a slight division
above those which have been put up. The final movement of the shuffle is
to part the pack at this division, and return the top cards to their
original position.
In the riffle shuffle it is quite as easy to retain the position of any
cards which may require to be kept in view. If they are at the bottom
of the pack, they are simply riffled down upon the table before any
others are allowed to fall, and the rest of the cards are shuffled above
them. If they are at the top, they are held back until all the other
cards have fallen. In either case, the cards of one half are simply let
down sooner or more slowly than those of the other, according to whether
the stocked cards are at the top or the bottom.
In the ecarte shuffle, the proceedings are a little more complex. It
would never do to coolly ignore a certain portion of the pack in
shuffling; therefore the observers have to be thrown off the scent. This
is done by means of the manipulation known as 'the French card-sharper's
shuffle,' which is accomplished in the following manner. The pack lies
upon the table before the operator, with the stocked cards on top. With
the thumb and _second_ finger of the right hand, he seizes a sufficient
number of the top cards to be sure of having the selected ones all
together, and lifts them up, at the same time moving his hand away from
him so as to leave the pack unobstructed by the cards just raised. Then
with the thumb and _first_ finger of the left hand, he takes up a
similar packet of cards from the pack, leaving probably about a third of
the pack still remaining on the table. Now comes the trick. The right
hand packet is placed under the cards just raised by the left thumb and
forefinger, and is immediately gripped by the _middle_ finger and thumb
of that hand. Meanwhile, the left-hand packet is taken by the right
thumb and forefinger, and moved aside. The two packets have thus changed
hands, the top cards being now in the left. In this position they are
held by the left finger and thumb, whilst the right hand shuffles the
second packet into the cards remaining on the table. This process is
gone through several times and the cards appear to be thoroughly well
shuffled. Nevertheless, it is evident that the top cards have remained
intact throughout.
Before passing on to the third form of false shuffle, by means of which
cards are put up or stocked, it is necessary at this point to refer to
the device known as the 'end-bridge,' a thing which is commonly used at
the present time to force the cut at a given point in the pack. Any
false shuffle is manifestly useless without some resource of this kind.
As the reader is doubtless aware, it is a common practice among card
players, at the conclusion of the shuffle and before giving the pack to
be cut, to part it at about the middle and place the lower half above
the upper. This seems to have become quite the orthodox termination of
any shuffle; just a final cut as it were to finish. It is in this final
cut that the end-bridge is generally made. We will suppose that the
stocked cards are at the top of the pack. The top half is taken by the
thumb and second finger of the right hand and drawn off; the cards being
held near the corners at one end, the forefinger meanwhile resting upon
them between the second finger and thumb. In the act of drawing off the
cards they are pressed between the thumb and finger, so as to bend them
slightly concave at the back between the corners by which they are held.
The bottom half of the pack is then placed above the upper one, the
curvature of which produces a slight division between the two halves at
one end. The other end not having been tampered with it can be turned
towards the players with impunity. The cards being levelled, they are
laid on the table in such a position that the player who is to cut will
take them by the ends; and it is almost certain that he will cut at the
bridge.
By way of example, then, the French card-sharper's shuffle in its
entirety would consist of the following movements. (1) The top cards are
lifted by the right hand, and the second packet raised by the left. (2)
The top packet is placed under the second one, and gripped by the left
hand. (3) The right hand seizes the second packet, and takes it from
above the top one, which remains held by the left thumb and finger. (4)
The second packet is shuffled into the cards remaining on the table, and
the top packet is dropped upon the whole. (5) The pack is parted by
drawing off the upper half with the thumb and second finger of the right
hand; at the same moment the bridge is made, the upper half is put under
the lower, and the cards are given to be cut. Thus, both the shuffle
and the bridge are included in one complete operation.
We now come to the modern methods of 'stocking,' or 'putting-up' hands.
This, of course, includes the third form of false shuffle. The simplest
method of stocking is accomplished in the act of picking up the cards
from the table preparatory to shuffling, and is very useful in a game
such as Nap. The player who is about to deal notes among the cards lying
upon the table those which would provide him with a good hand. With each
hand he seizes one of them and immediately after takes up as many
indifferent cards as there are players besides himself. He has then two
cards 'put up.' Again he picks up two more good cards in the same way,
and follows up with the proper number of indifferent ones, as before. He
has now four cards out of the five he requires. With one hand therefore
he picks up the remaining card, with three others, and puts all the
cards thus taken up into one hand. The rest of the pack may be picked up
anyhow, care being taken to keep the arranged cards on top. Then comes
the shuffle. The first thing to be done is to put on the top of the
selected card, which is uppermost, a similar number of indifferent cards
to that which is between each of the selected ones, viz., as many as
there are players besides himself. Thus the cards he wants will come to
him on the deal. The rest of the shuffle is immaterial, so long as the
'stock' is not interfered with. The end-bridge may be worked for the
cut, and all being well, he will have the hand he prepared for himself.
Some men can do this picking-up with incredible rapidity and without
exciting the least suspicion on the part of their opponents.
Where the over-hand shuffle is used, the best way of putting up a hand
is by means of the process which is called 'milking-down.' This is a
manipulation which is both simple and effective. The cards required to
be put up are placed all together at the bottom of the pack, which is
then taken endways between the thumb and fingers of the left hand ready
for shuffling, and the 'milking' commences. We will suppose the game to
be Nap, and that three are playing. The dealer having put the selected
cards at the bottom in the course of gathering the pack together,
prepares to perform the over-hand shuffle as above indicated. With the
thumb of his right hand he takes off one card from the top of the pack,
whilst at the same moment and in the same movement the middle finger
draws off one of the selected cards from the bottom. At this point then
he has two cards in his right hand; one of those he has chosen, and an
indifferent one from the top of the pack above it. But there are three
players, so he must have two cards between each of his own and the next,
therefore he draws off another from the top, over the two he already has
in the right hand. Again he draws off together a card from the top and
bottom, and over these places another from the top. This is repeated
until all the hand is put up, and then the remainder of the pack is
shuffled on to his forefinger in the manner previously described in
connection with the over-hand shuffle. The stock is brought to the top,
the pack is parted, the bridge made, and the cards are given to be cut.
Milking-down was originally used by Faro-dealers for the purpose of
putting up the high and low cards alternately. The high ones being put
all together at the top of the pack, for instance, and the low ones at
the bottom, they were drawn down in pairs with great rapidity and thus
alternated. Nowadays, however, the process is used for putting up hands
for most games.
It is in connection with the riffle that the most skilful putting-up is
accomplished, but much practice and experience are required to enable
the manipulation to be performed with certainty. In theory, however, the
process is simple. It consists of riffling between the selected cards
the proper number of indifferent ones. Suppose that in a game of Nap the
required cards have been put at the top of the pack. The cards are
divided and riffled, taking care that none are allowed to go between the
selected ones except the first and second, which must have the proper
number between them. If there are three players, this number will, of
course, be two. All that is necessary to effect this is to hold up the
top card with one thumb, and the last two cards of the other half with
the other thumb. The two cards are allowed to fall upon the second of
the selected cards, and the top one is dropped over them. It is with the
second and following riffles, however, that the difficulty comes in. In
the second riffle, four cards have to be held up and two dropped under
them. In the third riffle, seven cards have to be held up, and in the
fourth, ten. The fifth riffle merely puts two cards above the top
selected card, and the shuffle is complete. The great difficulty is to
know that the right number of cards is held up each time, and that the
right number is put between them. It seems almost impossible that it can
be done with certainty, but there are plenty of sharps who can do it
readily enough without any mistake whatever. In fact, some are so
skilful with this shuffle that they can find any cards they please by
looking at the turned-up corners, and place them in any position they
please within the pack.
In the game of Poker, when the pack has been stocked for draft, either
at the top or the bottom, after the cut the sharp will place the two
halves together in the proper manner, but leaving a little break between
them. Thus he is enabled to know when the stocked cards are being given
off and who has them. Or he may manage to hold back any that would be of
use to him. If the cards are held inclined slightly upwards, he may
frequently be enabled to draw back the top card as in the 'second-deal,'
and give off the next ones.
There is a single-handed pass sometimes used to bring the stock to the
top, which is performed under cover of the right arm whilst reaching to
the left. The cards are held upon a level with the table-top, and as the
arm passes over them, those which are above the stock are pressed with
the fingers of the left hand against the right elbow. Thus they are held
for the moment whilst the others are drawn from beneath, and as the
right arm returns, the stocked cards are brought to the top. In this way
the entire operation is performed under cover of the arm, and is
therefore undiscernible.
Where a confederate is available to cut the pack, there is a form of
false cut which appears to pass muster in America pretty well. It
consists of merely grasping the pack in both hands, lifting it off the
table, and pulling it apart, so to speak. The half which comes from the
bottom is drawn upwards, thus appearing to come from the top, in the
same manner as the cards in the bottom-deal. At the same time, the top
half is drawn downwards, appearing to come from the bottom. Then, when
the two halves are put together in their original position, it looks as
though the lower half had been put upon the upper. Quickly done, this
ruse is fairly successful.
Another form of false cut is somewhat similar in effect to the French
card-sharper's shuffle, and is used to retain a 'top stock' in its
place. A third of the pack, or thereabouts, is taken off with the right
hand, and the remainder is cut in two with the left. The top cards are
now placed upon those which remain on the table, the second lot are
thrown down beside them, and upon these the other two packets are placed
as one, bringing the top cards into their original position. Thus,
whilst the pack is really cut into three, the only effect of the cut is
to bring the bottom cards into the middle; a result which is of no
consequence where only a top stock is concerned.
We may conclude the present chapter with a description of the system of
cheating known as 'Counting-down.' This is a method which is not by any
means so familiar to the masses as those with which we have just been
dealing. It is one of those devices which seem to lie within the
borderland between honesty and dishonesty; although, when one
understands its real nature, there is no question as to the fact that it
really _is_ cheating, and nothing else. It is the most scientific mode
of swindling, in games where only a few cards constitute a hand, that
has ever been devised, and it is so good that it almost defies
detection, even at the hands of an expert. It is just that one word
'almost,' however, which qualifies its absolute perfection. There is
always some weak point in a trick, however good.
Counting down is one of those operations which depend more on memory
than sleight of hand. It requires long practice and much skill, but the
skill is rather mental than manipulative. It is necessary that the sharp
who practises it should be able to memorise instantly as many cards as
possible. Comparatively few persons can remember more than five cards at
a glance. Not one in a thousand can remember ten. There are some,
however, who can remember the order of a whole pack of fifty-two cards,
after seeing them dealt out rather slowly. Needless to say there are not
many individuals of the latter class. All, however, use some system of
artificial memory. Without something of the kind, counting-down would be
impracticable.
The object of this system, of course, is to enable the sharp to know the
sequence of a certain number of cards which are to be introduced into
the play, and thus to be certain of their value, and also of the hands
in which they are to be found. The possession of this knowledge is of
the utmost importance sometimes.
As a readily understood and familiar example, let us suppose that the
sharp is engaged in a single-handed game of Nap, and that he can
remember twelve cards, together with the order in which they occur. His
first duty will be to note the manner in which his opponent usually
cuts, whether near the middle of the pack, near the top or the bottom.
Most people have some peculiarity in this way which may be relied on.
Suppose then the sharp finds that the other man's cut is generally
pretty well in the centre. When it is his turn to deal, in the act of
shuffling he will place twelve cards in rapid succession at the bottom
of the pack, at the same time holding the pack so that the faces of the
cards are visible. He notes these twelve cards, and the order in which
they occur. At the conclusion of the shuffle he leaves just so many
cards over them as he thinks the other will take off in the cut;
consequently, after cutting, those cards will be at the top or nearly
so. If the sharp is fortunate the cut will come into the first one or
two of them, and then when the cards are dealt, he knows by looking at
his own hand precisely what cards his opponent holds. If his own hand
will allow him to 'go more' than his opponent feels inclined to risk, he
will do so, if not he allows his opponent to play. In either case he
knows perfectly well what the result of the hand will be before a single
card is put down. Of course if the case should be that he is playing
against an unmistakable 'Nap' hand, and that he has no cards the skilful
playing of which will prevent the other man from winning, he is bound to
accept the inevitable. But it is obvious that the advantages he enjoys,
compared with his antagonist, are enormous.
With a sharp who works the bottom-deal, the memorising of five cards
only is sufficient. He notes the five cards and leaves them at the
bottom of the pack which is given to be cut. After the cutting, he picks
up the bottom half of the pack, leaving the other upon the table. If
the five cards at the bottom are good ones he deals them to himself, but
if, on the contrary, they are little ones, which would make a bad hand,
he deals them to his opponent. He will always let the opponent have them
unless they are exceptionally good, because it is worth more than half
the game to know what cards one has to contend with.
It is in the game of 'Poker,' however, that counting-down is of the
greatest assistance. The cards are dealt round five to each player, and
we will suppose it is the sharp's turn to deal next. He throws his hand,
face downwards, on the table, and puts the rest of the pack on top of
it. He therefore knows the five bottom cards of the pack, having
memorised his hand. Even though some of the other players may understand
counting-down, no one will suspect that any trickery is in progress, as
the whole proceeding is quite usual and perfectly natural.
Having the whole of the cards in a heap in front of him, the sharp now
takes them up to straighten or level them, somewhat ostentatiously
keeping their faces turned well away from him, so that he cannot see a
single card. He does not overdo this appearance of honesty however. That
would be almost as fatal as an appearance of cheating.
The cards being straightened, the shuffle has now to be accomplished. In
this case it will be one of the second, or partial order. The sharp
takes good care, in riffling down or what not, to leave undisturbed the
five cards he has memorised, and finally to have them in such a position
within the pack, that the cut and deal will leave them at the top. His
object, of course, is to have the choice of those five cards in the
draft. If he has been fortunate in his manipulation, the card which
comes to him on the last round of the deal will be one of those five. In
that case he knows the value of the two or three top cards, and looking
at his hand he can tell whether either of them will be of use to him
when it comes to his turn to draw. If so, in giving off the draft to the
other players, he may, if opportunity serves, hold back the card or
cards he requires. Then the other hands being complete, he can throw
away a corresponding number of indifferent cards from his hand and take
the selected ones for himself. Generally speaking, this method will
enable him to retain and utilise a card which, otherwise, he would have
thrown away as being useless, and very often enable him to make 'two
pair.'
It is manifest that however skilfully this may be done, there is a
strong element of uncertainty attaching to the result. The player who
cuts the pack may not divide it in the right place by a card or two, and
therefore it might happen that the whole of the five cards may be
distributed in the deal. But it is bound to come right sometimes, and
then it is worth all the trouble and annoyance of the previous
failures; but whether it is successful or not, it is done as a matter of
routine, and if only for the sake of practice, every time the sharp has
to deal. He cannot exercise himself too much in such a difficult
operation. Still there is a good bit of chancework about it which is not
at all acceptable to the sharp, and to obviate this two sharps will
often work in secret partnership. The dealer, having memorised his own
hand, which he has plenty of time to do thoroughly, waits until his
partner's cards are done with. When that moment arrives, the accomplice
passes his cards to the dealer in such a way that their faces can be
seen. These must be remembered at a glance. The dealer has now ten cards
to work with instead of five, and thus the chances are far more than
proportionately greater. Some of the known cards are _sure_ to be at the
top of the pack, ready for the draft, and looking at the last card which
has fallen to him on the deal, the sharp can tell what they are. If, in
addition, it is the confederate who cuts the cards, of course the game
becomes too strong to be beaten. He is sure to cut the pack at the right
place.
If the sharp is a fine shuffler, with a good memory, well-trained in
this class of work, he can dispense with an accomplice, and do quite as
well without one. Supposing it to be his turn to deal next, he looks at
his hand, and if the cards he holds are not of much consequence, he
'passes,' that is, he stands out of the game for the time being.
Meanwhile he gathers up the pack and discards, and keeping the faces of
the cards turned away from him he evens them up in readiness for the
deal. Then he waits until the two or three hands that are being played
are called or shown up. With a glance, he remembers as many of these
cards as he conveniently can, places them either at the top or bottom of
the pack and 'holds' them during the shuffle, arranging their position
in the pack as in the former cases.
The last card which comes to him on the deal being one of these, he
knows the sequence of several of the top cards which remain in the pack.
Consequently he not only knows what he is giving off in the draft to
others, but also what remains for him when it is his turn to draw. If,
then, it suits him best to discard, as to which he does not stand in
doubt as the other players do, he throws away according to the nature of
the cards he will have to draw from the pack to replace his discards. It
really is just the same thing as though he had two hands dealt to him
instead of one. He has the opportunity of making his selection from at
least twice as many cards as either of his opponents.
Unless the reader should happen to be himself a high-class sharp, he can
have no idea of how well this is done by some men who make it their
speciality. It is a method which renders a good shuffler--expressive
term--with a good system of artificial memory, well-nigh invincible at
such a game as Poker. Counting-down is simple, when you can do it; it is
impossible of detection by ordinary players, and best of all, _even
smart gamblers will stand the work_. After that no more need be said
about it.
From the contents of this chapter, the expert reader will see that in so
far as manipulation pure and simple is concerned, the sharp of to-day is
in a position very little better than that of his prototype of fifty
years ago. If we except the improved methods of 'stocking' and so on,
which have resulted from the introduction of new shuffles and certain
methods of preparing the cards, there are hardly any new developments to
record.
That this should be so, and indeed must of necessity be so, will be
evident to anyone who has made a study of card-tricks. There are only
certain manipulations possible in connection with fifty-two pieces of
pasteboard. Generations of keen intellects have already made a study of
their possibilities; and like the 'old poets, fostered under friendlier
skies,' these have stolen all the best ideas from their unhappy
successors. And the worst of it is the ideas have become more or less
common property.
To invent a new deception in the way of the manipulation of cards is for
all the world like trying to make a new proposition in 'Euclid.' That
ancient humb--philosopher I should say--has covered the whole ground;
much to the disgust of that hypothetical example of encyclopaedic
information known as 'any schoolboy.' In our time we have all of us
tempered our regret that so great a philosopher should ever die, with
the far greater regret that he should ever have lived. His loss would
have been 'any schoolboy's' infinite gain. Well, man is born to Euclid
as the sparks fly upward, and there is no dodging the difficulty.
It is just the same in the fraudulent manipulation of cards. All that
can be done has been done. If it were not so the sharp would be the
gainer, therefore it is better as it is.
Nowadays, however, it is quite possible to be a first-rate sharp without
being capable of performing the simplest feat of dexterity. This sounds
very much like saying that a man might be a thorough mathematician
without knowing the multiplication-table, but the cases are not exactly
upon all fours. It is quite possible to reason logically without having
made the acquaintance of that maid of mystery 'Barbara'; and it is quite
possible in like manner to be able to cheat without having recourse to
manipulation. It is a thing which is not necessary, and more often than
not it is attended with the risk of detection.
The sharp has gone further afield in the augmentation of his resources.
He has pressed into his service every device that human ingenuity can
conceive or rascality execute, every contrivance that skill can
produce, and even the forces of Nature herself have been made to serve
his ends.
Meanwhile the unfortunate dupe has been laying the flattering unction to
his soul, that given the understanding of certain primitive forms of
manipulation, he has nothing else to fear. Much he knows about it!
There is no fool like the fool who imagines himself wise, and there is
no dupe like the 'fly flat,'--the man who 'thinks he knows a thing or
two.'
Well, it is not the fault of this book if he is not henceforth a wiser
and a richer man.
FOOTNOTES:
[5] See fig. 7.
[6] The terms 'good man' and 'cunning cheat' must here be considered as
synonymous.
[7] The curve of the upper cards, as shown in the figure, is much
exaggerated. It is, really, very slight.
[8] See Chapter VII.--'Collusion and Conspiracy,' p. 173 _et seq._
CHAPTER VII
_COLLUSION AND CONSPIRACY_
The words which head this chapter are hard words. One cannot deny it.
They are intended to be so. Being so, they belong to the class of
utterances which, according to the sages, 'break no bones.' This may be
true enough even of collusion and conspiracy. But in all conscience, or
the lack of it, these have broken hearts and fortunes enough to
compensate for any amount of merely physical incapacity.
There cannot be the slightest doubt that a large proportion of the
cheating which goes on, in what is called polite society, is
accomplished by these means. The high position of the players is,
unfortunately, no guarantee of fidelity. One may be cheated anywhere,
even in exclusive clubs of the most _recherche_ character, as many know
to their cost. Practically, there is no high and dry rock upon which the
gambler can perch, and say to the tide of cheating--'Thus far shalt thou
come, and no farther.' He is not safe anywhere, for he can never tell
who may not be tempted, at some time or other, to resort to dishonest
practices. The sharp is not always a professional; he may, now and then,
be an amateur. Where the stakes are heavy, the temptation to take an
unfair advantage of an opponent is occasionally too great for some to
resist; especially where no risk of detection is run in so doing.
Accidental circumstances will sometimes give a player overwhelming
advantages in the play, of which none but he are aware; and who shall
say that he will not avail himself of the opportunity which chance has
thrown in his way? Against this sort of thing, however, there is no
other safeguard than the watchfulness of the players. Where, then, is
the 'game,' the amusement, if one has to play, armed at all points, as
it were, and living in dread of pickpockets?
It is not with this sporadic kind of cheating, however, that we now have
to deal, but with the systematic banding together of individuals to
swindle at play. As a notable example of this kind of thing, the reader
will do well to peruse the recital of the following incident, which
occurred a few winters ago at one of the leading clubs in the West End
of London.
At this club a very favourite game was ecarte, played generally 'a la
galerie.' That is to say, the bystanders were allowed to bet among
themselves, or with the players, as to the result of the game. In this
case, the lookers-on form themselves into two parties, one behind each
player, and lay wagers upon the chances of their respective champions.
The doings of this club, then, afforded an opportunity for cheating
which was too good to be missed. Certain unprincipled members therefore
proposed, and managed to get elected, two clever French card-sharpers.
The method of procedure adopted was to place these two men opposed to
each other at a card-table, and let them play ecarte. As large a
'gallery' as possible was assembled, and then the fun began. There was
nothing of refinement or delicacy of operation in the method employed.
All that took place was simply that one or the other of the players lost
to order. According to how the betting ran, that is to say, according to
the player whose winning would put the most money into the pockets of
the conspirators, so would the result of the game be. Certain signs were
made to the players, unobserved of the outsiders, and in response to
these signs the game was made to go in one direction or the other.
The favourite plan appeared to be for all the conspirators to station
themselves behind one of the men, and, of course, other members of the
club who wished to join in had to take up their position behind the
other. The secret brotherhood then made as many bets with those across
the table as they could. When this had been effected, their player was
sure to win. If the cards were not running favourably to him, he would
put up hands for himself, make the bridge, and give the cards to be cut.
No doubt, out of pure courtesy, his opponent would obligingly cut at the
required place. At the end of the evening the proceeds were divided
among the conspirators.
Well, this little game had gone on for some time, and had doubtless been
the means of putting in circulation a good deal of capital which
otherwise would have remained locked up, when a most unforeseen and
regrettable incident occurred. Among the newly-elected members of the
club was one who had some little knowledge of sleight-of-hand. Chancing
to be a spectator of the proceedings one evening, he at once 'tumbled to
the bridge.' He might well do so, for, as one of the fraternity
remarked, the players had latterly become so secure in the ignorance of
the members that, owing to their carelessness, the structure referred to
had become not so much a bridge as a veritable 'Arc de Triomphe.'
Through the enlightenment which was thus brought about, the matter came
to be laid before the committee. The result was that Ecarte a la Galerie
was prohibited. Those who are familiar with club matters will doubtless
remember the circumstance, and know the club to which allusion is made.
A very necessary adjunct to collusion of almost any kind is some system
of secret telegraphy. With such a system in operation between two or
more players who are in secret partnership, there are many games in
which winning can be made a certainty. The telegraphy, of course, is
seldom of a character which would permit those acquainted with it to
indulge in secret gossip, but for the most part consists of signs which
indicate the names of the cards. Generally speaking there will be two
classes of indications, one for suit, and one for value. For instance,
if the player who is signalling is seen to lay his right hand open upon
the table, that may serve to indicate hearts; if the hand, instead of
lying flat, is resting upon its side, that may mean spades; if clenched
flat on the table, clubs may be signified; and finally, if clenched and
thumb upwards, that may denote diamonds. The values of the cards are no
less easy to indicate. If the telegraphist looks upwards, that may mean
an ace; if downwards, a king; if to the left, a queen; if straight in
front of him, a knave; if to the right, a ten; with head on one side,
and looking upward, a nine; ditto, and looking to the right, an eight;
ditto, and to the left a seven, and so on through the whole number.
There is no difficulty in arranging a system of this kind, to be worked
either by word or sign, and such systems if carefully thought out are
very difficult to detect.
Suppose two partners at whist are in collusion and one of them is about
to lead. The other may desire him to lead clubs. He may, therefore,
address to anyone in the room a sentence beginning, 'Can you tell
me----' The initial letter of the sentence indicates the suit which he
desires his partner to lead. If he wanted diamonds he would say 'Do you
know----' &c. If it was necessary to call for hearts he would observe,
'Have you seen----' &c. Lastly, if spades were in requisition he would
ask some question beginning, 'Shall you have----' These things are all
very simple, but they mean a great deal, sometimes, in a game of cards.
Another system of signalling sometimes adopted is to indicate the fact
of certain cards being held by the position in which the cards are laid
upon the table. The person signalling, having looked at his hand, wishes
to let his accomplice know that he holds a certain card of importance in
the game. Therefore, whilst waiting till the other players have sorted
their hands, he closes up his cards for the moment, and lays them before
him on the table. The manner of their disposition will give the required
cue, or, as it is called, 'office.' The end of the cards farthest from
the operator may be taken to represent a kind of pointer, which is set
opposite to some particular figure upon an imaginary dial, supposed to
be drawn upon the table. Several cards can be indicated in this way, and
for others additional factors can be introduced. For instance, the cards
may be spread a little, the top card may project a little to one side or
over one end, or the operator may keep his fingers resting upon the
cards. In fact, the variety of signals is infinite. From the laying down
of a cigar to the taking up of a glass of wine, from the opening of the
mouth to the stroking of the chin, every movement, however simple and
unsuspicious, can be made the means of cheating at almost any game. A
code of signals to indicate every card in the pack, and no more
difficult to decipher than the Morse code in telegraphy, can be arranged
by anyone in five minutes. Indeed, the Morse code itself can be used in
connection with what the French sharps call 'La dusse invisible,' a
system of signalling to an accomplice by pressure of the foot under the
table. In using this system care must, of course, be taken not to tread
on the wrong person's toes.
An instance of card-sharping, involving the use of secret telegraphy,
once came under the author's notice, in connection with the projected
exposure of a noted card-sharp. The circumstances of the case arose in
the following manner.
It is well known that one of the most able and uncompromising among
exposers of fraud at the present day is Mr. Henry Labouchere, M.P., the
Editor and Proprietor of 'Truth.' In the columns of that widely read and
influential publication, the trenchant criticisms and fearless
utterances of 'Scrutator' have done yeoman's service in the cause of
truth and justice.
The author has had the privilege upon several occasions of being
associated with Mr. Labouchere in the running to earth of impostors of
various kinds, and one of those occasions was in connection with the
case of the sharp above referred to. Some of the details will doubtless
occur to the minds of those who recollect the name of the man known as
Lambri Pasha. It is advisable to say 'known as,' for whether his real
name was anything resembling that there is nothing to show. If there is
one thing which one may be inclined to believe more than another, it is
that although Lambri the man may have been, Pasha he certainly was not.
This man Lambri, then, an Italian by birth and a sharp by profession,
had carried on his operations upon so large a scale as to bring himself
prominently before the notice of 'Scrutator.' As usual in such cases,
'Scrutator' proceeded to make short work of him.
At the time referred to, this Lambri happened to have a quarrel with one
of his accomplices, and in revenge this man revealed to Mr. Labouchere
the entire _modus operandi_ of the means used by his employer to cheat
the gamblers in those high circles to which he had obtained access.
This being the case, the author was approached by Mr. Labouchere with a
view to arranging a plan of action whereby the arch swindler might be
caught red-handed, and the exposure made complete. The following scheme
was accordingly devised. The author, in the guise of a country squire
supposed to be of great wealth, was to be presented to Lambri, and
invited to join in the game of baccarat, specially arranged for the
'staging' of the little drama which was to follow.
Needless to say it was not proposed that the author, although armed,
should be alone in a venture which promised to result in violence of a
more or less pronounced type. Among the other guests it was arranged to
have some whose daily avocations were not altogether unconnected with
Scotland Yard.
Lambri's system was an exceedingly simple one. It was worked with the
assistance of a confederate, and baccarat was the game principally
favoured. In this game three packs of cards are used in combination,
forming one large pack of 156 cards. It is obviously impossible to hold
this bulky pack in the hands with any degree of convenience whilst the
cards are being shuffled; therefore the shuffle is accomplished by
standing the cards on edge upon the table with their faces turned away
from the dealer, and in this position they are mixed together. Lambri,
having taken the 'bank,' would proceed to shuffle the cards in the
manner described. During this operation, and as the various cards were
brought to the front, the confederate, who had taken up a convenient
position, would indicate to his principal their value by means of a code
of signals arranged for that purpose. From the explanations already
given the reader will have no difficulty in deducing the manner in
which the cards were put up for the advantage of the 'bank.'
In order to detect this manoeuvre, then, it would be necessary to
watch the proceedings from the commencement, note the arrangement
adopted, and at the right moment give the signal for seizing both cards
and dealer.
Preparations having been made for carrying this plan into effect, and
all due precautions having been taken, it was hoped that Lambri would
quietly walk into the snare which had been set for him. 'The best laid
schemes,' however, 'gang aft agley.' Whether the confederate had played
fast and loose with both sides, which is more than probable, or whether
information had leaked out through some other channel, it is impossible
to say. Certain it is, however, that Lambri obtained an inkling of what
was in progress, and took steps--or rather, 'made tracks'--accordingly.
The day previous to that decided upon for the exposure the accomplice
received a telegram from Paris informing him that the object of our kind
attentions, owing to pressure of important business, would be detained
there for some weeks.
There can be no doubt that the affairs which so suddenly called him to
Paris were both pressing and important; for, to all appearance, they
have occupied his attention ever since. That appointment has never been
kept, and, so far as can be ascertained, he has never from that date to
this put in an appearance in England. To all his former friends and
acquaintances he is 'lost to sight,' though, to a great many of them, he
undoubtedly is 'to memory dear,' and _very_ dear.
A sharp may generally be trusted to arrive at a sound decision in all
matters affecting his own interests; and it certainly cannot be said
that 'Lambri Pasha' has proved himself to be an exception to the rule.
At baccarat collusion and conspiracy are generally used for the purpose
of 'rooking' some particular individual of the pronounced 'Juggins'
type, and the plan of operation is somewhat as follows.
We will suppose that the field of action is the card-room of some small
club, where baccarat is played clandestinely, and for heavy stakes.
Among the members who are addicted to this pastime there is one
youngster with more money than brains, and several of the reverse
characteristics. Half a dozen of these latter habitues of the club will
sit around a table prepared for the game in an upper chamber, waiting
the advent of their victim. Upon the table in front of the dealer is the
shoe containing the proper number of packs: the cards being arranged, we
will say, to give six winning coups to the bank, and then to lose right
out to the end. They are not playing--far from it, although the table
may be strewn with money. Theirs is a waiting game for the present, and
they are passing the time as best they can.
When the dupe arrives at the club it is whispered to him that there is a
little game in progress upstairs. His arrival is signalled to the
conspirators, and by the time the innocent fledgling reaches the room,
there is a game apparently in full blast. The new-comer sees that the
bank is winning every time. At the end of the six winning coups the
dealer says he has won enough, or makes some other excuse for retiring
from the game. A new dealer is therefore required, and it does not need
much persuasion to induce the 'mug' to take the bank. There is a
superstition to the effect that banks which commence luckily for the
dealer will continue so to the end, and the unfortunate youth never
suspects that it is a 'put-up job' for him. Consequently he sits down to
play, and naturally he loses everything to the end of the deal. The
'Juggins,' however jubilant he may have been, soon finds that he has no
cause for rejoicing. You see, when a man takes the bank in the middle of
a game he cannot have the cards shuffled, but must take them just as
they lie on the table, and continue the game from the point at which the
last dealer left it. If proceedings of this kind are not to be
stigmatised as wholesale robbery, it is difficult to see how they are to
be described.
The most common method of cheating at poker in clubs and private houses
alike, but particularly in good society, is one which is accomplished by
means of collusion, and in connection with that process of the game
known as 'raising out.'
In poker, the bets of the players are raised in rotation around the
table, and the players who wish to remain 'in'--that is to say, those
who do not wish to forfeit what they have already staked--must all have
equal stakes in the pool. Now, unless a man has a particularly good hand
he is not disposed to risk too much upon its chance of winning;
consequently, when the stakes have risen to a certain amount, he will
stand out rather than go beyond what he has already risked.
Two men, then, in secret partnership, upon sitting down to play, will
contrive to get the man with most money, or the best player (their
greatest antagonist) between them. Therefore, if these two men
systematically raise their bets, whether they have good hands or not,
they must eventually reach the point at which the other players will 'go
out.' If the man between them wishes to remain in, he must make good,
or, in other words, bring his stakes up to an amount equal to those of
the conspirators. This he may do for some time, but sooner or later the
game will become 'too hot' for him and he will go out. He is between two
fires, and stands no chance whatever. Then, everyone else having gone
out, the game is in the hands of the two sharps, and they can finish it
in any way they think best. They may keep on raising each other for a
time, until at last one of them refuses to stake another 'chip,' and
throws away his hand, and then the other simply takes the pool. Or one
of them may 'call' the other, and upon seeing the hand may throw his own
away without showing it, the inference being that it is not so good as
that of his supposed antagonist. There is really no need for the other
players to see either of the hands. They cannot be called, because one
or the other of them is always raising his stakes, and until the stakes
are made good without anyone raising, the call is not complete and no
hands are shown. Then, when all the other players are 'raised out,'
there is nobody left to call upon them to show their hands. At the end
of the evening, of course, they divide the spoil.
These things may all appear to be very simple, but they are extremely
difficult of detection by outsiders. Indeed, it is the very simplicity
of collusion that constitutes the great charm of its employment, and the
great safeguard against its detection. Unlike manipulation, it can be
accomplished by anyone and gives far less indication of its existence.
The only drawback to it is that where there is a conspiracy there is
always a chance of rogues falling out, and honest men being put in
possession of the truth.
In every kind of game, and in every department of trickery, collusion
has been utilised as a ready means of arriving at the consummation of
the sharp's desires. It is seldom, indeed, that a scheme of any
magnitude is devised without more than one person concerned in it; and
the accomplices have assumed every kind of guise, tinkers, tailors,
soldiers, sailors, waiters, club-porters, card-canvassers, and even
officers of justice. There is no end to the disguises in which these
individuals have appeared, and apparently no limit to their ingenuity.
One of the most immense frauds ever perpetrated in connection with
sharping, and in which the fewest persons were concerned, was that
recorded by Houdin. At the outset it was entirely conceived and executed
by one sharp alone, although another took part in it at a later stage,
much to the disappointment of the original promoter of the scheme. As
this incident is of interest, and exhibits in a striking manner the
possibilities of cheating which exist at all times and in all places,
the reader shall have the benefit of its perusal. Although the events
happened many years ago, the story is not very well known, and is well
worthy of retelling.
At the date of the narrative, Havana, according to the historian, was
the place most addicted to gambling of any in the world. As he also
observed, that was not saying a little. And it was in that haven of
delight that the occurrences related took place.
A Spanish sharp, named Bianco, purchased in his own country a tremendous
stock of playing-cards; and, in view of the undertaking in which he was
about to embark, he opened every one of the packs, marked all the
cards, and sealed them up again in their wrappers. This he did so
skilfully that there was no evidence of the fact that the packages had
ever been tampered with. The stupendous feat involved in a proceeding of
this kind being successfully accomplished, the cards were shipped off to
Havana and there disposed of to the card-dealers at a ruinous sacrifice.
So good indeed were these cards, and so cheap, that in a very little
while the dealers could not be induced to purchase those of any other
make. Thus after a time there were hardly any cards circulating in the
place other than those which had been falsified by Bianco.
The sharp, it may be imagined, was not long in following upon the track
of his cards; and being a man of good address, he contrived to obtain
introductions into the best society. He played everywhere, of course,
and where he played he won. Hardly ever being called upon to use any
cards but his own, it is not surprising that he should rapidly acquire
wealth among people whose chief recreation appeared to be gambling. To
avert suspicion, however, he was careful to complain constantly of the
losses he had sustained.
Among the various clubs in Havana was one which was of the most
exclusive kind. The committee was so vigilant, and such great
precautions were taken to prevent the admission of doubtful characters,
that hitherto it had been kept free from the contamination of cheating.
Into this club, however, Bianco contrived to effect an entrance, and
carried on his operations therein with much success. He was destined,
notwithstanding the zeal of the committee, to remain alone in the field
but a very short time. Another sharp, a Frenchman this time, contrived
also to obtain admission to the club; and he, too, set to work to
prospect the country, thinking that he had possessed himself of a
gold-mine as yet unexploited.
Accordingly, this second adventurer, Laforcade by name, seized a
favourable opportunity of appropriating a quantity of the club cards.
These he took home with him for the purpose of marking them, intending
to return them when marked to the stock from which they had been taken.
One may imagine the man's surprise upon opening the packs to find that
every card had already been marked.
Evidently, then, somebody had been before him, and Laforcade determined
to find out who it could be. He made inquiries as to where the cards
were obtained, and, purchasing some at the same place, found that these
also were marked. In fact, every pack that he could procure had been
tampered with in like manner. Here then was a gigantic swindle, and he
determined to profit by it. He would let the other man do all the work,
but _he_ would share in the profits. If the other man, whoever he might
be, would not listen to reason, he would threaten to hand him over to
the police.
Having arrived at this decision, he set to work to watch the play of the
various members of the club, and, naturally, the invariable good fortune
of Bianco could not fail to attract his attention. Keeping strict watch
upon that gentleman's proceedings, Laforcade soon arrived at the
conclusion that Bianco, and no other, was the man of whom he was in
search. He therefore took an early opportunity of engaging his
brother-swindler in a quiet game of ecarte, whilst no other members of
the club were present.
The game was played, and Bianco won, as a matter of course. Then, as
usual, the winner asked his opponent if he was satisfied, or whether he
would prefer to have his revenge in another game. Much to his surprise,
however, instead of saying simply whether he preferred to play again or
not, the loser coolly rested his elbows on the table, and regarding his
adversary composedly, gave him to understand that the entire secret of
the cheerful little deception which was being practised was in his
possession. This, of course, came rather as a bomb-shell into Bianco's
camp, and reduced him at once to a condition in which any terms of
compromise would be acceptable, in preference to exposure and
imprisonment.
Matters having arrived at this point, Laforcade proposed terms upon
which he was willing to come to an understanding with the Spaniard.
These were, briefly, that Bianco should continue his system of plunder,
on condition that he handed over to his fellow-cheat one-half of the
proceeds. These terms were agreed to, and upon that basis of settlement
the agreement was entered into.
For some time after this all went well with the two swindlers. Laforcade
established himself in luxury, and gave his days to pleasure. Bianco ran
all the risk; the other had nothing to do but sit at home and receive
his share of the profits. It is true he could keep no check upon his
associate, to see that he divided the spoil equitably; but, holding the
sword of Damocles over him, he could always threaten him with exposure
if the profits were not sufficiently great.
At length, however, Bianco began to tire of the arrangement, which
perhaps was only natural. Besides, the supply of marked cards was
beginning to run short, and could not be depended upon much longer. This
being so, the prime mover of the plot having won as much as he possibly
could, promptly vacated the scene of his exploits.
The unfortunate Laforcade thus found himself, as the Americans say,
'left.' The prospect was not altogether a pleasant one for him. He had
acquired expensive tastes which he might no longer be enabled to
indulge; he had accustomed himself to luxuries he could no longer hope
to enjoy. He had not the skill of the departed Bianco; yet,
nevertheless, he was compelled to (metaphorically) roll up his sleeves
and work for his living. Things were not so bad as they might have been.
There was still a good number of falsified cards in use; so he
determined to make the best possible use of his opportunities while they
remained.
He therefore set to work with ardour, and success largely attended his
efforts. At last, however, the crash came. He was detected in cheating,
and the whole secret of the marked cards was brought to light.
Even in this unfortunate predicament Laforcade's good-fortune, strange
to say, did not desert him. He was taken before the Tribunal, tried, and
_acquitted_. Absolutely nothing could be proved against him. It is true
the cards were marked, but then, so were nearly all the others in
Havana. Laforcade did not mark them, as was proved in the evidence. He
did not import them. To all intents and purposes he had nothing to do
with them whatever. It could not even be proved that he knew of the
cards being marked at all. Thus the case against him broke down utterly,
and he got off scot free. It is, nevertheless, presumable that he did
not long remain in that part of the world. As to what became of Bianco,
nothing is known. Possibly his record concluded with the familiar words
'lived happily ever after'; but most probably not. The end of such men
is seldom a happy one.
The recital of the above-mentioned circumstances will serve to
accentuate the contention that it is impossible wholly to guard against
cheating. Here was a case in which the utmost caution was observed, in
order to exclude cheats and impostors from a club; and yet it is seen
that, within a very short time, two men of the sharp persuasion
contrived to effect an entrance. If this is possible in the case of a
club, where there is not only a committee to investigate the _bona
fides_ of every applicant for membership, but also a large body of
members presumably alive to their own interests who have to be satisfied
of the fitness of the candidates for election, what chance has a mere
private individual of protecting himself against the sharp and his
insidious ways? Those two men, Bianco and Laforcade, must have had
friends among the inhabitants of Havana, friends who would have been
horrified to know the real character of those whose intimacy they found
so agreeable. Among the dupes of those two adventurers there must have
been some who would have resented bitterly any aspersion of the honesty
of their associates. We have seen the return they gained for their
friendship, and what has happened once may happen again.
There is only one course to pursue of which it can be said that it is
absolutely safe. It is an extremely objectionable one, no doubt; but we
are speaking, just now, of absolute safety. There is nothing for it but
to _suspect your best friend, if he is a gambler_. The desire for gain
affects equally the high and the low. The instinct of theft is rife
alike in rich and poor. To use a colloquialism, all are tarred with the
same brush. The only difference is that what is called stealing in the
poor starving wretch who takes a loaf, to save the parish the expense of
a funeral, becomes, in the case of his more fortunate and richer
fellow-sinner, merely a little intellectual peculiarity, which is
dignified with the name of kleptomania. The poor man envies the rich man
his wealth; the rich man envies the poor man his solitary ewe lamb.
Instances of this kind have never been wanting at any time in the
world's history, and even in matters of everyday life; but once a man
becomes a gambler, there is every prospect that his desire for gain will
eventually overmaster all the finer feelings of his nature. You doubt
it? Well, search the columns of your newspaper, and every day you shall
find at least one case where some foolish fellow has stolen property, or
money, entrusted to his care, and has devoted the proceeds of his theft
to gambling purposes. There is every reason in the world for suspecting
anyone of dishonesty who is found to have taken to gambling. If it is
not so, then all history lies, and past experience counts for nothing.
Closely allied to the subject of conspiracy is that of the maintenance
of places in which gambling is systematically carried on, in defiance
of the law, and in spite of the utmost watchfulness of the police. It is
true that one of the most familiar head-lines upon the newspaper
placards is: 'Raid on a Club! The accused at Bow Street.' Every week our
attention is attracted by some announcement of that kind, made in
letters six inches high. But we hardly ever give the matter a second
thought; the whole thing is too common an occurrence. Yet not one tithe
of these gambling-dens is ferreted out. Crushed here to-day, they spring
up there to-morrow. They are perennial. Like the phoenix, they arise
from their own ashes--but under another name. And where the players are
to be found, there will the sharps be gathered together. That is a thing
which goes without saying, and is open to no manner of doubt.
In these cases, of course, both sharps and flats are drawn together by
one common bond of union--that of defeating the aim of the law for the
suppression of gaming-houses. The dupe merely sees in the efforts of the
Government to protect him from the consequences of his folly an
unwarrantable interference with the liberty of the subject. Therefore,
he conspires with the sharp to run counter to the law, and thus plays
right into the hands of his natural enemy. That he suffers in
consequence is no one's fault but his own; unfortunately, it is not he
alone who suffers. Those who are nearest, and should be dearest, to him
are those who suffer most.
The devices resorted to by the occupants of clandestine gaming-houses in
order to conceal all traces of the appliances used for the purpose of
gambling would fill many volumes in their description, but as they do
not form part and parcel of our subject we cannot enter into an account
of them. Probably one of the most ingenious ideas ever conceived for the
immediate removal of all signs of gaming apparatus in the event of a
police raid, was that which was actually utilised at a so-called club a
good many years ago. The plan was briefly this. Upon the fire in the
card-room a large kettle of water was kept constantly boiling,
ostensibly for the purpose of diluting the ardent liquors imbibed by the
members. The whole of the gaming utensils, dice-boxes and everything
else, were made of one of the alloys known as fusible metals, which melt
at a lower temperature than boiling water. An alloy of bismuth, tin,
lead and cadmium can be made to melt at a far lower temperature than
that of boiling water. In the event of a raid being made upon the club,
then, the whole of the appliances were put into the kettle, where they
at once melted, and even though any one looked in the kettle during the
search there was nothing to be seen.
It is in places of this kind where collusion and conspiracy are most
rampant. Those who have the ability to devise methods of cheating the
police may well be supposed to have sufficient ingenuity to cheat the
players. Those who _must_ gamble, therefore, should be very wary when
they entrust themselves and their money to the tender mercies of the
society encountered at such resorts. With this word of caution we will
bring the present chapter to a conclusion.
CHAPTER VIII
_THE GAME OF FARO_
Faro may almost be said to occupy in America the position of a national
game. The methods of cheating used in connection with it are so numerous
and so ingenious that it becomes really necessary to devote an entire
chapter specially to them. Since there are parts of the world, however,
outside America where the game is little known, and since it is
necessary that the reader should understand something of it to enable
him to follow the explanations, the first step must be to give some
little idea of the nature of the game and the manner in which it is
played. The following paragraphs, then, will contain a brief description
of its salient features, and also of the apparatus or tools which are
required in playing it.
We will commence with the accessories first. These are: (1) the
faro-box, (2) the check-rack, (3) the cue-keeper, (4) cue-cards, (5) the
shuffling-board, (6) the layout, and (7) the faro-table. These, together
with a pack of playing-cards, constitute the apparatus employed. Let us
take the various items in their order as given.
1. _The faro-box._--This is a metal box in which the cards are placed,
face upwards, and from which they are dealt one at a time. Fig. 37
illustrates the back view of such a dealing-box.
[Illustration: FIG. 37.]
It will be seen that the box is open at the back, and cut away at the
top sufficiently to allow a large portion of the face of the top card to
be visible. The plate forming the top overlaps the front side about
one-eighth of an inch, and below its front edge is a slit, only just
sufficiently wide to allow one card at a time to be pushed out, so that
the cards are bound to be dealt one by one, and in the order they occupy
in the pack. They are slipped out by the thumb, which presses upon them
through the aperture in the top plate. The cards are inserted through
the back, and constantly pressed upwards by a movable plate or
partition, below which are springs sufficiently strong for the purpose.
It is presumable that the object of this box is to prevent any
possibility of the cards being tampered with. That it not only can be
made to fail in this purpose, but also to play directly into the hands
of the cheat, we shall see later on.
2. _The check-rack._--This is a polished wooden tray, lined with
billiard-cloth. It is used by the dealer, to contain his piles of
counters and his money. It stands at his left hand, upon the faro-table,
during play.
3. _The cue-keeper, or cue-box._--This is a piece of apparatus used for
the purpose of recording the cards as they are played, and is under the
control of a man who is specially told off to attend to it. By its means
at any stage of the game the players can see at a glance what cards have
already been played, and what remain in the pack. It is constructed upon
the principle of the ancient 'abacus' or 'obolus,' and consists of a
framework of wood, supporting thirteen wires, upon each of which slide
four small balls (fig. 38).
[Illustration: FIG. 38.]
Opposite each wire there is attached to the framework a miniature
reproduction of one of the cards of a suit. In faro, as in poker, the
suit of any card is of no importance. For all practical purposes the
pack may be considered as consisting simply of four aces, four kings,
four queens, and so on. Therefore, no record is kept of the suits of the
cards which have been played, but only of their values. The position of
the balls at the commencement of the game is at the left hand side of
their respective divisions, as shown in the illustration. When a king,
for example, is drawn out of the box, one ball, opposite the miniature
king on the cue-keeper, is slipped to the right, and so on until all the
fifty-two cards have been played, when, of course, the whole of the
balls are at the right of the apparatus. The person who registers the
progress of the game with this accessory is styled the 'case-keeper.'
4. _Cue-cards._--These are small cards upon which are printed the names
of the thirteen cards, a space being left opposite each name, for the
purpose of enabling the players to check off the cards as they are
played. They are sometimes used in place of a case-keeper; but, even
where a case-keeper is employed, they are utilised by the players for
recording the winning and losing cards. Any card which wins is marked
with a cross, and one which loses is marked with a nought. Fig. 39
represents a cue-card which has been partially filled up in this way,
and the cards which have been played so far, it will be noticed, are
readily distinguishable. The cards lost are two queens, two nines, two
sevens, and three sixes. Besides showing what cards have been lost and
won, the cue-card also tells what cards have yet to be played. Thus, at
the stage of the game indicated in fig. 39, there are still remaining in
the dealing-box one queen, one nine, three eights, two sevens, two
fives, four fours, and three twos. This convenient record prevents the
possibility of a player betting upon cards which have already been
played.
[Illustration:
+-------------------------------+
| Ace + + + + Eight + |
| King + + + + Seven 0 0 |
| Queen 0 0 + Six 0 0 0 + |
| Knave + + + + Five + + |
| Ten + + + + Four |
| Nine 0 0 + Three + + + + |
| Two + |
+-------------------------------+
FIG. 39.]
The case-keeper and cue-cards were primarily introduced with the object
of keeping a check upon the dealer, and of preventing him from using a
pack containing more than fifty-two cards, or in which there was not the
right number of each value. We shall see presently how he manages to get
over that difficulty.
5. _The shuffling-board._--This is a thin slab of wood or metal, covered
with billiard-cloth. It stands in front of the dealer, and upon it are
placed the faro-box and the piles of winning and losing cards. It is
upon this board, also, that the cards are shuffled; hence its name.
6. _The layout._--The designation of this adjunct to the game is derived
from the fact that it forms that part of the table upon which the
players 'lay out' their stakes. Usually it is a green cloth, having
painted upon it a representation of the thirteen cards of one suit (see
diagram of the faro-table, fig. 40).
7. _The faro-table._--This is simply an oblong table, having a recess or
cavity cut out in the centre of one of the long sides. In this recess
the dealer sits, being thus enabled to be as near to the layout as
possible, and at the same time to have all his appliances within easy
reach. Fig. 40 will give the reader a clear idea of the relative
positions occupied by the dealer, the players, and the various component
items of the apparatus.
[Illustration: FIG. 40.--The Faro-Table.
A, shuffling-board.
B, faro-box.
C, pile of losing cards.
D, pile of winning cards.
E, check-tray.
F, case-keeper.
G, layout.
H, dealer.
I, I, I, I, I, players.]
The appliances above described being available, the game is played in
the following manner:--
At the termination of a deal the cards are all lying face upwards upon
the shuffling-board in two heaps at 'C' and 'D,' and the faro-box is
empty. Without taking the cards off the table, but simply turning them
back upwards, the dealer mixes the two heaps together. The pack is then
cut and placed with the faces of the cards upwards in the dealing-box.
The players then stake their money, placing their stakes upon the layout
over the card which they think will win. Each player, of course, may
select any card he pleases, irrespective of the fact that another player
may choose to bet upon the same card. In fact, they can all back the
same card if they like. This, however, is a case which is rather rare,
anyhow at the outset of a game. Meanwhile the top card of the pack has
all along been visible to the players, through the aperture in the top
of the box. This card, therefore, counts for nothing, and no bets can be
made with respect to it. From the top card downwards, the cards
alternately win for the players and the 'bank,' or dealer. The second
card, then, when displayed will win for the players.
All the bets having been made, the dealer draws off the top card and
discloses the face of the second. The top card is placed upon the
shuffling-board in the position indicated by 'C' (fig. 40), and those
players who have staked their money upon the card in the layout which
corresponds in value to the card which is now seen through the window of
the dealing-box will have to receive from the dealer the amount of their
stakes. If no player has bet upon that card the dealer of course has to
pay nothing.
The dealer has now to draw off another card from the box and display the
face of the third. As explained above, this card will win for the bank.
The second card is therefore drawn off, and placed upon the
shuffling-board at 'D,' and the players who have staked their money upon
the card representing the one which is now visible will lose their
stakes to the dealer.
The two cards thus played constitute what is called a 'turn.' After each
turn the dealer pays the money he has lost and receives what he has won.
All money staked upon cards other than those which have either won or
lost remains undisturbed upon the layout. The players are then at
liberty to rearrange their bets in any manner they may think fit, and
the game continues. Again the top card is removed from the box,
revealing a fourth, and placed upon the card already at 'C.' As before,
those who have staked upon the card now showing in the box receive the
amount of their bets in due course. And so on until no more cards remain
in the box.
There is one advantage enjoyed by the dealer in which the other players
do not participate. When it so happens that both cards of a 'turn' are
of the same value, both kings, for instance, such an occurrence is
termed a 'split,' and a split means that the bank loses nothing, but, on
the contrary, takes half the money, if any, which is lying upon the
card of that value in the layout. This advantage or _refait_ gives the
bank a preponderance of the chances to the amount of about three per
cent.
The above is the simplest form of the game; but, in reality, it is
usually played in a more complicated manner. For instance, the players
can 'string their bets'; that is to say, they can bet on more than one
card at a time. A counter placed between any two cards signifies backing
either of the two cards to win, and then the player will win if either
of those cards wins, or lose if either loses, and so on. A single
counter may be so placed as to back all the high cards to win, and the
low ones to lose, or _vice versa_. By 'coppering,' or, in other words,
placing a special counter called a 'copper,' upon his stake, a player
can bet that any card will lose instead of win.
With this short explanation of the game, we will proceed to consider the
various methods of cheating at faro.
The swindling which is practised in connection with this game, and for
which it affords ample scope, may be divided into two kinds. Firstly,
where the players cheat the bank; and secondly, where the bank cheats
the players. This latter class may again be considered under two heads,
viz. cheating with fair cards and fair boxes, and cheating by means of
prepared cards and mechanical arrangements connected with the faro-box
and other appliances of the game.
We will take, first of all, the methods employed by the players to cheat
the bank. This is done where the players are professional sharps who
have contrived to 'put up a mug' (_i.e._ to persuade a dupe) to take the
bank. The general practice is for one of the conspirators to have a room
of his own laid out for the game, and into this very private room the
victim is decoyed. In a case of this kind the 'rig is worked,' or in
other words the swindle is perpetrated, by means of a dealing-box, so
constructed as to enable the players to know what cards will win for
them, and what will win for the bank. With this knowledge they run no
risk of staking their money on the wrong cards. The contrivances for
effecting this desirable result are known as 'tell-boxes.' Broadly
speaking, these are of two kinds, the 'sand-tell' and the 'needle-tell.'
The sand-tell box is so called because it is used in conjunction with
prepared cards, which have been 'sanded' or roughened on one side, or
both sides, as the case may be.[9] The cards which are intended to
'tell' are left smooth on their faces; all the others are slightly
roughened on both sides. The effect of this mode of preparation is that,
whilst the cards which are roughened on both sides will tend to cling
together, any card which lies immediately upon the smooth face of a
'tell-card' will slip easily.
[Illustration: FIG. 41.]
The box with which these cards are used is shown in fig. 41, which
represents a section taken through the centre of the box, from top to
bottom. Referring to 'A' in the illustration, _s_, _s_ are two of the
springs which press upwards upon the partition _p_, this in turn keeping
the cards tightly pressed against the top of the box, in which the
aperture or window _w_ is cut. These details are of course common to all
dealing-boxes, as already explained. The trickery, however, in this
instance is in connection with the front side of the box. Instead of
being of an equal thickness all round, the front is made double. That is
to say, an additional plate of metal is put inside the box, covering the
whole of the front plate, except that it does not reach the top by the
thickness of two cards.
'B' in the illustration represents an enlarged sectional view of the
mouth of the box. The additional plate is shown at _a_; _b_ is the
normal thickness of the front, and _c_ is the slit through which the
cards are pushed out.
The prepared cards being put into a box of this description, the effect
produced in dealing is as follows. If the third card from the top is one
of those which has been roughened on both sides, the second card will
adhere to it; consequently the act of drawing off the top card will not
cause the second to alter its position in the box. If, however, the
third card should happen to be one of the tell-cards, whose face has
been left smooth, the top card will draw the second one a little
distance to the right over the top of the plate _a_. The second card,
however, cannot be drawn right out, because the slit _c_ is not wide
enough to allow more than one card to pass at a time. It is obvious,
then, that if the players have some means of knowing whether the second
card moves or not, they can tell whether the card immediately underneath
it is a tell-card or the reverse.
On reference to the illustration it will be manifest that the actual
distance moved by the second card when drawn aside in this way can only
be very slight. Indeed, it would not do to allow of much movement, or
the dealer might notice it. Therefore, special means have to be adopted
to enable the sharps to detect the small difference in the position of
the cards. The necessary indication is readily obtained by means of what
are known as 'sighters.' These are simply minute dots upon the faces of
the cards. Upon each card one of these dots is placed, in such a
position that when the card comes to the top the dot will be close to
the edge of the aperture, but if the one below it is a smooth or
tell-card, the slipping sideways of the card brings the dot away from
the edge, and it appears farther to the centre of the opening. Fig. 42
is a diagram representing the top of a sand-tell box under both
conditions. The dot marked _m_ is the sight. In practice, it is much
finer than here shown, being in fact only just visible. 'A' indicates
the position of the dot when the card below happens to be one which has
been roughened. 'B' shows the card drawn to one side, bringing the dot
away from the edge, thus intimating the fact that the card immediately
underneath is a tell-card, the face of which has been left smooth.
[Illustration: FIG. 42.]
The general practice is to make all the court cards 'tell.' The
advantage thus gained is that it is not necessary to bet on any
particular card, but simply to back the high cards to win and the low
ones to lose, or _vice versa_. This is not so liable to cause suspicion
as having all the aces, for instance, to tell. In a case of this latter
kind, the slipping of the card would indicate that the next card to be
revealed would be an ace; therefore, if the conspirators are to win, at
least one of them must bet upon an ace turning up. Whereas, if all the
picture cards are made to tell, not only are there more tell-cards in
the pack, but it is only necessary for one player to bet upon the high
cards generally. The box simply tells them that a high card will show
next, and they make their bets accordingly.
Of course, it would never do for all the players to stake their money
alike. That would let the cat out of the bag, with a vengeance. No; if
the next card is to be a high card, one of them will bet upon the high
cards; the others will bet upon particular small cards, avoiding the
high ones. They cannot possibly lose on the next card, because they know
that it is not one of the low cards which comes next.
It will be remembered that, in the description given of the game, we saw
that the bets are made just before the dealing out of each pair of cards
or 'turn.' Therefore the indication given by the tell-box is only of use
to the players before a turn commences, that is to say, before the
first card of the pair is shown. They cannot change their bets until the
second card of the pair is shown and the turn is played. Therefore,
supposing the box indicates that the first card of the next turn, the
one that wins for the players, is a court card, and that one of the
players has consequently backed the high cards, the others must be
careful how they arrange their bets. It may happen that one of them has
put his money upon a card which will be the next to turn up; and this
being the one which wins for the bank, that stake will be lost.
Therefore, they have to arrange matters so that the highest stake which
can possibly be won by the dealer is less than that of the player who
has staked his money upon the card or cards which they know will win on
the first draw. Or it may be that the other players will 'copper' their
bets upon the low cards and thus play for absolute safety.
These manoeuvres are necessary, and are here pointed out because they
may be of assistance as a guide to the investigation of suspected cases
of cheating by the means just described. If it should be found that, in
a game of faro, it constantly happens that one of the players--not
necessarily the same player--always wins on the first card of a turn,
and that on the second card the others either do not lose at all, or, at
any rate, that the amount which either of them loses is less than that
which the other has won, it may be safely inferred that cheating is in
progress.
The second kind of tell-box, which is used for the same purpose as that
we have just investigated, we have already referred to as the
'needle-tell.' This box is also used with prepared cards, but the
preparation is of a very different kind. In this instance there is no
roughening of the surfaces of the cards, but those which are required to
tell are cut to a slightly different shape to the others. In some
respects the needle is an improvement upon the sand-tell; the cards are
more easily shuffled than is the case with the 'sanded' ones, the
clinging of which might arouse suspicion with an intelligent dealer. The
dealing-box, however, is more complicated in its construction.
The tell-cards are cut with a slight projection at one end. Fig. 43 will
give an idea of the exact shape. The projecting end will be noticed at
_a_. Needless to say, in the cards actually used the defect in the card
would not be more pronounced than is absolutely necessary.
[Illustration: FIG. 43.]
The dealing-box is so constructed that when either of the tell-cards
arrives at a certain position (usually the fourth or eighth card from
the top) the projecting corner presses against a light spring and causes
a little 'needle' or point to project from the side of the box.
Frequently one of the rivets with which the box is put together is made
to push out a little. Whatever the index may be, however, it does not
move sufficiently to attract attention. It is only those who are looking
for it who know when it 'tells.' A movement of one thirty-second of an
inch is ample for the sharp eyes of the swindlers to detect.
The mechanism of the needle-tell, however, is not used solely in
connection with cases where the players cheat the bank, it also forms a
very necessary accessory to the 'two-card' box to be presently
explained. Then it is used to let the dealer know when he is coming to
the 'odd,' or fifty-third card.
Having thus elucidated the comparatively simple methods used to cheat
the dealer, we now proceed to investigate the more complex devices
employed in those cases where the bank cheats the players. As stated in
the earlier part of this chapter, the players may be swindled either
with fair cards and a fair dealing-box, or by means of mechanical
appliances.
When the dealer elects to cheat without the use of mechanism, he is, of
course, compelled to resort to manipulation, and to 'put up' the cards
in such a way that they will help him to win. The reader will doubtless
remember that in the description of the game 'splits' were mentioned as
winning for the dealer. That is, when both cards of a turn are of the
same value, the dealer takes half the money staked on the card which has
split, or turned up twice in succession, the suits, of course, not
counting. It is obvious, then, that if the dealer in shuffling the pack
can contrive to put up a number of cards in pairs of the same value, his
chances of winning are greatly enhanced. Splits, therefore, are the
stronghold of the faro dealer's manipulation. If he can only make them
plentiful enough without leading the players to suspect anything wrong,
he is bound to win in the long run, and to win plenty.
Whilst dealing out the cards in the first game, the dealer determines in
his own mind what cards he will make split in the second game. We will
suppose he has just drawn a nine from the box, and that this card has to
go into pile 'C' (fig. 40). Now, by the laws of the game he is bound to
place this card upon the top of the pile to which it belongs, therefore
he does so. He may, however, with apparent carelessness, place it just a
little on one side, so that he can distinguish it from the other cards.
He now waits for the appearance of another nine, and this time one
which will have to go into the other pile, 'D.' This one is disposed in
the same manner. He has in sight, therefore, two cards of the same
value, and if these two cards can be brought together during the
shuffle, they will constitute a split. Seizing a favourable opportunity
in evening up the two piles of cards, he may skilfully 'strip' the two
nines--that is, draw them out from the others and place them at the
bottom of their respective piles. There is no fear of losing them now;
they are always to hand when required.
It is not necessary, however, that the cards should be put at the
bottom. So long as they are each in the same position, in the pile to
which they respectively belong, that is all the dealer needs. Suppose
the ninth card from the bottom of pile 'C' to be a king, all the man
wants is to have the ninth card of pile 'D' a king also. If, therefore,
the ninth card of that heap is placed a little to one side, and all the
succeeding cards are put above it in like manner, that will leave a
division in the pile, into which a king can be stripped at a convenient
moment.
If the players are sufficiently lax to allow the dealer to throw the
cards carelessly into two heaps, instead of making two even piles, the
case is, of course, much simplified. He has only to put the cards
directly at the bottom or wherever else he may desire to have them.
Given the fact of certain cards having been placed in pairs, one of
each pair in the same position within its pile, the problem which
presents itself for solution is, How can the dealer shuffle the two
piles one into the other, so as to bring the proper cards together? In
short, How are the splits put up?
[Illustration: FIG. 44.]
This is accomplished by means of what is called the 'faro dealer's
shuffle.' It must not be thought that this manipulative device is
essentially a trick for cheating; on the contrary, it is an exceedingly
fair and honest shuffle, provided that there has been no previous
arrangement of the cards. By its use, a pack which has been divided into
two equal portions may have all the cards of one half placed alternately
with those of the other half at one operation. In faro, the manner of
dealing the cards necessarily divides them into two equal parts. This
being the case, they are taken up by the dealer, one in each hand.
Holding them by the ends, he presses the two halves together so as to
bend them somewhat after the manner shown in fig. 44, in the position
'A.' The halves are now 'wriggled' from side to side in opposite
directions, with what would be called in mechanism a 'laterally
reciprocating motion.' This causes the cards to fly up one by one, from
either side alternately, as indicated in the figure at 'B.' Thus it is
evident that those cards which have been placed, with malice
aforethought, in corresponding positions in the two piles, will come
together in a shuffle of this kind, and form splits. This shuffle is a
very difficult one to learn; but with practice and patience it can be
accomplished, and the cards can be made to fly up alternately, without
any chance of failure. A dealer, skilled in the devices we have just
touched upon, can put up four or five splits in one deal, if he thinks
it advisable so to do. By the use of such means he is also enabled to
arrange the cards so as to checkmate any player who may appear to be
following some particular system of betting. Finding that the players
are, on the whole, inclined to back the high cards, the dealer may so
arrange the pack that the low cards only win for them, the high ones
falling to the bank. In this, however, he runs a great risk. It may
happen that the players, finding themselves constantly losing on the
high cards, may alter their mode of play, and back the low ones. That
would be bad for the bank unless the dealer had a mechanical box which
enabled him to alter the run of the cards. Such boxes, however, are
obtainable; and their description is included in the branch of our
subject which treats of cheating the players by means of mechanical
contrivances, and to which we now proceed.
In cases where the dealer uses apparatus for cheating, his requirements
are three in number. Firstly, he must have what is known as a 'two-card'
dealing-box, that is, a box which will allow him, whenever he pleases,
to withdraw two cards at one time, instead of compelling him to deal
them singly. Secondly, he must have an 'odd,' or fifty-third card.
Lastly, he requires a mechanical shuffling-board, which adds the 'odd'
to the pack, after the cards have been counted at the commencement of
the game.
The two-card box is one of the most expensive cheating tools a sharp can
use. The prices charged for them are something exorbitant, as may be
seen on reference to the catalogues. To be of any use, however, they
must be well-made, and then they will earn their cost in a very little
time. Badly-made, the sharp would find that, however cheap they appeared
to be, they would really be the most expensive and ruinous contrivances
he had ever known. They are made in many varieties, and known by as many
poetic names, but the effect is the same in all cases. Pressure being
applied to some part of the box, the mouth is caused to open
sufficiently wide to allow two cards to be drawn out together. The best
boxes are those high-priced commodities of which the catalogues say that
they will 'lock up to a square box.' This does not mean a rectangular
box, but a box that will bear examination. 'Fair' and 'square,' in this
instance, mean the same thing. The only fault in the description is that
the box, being false, cannot possibly become genuine with any amount of
locking. It should be said that when locked it _appears_ to be genuine,
and may be examined without fear of the trick being detected. Some boxes
are made to lock by sliding them along the table. The bottom moves a
little, this movement serving to fix all the movable parts. Some are so
arranged that they are always locked. That is their normal condition, so
they can be examined at any time. When it is required to widen the mouth
and allow two cards to pass out together, a small piece of wire, or
'needle' as it is called, is made to rise out of the shuffling-board or
table; this, pressing against one of the rivets, or into a little hole
in the bottom of the box, unlocks the mechanism for the moment. Another
form of the two-card box is one which has the bottom plate made of very
thin metal, the 'springing in' of which, when pressed upon in the
centre, unlocks the 'fake.' Some of the forms which unlock by sliding on
the table are the most complicated, requiring sometimes three movements
to free the working parts and allow the slit to widen. The movements,
of course, have to follow in proper succession, as in any other kind of
combination-lock. This prevents any accidental unlocking of the box
whilst it is in the hands of strangers.[10]
At the beginning of the game, then, the cards are counted to make sure
that there are the proper number, and we will suppose that the
dealing-box is a two-card with needle-tell attachment. One of the cards
in the pack, therefore, will be cut with the projecting corner. We will
suppose it to be the king of diamonds. Another king of diamonds, also
cut to 'tell,' is held out in the mechanical shuffling-board. Whilst
shuffling the cards, the dealer causes the holdout to add the 'odd' card
to the pack. Thus there are two kings of diamonds in use.
The cards being put into the dealing-box the game begins. The dealer
keeps his eye upon the needle-tell, and meanwhile unlocks the mechanism
of his box; that is, if it is made to lock, which is not necessarily the
case, although safer. When the needle indicates the fact that one of the
duplicate cards--in this case a king of diamonds--is immediately below
the top card in the box, the dealer has to be guided by circumstances.
If the card will win for him, well and good. He deals the cards as they
should be dealt and the king falls to him. It is evident that it would
never do to have two kings of diamonds turn up in the game, the
cue-keeper and cue-cards would record five kings. So the dealer still
watches the needle, and when he finds that the second king of diamonds
is the top card but one, he exerts the necessary pressure upon the box
to widen the slit. Then, instead of withdrawing only one card two are
passed out together, and placed as one upon one of the piles. This
squares accounts with the case-keeper.
It may happen, of course, that when the first of the tell-cards comes to
the top it would lose for the dealer. In that case he would work the
'squeeze,' and deal out the odd card with the one above it. Then he has
to take his chance with the second of the duplicates, and the game
becomes simply what it would be if honestly played. The advantage to the
dealer resulting from the employment of the 'odd' is that it provides
him with the means of winning, or at the worst prevents him from losing
on one turn of the deal. This may not seem very much, but added to the
chances of splits turning up it really means a great deal.
When the dealer is a proficient in sleight-of-hand he will carefully
note the line of play adopted by certain 'fat' players, or, as the
unenlightened would say, players who bet heavily. During the next
shuffle he will put up the cards so as to cause these 'fat' men to lose,
and somewhere about the middle of the pack he will place the 'odd.' Or
it may be he will so arrange matters that the shuffle and the cut will
bring one of the duplicate cards about a third of the way down the pack
and the other a third of the distance from the other end. Thus he will
have two opportunities of withdrawing two cards at once, either of which
he can use as may suit him best.
Supposing that hitherto the heaviest betting has been on the high cards,
the dealer will put up the pack in such a way that only the low ones win
for the players. That is to say, the cards will come out alternately
high and low, the high ones falling to the bank. As the game proceeds
the first of the tell-cards by degrees comes nearer and nearer the top,
and the dealer looks out for the needle-tell to indicate its approach.
By this time, perhaps, the players may have noticed that the high cards
are losing, and therefore may have altered their play, betting now upon
the low cards. If this is so, the bank will begin to lose, but not for
long. When the tell-card has become the second from the top the dealer
manipulates the two-card device and draws out two cards at once. The run
of the game is now altered. The cards still come out alternately high
and low, but the high cards now go to the players. As they have taken to
betting on the low ones they lose in consequence. If, however, the
players show no signs of changing their mode of betting when the first
tell-card nears the top, the dealer does not alter the run of the cards,
but goes straight on. When he comes to the second duplicate card he
must deal out two at once, or the 'odd' would be discovered.
The cases given above are put in the simplest form, for clearness; but
it must not be imagined that anyone investigating a suspected case of
cheating would find the cards arranged to come out always high and low
alternately. The dealer knows better than to risk anything of that kind.
He would be caught directly. The cards are merely put up in a general
sort of way, so as to give a preponderance in one direction or the
other; the dealer being at liberty to alter the general run of the cards
at either of the two duplicates. Of course he might even have two extra
cards in the pack, these and their duplicates being tell-cards. That
would give him a choice of two out of four opportunities of altering the
run; but the more devices he employs the greater the chances of
detection. One turn in the deal is plenty. It gives the dealer all the
opportunities he needs; and in the long run he is bound to win. It is
said that in some 'skin' houses in New York decks of 54, 55, or even 56
cards are frequently played on soft gamblers.
It is possible for the dealer and players alike to be in a general
conspiracy to cheat the bank. The dealer is not necessarily the banker.
The bank may be found by anyone; the proprietor of the gambling saloon,
for instance. But a dealer would be very foolish to cheat his employer.
In a private game, if a dupe can be put up to find the bank in money,
that is all right for the sharps. They are, one and all, at liberty to
go in and win--and they do.
The reader may be interested in knowing that in America some of the
dealers who are employed by proprietors of gambling houses, or saloons
as they are called, will demand a salary of four or five thousand
dollars. It is said that a very expert dealer is worth that amount per
annum, and that he can get it. It strikes one as being a somewhat high
rate of pay for a man whose sole duty is to shuffle and deal out cards
for a few hours a day, if that _is_ his sole duty. Suspicious
persons--and there are a few such in the world--might be tempted to
believe that there is more in the dealer's duties than meets the eye,
and a 'darned sight' more. Whatever opinion may be entertained upon the
subject, we can all join, at any rate, in hoping for the best, and in
praying for the _bettor_. Though when a man is idiot enough to lose his
money, as some do day after day, in a game where his own common sense
ought to tell him that he stands every chance of being cheated, he may
be looked upon as a hopeless case. There is nothing that will ever knock
intelligence into him, or his gambling propensities out of him. The only
system of treatment that could be expected to do him any good would be a
lengthened course of strait-waistcoat, to be repeated with additions
upon any sign of a recurrence of the malady.
Two or three years ago an Englishman won 5,000_l._ in one year at the
Cape, in a sort of rough-and-tumble game of faro. He ran the bank
without either cue-cards or case-keeper, and also without a dealing-box,
as in the prehistoric times in America before the losses experienced by
those who 'bucked against the tiger' forced these implements into use.
He dealt the cards out of his hand. The miners played against him for
gold-dust and he nearly always won. His operations were of the most
primitive kind. He simply had a lot of packs of cards, apparently new,
but which had been opened and arranged. Some were packed for the high
cards to win; some for the low ones. He would take a pack down, give it
a false shuffle and begin to deal it. If he wanted to alter the run of
the cards, he could at any time do so by merely dropping the top card on
the floor. This he did very cleverly, and nobody noticed it, because the
floor was always littered with used cards. Having no case-keeper to
record the game, the missing cards were never missed. What about the
poor miners? Well, they _must_ have been flats if their equilibrium
remained undisturbed through a lively game such as that. They deserved
to lose all that the dealer won.
This sharp is now in England 'mug-hunting.' He is at present acting as
bear-leader to a young man who has just come into 1,700_l._ a year. He
makes most of his living at 'lumbering' and 'telling the tale,' and his
stronghold is the bottom deal. The writer has great pleasure in
acknowledging his indebtedness to him for much of the information as to
the methods of the common English sharp. He is a swindler, but a most
agreeable and gentlemanly one.
This _Faro_ is a hard-hearted monarch whose constant delight appears to
be a slaughter of the innocents; though one can hardly suppose that his
victims are often the heirs male of Israel. Be that as it may, however,
Faro's victims can hardly hope for succour from a daughter of Faro, for
his only offspring are greed and fraud. And those who bow the head and
bend the knee to Faro are simply ministering to these two, his children.
Those who waste their substance on Faro are merely forging fetters for
their own limbs, and giving themselves body and soul to a taskmaster
from whose thraldom they will find it difficult to escape.
To descend from metaphor to matter of fact, there is no game which gives
freer rein to the passion of gambling than faro. There is no game in
which money is lost and won more readily. Above all, there is no game in
which the opportunities of cheating are more numerous or more varied. If
these are qualities which can recommend it to a man of common sense,
call me a gambler.
FOOTNOTES:
[9] See Chapter IX.--'Prepared Cards.'
[10] See reprint of dealer's advertisement, p. 300.
CHAPTER IX
_PREPARED CARDS_
Although, in the course of our previous wanderings among what may be
aptly described as 'The Groves of Blarney,' we have already encountered
many examples of the various preparations used by the dwellers therein
to add new beauties to their everyday requisites, there still remain
some to be investigated. These philosophers, in searching for their form
of the universal 'alkahest,' which turns everything they touch to gold,
have contrived to learn many things, besides those we have already
looked into. It behoves us, therefore, to follow in their footsteps as
far as may be; and, before finally quitting the subject of
playing-cards, to complete our information respecting these beautiful
and--to the sharp--useful appliances.
We have seen how much may be accomplished by means of judicious
preparation of the cards. That is not a discovery which can be ascribed
to the present generation of sinners, or the last, or the one before
that. No man can say when preparation was first 'on the cards.' Some of
the devices contained in this chapter are as old as the hills; others
are of a more recent date; but, old or new, this book would be
incomplete without some description of them. The very oldest are
sometimes used even now, in out-of-the-way corners of the world, and
among people who are possessors of that ignorance of sharping which is
not bliss, at least if they happen to be gamblers.
One of the oldest methods of preparing cards for the purposes of
cheating was by cutting them to various shapes and sizes. That this plan
is still adopted the reader already knows. We have now to consider the
means whereby the sharp is enabled to alter the form of the cards in any
way he pleases, with neatness and accuracy.
[Illustration: FIG. 45.]
The most primitive appliance used for the purpose is what is now known
as a 'stripper-plate.' It consists of two steel bars, bolted together at
each end, the length between the bolts being ample to allow a
playing-card to be inserted lengthwise between the bars, and screwed up
tightly. Fig. 45 illustrates a device of this kind, with a card _in
situ_, ready for cutting. Across the centre of the top plate a slight
groove is filed, to facilitate the insertion of the card in a truly
central position. The edges of the two plates or bars are perfectly
smooth, and are formed so as to give the required curve to the card
when cut. In the illustration, the side of the card when cut would
become concave. The cutting is managed by simply running a sharp knife
or razor along the side of the arrangement. This takes off a thin shred
of the card, and, guided by the steel plates, the cut is clean and the
edge of the card is in no danger of becoming jagged.
The most modern appliance of this kind, however, will be found quoted in
one of the catalogues under the name of 'trimming-shears.' These shears
are not necessarily cheating-tools; they are largely used to trim the
edges of faro-cards, which will not pass through the dealing-box if they
are damaged. The shears for cleaning up cards in a genuine manner,
however, are only required to cut them rectangularly. In the case of
those used for swindling they must cut at any desired angle.
These shears consist of an oblong block of wood, into which a steel bar
is sunk along one edge, carrying a bracket which supports the
cutting-blade, working on a pivot at one end (fig. 46). The edge of the
steel bar and the blade which works in close contact with it form
respectively the lower and upper halves of the shears. Upon the upper
surface of the wooden block two guide-plates are fixed, by means of
thumb-screws. These plates are adjustable to any angle within certain
limits, and are for the purpose of holding the cards in position whilst
being cut. The guide-plates being set at the necessary angle, the card
about to be cut is pressed against them with the left hand, whilst the
right brings down the knife, and cuts off one edge. Fig. 46 shows a card
in the act of being cut. Each card being held against the guides while
cutting, uniformity of the whole is secured. When one side of each card
has had a shaving taken off, if it is desired to trim the opposite side
as well, the guides are adjusted to give the required width, and a
second cut is taken.
[Illustration: FIG. 46.]
Shears of this kind, of course, will not cut the sides of the cards
concave; but a very good substitute for convex sides may be made by
taking two cuts on each side, at a very slight angle one to the other,
taking more off the corners than in the centre. There is no need to
impress upon the reader that the defective form of the card is not made
sufficiently pronounced to be noticeable. The two cuts do not meet in
the middle to form a point; the apex of the angle, so to speak, is cut
off, leaving the central portion of the side flat, and square with the
ends of the card.
Square-cornered playing-cards of course will show no signs of having
been trimmed in this way; but those with round corners are bound to do
so, however slight a shaving may have been removed from the side. In
trimming these for cheating, therefore, the sharp has to employ, in
addition to the shears, what is called a 'round-corner cutter.' This is
an instrument which restores the circular form of the corners, which
otherwise would show the point at which the shears cut through them. It
is simply a sort of punch, which cuts the corners, one at a time, into
their original shape, and gives them their proper curve.
So much, then, for the tools. We have next to consider the various forms
given to the cards, and the uses to which they are put when thus
prepared.
The simplest device connected with cards which have been trimmed is that
known as the 'large card.' As its name implies, it is a card which is
left slightly larger than the rest of the pack. All the others are
trimmed down, either slightly narrower or shorter, or smaller
altogether. This is a very primitive dodge, and one seldom resorted to,
in the ordinary way, nowadays. Its object is to give the sharp either a
ready means of forcing the cut at a given point in the pack, or of
making the pass at that point, if the cut does not happen to be made in
the right place. The cards being manipulated so as to arrange them
according to some particular system, the large card is placed at the
bottom, and then the pack is divided at about the middle, and the top
half put underneath. The pack is straightened, and laid on the table to
be cut. Not suspecting any trickery, it is almost certain that the dupe,
in cutting, will seize hold of the large card, which is now in the
centre of the pack, and cut at that point. This brings the cards again
into the positions they occupied relatively at first. If the cut,
however, should not happen to be made at the 'large,' the sharp has to
make the pass, and bring that card once more to the bottom. No modern
sharp of any standing would use such a palpable fraud, even among the
most innocent of his dupes. It is a long way behind the times, and was
out of date years ago.
Another form of card which at one time was largely used, but which has
become too well-known to be of much service, is the 'wedge.' Wedges are
cards which have been cut narrower at one end than the other, the two
long sides inclining towards each other at a slight angle. The cards
when cut in this way, and packed with all the broad ends looking the
same way, cannot be distinguished from those which are perfectly square;
but when some are placed one way and some the other, there is no
difficulty in telling 'which is which.' Before these cards became
commonly known, they must have proved very useful to the sharp. If he
wished to force the cut at any particular place, he had only to place
the two halves of the pack in opposite directions, and the cut was
pretty sure to be made at the right point. If he wished to distinguish
the court cards from the others, all he had to do was to turn them round
in the pack, so that their broad ends faced the other way. If he wished
to be sure of making the pass at any card, by just turning the wide end
of that card to the narrow ends of the others he could always feel where
it was, without looking at it. In fact, the utility of such cards was
immense, but it has long been among the things that were. Now, the first
thing a tiro in sleight-of-hand will do, on being asked to examine a
pack of cards, is to cut them and turn the halves end for end, to see if
they are 'wedges.' Needless to say, they never are.
The only case in which it is at all possible to use cards of this kind
at the present day is in a very, very 'soft' game of faro, where the
players do not ask permission to examine the pack. The dealer has the
sole right of shuffling and cutting the cards; therefore if he has the
opportunity of using wedges, nothing is easier than to have all the high
cards put one way, and the low ones the other. Then in shuffling he can
put up the high cards to lose or win, and, in fact, arrange the pack in
any manner he likes. There is very little safety, however, in the use
of wedges at any time. Practical men would laugh at the idea of
employing them.
The concave and convex cards cut by means of the stripper-plates,
described earlier in this chapter, are still in use to a limited extent.
The common English sharp employs them in connection with a game called
'Banker.' He 'readies up the broads,' as he terms it, by cutting all the
high cards convex, and the low ones concave. There is also another game
known as 'Black and Red,' in which the cards of one colour are convex,
and the other colour concave.
The most commonly used form of cards, however, is that of the
'double-wedges' or 'strippers,' cut by means of the trimming-shears, and
which have been already described. The name of 'strippers' is derived
from the operation which these cards are principally intended to
facilitate, and which consists of drawing off from the pack, or
'stripping,' certain cards which are required for use in putting up
hands. Suppose the sharp is playing a game of poker, and, naturally, he
wishes to put up the aces for himself, or for a confederate. He cuts the
aces narrow at each end, and all the other cards of the same width as
the ends of the aces. This leaves the sides of the aces bulging out
slightly from the sides of the pack, and enables him to draw them all
out with one sweep of his fingers during the shuffle. Then they are
placed all together, at the bottom of the pack, and can be put up for
deal or draft, or they may be held out until required.
'End-strippers' are a variety of the same kind of thing, the only
difference being that they are trimmed up at the ends, instead of at the
sides.
It is only in England and other countries where the spread of knowledge
in this direction has been limited to the sharps themselves, the general
public remaining in ignorance, that strippers are employed. They would
be instantly detected among people who have learnt anything at all of
sharping.
Trimming is not the only method of preparing cards for cheating
purposes; there are others of much greater delicacy and refinement.
Witness the following, which is culled from the circular issued by one
of the 'Sporting Houses':--
'_To smart poker players._--I have invented a process by which a man is
sure of winning if he can introduce his own cards. The cards are not
trimmed or marked in any way, shape or manner. They can be handled and
shuffled by all at the board, and without looking at a card you can, by
making two or three shuffles or ripping them in, oblige the dealer to
give three of a kind to any one playing, or the same advantage can be
taken on your own deal. This is a big thing for any game. In euchre you
can hold the joker every time or the cards most wanted in any game. The
process is hard to detect, as the cards look perfectly natural, and it
is something card-players are not looking for. Other dealers have been
selling sanded cards, or cheap cards, with spermacetia rubbed on, and
calling them professional playing or magnetic cards. I don't want you to
class my cards with that kind of trash. I use a liquid preparation put
on with rollers on all cards made; this dries on the cards and does not
show, and will last as long as the cards do. The object is to make
certain cards not prepared slip off easier than others in shuffling. You
can part or break the deck to an ace or king, and easily "put up three,"
no matter where they lay in the deck. This advantage works fine
single-handed, or when the left-hand man shuffles and offers the cards
to be cut. These cards are ten times better than readers or strippers,
and they get the money faster. Price, $2,00 per pack by mail; $20,00 per
dozen packs. If you order a dozen I will furnish cards like you use.'
The gentle modesty and unassuming candour of the above effusion, its
honest rectitude and perfect self-abnegation, render it a very pearl of
literature. It is a pity that such a jewel should be left to hide itself
away, and waste its glories upon the unappreciative few, whilst
thousands might be gladdened by the sight of it and proceed on their way
invigorated and refreshed. Let us bring it into the light and treasure
it as it deserves.
As the talented author above quoted suggests, there are several methods
of achieving the object set forth, and causing the cards to slip at any
desired place, apart from the much vaunted 'liquid preparation put on
with rollers' the secret of which one would think that he alone
possessed. We will just glance at them all, by way of improving our
minds and learning all that is to be learnt.
The earliest method of preparing a pack of cards in this way certainly
had the merit of extreme simplicity, in that it consisted of nothing
more than putting the pack, for some time previous to its use, in a damp
place. This system had the further advantage that it was not even
necessary to open the wrapper in which the cards came from the maker.
When the cards had absorbed a certain amount of moisture, it was found
that the low cards would slip much more easily than the court cards. The
reason for this was, that the glaze used in 'bringing up the colours' of
the inks used in printing contained a large proportion of hygroscopic or
gummy matter, which softened more or less upon becoming moist. The court
cards, having a much greater part of their faces covered with the glaze
than the others, were more inclined to cling to the next card, in
consequence. Therefore the task of distinguishing them was by no means
severe.
Not satisfied with this somewhat uncertain method, however, the sharps
set to work to improve upon it. The next departure was in the direction
of making the smooth cards smoother, and the rough ones more tenacious.
The upshot of this was that those cards which were required to slip were
lightly rubbed over with soap, and those which had to cling were treated
with a faint application of rosin. This principle has been the basis of
all the 'new and improved' systems that have been put before the
sharping public ever since. Either something is done to the cards to
make them slip, or they are prepared with something to keep them from
slipping.
When the unglazed 'steam-boat' cards were much in use the 'spermacetia'
system, referred to in the paragraph quoted a little while ago, was a
very pretty thing indeed, and worked well. The cards which it was
necessary to distinguish from the others were prepared by rubbing their
backs well with hard spermaceti wax. They were then vigorously scoured
with some soft material, until they had acquired a brilliant polish.
Cards treated in this manner, when returned again to the pack, would be
readily separable from the others. By pressing rather heavily upon the
top of the pack, and directing the pressure slightly to one side, it
would be found that the pack divided at one of the prepared cards. That
is to say, the cards above the prepared one would cling together and
slide off, leaving the doctored one at the top of the remainder.
With glazed cards, if they are required to slip, the backs are rubbed
with a piece of waxed tissue paper, thus giving them an extra polish;
but the better plan is to slightly roughen the backs of all the others.
They may be 'sanded,' as in the case of those used for the sand-tell
faro-box. This simply means that the backs are rubbed with sand-paper.
In reality, it is fine emery-paper that is used; any sand-paper would be
too coarse, and produce scratches.
There still remains to be considered the method of causing the cards to
cling, by the application of that marvellous master-stroke of inventive
genius, the 'liquid preparation,' as advertised. It may be hoped that
the reader will not feel disappointed on learning what it is. The
wonderful compound is nothing more or less than very thin white hard
varnish. That is all. It may be applied 'with rollers,' or otherwise,
just as the person applying it may prefer. The fact of certain cards
being treated with this varnish renders them somewhat 'tacky,' and
inclined to stick together; not sufficiently, however, to render the
effect noticeable to anyone who is not looking for it. But, by
manipulating the pack as before directed in the case of the waxed cards,
the slipping will occur at those cards whose backs have not been
varnished. The instructions sent out with the cards mentioned in the
advertisement will be found reprinted at p. 304; therefore, since it
would be presumptuous to think of adding anything to advice emanating
from the great authority himself, we may leave him to describe the use
of his own wares.
Having thus said all that is necessary to give the reader sufficient
information for his guidance in any case of sharping with which he may
be brought into contact, we may bring this chapter to a close; and, in
so doing, conclude all that has to be said upon the subject of cheating
at cards. We have been compelled to dwell somewhat at length upon
matters which are associated with cards and card-games only, because so
large a proportion of the sharping which goes on in the world is
card-sharping. Almost everyone plays cards, and so many play for money.
Therefore, the sharp naturally selects that field which affords him the
widest scope and the most frequent opportunities for the exercise of his
calling. Card-sharping has been reduced to a science. It is no longer a
haphazard affair, involving merely primitive manipulations, but it has
developed into a profession in which there is as much to learn as in
most of the everyday occupations of ordinary mortals.
With this chapter, then, we take a fond farewell of cards, for the
present; and having said 'adieu,' we will turn our attention to other
matters.
CHAPTER X
_DICE_
With this chapter we strike out into fresh territory. We have passed
through the land of those who trust their fortunes to the turn of the
card, and arrive now among the aborigines, whose custom is to stake
their worldly possessions upon the hazard of the die. As to which custom
is the more commendable of the two, it is somewhat difficult to decide.
They are both 'more honoured in the breach than the observance.'
Readily, as we have seen, the innocent pieces of pasteboard are made to
serve the purposes of cheating; and no less readily are the tiny cubes
of ivory or celluloid falsified, and made the instruments of dishonesty.
This of course is no secret. The name of 'loaded dice' is familiar to
all; but it is the name alone which is familiar; the things themselves
are, to the vast majority of mankind, absolutely unknown. In some
respects it is quite as well that it should be so; but it is far better
that these things should be generally understood, and that the signs and
tokens of their existence and their employment should be known to all.
In this chapter then, we shall deal with the subject in its entirety,
describing the different systems of cheating, and some of the so-called
games to which these methods are applied.
Broadly speaking, cheating at dice maybe classed under two heads--the
manipulation of genuine dice, and the employment of unfair ones. From
this it will be gathered that the 'loaded dice,' so often spoken of, are
by no means necessary to the sharp who has made this line of business
his speciality. Loaded dice, in fact, are very puerile contrivances,
compared with some of the devices which are about to be brought to the
reader's notice. They are one of the landmarks of cheating, it is true;
but they are not the high-watermark, by any means. The modern sharp has
to a great extent risen above them, although they are still useful to
him at times. They have one very great defect--they will not 'spin'
properly; and that militates very greatly against their use, in circles
where the players are at all 'fly.'
We will first devote our attention to the means of cheating with fair
dice; and the reader will learn that the thing which may have appeared
to him as being difficult of accomplishment is really a very simple
matter indeed. This branch of the art is known to its professors as
'securing,' and consists of a plan of retaining certain dice. One is
held against the inside edge of the box, whilst the other is allowed to
fall freely into it. In this way one of the dice is not shaken at all,
and falls on the table in the same position as it previously occupied.
In order that this may be accomplished satisfactorily, it is necessary
to use a suitable dice-box; therefore, we will inspect one of the kind
generally used by professional dice-players in this country. Before
proceeding further, however, it may be as well to inform the reader that
the information here given, with regard to dice and their manipulation,
has been had upon the authority of one of the leading English sharps,
and may be said to fairly represent the present state of the science.
[Illustration: FIG. 47.]
The dice-box referred to above is illustrated in section in fig. 47. It
is simply the usual form, with the interior corrugated to insure the
thorough turning about of the dice. The only preparation in connection
with it is that the flat inside rim or lip, marked 'A' in the figure,
is roughened by rubbing it with coarse glass-paper. This gives it a kind
of 'tooth,' which prevents the dice from slipping when they are
'secured' against it.
A box of this kind being to hand, nothing further in the way of
apparatus is required for the operation of securing. All else depends
entirely upon practice. As the dice are taken from the table one of them
is secured, and the others are thrown into the box. An expert will use
three dice, securing one and letting the others go, but it requires some
skill to pick up three dice in the proper manner and without fear of
dropping them all. Therefore a novice will use only two. The process is
carried out as follows:--
The dice are laid upon the table side by side. The one farthest from the
operator is placed with the ace uppermost, consequently the six is upon
the face which lies on the table. This is the die which is about to be
secured. The first two fingers of the right hand are now laid flat upon
the dice, and between these two fingers the dice are taken up by their
right-hand edges.
Thus:--
[Illustration: FIG. 48.]
They are now pushed well home by the thumb:--
[Illustration: FIG. 49.]
The die nearest the operator is now allowed to fall into the dice-box,
whilst the other is retained:--
[Illustration: FIG. 50.]
The box is next taken in the right hand, the fingers lying flat over the
mouth of it, and the thumb holding it at the bottom.
[Illustration: FIG. 51.]
In the act of closing the fingers of the right hand over the box, the
die which has been retained is firmly pressed between the second finger
and the inside edge of the box. In this position it is completely hidden
by the forefinger, and is there held whilst the box is shaken. If the
forefinger were raised the die would appear situated in this manner:--
[Illustration: FIG. 52.]
The sharp, however, is particularly careful _not_ to raise his
forefinger; that is not 'in the piece' at all. The box is now shaken,
and of course the die which is not secured is heard to rattle within it.
Finally, the hand is turned round so that the mouth of the box is
downwards and the backs of the fingers rest upon the table.
[Illustration: FIG. 53.]
After the box has thus been turned upside down, then comes the crucial
point of the whole operation. If the fingers are not carefully removed
the secured die will not fall upon the face intended. The proper method
of 'boxing' the dice upon the table is to remove the fingers in the
following order. Firstly, the second and third fingers are opened,
allowing the loose die to fall upon the table. Then the first and second
fingers are gently opened, easing the secured die, as it were, into its
position of rest. Lastly, the forefinger is moved to the edge of the
box, at the same time withdrawing the second finger entirely, and the
box is let down over the two dice. It is immediately lifted up and the
score is recorded. There is nothing at all suspicious in any of these
movements; they are quite the usual thing, or appear so when quickly
performed, the only difference between the genuine shake and the false
being the retention of the one die. Of course, it is necessary that the
entire operation should occupy the least possible time, the hands being
kept somewhat low and the dupe seated upon the right-hand side of the
operator.
The secured die naturally falls with the six uppermost, whilst the loose
one cannot show less than one. Therefore the sharp cannot throw less
than seven with two dice. That is the lowest score possible for him to
make, whilst the dupe may throw only 'two.' Now, in an infinite number
of throws with two dice 'seven' is the number of pips which will be the
average for each throw. Sometimes, of course, only two pips will be
thrown; sometimes both sixes will come uppermost, making twelve pips
together. But with one die secured in such a manner as to fall six, the
average of an infinite number of throws is necessarily very much
increased, because it is impossible to throw less than seven. The
chances of the two players bear no comparison, and the dupe is bound to
be beaten. For instance, the chances of throwing twelve by the player
who secures one die are as one to six--that is to say, they are six to
one against him, whilst the chances against the player who goes to work
fairly are _thirty-five to one_. This will serve to give the reader some
idea of the value of one secured die out of two in use.
Passing on to the use of unfair dice, we find that there are three
kinds employed at the present day. Firstly, there are those whose faces
do not bear the correct number of pips, and which are known as
'dispatchers.' Secondly, we have those which are weighted at one side,
and tend to fall with that side downwards, such being the well-known
'loaded dice.' Lastly, there is the variety bearing the name of
'electric dice,' which are the most modern development in this
department of cheating. We will take the varieties seriatim.
1. _Dispatchers._--These are of two kinds, called 'high' and 'low'
respectively, in accordance with the fact of their having an aggregate
of pips either higher or lower than should be the case. They owe their
origin to the fact that it is impossible to see more than three sides of
a cube at one time. In making a high dispatcher, then, any three
adjacent sides are taken and marked with two, four, and six pips
respectively. That side of the cube which is immediately opposite to the
one with six pips, instead of being marked with one, as it should be, is
marked six also. The side opposite the four is marked four, and that
opposite the two is marked two in a similar manner. Therefore, no two
sides which bear the same number of pips are ever seen at one time, the
duplicate marks being always on opposite sides of the die. In a low
dispatcher the process is precisely the same, but the sides are numbered
with one, two and three pips, instead of two, four, and six. It is
evident, then, that a high dispatcher cannot throw less than two, whilst
a low one cannot throw higher than three. Therefore, if the sharp throws
with one genuine die and one high dispatcher, he cannot throw less than
three, and the chances are 17.5 to 1 against his throwing anything so
low. If, in addition to using a high dispatcher himself, he gives his
dupe a low one[11] and a genuine die to use, the throw of the two dice
cannot be higher than nine, and the chances are 17.5 to 1 against its
being so high. In fact, in an infinite number of throws, the sharp will
average over thirty per cent. better than his opponent. This being the
case it is obvious that the game can only go in one way, and that way is
not the dupe's.
2. _Loaded dice._--These commodities are found to be thus described in
one of the price-lists:--
'_Loaded dice._--Made of selected ivory loaded with quicksilver, and can
be shaken from the box so as to come high or low, as you wish. With a
set of these you will find yourself winner at all dice games, and carry
off the prize at every raffle you attend. Sold in sets of nine dice,
three high, three low, and three fair. Price per set, complete, $5.00.'
These are the most superior kind of loaded dice. They are made by
drilling out two adjacent spots or pips at one edge of the die, filling
in the cavity with mercury, and cementing it up fast. The commoner
description of these things are made by filling the holes with lead
instead of mercury.
As before mentioned, these dice have the disadvantage that they will not
spin upon one corner as genuine ones will; consequently a person who
suspects that they are being used can easily discover the fact, if he is
knowing enough to try them. This defect led to the invention of the
third kind of false dice, which we are about to investigate.
3. _Electric dice._--These will be found quoted in one of the
catalogues, together with the special tables to be used with them.
[Illustration: FIG. 54.]
The dice themselves are made of celluloid, and their construction will
be readily understood with the aid of the illustration given at fig. 54.
The first operation in making dice of this kind is to bore out a
cylindrical cavity almost completely through the die, the mouth of this
cavity being situated upon the face of the die which will bear the six
pips, and the bottom almost reaching to the opposite face, upon which is
the ace.
At the bottom of the cavity, and consequently immediately within the die
above the single pip or ace, is put a thin circular disc of iron. The
greater part of the cavity is then filled in with cork, leaving
sufficient depth for the insertion of a plug, which effectually closes
up the aperture, and upon the outer side of which are marked the six
pips appertaining to that face of the die. Before this plug is fastened
into its place, however, a small pellet of lead, of exactly the same
weight as the iron disc, is pressed into the upper surface of the cork,
and there fixed. Finally, the plug bearing the six pips is cemented into
its place, and the die is complete. Apparently, this plug is cemented in
with celluloid, the same material as that used in fabricating the die
itself, and the joint is so well and neatly made that it is invisible,
even though examined with a powerful lens.
The _rationale_ of this construction is as follows. The iron disc and
the leaden pellet, being immediately within opposite faces of the die,
will exactly balance each other, and thus the die can be spun or thrown
in exactly the same manner as a genuine one. The lead and iron, however,
being so much heavier than the material of which the body of the die is
supposed to consist, would cause the weight of the die to be very
suspicious, were it not for the fact that the interior is almost
entirely composed of a still lighter material--cork. Therefore, the
completed die is no heavier than a genuine one of the same size and
appearance. In fact, these dice will bear the strictest examination, in
every way--except one, viz. the application of a magnet.
The word magnet gives the key to the employment of these so-called
electric dice. The technical reader will at once grasp the idea thus
embodied, and will need no further description of the details of
working. For the benefit of those who are unacquainted with electricity
and its phenomena, however, it is necessary to explain the nature of an
electro-magnet. If a bar of soft iron is surrounded by a helix of
insulated copper wire, and a current of electricity is passed through
that wire, the iron instantly becomes converted into a magnet for the
time being. But directly the contact at one end of the wire is broken,
and the current is for that reason no longer permitted to flow, the iron
loses its magnetism and resumes its normal condition. If, therefore, a
bar of this kind is connected with a battery in such a way that the
current can be controlled by means of a push, similar to those used in
connection with electric bells, the otherwise inert bar of iron can be
converted into a magnet at any instant, and allowed to resume its former
state at will.
Now, the table with which these electric dice are used is so constructed
that, immediately below its surface and within the thickness of the wood
itself, there are concealed several electro-magnets such as have been
described. At some convenient spot in the table, at the back of a drawer
or elsewhere, the battery supplying the current is hidden. The key or
push controlling the current takes the form of a secret spring in the
table-leg, so placed as to be within easy access of the operator's knee.
The result, then, is obvious. Among the dice in use are one or more of
the 'electric' variety. When the dupe throws them, he has to take his
chance as to how they will fall, and as long as the sharp is winning he
will do the same. _But_ directly he begins to lose, or to find that he
is not winning fast enough to please him, the sharp presses the secret
spring with his knee when it is his turn to throw, and--click!--the
false dice turn up 'sixes.' The magnets, of course, attract the iron
discs, drawing them on to the table, and the sixes being upon the
opposite sides of the dice naturally fall uppermost. The operator has
only to trouble himself with regard to two points--he must press the
spring at the right moment, and release it before trying to pick up the
dice afterwards. Should he neglect this latter point, he will have the
satisfaction of finding the dice stick to the table. In all other
respects, he has only to 'press the button,' and electricity will 'do
the rest.'
The publication of this book, however, will once and for all render the
use of electric dice unsafe under any conditions. The moment the outer
world has any idea of their existence, the game is too risky to be
pleasant to any sharp. A little mariner's compass, dangling at the end
of a stranger's watch chain, or carried secretly, will serve to reveal
in an instant the true nature of the deception which is being practised
upon him by his host. It is sad that the diffusion of knowledge should
be accompanied by such untoward consequences; but we can hardly hope
that the sharps will die of disappointment or despair, even though dice
were undoubtedly doomed to detection and disaster, and had dwindled into
disuse. (Alliteration is the curse of modern literature.)
Unfair dice are seldom submitted for inspection, as may well be
imagined, particularly those of the dispatcher kind. The greatest donkey
in existence would at once find that the number of pips upon the faces
of these latter was incorrect. Therefore they are always introduced into
the game whilst the play is occupying the dupe's undivided attention,
and the manner of their introduction is that embodied in the process
known as 'ringing-in.' This is done at the moment when the dice are
taken up in order to throw them into the box. It is only possible to
change one die, the others are allowed to fall into the box in the usual
way.
Supposing that two dice are being used, two fair ones will be employed,
and with these the dupe will throw. The sharp, however, has a false die
concealed in his right hand, and held in the thumb joint. He picks up
the two fair dice from the table, in the manner described in 'securing,'
and allows one of them to fall into the box. Then, of course, he has
still two dice in his hand, one genuine one between his fingers, and one
false one held by his thumb. In figs. 55 and 56, _a_ is the genuine die
and _b_ is the false one.
[Illustration: FIG. 55.]
[Illustration: FIG. 56.]
At the same instant that the first die is allowed to fall, the false die
_b_ is dropped into the box also (fig. 56).
[Illustration: FIG. 57.]
Immediately the false die is released the two fingers holding the second
genuine one are turned inwards (fig. 57), and the die is taken into the
thumb-joint, in the position formerly occupied by the false one. The
whole of this manipulation is performed in the act of throwing the dice
into the box. The false die is dropped into the box, and the genuine one
put into its place at the root of the thumb in one movement only, and
the exchange is instantaneous. The fingers are well bent before any of
the dice are dropped, so that the second genuine die has the least
possible distance to travel in its movement towards the thumb-joint.
From the manipulations outlined above, the reader will observe that the
skill required is less in the case of dice than in that of cards; but he
must not run away with the idea that, because the methods of swindling
with dice are comparatively simple, the dice-sharp requires but little
practice to enable him to carry out his operations successfully. That is
by no means the case. It is frequently the amateur's lot to find that
those things which appear simplest in theory are the most difficult in
practice. The sharp who seeks his fortune by manipulation of the
'ivories' has to devote many weary hours to the acquisition of deftness
in the manoeuvres which he intends to employ.
We may now proceed to consider the application of the foregoing
principles to the purposes of cheating, and see how they are employed in
actual practice. In this we cannot do better than follow the sharp's
operations in connection with one or two games which are commonly
played. This will serve to give the reader a more adequate conception of
the manner in which this style of cheating is conducted. The games
selected for this purpose, then, are: 'Over and under seven,'
'Yankee-grab' or 'Newmarket,' 'Sweat,' and 'Hazard.'
_Over and under seven._--This is a game which is played with a 'layout,'
or painted cloth, upon which the players place their stakes. The form
most generally used is divided in the following manner:--
[Illustration:
+-------+----------+-------+
| | 3 to 1 | |
| Under | | Over |
| | against | |
| SEVEN | | SEVEN |
| | SEVEN | |
+-------+----------+-------+
FIG. 58.]
The players having placed their stakes upon either of the three
divisions they may individually choose, the 'banker' shakes two dice in
the box and throws them out upon the table. If the throw proves to be
over seven, those players who have put their money upon 'over seven' in
the layout receive the amount of their stakes, whilst those who have bet
upon the other squares will lose to the banker. In the same way, if the
throw is under seven the players who have backed 'under seven' will win.
If, however, the throw should prove to be exactly seven, those players
who have staked upon the centre square of the layout will receive three
times the amount of their stakes. A little reflection will show that
even in a fair game, if players can be found to back the '3 to 1 against
seven' square, the bank has a large percentage of the chances of the
game in its favour. Indeed, in an infinite number of throws, the banker
stands to win two-fifths of all the money staked upon the centre square.
The chances against seven turning up are really 5 to 1, and not 3 to 1.
Cheating at this game may be done either by the banker or the players,
although at first sight it would appear that the players can have no
opportunities for cheating the bank as they have nothing to do with
handling the dice. When the bank cheats the players the methods employed
are as follows. The banker notes the disposition of the bets upon the
layout and reckons up the amounts upon the various squares. His policy,
of course, is to let that square win which has the least staked upon it.
If he can always do this his gains must obviously be always greater than
his losses. If the 'under seven' division has the least stakes he will
secure one of the dice to fall with the ace uppermost. Then the throw
must prove to be either seven or under. If the division of the layout
which has least money on it is the 'over seven,' a die is secured in
such a manner as to fall with the six uppermost, and in this case the
throw must be either seven or over. If the bets upon both 'under' and
'over' squares are equal he has no need to trouble, as he can neither
win nor lose with those squares. If either of them turns up, the money
simply passes across the table from one side to the other, whilst the
bank takes whatever may have been staked upon the centre square. Even
though the players always staked an amount which should equalise the
bets upon the 'over' and 'under' divisions, they would lose to the bank
one fifth of their stakes in the long run because the seven would turn
up on the average once in six times, and then those two divisions would
both lose.
The banker always shakes the box quietly, so as not to give any
indication of the fact that only one die is rattling about within it. At
the same time he keeps up a running fire of remarks such as, 'Any more?'
'Over wins!' 'Under pays the over,' 'The little seven wins!' &c. This is
the approvedly professional way of conducting the game, all others are
spurious imitations, and cannot be recognised by true 'sports.'
Another method of cheating the players is to ring in a loaded die which
will fall six. If the highest betting is found to be over seven, this
die is secured so that it shall fall ace uppermost, and then the throw
can only be seven or under. If on the other hand the highest betting is
'under seven,' the dice are simply shaken without securing, and the
result must be seven or over. If there is heavy betting upon the 'seven'
or central division of the layout a two or a three is secured upon the
genuine die, and this will make the throw necessarily over seven. As a
rule, however, the central or '3 to 1 against' square does not require
much attention from the sharp. The chances are always five to three in
his favour. If the players persistently bet upon the high square of the
layout, the sharp will just ring in a loaded die that falls with the ace
up, to save himself trouble. When this is done, the throw can manifestly
never be _over_ seven.
In cases where the players cheat the bank, it generally happens that the
banker is not a professional, but a novice who has been put up or
persuaded to accept the position for the time being. A party of sharps
will always get a 'mug' to take the bank if they can. Securing, in an
instance of this kind, is impossible; the cheating must be done by
contriving to introduce into the game either a dispatcher or a loaded
die. The latter is the safer thing to do, because a dispatcher will not
bear even a moment's attentive examination. The ringing-in is done by
officiously picking up the dice for the next throw, tossing them
carelessly into the box, and handing the whole over to the banker. If
well done, the exchange is imperceptible, and it is highly improbable
that it will be noticed. The bets, of course, will be made according to
the nature of the die which has been rung in. If it is made to fall
high, the bets are put upon the 'over seven' division; if it falls low,
they are put on 'under seven.' Naturally, the players allow the bank to
win occasionally, in order to avoid suspicion. Finally, and before
quitting the game, a genuine die is rung in, replacing the false one.
There are not many chances in favour of the bank with this method of
playing.
_Yankee-grab or Newmarket._--This game is played with three dice, and
the object in view is to get nearest to an aggregate of eighteen pips;
or in the English Colonies, where the 'ace' or single pip counts seven,
to throw the nearest to twenty-one. Each player has three throws. At the
first throw he picks out the highest number thrown, and puts that die
aside. Then he throws with the two remaining dice, puts aside the higher
as before, and throws again with the remaining one. The number thrown
this last time, together with the numbers shown by the dice which have
been put aside from the two former throws, will constitute that player's
score. This is done by all the players in rotation, and the highest
score wins all the stakes. Any player may, however, elect to throw with
one die only for each throw if he chooses.
Cheating at this game is obviously easy. It may be done either by
securing, by the use of loaded dice, or by ringing in dispatchers. It is
of course necessary to have some means of distinguishing the dispatchers
from the fair dice if the cheating is done by those means. In picking up
the dice from the table, the sharp whose turn it is to throw will change
one of them for a high dispatcher. When the throw is made, the false die
is very likely to be the highest; but if it is not, so much the better
for the sharp, as he has it available for the next throw. Supposing it
to be the highest, he will apparently toss it carelessly aside, but in
reality, he changes it again for the genuine die which has meanwhile
been held in his thumb-joint. The genuine die is turned over to show the
same value as that given by the dispatcher in the throw. The other
players will not mind the careless handling of the die, as the value has
already been called; the only object in putting the dice on one side
being to act as markers, and prevent any dispute as to the value of the
previous throws. The same thing is done in the succeeding throws; the
dispatcher going into the box all three times. At the conclusion of the
throws, the false die is exchanged for the genuine one it has replaced
for the time being.
If the sharp prefers to use securing instead of false dice, he may
secure a six upon one die at each of the first two throws; but the third
throw must be left to chance. If the last die were to be secured, there
would be none left to rattle in the box. A case has been known where a
man even secured the last die; but he had an arrangement sewn into his
coat-sleeve, to counterfeit the noise made by the die in the box.
In using loaded dice at Yankee-grab, the best plan is to have three
which will all fall 'sixes.' In order to avoid the suspicion which must
inevitably be created by the fact of the three dice turning up six each
at the first throw, a low number is secured upon one of them in the
first and second throws. This puts the other players off the scent, at
the same time insuring three sixes for the sharp. This is a very
ingenious expedient.
A good way of finishing a game, where the sharp has been securing and
where the dupe has had ample opportunities of assuring himself that only
fair dice are being used, is for the sharp to palm a dispatcher in the
right hand, and deliver himself thus:--'My dear fellow, you have lost a
lot.' (Here he pats the dupe on the shoulder with the hand which has the
dispatcher palmed within it.) 'I will tell you what I will do. I will go
double or quits with you, on three throws each, with one die.' The dupe
usually jumps at the chance of thus winning back what he has lost; the
sharp rings in his dispatcher, and of course the 'mug' loses.
In using a dispatcher the sharp always puts the box down with the left
hand; this leaves his right hand free to ring the changes. Whatever
manipulation he may be engaged upon, he does everything slowly, easily,
and deliberately. When tossing the selected die on one side after a
throw and ringing in a square one to replace the loaded die or
dispatcher, he takes care of course to turn it with the same side up
that the other fell. This prevents any dispute as to the score, when all
three throws have been made. At all times he gauges the mental calibre
of his dupe, and operates in the manner which is most likely to be
successful. Above all, he never neglects the golden rule of his
profession--'Always work on the square as long as you are winning.'
_Sweat._--This is a game which is almost as charmingly artistic as its
name, and one which is particularly lovely for the banker. It also has
the merit of extreme simplicity, and although cheating is hardly
necessary as a rule, still there are times when it may be resorted to
with great profit to the sharp. It is played with a layout arranged in
the following manner:--
[Illustration:
+-----+-----+-----+
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
|-----+-----+-----|
| 4 | 5 | 6 |
+-----+-----+-----+
FIG. 59.]
The banker shakes up three dice in the box, and the numbers thrown win
for the players. Those who have staked their money upon the numbers
which have turned up receive the amount of their stakes; the bank takes
all that has been laid upon the figures not represented in the throw. If
two dice fall with the same number uppermost, those who have staked upon
that number will receive twice the amount of their bets. If all three
dice turn up the same, that number is paid three times over.
It does not require a great mathematician to see that even at the best
of times there is an overwhelming percentage of the chances in favour of
the banker. It is five to three that he wins any individual bet; the
player has only three chances--those provided by the three dice, whilst
the bank has the chances resting upon the remaining five squares of the
layout.
If we suppose, for example, that the bets upon all the squares are of an
equal amount, which is just about the most unfortunate arrangement for
the banker, the worst that can happen to him is that all three dice turn
up differently. Then the players who have staked upon the winning
numbers will receive the stakes of those who have lost, the bank gaining
and losing nothing. If two of the dice turn up the same number, the
banker receives four shillings, say, and pays three. If all three dice
turn up the same, he pays three shillings and receives five.
Cheating is introduced into this game by the banker in the case of a
player persistently backing a high number time after time, the method
being to ring in a dispatcher which will fall low. This will materially
lessen the player's chances. If in addition to this a low number is
secured upon one of the other dice, the chances against the player
become five to one. If the player should happen to be backing a low
number, of course a high dispatcher would be used and a high number
secured upon the other die.
_Hazard._--This is a game in which the electric dice are particularly
useful to the sharp. It is played with four dice, only two of which,
however, are used at one time. The player has the option of throwing
with any two of the dice, or exchanging them for the other two whenever
he pleases. There are two kinds of throws which must be specially
mentioned in connection with this game, viz. those which are called
respectively 'crabs' and 'nicks.' A player is said to throw a crab when
the dice turn up either 'pair sixes,' 'pair aces,' or 'deuce and ace.'
These throws instantly lose the stakes or 'set-money.' A nick is thrown
when the aggregate number of pips turned up amounts to eleven or seven.
Either of these numbers being thrown, the player throwing wins the
set-money.
Apart from a nick or a crab, the first throw made by the player is
called the 'main,' and he must go on throwing until one of three things
happens. Either he eventually throws a crab and loses, or he throws a
nick, or he throws a number corresponding to that of his main. In the
event of either of the two latter events occurring, he wins the stakes.
In the case of a player winning with a nick, however, he still goes on
throwing; when he wins or loses in any other way, the throw passes to
his opponent.
When the main is either four or ten, the chances against his throwing it
again before either a nick or a crab turns up are in the ratio of two to
one. Against five and nine the chances are as six to four. Against eight
and six the probabilities are six to five. Obviously, then, the best
main to throw is either eight or six, and if the sharp can contrive to
make his main either of these two numbers, he stands a better chance of
winning than one who does not. He may therefore, for instance, ring in a
loaded die to fall four, and secure the other die to fall two, leaving
the following throws to chance. Having thrown a main of four or ten, he
might secure a six in the latter case or an ace in the former; this
would render his chances of throwing the same number again about equal.
The most certain method of cheating, however, and that which leaves no
uncertainty as to the result, is to ring in a loaded die to fall six,
and secure either an ace or a five upon the other. This obviously
results in a 'nick,' and wins the set-money.
Where electric dice are used, cheating at this game is the simplest
thing imaginable. One pair of dice being made to fall six and the other
one, they may be combined to give any desired result. If the sharp uses
a pair, one of which will fall six and the other turn up one, the
application of the current will cause him to throw a nick whenever he
pleases. If he gives his dupe a pair which can be made to fall both
sixes or both aces, the sharp can force his opponent to throw a crab
every time if he chooses to do so. And yet there are some who will argue
that science has conferred no real benefit upon humanity. Those people
are certainly not sharps--they are undoubtedly flats of the first water.
Before concluding the present chapter, it behoves us to attend, for a
moment, to the methods of falsification connected with that well-known
little device, the 'dice-top' or 'teetotum.' It deserves just a slight
mention, although the fact that it is not of great importance is
evidenced by the very terse reference made to it in the various
catalogues. This is what one of them says upon the subject:--
'_Dice Tops._--For high and low. Sure thing. Made of best ivory, $4.
Black walnut, just as good, $1.25.'
From even this scanty information, however, we may gather two things.
Firstly, that the top can be made to fall either high or low, as
required--consequently there is some trick in it; and, secondly, that
the trick, whatever it may be, does not depend upon the material of
which the top is made, since black walnut is just as good as ivory.
Better, in fact, because cheaper. The little instrument itself is shown
in the adjoining illustration.
[Illustration: FIG. 60.]
Here then we have a little hexagonal top, with dice-spots upon its
sides. It is spun with the thumb and finger, and the number of spots
which fall uppermost in the genuine article, at the time of its running
down, depends entirely upon chance. Not so, however, with the tops
advertised as above. They can be made to fall in any desired manner. The
spindle, instead of being fixed, as it should be, can be turned round
within the body of the top. Attached to one side of the spindle, within
the top, and revolving when the spindle is turned, there is a small
weight which can be set to face either of the sides. The side opposite
which the weight is allowed to remain is the one which will lie upon the
table when the top comes to rest.
These teetotums are largely used in the States to 'spin for drinks,' and
a very favourite way of working them is as follows. A man will enter
some bar whilst the bar-keeper is alone, custom being slack. He produces
one of the little articles referred to, and having initiated the
bar-keeper into its capabilities, induces him to purchase it. In all
probability the bar-keeper sets to work with his new toy, and wins many
a drink in the course of the next few weeks. After awhile, however, two
accomplices of the man who 'traded' the top will present themselves at
the bar, pretending to be more or less intoxicated. Naturally, the
bar-keeper thinks he has a safe thing, and tries the dice-top upon them.
They lose a few bets, then pretend to lose their temper, and want to bet
heavily upon the results given by the top. To this, of course, their
dupe has not the least objection; he is only too ready to fall in with
their views. But in the meantime, one of them, under pretence of
examining the top slightly, contrives to ring in another of exactly
similar appearance, but which is set to fall low when the spindle is
turned to face in the same direction as that given to the other when
intended to throw high. The bar-keeper thus falls an easy victim to the
snare. Turn the spindle as he may, the top absolutely refuses to fall in
the direction he requires.
This, then, exhausts all we have to consider with reference to dice and
their manipulation. If we have not learnt very much in this branch of
the art of cheating, it is because there is not very much to learn.
Simple as the devices are in this kind of sharping, they are largely
utilised, even at the present day, and notwithstanding the fact that
'palming' and kindred methods of concealing small articles are so
generally understood. The great point in the sharp's favour, in this as
in all other manipulations, is that his dupes are not expecting
trickery, and consequently do not look for it. It is highly probable
that as much money has changed hands over games of dice as in connection
with any other form of gambling, horse-racing, perhaps, excepted. Years
ago, of course, the dice-box was a much more familiar object than at the
present day; still even now it flourishes with undiminished vitality in
many parts of the world. Well, those who deal with the dice will always
pay dearly for experience, which may be bought _too_ dearly sometimes.
_Caveat emptor._
CHAPTER XI
_HIGH-BALL POKER_
The game of 'high-ball poker' is one which is essentially American, both
in origin and character. It is somewhat simpler than the proper game,
but possesses no particular advantages over poker, as played with cards,
beyond the fact of its comparative simplicity. On the other hand, the
appliances required for playing it are more expensive, and not nearly so
convenient. Possibly the original idea of its introduction arose from
the fact that the fraudulent manipulation of the cards, in the other
game, had become notorious, and it was hoped that this kind of thing
would be obviated by using balls instead. It is far more likely,
however, that this variety of the game presented certain advantages to
the sharp which the other did not possess, and hence its popularity in
certain quarters. It would be unwise, however, to hazard an opinion one
way or the other. All we need trouble ourselves about is that cheating
at this game is both simple and tolerably safe. No special skill is
required on the part of the sharp, and very little special apparatus, to
enable him to win whenever he pleases, and as long as he can get people
to play with him.
The game is played with a leathern bottle, something like those used in
'pool,' but smaller in the neck. Into this bottle are put twenty-four
balls about an inch in diameter, each of which is numbered upon a facet,
the numbers running from one to twenty-four consecutively. The players
sit round the table, and the bets are arranged in the same manner as at
poker. The player whose turn it is to deal shakes up the balls in the
bottle, and deals one to each player, himself included, no player being
allowed to see the balls which are dealt to the others. The players look
at the balls they have received, each one noting the number which has
fallen to him, and coming in or declining to play accordingly, stake
their bets. This being done, a second ball is dealt to each player, and
the two balls thus received constitute his hand. The betting now
proceeds as at poker, the rules being precisely the same, except that
the balls rank according to their numerical value, and that the
complications arising from 'pairs,' 'threes,' 'fours,' and 'flushes,'
cannot arise. Those who have bad hands will fall out of the game for the
time being, sacrificing the stakes they have put into the pool, whilst
those who consider their hands good enough to bet on will remain in and
'raise' each other. If one player can so increase the stakes as to drive
all the others out, he will take the pool without showing his hand; or
a player may be 'called,' and then the hands are shown, the best one
winning the whole of the stakes.
The reader will perceive that cheating might be practised in connection
with this game in a variety of ways. The dealer, in putting the balls
into the bottle, might contrive to secrete a high number, which could be
held out for a time, and afterwards rung in to his own hand, in place of
a low one. In a conspiracy of two or three players, nothing could be
easier than for them to signal to each other the value of their hands,
and thus arrive at a fairly approximate knowledge of what hands they
might have to contend with. They could then act in accordance with the
information thus gained, and either stand out or raise the other
players, as the nature of their hands may dictate. If, in addition to
this, each of the conspirators was provided with duplicates of two or
three of the highest numbers, the one who had the best hand could
substitute for the lower number in his hand the highest number in either
of the hands held by his accomplices, and thus, in all probability,
constitute himself the winner, the accomplice meanwhile substituting his
best number for that discarded by his partner in the conspiracy. They
would not require many duplicate balls each; just two or three of the
highest numbers would be quite sufficient.
There are, however, great objections to any manipulation of this
kind; more particularly since cheating can be accomplished, by
mechanical means, in a much more simple and effective manner. The
method of cheating usually adopted, therefore, takes the form of a
'bottle-holdout,' which can be caused to retain any of the highest
numbers and to deliver them to either of the players, at the will of
the dealer.
[Illustration: FIG. 61.]
This holdout is, of course, within the bottle itself, and is operated by
pressure upon the slightly flexible sides. Fig. 61 is an illustration of
a bottle of this kind, part of one side being cut away to allow the
holdout to be seen. A represents the position of the various parts at
such times as the holdout may be either inoperative or containing the
balls. B will serve to indicate the position they assume when the sides
are pressed, and the holdout is either receiving or delivering the
balls.
The holdout itself consists of a kind of scoop, pivoted to a bracket in
such a way that it will either turn up against one side of the bottle,
or lie open beneath the neck. This scoop _a_ has a projecting tail-piece
or lever, against which a spring _d_ constantly presses, and retains the
scoop in contact with the side of the bottle. To the end of this lever
is jointed a rod _c_, the further end of which just reaches across to
the opposite side of the bottle. It is obvious, then, that if the bottle
is squeezed by the dealer, the pressure being applied to the point of
contact with the rod, and to some point behind the bracket to which the
scoop is pivoted (between _b_ and _d_, in short), the end of the lever
will be pressed towards the side of the bottle, and the scoop will
consequently be turned down into the position shown at B. The whole of
the working parts, together with the inside of the bottle, are painted
black, in order to prevent any possibility of the device being seen by
looking down the neck.
In returning the balls to the interior of the bottle, the dealer
carefully notes their value. The low ones are allowed to fall in the
proper manner, but when a high one is dropped inside, the bottle is
squeezed in the manner above indicated, the scoop comes down, and that
ball therefore falls into the holdout. Then in dealing the device is
utilised in the same way. The low balls are dealt to the dupes, but in
the act of dealing to a confederate, or to himself, as the case may be,
the bottle is pressed and high balls only are dealt. As a rule one ball
only is held out.
There is not very much in this game beyond the ingenuity of the holdout
employed, and the money which may be won by its means. But since the
necessity of including it among the explanations given in this book is
obvious, and since there is no definite section of the subject to which
it can be referred, it has had to receive, however unworthily, the
distinction of having a chapter to itself.
FOOTNOTE:
[11] This would be far too risky a proceeding for a sharp to indulge in
as a rule. He _might_ do so, however, if he got hold of a very great
flat.
CHAPTER XII
_ROULETTE AND ALLIED GAMES_
Roulette, and the various modifications of the game, which have been
introduced from time to time, have all had, to a greater or less extent,
a fascination for the gambler. That roulette itself still maintains a
prominent place among the multitudinous methods of dissipating wealth to
which gamblers are addicted, can be fully vouched for by those who have
visited the gaming-tables of such a place as Monte Carlo. Despite the
efforts of civilisation, 'the man that broke the bank,' or is said to
have done so, is still prominent among us; but the bank that broke the
man is, unfortunately, much more in evidence.
The methods of play adopted by the great gaming establishments of the
world are unquestionably as fair as the nature of things will allow them
to be. No man can run an establishment of any kind without profit, and
the profits of these gaming-houses result from the apparently small
chances in favour of the bank which are universally allowed. The fact
that the _apparently_ small chances against the players as a body are
not generally recognised as being in reality great, cannot be said to be
the fault of the bankers themselves. They build palatial edifices, lay
out luxurious gardens, pay their crowds of retainers handsome salaries,
and still have profits sufficient to bring them in princely incomes, the
entire expenses of the whole being defrayed at the cost of the players,
and through the medium of those insignificant chances in the bank's
favour. It is strange that the players cannot see it, but they do not
seem to realise that it is they themselves who pay for these things; or,
if they do see it, they play with the wild hope of being among the few
fortunate ones and sharing in the plunder. Taken as a whole, it may be
estimated that the profits of these places amount to five per cent. or
over of every pound that is staked upon the tables. That is to say,
every player who places a sovereign upon the green cloth puts,
definitely and unmistakably, at least a shilling into the pockets of the
proprietors, who have, in the long run, absolutely no risk whatever.
They have merely to furnish the accessories, and the players will
provide all the rest, simply paying their money to the bank and taking
all the risk themselves. No player can gain at the expense of the bank;
if one should happen to make his fortune at play, he can only do so by
the ruin of some other player. That is the plain state of the case, and
there is no getting over it.
It is not, however, with the so-called genuine gambling concerns that we
have now to deal, but with the little hole-and-corner dens which may be
found in various parts of the world, and particularly in the two
continents of America. In such as these the roulette-table is frequently
a familiar object, and very often it is not quite such a genuine piece
of apparatus as it appears. Those who may not happen to be acquainted
with the arrangement should understand that it is an oblong table,
having a circular cavity at one end, in which the roulette revolves. The
roulette (literally 'little wheel') is simply a revolving disc
surrounded by a number of cavities into which a ball is allowed to roll.
These cavities are numbered, and those who have staked upon the number
of the particular hole into which the ball finds its way receive their
stakes back, together with an amount equivalent to the money they have
staked multiplied by the number of holes remaining vacant in the
roulette, _minus_ a certain percentage which is reserved in favour of
the bank. This is the essential principle of the game, though in reality
it is played with many complications of chances, into which it is not
necessary here to enter.
Cheating in connection with the roulette-table is accomplished by means
of a 'faked' or falsified roulette. This is arranged so that the numbers
around the periphery are not consecutive, but alternately high and low.
Indeed, this is the usual arrangement, therefore there is nothing
suspicious in that fact. The numbered divisions into one of which the
ball eventually rolls are formed by equidistant copper bands, set
radially from the centre of rotation; and, in the false roulette, the
copper partitions are so constructed as to be movable in two sets, one
moving one way, and the other in the opposite direction. Each alternate
partition belongs to the opposite set to its two immediate neighbours,
consequently the movement of the partitions alternately in opposite
directions tends to widen one set of cavities and narrow the others. If,
then, the original width of the cavities was only just sufficient to
allow the ball to drop into either of them, a very slight movement in
one direction or the other will serve to prevent the ball from falling
into any cavity of one set, whilst allowing it readily to enter either
of the other set. Before spinning the roulette, then, the man whose
place it is to do so notes the disposition of the bets. If they are
principally staked upon the high numbers, he just gives a little twist
to the centre of the roulette, in the direction which slightly closes
the high numbers and correspondingly opens the low ones. Then the high
numbers are bound to lose. Should the bets, on the other hand, be
principally upon the low numbers, the spindle is turned in the other
direction, thus closing the low numbers and opening the high ones. In
this way the bank can never lose by any possible chance. The movement
given to the alternate partitions is, of course, very slight,
one-sixteenth of an inch being ample for the purpose.
To enable the reader to better understand the principle involved in this
system of cheating, we will investigate its application to a simple
modification of the roulette which is sometimes used, and which affords
great convenience for the method of falsification we have been
considering. This is a wheel composed of a circular centre-piece, with
two flat circular plates larger in diameter than the centre or 'hub,'
one being fixed above and the other below it. Radially between these
flanges, and at equal distances apart, are fixed partitions, which thus
convert the periphery of the wheel into a number of chambers or
divisions. A (fig. 62) represents the plan of a wheel of this kind, and
B shows the same in elevation.
[Illustration: FIG. 62.]
Now, these radial partitions mentioned above are not all fixed to the
wheel in the same manner. Each alternate one is attached to the centre
or hub, and the others are fixed to the flanges or cheeks. C in the
illustration represents the latter, and D the former. The two halves of
the wheel C and D being put together, they appear to constitute a
genuine wheel such as A. It is obvious, then, that if these two halves
can be made to move just a little in opposite directions around their
common centre, each alternate division will become slightly narrower or
wider than its immediate neighbours, as the case may be. Then, if the
divisions are numbered alternately high and low, it stands to reason
that the high numbers can be closed and the low ones opened, or _vice
versa_, at will. In the illustration, E represents the wheel after the
two sections have been turned one upon the other in this way. It will be
seen that _n_ is a narrow division, and _w_ a wide one; whilst right and
left of these the divisions are alternately wide and narrow. A wheel of
this kind would be mounted upon a spindle, in the centre of a circular
depression in the table-top. After it has been set spinning, a ball is
thrown into the circular hollow, down the sloping sides of which it
rolls, and finally arrives in one of the divisions of the wheel, in this
case entering by the periphery. In order to give the thing more the
appearance of a game of skill, a wheel of this kind is sometimes mounted
at one end of a sort of bagatelle-table, and, whilst it is spinning, the
players are allowed to drive the ball into it with a cue from the far
end of the table, each player in succession taking his turn at the ball.
Needless to say, however, this plan presents no particular advantage to
the player. If he has backed a high number, and the high numbers are
closed against him, it is evident that he cannot possibly cause the ball
to enter the division he requires, do what he may.
It should also be noted that in the roulette the divisions, in addition
to being numbered alternately high and low, are also alternately
coloured red and black, and the players have the option of betting upon
either colour. That is to say, if the ball rolls into a red division,
irrespective of its number, those who have staked upon the red will
receive the value of their stakes, whilst those who have wagered upon
black will lose their money. Even in this case, however, the chances in
favour of the bank will tell in the long run, because the 'zeros,' the
numbers reserved for the bank, are neither red nor black, and if the
ball enters a zero neither red nor black will win. The alternate
arrangement of the red and black divisions will indicate, at once, that
the same device which controls the entrance of the ball into the high or
low numbers can also be made to cause either red or black to win, at the
pleasure of the bank. In that case there is not much need to trouble
about the effect of 'zero' one way or the other.
A gentleman, well known in artistic circles, has favoured me, through a
mutual friend, with the following interesting account of a swindle
perpetrated in connection with roulette here in London. He entitles it
'A True Gambling Experience'; and it is here given as nearly as possible
in his own words.
'Some time ago, a friend of mine wrote to me, asking if I would like to
go to a gamble at the rooms of a Mr. X----, who had acquired a certain
notoriety by gaining large sums at Monte Carlo. Indeed, his name was
mentioned almost daily in the London Press. I went, and the game of
roulette was played, the guests being regaled at about midnight with a
most excellent supper and "Pol Roger" _ad lib._
'The company was mixed--a few men from club-land, a well-known
money-lender, and two fair ladies. One lady was our hostess, the other
was the celebrated Baroness ----. The game was played quite fairly, the
board being one of those ordinarily used in England, with one "zero."
The stakes were limited to 20_l._ upon the even money chances.
'At the end of the evening, our host--the much-talked-of gentleman of
Monte Carlo--who had won about 1,000_l._ during the sitting, appointed
another evening, and asked me if I would mind taking the bank. I
consented, provided that I might stop when I had lost as much as I cared
to risk. This was acceded to, and I took the bank on the following week,
when I arose a loser of some 300_l._, but had such consolation as was to
be derived from partaking of a supper similar in character to the first,
everything being absolutely _en prince_. A game of baccarat followed,
and a friend of mine was fortunate enough to win some hundreds from our
host. I myself, having settled up all my losings at roulette, was a
gainer of fifty sovereigns or so. At the end of the evening, our host
excused himself from payment, on the ground that he had had a very bad
week racing, and had a very heavy settlement to make on the Monday, "I
know," he said, "you and your friend will not mind waiting until next
week, when we will have another evening." Of course we agreed to wait
until the next meeting.
'Some days after, I had a letter from Mr. X----, stating that he had
much pleasure in sending me a cheque (enclosed), and remarking that he
intended having an evening at the rooms of a friend of his, near
Charing Cross. The evening arrived, and I duly wended my way to the
address Mr. X---- had given me. I found about twenty people assembled,
among them my friend and another man I knew. I went up to the former and
asked him if Mr. X---- had paid up the money he owed him. "Oh yes," he
said, "he has paid me in those," pointing to a heap of counters in front
of him. The game had commenced when I arrived, and I noticed that the
limit of the stakes was double that of the former occasions, viz. 40_l._
upon the even money chances. I further noticed that a Frenchman (who
could not speak a word of English) was turning the wheel, and Mr. X----
was acting as "croupier." The board was not similar to that used on
former occasions.
'The game proceeded, the Frenchman rolling the ball, and Mr. X----
raking in the losing and paying out the winning stakes. Every now and
then a man would retire hard hit, whilst others were constantly
arriving. Business was brisk, a good trade was being carried on, but
nobody knew how certain the bank was of winning. A Rothschild could not
have stood against that board, as I afterwards discovered.
'Presently, one of the players got up and said, "I think that is seven
hundred I owe you, X----," and proceeded to try and write a cheque for
the amount upon a blank sheet of paper; but finding he could not write
distinctly, he called to the money-lender, who filled in the body of
the cheque, and then the half-tipsy punter signed it and left. Several
large cheques were paid to X---- upon various players taking their
departure; and I, having lost 10_l._ punting in sovereigns, wrote a
cheque for that amount. In the meantime, my friend who had been paid by
X---- some hundreds in counters, as before mentioned, had lost them all,
and had a debit of about 400_l._ against him. He was staking the maximum
each time on either red or black. Sometimes he had a maximum on one of
the other chances. The luck (?) was dead against him, and he only won
once in every three or four coups. He came into the next room with me
and had a brandy and soda. "My luck is terrible," he said, "awful! but I
am going to sit it out. The chances must average up presently." Such,
however, was not the case. He lost more and more, whilst beads of
perspiration stood upon his forehead.
'Relaxing for a moment my attention from my friend and his play, and
glancing at the roulette revolving, I noticed the ball roll into
division No. 3, red. Strange to say, however, when the roulette came to
rest, the winning number proved to be No. 26, black. Even then the
thought did not occur to me that there was anything wrong; but shortly
afterwards a similar event occurred, and _then_ I felt sure there was a
swindle somewhere. I went into the cloak-room where we had left our
outer apparel, and putting on my opera hat and cape, returned to the
scene. I pulled my hat well over my eyes and watched the board. Having a
quick eye, and being used to roulette, I soon fathomed what is possibly
the most beautiful swindle ever invented. The partitions which form the
divisions into which the ball runs were constructed in one piece and
movable, altogether apart from the numbers between which they were
situated. In pressing upon the roulette to stop its motion in the usual
manner, a sort of ratchet movement could be actuated which would turn
the whole of the divisions round, carrying the ball with them, from one
number to the next. Thus red could be turned into black, manque into
passe, or pair into impair, according to the manner in which the stakes
were placed.
'I was so completely upset by my discovery of this colossal swindle that
I unfortunately committed a _faux pas_ which enabled the gang to escape
punishment. After I was thoroughly certain of the _modus operandi_, I
looked round the room to see what help was at hand in the event of a
tussle; but, not liking the look of the crowd, I decided to obtain
assistance from the outside. Before doing so, I felt that my clear duty
was to speak to the host, who had lent his rooms to Mr. X----. I
motioned him apart, and on telling him that I wished to speak to him
privately, he took me into his bedroom. "Mr. Z----," I said, "I think it
my duty to tell you that this game is a gigantic swindle. The men who
have lost have been cheated out of their money," and I described the
process to him. "It cannot be true," said he, "I have known X---- for
years, and have been engaged in several large financial transactions
with him, and I would stake my life upon his integrity." "Well," I said,
"that may be so, but I am certain of what I say, and I shall prevent all
the payment I can. As for my cheque of 10_l._, I shall stop it at the
bank." (That cheque has never been presented from that day to this).
'I went out into the passage, leaving Z---- in his bedroom, and at that
moment the well-known Mr. ----, F.R.C.S. was admitted at the door. I
whispered to him, "Play small and watch it," and went off for a
detective. I was afterwards informed by my "sawbones" friend that play
was stopped directly I left.
'The rest of the tale is soon told. I met my unfortunate friend outside
his house, and found he had ended in losing 1,300_l._ His state was
truly pitiable, and his relief was great when I told him that he need
not pay a penny, as he had been duped.
'The next day private detectives were busy; but, unfortunately, the
mechanical board had escaped them, and Mr. X---- and his confederates
had cleared out of London.
'Would you believe it? X---- went to a well-known firm of solicitors,
and wanted to commence an action against me; but they advised him to
refrain from so doing.
'I traced many of the punters who had lost money that evening, and
stopped the payment of very much that would otherwise have found its way
into the pockets of the swindlers. The men whose interests I thus
protected never thanked me. All I contrived to do for myself was to make
many enemies. For the future I intend to leave the exposure of swindlers
to those who are accustomed to that kind of work.'
Under the general term of 'spindle-games,' a great variety of revolving
wheels and pointers is sold. In all cases the 'game' consists of betting
against the bank, upon the chances of a ball rolling into a certain
compartment, or of a pointer coming to rest opposite a certain number or
division upon a dial. Countless are the dodges and devices resorted to
with the object of controlling the chances or of removing them
altogether. Things of this kind are commonly used for the purposes of
cheating at race-meetings and horse fairs 'out west.' We have already
seen how anything in the nature of a roulette can be sophisticated so as
to give the bank every advantage, and insure certain loss to the
players; and from this we may judge that something similar is possible
in the case of a pointer or 'spear.' Indeed, the possibilities in this
direction are endless, and all sorts of brakes and such devices for
bringing the pointer to rest at a given spot have been invented. As an
example we will investigate one system, which is in all probability the
most ingenious ever devised, and which is but little known.
Some years ago, the head of a well-known firm of electricians and
experimentalists in Manchester was approached by an American, with a
view to their undertaking the manufacture of a piece of apparatus, part
of the drawings for which he submitted. The firm agreed to make what was
required, and the work was commenced. As to what the apparatus could
possibly be, or for what use it was intended, the manufacturers were
completely in ignorance. Never having had experience of anything of the
kind before, the whole thing was a mystery to them: all that they could
infer from the utterances of their customer was that it was something in
the nature of an experiment, and one which was of the greatest
importance. Expense was absolutely no object whatever; all they had to
concern themselves with was to see that the apparatus was thoroughly
well and accurately made, and in accordance with the drawings given
them.
The contrivance itself was a sort of circular table-top; but, instead of
being made of one solid thickness of wood, it was constructed in three
sections or layers. The top and bottom pieces were simply plain discs,
whilst the central one was a ring. These, being fastened together, made
a kind of shallow box, the interior of which could be reached by
removing either the top or bottom of the whole arrangement. Into this
internal circular cavity was fitted a disc of such a size that it was
capable of turning freely within the table top without rattling about.
Radially from the centre of this disc were cut about six or eight slots,
at equal distances from each other, and sufficiently large to contain
each a bar-magnet. The magnets being fixed into their respective slots,
the disc carrying them was placed into the cavity prepared for its
reception, and the outer wood-work was firmly glued together. To all
outward appearance, then, the thing became simply a table-top, made in
three thicknesses, the 'grain' of the middle thickness crossing that of
the other two; an arrangement often adopted in cabinetwork to prevent
warping. In the under side of the table-top, however, there was cut a
small slot, concentric with the outer edge. This gave access to the
movable piece within the interior, and a small stud was fixed into that
piece, projecting a little beyond the under surface, so that by its
means the inner piece could be revolved a short distance to the right or
left.
This incomprehensible scientific instrument having been completed to the
satisfaction of the American gentleman, it was taken away by him, and
the firm expected to hear nothing more of it. In this, however, they
were mistaken. A few days afterwards their customer again called upon
them, bringing with him another drawing, and requesting them to make
this second device in accordance with his instructions. The drawing
presented for the inspection of the firm this time was a representation
of a very heavy iron pointer, so constructed as to revolve upon a pivot
at its centre. Strange to say, the length of the pointer was just about
equal to the diameter of the internal disc of the table-top previously
made. The head of the firm began to 'smell a rat.' That pointer had
served to point out to him the solution of what was previously
inexplicable. Having formed his own conclusions, he openly taxed the
American with having lured him into making an apparatus for cheating.
Perfectly unabashed, the man admitted the soft impeachment, and quite
calmly and collectedly revealed the full particulars of his system, as
though it were nothing at all unusual, and quite in the ordinary way of
business.
It appeared that this innocent form of amusement was intended to be
taken 'out west,' and brought into action principally at horse-fairs.
The table-top which the firm had made was destined to be covered with
green cloth, in the centre of which a circle was marked out, its
circumference being divided into spaces coloured alternately black and
red. The number of these spaces was twice that of the magnets within the
table. Thus, by moving the stud projecting below the table-top the
magnets could be made to lie beneath either colour whilst the proprietor
_lied_ over the whole. Obviously, then, the iron pointer would always
come to rest above one of the magnets, and in this way the colour at
which it was allowed to stop could be decided by the operator. His plan
of working was simply to note which colour had the most money staked
upon it, and set his magnets so as to cause the pointer to stop at the
other. Using an apparatus of this kind, the man had already made
thousands of dollars; and he only required this improved and perfected
machine to enable him to go back and make thousands more. The Americans
are pretty generally regarded as being a smart people--but are they? In
some ways, perhaps.
All this being explained to the head of the Manchester firm, the natural
exclamation which fell from him was, 'But suppose anyone among the
bystanders happened to bring out a mariner's compass?' It appeared,
however, even in that case, that all was not lost, and that the swindler
would be equal to the occasion. Quietly putting his hand between his
coat-tails, he drew out a neat little 'Derringer,' about a foot long,
and observed, 'Wal, _sir_, I guess that compass would never git around
_my_ table. You kin bet on _that_.' That's the sort of man _he_ was.
CHAPTER XIII
_SPORTING-HOUSES_
We now come to a consideration of the so-called 'sporting-houses,'
otherwise, the firms who supply sharps with the appliances and tools of
their craft. These places are many, and, as a rule, prosperous. Their
dealings in 'advantage goods,' as these things are called by the
fraternity, are of course 'under the rose,' and the real nature of their
business is covered by the fact that they are supposed to be dealers in
honest commodities of various kinds. Some of these people keep
'emporiums' for the ostensible sale of genuine gambling appliances, such
as faro-tables, billiard-tables, dice, cards, &c. Others will run
businesses which are far removed from anything in the nature of
gambling. The cheating business is, of course, kept in the background,
although no great secret would appear to be made of it; the inference
being, one may suppose, that it is not criminal to sell these things,
although it is undoubtedly so to use them.
Until quite recently it was no uncommon thing to find advertisements in
certain of the American newspapers, to some such effect as 'Holdouts
and other Sporting Tools.--Apply to Messrs. So-and-So,' giving the name
and address. An advertisement of this kind would, of course, be simply
Greek to the majority, although the sharps would understand its meaning
readily enough. Upon applying to the advertiser, a sharp would receive a
voluminous price list, setting forth the manifold beauties and
advantages of the wares at his disposal, and showing conclusively that
no other dealer had things so good to sell, and that the advertising
firm was the most fair dealing and conscientious in the world, if their
own account of themselves might be trusted.
The first specimen of these literary and artistic productions to which
we shall refer is a very exhaustive affair; so much so, in fact, that
space will not allow it to be reprinted in its entirety. Besides
cheating appliances it quotes all kinds of genuine gambling tools, which
are of no importance to us in our present inquiry. Such parts, then, as
have no reference to cheating have been excised, to avoid crowding these
pages with unnecessary matter. The reader who has conscientiously
followed, and taken pains to understand the explanations contained in
previous chapters, will have no difficulty in arriving at a very fair
notion of the various items given, and the significance of much that,
otherwise, would possess no meaning for him. This catalogue is issued by
a firm in San Francisco.
THE ONLY
SPORTING EMPORIUM
ON THE PACIFIC COAST.
(_Name_) & (_Name_), COMPANY.
_DEALERS IN AND MANUFACTURERS OF_
Sporting Goods.
(_Address_) STREET,
SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
_READ THIS! OUR TERMS ARE STRICTLY CASH_.
All orders MUST be accompanied by a deposit, and no order will
be entertained unless the deposit is indorsed or sent with the
order, to show a guarantee of good faith. On small orders send
the full amount, and thus save the double charges.
Goods sent C. O. D. ONLY where a deposit comes with the order
or guarantee from the Express Agent. All remittances can be
sent by Express, Mail, Post Office Order, Stamps, or Registered
Letter.
All business strictly confidential, and all inquiries answered
by return mail.
_WE WILL NOT DEVIATE FROM THE ABOVE TERMS_.
_Always say whether you want Letters and Goods sent by Mail or
Express._
(_Name and Address_.)
FARO TOOLS
DEALING-BOXES, plated $10 00
square, heavy German silver 16 00
" " " " plated 20 00
plated, sand tell 15 00
heavy German silver, sand tell 20 00
" " " plated, sand tell 25 00
side lever, heavy plated 50 00
square, size-up 60 00
end squeeze, plain 75 00
" " and lock up 100 00
" " plain, to squeeze top and bottom 85 00
" " lock-up, to squeeze top and bottom 100 00
balance top, plain 75 00
" " to lock up 100 00
end squeeze, lock-up and size-up 125 00
" " " " needle 125 00
latest style combination box, to work in four
different ways, size-up, end squeeze, and
needle, to lock up to a square box 175 00
shuffling board with needle 12 50
needle for table 2 50
very latest combination box to work in five
different ways, size-up, sand tell, end
squeeze, and needle, lock-up to a square box 200 00
In ordering, state exactly the kind of top that is desired,
also if the box is to have bars inside or to be without bars.
Our boxes are made with a view to simplicity, durability, and
finish, are guaranteed to work perfectly, and pronounced by
experts to be the best in the United States.
Boxes of any style made to order and repaired.
We are constantly making improvements in this line.
Lever boxes altered into end squeeze.
TRIMMING SHEARS, metal block $40 00
metal block, to cut, size-up, and the odd 50 00
latest improved, with extra set screw 65 00
LEVER PATTERN, metal block 40 00
to cut, size-up, and the odd 50 00
latest improved, with extra set screw 65 00
metal block, small size, suitable for travelling 35 00
" " " " to
cut, size-up, and the odd 45 00
latest improved, to cut, size-up, and the odd,
with extra set screw, and attachment, to
hold monte cards while trimming 75 00
In ordering shears or lever-pattern trimmers, state what kind
and style you want.
TRIMMING PLATES (new style), our own design, to
cut any size card, rounds or straights. A
knife, razor, or any other sharp instrument
can be used $7 50
CUTTER, for cutting round corners on cards
(something new), our own invention 20 00
for the odd only 20 00
Trimming shears sharpened and squared equal to new at short
notice.
You can do more and better work with our shears and trimmers
than any other manufactured in the United States. They are made
of the very best materials, and under our personal supervision.
The cutting parts are made of the finest steel, and forged by
hand, making them all that could be desired.
SHUFFLING BOARDS, very thin iron, broadcloth
cover $3 00
for the odd 15 00
FARO DEALING CARDS, best quality, either
squared or unsquared, per dozen 15 00
per deck 1 25
best quality, cut for size-up 1 75
cut in any form, either wedges, rounds, and
straights, end strippers, or any other kind,
ready for use, per deck 2 50
In ordering cards cut, always send a king or ace that fits your
box, or if your box is numbered, send the number, and state
particularly how you want them done.
Cash is required with all orders for trimmed cards.
HIGH-BALL LAYOUTS, 3 by 4 feet $6 00
Other sizes and styles painted to order.
HIGH BALLS, walrus ivory, each 20
boxwood 10
HIGH-BALL BOTTLES, leather, two in set, one
square, $2 50, one holdout $7 50 10 00
CLUBROOM FURNITURE
FARO TABLES $75 00 to $100 00
POKER TABLES, our own invention 250 00
DICE TABLES, electric, complete, our invention 150 00
POKER and DICE TABLE combined 350 00
GRAND HAZARD DICE TABLE, electric, complete,
our own invention 175 00
ELECTRIC DICE, 1/2 inch, each 2 50
IVORY DICE TOP, to throw high or low as required,
and one square to match 7 00
IVORY DICE, 1/2 inch, round or square corners, each 25
9/16 inch, round corners, each 35
5/8 " " " " 45
3/4 " " " " 80
IVORY DICE, 7/8 inch, round corners, each 1 25
1 " " " " 2 00
Horse for crap game, 1/2 inch, per pair 50
for top and bottom and 3 fair 1 00
3 high, 3 low, and 3 fair loaded (Eastern), per
set 6 00
loaded, our own manufacture, 1/2 inch, each 2 50
" " " " 5/8 " 2 75
" " " " 3/4 or 7/8 inch, each 3 00
In ordering dice, please state which side you want to come up;
also state if you want a square set to match. All kinds of
ivory dice made to order.
BONE DICE, per dozen 25c. to 50c.
DICE BOXES, leather 25c. and 50c.
smooth inside $1 00
KENO OUTFITS
KENO, consisting of globe and stand, 100 cards,
pegging boards, 100 pegs, ball board, 90
walrus balls and buttons, very fine $70 00
with boxwood balls, very fine 60 00
with walrus globes, plain globe 50 00
with boxwood balls, plain globe 40 00
INDICATORS, for registering cards sold 10 00
PULL-UP PEG BOARD, for 100 cards 20 00
KENO CARDS, 9 rows, 5 in a row, 100 cards 15 00
KENO GLOBE, for holding out extra balls 65 00
SHORT GAMES
VEST HOLDOUT, our own pattern $25 00
SLEEVE HOLDOUT $25 00, 30 00, 50 00, and 150 00
TABLE HOLDOUT, to work with the knee 15 00
THE BUG, to hold out extra cards from the table 1 00
TABLE REFLECTOR 5 00
REFLECTOR, in seven half-dollars 7 50
" in one half-dollar 2 50
REFLECTOR, in one dollar $3 50
" in pipe 5 00
" to work on any ring 2 00
" to fasten to greenbacks 2 00
" plain 1 50
" attached to machine, can be brought
to palm of hand at will 25 00
DUMMIES, to imitate a stack of twenties, used to
show in bankers' or money-brokers' windows,
to represent $100 $2 75
to represent $200 3 25
" " $300 3 75
" " $400 4 00
" " $500 5 00
NAIL PRICKS, each 50
ACID FLUID, for shading cards, 3 colours, very
fine and entirely new, complete with directions,
per set, 6 bottles 5 00
single bottle, any colour 1 00
MARKED CARDS
Per dozen 1 0 00
Per deck 1 00
Glazed backs, round corners, per dozen 1 4 00
" " " " " deck 1 25
By mail, 5 cents per deck extra.
STRIPPERS, cut to order for any short game, per
dozen 7 00
cut to order for any short game, per deck 75
By mail, 5 cents per deck extra.
In ordering these cards, state what kind of card preferred, and
be particular to give full directions--just what you want them
for, and what cards you want stripped.
* * * * *
The next catalogue to which we refer hails from the State of New York,
and is that from which extracts have been made during the progress of
this book. It is particularly amusing, and deserves careful perusal on
that account.
THE LATEST SLEEVE HOLDOUT
The finest machine in this country. All late improvements,
better made than some machines that are sold for $300. A better
machine than the Kepplinger, of San Francisco, holdout. Made of
fine and light pen steel, and works as well in shirt sleeves as
with a coat on. The machine is fastened in a double shirt
sleeve. The cards go in between the wristband and cuff. The
wristband and cuff closes up when the cards are in, and anyone
may look up your sleeve to your elbow and cannot see anything
wrong. The holdout is worked by spreading your knees. The
string runs through steel tubing that has capped pulley wheel
joints. The string cannot bind or catch, and will work smoothly,
easy, and noiselessly, every time alike. Give length of arm and
size of shirt worn when ordering. Price, $100. Will send one
C. O. D. $75, with privilege to examine, on receipt of $25.
KEPPLINGER VEST, OR COAT MACHINE
New, never before advertised. Made on same principle as the
sleeve holdout, and works by spreading knees. String goes
through adjustable tubing. Vest closes up tight when cards are
in, and looks to be all buttoned up tight. Works equally well
in coat. (This is almost a nickle-in-slot machine, and I
will guarantee perfect satisfaction to anyone that wants a
first-class vest or coat holdout.) Sent in vest all ready to
put on and work. Price $75. Will send one C. O. D. $60,
privilege to examine and try in express office, on receipt of
$15.
STUD POKER HOLDOUT
Very light and compact, works under any ordinary cuff. Cards
come out to palm of hand and go back out of sight. Works
automatically by resting arm on edge of table. Also a good
machine to cap the deck with. Price $30. Sent C. O. D. $20,
privilege to examine, on receipt of $15.
ARM PRESSURE VEST MACHINE
This machine weighs about three ounces, and is used half way
down the vest, where it comes natural to hold your hands and
cards. The work is done with one hand and the lower part of the
same arm. You press against a small lever with the arm (an easy
pressure of three-quarters of an inch throws out the cards back
of a few others held in your left hand), and you can reach over
to your checks or do anything else with the right hand while
working the holdout. The motions are all natural, and do not
cause suspicion. The machine is held in place by a web belt;
you don't have to sew anything fast, but when you get ready to
play you can put on the machine, and when through can remove it
in half a minute. There are no plates, no strings to pull on,
and no springs that are liable to break or get out of order.
This machine is worth fifty of the old style vest plates for
practical use, and you will say the same after seeing one.
Price $15. Will send one C. O. D. $10, with privilege to
examine, on receipt of $5. Will send one by registered mail on
receipt of price, with the understanding that you may return it
in exchange for other goods if not perfectly satisfactory.
ARM PRESSURE SLEEVE MACHINE
Same price and style as the arm pressure vest machine. (This
holdout is the lightest and smoothest working arm pressure
sleeve holdout made.)
TEN DOLLAR SLEEVE HOLDOUT
Light and compact, can be put on or taken off in two minutes,
works by raising and lowering your arm. A good machine for
small games. Sent by registered mail on receipt of the price.
AUTOMATIC TABLE HOLDOUT
Lightest made, fastens by patent steel claw. Can be put under a
table and taken off instantly, as there are no screws or
anything to fasten permanently. Works by knee, and brings the
card up on top of the table. Price $20. Sent C. O. D.,
privilege to examine, on receipt of $5.
_Notice._--I can make this holdout or my stud poker holdout,
either one, to work a fine reflector for reading the cards, at
same price.
TO SMART POKER PLAYERS
I have invented a process by which a man is sure of winning if
he can introduce his own cards. The cards are not trimmed or
marked in any way, shape, or manner. They can be handled and
shuffled by all at the board, and, without looking at a card,
you can, by making two or three shuffles or ripping them in,
oblige the dealer to give three of a kind to any one playing,
or the same advantage can be taken on your own deal. This is a
big thing for any game. In euchre you can hold the joker every
time, or the cards most wanted in any game. The process is very
hard to detect, as the cards look perfectly natural, and it is
something card-players are not looking for. Other dealers have
been selling sanded cards, or cheap cards with spermaceti
rubbed on, and calling them professional playing or magnetic
cards. I don't want you to class my cards with that kind of
trash. I use a liquid preparation put on with rollers on all
cards made; this dries on the cards and does not show, and will
last as long as the cards do. The object is to make certain
cards, not prepared, slip off easier than others in shuffling.
You can part or break the deck to an ace or king, and easily
'put up threes,' no matter where they lay in the deck. This
fine advantage works fine single handed, or when the left-hand
man shuffles and offers the cards to be cut. These cards are
ten times better than readers or strippers, and they get the
money faster. Price $2 per pack by mail, $20 per dozen packs.
If you order a dozen, I will furnish cards like you use.
CUFF HOLDOUT
Weighs two ounces, and is a neat invention to top the deck, to
help a partner, or hold out a card playing stud poker; also
good to play the half stock in seven up. This holdout works in
the shirt sleeve, and holds the cards in the same place as a
cuff pocket. There is no part of the holdout in sight at any
time. A man that has worked a pocket will appreciate this
invention. Price, by registered mail, $10.
RING HOLDOUT
Fits under any ring worn on third finger. A fine thing to top
the deck. You can hold as many cards as you wish in your hand,
and no one will mistrust you, as your fingers will be at
perfect liberty, and it is not necessary to keep them together
as you have to do when palming. Price, by registered mail, $3.
TABLE HOLDOUT
Very small and light. It can be put under and removed from any
table in less than half a minute. Works easily from either
knee. It will bring three or more cards up into your hand, and
take back the discards as you hold your cards and hands in a
natural position on top of the table. It is the best table
holdout made. Price, by registered mail, $10. Will send one
C. O. D., with privilege to examine, on receipt of $3.
THE BUG
A little instrument, easily carried in your vest pocket, that
can be used at a moment's notice to hold out one or more cards
in any game. Simple, yet safe and sure. Price 50 cents.
NEW MARKING INK
For line or scroll work. Any one can apply it with a fine steel
pen or camel's hair brush. This ink dries quickly and does not
require any rubbing. Will guarantee it to be the best ink made.
Price $3 per bottle. Two bottles, red and blue, $5. Best
shading colours, $2 per bottle.
REFLECTOR
Fastens by pressing steel spurs into under side of table. A
fine glass comes to the edge of table to read the cards as you
deal them off. You can set the glass at any angle or turn it
back out of sight in an instant. Price $4.
MARKED CARDS
First quality cards, hand marked, $1 50 per pack, $14 per
dozen. First quality cards, shaded plain or fine, $11 per
dozen. I can mark any style card you use if ordered by the
dozen packs. Strippers cut just as you want them. Price $1 per
pack.
LOADED DICE
Made of selected ivory loaded with quicksilver, and can be
shaken from the box so as to come high or low, as you wish.
With a set of these you will find yourself winner at all dice
games, and carry off the prize at every raffle you attend. Sold
in sets of 9 dice, 3 high, 3 low, and 3 fair. Price, per set
complete, $5.
DICE TOPS
For high and low. Sure thing. Made of best ivory, $4 Black
walnut, just as good, $1 25.
Eagle claw, to hold out cards in shirt sleeve. Price $5.
Knee holdout, to hold out cards from edge of table. Price $2
50.
Prong, improved, to use as cuff pocket. Price $4.
New method of marking cards like scratch work. This work leaves
a white line or mark on the card that cannot be shaded. Price
of material, tools, and full directions, $10, This is the kind
of work good men have been trying to get for some time.
NOTICE
It will _pay_ any man that plays cards to come and see my work.
I will meet you at Chatham, New York, and will pay all expenses
if I don't show you the _best_ goods made. If you want any
reference regarding my standing, write to ---- Bros., merchants,
or any business firm of this town. They don't recommend
advantage goods, but they will tell you that I am good for all I
advertise to do. If you want to get a holdout or anything in the
sporting line that you have ever seen used or advertised, write
to me about them and see how my prices compare with others. I
know all about every kind of advantage ever advertised, and am
getting new ones every day, but only advertise those I know to
be practical. If you send me an order, no matter how large or
small, I shall try to give you the worth of your money, so that
you will send again. I am the only manufacturer of holdouts in
this country. I am the only man who makes the holdouts he
advertises for sale himself. I will bet $500, ---- to hold the
money and decide the bet, that no other dealer advertising
advantage goods can make a sleeve or vest machine themselves as
good as either of mine. If you play cards it will pay you to
come here and see my machines work. I will pay all expenses if I
cannot show you the best holdouts made. Send money by registered
letter, postal note, or money order on Chatham, New York. Send
all orders to ----.
* * * * *
The educated man who does not smile at the bombast and 'Yankee-brag'
contained in the above, surely cannot have his risible faculties
developed in any degree whatever.
The next catalogue we shall notice comes from New York City itself, and
is couched in the following terms:--
OUR LATEST MARKED BACK PLAYING CARDS
Round corners, big squeezers, first quality linen stock,
warranted. Price, per pack, $1 25; six packs, $7; one dozen
packs, $12.
TO CARD PLAYERS
These cards are by far the finest-marked cards ever printed,
and are fully equal in every way, quality of stock, print, and
finish of both back and face, to any first quality square card
made.
This fills the long-felt want among the sporting fraternity,
and it is the best offer ever made to club-rooms and private
parties. They are new, and never before this season been placed
on the market.
They are especially adapted for fine work, and great care
has been given to the marking of both size and suit, and
it is almost an impossibility to find the marks and earn the
combination without the key and complete printed instructions
which we send with every pack; but when learned they are as
easily read from the back as from the face.
Nos. 1, 2, and 5 are marked in all four corners alike, so as to
be readily played by either right or left-hand players and are
marked on an entirely different principle than old style
stamped cards.
Attention is requested to our 'Montana,' No. 3, and to our
'Star,' No. 4. We furnish them in the colours mentioned and
used in all games throughout the entire country. Order the
cards by the numbers directly over them. Price, per pack, $1
25; six packs, $7; one dozen packs, $12.
We can furnish square cards to exactly duplicate Nos. 1, 2,
and 5, at $3 per dozen, by express.
Strippers of all these cards, for poker and all games,
furnished with either fair or marked backs. For prices and
particulars see our circulars. Address all orders to ----
* * * * *
The following is a hand-bill issued by the same firm as the last, and
specially addressed--
TO FARO DEALERS
We handle, and keep constantly in stock, all the latest and
best combination boxes, both end squeeze, top balance, lever
and side movement, etc., etc., but we make a speciality of our
own boxes, and recommend them to any one needing a _good
reliable box, that can be depended on at all times_. These
boxes are simple, durable, and by far the best boxes ever
placed on the market. We make them up perfectly plain, without
bars, have the bottom movement (entirely new), and they can be
locked to a dead square box by a table movement which cannot be
detected. We make our boxes up to lock by three combinations,
and we _guarantee them in every way_.
End squeeze, three combinations $100 to $125
" " without bottom movement 100
Top Balance, bottom movement, three combinations 100
Needle or 'spur tell' for the odd, bottom movement 65
" " " " without bottom movement 50
We also make an end squeeze that no one can tell from a square
box, as the end of box is immovable, the metal of the end being
thinner than rest of box, being able to spring or give as it is
pressed, and doing the work. This is one of the finest boxes
ever made. Price $100.
We also make plain tell boxes, without bars, _which can be
charged_ [query '_changed_'] from a square to a tell box in an
instant without the possibility of detection, and we will
guarantee that no one can find the combination. (Do not
confound these with the ordinary lock-up sand tell box.)
Our boxes are perfect in every particular, and will do the
work. The cards for these boxes are specially prepared by a
machine which takes the place of sand and all kinds of
preparation. They are by far superior to any cards sanded or
prepared by hand. Our manner of preparing cards for these boxes
is by having the twelve paint cards prepared, so by playing in
the high card _the money is won without creating suspicion_, by
being always actually on the card with the work on.
Price $25
With six packs prepared cards 35
* * * * *
These are the instructions sent out with the fluids used for marking
cards. The spelling must not be criticised. It is similar to that of the
original:--
'DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING AND USING OUR COLORS.
'Take the color that comes nearest to the color of the card you
want to use it on, put a few drops in an empty bottle, and
dilute with Alcohol untill you get a Shade as near like the
Card as possible. To avoid spilling, as sometimes happens in
trying to pour or drop, the dye may be lifted out of the
bottles with the brush, by repeatedly dipping the brush into
them, and then wiping the brush on the mouth of the empty
Bottle. It is better to put the Alcohol into the empty bottle
_first_, then when you lift the dye out on the brush you can
dip the brush right in the Alcohol, and tell better when you
have the right shade. As you mix the colors, try them on a
surface like that on which you may intend to use them, in this
way any shade may be obtained. Always bear in mind that the
Colors show _deeper_ when _moist_, (as is the case when they
are first put on), and become fainter as they dry, and when dry
if they are _too light_, go over them again. Eveness is more
apt to be obtained by using a little lighter shade of color
after the first application.
'A little care and practice will enable any one to handle these
colors satisfactorily.
'In marking you can pick out any number of figures from four
to six, having them as near the upper left hand corner as
conveneient, a Flower which has 5 leaves is best, or the right
number of figures in a circle.
'Shade all the figures except No. 1, leaving it light or
natural for the Ace, No. 2 light for King, No. 3 light for
Queen, No. 4 for Jack, No. 5 for 10 spot, 1 & 2 light for 9
spot, 2 and 3 for 8, 3 and 4 for 7, 4 and 5 for 6, 5 and 1 for
5, 2 and 5 for 4, 2 and 4 for 3, and 3 and 5 for 2. In doing
_very nice work_ we shade the entire back of the card _except_
the _figure_ which denotes the size and suit.
'For suit pick out two figures near those you use for size,
and have _both dark for Clubs_, and both light or natural for
Diamonds, have one of them dark for Spades; and the other dark
for Hearts. With six figures the combination runs similar to
the five figures which we have ezplained, and a four figure
runs the same down to the seven spot. After a little practice
you will see many ways of marking your cards.
'The Dyes we use are the Diamond Package Dyes, and can be had
of most any Druggist. Make the Dyes according to Directions on
the package, using only one _half the quantity of water_
directed, and strain through a cloth, if there is any sediment
in the dye after adding the Alcohol strain it again as it is
necessary to have it as clear as possible. Do not try to use
the dyes without the Alcohol, or it will be a failure, as it is
the Alcohol which causes the Dye to strike into the card.
Always keep the bottles well corked when not using them.
Brushes and bottles should be kept clean, and if the brushes
are washed in water, they must be thoroughly dried before
using, as water will blister smooth, calendered surfaces. Never
let your brush get dry when using, but dip it occasionally,
care being taken not to have too much on the brush, and use
immediately, if the alcohol evaporates from the dye it makes a
much eifferent colour.'
* * * * *
The foregoing price-lists, &c., as may be expected, are all printed. It
is not always, however, that the dealer in 'advantages' goes to the
expense of print in connection with the documents he issues; he
sometimes uses the cyclostyle or mimeograph, particularly in the case of
directions for use accompanying the various articles in which he deals.
When, in this way, he has no longer the friendly aid of the compositor
or the printer's reader, his vagaries of grammar and construction are
revealed in all their primitive innocence. To commence one of his
sentences is like embarking upon an unknown sea, or following a
half-beaten track through a desert. Onward the course runs, apparently
for ever, and no man can tell when the end is coming, or what it is
likely to be. Pelion is piled upon Ossa, and Parnassus is over all.
A few days ago two or three of these documents were sent to be copied
out in type, so as to be somewhat legible for the printer; and, as an
evidence of their singularly explicit nature, it may be mentioned that
the typist was under the impression that they were all parts of one
document, and copied out the whole as one, without break from beginning
to end. Such a thing, of course, was quite excusable under the
circumstances, as the reader may judge from the following example of how
not to do it. The entire manuscript consists of one sentence only, so
far as punctuation is concerned, and is supposed to contain directions
for the use of the prepared cards mentioned upon pp. 223-227. It runs to
this effect:--
'Directions.--When you part the pack to shuffle press down a
trifle and the cards will part to an Ace (the Ace will be on top
of the lower part) put that part with the Ace on top and part
again to another Ace now shuffle in all but the four top cards,
part the cards again to the third Ace and shuffle in all but the
top four cards, then put three cards on top of the last Ace
(this puts up three Aces with three cards between them and three
on top and is for a four handed game) if one more or less than
four are playing shuffle in one more or less cards, (always have
as many cards between and on top of the Aces as there are
players excluding yourself) when the left hand man deals and
offers the cards to you to cut you can shuffle them up in the
same way (but you must put "one less" card on top of the three
Aces to get the Aces yourself)'
Presumably this is the end of the 'instructions,' as there is no more
matter to follow; but one cannot be surprised that an unhappy typist,
endeavouring to make sense of it, should follow straight on to the next,
under the impression that the general effect of disjointedness thus
produced was part and parcel of the whole occult scheme.
The directions sent out with the 'Jacob's Ladder' vest machine are very
similar in character to the last. There is, however, one 'full-stop' in
this case, probably the one which the typist was looking for. This is
the manner in which the dealer instructs the purchaser in the use of his
machine:--
'DIRECTIONS FOR VEST MACHINE
'Fasten the Belt around your waist so that the Machine will
come on left side far enough from the edge of Vest to let the
cards go back out of sight. Pin the under lap of Vest on the
edge to the belt opposite the third or middle button, if you
are a large man or if you want the mouth of the M- to come out
farther, turn down the screw on front part of Lever, to hold
out 3 cards place them back of a few others held in left hand
with a break or opening between them on the lower ends, press
against the lever with the lower part of arm and as the mouth
of the M- comes out to the edge of Vest put the cards in (let
your little finger come against the lower side of the mouth)
this will be a guide and you can put the cards in without
looking down, (a good way is to reach over to your checks or to
"put up" with right hand while working the Machine) less than a
1/2-in. pressure will throw out the cards'
The instances above quoted will be sufficient to give the reader a fair
notion of the barefaced manner in which these nefarious dealings are
carried on. There is no beating about the bush in any instance; no
hiding away of the real intent with which the goods are supplied. They
are not called cheating-tools in so many words, but no attempt is made
to smother up the actual nature of the articles. The dealer does not say
'Special Cards,' or 'Comical Cards,' or anything of the kind. He puts
the matter plainly before his customers, and says, 'Our Latest Marked
Back Playing Cards!' There is no mistaking his meaning; he is proud of
it, and likes to let the world know the kind of things he has to sell.
'And where are the police all the while?' you ask. Echo answers 'Where?'
and that is the only reply which is forthcoming. They must know of these
places where the implements of robbery are made and sold; yet, as a
rule, they appear to take no notice of what is going on. Now and again,
in those places where the regulations are particularly strict, they have
a spasmodic burst of activity; and then the dealers lie low for awhile,
until all is quiet again. Occasionally it may happen that some dealer,
whose advertisements have become too flagrantly palpable, is pounced
upon and compelled to desist; but even when such a person is obliged to
close his business altogether, he simply migrates to the next State, and
supplies his former customers through the medium of the Post Office.
Very little hardship is entailed upon him, as those who deal with him
are necessarily scattered far and wide in various parts of the world,
and the stock is not very difficult to remove.
The 'Express Offices' in America must surely know all about this kind of
traffic, since they allow the swindling machinery to be tried in their
depots. The C.O.D. system is ample evidence of their connivance.
In sending marked cards through the post, a whole pack is seldom
despatched in one parcel. As a rule they are sent a few at a time. This
proceeding avoids the payment of duty upon them, effecting a
considerable saving sometimes. Other articles are described as sample
parts of machinery, and duty is paid upon them in accordance with their
value.
The system upon which the business of these firms is conducted shows
that not only have they sound commercial instincts, but also that they
know their customers particularly well, and have had experience of the
class of people with whom they have to deal. They are prepared to send
their goods on approval at any time, but on condition that they receive
a certain amount of cash with the order, or at any rate the equivalent
of cash, and a guarantee of payment of the balance on delivery. The fact
is, they take good care to let no article go out of their hands until
they have been paid a little more than it is really worth; and,
therefore, if the sharp who purchases it should prove so forgetful of
his obligations as to neglect payment of the remainder, the dealer still
makes a profit. As one firm states upon the cover of its price-list, _We
will not deviate from the above terms_--and they don't. Cash on delivery
is what they require, or, as it is usually abbreviated, 'C.O.D.' There
is a good deal of C.O.D. about these transactions, in more ways than
one.
In spite of their supposed 'cuteness' one often finds that sharps are
as apt to be inveigled into the purchase of worthless articles by means
of bogus advertisements as any of their dupes. In certain of the
American papers the following advertisement was at one time often
seen:--
'Electric cards, as used by professional gamblers. $1,00, &c. Apply--.'
On sending his money to the dealer, the sharp would receive a common
pack of cards, with the same instructions as those sent out with the
varnished cards which slip at the aces (p. 304). A separate slip was
enclosed, however, which informed him that these cards would only retain
their electricity for twenty-four hours. He was, therefore, advised to
buy a battery wherewith to recharge (?) them; for the sum of $30.00.
When he had made this additional purchase, he found what a little
knowledge of electricity would have told him at first, that he had been
'had on toast.' Honour among thieves, again!
Among the dealers in 'advantages' there are some humourists. One man who
kept an 'emporium' for the sale of these things in New York City, but
who was moved into an adjoining State by the police, used to have his
envelopes embellished by the semblance of a bull dog, and the motto 'We
still live.' Not bad, is it?
The price lists issued by this same individual were in the form of
pamphlets, and contained very exaggerated descriptions of his apparatus
and the results produced thereby. Interspersed with the more prosaic
details of his wares, one found now and again wise saws or proverbs,
altered to suit the tastes of his patrons. Some of the choicest of these
'modern instances' ran as follows:--
'A bug is far above rubies.'
'A holdout in the vest is more use than snide jewelry in the pocket.'
'Get proper tools and use them with discretion, and you will win and
last.'
And so on. This kind of thing exhibits the lighter and brighter side of
the sharp's nature with much vividness.
The reader may have noticed, at the end of one of the price-lists, that
the dealer is able to give references as to his trustworthiness to
respectable firms 'who don't recommend advantage goods.' This will not
be a matter for surprise when it is understood that the man is supposed
to be an honest tradesman carrying on a reputable business. In all
probability his referees would have no idea as to the sort of person to
whose _bona fides_ they are attesting. On the other hand, of course,
they may know all about it, in which case they are manifestly no better
than the man they are recommending. Still, even in that event, the
reference is quite good enough for the sort of people who are likely to
be buyers of swindling apparatus. The author has a few dollars' worth of
this kind of thing; so perhaps the reader may be inclined to observe
that 'Dwellers in glass houses,' &c. However, that's another matter.
This book would never have been forthcoming if the author had any
objection to a few pounds finding their way into the pockets of those
who don't deserve them. The end must justify.
The fact that these people should be allowed to carry on their trade in
the way they do is nothing short of a standing disgrace to America and a
satire upon civilisation. All men have an admiration for America, though
some may only half express it. Let her only be true to herself, true to
her traditions, and true to her _origin_; let her deal firmly with
those who mar her fair fame; let her learn to cherish that which is best
and brightest among her children, and she will one day become the glory
of the world--but that day is not yet.
CHAPTER XIV
_SHARPS AND FLATS_
Now that we have reached the final stage of our inquiry, the reader
having been put in possession of all the facts which are material and of
importance in connection with it, nothing more remains than to take a
brief review of our position, as it were, and see precisely how we
stand--to regard the question of gambling as a whole, in fact, and see
what conclusions we may arrive at with regard to it, when it is viewed
with the eye of common sense, and in the light of the knowledge we have
obtained. Every subject, of course, has many aspects, and gambling may
be regarded from many different standpoints. In this last chapter, then,
and with the reader's permission, I will take the liberty of regarding
it from my own; and, no objection being raised to the proposal, I should
prefer to regard these concluding remarks as being made confidentially,
so to speak, between the reader and myself. If, in delivering myself of
what remains to be said, I should appear to speak either egotistically
or dogmatically, I crave pardon beforehand, and beg the reader to
believe that, if I am inclined to emphasise any particular point
bearing upon the matter in hand, it is because I feel strongly with
reference to it, and not because I wish to pose in the eyes of the world
as a champion of right and an opponent of wrong.
Fear has been expressed, in some quarters, that the publication of the
secrets contained in this book will be the means of increasing the
number of sharps; that I am simply providing a manual for the
instruction of budding swindlers. This may appear very cogent reasoning
to some; but, for all that, it is very poor logic, in reality. In fact,
a more groundless fear could not be entertained. It would be as
reasonable to say that the manufacture of safes and strong-rooms, and
the increase of safeguards against thieves, will tend to augment the
number of burglars. Or, to come nearer to the point at issue, one may as
well assert that the exposure of spiritualistic frauds has increased the
number of 'mediums.' The subject of spiritualism affords a most striking
proof of the absurdity of such a contention. Contrast the state of
affairs twenty-five years ago, before the crusade against spiritualistic
humbug, with that of the present day. Then, dozens of impostors were
doing a thriving business. The medium was as much in demand as the most
popular society entertainer, and could command larger fees. Spiritualism
was a fashionable amusement; the drawing-rooms of the aristocracy were
constantly being darkened for seances. Now, only two or three miserable
rogues, without ability to earn a living in any other way, are dragging
out a wretched existence in the East End of London, giving seances in
back parlours, and charging a fee of a shilling a head. Even in America
things are not much brighter for the medium. Compare Dr. Slade's success
in London with his sad end in America, a few weeks ago. In fact, the
business is utterly ruined; those who have sufficient ability have
become conjurers and 'exposers of spiritualism'; others have become
gambling sharps and 'hypnotic subjects.' These facts constitute a
complete answer to the assertion that this book will tend to increase
the practice of sharping. I maintain that no young man's education
should be considered complete without some knowledge of the capabilities
of trickery; for, without it, he may be imposed upon by any charlatan.
Apart from the question of sharping, and with reference to the fallacies
indulged in by gamblers at large, there are, among a multiplicity of
others, three which demand our special attention, and with which I
particularly wish to deal. These three mistaken, though very commonly
entertained notions, constitute the very basis of what is called fair
gambling. They are these:--
1. That gambling is essentially honest.
2. That a bet may be fair to both parties.
3. That betting on fair odds, the chances of each bettor will,
in the long run, so equalise themselves that neither can win
nor lose, in an infinite number of bets.
Now, what I undertake to show may be summed up in three statements,
which can be put _per contra_ to the others, viz.:--
1. That gambling is essentially dishonest.
2. That a bet may be _unfair_ to both parties, but cannot
possibly be fair to more than one, and that only at the expense
of gross injustice to the other.
3. That a protracted run of betting gives the gambler no more
chance of winning, or of recouping his losses, than he has in
making a single bet.
Here, then, I bring the whole gambling fraternity--sharps and flats
alike--about my ears. But, having courage of my opinions, I stand to my
guns, and am prepared to hold my own against all comers. I will even go
so far as to back my opinion in 'the good old English way' (why
English?) to the extent of sixpence--beyond which I never go. Stay,
though, I am speaking hastily. I did once back a horse for the Derby to
the extent of a guinea. When I say that the horse was 'Maskelyne, by
Magic--Mystery' (I believe that was the formula given by the sporting
papers), perhaps I may be forgiven the extravagance for once. I have
less compunction in mentioning the circumstance because the horse was
'scratched.' 'Maskelyne' was a rank outsider, and I did not even have 'a
run for my money.'
But to return. I have said that gambling is essentially dishonest. This
is no new statement, I am aware; but it is one upon which too much
stress cannot be laid. A bet is almost universally considered to be a
fair bargain. But is it? A _fair_ bargain is one in which each person
receives something which is of more value to him than that with which he
has parted, or, at any rate, something which is of equal value. If
either receives less value than he gives, that person has been swindled,
and the fact of winning a bet signifies that one has deprived another of
money for which no due consideration has been given. The gambler, of
course, will argue that he _does_ give an equivalent return for what he
wins, in that he allows his opponent an equal chance of depriving him of
a similar amount; that is to say, he purchases the right to cheat
another by giving his opponent an equal chance of depriving him of a
similar amount. In short, a bet is simply a mutual agreement to compound
a felony. The fact that both parties to the transaction are equally in
the wrong cannot possibly justify either. But it may be argued that no
loser of a bet ever considers that he has been unjustly deprived of his
money. That again is quite a mistaken notion. No man ever lost a bet who
did not consider that he had every right to win it, otherwise he would
never have made it. Therefore he is just as much robbed as though he had
had his pocket picked. Because another will cheat me if he has the
chance, that does not justify me in cheating him if I can. If a man
seeks to take my life, I may be justified in killing him, as a last
resource, in order to protect myself; but, in a transaction involving
merely pounds, shillings and pence, there is no necessity to fight a man
with his own weapons. The act of cheating is not the weapon with which
to combat the desire to cheat; yet this is what actually takes place
even in so-called fair gambling.
It must be obvious to any one who will take the trouble to think over
the matter, that chances which are fair and equal are a question of
proportion rather than of actual amounts and odds. At first sight,
however, it would appear that if a man stands an equal chance of winning
or losing a certain amount, nothing fairer could possibly be imagined,
from whatever point of view one may regard it. I venture to say,
nevertheless, that this is not so. Suppose for the moment that you are a
poor man, and that you meet a rich acquaintance who insists upon your
spending the day with him, and having what the Americans call 'a large
time.' At the end of the day he says to you, 'I will toss you whether
you or I pay this day's expenses.' Such a proposition is by no means
uncommon, and suppose you win, what is the loss to him? Comparatively
nothing. He may never miss the amount he has to pay; but if you lose,
your day's outing may have to be purchased by many weeks of
inconvenience.
A bet of a hundred pounds is a mere bagatelle to a rich man, but it may
be everything to a poor one. In the one case the loss entails no
inconvenience, in the other it means absolute ruin. It must be granted,
then, in matters of this kind, that proportion is the chief factor, not
the actual figures. If you are with me so far, you are already a step
nearer to my way of thinking.
Let us proceed a step further, and see how it is that a bet is
necessarily unfair to both parties. The simple fact is that no two men
can make a wager, however seemingly fair, or however obviously unfair,
without at once reducing the actual value to them of their joint
possessions. This can be proved to a demonstration. We will take a case
in which the chances of winning are exactly equal, both in amount and in
proportion to the wealth of two bettors. Suppose that your possessions
are precisely equal in amount to those of a friend, and that your
circumstances are similar in every respect. There can be, then, no
disparity arising from the fact of a bet being made between you, where
the chances of winning or losing a certain amount are the same to each.
To present the problem in its simplest form, we will say that you each
stake one-half of your possessions upon the turn of a coin. If it turns
up head you win, if it falls 'tail up' your friend wins. Nothing could
possibly be fairer than this from a gambler's point of view. You have
each an equal chance of winning, you both stake an equal amount, you
both stand to lose as much as you can win, and, above all, the amount
staked bears the same value, proportionately, to the wealth of each
person. One cannot imagine a bet being made under fairer conditions, yet
how does it work out in actual fact? You may smile when you read the
words, but _you both stand to lose more than you can possibly win_! You
doubt it! Well, we shall see if it cannot be made clear to you.
Suppose the turn of the coin is against you, and therefore you lose half
your property; what is the result? To-morrow you will say, 'What a fool
I was to bet! I was a hundred per cent. better off yesterday than I am
to-day.' That is precisely the state of the case; you were exactly a
hundred per cent. better off. Now, the most feeble intellect will at
once perceive that a hundred per cent. can only be balanced by a hundred
per cent. If you stood a chance of being that much better off yesterday
than you are to-day, to make the chances equal you should have had an
equal probability of being a hundred per cent. better off to-day than
you were yesterday. That is obvious upon the face of it, since we agree
that these questions are, beyond dispute, matters of proportion, and not
of actual amounts.
Then we will suppose you win the toss, and thus acquire half your
friend's property; what happens then? When the morrow arrives you can
only say, 'I am fifty per cent. better off to-day than I was
yesterday.' That is just it. If you lose, your losses have amounted to
as much as you still possess, whilst, if you win, your gains amount only
to one-third of what you possess. The plain facts of the case, then, are
simply that the moment you and your friend have made the bet referred
to, you have considerably reduced the value of your joint possessions.
Not in actual amount, it is true, but in actual fact, nevertheless; for
whichever way the bet may go, the loss sustained by one represents a
future deprivation to that one far greater than the future proportional
advantage gained by the other. The mere fact of one having gained
precisely as much as the other has lost does not affect the ultimate
result in the least. The inconvenience arising from any loss is always
greater than the convenience resulting from an equal gain.
No man in his senses can be excused for making a bet of this kind, even
if one merely considers the injustice inflicted upon himself; whilst in
the case of a man who has others dependent upon him, such a proceeding
could be nothing short of criminal. If by this time you do not see that
gambling, in any form, means a possible loss of more than can be gained,
all I can say is that you should turn socialist, being totally unable to
protect or even recognise your individual interests. Civilisation is
wasted upon you. Properly speaking, if you gamble fairly you are a flat;
if you gamble unfairly you are a sharp: one or the other you must be.
To be a wise man, and an honest man, you cannot gamble at all.
Some of course will meet me half-way, and admitting the truth of all I
have put forward, will say, 'Yes, that is all very well, but no gambler
ever does stake half his possessions upon a single bet; therefore the
proportion which any individual wager bears to his entire property is
infinitesimal.' That, again, is perfectly true; but I cannot see nor
have I ever met with any one who could show me what difference can
possibly exist between a small number of bets for a large amount, and a
large number of bets for small amounts. Then comes in the third fallacy
I have mentioned. 'The chances,' some will say, 'are bound to equalise
themselves in the long run, and then one can neither win nor lose.'
Dear, good, simple-minded souls! The _proportion_ of gains to losses, I
grant, will become more equalised in an infinite number of bets where
the probabilities are always equal; but the amount which may be lost,
and the proportion it bears to the belongings of the bettor, may ever
_increase_ with the infinity of the bets.
Suppose, for instance, two men toss up a coin ten times, and stake a
pound upon the result of each toss. We will say that one of them loses
nine times, and wins only once. He has lost four-fifths of the amount he
has staked in the aggregate; but what does it amount to? Merely eight
pounds. But suppose they go on tossing for ten thousand times, and that
the same player loses only a hundredth part of the amount he has staked
during the whole time, he wins ninety-nine times for every hundred
losses. The proportion lost is infinitely less than in the former case,
yet the actual amount is one hundred pounds. Let the throws be continued
to a million times, and suppose the player loses only a thousandth part
of what he has staked from beginning to end, his losses will amount to
exactly _one thousand pounds_.
To talk of an infinite number of bets equalising the chances is sheer
nonsense; it simply equalises the _ratio_ of the gains to the losses.
The actual amounts won or lost may increase indefinitely. At the same
time the player's original wealth does not vary; and the man who
has a thousand pounds may as well lose it in one throw as in a
million--better, in fact, as he will waste less time over it.
I have tried to make this point somewhat clear, because it is one upon
which even the most scientific gamblers--if one may use the term--are
more or less befogged. They all think that, if they only keep on long
enough, they are sure to win, or at any rate to recoup their losses: but
the life of any man is too short to be certain of any such result, even
in fair gambling--and most gambling is not fair. The punter, of course,
after the manner of his kind, will differ from me in this last
statement. He is of opinion that the odds in ordinary betting _are_
fair. Well, if that is so, I should like to know who keeps the
bookmakers. I know _I_ don't, and I know the punter _does_. If he is
satisfied, so are the 'bookies'; and certainly other people have no
cause to complain. The bookmaker, above all people, makes an infinite
number of bets, and therefore, theoretically, he should neither win nor
lose; but somehow he contrives to 'live and move and have his being.'
Those who assist in maintaining him should best know how he manages it,
but they don't seem to realise it.
The absolute immorality of gambling--the desire to obtain money to which
one has no right--in any form is beyond dispute; and the sooner this
fact is generally recognised, the better it will be for the world at
large. There are some, of course, in whom the passion is ingrained, and
from whose natures it can never be wholly eradicated. But everyone
should clearly understand that the vice is as reprehensible in
proportion to its magnitude as that, for instance, of either lying or
stealing.
In an earlier chapter of this book I have said that directly a man
becomes a gambler he also becomes a person whose honesty is open to
suspicion. This may appear to be a somewhat harsh and sweeping
assertion, but I maintain that it is absolutely justified by the facts
which come under my notice almost daily. As an example of the laxity (to
use no stronger term) which gradually undermines the moral nature of the
gambler, however conscientious he may originally have been, I may quote
the following instance.
A few days ago a friend of mine, who belongs to a West End Club, was
discussing the subject of gambling with a fellow member. In course of
conversation he put the query, 'If you detected a man in cheating at the
Club, what should you do?' To this the other replied. 'I should back his
play; and then, after the game was over, I should make him give me half
his winnings.' This is what gambling had done for a presumably honest
'Club man.'
With reference to the numberless systems of which one hears now and
then, which are supposed to provide a certain means of enabling any
gambler to win, despite the chances and changes of fortune, it may be as
well to say a few words. These 'martingales,' as they are called, are
always intended for use, more especially in the great gambling-houses of
Monte Carlo and elsewhere.[12] Some of them, I should say, are as old as
gambling itself; others are of comparatively recent invention; but, one
and all, they are systems by means of which any amount of money may be
won, and any number of banks may be broken--on paper. There is the
trouble, they are useless in practice. They really look so promising,
however, that it is very difficult to convince some people of their
futility. But the fact remains that these systems have been in operation
for generations, and never yet has a gaming establishment been ruined by
their aid. This ounce of experimental proof is worth many pounds of
reasoning. Sometimes, of course, the martingale will answer its purpose
splendidly for a while; but, sooner or later, the inevitable crash
comes, when the system breaks down, and the gambler is ruined. The great
defect of all these devices is that, although they may promise a
constant succession of comparatively small gains, there is always the
chance of making a very heavy loss. This chance, of course, appears to
the gambler to be so remote as to be unworthy of consideration; but,
alas! that apparently remote chance is the rock upon which generations
of punters have split. It always turns up eventually, and then the bank
recovers all it has lost, and in all probability a great deal more.
The simplest form of martingale, and one which is typical of them all,
however much more complicated or 'improved' they may be, is the one
which consists of the practice of doubling the stake after every loss.
For instance, at rouge-et-noir the gambler may stake a sovereign and
lose it. The next time he stakes two sovereigns, and, if he loses, his
third stake will be four sovereigns. By pursuing this system it is
obvious that, whenever he does win, he will gain a sovereign over and
above his losses. Having won he will begin again with a sovereign and
double his bets each time, until he wins as before. It would seem, then,
that there must be a constant influx of sovereigns to the gambler; and
so there may be for a time, but it will not last. In fact, he may be
ruined at the very first sitting. This is how it happens. The success of
the system depends upon the assumption that the chances must, sooner or
later, turn in favour of the player; they cannot be against him for
ever, so he must win in the end. That is what he thinks. But what he
loses sight of is the fact that long spells of ill-luck are particularly
common. It is quite an ordinary thing for a player to lose twenty times
in succession; and meanwhile the amount of the stakes has been
increasing after the manner of the familiar problem in arithmetic,
wherein the nails in a horse's shoes play so prominent a part. The fact
is, if the player has lost eleven times, his twelfth stake will amount
to L2,048. Obviously, then, a very short run of bad fortune will either
cause the player to lose all his available money, or bring the stake up
to the amount beyond which the bank will not allow any single bet to be
made. What becomes of the martingale then? Ask of the winds.
And thus it is with all these systems. Their inventors fully believe in
them, until they learn from bitter experience that they have overlooked
the one weak point, the fallacy underlying the whole operation. Wherever
there is a chance of making a number of small gains, there is always a
chance of sustaining one great loss, which will swallow up many hundred
times the value of any single stake. From this unfortunate circumstance
there is no escape, no matter how ingenious the system may be, and
notwithstanding any amount of infallibility it may appear to possess. A
mathematician would demonstrate the folly of relying upon any
martingale, and lay his finger upon the weak points in a few minutes. In
short, these things one and all provide a means of winning which is just
about as reliable as the advice given by the 'Old Pard' in 'My
Sweetheart,' whose dying words were, 'Always copper the Queen on the
last turn.' This, of course, was intended to refer to the game of faro.
One may suppose that when the Queen remained in the dealing-box until
the last turn, his experience had been that it always turned up for the
bank, and hence his advice to 'copper.' Another person's experience
might have been just the opposite, and in that case the advice would be
quite the contrary. Everything of this kind hinges upon superstition,
and a belief in good and bad luck. When a 'lucky' gambler wins, his
acquaintances express no surprise; they consider his good-fortune to be
part and parcel of his nature. When he begins to lose, they suffer not a
whit more astonishment, because such luck as his could not possibly
last. The theories in each case are utterly at variance with one
another, but the absurdity of the position never seems to reveal itself
to the gambling intellect. The ultimate fate of the confirmed gambler,
however fortunate he may be for a time, has always been, without
exception, ruin and destitution. That is the only result ever achieved
by the punter in the end.
So much, then, for 'fair gambling.' As to the blacker side of the
question, as revealed in this book, what can be said of it, or what need
be said of it? The reader may draw his own conclusions, which will
doubtless vary according to the fact of his being either a sharp or a
flat. The sharps will, unquestionably, be among those who are most
anxious to see what disclosures are made herein; let us hope they will
be satisfied with the thoroughness of the revelations. It would be a
pity to disappoint them. On the other hand, the flats will find much
food for thought in these pages. They must not run away with the
impression that by mastering the details thus put before them they will
render themselves proof against sharping. If they imagine anything of
the kind they will become simply 'fly flats,' and that will not improve
their chances very much if they fall into the hands of an expert. Apart
from the impossibility of giving every device employed by all the sharps
in existence, it must be remembered that fresh trickeries are
continually being invented, though it may be many years before new means
of cheating can be devised which will prove so effective as those
enjoyed by the sharp at the present day. He is generally equal to the
occasion, however, and has his own individual methods of working; very
often methods of which even his brother-sharps are ignorant, and which
die with him. We can only hope that this book will be the means of
opening the eyes of his dupes, and of rendering the chances of success
in cheating less than they have been hitherto.
But we cannot hope that the sharp will find _no_ dupes in the future;
that is altogether too much to expect. As long as the world is
principally composed of rogues and fools, so long will there be 'sharps
and flats.' 'Surely the pleasure is as great in being cheated as to
cheat,' but the profit does not apportion itself in the same manner. The
sharp continually profits by his experience, but the flat--never.
At any rate, I have done the best I can to put forward a clear account
of the methods of swindling at games of chance and skill which are
adopted at the present day. At the same time I have tried to indicate
the best means of avoiding being cheated. It only remains for the reader
to make the best use of the information given. I have no fear that, in
writing what I have, I shall be accused by sensible people of assisting
those sharps who may not know all that is here published. The resources
of these men are always equal to their necessities; they can only cheat,
at the worst, and the sharp will always find means of cheating so long
as he can find dupes. Besides, this book will tend to make his dupes as
wise as himself, and should have the effect of rendering them scarce.
Having published such information as I have been able to acquire, I have
no intention of relaxing my vigilance in keeping a look-out for fresh
developments and new devices. Having put my hand to the plough I shall
not turn back; and, after me, I have every reason to believe that my son
will continue the work. He has taken the liveliest interest in the
production of this book; and, indeed, the whole of the illustrations are
by him, with the exception of the frontispiece, which is by my esteemed
and talented friend, Alfred Bryan.
Here, then, I will leave the work for the present, trusting that I have,
in some measure, succeeded in metaphorically flattening the 'sharps' and
sharpening the 'flats.'
FOOTNOTE:
[12] A friend of mine, who has just recently paid a visit to Monte
Carlo, describes a method of cheating the bank which came under his
notice during his stay in that hallowed spot. He observed, one evening,
a man standing by a roulette-table, who persistently put down a
five-franc piece upon the winning number, after it had been declared. Of
course, the 'croupier' never failed to detect the manoeuvre, and
removed the stake. The fact which passed unnoticed, however, was that a
gold coin, value twenty francs, lay hidden beneath the silver one as it
was put down. Being commanded to take up the five-franc piece, the man
did so without hesitation; but the gold piece remained on the table
among the other stakes. When the winnings were paid by the bank, that
particular coin was claimed by a confederate as being his stake, and was
paid accordingly. In roulette, the winning number receives 35 times the
amount staked; therefore the conspirators netted 700 francs each time
they succeeded in this little operation. I should think the bank would
not be long in discovering a robbery of this kind, if it were very
frequently perpetrated.
POSTSCRIPT
Whilst this book is still in the press, an article on 'Science and Monte
Carlo,' by Professor Karl Pearson, has appeared in the (monthly)
'Fortnightly Review.' This article deals with the game of roulette, and
is one which may be commended to the perusal of all who may have any pet
theories in connection with chance and luck. It constitutes, in fact, a
very serious impeachment of the validity of all accepted theories of
chance; so serious, indeed, that one stands amazed at the discrepancies
which are revealed, and their having remained so long unnoticed. There
appears to be no way out of the difficulty. Either roulette is not a
game of chance, or the doctrines of chance are utterly wrong.
It appears from Professor Pearson's investigations, that in a given
number of throws the results shown by the "even-money" chances are
fairly in accord with the theory as a whole. That is to say, the odd and
even numbers, the red and black, turn up respectively in very nearly
equal proportions. Also the 'runs' or sequences of odd or even are such
as would not give rise to any conflict between theory and practice. But
the astounding fact is that the 'runs' or successions of red or black
occur in a manner which is utterly at variance with theory. Why this
should be so, and why 'red and black' should thus prove to be an
exception to the theory, whilst 'odd and even' is not, passes the wit of
man to comprehend.
In one of the cases quoted by Professor Pearson, 8,178 throws of the
roulette-ball are compared with a similar number of tosses of a coin,
and both results are checked against the theoretical probabilities. In
tossing a coin or throwing a roulette-ball 8,178 times, theory demands
that the number of throws which do not result in sequences--that is to
say, throws in which head is followed by tail, or red by black-should be
2,044. Those are the probabilities of the case. But the actual results
were as follows:--
Theory 2,044
Roulette 2,462
Tossing 2,168
There are too many single throws in each case, but the results given by
tossing were much nearer the theoretical proportion than in the case of
the roulette. Proceeding a step further, we find that the sequences of
two work out thus:--
Theory 1,022
Roulette 945
Tossing 1,056
Here the figures given by roulette are far too small. This is found to
be the case with sequences of three and four also. When we come to
sequences of five, however, the numbers stand:--
Theory 128
Roulette 135
Tossing 120
In this case, the roulette is nearer the mark than the tossing; and from
this point onward through the higher sequences, roulette gives numbers
which are far too high. For instance, in sequences of eight, theory says
that there should be 16, but roulette gives 30. In sequences of eleven
theory says 2, but roulette gives 5. Arriving at sequences of twelve,
the figures are:--
Theory 1
Roulette 1
Tossing 1
Here all the results are in accord.
This is only one instance out of several recorded by Professor Pearson;
in every case the results being similar. That only one instance of such
abnormal variation should occur is, theoretically, well nigh impossible;
but that there should be three or four such cases in the course of a
single twelvemonth is nothing short of miraculous. The chances against
the occurrence of such events are enormous; and yet every case
investigated shows the same kind of result. Truly this must be another
example of the malignity of matter.
The practical outcome of these investigations is to emphasise the utter
futility of any scheme of winning at roulette based upon the law of
averages or the doctrines of chance. It is more than likely, in my
opinion, that further analysis of the records of Monte Carlo would
reveal similar discrepancies in other departments of the game.
Personally, I fail to see how the devotees of the 'Higher Statistics'
will contrive to meet the difficulty here presented. Why roulette should
obey the laws of chance in some respects and not in others, is
incomprehensible from any point of view whatever. One is driven to the
conclusion that human experience and human statistics are upon too
limited a scale to form a sufficient basis upon which to found either
the proof or disproof of any universal theory. The only refuge appears
to be that, given eternity, all events, however improbable, are
possible.
It is to be hoped that Professor Pearson will find an opportunity of
continuing his researches in this direction, for the subject promises to
be one of exceeding interest. Of course, it may be objected that the few
instances given are insufficient to affect the theory materially; but,
as the Professor says of one of his instances, had roulette been played
constantly on this earth, from the earliest geological times to the
present day, such an event might be expected to happen only once. Those
who believe that an infinite number of bets, where the chances are fair
and equal, can result in neither loss nor gain, should ponder this
carefully. If the doctrines of chance can fail in one case, they can
fail in others. At best, they are but a broken reed, and those who trust
to them should beware the risk that is thereby entailed. Above all, the
punter should bear in mind that, whatever theory may say or practice
apparently demonstrate, the fact that any given event has happened so
many times in succession makes not the slightest particle of difference
to its chances of happening again. If one tossed a coin a hundred times,
and it turned up 'head' every time, that would not in any way lessen its
chance of turning up the same way at the next throw. The figures given
in the article above referred to are neither more nor less than an
illustration of this very palpable truth, extraordinary as they
undoubtedly are when viewed in the light of theory.
PRINTED BY
SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
LONDON
* * * * *
Transcriber's Notes:
Author quoted some pamphlets and deliberately kept their spelling and
punctuation errors; those have not been changed here.
Other punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling inconsistencies have been
standardized when a clear preference was used in this book, and left
unchanged otherwise.
End of Project Gutenberg's Sharps and Flats, by John Nevil Maskelyne
***
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Certain situations such as injury, loss of job or other extraneous situations, may be evaluated on a case-by-case basis to waive the cancellation policy.
*Athletes may not cancel a training plan during any training session or within three hours of completing a training session. Within this time frame, it is widely known that motivated athletes will experience a period of temporary insanity. Thus, any complaints will be perceived as whining and complaining.
Refund Policy – Endurance Concepts takes great pride in their customer satisfaction. Unfortunately, due to the nature of our business, we are unable to provide a refund for services rendered.
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In the summer of 2016, our customer DriveNow launched its car sharing service in Brussels – the start of a successful launch period. The next challenge: to reach the citizens of Brussels directly and increase awareness. We came up with a social media activation campaign that affirmed the strong ties between DriveNow and the capital – an important part of the messaging.
"How well do you know Brussels?" With this opening sentence we challenged the proud people of Brussels on Facebook and Instagram to determine the location of Santa's car on a posted picture. Three days, three posts, three locations. Anyone who saw the car in the street was guided towards DriveNow's social media channels via an appealing teaser.
Despite a relatively low advertising budget, the campaign was a huge success. The three Facebook posts alone reached 65,000 citizens, 55 percent of which was organic. Thanks to the high engagement – 722 people interacted – the campaign spread like wildfire. The popular blogger 'From Brussels with Love' shared the campaign on her channels, where her followers played the game as well.
DriveNow shared the campaign as a best practice with all European cities it operates in. And in Brussels, the campaign will be a recurring phenomenon in 2018.
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Displayed above is a photograph of the bedroom window of one of my friends in Mumbai. She cut out pages from her daughter's old coloring books and made a collage out of them on her bedroom window that needed to be covered up for privacy reasons.
Normally, people use newspaper or brown paper for this purpose, which not only looks dull, but also makes for a sore spot in the visual decor of the room. So I really liked my friend's idea. The window looks bright & colorful instead of dull. And her daughter's best art work is also displayed proudly.
This is my eighth post for NaBloPoMo March 2012.
Link to the previous post: "Photo A Day: Something You Wore"
Btw why have you dropped off FB?
PS: Avery Taylor - the author of the hauntingly touching story, "Remember the Roses", left a couple of messages on my blog yesterday. Frankly, I was and still am overwhelmed!
Nice! My sis has done some window art as well back in India...if I were there I'd probably have put that as a picture.
Roshmi, I'm up to my neck in some stuff here. FB was proving to be very distracting, so I deactivated my account temporarily. Will come back when I'm relatively free.
And I never could have imagined that the author would still be around, after soooooo many years, and she'd even come out with more books! Amazing!
Oh, now I know why you disappeared from FB.
I too would look for a copy of that book :) though I have a pdf version of the story.
P.S. Do watch 'Kahaani' if you can.
FB has lost most of its charm since I left FarmVille!
Sighhhhh! Will have to come back soon I guess.
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Jaime had the honor of presenting podcasting to the Mystery Writers of America, Florida Chapter in June 2017.
All the members of this wonderful group were so warm and welcoming. Jaime was thrilled to present them with both tips on how to get booked on podcasts (along with how to then have a smooth interview) and how to start their own show.
Check out some photos below from this wonderful event!
Want to be a Great Podcast Guest or Podcaster?
Feel free to download her presentation slides full of free tips!
You can learn more about the MWA event here.
Jaime will be sharing her full audio on episode #118 of the Curve the Cube Podcast; so, be sure to subscribe to the podcast, so you don't miss it.
to the Mystery Writers of America, Florida Chapter, for having me present podcasting to them!
for attending, assisting, supporting, and posting all about the event. His help was invaluable, and I HIGHLY recommend people check out his company for their production needs and marketing support.
Learn more about Jules and Hive Hub!!
Hope to catch you at my next event!
|
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Build your business and expand your offerings with the Stability Chair™ Bundle. The Stability Chair is an excellent way to incorporate programming for rehab and special populations, that need to stay in a seated or upright position while working out, as well as athletes and fitness enthusiasts. Help clients achieve upper- and lower-body strength and conditioning, enhance stability and improve body control, and challenge advanced clients with high-performance exercises. The Stability Chair offers a wide, flexible range of exercise options for both individual clients and group classes, and is sized conveniently to fit into more modest spaces, as well as large gyms and clubs, and comes in a range of upholstery color choices or custom colors. Included in the Stability Chair Bundle are accessories used for modifications, including a Reformer Box, Padded Platform Extender, and 2 DVDs, to increase exercise options and modifications even more.
|
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I am 17 years old and I am from Ireland I love Kpop! I think it is amazing, and as soon as my friends introduced it to me I was hooked, I love everything about it. I love acting, dancing, photography, writing, reading, learning new things, making new friends and hanging out with my friends and family!!!
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Q: Can I use html5 Websockets with windows domain authentication? Our setup is like this: we use a coldfusion 10 server, and files are on a local intranet. Users use a domain login to access any files over https. I'm interested in using html5 websockets, but the first attempt gave me an error because no credentials were supplied. Is there a way around this? If not, is there a recommended technology for this scenario?
The user does log in on the client side. If it's possible, what I'd really like to do here is pass those credentials when making the connection to the server.
A: you should be able to supply the authentication header to your web socket server before the elevation to web socket read that and send it back in the headers for the elevation (first frame) then when the browser connects it should have the authentication it needs.
if your using a custom authentication E.G in page not authentication header you can also do this by passing any custom header to your server.
Or mandate that the first thing your web client sends is the authentication details this could be something like {username_hash}.{password_hash} if they don't close the socket to them.
A: Do not do this.
You're now responsible for sending and encrypting the authentication credentials yourself, bypassing something that already works and is tested.
Anyone can snoop on an unencrypted websocket port. Use HTTPs for an intranet, use stable solutions, don't reinvent this wheel because it tickles your fancy.
In a couple of years some colleague will have to maintain this and will have to figure out how your homebrew version works versus something that's solid like plain browser authentication.
My advice: Leave this to the browser and to well-tested coldfusion libraries.
|
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Assam: Old Saraighat Bridge to be closed from February 10 for repair
Over 80 identified deck slabs of Saraighat Bridge are going to be replaced in the maintenance work
Saraighat Bridge. Photo Credit - bbjconst.com
Kamrup district administration in Assam has decided to close the old Saraighat Bridge from February 10 in order to facilitate repair works before the onset of the monsoon season.
Additional SP (Kamrup) Sanjeev Saikia has requested for 150 steel barricades to deal with traffic problems during the closure of the bridge.
The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has devised certain measures to deal with traffic problems following the closure of the bridge, according to a Gplus report.
Over 80 identified deck slabs of Saraighat Bridge are going to be replaced in the maintenance work.
After replacing all expansion joints, Asphalt layer will be provided over the entire bridge.
The Saraighat Bridge is the first rail-cum-road bridge constructed over the river Brahmaputra in Assam.
The bridge was built by the Northeast Frontier Railway and was completed in 1962.
The Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru dedicated the bridge and formally named it after the Battle of Saraighat on June 7, 1963.
|
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White House Won't Rule Out Tapping Strategic Oil Reserve...Again
A Supreme Disappointment
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How A&W Restaurants Had a Little Fun Over M&Ms' Decision to Yank Its...
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Matt Gaetz Introduces 'PENCIL Act' Targeting Adam Schiff's Ability to See Classified Info
Hillary And The 'What If' Scenarios
Cal Thomas | Jun 07, 2016
The opinions expressed by columnists are their own and do not necessarily represent the views of Townhall.com.
Top Columns
A Supreme Disappointment Katie Pavlich
RNC's Election Day Kurt Schlichter
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The One Story the Media and Big Tech Are Trying to Deep-Six Leah Barkoukis
Some believe that soon after Tuesday's final presidential primaries the FBI will interview Hillary Clinton about her handling of emails while she was secretary of state. What comes next is the subject of much speculation.
One of the better speculators is Bradley Blakeman, who served as a member of President George W. Bush's White House staff.
We spoke in the "green room" at Fox News before our separate interviews. The following is culled from our conversation.
Blakeman says the FBI has deliberately waited to interview Hillary Clinton until after the primaries because the bureau did not want to interfere with the nominating process. He thinks the FBI is "likely" to recommend to the Department of Justice whether or not she should be indicted for violating what she says are agency rules and what others call the law between now and the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia, which begins July 25.
If she is indicted before the convention, Blakeman says, it will give the party an opportunity to make changes in the rules that could result in an alternate nominee.
Here is the intriguing part about Blakeman's scenario: "If a grand jury is empaneled, or if she were to be indicted before the convention, the Democrats would have to let her go." If an indictment were to come after the convention, he says, it presents a different problem because each state needs to certify their ballots before November. If an indictment occurs after the states have certified their ballots, it would be nearly impossible to replace Hillary Clinton with another candidate.
Here's where things might get even more interesting. In states where ballots have been certified, the party would have to go to court to ask that Clinton's name be replaced. "They also have another problem," says Blakeman. "Once the convention ends, how do they reconvene to substitute Hillary? They have no rules for that."
What if a court denies a ballot change? Blakeman says the Supreme Court would almost certainly have to decide. That might look to many like a replay of the 2000 election in which the court certified Florida's vote count, awarding the state's electoral votes -- and the election -- to George W. Bush.
But what if the court -- with its one vacancy -- divides 4-4? In that case, the lower court ruling would prevail and if that court decided to strike Hillary Clinton's name from the ballot, a write-in would be the only option.
"Timing is not on Hillary's side," says Blakeman, who thinks "the silver lining for Hillary is that, if she were indicted, there is no doubt Obama would pardon her on January 19 as he walks out the door. She will never have to answer for her crimes."
What about any others who might be indicted, such as top aides Huma Abedin and Cheryl Mills? If they are indicted, but not pardoned by the president, will they go public? It's the stuff of big book contracts.
Should any of these scenarios prove true, as Blakeman thinks they might, President Obama, unlike President Ford and his pardon of Richard Nixon, will never have to face the voters and be held accountable for his action.
In this unpredictable election season, any one -- or all -- of these scenarios are possibilities, including the ultimate scenario: the delegates turning to Vice President Joe Biden to save them from Hillary and defeat in November.
Tags: HILLARY CLINTON
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The Police Bodycam Footage of the Pelosi Home Invasion Is Out. Here's What It Shows. Matt Vespa
CA Dems Have Found a New Way to Punish Its Residents Matt Vespa
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You are viewing all stock illustrated by "Eileen Soper". We currently have 143 books by this illustrator in stock.
143 records found. If you are looking for a specific book which we do not have in stock, then please get in touch and we'll let you know just as soon as it comes in.
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Amazon's Kindle Fire, Barnes and Noble Nook Tablet Gird for Battle
Nicholas Kolakowski
Amazon's Kindle Fire and Barnes & Noble's Nook Tablet now seem locked in open battle.
For each company, the stakes are very different. Amazon needed to expand upon its already-successful Kindle line, which until this point had centered on a series of gray-scale e-readers, in a way that allowed it to leverage its already-considerable presence in music and video. The result, the 7-inch Kindle Fire, places it in direct competition with other tablets on the market, including Apple's iPad.
Barnes & Noble's Nook Color, released a year ago, offered some key advantages over those original gray-scale Kindles. The release of the Kindle Fire, however, blunted that edge; the bookseller is now relying on its new Nook Tablet to establish parity, at least in customers' eyes, with Amazon's offerings. The Nook Tablet is priced around $50 higher than the Kindle Fire, although Barnes & Noble executives have argued their device possesses advantages in screen quality and memory capacity.
Amazon began shipping the Kindle Fire to customers Nov. 14. Barnes & Noble followed suit with the Nook Tablet Nov. 16.
The Kindle Fire features tight integration with Amazon's existing video, music and e-book services, along with its branded Appstore for Android. The 7-inch device also leverages a purpose-built "Amazon Silk" browser that relies on the retailer's cloud architecture to speed Web page rendering. It requires WiFi to access streaming content.
The Nook Tablet, also 7 inches, doesn't offer its own streaming video content, instead relying on partnerships with content companies such as Netflix and Pandora. Barnes & Noble also upgraded its gray-scale Nook Simple Touch with more advanced hardware and a lower price point, placing that end of its line on a similar collision-course with Amazon's recently upgraded gray-scale Kindle devices.
Neither Barnes & Noble nor Amazon releases sales numbers for their respective e-readers, although it's generally assumed that the Kindle maintains a healthy market share lead over the Nook. That being said, the Nook Color managed to carve out some attention and mindshare over the past year. Trust that the two companies, through marketing and other venues, will fight tooth and nail for holiday-shopping dollars, and not only against each other, but also the other color tablets on the market.
Follow Nicholas Kolakowski on Twitter
Nicholas Kolakowski is a staff editor at eWEEK, covering Microsoft and other companies in the enterprise space, as well as evolving technology such as tablet PCs. His work has appeared in The Washington Post, Playboy, WebMD, AARP the Magazine, AutoWeek, Washington City Paper, Trader Monthly, and Private Air. He lives in Brooklyn, New York.
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<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
* Parser Class
*
* @package CodeIgniter
* @subpackage Libraries
* @category Parser
* @author EllisLab Dev Team
* @link http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/parser.html
*/
class CI_Parser {
var $l_delim = '{';
var $r_delim = '}';
var $object;
/**
* Parse a template
*
* Parses pseudo-variables contained in the specified template view,
* replacing them with the data in the second param
*
* @access public
* @param string
* @param array
* @param bool
* @return string
*/
public function parse($template, $data, $return = FALSE)
{
$CI =& get_instance();
$template = $CI->load->view($template, $data, TRUE);
return $this->_parse($template, $data, $return);
}
// --------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
* Parse a String
*
* Parses pseudo-variables contained in the specified string,
* replacing them with the data in the second param
*
* @access public
* @param string
* @param array
* @param bool
* @return string
*/
function parse_string($template, $data, $return = FALSE)
{
return $this->_parse($template, $data, $return);
}
// --------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
* Parse a template
*
* Parses pseudo-variables contained in the specified template,
* replacing them with the data in the second param
*
* @access public
* @param string
* @param array
* @param bool
* @return string
*/
function _parse($template, $data, $return = FALSE)
{
if ($template == '')
{
return FALSE;
}
foreach ($data as $key => $val)
{
if (is_array($val))
{
$template = $this->_parse_pair($key, $val, $template);
}
else
{
$template = $this->_parse_single($key, (string)$val, $template);
}
}
if ($return == FALSE)
{
$CI =& get_instance();
$CI->output->append_output($template);
}
return $template;
}
// --------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
* Set the left/right variable delimiters
*
* @access public
* @param string
* @param string
* @return void
*/
function set_delimiters($l = '{', $r = '}')
{
$this->l_delim = $l;
$this->r_delim = $r;
}
// --------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
* Parse a single key/value
*
* @access private
* @param string
* @param string
* @param string
* @return string
*/
function _parse_single($key, $val, $string)
{
return str_replace($this->l_delim.$key.$this->r_delim, $val, $string);
}
// --------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
* Parse a tag pair
*
* Parses tag pairs: {some_tag} string... {/some_tag}
*
* @access private
* @param string
* @param array
* @param string
* @return string
*/
function _parse_pair($variable, $data, $string)
{
if (FALSE === ($match = $this->_match_pair($string, $variable)))
{
return $string;
}
$str = '';
foreach ($data as $row)
{
$temp = $match['1'];
foreach ($row as $key => $val)
{
if ( ! is_array($val))
{
$temp = $this->_parse_single($key, $val, $temp);
}
else
{
$temp = $this->_parse_pair($key, $val, $temp);
}
}
$str .= $temp;
}
return str_replace($match['0'], $str, $string);
}
// --------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
* Matches a variable pair
*
* @access private
* @param string
* @param string
* @return mixed
*/
function _match_pair($string, $variable)
{
if ( ! preg_match("|" . preg_quote($this->l_delim) . $variable . preg_quote($this->r_delim) . "(.+?)". preg_quote($this->l_delim) . '/' . $variable . preg_quote($this->r_delim) . "|s", $string, $match))
{
return FALSE;
}
return $match;
}
}
// END Parser Class
/* End of file Parser.php */
/* Location: ./system/libraries/Parser.php */
|
{
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A top 50 ASX-listed organisation is Brisbane CBD is seeking a Senior Accountant to join them for a sixth month period in a hybrid financial and management accounting role whilst they go through a business transition.
Reporting directly into the Financial Controller, you will be responsible for the financials for a number of corporate functions at head office.
Monthly and quarterly management reporting.
Statutory reporting and managing the month end process.
Analysis of budget and actual and working with team leads in managing their budgets.
Maintenance of budgets and assisting with building and maintaining the forecasting process.
General support for quarterly forecasting.
The successful candidate will be CA/CPA qualified or close to completing this. You will have significant experience in both financial and management accounting and working in a large complex business. You will have drive, be great at building relationships with stakeholders across the business and have strong analytical skills.
There is potential for this role to be extended for up to 18 months depending on business needs.
|
{
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Aging And Addicted: The Opioid Epidemic Affects Older Adults, Too
Side Effects Public Media | By Jenny Gold - Kaiser Health News
Published December 21, 2016 at 11:44 AM EST
Heidi de Marco/Kaiser Health News
John Evard,70, participates in a group therapy session during his stay at a recovery center in Las Vegas after becoming addicted to his pain medication. "I was a rule-follower," said Evard. "And I still ended up, in a mess!" ";s:3:"u
It took a lot of convincing for John Evard to go to rehab. Seven days into his stay at the Las Vegas Recovery Center, the nausea and aching muscles of opioid withdrawal were finally beginning to fade.
"Any sweats?" a nurse asked him as she adjusted his blood pressure cuff. "Last night it was really bad, but not since I got up," replied Evard, 70, explaining that he'd awakened several times with his sheets drenched.
Even for him, it was hard to understand how he ended up 300 miles away from his home in Scottsdale, Ariz., at this bucolic facility in the suburbs of Vegas. "This is the absolute first time I ever had anything close to addiction," he said. He prefers to use the term "complex dependence" to describe his situation: "It was, shall we say, a big surprise when it happened to me."
As the nation grapples with a devastating opioid epidemic, concerns have primarily focused on young people buying drugs on the street. But America's elderly also have a problem. Over the past several decades, physicians have increasingly prescribed seniors pain medications to address chronic pain from arthritis, cancer, neurological diseases and other illnesses that become more common in later life.
This story comes from Kaiser Health News, and editorially independent program of the Kaiser Family Foundation.
A recent study found that in 2011, 15 percent of seniors were prescribed an opioid when they were discharged from the hospital; three months later, 42 percent were still taking the pain medicine.
One in three Americans who have taken prescription opioids for at least two months say they became addicted to or physically dependent on the medications, according to a recent Washington Post-Kaiser Family Foundation poll. (KHN is an editorially independent program of the foundation.)
It's no surprise, then, that some seniors end up addicted.
Credit Heidi de Marco/Kaiser Health News
Books about recovering from pain sit on patient John Evard's bed.
Evard spent his life working as a corporate tax attorney. He's spry and white haired, with a contagious grin. A few years ago he and his wife retired to Arizona with their eyes on the golf course. The dream didn't last long. Just months later, a virus infected Evard's left ear. Overnight, he lost half his hearing and was left with chronic pain. In January, he had surgery to fix the problem.
"From the surgeon's standpoint, the operation was successful. The problem was, the pain didn't go down. It went up," he recalled.
His doctors prescribed opioids, including Oxycontin. "They decreased the pain, particularly at first," said Evard. "As time went on they had less and less effect, and I had to take more and more."
As the doctors increased his dosage, Evard's once active life fell apart. He was confused, depressed, and still in pain. "I was effectively housebound. I couldn't play golf anymore. I couldn't go to social events with my friends or my wife."
He couldn't think of anything except the pills and when he could have the next one. He knew he was in trouble — despite having taken them exactly as his doctor instructed.
"I was a rule-follower," he said. "And I still ended up, in a mess!"
In 2009, the American Geriatric Society came out strongly in favor of opioids, recommending that seniors with moderate to severe pain be considered for opioid therapy. The panel cited evidence that seniors were less likely than others to become addicted.
"You don't see people in this age group stealing a car to get their next dose," Dr. Bruce Ferrell, chairman of the panel that issued the Society's guidelines, told The New York Times at the time.
Mel Pohl, medical director of the Las Vegas Recovery Center, called that conclusion a "horrible misconception."
Evard receives acupuncture treatment for his hearing loss as part of his stay at the Las Vegas Recovery Center in Las Vegas.
"There's no factual, scientific basis for that. The drug takes over in the brain. It doesn't matter how old the brain is."
The problem is that chronic pain is common as people age, and there aren't many good options to treat it. Even aspirin and ibuprofen carry bleeding risks. The 2009 AGS guidelines are no longer in use, but opioid medications remain a crucial tool to treat pain in older people. Most people are able to take opioids in small doses for short periods of time without a problem.
"We really don't use opioids necessarily as the first line of treatment because we understand what the risks are. But we also don't want to see our patients suffering needlessly if we can provide them with relief," said Dr. Sharon Brangman, past president of the AGS. The trick, she said, is to try non-pharmacological options such as acupuncture first and to use the smallest effective opioid dose possible, if necessary.
Still, most of the seniors at the Las Vegas Recovery Center have taken the drugs as prescribed by a willing doctor trying to address their pain, said Pohl. That pattern sets them apart from many of the younger patients, many of whom start buying drugs on the black market after being turned away by physicians.
Nonetheless, in the past 20 years, the rate of hospitalization among seniors that is related to opioid overuse has quintupled. But relatively few of them end up in rehab. Pohl said that's due to a combination of factors.
"They've grown up in an era where drug addiction and alcoholism [were] evil, and I think that's internalized for some of the folks that I've seen," he said, so they don't seek help, particularly from an in-patient facility. Also, some rehabs not are equipped to deal with the complex medical problems common among older people.
Another problem are patients whose addictions have been misdiagnosed as dementia. "We'll have a family come [visit], three weeks into treatment, and it's like 'Oh my God, you're back! I haven't seen that glimmer in your eye in 20 years!'" said Pohl.
It took John Evard about a week to get over the vomiting and flu-like symptoms of detox, which can be particularly hard on older patients. He's speaking out now because he doesn't want other seniors to fall into the same trap.
"Don't just take the prescription because it's part of the checkout process from the hospital," he cautioned. "It's your body, take charge of it, and push for alternatives at all costs. And if you do go on, get off them as fast as you can."
Addiction and Drug Use opioid addictionOpioidsopioid drug abuse
New Addiction Treatment Brings New System For Doctors To Navigate
Surgeon General Murthy Wants America To Face Up To Addiction
Police Try Treatment, Instead Of Punishment, For Addiction
New Sobering Center Under Construction Aimed At Lowering Costs
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Want a FREEBIE on your birthday? Click here!
Find Your BIGGBY®!:
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Posted on November 8, 2011 January 29, 2017
BIGGBY LOCATIONS CELEBRATE VETERAN'S DAY BY GIVING BACK
Military veteran and store owner will donate half of stores profits to "She Serves VFW"
LANSING, MI., NOV. 8, 2011 – Behind the counter in her BIGGBY COFFEE apron, multi-unit store owner and Lansing native, Paula Thompson, has another side of her even some of her closest customers don't know about, United States Military Veteran.
As a way to honor the U.S. Military and show her support to other Veteran's, Thompson will donate half the proceeds from her stores – located in Lansing (2002 W. Saginaw) and in Ionia (2331 S. State Rd.) – to the national She Serves VFW on Veteran's day, this Friday, Nov. 11.
"Obviously this day is a very important to both my family and I," Thompson said. "Over the past few years, I have picked a few different organizations like She Serves VFW to donate to as a way show my gratitude and support for the work they do."
Before becoming a part of the BIGGBY COFFEE franchise family, Thompson graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point and served five years active duty at Ft. Bragg in North Carolina. Along with her husband, Mark, the two served a combined total of four tours in Iraq, spanning more than three years, before returning to Michigan in 2007.
"Once I was home, I got involved with BIGGBY through my mom, who owns stores herself, and since day one I have loved every minute of it," Thompson said. "It was originally supposed to be my husband who opened our store, but after he was deployed for his final tour in Iraq, it became my responsibility. Today I can say it's the best job in the world."
So along with her one-month old daughter, Thompson opened her Lansing store on her husband's birthday in June of 2007. Then, in April of 2010 on the seventh anniversary of their first deployment, Paula purchased her store in Ionia.
"Both of my stores are in very supportive communities so I know we will have an awesome turnout for Veteran's day," Thompson said. "I am very grateful for the support I have received and for the way everything has turned out… now it's my turn to say thank you and give back."
About BIGGBY COFFEE®
East Lansing, Mich.-based BIGGBY® COFFEE opened a single store in March of 1995 based on the founding principle that coffee-lovers and the coffee-curious alike would benefit from a less pretentious approach to the standard gourmet café paradigm. BIGGBY COFFEE introduced connoisseur-worthy drinks with pronounceable names like Teddy Bear and Caramel Marvel, and barista staff surprised guests with simple gestures like free kazoos and bouncy balls for no other reason than to brighten their day. The "Big 'B'" on the orange background caught on, and today BIGGBY COFFEE has 136 cafes open or under contract across six states including: Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, South Carolina, Wisconsin and Texas. For more information, visit www.biggby.com.
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|
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It wasn't long ago that a visit to the doctor often meant sitting in the waiting room long past your appointment time — two hours wasn't unheard of — before you were ushered into the exam room. As the patient, you had no recourse.
However, there has been a shift in favor of the patient, with the introduction of a more customer service-oriented approach to care: retail health. Retail health clinics, or mini clinics, are sprouting up across the country. Popular for their convenience of walk-in service and extended hours, each is staffed with an onsite medical professional who provides basic care services like administering flu shots, conducting health screenings and treating minor illnesses and injuries.
The clinics are often housed in drug stores such as CVS and Walgreens, supermarkets and mega-stores like Walmart. And recently, some employer benefits packages are including subscriptions to tele-health (Virtual Doctor Visits) programs such as MDLive in which a patient videoconferences for a few minutes — via his or her home computer — with a care provider who can prescribe medications or diagnose minor illnesses.
Regardless of the form these clinics take, they are popular with patients. They could become even more popular now that more than 16 million Americans have gained health care coverage through the Affordable Care Act. Despite the surge in the insurance rolls, there has not been a corresponding increase in the number of care providers. This could mean that even with coverage, these newly insured patients may not get the care they need. Retail health clinics, coupled with tele-health capabilities, could play a role in helping fill that gap and provide timely, effective care when patients need it most.
It will be interesting to see how the retail health segment evolves in the near future. How can we help it succeed? How can we ensure the level of quality care patients receive? Do we have enough skilled health care workers to operate the proliferation of these clinics where they are needed most? The panel discussion on retail health could yield some insights.
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Location details: The lecture day 13.9 is organised in Biomedicum Helsinki 1 in Seminar room 3 at Haartmaninkatu 8. The hands-on days 14.-15.9 take place in the computer classroom Dogmi at CSC at Keilaranta 14, Espoo.
Price: The registration fee is 60 euros + VAT per day. The fee covers morning and afternoon coffees. DPBM students register for free, please contact Anita Tienhaara.
The seats are filled in the registration order. If a cancellation is received five (5) business days prior to the course, the course fee will be refunded with the exception of a handling fee of 10 €. For no-shows and cancellations after that no refunds will be made. Registration can be transferred to someone else from the same organization without additional charge.
Payment can be made with electronic invoicing, credit card, or direct bank transfer. Note that for electronic invoicing you need the operator and e-invoicing address (OVT code) of your organization. Please also note that invoice reference is needed for electronic invoicing in your organization, so please have this available when registering.
This workshop will focus on the core steps involved in calling variants with the Broad Institute's Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK), using the "Best Practices" developed by the GATK team. You will learn why each step is essential to the variant discovery process, what are the operations performed on the data at each step, and how to use the GATK tools to get the most accurate and reliable results out of your dataset. This course is organized in collaboration with the Doctoral Programme in Biomedicine (DPBM) of University of Helsinki.
This workshop highlights key functionalities such as the germline GVCF workflow for joint variant discovery in cohorts, RNAseq specific processing, and new somatic variant discovery capabilities in GATK4. It also mentions the use of pipelining tools to assemble and execute GATK workflows.
Please note that this workshop is focused on human data analysis. The majority of the materials presented does apply equally to nonhuman data, and we will address some questions regarding adaptations that are needed for analysis of non-human data, but we will not go into much detail on those points.
Wed 13.9 Lectures: Rationale, theory and application of the GATK Best Practices for Variant Discovery in high-throughput sequencing data.
In the optional hands-on sessions focused on analysis, we walk attendees through exercises that teach them how to manipulate the standard data formats involved in variant discovery and how to apply GATK tools appropriately to common use cases and data types. In the course of these exercises, we demonstrate useful tips and tricks for interacting with GATK and Picard tools, dealing with problems, and using third-party tools such as Samtools, IGV, RStudio and RTG Tools.
The lecture day of the workshop is aimed at a mixed audience of people who are new to the topic of variant discovery or to GATK, seeking an introductory course into the tools, or who are already GATK users seeking to improve their understanding of and proficiency with the tools. Attendees should already be familiar with the basic terms and concepts of genetics and genomics.
The hands-on days are aimed at novice to intermediate users who are seeking detailed guidance with GATK and related tools. Basic familiarity with the command line environment is required.
The lecture slides, hands-on exercises and course data are available in the course material folder.
Participants who were allocated extra seats to attend the hands-on sessions with their own laptop need to install the course software beforehand. Please also download the course data before the course.
Offering practical, no-nonsense training on topics that matter to Finnish science and research!
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Q: iOS Gamecenter Programmatic Matchmaking I'm trying to implement a real-time multiplayer game with a custom UI (no GKMatchMakerViewController). I'm using startBrowsingForNearbyPlayersWithReachableHandler:
^(NSString *playerID, BOOL reachable) to find a local player, and then initiating a match request with the GKMatchmaker singleton (which I have already initiated).
Here's where I'm having trouble. When I send a request, the completion handler fires almost immediately, without an error, and the match it returns has an expected player count of zero. Meanwhile, the other player definitely has not responded to the request.
Relevant code:
- (void) findMatch
{
GKMatchRequest *request = [[GKMatchRequest alloc] init];
request.minPlayers = NUM_PLAYERS_PER_MATCH; //2
request.maxPlayers = NUM_PLAYERS_PER_MATCH; //2
if (nil != self.playersToInvite)
{
// we always successfully get in this if-statement
request.playersToInvite = self.playersToInvite;
request.inviteeResponseHandler = ^(NSString *playerID, GKInviteeResponse
response)
{
[self.delegate updateUIForPlayer: playerID accepted: (response ==
GKInviteeResponseAccepted)];
};
}
request.inviteMessage = @"Let's Play!";
[self.matchmaker findMatchForRequest:request
withCompletionHandler:^(GKMatch *match, NSError *error) {
if (error) {
// Print the error
NSLog(@"%@", error.localizedDescription);
}
else if (match != nil)
{
self.currentMatch = match;
self.currentMatch.delegate = self;
// All players are connected
if (match.expectedPlayerCount == 0)
{
// start match
[self startMatch];
}
[self stopLookingForPlayers];
}
}];
}
A: Figured it out! I needed to call - (void)matchForInvite:(GKInvite *)invite completionHandler:(void (^)(GKMatch *match, NSError *error))completionHandler in my invitation handler so that both players have the same match data.
|
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"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
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7 Things That Are About 27 Feet (ft) long
January 5, 2022 by Niklas
There are a lot of items that are about the same length as 27 feet, which is 8.3 meters. Do you know that a wedding gown that long exists? Relax and read on to learn more about it, as well as other wonderful objects in this intriguing piece that measure up to 27 feet long.
1. London bus
The Routemaster Double-Decker buses, which are well-known as London landmarks, are around 27 feet long.
The buses were considered to be well-designed for travel in London traffic because they had an open door for passengers to board and disembark even when the vehicle was going at low speeds, as well as a full-time conductor to collect fares.
2. 2 Volkswagen beetle
The need for a people's car (Volkswagen in German), as well as its concept and functional objectives, were developed by Adolf Hitler, the leader of Nazi Germany. For his country's new road network, Hitler envisioned a low-cost, uncomplicated car that could be mass-produced (Reichsautobahn).
The first production was provided for an additional dues premium to members of the National Socialist Party, but the Spanish Civil War diverted most production resources to military vehicles to support the Nationalists under Francisco Franco.
Despite being designed in the 1930s, due to World War II, civilian Beetles were only produced in large numbers by the end of the 1940s. The Volkswagen Type 1 was the car's internal designation, and it was sold simply as the Volkswagen. Volkswagen 1200, 1300, 1500, 1302, or 1303 were the model numbers for later vehicles, with the first three indicating engine displacement and the latter two indicating model numbers.
The Volkswagen Beetle is a compact car with a long wheelbase and a total length of about 13.5 feet, resulting in a joint length of 27 feet when two of them are combined.
3. Mariah Carey's wedding dress
When you're a diva, you're a diva for life! On June 5, 1993, Mariah married her mentor, former record producer Tommy Mottola, in St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York.
The elaborate $500,000 event, which was supposedly inspired by Princess Diana and Prince Charles' wedding (and this was before everyone was infatuated with The Crown! ), was fit for royalty.
Mariah even wore a Vera Wang over-the-top dress inspired by Princess Diana, replete with a 10-foot veil and 27-foot train. The gown is expected to cost around $25,000.
The guest list included Barbra Streisand, Michael Bolton, Bruce Springsteen, Dick Clark, and Ozzy Osbourne, among others.
The couple filed for divorce in 1997, ending Mariah's musical fairy tale romance.
4. Catalina 27
The Catalina 27 is a sailboat designed by Frank V. Butler and Robert Finch in the United States. The design was manufactured from 1971 to 1991 and became one of the most popular sailing keelboats of all time.
1500 boats were completed and sold in the first three years of manufacturing. There were a total of 6662 instances completed.
In 1991, the Catalina 270 took over the production of the design.
The sailboat has a length of approximately 27 feet.
5. 27 feet stalagmite in cathedral caverns state park Alabama
When it comes to vacation destinations or caving, Alabama isn't always the first state that comes to mind. However, the Deep South State boasts some of the top caverns in the country that are open to the public. Since the 1950s, their Cathedral Cavern State Park has been developed as a tourist destination. Alabama is so much more than the idyllic boyhood backdrop of Forrest Gump.
There are deep and intriguing caverns down in beautiful home Alabama, where the skies are so blue.
The Cathedral Caverns were formerly known as Bat Cave, but they were given a new and more fitting name to reflect their cathedral-like appearance. The state bought them in 1987 and opened them as a public park in 2000.
The "Goliath," one of the world's largest stalagmites, may be found in the caverns. The "caveman" perched on a flowstone wall, a vast stalagmite forest, and a "frozen" waterfall are among the other attractions. A stalagmite that is 27 feet tall but only 3 inches broad – the inverse of the "Goliath" Stalagmite – is one of the more perplexing stone formations in the tunnels.
6. Glendon Giant Perogy
Glenn, an Alberta village, north of St. Paul, unveiled its roadside plaque to the perogy in 1993. The town's Giant Perogy, complete with fork, stands 27 feet tall and weighs approximately 6,000 pounds. It is one of the "Giants of the Prairies," a collection of massive sculptures found throughout North America's prairie region.
The fork was added to the sculpture to give viewers a sense of what it was supposed to be. Passers-by were perplexed by the first design, which lacked a fork. "The first design didn't have a fork, but then people passed by and thought it looked like a cow pie or something," said Johnny Demienko, who conceived the artwork while serving as the town's mayor and a school bus driver.
Perogy Cafe is located next to the Giant Perogy, which was built using steel and fiberglass. Perogy Cafe provides Ukrainian and Chinese perogies and is the only restaurant in this little village. The perogy, which is related to the dumpling, is a popular Eastern European dish.
7. Standard US Ammo belt
An ammunition belt is a firearm mechanism that is used to bundle and feed cartridges for rapid-firing automatic weapons like machine guns. Belt-fed systems reduce the proportional weight of the ammunition apparatus concerning the rest of the weapon system, allowing for high rates of continuous firing without the need for frequent magazine changes.
Belt capacity and accompanying belt containers are normally restricted by weight and bulk, and their size is limited by caliber and the weapon's and ammunition's combined portability. The most common ammo capacity on a man-portable weapon system is between 50 and 300 rounds.
One of the most widely held urban legends is that the phrase "the whole nine yards" originated during WWII. The standard ammo belt for aircraft machine guns in the United States was 27 feet long, or nine yards. When a gunner's ammo was depleted, it was claimed that he had fired the entire nine yards at the enemy.
Categories Length
8 Things That Are About 24 Inches (in) Long
|
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Raddysh scores in third as Blackhawks beat Avalanche 3-2
TIM CRONIN
CHICAGO (AP) — Taylor Raddysh snapped a tie in the third period, and the lowly Chicago Blackhawks beat the Colorado Avalanche 3-2 on Thursday night for their third straight victory.
Sam Lafferty and Andreas Athanasiou also scored for Chicago (11-25-4), and Petr Mrazek made 31 saves.
The Blackhawks had a 2-20-1 stretch before their win streak.
Cale Makar and Evan Rodrigues scored for Colorado (20-17-3), and Nathan MacKinnon had two assists. Pavel Francouz had...
Cale Makar and Evan Rodrigues scored for Colorado (20-17-3), and Nathan MacKinnon had two assists. Pavel Francouz had 27 stops for the defending Stanley Cup champions.
The slumping Avalanche dropped to 1-6-1 in their last eight games.
Raddysh gave Chicago a 3-2 lead with a tip-in of Tyler Johnson's perfect feed 6:36 into the third. It was Raddysh's 11th goal of the season.
"We want to keep building on this," Raddysh said.
Colorado's Alex Newhook appeared to score with 4:51 remaining, poking in a rebound in the slot. But the Blackhawks challenged for goaltender interference, and the goal was disallowed by referees Kelly Sutherland and Jake Brenk.
"I was only worried it took so long to get it right," Chicago coach Luke Richardson said. "The first thing I saw was (Mikko) Rantanen's stick pushing Petr's pad."
The Avalanche tied it at 2 on Makar's screened wrist shot with 8:13 left in the second. Mrazek never saw it coming.
The Blackhawks opened the scoring on Lafferty's 20-foot wrist shot 3:24 into the game. The Avalanche then tied it at 1 on Rodrigues' rebound backhand off MacKinnon's shot at 11:40.
Chicago made it 2-1 when Athanasiou beat Francouz from the left slot after skating in from the deep right wing early in the second.
Read more: Sports News
"Good to get the lead early and play in front of them," Raddysh said. "They're not an easy team to come back on."
Mrazek picked up his first assist of the season and fourth of his career by starting the play. He also helped the Blackhawks kill all five Colorado power plays in his third win of the season.
"Cost us the game, simple as that," Rodrigues said of the power-play trouble. "We're losing (places) in the playoff race here, and we've got to figure it out pretty quickly."
Newhook was hit in the nose by the deflected shot of teammate Devin Toews late in the second period. He went to the locker room for repairs, and then returned for the third.
KANE TO INJURED RESERVE
Blackhawks star Patrick Kane, who has missed three games with a lower-body injury, was placed on injured reserve. He could play Saturday against Seattle if he's ready. He skated on his own Thursday morning but didn't participate in the team skate. Chicago activated MacKenzie Entwistle off injured reserve to fill Kane's roster spot.
Sign up for our daily newsletter so you never miss a beat on all things federal
Avalanche: Host Ottawa on Saturday night.
Blackhawks: Continue their seven-game homestand against Seattle on Saturday night.
AP NHL: www.apnews.com/hub/NHL and www.twitter.com/AP_Sports
|
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Every man, woman and child in Fulton county has to pay a 7% sales tax which means a hundred dollar pair of shoes really costs them $107. Of that $7 tax one dollar goes to subsidize MARTA. It may not sound like much but over the course of a year it adds up to about $265 million dollars.
Now two hundred and sixty five million dollars is a lot of money no matter how you look at it but in a county with a million residents it might be justified if the taxes were going to something everyone uses, needs or wants. Unfortunately in a county plagued by congestion only a tiny percentage of Fulton County residents use MARTA trains during rush hour. The census charts below demonstrate only 2% of the county's population ride MARTA trains to work.
More people work from home or even walk to work than ride MARTA trains but we pay hundreds of millions of dollars to subsidize the trains. It is a perfect example of why Fulton County already has transportation issues. Politicians allocate transportation money based on politics rather than sound fiscal policy.
Which brings us to this news story from 11 Alive News about Alpharetta's own State Senator Brandon Beach who is proposing a 50% MARTA sales tax hike to expand trains into North Fulton. While I couldn't disagree more with Senator Beach on this issue I do appreciate his consistency. He was pushing for heavy rail in his dual role as CEO of the Greater North Fulton Chamber of Commerce and President of the North Fulton CID long before he was elected to the state legislature.
But there is absolutely no objective justification for a massive tax increase to expand the least used, least efficient, least flexible and most expensive transit option available in Fulton County. Over the past few decades billions of dollars have been spent to subsidize a rail system which serves a tiny portion of our population while the roads that support 100% of residents have been sorely neglected. Any further diversion of transportation money to MARTA trains will only make the problem worse.
A transportation tax increase of hundreds of millions of dollars on Alpharetta residents dedicated to trains that would make traffic here worse would be unconscionable so as an elected representative for 63,000 residents I will not support this effort. Instead I will vigorously oppose any legislation which would permit a 50% MARTA tax increase and encourage my fellow elected officials in Fulton County to do the same.
Earlier I covered curious events surrounding a presentation to the Alpharetta City Council by Mr. Brandon Beach. Mr. Beach is a board member of the Georgia Department of Transportation and also serves as the CEO of the Greater North Fulton Chamber of Commerce as well as Director of the North Fulton CID which represents the commercial property owners in the Northpoint Parkway area of Alpharetta.
You can read the previous posts here and here for more details. But after Mr. Beach decided not to present his transit plan to our city council you can imagine my surprise when I heard that he had instead chosen to present the plan on WSB's newscast last night. You can see the clip by clicking on the picture below.
I have seen Mr. Beach give a similar presentation but it didn't mention taking the train through my neighborhood to Duluth. Needless to say I am not a fan of expanding costly and inefficient trains through my neighborhood and now I understand why he didn't even bother presenting the plan to our City Council.
In a completely unrelated matter I noticed a few pictures of Mr. Beach in the Alpharetta Revue today. The odd thing was that standing right there with Brandon was Penn Hodge, the developer that owns the land adjacent to the Windward MARTA property. Looked like they were having a great time together at the Ritz Carlton. Small world isn't it?
But back to the matter at hand, I did like one part of the WSB news story. The clip where Mr. Beach says,"You've got Windward… up here… with jobs." The rest of the clip… not so much.
Last Friday an agenda item about a transit presentation by Greater North Fulton Chamber of Commerce CEO, Northpoint CID Director and Georgia DOT Board member Brandon Beach magically appeared on the Alpharetta City Council docket for Monday night. I was surprised to see such an item appear out of thin air and wrote about it in this post over the weekend.
Well apparently I wasn't the only one surprised. Several City Council members told me that they didn't know anything about it until last Friday either. Then yesterday, as magically as it appeared, the transit presentation disappeared and never took place. Curious stuff.
Maybe Mr. Beach saw the recent article "The Public Transport Revolution – Why does it never Arrive?" on Newgeography.com and realized that MARTA trains were a waste of time and money. You can read the whole article here but below are a few highlights.
So maybe the incredible disappearing transit machine shows that local business leaders now realize raising sales taxes to pay for expensive, inefficient trains is a waste of time and money. And maybe the Georgia Department of Transportation will make up for decades of neglecting roads in what has been one of the fastest growing areas in the nation.
And maybe I'll ride a flying pig to Braves games this Summer.
Back in 2008 the Alpharetta City Council approved a high density mixed use project for the intersection of Windward Parkway and Northpoint Parkway. The developer of the project is a man named Penn Hodge and he calls the proposed project Windward Mill. Many residents were upset that the Windward Mill project would add 500 condos to the site and result in 12,000 more vehicular trips at the congested intersection but the Alpharetta City Council unanimously approved the project.
One of the justifications councilmembers cited for their approval was that as a condition of the rezoning the developer would be responsible for millions of dollars in road improvements to accommodate his enormous project. You may remember that the same talking point was recently used by City Council as they tried to explain their recent approval of the MetLife high density mixed use project on Haynes Bridge Road.
So imagine my surprise when I learned that I would be paying for road improvements to accommodate a 15 story condo tower that I didn't want built in the first place. Well not just me, every tax payer in the state of Georgia is now paying for the road improvements that are Penn Hodge's responsibility.
As you can see in this press release the North Fulton Community Improvement District has announced that the Georgia Department of Transportation will pay more than $600,000 to, "add a right-turn lane along Windward Parkway, from the north-bound exit all the way to North Point Parkway". Curiously the press release doesn't mention that one of the zoning conditions for Penn Hodge's project on that corner was that there be "an eastbound right-turn lane along Windward Parkway".
So how did Penn Hodge, who sits on the board of the North Fulton CID, convince the state of Georgia that taxpayers should pay more than $600,000 for the road improvements he was obligated to make? I don't know but it seems like a great question to ask the executive director of the North Fulton CID, Brandon Beach. You see Mr. Beach just happens to also be the North Fulton representative on the board for the Georgia Department of Transportation. Small world isn't it?
Today's AJC includes an update on the wish list being compiled to sell voters on the sales tax increase proposed by the state of Georgia. The additional sales tax is expected to cost Atlanta metro area residents 8 Billion Dollars over ten years and the referendum will include examples of the projects that the money could be spent on.
So far municipalities around Atlanta have submitted over 29 Billion Dollars worth of projects that they want to include so there is going to be a lot of horse trading over the next few months as politicians are forced to give up on 21 Billion Dollars worth of projects. This should be fun to watch.
Since the President and CEO of the Greater North Fulton Chamber of Commerce, Brandon Beach, is also the North Fulton representative on the Georgia Department of Transportation Board it will be interesting to see what is included after the DOT "weighs in". You can read the whole thing here.
Major improvements are underway for Encore Parkway from Westside Parkway to North Point Parkway. Plans include widening Encore Parkway to include a newly designed bridge as it passes over Georgia 400 and shoulders that will house 6-foot buffer planter strips and an 8-footwide sidewalk/bike lane. To connect the newly constructed sidewalks and bike lanes on Encore Parkway to the Big Creek Greenway trail system, sidewalks and shared lanes will be established along the eastern side of North Point Parkway. The project will also incorporate enhancements such as trees, landscaping, lighting and furniture.
The Georgia Department of Transportation plans to unveil the visual elements of the proposed project at a Public Information Open House & Detour Meeting to be held between 5:00pm and 7:00pm on April 26th at the North Fulton Chamber of Commerce (located at 11605 Haynes Bridge Road, Suite 100, Alpharetta, GA). Residents are encouraged to stop by as the presentation is informal and will provide more details on the project and planned detour routes.
What the city fails to mention is that the projects discussed in the press release are a quid pro quo for the city's adaptation of the Northpoint Area Livable Centers Initiative which includes the MetLife high density mixed use development. Back in 2008 the Mayor of Alpharetta, Arthur Letchas, and the City Council knowingly chose to accept the urbanization of our city in exchange for 4 million dollars worth of improvements in the Northpoint area. Now that the city has approved the MetLife project they can show us the precious new projects that they got in exchange for urbanization.
So if you live in Alpharetta and want to see why our City Council continues to approve high density mixed use projects please stop by and decide for yourself if the urbanization was worth it. While you are there you might also want to ask Department of Transportation board member Brandon Beach how spending that 4 million dollars is going to help relieve congestion for you and your family.
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California Rural Legal Assistance, Inc. (CRLA) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit legal and political advocacy group that promotes the interests of migrant laborers and the rural poor. The organization provides legal assistance in the areas of employment and labor, housing and eviction, health, public benefits, and educational access.
Based in San Francisco, the organization operates 24 regional offices throughout California. CRLA has an annual operating budget of $10 million, and employs 138 staff, 51 of which are attorneys. José R. Padilla, a lawyer and Berkeley Law graduate, has been the executive director since 1984.
California Rural Legal Assistance was founded in 1966 as part of the Johnson administration's War on Poverty. From 1965 until 1981, it was funded by the federal Community Services Agency (CSA). When the Reagan Administration defunded the CSA, it came under the auspices of the government's Legal Services Corporation (LSC). It also receives funding from private foundations such as The California Endowment and businesses such as the Union Bank of California.
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Ida L. Reed Historical Marker
This highway marker stands in honor of Philippi native, Ida L. Reed, whose family home and birthplace one stood near this spot. Reed was a well-known hymnist and writer in the Christian community. Today, Reed's most famous hymn, "I Belong to the King" is still often included in Protestant hymnals. Her books and stories illustrate her Methodist values and lifestyles.
Ida L. Reed Photo courtesy of The West Virginia Encyclopedia
Cover of Reed's 1940 book Songs of the Hills
WV Historical Marker
Born in 1865 to a Methodist family living outside of Philippi, WV, notable hymnist Ida L. Reed was one of eight children. The family constantly struggled with poverty, hunger, and illness throughout Reed's life. The Reeds' financial limitations meant that each child was self-educated. The Reed family home was on the National Register of Historic places until it was destroyed in the 1990s.
Reed's hymns are characterized by themes of simple devotion and persistence in times of trial. Though Reed was a prolific writer and published often, she never earned any royalties. She would instead earn a few dollars for each piece by selling them outright. Ida Reed never married and instead dedicated herself to her work. She wrote over 2,000 songs during her career. The most popular was "I Belong to the King" which is still sung today. Reed's hymns are used in hymnals for 11 different denominations and many have been translated into foreign languages.
In addition to writing music, Reed also wrote children's poems and stories which all had Christian themes. Reed wrote several books. Her first was titled The Story of a Song: What it Means to Belong to the King and was published in 1911. An autobiography titled My Life Story followed in 1912. Her last book was published many years later, in 1940, and was titled Songs of the Hills. Reed was also a frequent contributor to the Christian journal West Virginia Protestant.
Reed died at the age of 85 in 1951. She is buried close to her family home in Philippi.
Smith, Barbara. Ida L. Reed. e-WV. December 08, 2015. Accessed February 20, 2019. https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/44.
Thornhill, Gail. November 30, 1865: Composer, Author Ida L. Reed Born Near Philippi. WV Public Broadcasting. November 30, 2017. Accessed February 20, 2019. http://www.wvpublic.org/post/november-30-1865-composer-author-ida-l-reed-born-near-philippi#stream/0.
West Virginia Highway Markers Database. West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture, and History. . Accessed February 20, 2019. http://www.wvculture.org/history/wvmemory/hmresults.aspx?County=Barbour&Title=&Words=&Op=AND.
Image Sources(Click to expand)
"Ida L. Reed." Waymarking.com. Accessed September 16, 2020. https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMCFM5_Ida_L_Reed.
US 119/US 250 & Arden Road (Co. Rt. 6)
Created by Victoria Endres on February 20th 2019, 1:01:38 pm.
Last updated by Kathleen Thompson on September 16th 2020, 4:54:45 pm.
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Ulun Danu Beratan Temple - Bali has four lakes, namely Buyan Lake, Tamblingan Lake, Lake Batur and Lake Beratan. When you travel from Denpasar to Singaraja, you will see a lake that is often used as a stopover. The lake is named Lake Beratan.
Lake Beratan is located in Bedugul, a cool and beautiful location. Many trees and hills on the edge of the lake. The water is so calm and very suitable for fishing locations. Many people stop by this lake when traveling from or to Denpasar. The food they often buy is also warm food because it is delicious to eat food that is still warm while in the cool hilly area.
There are three doors to go to this lake, but only one door can be used to go to one of the holy places or temples on the edge of the lake. The temple meant is Ulun Danu Beratan Temple.
Ulun Danu means upstream part of Lake Beratan. This temple is often referred to as the Bedugul Temple because it serves as a place to worship the Fertility Goddess because the function of Lake Beratan is as a source of irrigating rice fields (as irrigation).
Access to Ulun Danu Beratan Temple is already very good because it has been arranged by the government because besides being a holy place, this temple is also one of the most popular tourist attractions in Bali.
There are three parts to this attraction. The first part is arranged to be used as a large parking lot to accommodate visitors from both domestic and foreign tourists. In this parking area, there are also stalls that sell snacks and typical Balinese souvenirs. Going deeper, your eyes will be spoiled by a vast and shady garden. Enter deeper then you will find a temple in the middle of the lake. in this tourist area, you will find four temple complexes, namely Pura Lingga Petak (having three tumpang meru), Pura penataran Puncak Mangu (having eleven tumpang meru), and the Dalem Purwa temple, and the last is the Teratai Bang Temple.
Many tourists come here to enjoy the cool air of the lake while sitting and taking pictures with relatives to capture their holiday moments. You can also rent a motorboat to get around the calm of the Beratan Lake.
For those of you who forget to bring a camera and want to take home your vacation photos at Ulun Danu Temple, this photo has been available. The results are also good. Guaranteed your vacation will be very impressive if you visit this Ulun Danu Beratan Temple.
The time needed to reach Pura Ulun Danau Beratan Bedugul is about 1.5 hours drive from Denpasar or about 60 kilometers. The road is also very good, but sometimes you will be faced with traffic jams during holidays. The location of Pura Ulun Danu Beratan is right along the road from Denpasar City Towards Singaraja City. Parking fees for motorbikes are Rp. 2,000 and for cars is Rp. 5,000, while the entry ticket is Rp. 20,000 per person.
Sekumpul Waterfall-North Bali is famous for its waterfalls. The area of North Bali is the most extensive among all districts in Bali. Many are indeed waterfalls, but North Bali has one waterfall which is said to be the most beautiful waterfall in Bali.
Besides being beautiful, this waterfall is also unique. Want to know what it's unique like? please visit during the rainy season but must be careful too.
Yaps .. this one waterfall is located in Sekumpul Village, Sawan District, Buleleng. The name "Sekumpul" may come from the word "Se" which means one and "gather" which means together. So "Sekumpul" means together into one place. The seven waterfalls in the hills are collected in one place, namely in Sekumpul Village.
At Sekumpul Waterfall there are 7 waterfalls, but we can reach only 2 waterfalls because it is located near the main road and 5 other waterfalls are located in locations that require extra power to reach it.
This was mentioned about its uniqueness, this waterfall has two water sources, but it will clearly be seen in the rainy season, because when it rains and there is a flood, one of the water sources will be cloudy because it comes from another river and the other will be clear because sourced from springs.
To reach this waterfall, you have to go down the steps about 300 meters from the main road. Do not imagine tired first, because on the way you will be treated to a beautiful view and can occasionally hear the birds singing there.
It is recommended to be careful when visiting during the rainy season because you cannot predict the arrival of floods and a large amount of water debt and slippery road conditions can interfere with travel and safety.
Tourists usually use this location for refreshing from all the activities and routine activities, but of course, the activities of the photos will be one of the destinations in this location.
Aling-aling Waterfall - Tourism potential that has not been extensively explored is the potential in Buleleng Regency. Perhaps due to the road to get there from Ngurah Rai Airport is quite far, sometimes tourists become reluctant to visit it.
North Bali also has a beach that is no less beautiful than the beaches in South Bali. Besides that, North Bali also has a lot of hill topography so the air and the atmosphere are also cool, very suitable for refreshing.
North Bali is a waterfall paradise, besides Gitgit Waterfall, there are many more waterfalls in North Bali. One of the waterfalls located in Sambangan Village is the Aling-aling Waterfall.
Many domestic tourists and foreign tourists have visited this waterfall. The attraction is the spot of the photo, the fresh air around the waterfall because as we all know, trees are a source of oxygen for the earth and the height of the place is also a contributing factor to the humidity here.
The development of social media is indeed very rapid, one of which is Instagram, an application for sharing photos made by Facebook. Now for those of you whose hobbies are photos, this Aling-Aling Waterfall is very instagramable.
Visit immediately and capture your moments in photos and upload them to Instagram. Incidentally, the photo spots here are very supportive, so express yourself in taking photos at this tourist spot. Besides that, you can also take a bath here, feel the fresh water falling from above, but hope to take a shower on the edge of the waterfall because the current is quite strong.
Colek Pamor Waterfall-Buleleng Regency still has a unique waterfall but is rarely known by tourists visiting Bali. When you will visit Singaraja from Denpasar and pass Jalan Raya Bedugul, then you will find a tourist attraction called Gitgit Waterfall or Gitgit Waterfall.
When you visit Gitgit Waterfall, take the time to visit the nearest waterfall, which is Colek Pamor Waterfall. Indeed, this waterfall is not as popular as other waterfalls in Bali but is still one lane with Gitgit Waterfall.
For access to the waterfall, it has been arranged properly, the road has been concreted even though there are still roads that are still in the form of land.
Tourists who visit are usually dominated by local tourists but there are also sometimes foreign tourists who visit there. Holidays like Sundays and Religious Holidays are usually used by tourists to visit and enjoy the beauty of this waterfall.
Be careful when you visit during the rainy season because we cannot predict water and floods. Slippery roads also do not become important notes during the rainy season so that your vacation remains in a pleasant atmosphere.
The natural atmosphere that is still beautiful is the attraction of this waterfall, but the unique thing about this waterfall is the source of the water coming out of the cave with a height of approximately 20 meters.
The government of Buleleng Regency is reviewing the development of the potential of this tourism object, but it also needs a considerable amount of time and not too small costs to realize it.
For those of you who have never visited this waterfall, you can see the map below as a guide to Colek Pamor Waterfall.
Nung-nung Waterfall-For those who like waterfall tours, there's no harm in exploring one of the waterfalls in Badung Regency. Its beauty is not inferior to waterfalls in other areas such as Buleleng.
The waterfall is located in Nungnung, Petang District, Badung Regency, named Nungnung Waterfall. The existence of this waterfall has not been so popular, even the Badung people themselves sometimes do not know yet because the famous tourist attraction in Badung is Kuta Beach, Taman Ayun, Garuda Wisnu Kencana.
The height of this waterfall is around 50 meters with a large water discharge. To go to this location, you have to go through around 500 steps, yeah ... that's just for sports, and you can also enjoy the cool air.
The atmosphere in this waterfall is rather quiet because there are not many tourists who know the beauty of this waterfall. Just for information that near this waterfall there is a bridge connecting Badung Regency and Bangli Regency, the name of the bridge is the Plaga bridge, which is the tallest and longest bridge in Bali.
Let's like traveling, capture your moment here while enjoying the beauty of the waterfall and the cool atmosphere around and for tourists who want to eliminate fatigue due to energy-intensive work routines and work, this place can be used as an alternative.
Taman Ayun Temple - Taman Ayun Temple is located in Mengwi Village, Badung Regency, which is about 19 kilometers from Denpasar City. The temple which has a large and beautiful garden was built in 1556 caka (1634 AD) by King Mengwi.
With the consistency of the community to preserve this temple, UNESCO makes this temple as one of the World heritage that should be preserved. In addition to Taman Ayun Temple, UNESCO also made Jatiluwih Village as one of the World heritage as well.
Pura which is considered as Mother (Paibon) by the Kingdom of Mengwi is a must for you to visit and enter on your holiday list in Bali. The temple is a place to worship God for Hindus in Bali but the temple can also be used as a tourist attraction.
For those of you who do have tourist destinations in the direction of Buleleng Regency which is famous for Lovina Beach attractions and Gitgit Waterfall, take the time to stop by at Taman Ayun Temple.
Before entering the temple area, you will walk through a large and beautiful park, then you will find the magnificent Bentar Temple. Public tourists are not allowed to enter the area inside the temple, you can only see it on the outer yard, including the park.
Please respect also the procedures that apply when entering this temple area because we are a cultured nation, let alone entering a sacred area like a temple.
It has become a familiar thing to capture moments when visiting tourist attractions, people will take pictures and look for places that are considered to have good spots for taking pictures.
At Taman Ayun Temple, this is probably the best spot to take photos in the garden and also on the front of the castle that can display Balinese architecture.
This vast garden can become a fatigue reliever for visiting tourists. For people who want to pray, they will also be made comfortable with the architecture and layout of this temple. The point will not be boring when visiting the Taman Ayun Temple.
Piodalan at this temple was held on Tuesday Wuku Medangsia because that day the temple was officially opened.
Menjangan Island - Bali does save a lot of charm, ranging from natural beauty, cultural diversity, food, and religious tourism.
For those of you who like diving, Bali has the answer. Bali holds an amazing underwater paradise on Menjangan Island. Menjangan Island is located north of the West Bali National Park, precisely in Kelampok Village, Gerokgak District, Buleleng Regency, Bali. or about 80 km from Singaraja City and 60 Kilometers from Lovina and about 4 hours from Denpasar City.
To reach this island you have to cross by boat motor for approximately 30-40 minutes from the lalang port. At Lalang Port, a complete diving package is available that you can choose according to your holiday budget. This package includes boat rental, insurance, guides, and snorkeling equipment.
The island is called Menjangan Island because on this island there are indeed many deer species whose population is decreasing so that the government has made Menjangan Island a West Bali National Park in an effort to save it from extinction.
Menjangan Island is synonymous with diving and snorkeling activities, this island has many diving and beautiful coral reefs. You can find coral reefs starting from a depth of 10 meters.
The formation of coral reefs indeed surrounds Menjangan Island, even the formation of coral rocks at a depth of 60 meters forms small and large caves with a function as habitat for marine animals such as soft corals, small snappers, large groupers, and batfish. The seabed also includes tuna, batfish, jackfish, angelfish, sea turtles and even sharks.
Eel Gardens is a diving spot located west of Menjangan Island. In this spot there are lots of collection of sea fans and eel gardens according to the spot name.
For you lovers of macro diving, Secret Bay is the right location for you because you will find a variety of coral reefs, rare marine biota, muddy sand on the seabed at this location. This location is also a location that is still very natural or not much touched.
Various species such as frogfish, nudibranchs, seahorse, shrimpfish, dragonets, lionfish, pipefish, sea shrimp, ribbon eels and the others are only 10 meters deep. But you must dive at the right time if you want to enjoy the beauty of these species.
The right time is when the wave is high and the moon is in the right position too. Use the good and thick wetsuit because the temperature of the water here can be cooler than other Balinese waters.
For those of you who have become professional divers, you can try a diving location called Anchor Wreck. The deeper the dive site, the greater the risk, because at a depth of about 45 meters, you can see the uniqueness of a shipwreck that has been rusted completely with its anchors. According to opinions circulating in the community, this ship sank in the 19th century at the time of World War II and this ship was owned by the Dutch. Inside the ship were found ceramics stored in a chest, it was suspected that this ship was the ship used to transport Dutch slaves from Bali to Jakarta.
Bali is identical to its landscape, in every corner of Bali there must be a temple, so it's no wonder Bali gets the nickname of the Thousand Pura Island. In Menjangan Island, there is also a temple called Pura Agung Pingit Kelenting Sari. This temple is located at the end of Menjangan Island overlooking Java. The Ganesha statue located on the front of the temple has a height of about 15 meters. In this temple, there is also the Pagoda Dewi Kwan Im. This temple is a place of worship of God to protect the nature of Bali and especially the Menjangan Island itself.
There are no residents who live or settle on the island so that this temple is only used as a place for Tirta Yatra. For you or the Hindhu people who want to carry out the prayers at the Pura Agung Pingit Temple, you must pass through seven places of worship.
Starting from Taman Pingit Klenting Sari Temple, Kebo Iwa Great Harmony, Dewi Kwam Im Great Pagoda, Agung Dalem Lingsir Hall, Puncak Penataran Agung Pingit, Ida Betara Dalem Lingsir Waturenggong and the last is Sang Hyang Ganesha and Mrs. Dewi Parwati.
The Great Pagoda Building Dewi Kwam Im is the most unique place of worship. This Tri Dharma place of worship has a Buddhist architecture consisting of three undag and is similar to a pagoda. The pink color dominates this sacred building, another uniqueness is that it is not permissible to offer meat in this holy place. In the days of the kingdoms in history here there were Hindus and Buddhists. On the journey, it is not uncommon for both to go together and acculturation like this is born. Just as in Hinduism there is a Buddhist Shiva pedanda.
Ex-Buleleng Port - There are still many tourist attractions in Buleleng Regency, but still not exposed and managed as much as possible. But we should be proud of what we have, moreover I am from Buleleng.
The old city in North Bali is a city that had become the capital of the Province of Bali and its center of shipping because it has the largest pier in Bali called the Port of Buleleng.
Buleleng Port is located about 2.5 kilometers from Singaraja City and is about 160 kilometers from Kuta. Before arriving at Buleleng Harbor if you depart from Kuta, you will find Taman Ayun, Eka Karya Botanical Garden, Ulun Danu Beratan Temple, and Lake Tamblingan and Lake Buyan.
For some reason, the capital of the Province of Bali was moved to the city of Denpasar, this made the glory of Buleleng Harbor slowly disappear. This port used to be a haven for cruise ships, loading, and unloading of goods, the initial gateway to Bali, but now history. Old buildings that remain empty will only become memories.
The Port of Buleleng witnessed the history of the battle of the Buleleng people with the Dutch army. To commemorate the courage of the people of Buleleng, in 1987 the government built the Yudha Mandala Tama Monument. A monument with a statue of a young man pointed to the north while holding a pointed bamboo which was tied to a red and white flag.
Around 2005 the government began to pay attention to this port, old buildings began to be painted and added gardens and floating dining places in lieu of the pier. tourists usually visit this place during the afternoon while watching the beautiful sun. Some just sit back, some take pictures just to capture their moments, there are also those who eat food in the restaurant accompanied by the beautiful sunset.
Because this port was still active, through this port the entry of our Chinese brothers to settle in Buleleng. With the entry of Chinese people into Singaraja, cultural acculturation took place which we can see from the temple ornaments which have little Chinese ornaments and Singaraja's special food which is the result of acculturation of the two cultures is siobak.
Near the east entrance, there was a temple with an oriental-style architecture known as Ling Gwan Kiong. Until now, this temple is still often used for prayer and the place for wedding ceremonies for Buddhists. You will be allowed to enter this temple even though this temple is a place of worship for the Tri Dharma people and the temple guards will guide you happily.
With the red color striking in the area surrounding the former Port of Buleleng, Ling Gwan Kiong Temple is located in front of the former port of Buleleng. Ling Gwan Kiong Temple is a place of worship for the people of Tri Dharma is one of the old temples in Buleleng district according to the info established around 1873 AD. Around the former Buleleng port, there are also some religious buildings such as temples, temples, and mosques, this unique thing is a reflection of inter-religious harmony.
Lovina Beach - Bali does have a very interesting tourist attraction, ranging from beaches, waterfalls, temples, culture and traditions, art and much more. No wonder Bali is the world's best tourist destination. The beauty of Bali is not focused on the southern hemisphere, the northern hemisphere still presents a lot of charm and uniqueness that you must know.
North Bali or Buleleng Regency actually has great tourism potential, because the distance is quite far from the airport, making tourists from outside Bali are sometimes reluctant to visit may be constrained by a short vacation time.
Sometimes a tourist attraction that is often said to be an icon of Buleleng Regency is Lovina Beach. In Buleleng Regency itself, tourism places that tend to be crowded from foreign tourists visiting Lovina Beach are also.
Lovina Beach is one of the beaches in Kalibukbuk Village, Buleleng Regency, Bali.
Lovina Beach's popularity has existed since a long time ago. The uniqueness of Lovina Beach is that dolphins often appear and swim jumping in the middle of the ocean. The best time to see dolphins on Lovina beach is in the morning.
Have you ever experienced a boat ride in a calm ocean? if ever, surely it will be very fun, isn't it? moreover, you will be treated to dolphins jumping and chasing each other beside you.
For the tranquility of the beach, not inferior to Sanur Beach, the shade of trees on the beach is also almost similar to Sanur Beach, but for tourism supporting facilities that are still lacking such as watersport activities and others.
Speaking of the sunset, Lovina is also not inferior to Kuta Beach but for surfing activities, it cannot be done in Lovina, because the waves do not support it. To watch the sunset at Lovina Beach, you have to come at 5-6 in the afternoon, because that time is the right time to watch the beautiful sunset in Lovina.
Lovina Beach Biota is still good and diverse so it is good to use for diving activities, not to lose with other diving spots in Bali.
Many foreign tourists and domestic tourists visit Lovina Beach. Some just eat at a nearby restaurant, some just sit watching the calm of Lovina Beach waves, some take pictures while waiting for the right time to see dolphins.
Sand on Lovina Beach is the sand of most beaches in Buleleng, namely black sand. the texture is not so rough and still comfortable to occupy.
Intrigued to see dolphins directly on Lovina Beach? immediately visit this tourist attraction when you are on vacation in Bali.
Graveyard as well as Pura Jayaprana located in the Accepted Teluk Forest, Sumber Klampok Village, Gerokgak, Buleleng. This tomb is 67 kilometers from Singaraja. It takes approximately 4 hours to reach this tomb from Denpasar City. Bamboo Curtain Country is famous for the Sampik Ing Tai story, the Western World is famous for Romeo and its Juliet, Buleleng is also not inferior to the story of Jaya Prana and Layon Sari. This temple was built with the aim of remembering and perpetuating their true love story.
The love story of Jayaprana and his wife, Layon Sari, because it is very famous in Bali until his grave is now a tourist spot. The story of an orphan who came from Kalianget Village, Buleleng died as a result of love with a woman whom the king liked too. When the outbreak struck Kalianget Village, only Jayaprana was the only person who survived the attack of an infectious disease that attacked his family. Because the King was merciful to Jayaprana, the King invited him to the palace. Little Jayaprana then decided to devote himself to the King and lived in the court of the Kingdom of Wanakeling. Jayaprana was very dear to the king, as he grew up he became a handsome young man with clean white skin, increasing Jayaprana's authority. Because he had grown up, the king ordered Jayaprana to travel around his kingdom to see a girl who could be his mooring. Jayaprana also found a girl who so captivated her heart, the girl named Layon Sari and Jayaprana also managed to marry Layon Sari who was famous for her beauty.
But it is very unfortunate, the King was also attracted to Jayaprana's wife. The king seeks a way to get rid of Jayaprana so that the King can have Layon Sari. The King also sent Jayaprana to western Bali to fight pirates, but when he arrived at Teluk Accept, Jayaprana was killed by Patih Sunggaling on the orders of the King. Although that was the king's reason for being able to get rid of Jayaprana (sent to West Bali) so that the King could have a reason for Layon Sari that Jayaprana died in the battlefield. Because Layon Sari's love for Jayaprana is so great, Layon Sari decides to commit suicide in order to catch up with her beloved husband so that the King fails to have Layon Sari. True love is brought to death, that's the love story of Jayaprana and Layon Sari. Love brings joy and sorrow.
What a great love for both of them, until they are willing to die to be together in the realm of eternity. Nothing can replace his beloved partner, alive, once in a lifetime.
Jayaprana's body and Layon Sari were buried and built a temple to commemorate their true love story. Access to the road to this tomb is good. The location is at an altitude so from this place you can see Menjangan Island and Lovina Beach from a distance.
Virgin Beach - The charm of the beauty of Bali has been known throughout the world. Who does not know the island of Bali with its natural beauty like heaven? Its beaches are undoubtedly beautiful. Not only Tanah Lot, Sanur Beach and Kuta Beach, but Bali also has many beaches with its uniqueness and beauty.
Beach tourism objects on the island of Bali are not only the beaches mentioned above, but there are still many beaches that you don't know yet with the beauty that is not inferior to the two beaches. If you want a beach that is quiet, visitors like the private beach but have beautiful objects. If so, the answer is Virgin Beach Perasi Karangasem.
Beaches in Bali are not only white sand, but there are also those that have black sand but black sand beaches are less attractive to foreign tourists because during the day the weather will get hotter.
This beach is a beach that is located near Candidasa attractions. This beach is also called Perasi Beach by locals because the condition is clean, calm and beautiful so foreign tourists call this beach as Virgin Beach. Uniquely this beach is another beach near this black sand beach, only this beach is white sand.
For tourists who first visit this beach, it is likely to be difficult to find the location of this Virgin beach. Therefore, it is recommended that you use the services of a guide or invite people who have visited this beach. The goal is that you don't get lost and waste time just to find this location.
If you want to visit this beach and you want to ask the location with the locals, you should ask where is the beach location, because the local people only know Perasi Beach, and the nickname Virgin Beach is only named by foreign tourists who have been there and feel the calm, cleanliness and the beauty of the beach.
Currently, only a few domestic and foreign tourists visit Virgin Beach because the location is quite far and not easy to reach this location because of its hidden location. If you depart from Kuta Beach, you will need about 2 hours, and if you depart from Candidasa, you will need 20 minutes.
But if you want to vacation to a quiet beach and want to find peace, not crowded, clean and a little pollution, then Virgin Beach that you must visit during a holiday in Bali, although the distance is a bit far.
Perasi Beach Bali can be categorized as one of the best beaches in Bali and its name is often included in foreign travel guides. Sand on Virgin Beach is not very white but is more yellow, and slightly mixed with black sand.
No need to worry about food when vacationing on this beach, because there are already small shops and cafes here, selling food and drinks at affordable prices or not as expensive as the price of food on Kuta Beach. Traditional boats are a complementary sight on this Virgin Beach.
If you are lucky when visiting this beach during sunny weather, you will be able to see the color of the blue and clear sea water, great for swimming or snorkeling. Stay careful when you swim with children, even though the beach conditions are calm.
If you want to lie down and sunbathe while enjoying the beauty of the beach, there is also provided a sun deck but confirm first to the cafe owner there.
Accommodation facilities are not yet fully available on this beach, not as complete as accommodation facilities at Candidasa attractions. If you visit the Virgin beach and come from southern Bali like Kuta Beach, it's a good idea to visit other attractions that are located near the Karangasem Virgin Beach.
Sambangan Village - the village that is not inferior to its natural condition with Jatiluwih and Ubud Villages is Sambangan Village. Its location is in the northern part of Bali, precisely in the Sukasada district, Buleleng Regency. The location of Sambangan village is close to one of the tourist icons of Buleleng Regency which is famous for its dolphin attractions, namely Lovina Beach. From Lovina Beach to Sambangan Village, it will take around 20 minutes to use a motorized vehicle. If you depart from Ngurah Rai Airport, it will take around 3 hours to reach Sambangan Buleleng Village.
Sambangan Village is at an altitude of 500 meters - 1,020 meters above sea level. Divided into two sides, the south side and the north side. The topographic northern region of the land is relatively flat, while the southern part of the topography is steeper and sloping. This sloping topography offers terraced rice fields and protected forests.
For those of you who want to enjoy natural recreation, Sambangan Village is the answer because the nature is still beautiful. Many local tourists and foreign tourists have come just to enjoy the beauty of the scenery in the village of Sambangan. Sambangan village is also used as a trekking spot in Bali because Sambangan village has a natural and beautiful uphill and waterfall topography.
Similar to Jatiluwih Village, the irrigation system used by farmers in Sambangan Village is a traditional Balinese irrigation system called "Subak". The Subak organization has the task of dividing water for farmers to irrigate rice fields. The farmers will get water in a fair, rotating and even manner for their rice fields according to the obligations they pay to the Subak.
It takes about 3 hours for Trekking in the village of Sambangan. Start trekking starting with "Secret Garden orientation". Orientation at Secret Garden will take around 30 minutes. A scenery of rice fields, coffee gardens, cocoa gardens, salak, palm trees, jackfruit, bananas, and other plants will be enjoyed throughout the trekking journey.
Because the trip is quite far, you will be instructed to rest at Tibuan Puncak Sari, there is a natural swimming pool. Trekking continues and you will see the Aling-aling Waterfall. After approximately 1 hour drive you will see Kroya waterfall, twin waterfalls with a height of 10 meters, and the Pucuk Waterfall which is about 15 meters high.
Sambangan Village, Buleleng Regency, Bali, has been developed into a spiritual nuanced tourism area because Sambangan Village has a calm and beautiful natural scenery and has been designated by the local government as a popular tourist area in North Bali. With the natural condition of Sambangan Village which is in a beautiful, beautiful and cool mountain area, it is very supportive for spiritual activities such as meditation and yoga. To support this, the government has built several houses, villas and other facilities to support spiritual tourism.
When you are in Sambangan Village, you can see the north Bali sea from a height while enjoying the beautiful expanse of rice fields and rows of other hills.
Sleeping Buddha Statue - Who says there are only beaches and temples in Bali if you are looking for other tourism alternatives, in Tabanan regency precisely located on Jalan Pupuan there is a monastery called Vihara Darma Giri which contains a large white sleeping Buddha statue.
This sleeping Buddha statue is only the only one in Bali and has long been built, at first this Dharma Giri Monastery was not a tourist attraction, but after the Buddha's statue was built, many curious tourists visited this place.
When you visit the Dharma Giri Monastery, you must maintain calm, and maintain good manners. It is recommended not to wear shorts when visiting this place. For those of you who are already in shorts, don't worry because you have provided kamen or sarong in this place.
Because this monastery is in a high place makes the surrounding air very cool. The surrounding landscape and the sleeping Buddha Statue can be used as a backdrop for tourists when taking pictures.
This monastery is a place of worship for Tri Dharma people so you can enter this place for free even you will be guided by the Vihara guards so as not to violate the Vihara rules.
The location of this monastery is on Jalan Raya Papuan, Tabanan 33 kilometers from Ngurah Rai Airport if taken via Mahendradatta Road. It takes about 1 hour 15 minutes, 28 kilometers from Kuta if taken through Mahendradartta Road. It takes about 1 hour 6 minutes, 22 Kilometers from Denpasar if taken via Jalan Raya Denpasar Gilimanuk. It takes around 49 minutes, 19 Kilometers from Tabanan City if taken via Jalan Raya Denpasar Gilimanuk takes about 38 minutes.
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Lincoln ordinance making it hard for door to door salesman
by: Lauren Krakau
LINCOLN, Ark. (KNWA) — The city of Lincoln is making it hard for door to door salesman.
The city council adopted an ordinance at its June meeting, adding restrictions to solicitors.
This ordinance requires a yearly fee from non-permanent business establishments and solicitors to pay a tax or licensee fee of $20 per year plus $10 for each additional employee.
Both are also required to keep a permit on hand to show upon request.
Lincoln residents took to Facebook about how pesky some door to door salesman can be.
Mandy Przyszczypkowski said she normally sees a solicitor once every two to three weeks.
She said she is happy the city of Lincoln adopted a new ordinance restricting solicitors.
Other cities in Northwest, Arkansas that have similar ordinances said their systems for solicitors have been working.
Fayetteville Planning Division Technician Drew Richmond said the city of Fayetteville doesn't get many complaints.
He also said they don't have too many people signing up to pay for their licenses either.
"There's about eight so far this year," he said. "Last year we had about eight or nine so we are probably averaging around ten a year."
According to Rogers Public Relations Specialist Ben Cline, their city ordinance is a good working system that has been around for a long time.
As for the city of Lincoln, Przyszczypkowski said she will just have to wait and see if it will change anything.
by Lauren Krakau / Jul 17, 2019
FAYETTEVILLE, Ark. (KNWA) -- A trending app that transform you from young to old may be taking away more data than you think.
FaceApp, has 21 free filters that can change your look in just the click of a button, according to its website.
FAYETTEVILLE, Ark. (KNWA) -- As technology advances, many books now have a digital counterpart.
There are 50,000 electronic books (eBooks) people can check out at the Fayetteville Public Library (FPL).
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Listen Live to BBC Radio Leicester on iPlayer
Listen Again to BBC Radio Leicester on iPlayer
BBC Local
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Page last updated at 15:07 GMT, Friday, 4 June 2010 16:07 UK
Robotic suit hopes for paralysed Leicestershire woman
Please turn on JavaScript. Media requires JavaScript to play.
Claire Lomas is hoping new robotic technology will help her walk again
A Leicestershire woman is hoping that new technology may be able to help her walk again after a tragic accident.
Claire Lomas from Eye Kettleby was paralysed from the waist down after breaking her back when she was thrown from her horse three years ago.
She uses a wheelchair, but is focused on recovering the use of her legs.
Claire believes a robotic suit, made in Israel, may provide the answer she is searching for and is determined to raise the £13,000 needed to buy one.
The 30-year-old currently spends three hours a day working on her recovery and as a result has made slow but steady progress.
"There's good days and bad days, you keep busy and I've got lots on. You just can't dwell on it too much because I can't change what's happened.
"What I can do is work on improving the situation, so that's what I'm doing."
Since her accident Claire has started a new job, found a fiancée, and taken up skiing.
She said the freedom using a monoski has given her is similar to the excitement she used to feel when she competed at horse riding events, and she has planned to spend a weekend with the Paralympics development squad.
However she still longs to return to the level of activity she had before and has set about organising fundraising to buy one of the robotic suits, which are anticipated to be available in the UK next year.
"When I dream I'm always walking or I start off in the chair but by the end of the dream I've got up and made some miraculous recovery.
"I wish that would happen but it's a bit slower than that, but I'll get there one day."
MORE FROM LEICESTER
Robo-skeleton lets paralysed walk
26 Aug 08 | Health
Get Claire Walking Campaign
Spinal Research
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Reema Comar is one of the distinguished names in the field of Healing, Divination & Business Entrepreneur. She is a Tarot Card Reader, Numerologist, Reiki Master, Alternate Healer, Angel Card Reader, I – Ching Reader of India. She has been associated with prestigious Elle Magazine & contributed towards breast cancer awareness. She has been a life coach to many people & is always keen on helping out others with her positive aura & soulful work.
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In recent reports released by the U.S. Department of Transportation, nearly 630 people were killed in bicycle accidents in the United States, many right here in Kansas and Missouri. The number of injuries is also staggering, over 50,000 injuries. While many of these victims are older, the average age of victims is 39, child injuries made up 13% of the totals.
It's no secret that bicycle and pedestrian safety is a concern for our Kansas and Missouri Auto Accident and Injury Attorneys. While it is easy to blame motorists for the accidents, we strongly believe fault lies with pedestrians as well as the motorists themselves. We'd like to encourage all pedestrians, bicyclists and motorists alike to always be sure you are watching out for the other. As a pedestrian, never attempt to cross a street, assuming the drivers are aware of your presence.
Remember that distracted driving is the cause of nearly all serious injury auto accidents and this includes bicycle and pedestrian accidents. Watch our for each other and share the road.
Likewise, all motorists need to do a better job of keeping their attention on the road. Pedestrians and bicyclists are far more vulnerable to serious injury and death in the event of an accident with an automobile. However, motorists tend to depend on the pedestrians to be watching out for them. If both pedestrians and motorists are assuming the other is paying attention, that means no one is doing the safe thing.
If you or a loved one has suffered a serious injury as a pedestrian or a bicyclist in Kansas or Missouri, you or your family may be entitled to compensation for your losses, including lost wages, medical bill and even legal fees. Don't go it alone, contact the experienced Kansas City Auto Injury Lawyers of Roswold Law Group. With over 15 years of experience in Auto Injury Accidents including Pedestrian and Bicycle Accident related injury, we may be able to assist you through this difficult time.
If you or a loved one has suffered a serious injury as a pedestrian or a bicyclist in Kansas or Missouri, you or your family may be entitled to compensation for your losses, including lost wages, medical bill and even legal fees. Don't go it alone, call the experienced Kansas City Personal Injury Attorneys of Roswold Law Group. With over 15 years of experience in Auto Injury Accidents including Pedestrian and Bicycle Accident related injury, we may be able to assist you through this difficult time.
Contact Roswold Law Group today to set up a free consultation to discuss your personal injury claim. You can get started today by downloading our free book, "10 Essential Steps to Protecting Your Injury Claim". We want you to know your rights.
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Photos of the Mission of San Juan Capistrano
The Mission Bells of San Juan Capistrano
160612MissionofSanJuanCapistrano003Print
The building of the Great Stone Church began in 1797 and was completed in 1806.
The majority of the building was demolished by a series of earthquakes on December 8, 1812.
The 4 mission bells on the left were salvaged from the rubble of the earthquakes.
Debs in the ancient open breezeways of the mission.
Beautiful architecture.
Gardens of the Mission.
The riderless horse statue in honor of Portolá Riders who have died while preserving the early California western riding tradition.
Old but stunning brick architecture.
Girls getting ready for a portrait shoot.
Beautiful gardens and open breezeways of the mission.
Debs at the Mission.
Entrance to the old cathedral.
Bells and fountain of the old mission.
Father Serra's gold cathedral built in 1782 and still in use today.
The original remains of the basilica walls.
The Serra Statue commissioned in 1914 in honor of Father Serra's work with the Indians.
Statue of Father Serra with Indian Boy
The ruins of the Great Stone Church, built of sandstone.
160612MissionofSanJuanCapistrauno015Print
Priest's entrance into the old basilica.
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Levits to make first foreign visit as Latvian president to Estonia
Photo: Saeima
RIGA - Egils Levits will make his first foreign visit as Latvian president to Estonia, his spokeswoman Aiva Rozenberga told LETA.
Gitanas Nauseda who will be inaugurated as Lithuania's president on July 12, is due to pay a visit to Latvia on July 23.
The programs of the two visits are still being agreed upon, but will be announced soon.
Estonian President Kersti Kaljulaid made her first foreign visit to Finland, and Nauseda is planning his first visit to Poland.
As reported, Levits is scheduled to take office as Latvia's president after taking the oath of office on July 8. On the same day, Latvia's incumbent President Raimonds Vejonis will end his term in office.
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On Feb. 3, 1966, after many failed attempts, a Soviet robotic lander accomplished the world's first soft landing on the surface of the Moon and lived to tell about it. The pioneering mission finally dispelled old fears that a visiting spacecraft could drown in a thick layer of lunar dust. As the Luna-9 (E6) spacecraft began transmitting the first images from another world, the invisible race to decipher the precious information began simultaneously in the USSR... United Kingdom and the United States!
Flight scenario and key milestones of the Luna-9 mission.
The USSR's 12th attempt to conduct a soft landing on the Moon was launched on Jan. 31, 1966, at 14:41:37 Moscow Time. The 8K87M rocket No. U103-32 (later known as Molniya-M) lifted off from Site 31 in Tyuratam, carrying the E6 spacecraft (serial number No. 13/202).
After reaching a 224 by 173-kilometer parking orbit around the Earth with an inclination nearly 52 degrees toward the Equator, the Block-L upper stage fired, sending the 1,583-kilogram probe toward the Moon. The mission was officially announced as Luna-9.
Measurements of the probe's actual orbit conducted during the night from January 31 to February 1 showed that it was on a flyby trajectory passing around 10,000 kilometers away from the Moon around 3.5 days after liftoff. Based on that data, ground controllers programmed the spacecraft to conduct a trajectory correction maneuver on February 1, 1966, at 22:29 Moscow Time. The engine firing pushed the vehicle from a flyby trajectory to a collision course with the Moon. After the successful maneuver had been completed at a distance of around 233,000 kilometers from the Earth and 190,000 kilometers from the Moon, the spacecraft was spin-stabilized.
Landing scenario of the Luna-9 mission.
As it transpired later, at the final phase of the Luna-9's landing, the main engine was cut off at an altitude of around 150 meters and the spacecraft continued its descent under the thrust of four vernier engines. At an altitude of around five meters, the 100-kilogram ball-shaped lander split itself from the rest of the spacecraft on a command from a special probe extended from the vehicle.
The lander hit the surface inside an inflatable cocoon with an impact speed estimated between four and seven meters per second. The inflatable air bags were programmed to jettison from the lander four minutes after the touchdown, followed by a 10-second deployment of the lander and the unrolling of its antennas. Sure enough, at 18:49:45 GMT, western listening posts heard again from the Soviet spacecraft.
A museum replica of the E6 spacecraft in deployed position.
According to the Soviet TASS news agency, on February 4, Luna-9 was in contact with ground control for a total of three hours 20 minutes during four communications sessions. At 04:50 Moscow Time, a signal from the ground commanded the lander's camera to begin a scan of the surrounding landscape and transmitting images back to Earth.
More communications sessions were planned from 18:40 Moscow Time on the same day and on February 5 at 04:00 Moscow Time, TASS said.
During the communications session on February 4, from 18:30 to 19:55 Moscow Time, Luna-9 transmitted a 360-degree panorama of the lunar surface with a vertical view angle of around 30 degrees. In addition, ground control sent commands to the spacecraft to conduct detailed imaging of certain areas selected by the scientists, TASS said, promising to publish the imagery in the near future.
According to TASS, the first communication session of the day, starting around 04:00, was dedicated to the telemetry transmission. The pressure, temperature and voltage onboard the spacecraft were within acceptable parameters, the official Soviet agency said. The next communications session was scheduled for 19:00 Moscow Time, which would conclude the planned research program onboard Luna-9, TASS said, hinting that the spacecraft was about to run out of power.
The next official release confirmed that the lander was in touch with ground control from 19:00 to 20:41 Moscow Time, concluding the planned program.
Still, the next day, another official report announced that thanks to remaining power in onboard batteries, an additional two-hour session had been held with the spacecraft beginning at 23:37 Moscow Time on February 6. During this final contact, both telemetry and new photos of already imaged areas had been received. During the session, practically all remaining power resources of the spacecraft had been exhausted, ending its operation, TASS announced.
Panoramic images of the lunar surface from Luna-9.
During the mission of Luna-9, a total of 40 square images were transmitted back to Earth. (767) Details as small as one or two millimeters in size could be resolved in areas nearest to the camera. The spacecraft appeared to be sitting on a largely flat plane with a horizon around 1.5 kilometers away.
Ironically, astronomers at Jodrell Bank observatory near Manchester, UK, were the first to publish intercepted images from Luna-9 on February 4, though in distorted form. Chained by secrecy and bureaucracy, Soviet scientists were able to present properly formatted images only a day later, along with their consternation toward their enterprising colleagues abroad.
On February 10, Soviet scientists held a triumphant press-conference chaired by the head of Academy of Sciences Mstislav Keldysh on the results of the Luna-9 mission.
Mstislav Keldysh presents results from the Luna-9 mission.
Since the veil of secrecy has been lifted from the Soviet space program at the end of the 1980s, the most significant information on the history of the Luna-9 mission actually came from the US.
As recently unclassified documents reveal, the mission of Luna-9, as well as the failed attempts of its predecessors to make soft landing on the Moon, attracted very close attention from American intelligence services. They correctly perceived Soviet probes as possible precursors to a manned landing or even to a permanent lunar base.
On February 4, the NSA scrambled to figure out how to reproduce the priceless imagery. When some of the NSA officers expressed skepticism at the possibility of printing the actual photos, one of their superiors said that "the entire White House and Congress were looking to NSA for answers and we were not producing."
Fortunately, a young electrical engineer John O'Hara from the telemetry division of the NSA sketched a possible solution combining his own hardware with existing recording equipment from the NSA's contractor Honeywell.
Early in the afternoon, the NSA officers were able to improvise the process, however an initial attempt to print pictures produced just gibberish. The spectral analysis of the signal indicated that its frequency had to be adjusted to be readable by available hardware. O'Hara hastily fashioned another piece of electronics to correct the signal. The new printing attempt finally produced images from the Moon, though with the wrong proportions.
One image showed what analysts believed was a foot of the lander. The image was clear enough to resolve Russian letters and numbers. To the relief of NSA officers, these were just meaningless serial numbers, not taunting messages for the Americans. Like their Russian colleagues, US analysts noticed changing shadows on different photos of the same areas as the Sun moved across the lunar sky. The photos also revealed that the spacecraft had moved slightly from its initial position on the surface, possibly as a result of shifting soil below it.
In order to resolve the problem with the aspect ratio of printed images, O'Hara had to circumvent the normal bureaucratic and secrecy process to obtain a recorder with an appropriate speed from Honeywell.
By the morning of February 5, the NSA was able to produce perfectly sized images from Luna-9 and that afternoon, they were reportedly on the desk of President Lyndon Johnson! No doubt, Soviet pictures provided a powerful incentive for the White House to press ahead with the Apollo program, aimed to land a man on the Moon.
Stills from film footage often attributed to the launch of a Molniya rocket with the Luna-9 spacecraft.
Avionics containers separate from the E8 probe upon its approach to the Moon.
A painting depicting the Luna-9 spacecraft after landing.
The thermal-control system of the E6 lander before installation of other internal equipment.
Yuri Gagarin, who flew the world's first space mission five years earlier, looks at a panorama transmitted by Luna-9 on Feb. 4, 1966.
Commemorative pennants delivered to the surface of the Moon onboard Luna-9.
A Soviet poster celebrating the success of Luna-9.
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Did Biden Break Campaign Promise On Fracking? No,…
Finance Insurance
Lael Brainard And The Digital Dollar
by InterNewsCast 20th November 2020 09
Soothsayers have been reading the entrails. Some of them have scryed that the new treasury secretary is going to be Lael Brainard. Unless they can read Biden's mind they cannot know for sure. Joe Biden said that he has decided who the Treasury Secretary is going to be, but he has not revealed the name. The fortune tellers have some clues. Lael Brainard is up for the job that would smash the glass ceiling, as all US treasury secretaries since Alexander Hamilton have been men. It is fairly certain that the new Treasury Secretary is going to be a woman. There are many qualified women who are in the running; including Janet Yellin.
Brainard is eminently qualified for the job. She served as the under-secretary to the Treasury for international affairs during 2010-2013. She even got the Alexander Hamilton award for her work there. This means that she is a known quantity among the central bankers and has a wealth of international expertise that is needed to repair global relationships after four years of active smashing of international crockery. Brainard is getting a top post in the next administration, if she does not get the Treasury Secretary's job. Possibly even the Fed chair's job when Jay Powell's term ends in 2022.
US Under Secretary for International Affairs Lael Brainard (R) talks with Confederation of Indian … [+] industry (CII) National Committee chairperson Chanda Kochhar. AFP PHOTO/RAVEENDRAN (Photo credit should read RAVEENDRAN/AFP via Getty Images)
AFP via Getty Images
Brainard is currently a member of the Federal Reserve's Board of Governors and is the Administrative Governor and Chair of the Committees on Financial Stability, Federal Reserve Bank Affairs, Consumer and Community Affairs, and Payments, Clearing and Settlements.
As Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) is part of the payments infrastructure, Lael Brainard is in charge of the Fed's research into CBDC. Payments related work is handled by the Boston Fed. There is an active partnership into CBDC research between the Fed Payments arm and MIT's Digital Currency initiative, headed by Neha Nerula, another brilliant woman. Brainard's prior work focused on poverty and financial inclusion. Her speeches reveal that she thinks that CBDC directly administered by the Fed, should be used for greater financial inclusion. Those views also link her work in Consumer and Community Affairs with the more technical work in Payments.
Brainard's academic work focused on poverty and its alleviation. Even though she had her stint at McKinsey, she also worked on microfinance in Africa. Her last few speeches reveal her concerns: diversity and inclusion in economics, the community reinvestment act (CRA) and disparity in the post-pandemic recovery. As the head of the Fed Subcommittee on Smaller Regional and Community Banking Organizations, she is also a natural advocate for rural America.
CBDC has several policy and legislative challenges; one of them is whether we need new laws to confirm that CBDC will be legal tender. However, the pandemic has accelerated research as well as work on CBDCs across the world. CBDC of course will co-exist with other existing rails, but will be a vehicle for increasing financial inclusion.
As an advocate for digital currencies and as a technophile, the elevation of Brainard to Treasury secretary or the Fed chair will certainly accelerate the pace of technology adoption at the Fed and the Treasury. Under her leadership, CBDC will definitely have a policy slant towards financial inclusion or even direct Fed accounts. Jon Cunliffe, Deputy Governor of the Bank Of England remarked, it is not the business of Bank of England to protect the business model of private banks when considering the effects of CBDC. Lael Brainard for one may agree with him, having witnessed underinvestment in CRA and the asymmetric effect of the pandemic response from the Fed, buying up assets and keeping banks afloat, while main street withers in the glare of the virus.
Source: Forbes – Money
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Has Bitcoin Been Building Strong Support Above $30,000?
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Sony released a new video in its PlayStation Underground series, showcasing the upcoming release of Ys VIII: Lacrimosa of Dana. The hosts are joined by publisher NIS America's Alan Costa, and chat about the game while going through a fourteen-minute gamepaly demo of the game's PlayStation 4 version.
Ys VIII is the latest mainline title in Nihon Falcom's long-running action RPG series and sees Adol (and long-time partner Dogi) shipwrecked along with many others on Seiren Island. The game is due to be released for PC, PlayStation 4, and PlayStation Vita in North America on September 12, 2017 and in Europe on September 15, 2017. Pascal Tekaia recently reported back on his time with a demo of the game at last week's E3 in Los Angeles.
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Named in honor of English scholar, John Gillingham, De Re Militari has created the Gillingham Prize given annually to the best article by a member to appear in the preceding issue of the JMMH.
The Gillingham Prize will be awarded annually to the best article in the previous year's issue of the Journal of Medieval Military History written by a member of DRM. Selection of the winner will be made by the editors of the journal who may also award honorable mention to other articles. At their discretion, the editors may name other members of DRM to participate in the decision. Those who wish to compete for the Gillingham Prize should note the following: to be eligible for the Gillingham Prize, the author/s of an article must currently be a member/s of the Society for Medieval Military History. Consequently, it is recommended that authors whose articles have been accepted for publication and who wish to compete for the prize make certain that their membership is current. The special annual lecture which is regularly published in the following year's issue of the JMMH will not be eligible for the prize.
Named for the dean of American historians dealing with medieval military affairs, Bernard S. Bachrach, this award will be conferred upon an individual whose career is judged to have substantially contributed to the study of our discipline.
Winners of the Bernard Bachrach Prize for Distinguished Service to the Discipline of Medieval Military History will be determined by a committee appointed by the chairman of the prize committees with the approval of the Executive Committee. Distinguished service to the discipline shall be broadly defined, with scholarly publication constituting only one of the possible qualifications. Other qualifications for which the prize may be awarded include promoting and/or raising the visibility of medieval military studies, mentoring students and junior scholars in the field, supporting and promoting organizations devoted to medieval military history, etc. This prize will ordinarily be conferred biennially.
For decades, Ken has been a steady propagator of medieval military history, as well as a principal and active support of De Re Militari from virtually its very formation. He is by training specialist in late medieval England, but his interests in military history range across the period. At Iowa State, his undergraduate courses on the Middle Ages and ancient and medieval warfare were always full, and his graduate seminars were legendary for the their scope and content. In particular, Ken was expert in teaching the practicalities of both scholarship and academia; not only researching and writing but also the ins and outs of conferences and papers/panels, submitting manuscripts to journals, and applying and interviewing for jobs. Accordingly, from his seminars came dozens of Kalamazoo papers, with quite a few of them appearing in De Re sessions; at one point, there were so many of his graduate students participating in the conference that they were collectively known as "the Iowa State Mafia." Several of his students have gone on to tenured appointments, including Douglas Biggs, Bruce Homann, and John Hosler. He has therefore made a serious and sustained contribution to the field of medieval military history.
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New Revolutionary Japanese Invention Allows Men To Breastfeed Their Babies
Snack Attack! Fishermen Watch In Shock As A Hungry Crocodile Steals A Shark They Had Just Caught
Touching Bodycam Footage Shows Cop Hugging Scared Suspect After Chase
Little Girl Serenades Her Beloved Cat One Last Time Before He Passes Away
Sasha Alexander: Interesting Facts About the NCIS and Rizzoli & Isles Star
Sasha Alexander is a famous American actress who has Serbian and Italian roots. Sasha Alexander is most renowned for her portrayal of Caitlin Todd in the famous detective drama NCIS. She also played the titular role of coroner Maura Isles in the famous show Rizzoli & Isles. She also starred in the romantic drama flick Rose Fever. Let's find out more about her.
Who is Sasha Alexander?
When was Sasha Alexander born?
She was born on May 17th, 1973 in Los Angeles, California.
When did Sasha Alexander start acting?
She started acting at school in 7th grade. She also did ice skating, but had to abandon it because she suffered a devastating knee injury. She continued to perform in high school and college, and later moved to New York to perform in traditional summer theater and Shakespeare festivals. She graduated from the University of Southern California's Film School.
What is Sasha Alexander's religion?
Sasha Alexander is Jewish although ironically her character in the movie Rose Fever is a devout Catholic.
Sasha Alexander: Professional Acting Career
Sasha Alexander Alexander acted regularly in two short series: the medical drama Presidio Med and the 1920s ABC drama, Wasteland. She was featured in the fourth season of Dawson's Creek as Gretchen Witter, and also in an episode of the comedy series Greg the Bunny, playing the role of a lesbian reporter in which she gives Sarah Silverman a memorable kiss. She was also featured in the films Lucky 13, The Other Couple, and Twin Falls Idaho. Her role on the series NCIS ended in May 2005, and she landed a small role in Mission: Impossible 3. She worked on an episode of the series The Nine as Nick's ex-wife, and most recently has made guest appearances on the series Dark Blue and House MD.
What is Sasha Alexander's most famous role?
In 2010, Sasha Alexander started portraying the forensic doctor "Maura Isles" on the hit show Rizzoli & Isles during its first, second, third and fourth season, which premiered on June 25th, 2013.
Who is Sasha Alexander married to?
On August 11, 2007, Sasha Alexander married director Edoardo Ponti, son of actress Sofia Loren and film producer Carlo Ponti. They were married in Geneva, Switzerland.
How many children does Sasha Alexander have?
Sasha Alexander has two children, Lucia Sofia, born May 12th, 2006 and Leonardo Fortunato, born on December 20th, 2010. Her best friend is Jessica Capshaw. Sasha and Jessica are godmothers to each other's children.
Sasha Alexander: Best Quotes
Stage work, that's all I have in my background. Wasteland was my first TV experience. Dawson's was my first long-term, I mean the entire season of 22 episodes.
I entered into Dawson's Creek to do a couple of episodes. They weren't sure about my role in the beginning, but then the chemistry kind of worked.
When I graduated college I needed to make money while I was pursuing acting, so I read screenplays and made a living writing coverage on them for studios.
I still feel like I have a lot of growing up to do 'til I find the voice. Everybody has their own voice and their own thing they want to say to the world.
I just saw the movie for the first time in its entirely last night. It's really cool when you're in with an audience that's so tuned in and plugged in to what's going on.
Hollywood looks to these young people now to say something to the world. I have nothing against that, I think a lot of people have things to say. But I think you need life experience.
I always say if you've seen good acting on television, those actors are really good. Because there's just not enough time. You don't have any preparation.
I really love the process, with stage, of rehearsal, you get to create a character, and you have a beginning, a middle, and an end of story. And in television, you don't.
I'm going to tell stories to the world. I think there's time for me to grow. We'll see.
Did Sasha Alexander want to be an exotic dancer?
Yes, actress Sasha Alexander famously said in an interview, "I actually wanted to be an exotic dancer, but that didn't work out so I thought I'd take on acting."
Why did Sasha Alexander leave NCIS?
The long-running hit crime drama on the CBS network, NCIS, just unveiled the season 18 finale this week, leaving the door open for the 19th installment that should appear on screen in late 2021. NCIS began in 2003 with its first episodes, and over the years criminal drama fans have become accustomed to seeing countless characters come and go who have come to life in the plot of the procedural series. One of NCIS's most notable exits was that of star Sasha Alexander, who played agent Caitlin 'Kate' Todd, staying from the series' premiere in 2003 through season 2. At the series premiere, Todd was a Secret Service agent, but team leader Leroy Gibbs (Mark Harmon) made her an offer to be a part of NCIS, and then she quickly became a fan favorite due to her ongoing flirtation with Tony DiNozzo, Michael Weatherly's character. However, it was at the end of the second installment that NCIS surprised fans when they k****d Kate, despite the fact that Sasha Alexander had a six-season contract and fans expected Kate to be around for a long time. Alexander's departure from the CBS series generated intrigue among fans who were dismayed by her character's early d***h on NCIS.
Sasha Alexander wanted out of NCIS
Well, what many probably do not know is that Sasha Alexander asked to leave her contract, as confirmed by the actress to TV Guide in 2012 saying that she found the workload difficult at NCIS. This explained: "it's tough" because it takes 10 months a year, 17 hours a day to shoot a full season. I truly believe firmly in my heart that I would not be where I am today – happily married, with two kids, doing things creatively that I want – if I had stayed, "Alexander said." I didn't want to wake up and be in my 40s and say: ' Oh my God!' But people don't get it. "Behind the scenes, Alexander was having some major problems. When she left NCIS, the official line was that she wanted to move on to other projects. But according to then-showrunner Donald P. Bellisario found that the workload was too much for her.
Posted inInfo
7 cosas que las personas felices nunca tienen en su cuarto
Copyright © 2022 Another Perspective – Glob theme by FameThemes
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This item was available on Vinyl LP but is now sold out on all formats, sorry. Take a look at what else we have in by Coliseum, check out some related artists, head over to our new releases or knock yourself out reading our latest music news & album reviews.
Deluxe LP triple gatefold reissue with download code on Temporary Residence.
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Inline Sledge Hockey for Veterans at The Rink
Today we visited Powered by Sport at The Rink in Portadown to learn about an innovative, all-ability sport: inline sledge hockey.
Veterans' Camera Club at Belfast Exposed Photography Gallery
Janette, NIVSO's Communications Officer, visited Belfast Exposed today to learn more about its Veterans' Camera Club.
Royal British Legion invests in more support for the Armed Forces
The Royal British Legion has been exploring how it can adapt its support to ensure it is having the greatest impact for those who are seeking help.
Walking With The Wounded launches 'Overcoming' – a new podcast series
Walking With The Wounded ('WWTW') is launching a new podcast series called 'Overcoming'. The podcast focuses on ordinary people who have had extraordinary experiences, from veterans who have overcome life-changing challenges to figures from public life.
Forces in Mind Trust and Directory of Social Change to explore the impact of Covid-19 on the Armed Forces Charities sector
Forces in Mind Trust (FiMT) has awarded £271,000 to Directory of Social Change (DSC) to continue the successful Armed Forces Charities Project, expanding knowledge and evidence for the sector from 2021-2023 and examining the impact of Covid-19.
Research shows scale of mental health challenges for Veterans in Northern Ireland for first time
A research report shows that over a third of veterans (36%) living in Northern Ireland who responded to a survey about their mental health and wellbeing are likely to be suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) while a similar number reported problematic alcohol usage (36%).
British Army Veterans launch new suicide intervention website on St George's Day
Today, on St George's Day, Northern Ireland Veterans from the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers marked the public launch of their new Fusiliers vs Suicide suicide intervention website by laying a wreath at the Cenotaph at Belfast City Hall, to remember their colleagues and other Veterans who have lost their lives to suicide. Due to Covid-19 […]
Waterloo Uncovered 2020 Impact Report
Waterloo Uncovered have released their 2020 Impact Report.
NAAFI Fund supports serving personnel and families with more than £700,000 of funding
The NAAFI Welfare Fund Board supported by the Armed Forces Covenant Fund Trust is pleased to announce the first awards made to Forces units across the UK and overseas under the NAAFI Fund.
Select Committee on the Armed Forces Bill publishes final report on Bill
The Select Committee on the Armed Forces Bill published their report on 22 April.
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Tsutsui, N. D. (Neil D.)
The evolution of genome size in ants.
Suarez, A. V. (Andrew V.)
Spagna, J. C. (Joseph C.)
Johnston, J. S. (J. Spencer)
Phylogeny, scaling, and the generation of extreme forces in trap-jaw ants.
Vakis, A. I. (Antonis I.)
Schmidt, C. A. (Chris A.)
Patek, S. N. (Sheila N.)
Zhang, X. (Xudong)
The genome sequence of the leaf-cutter ant Atta cephalotes reveals insights into its obligate symbiotic lifestyle.
Suen, G. (Garret)
Teiling, C. (Clotilde)
Li, L. (Lewyn)
Holt, C. (Carson)
Abouheif, E. (Ehab)
Bornberg-Bauer, E. (Erich)
Bouffard, P. (Pascal)
Caldera, E. J. (Eric J.)
Cash, E. (Elizabeth)
Cavanaugh, A. (Amy)
Denas, O. (Olgert)
Elhaik, E. (Eran)
Fave, M.-J. (Marie-Julie)
Gadau, J. (Jürgen)
Gibson, J. D. (Joshua D.)
Graur, D. (Dan)
Grubbs, K. J. (Kirk J.)
Hagen, D. E. (Darren E.)
Harkins, T. T. (Timothy T.)
Helmkampf, M. (Martin)
Hu, H. (Hao)
Johnson, B. R. (Brian R.)
Kim, J. (Jay)
Marsh, S. E. (Sarah E.)
Moeller, J. A. (Joseph A.)
Muñoz-Torres, M. C. (Monica C.)
Murphy, M. C. (Marguerite C.)
Naughton, M. C. (Meredith C.)
Nigam, S. (Surabhi)
Overson, R. (Rick)
Rajakumar, R. (Rajendhran)
Reese, J. T. (Justin T.)
Scott, J. J. (Jarrod J.)
Smith, C. R. (Chris R.)
Tao, S. (Shu)
Viljakainen, L. (Lumi)
Wissler, L. (Lothar)
Yandell, M. D. (Mark D.)
Zimmer, F. (Fabian)
Taylor, J. (James)
Slater, S. C. (Steven C.)
Clifton, S. W. (Sandra W.)
Warren, W. C. (Wesley C.)
Elsik, C. G. (Christine G.)
Smith, C. D. (Christopher D.)
Weinstock, G. M. (George M.)
Gerardo, N. M. (Nicole M.)
Currie, C. R. (Cameron R.)
Draft genome of the red harvester ant Pogonomyrmex barbatus.
Robertson, H. M. (Hugh M.)
Zimin, A. (Aleksey)
Yandell, M. (Mark)
Benton, R. (Richard)
Croset, V. (Vincent)
Fernandes, V. (Vilaiwan)
Gronenberg, W. (Wulfila)
Ibarraran Viniegra, A. S. (Ana Sofia)
Johnson, R. M. (Reed M.)
Khila, A. (Abderrahman)
Kim, J. W. (Jay W.)
Mathis, K. A. (Kaitlyn A.)
Mustard, J. A. (Julie A.)
Nakamura, R. (Rin)
Niehuis, O. (Oliver)
Overson, R. P. (Rick P.)
Placek, J. E. (Jennifer E.)
Torres, C. W. (Candice W.)
Wolschin, F. (Florian)
Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile).
Holley, J.-A. (Jo-Anne)
Laird, J. (Joseph)
Suhr, E. L. (Elissa L.)
van Wilgenburg, E. (Ellen)
Walden, K. K. O. (Kimberly K. O.)
Wild, A. L. (Alexander L.)
Yorke, J. A. (James A.)
|
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Cadieux named CFO for Children's Hospital
Marc Cadieux to serve as chief financial officer for Children's Hospital of Wisconsin.
Cadieux named CFO for Children's Hospital Marc Cadieux to serve as chief financial officer for Children's Hospital of Wisconsin. Check out this story on postcrescent.com: http://post.cr/1J3djrg
Post-Crescent Media Published 4:28 p.m. CT July 16, 2015
Cadieux(Photo: Marc Cadieux)
Marc Cadieux has been selected to serve as the chief financial officer for Children's Hospital of Wisconsin.
Cadieux, who has been serving in this interim role since January, is responsible for all aspects of Children's Financial Services operations and will guide the organization's financial strategies and stewardship.
Cadieux joined Children's as the director of Financial Services in 2005. He was promoted to vice president of Financial Services in 2013.
Prior to joining Children's, Cadieux served as a senior manager, Assurance and Advisory Services, at Deloitte in Milwaukee.
Read or Share this story: http://post.cr/1J3djrg
The Buzz: Whatever happened to the new Culver's by Meijer?
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a-wak' yaqats, "to waken"; 'ur, "to rouse up" from sleep; egeiro, "to arouse from sleep"): The ordinary terms for awaking from natural slumber: as of Jacob at Bethel (Genesis 28:16); of Solomon at Gibeon (I Kings 3:15); of Jesus in the storm-tossed boat (Luke 8:24). Used figure with striking effect of awaking from mental, moral and spiritual sleep: as when Deborah calls upon herself to awake to the fervor and eloquence of poetry (Judges 5:12); of Zion's awaking to moral vigor and beauty (Isaiah 52:1); of waking from spiritual death (Ephesians 5:14); from the grave in resurrection (Daniel 12:2). Poetically used of the rising north wind (Song of Solomon 4:16); of music (Psalms 108:2); of the sword in battle (Zechariah 13:7); of a lover's affection (Song of Solomon 2:7); of God Himself responding to prayer (Psalms 59:4). Also used of moral awaking, as from drunkenness: eknepho, "to become sober" (compare Joel 1:5).
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It's a great day to share some thoughts from Founder John Adams.
THE FIRST PRAYER IN CONGRESS, SEPTEMBER,1774.
The History of our Revolution will be one continued Lye from one end to the other. The essence of the whole will be that Dr. Franklins electrical Rod, smote the Earth and out sprung General Washington. That Franklin electrified him with his rod – and thence forward these two conducted all the Policy, Negotiations, Legislatures and War.
Thank you, John Adams. Happy Independence Day!
On July 2, 1776, the Second Continental Congress held a meeting at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia and passed a formal resolution declaring, "these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be Free and Independent States." That was it!
"Had a Declaration of Independency been made seven Months ago, it would have been attended with many great and glorious Effects . . . .
"But the Day is past. The Second Day of July 1776, will be the most memorable Epocha, in the History of America.
"I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated, by succeeding Generations, as the great anniversary Festival. It ought to be commemorated, as the Day of Deliverance by solemn Acts of Devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with Pomp and Parade, with Shews, Games, Sports, Guns, Bells, Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more.
Detail of John Adams by John Singleton Copley, ca. 1784.
If Adams were alive in 2017, I believe he would be disappointed that Americans have strayed so far from the principles of their founding.
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Why you car windows steam up and what you can do to stop it
Poetry Jukebox celebrates night skies
A unique Poetry Jukebox in Ballycastle now has an all new 'Star Gazing' playlist celebrating the stunning night skies over the Causeway Coast and Glens.
By Una Culkin
Wednesday, 29th December 2021, 10:08 am
The Mayor of Causeway Coast and Glens Borough Council Councillor Richard Holmes listens to the Poetry Jukebox at Ballycastle seafront with the Desima Connolly from Causeway Coast and Glens Borough Council's Arts team and Maria McManus from Poetry Ireland
Located near the fountain at the seafront, the interactive jukebox was installed as part of the town's participation in the all-Ireland Poetry Town initiative back in September.
The jukebox aims to bring poetry into people's everyday lives, and in partnership with literary arts production company Quotidian, Causeway Coast and Glens Borough Council's Arts Service have helped create the 'Star Gazing' poetry playlist.
Curated by writers Maria McManus and Iggy McGovern, the collection of poems by 20 contemporary poets are all about the stars, constellations and outer space, encouraging listeners to look up and appreciate the wonders of the night sky.
The Poetry Jukebox is FREE to use – however users are reminded to stay Covid safe and use a proxy such as a pen or a key to push the button to hear a poem.
Alternatively, anyone interested can scan the QR code using a smart phone to hear the audio file on SoundCloud, which is also available for those unable to visit the Jukebox in person.
Visit www.flowerfield.org for further information about the playlist.
The Poetry Jukebox Star Gazing playlist will be available until February 28, 2022.
Causeway Coast
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Roaring Lion Named Horse of the Year
For the fourth time in five years, a horse trained by John Gosden has taken the top honour as Europe's Horse of the Year at the Cartier Awards in London.
On Tuesday night, it was the 3-year-old colt Roaring Lion (Kitten's Joy) who earned the award over three of his stablemates-Cracksman (GB) (Frankel {GB}), Enable (GB) (Nathaniel {Ire}) and Stradivarius (Ire) (Sea The Stars {Ire})-as well as Alpha Centauri (Ire) (Mastercraftsman {Ire})-on the merit of wins in the G1 Coral-Eclipse, G1 Juddmonte International, G1 Irish Champion S. and G1 Queen Elizabeth II S. Purchased by David Redvers for $160,000 from Keeneland September in 2016, Roaring Lion raced in the colours of Qatar Racing and, in addition to the aforementioned accomplishments, won the G2 Royal Lodge S. at two and was second in the G1 Racing Post Trophy and third in the G1 Investec Derby. Roaring Lion, who also won the Cartier 3-Year-Old Colt award, retires to Tweenhills Stud for 2019.
Roaring Lion follows Kingman (GB) (2014), Golden Horn (GB) (2015) and Enable (2017) in bringing the Horse of the Year statue back to Clarehaven Stables.
Enable, Stradivarius, and Alpha Centauri each received compensation for missing out on Horse of the Year. Enable made just three starts this year but those remarkably included a title-defending win in the G1 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe and a victory in the GI Breeders' Cup Turf; she became the first horse to record that double in the same year and only the second ever to win both. The Juddmonte Farms homebred took Cartier Older Horse honours.
Stradivarius was one of the leading lights of the turf throughout the season, and he was awarded on Tuesday with the Cartier Stayer Award. Stradivarius was unbeaten in five races in 2018-the G2 Yorkshire Cup, G1 Gold Cup, G1 Goodwood Cup, G2 Lonsdale Cup and G2 British Champions Long Distance Cup-and handed connections' a £1-million bonus for completing the inaugural WH Stayers' Million series.
Also highly consistent throughout the season was the Niarchos Family's homebred Alpha Centauri. The imposing grey filly built on the promise she had shown early in the season at two, taking the G1 Irish 1000 Guineas followed by the G1 Coronation S., G1 Falmouth S. and the G1 Prix Jacques le Marois. She was retired after picking up an injury when second to Laurens (Fr) (Siyouni {Fr}) in the G1 Matron S.
Remarkably, we're not done with Gosden yet. The trainer picked up a record-equaling fifth Cartier statue on the evening when his Too Darn Hot (GB) (Dubawi {Ire}) was predictably named champion 2-year-old colt. The Lord and Lady Lloyd-Webber homebred was unbeaten in four starts this year, culminating in a win in the G1 Dewhurst S. Too Darn Hot also won the G3 Solario S. and G2 Champagne S., and he beat out Advertise (GB) (Showcasing {GB}), Quorto (GB) (Dubawi {Ire}) and Ten Sovereigns (Ire) (No Nay Never) for divisional honours.
The only other trainer to win five Cartier awards in one evening was Aidan O'Brien in 2016.
The Cartier 2-Year-Old Filly award went to Ireland to Anthony and Sonia Rogers's Skitter Scatter (Scat Daddy). Skitter Scatter had a busy seven-race campaign and rewarded connections with three wins in pattern company: the G3 Silver Flash S., G2 Debutante S. and G1 Moyglare Stud S. She took the honors over Pretty Pollyanna (GB) (Oasis Dream {GB}), Fairyland (Scat Daddy) and Hermosa (Ire) (Galileo {Ire}).
Mabs Cross (GB) (Dutch Art {GB}) was the winner of the Cartier Sprinter award on the merit of her victory in the G1 Prix de l'Abbaye. Owned by David Armstrong and trained by Michael Dods, she had won the G3 Palace House S. in May and was placed three times in pattern company this year: in the G1 King's Stand S., G2 Sapphire S. and G1 Nunthorpe S.
The Cartier/The Daily Telegraph Award of Merit was given to David Oldrey, who is regarded as one of the greatest talents to have worked in the administration of British horse racing. Oldrey has served The Jockey Club and the British Horseracing Board among other industry bodies. He is also a successful owner and breeder and racing historian.
Harry Herbert, Cartier's racing consultant, said, "What another outstanding year it has been for European horse racing. Congratulations to John Gosden and his team for securing a joint-record five equine Cartier Racing Awards at the 28th annual Cartier Racing Awards. Roaring Lion truly lived up to his name, with four courageous Group 1 successes over the course of the season.
"Enable more than made up for missing the summer with her second Arc success followed by the Breeders' Cup Turf. What an outstanding filly she is. There was nothing to touch Stradivarius in the stayers' division, while Too Darn Hot looks hugely exciting for the 2019 campaign.
"Alpha Centauri towered over her rivals with several scintillating displays and congratulations to her owner-breeder the Niarchos Family and trainer Jessica Harrington, who has proved herself to be the outstanding dual-purpose handler of our age.
"Mabs Cross was superbly campaigned and earned her just reward at Longchamp, while Anthony and Sonia Rogers, such tremendous owner-breeders, have an outstanding filly in Skitter Scatter.
"Of course, horseracing does not function without great people behind the scenes. David Oldrey, who has dedicated himself to the administration of our great sport, is one such person. He is the deserved winner of the Cartier/The Daily Telegraph Award of Merit.
"Congratulations to all our winners this year and thanks go to Cartier UK, headed by Laurent Feniou, for supporting the Cartier Racing Awards for the 28th consecutive year."
-TDN Europe
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The Judith Reppy Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies has awarded the 2018 Harrop and Ruth Freeman Prize in Peace Studies to senior Letitia Chai.
Chai is a College Scholar at the College of Arts & Sciences majoring in peace and conflict studies. She has focused her work on conflict resolution and forced migration – studying the Sino-Tibetan conflict and ethnic tensions in Myanmar.
The Freeman Prize is awarded annually to Cornell University graduating seniors to encourage them to pursue work or study in fields related to peace studies and conflict resolution.
"Letitia Chai exemplifies the kind of student the Freemans hoped to recognize and honor through the establishment of the endowment," said outgoing institute director Matthew Evangelista.
Chai said the prize will help her pursue the opportunities necessary to transform refugee rehabilitation.
As part of her examination of the causes of displacement, she studied Rohingya camps in Myanmar and Tibetan refugees in India. In summer 2016, she received a Freeman fellowship from the Reppy Institute to support her work at the Center for Diversity and National Harmony in Myanmar/Burma.
Chai expects to continue her education in environmental management at Yale's School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, with additional fieldwork in refugee settlements. Eventually she would like to develop a platform for sustainable refugee settlement design that can be adapted to diverse communities and cultures.
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As promised, today I'm sharing some snapshots from our Christmas party last Saturday night. We somehow managed to cram 24 people into our one-bedroom apartment, along with a 16 ft. dining table (3 tables pushed together)...it was cozy and just perfect! The color scheme I went with this year was black and gold with accents of fuchsia.
I always keep the flowers simple - for this party I packed deep pink roses tightly into small vases and placed (3) arrangements down the table. The cranberry-pomegranate martinis were a big hit! And I was so pre-occupied with hosting, I didn't take any pictures of the food, except the beautiful caprese salad my friend Gina made. Yum!
The whole point of hosting this party every year is to gather everyone around one dining table. It's crowded but intimate and a great way for old friends and family to catch up over a delicious meal and good wine.
Me with my best girlfriends, my awesome husband Ryan, and toasting with Gina, my friend of 20 years.
Simple place settings - black table cloth, gold charger, Kate Spade dinner plate (china from our wedding), and a fuchsia cloth napkin. I purchased the gold snowflake ornaments from a local craft store, laced a black ribbon through the middle and tied it around the napkin. I forgot to make the placecards ahead of time (oops!) so I whipped them out about 30 mins. before the party on ivory card stock. Nothing fancy but they did the job!
One of my favorite pictures! Everyone toasting to a great evening with lots to celebrate. Cheers!
looks like it was a very successful night! you have to tell me HOW you managed to squeeze 24 people in there! that's insane!
Totally gorgeous - you are quite the hostess.
Looks so great, Julie - Merry Christmas!
So fun packing into a small space - you totally pulled it off.
I love the color scheme - dramatic and unexpected and very festive! But please tell - what was the menu? That is a lot of people to cook for, what on earth did you serve? Do you have two ovens? And another pair of arms?
* Congrats on what was OBVIOUSLY a terrifically fun (and PRETTY!) night for all!
Wishing you all the very best for Christmas and 2011!!!
How super fun! Looks like an amazing party! I'm so glad you had a wonderful time. Happy Holidays!
p.s. So excited for your new stuff next year. I totally need that white dresser/night stand.
I love the color scheme you've chosen: gold, red and black. All very elegant and simple at the same time.
Wow you did a spectacular job! I love that you squeezed all those people into your house. It was cozy but looked like a blast! Did you rent the tables and chairs? What did you serve?
what a lovely table and setting!! amazing work you have done! Happy Holidays!
Looks like everyone had a fab time. Bravo to you for the undertaking. Entertaining at home always makes people feel special.
|
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Q: Returned interface{} type assertion I need function that make query to database.
I use github.com/gocraft/dbr, so i create helper function:
//SelectData - selects data from database
func SelectData(table, fields, where string, data interface{}) interface{} {
var ptr reflect.Value
ptr = reflect.New(reflect.TypeOf(data)) // create new pointer
obj := ptr.Interface()
sess := Session
query := sess.Select(fields).
From(table)
if len(where) > 0 {
query.Where(where)
}
_, err := query.Load(obj)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
return obj
}
then i try to use it:
//CheckUser - checks is user registered in db
func CheckUser(userid string) User {
var user User
var i interface{}
i = db.SelectData("users", "*", "", user)
fmt.Printf("=%#v \n", i)
user = i.(User)
return user
}
But i get runtime error:
interface conversion: interface {} is *models.User, not models.User
D:/Go/src/runtime/panic.go:513 (0x42ccb6)
gopanic: reflectcall(nil, unsafe.Pointer(d.fn), deferArgs(d), uint32(d.siz), uint32(d.siz))
D:/Go/src/runtime/iface.go:248 (0x4091ac)
panicdottypeE: panic(&TypeAssertionError{iface, have, want, ""})
C:/Users/vasalt/go/src/wcenter/models/model_user.go:29 (0x9dda3a)
CheckUser: user = i.(User)
C:/Users/vasalt/go/src/wcenter/controllers/ctrl_main.go:59 (0x9e03b6)
SetPageData: fmt.Printf("=result = %#v\n", models.CheckUser("1234"))
And debug output:
=&models.User{UID:sql.NullString{String:"1", Valid:true}, UserID:sql.NullString{String:"1234", Valid:true}, UserGroup:sql.NullString{String:"1", Valid:true}}
So it succesfully retrieve data from datbase, but it return &models.User not just models.User and i cant figure out how convert interface{} with *models.User to models.User
A: I think this should work. You can typecast it to *User and return User value or *User depending on your use case.
user = i.(*User)
return *user
A: ptr = reflect.New(reflect.TypeOf(data)) // create new pointer
obj := ptr.Interface()
reflect.New returns a reflect.value representing a pointer to a new data-type entity.and ptr.Interface() returns a real value of ptr of which type is *data.
So when you invoke i = db.SelectData("users", "*", "", user),it will returns *User.You can't use type assertion i.(User) except i.(*User).
|
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Q: 100% CPU on my webpage after loaded - how to debug? I try to optimize my program which is taking over 107% of CPU usage on Ubuntu for a specific page and less for the other ones (70% - also showing multiple gages but differently - , 5% showing other data (which is not showing gages), etc...).
My page is showing multiple gages using justgage.js which is using raphael.js
I try to debug using the Google Developpers Tools, but when I use the "Collect Javascript CPU Profile" nothing makes me believe that something is taking that CPU. The only thing I see is 100% for the function "Program"
Do you have any idea on how I could debug this? Or what could take the CPU like this?
Note that the CPU using "top" command on ubuntu is giving me the same result when using firefox or chrome.
A: There is nothing wrong with 100% CPU usage unless the page is taking too long to load, because if the CPU is running your code at all, it is running it at full speed.
So the real question is, does it take too long?
If so, there's a simple way to find out why.
If you can use the Chrome Debugger, you can just hit "Pause" during the time it appears to be hung, as in this post by @Tigraine.
Display the call stack, read it, and figure out why it is doing each thing on the stack, because if it's wasting much time, as a percent, you're likely to catch it in the act.
You might have to do this a few times before you see the problem.
The worse it is, the fewer times you have to look.
That's this technique, and it is really very different from trying to collect measurements.
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nameSherry: Walk 10,000 steps per day for a healthier you!!
Walk 10,000 steps per day for a healthier you!!
Look at my son so happy at the beach of Sunway Lagoon water park, yeah you see below picture of everyone busy with warming up. I did it too! wow it is more than 10 minutes you know I gave up a bit then continue hehe... then my son too join the fun of warming up. They are three professionals that teaches the exercise, one of them the woman is from China. So many people having fun at the warm up and you see some wearing the goodie bag instead of putting in the locker! We are carrying the bag and backpack so better put them in the locker with goodie bags, I can tell you after the fun over at water park the bags getting more heavy! Don't forget the wet clothes which I placed in the bags!
After the walk we get to queue up to collect the breakfast, while my dear queue to collect breakfast my son and waited for his sword balloon from the clown.
They are three of us we are getting the same adult meal, the sandwich however not much ingredients inside. The sandwiches my son finished one pack only, there's other food available in Sunway Lagoon you need to purchase them.
Oh.. look at me, tired walking up and down the hill. There are walking up and down the stairs too after this walk of hill.
I will take part again in next Guardian Charity Walkathon if there's any coming up, the last time they had it in 2008. This is fun charity event for those who loves family outing!
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Home Articles Articles by H.P. Blavatsky Notes to "The Autobiography of Dayanund Saraswati, Swami."
Theosophist, October & December, 1879
Article selections by the Swami | Notes by H.P.B.
[Note: the following note by H.P.B. preceded the December, 1879 portion of the article; we place it here as an introductory remark]
Our revered brother, the Swami Dayânund Saraswati, continues in this number [Dec., 1879] his autobiographical narrative, which the whole Indian press has declared the most interesting portion of our journal. We hope the lesson of his self-sacrificing quest after divine knowledge—that true wisdom which teaches man the nature of his inner Self, its source and destiny—will not be thrown away upon the youth of his country. Happy, indeed, would we feel if we could see the bright young men who are flocking into his Arya Samajes, emulating his conduct as well as reverencing his person. No Western reader need be at a loss to understand the interest that attends every movement in his preaching pilgrimage throughout India. And, object as our pandits may to his constructions of Vedic texts, not even the most orthodox can fail in respect for one who joins to a profound knowledge of Sanskrit literature an absolute purity of motive and of life, and a fervid sense of duty never surpassed by reformers. For Theosophists of every nationality the account of his adventures among adepts of the secret (and sacred) science will have a peculiar charm.
[The following are selections from the autobiography with H.P.B.'s notes]
. . . It was in a Brahmin family of the Oudichya caste, in a town belonging to the Rajah of Morwee, in the province of Kattiawar, that in the year of Samvat, 1881, I, now known as Dayanund Saraswati, was born. If I have from the first refrained from giving the names of my father and of the town in which my family resides, it is because I have been prevented from doing so by my duty. Had any of my relatives heard again of me, they would have sought me out. And then, once more face to face with them, it would have become incumbent upon me to follow them. I would have to touch money again,1 serve them, and attend to their wants. And thus the holy work of the Reform to which I have wedded my whole life, would have irretrievably suffered through my forced withdrawal from it. . . .
. . . I was but eight when I was invested with the sacred Brahmanical cord (triple thread), and taught Gayatri Sandhya with its practices, and Yajur Veda Sanhita preceded by the study of the Rudradhyaya.2 . . .
As my father's was a banking house and held, moreover, the office—hereditary in my family—of a Jamádár3 we were far from being poor . . . Whenever there was a Siva Puran to be read and explained, there my father was sure to take me along with him; and finally, unmindful of my mother's remonstrances, he imperatively demanded that I should begin practicing Parthiva Puja.4 When the great day of gloom and faasting—called Sivaratree—had arrived,5 this day following on the 13th of Vadya of Magh6 my father, regardless of the protest that my strength might fail, commanded me to fast, adding that I had to be initiated on that night into the sacred legend,and participate in that night's long vigil in the temple of Siva. . . .
[During the vigil] Thoughts upon thought crowded upon me and one question arose after the other in my disturbed mind. Is it possible—I asked myself—that this semblance of man, the idol of a personal God, that I see bestriding his bull before me, and who, according to all religious accounts, walks about, eats, sleeps, and drinks; who can hold a trident in his hand, beat upon his dumroo (drum), and pronounce curses upon men—is it possible that he can be the Mahadeva, the great Deity? The same who is invoked as the Lord of Kailasa,7 the Supreme being and the divine hero of all the stories we read of him in his Puranas? . . .
[Hereafter, H.P.B. provides definitions for the following:]
Nighanta8 . . . Nirukta9 . . . Purvamimansa10 . . . Nautch11 Mukti12 . . . Four Ghotkas13 . . .
I began entreating [my father] to send me to Benares, where I might complete my knowledge of the Sanskrit grammar, and study astronomy and physics until I had attained a full proficiency in these difficult sciences.14 . . .
[Further definitions by H.P.B. on the following:]
Mella15 . . . Tumba16 . . .
There [Ahmedabad] I settled for some time; and, at Chetan Math (temple) I held several discourses with Brahmanand and a number of Brahmacharis and Sanyasis, upon the Vedanta philosophy. It was Brahmanand and other holy men who established to my entire satisfaction that Brahm, the deity, was no other than my own Self—my Ego. I am Brahm, a portion of Brahm; Jiv (Soul) and Brahm, the deity, being one.17 . . .
Sannyasis18 . . . Dand19 . . . "a man thoroughly versed in Yog"20 . . . "good and pure Yogis"21 . . .
. . . Staying at Tidee for some time, I inquired of [a Pandit] about some books and learned treatises I wanted to get for my instruction; what books and manuscripts could be procured at that place, and where. He mentioned some works on Sanskrit grammar, classics, lexicographies, books on astrology, and the Tantras—or ritualistics. Finding that the latter were the only ones unknown to me, I asked him to procure the same for me. Thereupon the learned man brought to me several works upon this subject. But no sooner had I opened them, than my eye fell upon such an amount of incredible obscenities, mistranslations, misinterpretations of text and absurdity, that I felt perfectly horrified. In this Ritual I found that incest was permitted with mothers, daughters, and sisters (of the Shoemaker's caste), as well as among the Pariahs of the outcastes—and worship was performed in a perfectly nude state22 . . . Spirituous liquors, fish, and all kind of animal food, and Moodra23 (exhibition of indecent images) . . . were allowed, from Brahmin down to Mang. And it was explicitly stated that all those five things of which the name commences with the nasal,24 m, as for instance, Madya (intoxicating liquor); Meen (fish); Maons (flesh); Moodra . . .; and Maithoon . . . were so many means for reaching Mutki (salvation)! By actually reading the whole contents of the Tantras I fully assured myself of the craft and viciousness of the authors of this disgusting literature which is regarded as RELIGIOUS! . . .
I proceeded back to Kedar, this time alone and unimpeded in my intentions, and reached Gupta Kashi25 (the secret Benares) . . .
I stayed but a few days there, and went thence to the Triyugee26 Nurayan shrine, visiting on my way Gowree Koond tank, and the cave of Bheemogoopha. . . . I felt a strong desire to visit the surrounding mountains, with their eternal ice and glaciers, in quest of those true ascetics I have heard of, but as yet had never met—the Mahatmas.27 . . .
. . . Having wandered in vain for about twenty days, disheartened, I retraced my steps, as lonely as before, my companions who had first accompanied me, having left me two days after we had started through dread of the great cold. I then ascended the Tunganath Peak28 There, I found a temple full of idols and officiating priests, and hastened to descend the peak on the same day. . . .
1. No Swami or Sannyasi can touch money, or personally transact any monetary business.—ED. Theos. [H.P.B.]
2. Rudradhyaya is a chapter about Rudra (a name of Siva).
3. The office of "Jamadar" answers to that of a town Revenue Collector, combining that of a Magistrate, at the same time.
4. Parthiwa Puja is the ceremony connected with the worship of a lingam of clay—the emblem of Siva.
5. The Vishnavites, or worshippers of Vishnu—the greatest enemies of the Sivaites or worshippers of Siva—hold on this day a festival, in derision of their religious opponents.
6. The eleventh month of the Hindu year.
7. A mountain peak of the Himalayas where Siva's heaven is believed to be situated.
8. A medical work. There is a treatise entitled Nighanta in the Vedas.
9. Another Vedic treatise.
10. First mimansa.
11. Singing and dancing by professional women.
12. About half-an-hour.
13. The final bliss of a liberated soul; absorption into Brahma.
14. Astronomy includes Astrology in India, and it is in Benares that the subtlest of metaphysics and so-called occult sciences are taught.
15. Mella is a religious gathering, numbering at times hundreds of thousands of pilgrims.
16. A vessel to hold water, made of a dried gourd.
This passage is of such importance that the original is here appended for the consideration of the learned.
18. Sannyas. There are different conditions and orders prescribed in the Shastras. (1) Brahmachari—one who leads simply a life of celibacy, maintaining himself by begging while prosecuting his studies; (2) Grihasthasrama—one who leads a married but a holy life; (3) Vanaprastha—who lives the life of a hermit; (4) Sannyas or Chaturthasrama. This is the highest of the four; in which the members of either of the other three may enter, the necessary conditions for it being the renunciation of all worldly considerations. Following are the four different successive stages of this life: (a) Kutichaka—living in a hut, or in a desolate place and wearing a red-ochre coloured garment, carrying a three-knotted bamboo rod, and wearing the hair in the centre of the crown of the head, having the sacred thread, and devoting oneself to the contemplation of Parabrahma; (b) Bahudaka—one who lives quite apart from his family and the world, maintains himself on alms collected at seven houses, and wears the same kind of reddish garment; (c) Hansa—the same as in the preceding case, except the carrying of only a one-knotted bamboo; (d) Paramahansa—the same as the others; but the ascetic wears the sacred thread, and his hair and beard are quite long. This is the highest of all these orders. A Paramahansa who shows himself worthy is on the very threshold of becoming a Diksheet.
19. The three and seven-knotted bamboo of Sannyasis given to them as a sign of power, after their initiation.
20. A religious "magician," practically. One who can embrace the past and the future in one present; a man who has reached the most perfect state of clairvoyance, and has a thorough knowledge of what is now known as mesmerism, and the occult properties of nature, which sciences help the student to perform the greatest phenomena; such phenomena must not be confounded with miracles, which are an absurdity.
21. One may be a Yogi, and yet not a Dikshita, i.e., not have received his final initiation into the mysteries of Yoga Vidya.
22. For reasons which will be appreciated we prefer giving the text in Hindi:
23. The word Moodra has been variously understood and interpreted. It means the signet of a royal as well as of a religious personage; a ring seal with initials engraved upon it. But it is also understood in another sense—the pristine and esoteric.
Bhuchari, Chachuri, Khechari, Charachari, and Agochari—these five were the Mudras practiced by the Aryas to qualify themselves for Yoga. They are the initiative stages to the difficult system of RAJ-YOG, and the preliminaries of Dhotipoti, the early discipline of HAT-YOG. The Mudra is a quite distinct and independent course of Yoga training, the completion of which helps the candidate to attain Anima, Laghima and Garima. (For the meaning of these Siddhis, see article on Yog-Vidya in the November number of Theosophist). The sense of this holy word once perverted, the ignorant Brahmins debased it to imply the pictorial representation of the emblems of their deities, and to signify the marks of those sexual emblems daubed upon their bodies with Gopichand made of the whitish clay of rivers held sacred. The Vaishnavas debase the mark and the word less than the Shaivas; but the Shaktas by applying it to the obscene gestures and the indecent exposures of their filthy Ritual, have entirely degraded its Aryan meaning.
24. The following are the five nasals in Sanskrit;
(1) ङ (nga), (2) ञ (yna), (3) ण (ṇṇa), (4) न (na); (5) म (ma).
25. Gupta Kashi—Gupta, secret, hidden; Kashi, the ancient name of Benares—is a holy place enshrouded in mystery. It is about fifty miles from Badrinath. Outwardly there is seen only a temple with columns; but a firm belief prevails among pilgrims to the effect that this shrine only serves as a landmark to indicate the locality of the sacred hidden Benares—a whole city, in fact, underground. This holy place, they believe, will be revealed at the proper time, to the world. The Mahatmas alone can now reach it, and some inhabit it. A learned Swami friend, and a native of Badrinath, highly respected at Bombay, has just told us that there is a prophecy that in 25 years from this time Benares will begin to decline in every respect as it has long done in holiness, and, owing to the wickedness of men, will finally fall. Then, the mystery of Gupta Kashi will be disclosed and the truth begin to dawn upon men. Swami P— solemnly avers that, having often visited this very shrine, he has several times observed, with his own eyes, as it were, shadowy forms disappearing at the entrance—as though half visible men, or the wraiths of men were entering.
26. Three Yugis, or the three Epochs.
27. The Mahatmas, or literally great souls, from the words—Maha, great, and atma, soul—are those mysterious adepts whom the popular fancy views as "magicians," and of whom every child knows in India, but who are met with so rarely, especially in this age of degeneration. With the exception of some Swamis and ascetics of a perfectly holy life, there are few who know positively that they do exist, and are no myths created by superstitious fancy. It will be given, perhaps, to Swami Dayananda, the great and holy man, to disabuse the skeptical minds of his degenerating countrymen; especially of this young decorated generation, the Jeunesse Doree of India, the LL.B., and M.A. aristocracy—who, fed upon Western materialism, and inspired by the cold negation of the age, despise the traditions, as well as the religion of their forefathers, calling all that was held sacred by the latter, a "rotten superstition." Alas! they hardly remark themselves that from idolatry they have fallen into fetishism. They have but changed their idols for poorer ones, and remain the same.
28. At Badrinath (Northern India), on the right bank of the Bishanganga, where the celebrated temple of Vishnu, with hot mineral springs in it, annually attracts numerous pilgrims, there is a strange tradition among the inhabitants. They believe that holy Mahatmas (anchorites) have lived the inaccessible mountain peaks, in caves of the greatest beauty for several thousand years. Their residence is approachable only through a cavern perpetually choked with snow, which forbids the approach of the curious and the skeptical. The Badrinath peaks in this neighbourhood are above 22,000 feet high.—
Since the above was written one of our most respected and learned Fellows has informed us that his Guru (Preceptor) told him that while stopping at the temple of Narayan, on the Himalayas, where he had passed some months, he saw therein a copper plate bearing date, with an inscription, said to have been made by Sankaracharya, that that temple was the extreme limit where one should go in ascending the Himalayas. The Guru also said that farther up the heights, and beyond apparently insurmountable walls of snow and ice, he several times saw men of a most venerable appearance, such as the Aryan Rishis are represented, wearing hair so long as to hang below their waist. There is reason to know that he saw correctly, and that the current belief is not without foundation that the place is inhabited by adepts and no one who is not an adept will ever succeed in getting an entrance.
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Q: How can I redirect based on a selection of a DropDownList I have a TextBox1 and a Search button in my application with this following code:
protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Response.Redirect("~\\searchpage.aspx?PatientNRIC=" + TextBox1.Text);
}
Which means, if the user type ONLY IC NO:S1234567D, then when click it will show the patient detailview.
So I now I'm doing almost the same thing but now I have a TextBox2 and a DropDownList1. Inside DropDownList1, I have "Name", "IC No", "Test_Date".
So for an example, I type "S1234567D" in the textbox1, and I choose "IC No" in DropDownList1 it should redirect me to a page of the S1234567D's patient detailview.
How could I do my code? Thanks!
A: Something like the following might work for you:
protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if(dropdownlist1.SelectedValue == "IC No")
{
// assuming this is the redirect to your patients details view
// but you MUST use only forward slashes to make it work (!)
Response.Redirect("~/searchpage.aspx?PatientNRIC=" + TextBox1.Text);
}
}
A: name.Text = ddl1.DataTextField;
ICNo.Text = ddl1.DataValueField;
textBox1.Text = name.text+ICno.Text;
protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if(textbox1 != null)
{
Response.Redirect("~/searchpage.aspx?PatientNRIC=" + TextBox1.Text);
}
}
}
|
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How much is Belinda Carlisle Worth?
Belinda Carlisle net worth: Belinda Carlisle is a talented singer who has a net worth of $16 million. Belinda Carlisle has earned her net worth through the many hit songs, both as solo artist and as a member of the famed band The Go-Go's. Born Belinda Jo Carlisle on August 17, 1958, in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles, she has enjoyed a fully-blown fame twice, first with the all-female rock band, The Go-Go's, and then as a solo artist. Influenced by the all-present Hollywood burgeoning punk scene in the late 1970s, Carlisle and guitarist Jane Wiedlin formed The Go-Go's, a punk band which later joined Charlotte Caffey, Gina Schock, and Kathy Valentine. The group's sound evolved into a kitschy, '60s-flavored pop melody that became their trademark. Having signed to IRS records, The Go-Go's became the first self-contained female band to land #1 position on the record charts with the release of their multi-platinum debut album, Beauty and the Beat, in 1981. It included such hits as We Got the Beat and Our Lips are Sealed, which made the girls pop stars and fashion trendsetters. Of course, Carlisle got the lion's share of the attention as a front woman. They went on to release their next album, Vacation (1982), which hit Gold status, a success that their 1984 release Talk Show has never reached. Their third album marked a decline in popularity, despite the hit single Head Over Heels. It was in 1985, when The Go-Go's disbanded due to in-fights and drug addiction issues. But within a year, Carlisle embarked on a solo career, enjoying a #3 pop hit with 1986's Mad About You. She got back to the charts in 1987 and 1988, with Heaven is a Place on Earth and I Get Weak, respectively. After the release of Go-Gos' CD retrospective, Carlisle went on a brief reunion tour with the band in 1994. Soon, she moved to Europe where she hit the UK charts with Adult Contemporary offerings like A Woman and Man and Voila. In addition to her work as a solo artist and performing with her former band, the pop-rock veteran made several appearances on TV shows like Celebrity Duets (Fox, 2006), MTV's talent contest Rock the Cradle (MTV, 2008) and the eighth season of Dancing with the Stars.
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Q: Hosting SSL tunneled OpenVPN and HTTPS on the same server at the same 443 port Is there a way to host a SSL-tunneled (using stunnel) OpenVPN server and a regular Apache HTTPS server on the same server using HAProxy? It seems that by using stunnel, the format of the packets should all the way be the same. Is there any ways to make a difference between the two kinds of packets (which is not detectable by DPI) for the HAProxy to sort them out? I tried to use different domain names for the HTTPS server and the OpenVPN Server (though they point to the same IP address) but seems it doesn't work because OpenVPN does not use SNI.
Thanks a lot!
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Clemency Spotlight: Ronald Blount
Ronald Blount
Before his incarceration, Ronald Blount was a hard-core crack addict, the kind that cautionary tales about drugs describe. He slept on the porch of his parent¹s house, because he had nowhere else to go and they would not let him inside while he was using crack. Impoverished, he supported his habit by steering people to places they could buy crack and by helping his brother and others who were actively selling crack.
Even by the account given in the presentence investigation report, his involvement was limited to being ³present² as crack was cooked, ferrying things to his brother and customers, and steering potential customers. He had
two prior convictions for minor trafficking violations, one of which involved marijuana.
When his brother's crack operation was infiltrated by an informant, the group was taken down. Ronald Blount was pressured to testify against his family members and refused. As a result, he was charged as a co-conspirator and enhanced through the filing of a notice under 21 U.S.C. § 851. Thus, when he was convicted he received a mandatory
sentence of life.
Ronald Blount should be freed. If sentenced under current policy and law, he would receive a sentence far shorter than the time he has already served‹his enhancement would be improper, the amount of drugs would not be charged, he would face lower guidelines, and the sentencing judge who expressed reservations at the initial sentencing would have the benefit of the Booker ruling and the discretion to vary from the guidelines that it grants.
His family has remained supportive, and are ready to help with his re-entry into society. His conduct in prison reflects the person he is today: A sober, hard-working man who is accomplishing what he can. He should return to his family and turn that productivity and perseverance to the greater world.
Ronald Blount featured in Washington Post
Ronald Blount featured in National Journal
Ronald Blount featured in Huffington Post
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Finding a name for a company is sort of like finding a name for a band: all the good ones seem to be taken already.
Furthermore, while it might not be what actually matters about what you do, all creators have a sense that it matters. Plus there's the matter of finding (or buying) the domain name(s).
As you'll see, even some of the biggest tech giants got their names kind of at random, so even if you pick out something that might sound stupid, it might not kill you.
Note: We found some of these origins MakeUseOf.com, others via Google and Wikipedia, and others still because we remember being told the story.
Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard flipped a coin to decide whether their company would be called Hewlett-Packard or Packard-Hewlett.
SUN stands for Stanford University Network because the founders, Andy Bechtolsheim, Vinod Khosla and Scott McNealy met at Stanford.
Bechtolsheim designed the first SUN workstation for a Stanford project called, wait for it, Stanford University Network.
The name Cisco Systems is often thought to be an acronym, but it actually derives from San Francisco -- another Silicon Valley-inflected name.
This is the reason why, during the company's early days, they insisted on the lowercase cisco.
The company was three months late in filing for a name and a trademark, so one day Steve Jobs challenged the other founders to come up with a better name than 'Apple' by the end of the day or else that's what he would file. The rest is history.
Intel cofounders Bob Noyce and Gordon Moore originally wanted to call the company 'Moore Noyce', but found out it was already trademarked by a hotel chain.
So they came up with Intel, which stands for 'INTegrated ELectronics.' Still a pretty good description, actually.
Microsoft made MICROcomputer SOFTware. Get it? Yeah, that's all there is to it. (During their early history, Microsoft wrote their name 'Micro-Soft.') Sometimes the best answer is the most obvious.
The name was audacious though, because at the time Microsoft was founded, it wasn't at all clear that a company focused on just software could be a good business. Bill Gates believed from the start in the potential of software and the name shows he wasn't afraid to stake his fledgling company on it. We all know where that got him.
Lotus once dominated business software on the PC before being beaten by Microsoft's Office and acquired by IBM.
According to Wikipedia, adobe is 'a natural building material made from sand, clay, horse manure and water' but that's not what the company was named after.
It was named after Adobe Creek, a river in Los Altos, California, that ran behind the house of one of the founders, John Warnock.
Oracle's first product, the RDBMS, was initially part of a project Larry Ellison and Bob Oats worked on for the CIA.
The project was codenamed 'Oracle' because it was supposed to be able to answer any question about anything (the answer to Life, the Universe and Everything?).
The CIA terminated the project but Ellison and Oats kept working on their database and kept the name for the company that eventually grew out of it.
Japanese companies are often named after their founders (Toyota), but Akio Morita wanted a name that wouldn't sound foreign to the American consumers he was targeting.
It was derived from sonus, the Latin word for sound, and a weird Engrish slang expression, 'sonny boy', which in 1950s Japan connoted 'smart, presentable young men,' which is what Morita considered himself.
So no, Sony doesn't mean anything in Japanese, and there is no Mr Sony.
There are several conflicting stories about how the name came about.
One is that cofounders (sorry, chief yahoos) Jerry Yang and David Filo were browsing through a dictionary (remember those?) to look for name ideas and that they happened upon the definition of a yahoo as 'rude, unsophisticated, uncouth' and they liked that.
Another is that they drew from Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, where he coined the word to refer to a race of brutish humanoid creatures.
The last (and once official) story, almost certainly retroactive, is that the name is an acronym for 'Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle.' Maybe an 'Officious Oracle' that was part of the CIA?
Hotmail Stands For HTML. No, Really.
Hotmail is famous for being the first (free) web-based email service, and also for pioneering what is now referred to as 'viral marketing' by adding the phrase 'PS. I love you. Get your free email at Hotmail' at the end of each email sent through the service.
As an engineer, Hotmail founder Sabeer Bhatia was reluctant to use these aggressive marketing tactics first proposed by his VC Tim Draper, and was also recalcitrant when his wife suggested the cool-sounding name 'Hotmail.' He only relented when he couldn't find another name -- and discovered that the word 'Hotmail' includes the letters for HTML in sequence. The service was therefore capitalised 'HoTMaiL' in the early days. That was quickly dropped.
An innovative product and this savvy marketing led Hotmail to explode and be acquired for $400 million by Microsoft in 1998.
This story is pretty famous by now.Larry Page and Sergey Brin dropped out of the Stanford computer science PhD program to build a company around their website-ranking algorithm.
They decided on a tentative name, 'Googol', which refers to the number 10100, or a 1 followed by a hundred zeros, which is more than the number of atoms in the universe, to symbolise the massive amounts of data that they were setting out to crawl and organise.
Now that you've boned up on tech trivia, it's time to take a quiz!
adobe apple cisco features google hp intel microsoft online sai-us software sony startups strategy yahoo!
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