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Paul Brubaker is leaving networking giant Cisco to become the chief operating officer of up-start Synteractive, the company behind Recovery.gov.
Brubaker has a storied career in both the public and private sector, having worked as the Defense Department deputy CIO and as one of the primary authors of the Clinger-Cohen Act, the bill that created federal CIOs back when he worked for Sen. William Cohen (R-ME). Brubaker joined Cisco about two years ago.
Brubaker will be working with Synteractive CEO Evan Burfield, who just happens to be a winner of the 2011 Fed 100 Award. The Fed 100 Gala just happens to be tonight.
(WASHINGTON, DC, March 28, 2011) – Synteractive, a leader in providing solutions that combine social and technological innovation for the public and private sectors, announced today that government and industry veteran, Paul Brubaker, will serve as the new Chief Operating Officer. Working out of the Washington, DC headquarters, Brubaker will be supervising Synteractive's business growth and execution strategies.
Brubaker comes to Synteractive from networking giant, Cisco Systems, where he led the North American Public Sector's Internet Business Solutions Group. Prior to that, he held a number of senior level positions in industry and government. Notably, he served as subcommittee staff director in the U.S. Senate, as the Deputy CIO of the U.S. Department of Defense for the Government Accountability Office and Administrator of the Research and Innovative Technology Administration at the U.S. Department of Transportation.
In the private sector, Brubaker served as Chief Marketing Officer of SI International, was the CEO of two successful small businesses and engineered a management buyout of the public sector division of Commerce One where he served as division President. He was also Chairman of Virginia's Center for Innovative Technology.
In his earlier days on Capitol Hill, where he was an auditor for the U.S. General Accounting Office (now the Government Accountability Office), Paul Brubaker became intrigued by the use of IT to transform and dramatically improve business processes and operations. Brubaker observed that the software development process for the Advanced Medium Range Air to Air Missile (AMRAAM) missile program was cumbersome, antiquated, and slow—and therefore costly. He realized that software development was nothing more than a business process, and therefore it could be automated and streamlined to create a dramatic reduction in the time and money required for development. He and his team began looking at how these processes could be modernized and automated, referencing the best practices of leading organizations to identify proven ways to streamline the process and save money.
From that point on, Brubaker was a devotee of achieving transformation through technology, but (belying his intensity of purpose) he has always employed what he terms "the lazy man's methodology": studying other organizations' best practices to draw upon the successful experiences of others. "I first look to other organizations that have had analogous problems, and see what they have done," he comments. "There has never been a situation where I couldn't find best practices somewhere and apply them to the challenges at hand." To illustrate, Brubaker talks about how he and others at the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) approached enabling smart vehicles so that they could detect and avoid each other. He discovered that the Department of Defense (DOD) had faced a similar problem enabling mobile communications among troops on the move. They met with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency to learn best practices, and incorporated these into their smart vehicle initiative.
Brubaker's personal hero, Winston Churchill, also had a farsighted vision of technology. During his tenure as Great Britain's First Lord of the Admirality, Churchill was one of the first military leaders to understand the potential power of tanks in warfare, and is credited with their adoption by England—thus changing the face of warfare in the 20th century. Noting that Churchill was "an imperfect man," Brubaker says that the former British prime minister made many mistakes during his life—as a soldier, author, Member of Parliament, husband, father, mason, investor, and ultimately Prime Minister—but he never failed to learn from his mistakes and successfully apply that knowledge as he evolved. Brubaker is active with the Churchill Centre, the international focus for study of Winston Churchill, his life and times, and has been instrumental using technology to reach and develop new generations of Churchillians and working to make the Churchill archives at Cambridge University available online.
As executive vice president and chief marketing officer of SI International, a provider of mission-critical IT and network solutions (primarily to the federal government), Brubaker automated the firm's entire set of marketing processes—a feat unheard-of in a company the size of SI. As a result, SI International increased their proposal throughput by 300 percent without adding any staff, resulting in dramatically increased sales. .
As a result of his successful transformation of SI International, Brubaker founded his own company, Procentrix. "I wanted to use technology to enable new and more efficient ways of collaborating, especially around automating standard processes," he says. In essence, Brubaker automated the entire project management body of knowledge, using off-the-shelf software widely licensed by enterprises and government. This meant that organizations did not have to purchase new software to use the firm's advanced project management tools and incorporated these into their smart vehicle initiative.
As a result of his successful transformation of SI International, Brubaker founded his own company, Procentrix. "I wanted to use technology to enable new and more efficient ways of collaborating, especially around automating standard processes," he says. In essence, Brubaker automated the entire project management body of knowledge, using off-the-shelf software widely licensed by enterprises and government. This meant that organizations did not have to purchase new software to use the firm's advanced project management tools.
As the second-highest-ranking official at the Department of Defense (DOD), Brubaker again used technology to automate the department's processes and operations, including personnel, logistics, finance, and command and control. His success in improving efficiency and driving down costs earned him the Distinguished Public Service Medal.
Even in his personal life, Brubaker is always looking for ways to collaborate, automate processes, and apply best practices. He and his wife are active in Autism Speaks, a non-profit organization dedicated to changing the future for all who struggle with autism spectrum disorders. Brubaker has created ad hoc collaborative capabilities so that parents of autistic children can informally exchange ideas and information.
And when he isn't trying to make the world a better place for people to live, work, learn, and play through the transformative power of technology, Brubaker enjoys being with his two young sons. After all, his sons will be the ones to live in tomorrow's world, and he's not taking any risks that it won't be a better one. | {
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Create identity branding for vacation rental boutique.
Design, populate and launch a tourist website.
Produce photo-rich websites for each rental home.
Provide secondary marketing to home owners.
This website had been completely refreshed using WordPress.
The site functions extremely well, competing against large competitors like AirBnB. Arrowhead Lodges — despite its small inventory of homes — enjoys organic, first page ranking for nearly all relevant searches in most search engines.
Shooting architecture has become a specialty — and ignited in me, a passion for High Dynamic Range photography. HDR was practically invented for interiors with windows. It keeps the inside and the outside all in view. If you're curious to see this in action, visit this page and scroll down to the photos.
We need materials, now. Brand as you go.
For this client, branding happened organically, over time. All the design evolved during the production of the company's Product Ordering Guide. Kind of like how an entire wedding can evolve from the design of the dress.
Read more in the Branding Facts below about the stages of this journey. Something must have been right. Sales increased significantly after it was implemented.
Design-wise, the textures and palette were derived from the actual products and product finishes.
For example, the icon above shows the black finish texture (1) on the left; with a curved aluminum (2) line separating it from the the LEDs (3) on the right.
This came fast on the heals of the ordering guide — as both were being produced to a trade show deadline.
These bonus-sized ad placements were a perk for the short-series buy above.
Develop color-coded branding for automotive training materials in four styles. Create PowerPoints and matching Word documents.
Since these tools would be used strictly for training; client and I chose a colorful, engaging palette to excite the viewer, and, therefore, encourage retention of subject matter. | {
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Prosecutors: Theft from St. Paul drug house led to kidnapping, torture
The Pioneer Press reports members of a Mexican drug cartel are accused of kidnapping and torture after a theft from a stash house in St. Paul.
Unidentified sources tell the newspaper a federal grand jury is also considering evidence in the case and may issue indictments this week.
The Pioneer Press says three men were charged in Ramsey County District Court with kidnapping, robbery, and assault in April. The criminal complaint alleges the men acted after drugs and money were stolen from a house in the West Seventh neighborhood. Court papers describe a man whose finger was nearly severed and a woman who was interrogated and raped at the stash house, the newspaper says.
The U.S. Attorney's office would not comment on the prospect of a federal indictment.
Local police and federal agents have been tracking the growing activity of Mexican cartels in Minnesota.
In a story broadcast last week Dan Moren, special agent in charge of Minnesota operations at the Drug Enforcement Administration, told KARE 11 Mexican cartels are active in Minnesota. "They control the manufacturing, the smuggling, the distribution, and collection of proceeds from heroin production," he said.
KARE's crew looked on as an undercover agent purchased $500 worth of heroin from a low-level dealer near a St. Paul strip mall.
Abusers of prescription painkillers have provided a fertile market for heroin sellers. Agents tell KARE heroin production has doubled since 2005 and a Ramsey County task force says already this year it has seized more than half a million dollars worth.
In March the Star Tribune reported on the flow of heroin coming into Minnesota either through Chicago or up Interstate 35 from Mexico. Moren of the DEA told the newspaper: "What you are seeing is a Mexican cartel … creating a business model that is ingenious and cornering the market on what is now an epidemic."
Last month federal agents arrested dozens of suspected heroin dealers in the Twin Cities, Duluth, and Rochester in an operation nicknamed Project Exile.
U.S. Sen. Amy Klobuchar traveled to Mexico in April to talk with authorities there about strategies for reining in the drug trade and human trafficking.
St. Paulpublic safetyPublic SafetyCriminal InvestigationsnewsNewsheroin
Indictment accuses 4 of kidnapping, torture at St. Paul drug house
Feds arrest 65 suspected heroin dealers in Minnesota sweep
Doctors remove St. Paul beating victim from coma, another arrest made
Juvenile arrested in connection with fatal St. Paul shooting
St. Paul bouncer who disarmed gunman honored by police
Man pleads guilty to torturing teens in cartel's St. Paul drug house
Charges: Teen serving time for St. Paul beating attacked jail guard
St. Paul attorney requests clergy sex abuse documents | {
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When you're a true VIP, it isn't just about the destination, it's about the journey!
Stay 3 nights or more and a car is at your door!
The Avalon will pick you up from the airport in your own private vehicle.
Transportation includes a one-way trip for up to 4 guests. The total cost is included when you fly into LaGuardia Airport (LGA), John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) or Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) on your trip.
You will receive a confirmation email with instructions on submitting your flight details for transportation.
IMPORTANT: Transportation is only available for guests who book this package. This is a special offer and cannot be combined with other offers, packages, or special rates. | {
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Worry is the mother of procrastination. Worry paralyzes, warps and misinforms our already overloaded minds. Here is a simple two step solution to stop worrying.
Accept how you are feeling at the moment.
Accept what is going on at the moment.
As you accept your feelings and environment the truth will be revealed, what you don't need will fall away automatically, what you need will come to you effortlessly. | {
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NSW silicosis laws need reform, MP says, as stonemason calls for change
by Lauren RosenbergPosted on 23/10/2020
New laws designed to prevent the lung disease silicosis will come too late for former stonemason Kyle Goodwin, but he hopes future generations of construction workers and miners will be protected.
The Tenterfield, New South Wales resident, who worked the engineered stone commonly used in modern kitchen benchtops, was diagnosed with advanced silicosis two years ago.
The disease is caused by exposure to silica, which is released as dust particles when engineered stone is cut, drilled and polished.
Doctors have given the 35-year-old between five and 10 years to live.
"I'm trying to keep it out of my mind — if you live thinking you only have five years left, you're not going to have much of a life," Mr Goodwin said.
"I couldn't even count how many people I know who have been diagnosed, and they're young guys with young families who may not live to see their children grow up.
"For those of us who are already diagnosed, given there's no cure, there's no real hope.
Stricter measures proposed
A proposed amendment to the Work Health and Safety Act is before NSW Parliament, calling for the establishment of a dust diseases register like that in Queensland.
Labor's Daniel Mookhey introduced the amendment, which he said took a tougher approach than reforms introduced by the Government in July that made silicosis a notifiable disease in NSW.
"Under the NSW Government's proposal, all that happens is that NSW Health can, if they choose, exchange information with the regulator, and they can withhold that information from the regulator and they can withhold it in secret," he said.
"Under the proposal we're pushing, NSW Health must inform the regulator every time a person is occupationally exposed to silica dust and diagnosed with silicosis, and the regulator has to investigate that notification.
"Equally, the number of notifications would be public … when it comes to something as deadly as silicosis, the imperative is to give the public more information, not less."
ABC News, 16 October 2020
; https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-10-16/silicosis-push-to-protect-workers-from-deadly-lung-disease/12748468
Posted in 23 October 2020, Regulatory Update
Prev On children's environmental health day: A checklist for defending science and protecting kids
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Bulletin > 23 October 2020 > NSW silicosis laws need reform, MP says, as stonemason calls for change | {
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For a novel based on Gandhian philosophy, Munshi Premchand's 'Premashram' (1922) has several violent deaths. Rai Saheb (Gyanshanker's father-in-law) escapes death by poisoning by his yogic skills, Gyanshanker's two young cousins slice off their heads with a sword under the myth of Tantrik skills, Vidya (Gyanshanker's wife) kills herself with poison, her sister Gayatri jumps off a cliff when faced with her father as a sadhu, Manohar (a villager) slits Gaus Khan's (Gyanshanker's clerk) throat with a sword.
While the protagonist of the novel, Premashanker, epitomizes the Gandhian precept that even great social changes can be brought about by self-sacrifice, Premchand the novelist seems to reject the possibility of human redemption beyond a certain point. It is as if there are some sins committed that cannot allow a human being, even when humbled and repentant, to carry on living.
There is a curious sense of self-honour which reminds me of Japanese hara-kiri.
But intrinsic in the narrative itself, is also a Gandhian self-questioning.
Premashanker, a zamindar, comes back from the United States, to realize that he is an outcaste in his society, and unwanted even within his own family. He decides to live in a village and gives up all his inherited earnings to live a life from what he can earn himself, and spend his life dedicated to the uplift of the village he has adopted and the village he has inherited.
By sheer example, he influences not only the villagers, but slowly even corrupt people like the magistrate, the lawyer, the doctor and the social worker, who under one garb or the other were out only to accumulate wealth for themselves.
Yet Premashanker himself is not entirely without ego. It is his ego and principles that will not allow him to do many things which he would like to do, for instance live with his wife, Shraddha who asks that he go through a rite of purification to be accepted back into society. Finally it is Shraddha herself after 14 years who gives up her own religious taboos and realizes that her husband has purified himself not through ritual but through his selfless action.
Premshanker has the Gandhian humility, the questioning of the minutest flaws within his thought, the realization that he is quick to judge people, whereas even the most hardened person like his cousin, Gaurishanker, a policeman has streaks of kindness towards his underlings.
This introspection is also that of the author's, for no character is delineated in black or white. The poor are not necessarily good, the noble are not free from their egos, the weak and selfish are not without their redemptions.
The strongest character is Premashanker's brother, Gyanshanker, who epitomizes the modern, selfish man, whose education gives him the values of self-worth, self-gain and self-improvement. There is no space left for sympathy or tolerance of those outside his world. Yet, Gyanshanker is clever, able, and also self-aware. He knows very well that he is bartering his soul for what he thinks is important, wealth and fame. He even goes to the extent of bartering his love. But life, or fate, or whatever you may call it, the inexorable movement of circumstances gives him failure even after the tasting of huge successes. It is Karma, if you could call it that. And in that moment of realization, there is no other way for him except to die, even though he does not want to.
The novel kept reminding me of Vikram Seth's 'A Suitable Boy' (1993).
'Premashram' questions the very basis of the zamindari system, the notion of a middle-man taxing the peasants for doing nothing. The zamindar is only an agent. Influenced by his uncle, Premashanker, Mayashanker, Dayashanker's son is able to revert the system by giving up his zamindari rights voluntarily on the very day he is given them.
'A Suitable Boy' revolves around the time that the zamindari system was abolished (the 1950s). This novel too has a vast array of characters and draws a detailed and complex portrait of life in India around the time, particularly in Uttar Pradesh, where 'Premashram' is also based.
The difference is that Premchand is writing about a time he was living in, and his novel is influenced by hope, fired by the new ideas propagated by Gandhi and other leaders of the freedom struggle. Premchand himself had just a year before writing this novel, resigned from his school-teacher's job in answer to Gandhi's call to quit government jobs. Vikram Seth's novel is historical and he sees those times through a modern perspective, without the unabashed idealism of Premchand.
The internal voices in both novels is strong. The novels are not only about what happens, but what the characters think and feel, the transformations they undergo.
But while Vikram Seth is equally sympathetic with his characters and balanced in his portrayal of them, he does not allow them to get swayed by their emotions, he keeps their reins in his hand.
It is interesting to note that Vikram Seth chooses to tell his story through the marriage proposals of a young girl, Lata who is almost passive, very introverted in the middle of a vortex of circumstances and characters around her. Lata's choice of bridegroom also seems to be the path of least resistance, which is quite contrary to the struggle that each of the characters in 'Premashram' go through, to overcome their own egos for what they see as a larger good.
Both books kept me company for a long time in Bangalore. I realized yet again the wonder of entering another world, another time, and the comfort of reading a long book, which allows you to become familiar with the lives of its characters at leisure. I realized why it is that people are addicted to watching soap operas. I felt bereft when the books had ended.
Of course, reading 'A Suitable Boy' was easier for me than to attune myself to the rhythm of Premchand's writing. I have not read Hindi in a while, but now that Flipkart makes it easy for me to acquire Hindi books, without the long trek into town, I hope to make up for lost time.
A Suitable Soap Opera 😉 Interesting comparison between Munshiji and Seth babu.
What an absorbing comparison, Banno. I began to read A Suitable Boy a lifetime ago and put it down…maybe it's time to pick it up once again. I'd love to read 'Premashram': something contemporaneous to that heady time. I wonder if, somewhere, and English translation exists….time to do some burrowing. Thank you. You have broadened my horizons today.
Kate, several books by Premchand have been translated into English. I don't know whether 'Premashram' is one of them.
Premchand, a long, long time since I read anything in Hindi! I think I read Premchand last time when I was 14 and that was in school! Would love to read it again!
🙂 I have so much trouble remembering names, that I think I will have to draw a family tree to remember the names. In 'A Suitable Boy', I was really very grateful for the family trees!
It is I think, one of my favourite novels on India. I hope it will be filmed someday!
Harvey, Sometimes I just feel the urge to read Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati. Occasionally Urdu. Sadly, my Marathi and Urdu have become quite rusty. And it proves to be too much of an effort. But every once in a while, I like to try again.
'A Suitable Boy' is a book one can read again and again. It would make an absorbing television soap opera.
I haven't read a full-length book in Hindi for a very long time, but I remember reading quite a lot of Premchand when I was in school. We even had to study Nirmala as part of our syllabus.
Coincidentally, after what must be years, I've just begun reading a book in Hindi – the short stories of Manto, which a friend of mine lent me. I'm thinking I should begin buying Hindi books once again… some Premchand, perhaps, to start with.
'A Suitable Boy' gets even better each time I've read it. I love your perspective on both these books.
Dipali, I know what you mean, about tackling a novel in Hindi. It does take some effort. But it's worth it.
And yes, 'A Suitable Boy' does get better each time one reads it.
You know what struck me when I read the post — A Suitable Boy is the only novel by Vikram Seth that I have read, and perhaps Premashram is the only novel by Premchand that I haven't 🙂 Actually, I saw the novel cover in one of the pictures that you had posted earlier, and took a mental note of it. Lets see when I get to read it, but good to see you reading. Does Banno read Hindi books?
Violet, you meant Dhanno, didn't you? She has read Hindi in school, but no, she is not yet reading Hindi novels for her own pleasure. Maybe one day she will.
Oh yes, I meant 'Dhanno'. I had expected that, not many children/young people read Hindi books these days. I am, for all practical purposes, a dinosaur.
Yes, Violet. It is a pity that a lot of people don't read books in regional languages. I hope that Dhanno will pick up a Hindi book one day, watching me read.
hi banno! I have been twice in india and after those trips and after meeting indian people and culture…I love it! for this reason I continue reading indian authors or books about india! I am finishing a book about sonia gandhi and her family…and with this post you suggest me my next reading! many thanks for your sharing! | {
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A cut and folded sheet of metal, bare, free from decoration. It distinguishes itself in composition, in the freedom of combination. The result is an incomplete grille, broken up by cuts which lighten the perception. It is the careful work of a metalworker, the leftovers of mechanical processing, a snapshot of abandoned industry between brutal aesthetics and poetry. Z-shelf, together with the 3 Nuns stool, and the Glider sofa, is part of Americana, a heterogeneous collection, which, through the use of steel, celebrates conceptual pieces as an expression of the practice of design, while rejecting established conventions and labelling. | {
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A collection of news, articles and other featured content about July/August 2016.
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TheFamousPeople
Sportspersons
Robinho Biography
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Football Players #62
Birthday: January 25, 1984
Age: 36 Years, 36 Year Old Males
Sun Sign: Aquarius
Also Known As: Robson de Souza
Born in: São Vicente, São Paulo
Famous as: Footballer
Football Players Brazilian Men
Height: 5'8" (173 cm), 5'8" Males
Spouse/Ex-: Vivian Guglielmetti (m. 2009)
father: Gilvan de Souza
mother: Marina da Silva Souza
children: Gianluca Guglielmetti de Souza, Robson Jr Guglielmetti de Souza
Robson de Souza, popularly known as Robinho, is a Brazilian football player. He has played for professional football clubs, such as 'Real Madrid,' 'Manchester City,' and 'A.C. Milan.' Robinho started playing football at a young age and was eventually spotted by Brazilian legend Pele, who got him his first professional contract. Robinho started his career with 'Santos FC' and then managed to strike a deal with the Spanish club 'Real Madrid' in 2005. He played for 'Real Madrid' for more than two years during which he won two titles, before joining 'Manchester City' in 2008. In 2010, he started playing for 'A.C. Milan' and bagged the prestigious 'Italian Serie A' title. In 2015, he participated in the 'Chinese Super League' and helped his team win the tournament. The following year, he signed a two-year contract with the Brazilian football club 'Atletico Mineiro.' As an international footballer, Robinho has represented his country at two 'FIFA World Cups.' He has also won two 'FIFA Confederations Cups' and a 'Copa America' title while playing for his national football team. In 2018, he signed a contract with the Turkish club 'Sivasspor.'
https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2014/matches/round=2000480/match=2011869/index.html
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Robson de Souza was born on January 25, 1984, in Sao Vicente, Sao Paulo, Brazil. He was raised by his parents, Marina da Silva Souza, and Gilvan de Souza. His mother is a caterer, while his father, who previously worked as a salesman, is now Robinho's professional agent.
Robinho developed a liking for football in his early childhood. He became the leader of his indoor football team at a very young age and scored 73 goals in his first season.
He caught the attention of the Brazilian great, Pele, when he was just 15 years old. Pele helped him strike a contract with 'Santos FC' and also named him as his heir apparent. Robinho was just 18 years old when he started playing for the club's senior team.
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Robinho made his debut with 'Santos FC' in the famous Brazilian league 'Campeonato Brasileiro.' His team ended up winning the first place in the league.
He made 108 appearances and scored 47 goals for the club. His performance in the club caught the attention of many European clubs.
In 2005, he was signed by the Spanish giant 'Real Madrid,' despite the fact that his performance had slackened during the season.
Robinho made 37 appearances during his first season with 'Real Madrid' and scored 14 goals. He helped his team win its 30th 'La Liga' title, which was Robinho's third league championship.
He finished the 2007-08 'La Liga' season with 11 goals and eight assists. He added four more goals to his tally while representing his team at the 'Champions League' campaign. He then got injured and could not play for a while. During his stay with 'Real Madrid,' Robinho became the third-highest scorer for the Spanish club.
In 2008, after a confusion regarding 'Real Madrid' wanting to bring Cristiano Ronaldo into the team, Robinho rejected the club's new contract and decided to move on to another club.
He signed a four-year contract with 'Manchester City' and made his debut for the club against 'Chelsea' in September 2008. He scored a goal and contributed to the team's 3-1 win over 'Chelsea.'
On October 26, 2008, he scored his first hat-trick in a 'Premiere League' against 'Stoke City.' In November 2008, he scored a goal in his club's 3-2 win against 'FC Twente' in a group stage game at the 'UEFA Cup.'
Robinho finished the season as the top 'Manchester City' scorer, scoring a total of 14 goals. He also ended up as the fourth highest scorer of the league. He could not play for three months in the second season due to his injury, but still managed to appear in 12 games.
Due to his injury, he could not perform consistently for 'Manchester City' and went back to his home club 'Santos' on a six-month loan deal in 2010. He then helped 'Santos' win the 'Copa Brasil.'
At the end of his loan deal, Robinho stated that he wants to stay back with 'Santos' instead of rejoining 'Manchester City.' But the English club refused to extend his loan deal and hence he was forced to return to England. In the August of 2010, he started his training with 'Manchester City,' but decided to move to another club within a month.
On August 31, 2010, Robinho signed a four-year deal with A.C. Milan. He made his debut as a substitute in a 2-0 defeat, but soon scored his first goal for the club and contributed to the team's 3-1 win against 'A.C. ChievoVerona.'
During the 2011-12 'Serie A' season, he contributed to his team's victory in 'Supercoppa Italiana.' During the 'Serie A' competition, he scored a total of 11 goals and helped 'Milan' to secure a second position.
Robinho suffered an injury during his first match against 'Sampdoria' and then suffered another injury during his training session. He made a comeback as a substitute in a game against 'Malaga,' which ended in a draw.
He then scored a goal against 'Juventus' on November 25, 2012. On July 18, 2013, he signed a new contract with 'Milan.' On October 22, 2013, he scored the first goal of the 'Champions League' against 'Barcelona.' However, he suffered a groin strain after the match.
He was plagued by several injuries throughout the season. Despite his injuries, he managed to score a goal against 'Spezia Calcio' in the team's 'Coppa Italia' campaign. He returned to 'Santos' in 2014 after acquiring a one-year loan deal.
After his return, he scored a goal against 'Londrina' in the 'Copa do Brasil' championship. Thereafter, he scored another goal against 'Gremio.'
He scored his last goal of the season for 'Santos' on September 21, playing against 'Figueirense FC.' He then rescinded all his contracts before signing a six-month contract with the 'Chinese Super League' team 'Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao' in 2016.
On February 11, he signed a two-year contract with 'Atletico Mineiro.' During his stay with 'Atletico Mineiro,' he scored 25 goals to become the highest scorer in Brazil for the year 2016.
As an international player, Robinho played in the 2006 'FIFA World Cup' in Germany. He then represented his national team at the 2007 'Copa America' which Brazil won after defeating Argentina. In 2009, he contributed to Brazil's success at the 'Confederations Cup,' which his team won after defeating the US.
Robinho finished in the top ten at the 'Ballon d'Or' and received many nominations at the 2008 'FIFA World Player of the Year.'
Robinho's mother was abducted for a ransom in 2004, and was released unharmed after six-weeks when the ransom was paid. In 2009, he married Vivian Guglielminetti. Robinho and Vivian are blessed with two sons, namely Robson Jr. and Gianluca.
On November 23, 2017, Robinho was sentenced to nine years in prison by an Italian court after he was found guilty for sexually assaulting a 22-year-old Albanian woman. At the time of sentencing, he was in Brazil, and as per Brazilian law, the country's citizens cannot be extradited to a foreign land.
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See the events in life of Robinho in Chronological Order
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- Robinho Biography
- Editors, TheFamousPeople.com
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- https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/robinho-11942.php
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Yellow one is gorgeous, wish it was more vibrant though.
Very nice colors. I love that collection. Have a great day.
I like your blog so much and I'm amazed of your portfolios. I'm a VCD student too, right now :) want to hear from you more as a designer.
I do love those pics! | {
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When I began my digital marketing journey, I firmly believed I knew what SEO was. I even created a section in my blog where I gave advice to people on some tips and tricks they could use to get the best results in their Google Serp checker tools. Yes, I was that successful!
That was about ten years ago. That time, even the weirdest SEO tricks such as spamming your content with links would make you record high rankings in your Google Serp checker software.
For the past few months, you have been burning the midnight oil just to make sure that you get reports on your free Serp checker tool that show you are top in Google rankings. Unfortunately, you seem not to achieve your goal for some reason.
Well, they say that for you to be successful in SEO, you need to work extra hard and practice a lot of patience. But the results are taking much time to manifest! You have waited for months, applied every tip you read on this blog, but when you look at your Serp checker online tool, the results are the same as yesterday – you are not yet on the first page of google!
As you check Serp ranking for your website, I would like us to talk about something that has been a source of pain for many for a long time – SEO tricks.
When starting off an SEO campaign, what most people do is that they will turn to various websites and blogs for SEO tricks that will help record great results when they check Serps ranking in the Google rank tracker.
Since I take full responsibility in my actions, I admit that I provide tips and tricks on this blog, like the blog post I recently published on the tricks to get better results on the Bing rank tracker. However, the problem with most digital marketers is that they take tricks as an easy way to get at the helm of Google results, an assertion that is far from the truth.
You are the SEO of your business, and you have to take care of everything else. Therefore, you cannot get the time to develop the strategy yourself, and you will need a helping hand.
You decide to turn to your IT team. However, they are too busy developing apps and software that will keep the business running; hence it will take some time to have the strategy running – but you don't have the time!
Luckily, you can outsource SEO services considering that there are thousands of SEO agencies in the modern market. You decide to work with the one you believe will give you the results you desire when you check keyword rankings on the rank checking software.
Finally, you have launched the blog you have been working on. You have written a few articles, and they are already getting some views. But there is one problem, several months down the line, your blog rank checker is still showing that the blog is enjoying great rankings on Google and other search engines.
Well, although SEO takes some time to yield results, you need to reconsider your strategy if you don't find your blog in the first page of Google search results despite investing time, energy and resources.
Do you want your YouTube rank checker software to record that you are ranking #1 on YouTube? Of course, you do!
You either don't know where to begin, or you don't see the need of video SEO.
In the era we are in today, video has become one of the most consumed 'foods' in the online space. If you want to boost the credibility of your business, you cannot ignore Using video. In fact, some studies show that online users would rather watch a one hour video instead of reading a short, plain article.
Therefore, if you have not yet invested in video SEO, then you are committing an injustice to your business. You need to grab a good YouTube rank tracker tool and embark on a cutting-edge strategy that will give you a competitive edge over your rivals.
When you check serps, I am certain that the first search engine you look at is Google.
This is a search engine that accounts for about 90% of the market share. This means that 90% of your target audience search for information in Google; thus it is the ultimate search engine that you should target in your SEO strategy.
This doesn't mean that you shouldn't target and check Serps for other search engines such as Bing and Yahoo, no! Well, you can target as many search engines as you want, but one of your primary goals should be to rank high on Google.
Ranking on this giant search engine is not easy!
Wait, do you mean managerial traits can have an impact on the results I get on my google keyword rank checker?
This is probably the question that is running through your mind right now. Well, about two years ago, I was equally shocked when I came across this information. However, I did my own research, and I can tell you without a doubt that there are traits that we believe only affects the workplace, but the truth of the matter is that it can also affect the rankings we get on the Google search rank tracker.
This information that has been proven by the tech giant itself! Years ago, this company published in-depth research on what makes a good manager, and recent technological studies have demonstrated that these traits can actually have an impact on your google site rank checker.
As a small business owner, what comes into your mind when you hear the word 'Search Engine Optimization?' of course, you want it to fall in love with your Serp rank checker tool, but unfortunately, you don't have enough budget for digital marketing!
You are afraid that without money, you cannot accomplish anything that will result in the best results in the SEO tools rank checker or website rank checker free. But you are wrong!
Though you might proceed with a lot of fear of the unknown when doing SEO without professional help, I can assure you that there are many no-cost SEO strategies that you can do yourself and eventually draw analytic reports in the keyword rank checker tool online that show you are ranking for all the keywords you used in your pages.
You have read and heeded to every SEO advice you come across, but your cheap keyword checker seems not to recognize your efforts, and it is still showing that you are not ranking high on all the keywords you use.
Well, this should not give you sleepless nights because as I always say, SEO is not magic, and it will never give you the results you dream about overnight. You need to practice patience and blend it with hard work.
But sometimes, you find that you are doing a lot, but months later, your free keyword checker indicates that your site is yet to be ranked on the first page of Google search results, which is without a doubt the ultimate goal of every SEO. | {
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The Xiuzhen tu () is a Daoist diagram of the human body illustrating principles of Neidan , Chinese astrology, and cosmology.
Title
The title Xiuzhen tu combines three Chinese words:
xiu 修 "embellish, decorate; repair, overhaul; study, cultivate; build, construct; trim, prune; write, compile"
zhen 真 "true; real; genuine" or (Daoist) "original, unspoiled character of a person; ultimate reality; a xian transcendent".
tu 圖 "picture; drawing; chart; map; plan"
Common examples of this special Daoist zhen "ultimate truth" meaning include Zhenren 真人 "true person; Spiritual Master" and Quanzhen 全真 "complete truth; Quanzhen School".
Xiuzhen tu is translated into English as:
"Illustration of Developing Trueness" (Alphen and Aris 1995:170)
"Chart of the Cultivation of Perfection" (Kohn 2000:487)
"Diagram of Cultivating Perfection" (Komjathy 2004:53)
"Chart for the Cultivation of Perfection" (Despeux 2008:767)
Xiuzhen () is an uncommon word associated with Daoism. It first appears in Ge Hong's (4th century CE) Baopuzi 抱朴子 (行品 chapter), which says xiuzhen practices characterize a daoren 道人 "Daoist". Xiushen 修身 and xiudao 修道 are more common synonyms of xiuzhen that occurred centuries earlier in pre-Han Chinese classic texts.
Xiushen () is a basic moral principle of Chinese philosophy. In Confucianism, xiushen is the ethical basis for social order. The Great Learning (tr. Legge 1893:266) says ancient rulers utilized "self cultivation": "Their persons being cultivated, their families were regulated. Their families being regulated, their states were rightly governed. Their states being rightly governed, the whole kingdom was made tranquil and happy." In Daoism, xiushen refers to a supernatural "self cultivation". The Zhuangzi (tr. Mair 1994:96) claims it can result in long life: "Carefully guard your body, and leave other things to prosper themselves. I guard the one so as to dwell in harmony. Thus have I cultivated my person for one thousand two hundred years and my physical form has still not decayed."
Xiudao () means "practice a religious regimen; follow religious rules; enter a monastery". The first sentence in the Confucian Doctrine of the Mean (tr. Legge 1893:124) associates xiudao with jiao 教 "teach; instruct": "What Heaven has conferred is called The Nature; an accordance with this nature is called The Path of duty; the regulation of this path is called Instruction."
History
The Xiuzhen tu text probably dates "from the early 19th century" (Komjathy 2004:53) and exists in several versions, some with variant titles like Xiuzhen quantu 修真全圖 "Cultivation of Perfection Complete Diagram". All editions are associated with the Longmen "Dragon Gate" sect of the Quanzhen school of Daoism. Catherine Despeux (2008:770) lists five extant versions: a stele at the Sanyuan Gong 三元宮 "Three Primes Palace" in Guangzhou (dated 1812); printed versions from the Wudang Mountains (1924 reprint of 1888), Shanghai (1920), and Chengdu (1922); and a version at the White Cloud Temple in Beijing (undated).
The Xiuzhen Tu resembles the better-known Neijing Tu 內經圖 "Inner Pathways Diagram". Both these anatomical charts with Daoist Neidan symbolism derive from the earliest diagrams attributed to Yanluozi 煙蘿子 (fl. 10th century) and conserved in the 1250 CE Xiuzhen shishu 修真十書 "Cultivating Perfection Ten Books" (Kohn 2000:521).
Contents
Contrasted with the Neijing tu, the Xiuzhen tu pictures the meditator's body in a front view rather than side, and includes a longer textual portion, which describes Neidan practices, lunar phases, and Leifa 雷法 "Thunder Rites" associated with the Zhengyi Dao movement of the Tianshi Dao "Way of Celestial Masters".
Despeux summarizes Xiuzhen tu differences.
The elements that distinguish this chart from the Neijing tu are mainly related to the Thunder Rites (leifa) – in particular, the spiral at the level of the kidneys, the nine "orifices of hell" at the base of the spine, and the three curls at the top of the head that represent the three primordial breaths according to the Tianxin zhengfa tradition. The chart also represents the main parts of the body, including the Cinnabar Fields (dantian), the Three Passes (sanguan, represented by the three chariots) of the back, the throat, the paradisiacal and infernal worlds, and the body's divinities according to the Huangting jing, and also shows the firing process (huohou). The whole is reminiscent of a talisman illustrating a divine body that connects to the sacred world. (2008:770)
At the same time, the Xiuzhen tu underscores cosmological elements. In particular, the human figure is surrounded by thirty black and white circles that represent the days of the lunar month, one of the models of the Neidan "fire phases". The trigrams arranged around the figure (Zhen ☳, Dui ☱, Qian ☰, Xun ☴, Gen ☶, and Kun ☷) represent the six stages of the lunar cycle, each of which is made of five days.
See also
Neijing Tu
Meridian (Chinese medicine)
Microcosm–macrocosm analogy
References
Alphen, Jan Van and Anthony Aris. 1995. Oriental Medicine: An Illustrated Guide to the Asian Arts of Healing. Art Media Resources.
Despeux, Catherine. 1994. Taoïsme et corps humain: Le Xiuzhen tu. Guy Trédaniel.
Despeux, Catherine. 2008. "Neijing tu and Xiuzhen tu", in The Encyclopedia of Taoism, ed. Fabrizio Pregadio, Routledge, 767-771. .
Legge, James, tr. 1893. The Confucian Analects, the Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean. The Chinese Classics, vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
Kohn, Livia, ed. 2000. Daoism Handbook. Brill. .
Komjathy, Louis. 2004. Daoist Texts in Translation.
Mair, Victor H. 1994. Wandering on the Way: early Taoist tales and parables of Chuang Tzu. Bantam.
External links
修真圖, Another Bilingual (Chinese-English) text of Xiuzhen tu
彩色修真图, color version Xiuzhen tu
武當丹脈密傳修真圖, Wudangquan version Xiuzhen tu
修真图, GIF image Xiuzhen tu
氣功與修真圖, Qigong and Xiuzhen tu, Taoist Culture and Information Centre
Xiuzhen tu (Chart for the Cultivation of Reality), from the Golden Elixir website
Chinese culture
Chinese words and phrases
Qigong
Taoist art
Taoist texts | {
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Richard Sacher (Úpice, 1 september 1942 – Červený Kostelec, 27 februari 2014) was een Tsjechisch (voorheen Tsjecho-Slowaaks) politicus.
Sacher werkte als arbeider onder andere in een textielfabriek, later werd hij vrachtwagenchauffeur. In 1968 sloot hij zich aan bij de (rooms-katholieke) Tsjecho-Slowaakse Volkspartij (CSL). In 1969 werd hij districtssecretaris van de CSL in Trutnov. Daarna werd hij afdelingsleider in het Secretariaat van het Centraal Comité van de CSL. Daarnaast studeerde hij economie en rechten. In 1988 promoveerde hij als doctor in de rechten aan de Universiteit van Praag. In datzelfde jaar brak hij als gevolg van stevige kritiek op de partijleiding van de CSL, met die partij.
Na de politieke veranderingen in Tsjecho-Slowakije als gevolg van de Fluwelen Revolutie (november 1989), trad de oude partijleiding van de indertijd met de Communistische Partij van Tsjecho-Slowakije collaborerende Tsjecho-Slowaakse Volkspartij af en kwam er een nieuw partijbestuur. Sacher trad opnieuw toe tot de CSL en werd eerste secretaris van de partij. In de regering van de hervormingsgezinde communist, Marián Čalfa, werd Sacher de eerste niet-communistische federale minister van Binnenlandse Zaken van Tsjecho-Slowakije sinds 1945. Sachers voornaamste taak was het hervormen van het onder het ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken geplaatste Directoraat voor Staatsveiligheid (FBIS, het voormalige StB). Deze taak bleek niet gemakkelijk, daar het nieuwe directoraat nog steeds werd beheerst door communisten van de harde lijn.
Mirolsav Dolejsi, zijn voornaamste adviseur en dissident ten tijde van het communistisch regime, stond sceptisch tegenover de nieuwe regering en haar aanpak. In juni 1990 onthulde hij dat de FBIS nog steeds niet hervormd was en dat zij de oppositiepartijen (dat wil zeggen de niet-communistische oppositie) nog steeds in de gaten hield (afluisterpraktijken). Als gevolg van deze affaire moest Sacher in juni van dat jaar als minister aftreden. Hij werd opgevolgd door Ján Langoš.
Sacher was als onafhankelijk kandidaat (geassocieerd met de sociaaldemocratische partij) lid van de Tsjechische Senaat.
Tsjecho-Slowaaks politicus
Tsjechisch politicus
Minister van Binnenlandse Zaken | {
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I played lacrosse in college and ran to stay in shape. After college I found I really enjoyed running and no one hit you while you ran. Some friends told me to sign up for the Garry Bjorklund Half Marathon lottery, so I did. They didn't get in the race but I did and I have been hooked ever since.
My favorite running experience was the first time I qualified for Boston.
After running the Whistlestop marathon I decided that I wanted to try to qualify at the Green Bay marathon. To qualify I would have to take 15 minutes off my PR time.
Everyone told me there was no way I could take 15 minutes off my time. I remember when I got to mile 17 of the Green Bay marathon, all I could think of was the people that said I couldn't do it and it motivated me to get a qualifying time.
The people. Running has let me do things and meet people I would have never met if I didn't start running. I always try to encourage people to run, it doesn't matter how fast you are. You are faster than the person sitting on the couch.
I have done 54 1/2 marathons, 20 marathons, and numerous other distances.
I am the only person who has run every Twin Cities 1 Mile and every Twin CIties 10 Mile.
Find more Chad on Twitter and Instagram at @dulax34. | {
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Splitsies is a no-frills approach to splitting bill that is designed for speed. One designated payee covers the table's bill and collects payment from others in the group using the app. The central interaction involves adjusting each person's portion of the total bill with adjustable bars. Splitsies was featured in Behance's App Design Served gallery. | {
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ASLC Admits Two New Marine Mammal Patients
The Wildlife Response Program patients include a young harbor seal and a sea otter pup
Seward, Alaska (Sept. 14, 2022) – The Alaska SeaLife Center (ASLC) recently admitted two patients to the Wildlife Response Program, a young male harbor seal (the third admitted in 2022) and a male sea otter pup.
The harbor seal pup was reported by the captain of a local charter fishing boat on August 22, 2022 after the pup climbed onto the boat's deck near Hive Island, about 15 miles south of Seward in Resurrection Bay. Photographs sent to the ASLC showed a skinny, young male harbor seal pup. Upon meeting the boat in the harbor, it was clear to ASLC staff by the seal's exhausted appearance and quiet behavior that he would need immediate medical attention. After receiving National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration approval, the pup was transported back to the Alaska SeaLife Center for treatment.
After an initial examination, veterinary staff estimated that the seal was around two months old and was likely separated from his mother or weaned prematurely. The team's main concerns were malnourishment, dehydration, and lethargy. Some wounds were also noted on the seal's flippers. Once hydrated with supportive fluids, the seal quickly took to eating fish on his own. Recovering from starvation can be a slow process, and the team is currently providing additional stabilizing treatments and monitoring the patient further to understand the severity of his conditions.
The second rescue occurred September 7, 2022 after a caller to the ASLC's 24-hour Stranded Marine Animal Hotline (888-774-7325) reported a pair of otters on a remote beach in the western Kenai Peninsula. Observers sent photographs and described a disheartening scene to ASLC hotline operators. They saw a moribund female sea otter that was barely moving or breathing with her juvenile pup vocalizing on top of her. The condition of the mother was dire, and the team determined she would likely not survive a transport back to Seward or treatment. Efforts were then focused on saving the male pup, estimated to be around four months old and too young to survive on its own. With approval from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the pup was admitted to the ASLC Wildlife Response program for care. The original observers were able to return to the remote site the next day and confirm that the adult had passed away.
The pup was examined upon arrival to ASLC and found to be underweight, but otherwise alert and strong. After the exam, he was swimming energetically and eating solid food. Over the next several days the team will be closely monitoring him for signs of illness or challenges keeping his coat in good condition.
You can follow the ASLC on Facebook and Instagram for more updates on these rescue patients as the team works to nurse them back to health.
The Alaska SeaLife Center's Wildlife Response Program can provide care for animals like these thanks to donations from corporate sponsors and individual donors. People are encouraged to contribute to the care of this patient here: www.alaskasealife.org/donate. The Center acknowledges the ongoing generous support of the Wildlife Response Program from companies like ConocoPhillips, Marathon Petroleum Corporation, PetZoo, GCI, and a number of individual donors.
Call 1-888-774-SEAL(7325) if you see any marine mammal in distress in Alaska. | {
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This is a "6-pack" of 10-round magazine for the Saiga-12 shotgun by Promag Industries, Inc.
This is a "8-pack" of 10-round magazines, in DARK EARTH COLOR, for the Saiga-12 shotgun by AGP Arms, Inc.
6-pack of 12-round magazines for the Saiga-12 shotgun by SGM Tactical, LLC.
SGM Tactical Saiga 12 Gauge 12RD Magazine, Polymer Black "8-pack"
8-pack of 12-round magazines for the Saiga-12 shotgun by SGM Tactical, LLC.
SGM Tactical Saiga 12 Gauge 10RD Magazine, Polymer Black - "6-pack"
6-pack of 10-round magazines for the Saiga-12 shotgun by SGM Tactical, LLC.
8-pack of 10-round magazines for the Saiga-12 shotgun by SGM Tactical, LLC. | {
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I'm surprised sometimes when people say "wait—you operate? We thought ob's only deliver babies?" Your ob/gyn likely delivers babies (both vaginally and by c-section) but also takes care of women of all ages (anywhere from 12-100 yrs old!) for various reasons relating to their general health, their reproductive tract and their female hormones as well as sometimes acting as your "primary care" doctor…and along with that comes certain gynecological surgical procedures like hysterectomies, ovarian cyst, uterine polyp or fibroid removal, and tubal ligations among others.
2) What should patients look for in their ob/gyn?
I tell patients that they should find a practice, whether solo or group—that they first and foremost KNOW is good—they can ask their general practitioner or call their hospital for recommendations, And then they should be sure they really LIKE the practice—ultimately if you are not happy when you walk into that office then you will be less likely to get the care you really need on the physical AND emotional level. I tell patients that hopefully, for example, their pregnancy will be uncomplicated, in which case let's have fun! And if, on the other hand there are complications, you should feel comfortable enough with your doctor to know that they are addressing your issues in a way that you can understand. Either way, knowing your doctor well and "liking" them is a big part of your relationship and can effect your care.
3) Do you think there is misconception about teaching hospitals?
I often explain to patients that teaching hospitals are good places to be—while the general impression is "I don't want to be 'practiced' on"—I dispel that idea by explaining to them that the resident/attending relationship will BENEFIT them greatly. The residents keep up with a lot of the newest protocols that are VERY hard for a private physician to know as they change constantly—and in exchange for some of the "newest" info the residents get clinical experience from us in a VERY supervised way.
4) What do you see as one of the biggest challenges for patients today?
Outside of being sick of course, I think the WORST thing that has happened to our lives, ironically, is TOO much information at our fingertips. Being able to search EVERY single bit of medical information a patient hears about themselves, their pregnancy, their child, their pap smear, etc doesn't seem to have HELPED allay anxiety. Much the opposite because as I remind people—when you search something on the internet and read it in black and white—the information is not being "modulated" by an educated professional and thus while (for example) having bloating MAY be a sign of ovarian cancer, it is highly unlikely and only the human interaction can help the process of understanding that while something is POSSIBLE, it is also UNLIKELY; so assuming you're dying of cancer because you have bloating will lead to far more anxiety than would occur if you just TALKED to your physician about your symptoms. I try to encourage patients to only stick with proven medical sites like the Mayo clinic but to discuss things with their doctor before jumping to conclusions.
5) What motivated you to be an ob/gyn?
My parents are both (retired) physicians and were VERY careful about NOT pushing me to be a doctor—because they KNOW how all-consuming the field can be—not something great if you don't love it! I liked surgery and pediatrics (each of their fields) but in medical school was mesmerized by my ob/gyn rotation and realized that I could really bond with my patients and have long standing relationships with them AND still get to do surgery! What could be better? | {
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One of our highest priorities is protecting the lives and interests of U.S. students traveling, studying, and living abroad. Exploring new destinations and experiencing other cultures is both rewarding and exciting, but it is also important to do so safely. Students with special considerations – such as women and LGBTI travelers – may face additional challenges in other countries.
Throughout the past year, there have been reports from U.S. citizens concerned they may have consumed unregulated alcohol. Drink responsibly and in moderation. Stop and seek medical attention if you begin to feel ill. If you have questions or need to report an incident, contact the American Citizens Services unit at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. You may also contact the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of Consular Affairs in Washington, D.C. at 888-407-4747 or 202-501-4444.
Take time to learn about your destinations. Discuss with family and friends when and how you will check in, so they don't worry.
Just know that sometimes – in spite of good planning – things can still go wrong when you are in another country. Prepare for the unexpected by reading about how to plan for a crisis overseas before you go. If you do find yourself facing an emergency situation while overseas, contact the American Citizens Services unit at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate.
OSAC provides in-depth safety and security information to U.S. higher education institutions and study abroad programs. Connect with other U.S. colleges and universities through OSAC's Academia Working Group. See OSAC.gov for information about joining OSAC.
ECA promotes study abroad and provides exchange opportunities for U.S. students. See studyabroad.state.gov and exchanges.state.gov for more information.
Every student traveler is unique. Learn more before you tavel. | {
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Innovative Housing, Inc. - Donate - Buy Tickets for IHI's 2014 FriendRaiser at the Erickson Saloon!
Home » Donate » Buy Tickets for IHI's 2014 FriendRaiser at the Erickson Saloon!
Buy Tickets for IHI's 2014 FriendRaiser at the Erickson Saloon!
The idea behind a FriendRaiser is to celebrate IHI's friends and supporters by throwing a party where everyone can have a great time and get the "inside scoop" on an upcoming IHI development. Our first FriendRaiser was a family friendly construction-themed block party on the site of what is now The Magnolia Apartments.
For this year's FriendRaiser, IHI is throwing a last hurrah at Erickson's Workingman's Saloon before we begin construction to convert it and the Fritz Hotel into 62 affordable homes. Guests will step back in time for a night of revelry and vice at Portland's most famous watering hole! Come frolic with cabaret performers, rub shoulders with sailors, loggers, and other robust working men, play a hand of cards, and enjoy a nickel beer.
There will be live music, an old-time bar, and light refreshments. Tickets are a minimum $20 contribution per person and include 2 drink tokens. All donations above $20 are tax deductible and will support IHI's resident services program. This is the only contribution you will be asked to make--there will not be a fundraising request at the event.
This is a 21+ event and tickets must be purchased in advance.
Read about August Erickson's Workingmen's Saloon in its heyday.
Learn more about IHI's redevelopment of the Erickson Saloon and Fritz Hotel.
View a photo gallery of workingmen and ladies fashion from 1914. | {
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Male breast cancer more common than boating deaths
Male breast cancer is more common than recreational boating deaths, penis cancer or meningitis for Kiwi men over 50, but they're probably not checking for it, the Breast Cancer Foundation says.
Saturday is World Cancer Day, and the Foundation says it's a good time for men to be as vigilant about their health as they would be about locking their cars or having a safe fishing trip.
Greg Sargeaunt, a male breast cancer survivor, is warning men to take better care of their own health.
"Getting told you've got cancer, whatever level it is, is quite a shock," he says.
"If I'd known then what I know now, I probably would have insisted on having a scan earlier on, because it was quite a lump in the breast. You could feel the lump there that may well have identified the mass earlier on."
Mr Sargeaunt was originally diagnosed with a hematoma in his left breast, which actually turned out to be a four-centimetre cancerous tumour.
"It does happen," he says. "Challenge your GP, get your tests done, then how you get through it is a story for another day."
Mr Sargeaunt had a full mastectomy, had his lymph nodes removed and is going through chemotherapy, all while having regular mammograms.
"A lot of my male friends never believed that I had breast cancer when I told them, and GPs have male breast cancer probably low down on the list of what they would look for."
Symptoms to look out for are:
A lump or area of thickened tissue, usually painless and situated close to the nipple
Skin changes such as puckering or dimpling, a change in colour or ulceration
Nipple changes e.g. a newly indrawn nipple or itchy, scaly skin on the nipple
Fluid discharge from the nipple, either clear or blood-stained
Unusual breast pain or tenderness
Painless lump in the armpit. | {
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Delica beads used are 201,214,216. Additional items for finishing your humbug to look like ours are: 4mm red cube beads, 4mm matte Crystal bicone crystals, cotton ball for stuffing and a small magnet to hold your needle. If you're short on anything you need, be sure to check our beads and supplies tabs. | {
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Winch and dolly were bought at discount, and I had the kids bike, so total cost for the rig was $100.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged diy, landscaping, make, maker by Stephane Daury. Bookmark the permalink. | {
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Compare to ultra-expensive #SkycamHD #Drone. #comparison #shopping #Mini #WIFI #RC #Drone with #Camera 2MP #HD Camera #Live #Video.
Never miss a yoga class or tee time with the Garmin vivoactive HR's calendar connectivity. | {
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Starlight, Star Bright - Look Up to the Stars!
How bright a star appears in the sky is commonly referred to as its apparent magnitude. More than 2,000 years ago during the Hellenistic period a Greek astronomer named Hipparchus came up with a system of classifying stars according to their brightness. In this original magnitude scale Hipparchus assigned the brightest stars a value of 1, and the faintest stars barely visible to the unaided eye he assigned a value of 6, a difference of 5 magnitudes or 100 times in brightness. In other words, a 1st magnitude star is 100 times brighter than a 6th magnitude star.
Think of it as a foot race on a track team with 6 competitors. The one that breaks the tape coming in first place is the fastest runner, while the one that comes in 6th or last place is the slowest runner in the race. Similarly, the brightest star comes in first place on the magnitude scale, and each subsequent higher number of magnitude is fainter than the last.
Each level of magnitude is about 2 1/2 times difference in brightness than the next whole number magnitude (a logarithmic scale). This crude system was formalized in 1856 by Norman Robert Pogson. In the modern system, the magnitude scale is no longer limited to just 6 or only to visible light, so now it spans from the brightness of the sun far into the negative range at -26.73 to stars recorded by the Hubble Space Telescope down to around 30th magnitude. Many believe that the North Star, Polaris, is the brightest star of them all as seen from earth in the night sky, but it actually is not even in the top 20 brightest stars. That designation has been reserved for what is known as the "Dog Star" called Sirius (yes, like the satellite radio company). Many people also believe that the closest stars to us appear to be the brightest while the faintest stars are much further away.
To the contrary, most of the nearest stars are too faint to be seen with the unaided eye while some of the brightest stars are very distant. This is because stars are intrinsically luminous (total energy output) due mainly to their size and temperature. According to the inverse square law for light, how bright a star appears is inversely proportional to the square of its distance. So if a given star was twice as far away it would appear 1/4th as bright. The absolute magnitude scale is a measurement of how bright a star would appear if it was placed at a standard fixed distance of 10 parsecs (~32.6 light years) away.
The accuracy of measuring stellar magnitudes to a small fraction is accomplished using photoelectric photometry. Magnitude values are complicated by the fact that light travels in differing wavelengths according to the source, so it is important to know the bandpass used in the light detector. Also, the atmosphere is thicker near the horizon and thinner straight overhead in the line of sight to the star, so to standardize stellar magnitudes their brightness is considered as if there were no atmosphere. | {
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TOMORROW'S CITY TODAY
WE ARE WORKING ON
Bleutech Park Las Vegas, sponsored by Bleutech Park Properties, Inc. is breaking ground in the Las Vegas Valley in 2021 as the first city in the world to boast a digital revolution in motion, redefining the infrastructure industry sector. This $7.5 billion, six+ years project will be constructed of net zero carbon footprint buildings within their own insular mini-city, featuring automated multi-functional designs, renewable energies from solar/wind/water/kinetic, autonomous vehicles, artificial intelligence (AI), augmented reality (AR), Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, powered by 5G promoting a new approach to Health and Safety within the Built Environment.
Bleutech Park's mixed-use environment (Live-Learn-Work-Play) features "Sustainable Living"- a cluster of net zero carbon footprint workforce residences. The Park will be home to Ultra-Luxury residential towers, Hotel, Offices (reimagining workspaces of the future), Retail and the tallest Entertainment Tower, redefining the skyline of Las Vegas. Bleutech Park will introduce a new biome to the desert valley as vertical gardens, powered by kinetic energy from footfall, overall contributing to a new sustainable and diversified ecosystem for Las Vegas.
Bleutech Park Las Vegas, will create over 25k new jobs. We remain committed to attract, hire, educate and train the Workforce of the Future – and that means making the most of both new technologies and uniquely human qualities of a skilled workforce.
Raising job quality by providing on-the-job training programs with latest technology, from wearable safety gear hyper-efficient exoskeletons to drones, stimulating innovation and the economy.
Bleutech HUB- the future blueprint for global R&D collaboration spearheading "Made in USA" tech. One of a kind tech-campus, will help the next wave of pioneers to speed innovation to market. The integration of new technologies within the HUB heralds a new age of Manufacturing.
High-paying jobs, increased efficiency and safety, empowering the workforce across the valley through the development of automation and robotics, transforming working environments.
At Bleutech Park-
Future of Urban Mobility is clear- to provide clean, efficient, safe, automated, and connected mobility ecosystem.
To realize an IoT infrastructure of Autonomous driving, 'smart vehicles', and 'smart solar roads' throughout the Park's main plaza, comprised of transparent concrete, lined with solar panels underneath thus providing wireless charging for EVs.
This Future also includes Urban Air Mobility- a new age of air mobility is upon us! Delivering through relentless innovation, an ingenious infrastructure to support unmanned aerial systems and smart aerial vehicles.
"We're honored and excited to be involved in this monumental project from its inception as the sole OT/IT consultancy and solution delivery partner," said Peter Torrellas, digital cities and infrastructure vice president and partner, Siemens Advanta. "Concepting from this early stage will allow Bleutech Park Las Vegas to be a true digital revolution, building the future of smart and connected infrastructure from the ground up."
– Peter Torrellas, Vice President/ Partner, Digital Cities and Infrastructure, Siemens Advanta
"Laborers Local 872 is honored to join with Bleutech in building this state-of-the-art development. This is going to be a project unlike any other and it is great to see Las Vegas step to the forefront. With cutting-edge technology, innovative training methods and exceptional specialty construction materials, we look forward to providing Bleutech with the skilled workforce required to achieve the excellence only this project will deliver."
– Tommy White, Business Manager & Secretary Treasurer, Las Vegas Laborers Union Local 872
"Patriot One is honored to be selected as the security technology partner for Bleutech Park, a $7.5b Las Vegas Mini-City project that will be the World's First Net-Zero, Smart, Connected and Safe City."
– Martin Cronin, CEO & President of Patriot One Technologies
[email protected]
© 2021 Bleutech Park Properties, INC. | {
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PV project exchange
Sterling and Wilson bags 194 MW solar project in USA
The PV plant—the EPC provider's largest in USA—will use bifacial modules and likely be commissioned by November 2021.
June 26, 2020 Uma Gupta
Bifacial
Sterling and Wilson recently bagged a Rs 2600-crore (AUD 525 million) solar EPC order in Australia.
Photo: Business Wire
Sterling and Wilson Solar Limited, one of the world's largest solar EPC solution providers, has bagged a US$ 99 million (Rs 747 crore) contract to construct a 194 MW project in the United States of America.
The project—awarded to the company's US subsidiary Sterling and Wilson Solar Solutions (SWSS)—is being developed by a leading sustainable energy company, and will be co-located in an area that has substantial wind development in operation.
"Construction for the project will commence in September 2020 and [the project] will be commissioned by November 2021"—read a Sterling and Wilson statement.
SWSS will manage the entire turn-key execution for the solar project. Once commercially operational, the plant will produce enough solar energy to power over 35,000 homes, reducing approximately 275,000 metric tonnes of carbon emissions.
The plant will use bifacial modules to increase production of power density.
Speaking about the project, Amit Jain, Country Head, SWSS, said, "We are delighted to have been awarded this project in USA, which has some of the best renewable energy resources in the world. Sterling and Wilson Solar Solutions, Inc is focused on technological efficiency, performance, consumer centricity, and execution which has helped us to win and build projects in this strategically located market."
SWSL (along with its subsidiaries) has commissioned numerous high-performing solar power projects globally and has to its credit around 9.2 GWp projects in various geographies. This portfolio includes a 1,177 MWp solar project in Abu Dhabi—one of the world's largest single-location solar PV plants.
SWSL also manages a portfolio of 7.4 GWp of O&M projects globally, a testament to its best-in-class services.
Uma Gupta
Based in New Delhi, Uma reports on the latest PV market trends and projects in India. After gaining an MSc Physics (Electronics) and an MBA, she has gone on to accrue over a decade of experience in technology journalism.
More articles from Uma Gupta
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The case for floating PV on hydroelectric facilities
Floating solar plant operational at Cochin Airport
World could add up to 194 GW of solar this year
Tesla launches solar inverter
Adani Green Energy commissions 150 MW solar power plant in Gujarat
This website uses cookies to anonymously count visitor numbers. To find out more, please see our Data Protection Policy. | {
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Industry Talk
Trends & Tech
Japan to mull location bids for IRs in 2021: govt proposal
Nov 19, 2019 Newsdesk Japan, Latest News, Top of the deck
Japan's national government would not start accepting for consideration local authorities' plans for integrated resorts – as casino complexes are known in that country – until January 4, 2021.
That is according to a proposal revealed on Tuesday by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, as reported by the Kyodo news agency. It referred to a framework that will form part of the "basic policy" on casino resorts or "IRs" as they are also described in Japan.
The proposed closing date for such submissions would be July 30, 2021.
The national government's suggested timetable is be the subject of public consultation up to December 18 this year. After that, the central authorities are expected to make a announcement on the final timings for IR proposal submissions.
The Kyodo report of Tuesday's announcement did not mention a schedule for the national government deciding on such local submissions.
Commentators have mentioned it would typically take three or four years to build a large-scale casino resort, so the just-announced timetable proposal – if adopted – might mean the market could only open for business in the second half of the decade at the earliest.
According to Tuesday's announcement, local governments eligible to host a casino resort – i.e., prefectures and so-called ordinance-level cities – would have from now until the end of 2020 to establish their implementation policy for such a scheme, and select private-sector partners as stipulated under previous announcements.
The government first made public a draft version of the basic policy in early September, but did not at that stage mention the application timetable.
Kyodo reported on Tuesday that subsequent to the September policy outline, the central authorities had looked into the issue of how far advanced were preparations by local governments.
Two of the most active places – Osaka and Yokohama – are among eight places in Japan definitely considering seeking national government permission to host casino resorts, according to comments in September by Kazuyoshi Akaba, Japan's Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. The others were: Hokkaido, Wakayama, Chiba, Tokyo, Nagoya and Nagasaki.
At last week's MGS Entertainment Show 2019 held in Macau, a panel of Japanese experts on the casino liberalisation topic had discussed the possibility of 2021 as the starting point for submissions to national government.
The panel heard that – for that reason – Osaka was likely to move ahead with a request-for-proposal (RFP) process for a casino resort in that Japanese prefecture and city, even before the country's national government puts forward the finalised version of its so-called basic policy on integrated resorts.
Osaka city and prefecture have declared an ambition to launch a casino resort by 2025, to coincide with the metropolis hosting the World Expo that year.
On Monday Kyodo reported that the national government was considering bringing forward the start of that event by "two to three weeks" from the original date of May 3, 2025.
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Most of Macau's luxury hotels in Cotai casino resorts were as of Friday already fully booked for at least four nights of the upcoming, week-long, Chinese New Year (CNY) holiday period. The...
Gaming trade body AGEM newly elects officers
Sands China declares US$0.13 interim dividend
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Hong Kong-listed casino operator and developer NagaCorp Ltd...
(Click here for more)
53.8 pct
Proportion of mass-market GGR in the aggregate casino revenue for 2019 in the Macau market
Okada Manila posts US$785mln in 2019 GGR, up 46pct January 15, 2020
Crown inquiry over licence suitability to start Jan 21 January 17, 2020
VIP share slips 23pct in 4Q, mass up 8pct: Macau govt January 16, 2020
Most Cotai casino luxury hotels see strong CNY bookings January 17, 2020
Copyright 2014-2019 TEAM Publishing and Consultancy Ltd / All rights reserved | {
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A player will receive the minimum prize if he/she does not satisfy the bet and user requirements, or fails to reach the min payout.
A player will receive the maximum prize if their winning amount is higher than the max payout.
Winners can't receive less than the min prize.
Winners can't receive more than the max prize.
Evey 10 million bets after the 27th billion bet, an admin will reset his seeds and make a bet in the HR.
For example, the first draw will happen after the bet 27 020 000 000 and 4 ID bets will be picked between the bets 27 010 000 000 and 27 019 999 999.
If the first 7 digits of the admin seed are 1234567, the first winning bet will be 27 011 234 567.
If one of the bet doesn't fit the requirements - the winner will be the next one, until we get 4 winners.
Playing with any currency that Bitsler supports is accepted as long as the wager of the bet is equivalent to 0.00005 btc.
* = Did not qualify, meaning that we take the next 4 valid bets as winners. | {
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Euleb Web
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The Defense Department was asked…to produce plans for preventing or responding to mass atrocities. "We need to give the president some options in case all hell breaks loose," explained White House officials.
…he military response was to express polite frustration. What assumptions and constraints should guide planning? What kind of plans did they want? To respond to what kind of mass atrocities, against whom, and in what likely places? Respond for how long and through what means, and to what ultimate end? Peace in Sudan? Peace on Earth? Would this mean fighting Sudanese government forces on northern Sudanese soil? Going to war with a foreign state?
Or maybe the goals were narrower? Should we be planning to evacuate displaced people? Where to? Should we just focus on protecting a humanitarian corridor?
The military representatives…were equally exasperated. What was wrong with these civilians? Didn't they know what they wanted? Without the specificity, the range of possibilities was endless. The United States could use nuclear weapons against the Sudanese regime; we could withdraw all U.S. forces from Afghanistan and shift them to Sudan; we could do nothing whatsoever; and we could do a great many things in between.
As I thought about that passage, it occurred to me that these were the very same objections that I had raised time and again. I suppose a great deal of that is because I was raised within the military tradition and my desire for some sort of mission parameters runs deep. What we end up with is a very similar dynamic, however. Intelligence personnel (and not just analysts here but also investigators and others who 'get' intelligence – and operations planning for that matter) that don't 'get on board' are seen as being difficult just to be difficult.
The difference between the event Rosa discusses and the dynamic in the law enforcement/homeland security fields is the disparity of power. Intelligence personnel are rarely afforded any real degree of power or influence within the decision making infrastructure and so often don't even get to ask the questions that need to be asked.
So, where does that leave us? Usually with those in control of intelligence assets asking questions so open ended as to be meaningless in any way except to confirm pre-conceived notions as when I once had someone ask me to 'List the top 10 threats in our area' and then refuse to define what they saw as a threat. Violence? Economic? Health? Man-made or natural? All of the above or something different? The answer (I suspect) is that he 'knew' what some of those threats were and was looking for some document with a veneer of objectivity to push a particular agenda.
The other quagmire we find ourselves sinking to our chins in is that intelligence personnel find themselves both marginalized and used as props to demonstrate how 'proactive' and 'prepared' various units are. 'We've got X number of analysts working on this or that.' is a talking point or PowerPoint bullet designed to instill a sense of confidence in the person(s) being briefed and lend an air of competence in those represented by the briefer. Yet, what doesn't get seen or evaluated is what exactly those analysts are tasked with, doing and producing.
That in turn, (IMO) is because those doing the tasking usually don't know or aren't interested in using intelligence. Analysts are therefore expected to regurgitate news reports (the equivalent in the military is relegating intelligence personnel to reporting on the weather) or engaging in circular reporting. That results in using a fraction of the potential of the intelligence personnel any particular agency or shop has.
It's like owning a shiny, high performance sports car and only using it to go to the corner store to pick up a loaf of bread. Sure, you can use it for that but it's kind of a waste. And unlike that sports car, your intelligence personnel can say 'I don't want to do this anymore' and find more meaningful employment.
I don't have any solution for this. I just thought the comparison was apt. | {
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mmmm free chocolate is the best kind!
Well done. Nice one to win.
yay! thats a good prize. I usually win the soap!
Yay you won – and a good prize. We usually end up winning something like a can of bitter.
I wouldn't mind winning that!
Yum, yum, Thorntons choccies are lovely. I'm dead jealous!
Yay! Gotta love a tombola win! | {
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LETTER WRITNG
President Biden signs $1.9T stimulus package
Roger La Plante on January 24, 2021 at 6:38 pm
Do you have a copy of the By Laws?
Doug Olson on January 25, 2021 at 2:51 pm
Yes! It needs to be retyped and printed
Doug Olson on February 5, 2021 at 1:24 pm
I. Name:
The name of this organization of this organization shall be Adelanto Victorville
Democratic Club.
II. Purpose:
The Adelanto Victorville Democratic Club (hereinafter called the Club) shall focus its efforts:
A. On building its membership from registered Democrats.
B. Recruiting people to the Democratic Party in Adelanto-Victorville.
C. Publicize activities and support Democratic candidates.
III. Affiliations:
A. The club is affiliated with the San Bernardino County Central Committee
(hereinafter call the Central Committee) and was duly chartered by the Central Committee.
B. As a chartered and affiliated club of the Central Committee, the club shall comply with bylaws of the Central Committee and the California Democratic Party as they apply to fully chartered local affiliates.
IV. Membership Requirements:
A. Qualification: Any individual qualifies for Club membership.
1. The individual is a registered Democrat.
2. The individual is ineligible to vote (due to age minority, non-resident or other legal impediment), but pledges to register as a Democrat when eligibility is attained in the District.
3. Supports the purpose of the Club as stated in Article II.
B. Active Membership: A qualified individual shall be considered an active member only if:
1. The member has paid all Club dues.
2. The member has attended at least one meeting prior to being eligible to vote.
V. Dues:
A. Each member shall pay dues on an annual basis, as follows:
Individual – $15, Student (full time) – $10
B. Dues are due on January 1, and payable by January 31 of each calendar year.
VI. Meetings:
A. Regular Meetings.
1. The club shall hold regular meetings on the first Saturday of each month.
2. Regular meetings shall not be canceled more than 3 times in a calendar year.
3. No more than 2 regular meetings shall be canceled in succession.
B. Special Meetings:
1. Special meetings may be called by the chair at any time, on notification as specified.
2. In the absence of the chair, any three officers may call a special meeting on notification as specified.
C. Notice of Meeting:
1. Notice of regular or special meeting shall be given at least 7 days in advance to all active members, in any manner as follows:
a) Notice in writing by U.S. mail.
b) Notice in writing by e-mail.
c) Telephone message
2. The notice shall contain the date, time, and place of the meeting.
VII. Rules for Meetings:
A. The club shall use the newly revised Roberts Rules of Order to govern parliamentary procedure at all official meetings of the Club, except as specifically noted in these bylaws.
B. A quorum for any official meeting of the Club shall be 15 percent of the total membership or ten members whichever is smaller.
C. Unless otherwise specified in the bylaws, the Club may adopt events and conduct regular business with a vote of 50 percent plus one of the members present at any meeting.
D. The Club may pass resolutions not related to endorsements with a vote of 2/3 of those present and voting at any meeting.
E. A process to consider the endorsement of candidates must be approved prior to any suggestions of endorsements. If the discussion of an endorsement process is notice in the meeting agenda, such process must be approved by at least 2/3 of those present and voting at any meeting. If the endorsement process is brought up from the floor as New Business, such process must be approved by at least 4 of those present and voting at any meeting. The Club may not consider the endorsement of any candidate for public office who is not registered with the Democratic Party. The minimum threshold for endorsement in a race with multiple Democratic candidates is 2/3 of the members present and voting.
F. The club may suspend specific portions of these bylaws and/or Roberts Rules of Order for purposes of emergency business by a vote of 2/3 of the membership present at the meeting, unless the item to be suspended calls for higher qualification. In that case, the percent specified in that portion of the bylaws shall be required to suspend that text. The motion to suspend shall call out the particular section of the bylaws to be suspended.
G. Changes to the bylaws not specifically referenced elsewhere must be noticed to the membership at the next regular meeting before the vote in question, and must be approved by 2/3 of voting members at the meeting.
VIII. Officers:
A. The club officers shall consist of the chair, vice-chair, secretary and treasurer.
They shall be elected to serve a two year term, starting with officers elected in January 2018.
B. The election of officers shall be held in January. If the chair vacates the office, the vice-chair shall ascend to the position of chair, until an election is held to fill the chair's remaining term.
C. In the temporary absence of the chair, the vice-chair will serve as chair. If the position of Vice-chair is vacant, the secretary or treasurer will serve as vice-chair.
D. The secretary shall be responsible to ensure all members are notified at club meetings. Additionally, the secretary shall maintain all written records and correspondence of the club.
E. The treasurer shall maintain all financial records of the Club.
F. The chair shall officiate at all meetings of the Club.
G. The chair may appoint members temporarily to fill the unexpired terms of a vacated office subject to election by the membership at the next Club meeting within 30 days after the office is vacated.
H. The club shall be represented at meetings of the Central Committee and any Assembly District Committee meetings at which it may be entitled to membership. A person may serve as a representative to more than one outside body if the Club membership approves.
I. The chair may appoint Club members to serve in other capacities as needed.
J. The Club may elect such officers as may be deemed necessary from time to time to conduct club business.
Amendment: Social Media
Section 1.—Account establishment, administration and management
1. Social media account shall
a. Be established with simple majority approval by Members in Good Standing in a general meeting;
b. Have logins documented clearly and without delay in the established shared document for administrators/moderators;
c. Be voluntarily managed by no less than 1 voluntary MGS and 1 executive board member, both to be approved by a simple majority vote;
d. Be made available to all MGS;
e. Not bear the name Adelanto Victorville Democratic Club if these conditions are not met.
Section 2—Content
1. AVDC will share and publish only information which is:
a. Well-sourced, vetted, and fact-checked, if purporting to be factual;
b. Unbiased, or honest about its biases;
c. Intended to prompt constructive discussions about relevant
issues;
d. Relevant to the mission of this organization.
2. ADVC share content shall be:
a. Events, activities, and action announcements;
b. Articles on relevant events, government actions, and Democratic
Party announcements, platform changes, or pending actions;
c. Published only upon moderator approval.
3. AVDC moderators have the authority to delete comments &
interactions or turn off commenting when:
a. Inflammatory, abusive, derogatory, or diminutive language is
used;
b. Arguments have devolved to a series of logical fallacies;
c. Statements are made counter to the mission of, or bring
disrepute upon the AVDC.
Section 3—Platforms
4. The AVDC Facebook Page shall be
https://mail.aol.com/webmail-std/en-in/PrintMessage
a. Be the open and public-facing connection for the club communications;
b. Be used to make public-facing announcements, events, and activities as well as sharing platform supported content from vetted news a sources;
c. Be administrated by no less than 1 MGS and 1 Executive Board
member. Additional users may be moderators or administrators
pending nomination by an Executive
Board member or MGS and majority confirmation by the Executive Board.
5. The AVDC Facebook Group shall:
a. Be open only to MGS and prospective members;
b. Be an internal connection point for club members to share and
discuss information in between meetings;
pending nomination by an Executive Board member
or MGS and majority confirmation by the Executive Board.
d. Require new member approval by administrators.
6. Other Social Media Platforms shall:
a. Be proposed by an MGS;
b. Be approved by the general body by a simple majority vote;
c. Be the open and public-facing connection point for club
communications;
d. Be used to make public-facing announcements, events, and
activities, as well as sharing platform-supported content from vetted
news sources;
e. Be administered by no less than 1 MGS and 1 Executive Board
or MGS any majority confirmation by the Executive Board. | {
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import Cryptol.Parser.Lexer
import Cryptol.Parser.PP
main :: IO ()
main = interact (unlines . map (show . pp) . fst . primLexer)
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
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Vitidsarn not Burdened by Ponsana Legacy
TEXT BY DIANNE PIERRE | BADMINTONPHOTO
Fresh off winning the BWF Most Promising Player of the Year Award yesterday, Kunlavut Vitidsarn is within a match of another special achievement in Bali.
The 20-year-old, whose last four qualification at the HSBC BWF World Tour Finals 2021 means he is only the second Thai men's singles semifinalist at a season finale after Boonsak Ponsana, now has the chance to go a step further than his idol.
"Ponsana is my idol in Thailand. He's very popular," said Vitidsarn on matching the now retired 39-year-old's feat.
Quizzed if he hoped to go one better than Ponsana, Vitidsarn, who plays Lee Zii Jia today for a place in the final, said: "I'm enjoying badminton and I want to take things step-by-step and not think too much.
"My target coming into the World Tour Finals was always to make the semifinals. I've been really focused on my training and studying my opponents.
"Earlier this year, I wanted to play at the Finals in Bangkok but I was No.9 so I missed out. I'm really happy to do so here in Bali."
Vitidsarn receiving his Most Promising Player of the Year Award from BWF President Poul-Erik Høyer.
Vitidsarn finished second behind Lee Zii Jia to progress from a difficult Group B that also consisted Kidambi Srikanth and Toma Junior Popov. The youngster lost to Lee but won his other two duels.
Hailing from Bangkok, Ponsana first qualified for a season-concluding event at the BWF Super Series Masters Finals in 2009. He appeared at a further three Finals in 2010, 2012 and 2013 and made the semis in 2010.
By qualifying for the tournament proper this year, Vitidsarn had earlier ended his nation's eight-year wait to have a men's singles shuttler at a season finale.
If he advances to the title match, he could emulate two other heroes of his – four-time year-end champion Lee Chong Wei and two-time winner Kento Momota.
"My biggest idol is Lee because he was so fast. He had an incredible attack, great defence and no matter where you placed the shuttle, he could retrieve it. He was amazing and Momota is one of my favourites too," said Vitidsarn.
Click here for Match Centre
Tags: BOONSAK PONSANA | KENTO MOMOTA | KIDAMBI SRIKANTH | KUNLAVUT VITIDSARN | LEE CHONG WEI | LEE ZII JIA | PLAYER NEWS | TOMA JUNIOR POPOV
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Singapore Newlyweds in Semis | {
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I have a friend named Amy. She encourages me to be creative, to write, to dream big, to get involved and make a difference. She sends me tweets with words like "assignment" in them - and I love every one. Amy told me about CausePub.
CausePub is a crowd-book-publishing company. They choose a non-profit (that is the "Cause" part), invite writers to submit their work, and edit and publish a book (that is the "Pub" or publishing part). They donate half the proceeds to the cause, and also pay the authors for their work.
The current project is Couch Rebels.
The cause is Blood:Water Mission - an organization that empowers communities to work together against HIV/AIDS and the water crisis in Africa.
Writers write. Readers read. People get clean water.
One summer we had a choir director with a different plan. We were going to spend the majority of the tour in one city. During the day, we would run a Vacation Bible School for kids living in a large housing project. There would be performances and singing in the evenings, but our songs would be heard in dark homeless shelter dining rooms, not under the warm lights of a church stage.
*Comments are closed here, because I'm hoping you will visit CausePub to read the rest of my story. Comments and voting are open over there. | {
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Clearly, the field of pharmacogenetic testing is growing up when companies can afford this kind of promotional money nation-wide. There are now several companies marketing such tests—including Assurex, Genomind, Genelex and others.
We covered this topic last fall (TCPR, October 2014) and concluded that there was not enough good evidence for using genetic testing in routine practice. In the following, I'll zero in specifically on GeneSight to review the data—so that you'll be more informed if you choose to dine courtesy of Assurex. Good food and wine tend to dull your critical faculties, and you don't want a company to hypnotize you into adopting a very expensive test unless it will really help your patients.
Humans vary genetically—not only in eye and hair color but in more obscure ways, such as how we metabolize drugs. While the majority of our patients metabolize drugs normally, a small percentage do not. Using the most important enzyme, 2D6, as a benchmark, roughly 5–10% of Caucasians are poor metabolizers, and 1% are ultra-rapid metabolizers (Ingelman-Sundberg, M, Pharmacogenomics J 2005;5(1):6–13). Of the remainder, the majority are "extensive" (or normal) metabolizers. You should know that these frequencies vary among ethnic groups—for example, only about 1% of Asians are slow metabolizers.
Before I discuss GeneSight, an important but often overlooked point is that the recent GeneSight studies were preceded by decades of disappointing clinical studies in this field. Two large reviews of the literature on pharmacogenetics in mood disorders—one in 2007 (Genet Med 2007;9(12):819–825) and one in 2013 (CNS Spectr 2013;18(5):272–284)—could find no association between metabolizer status and response of depressed patients to SSRIs. Tricyclics are a different story, with evidence-based guidelines recommending dosage adjustments based on P450 testing (Hicks JK et al, Clin Pharmacol Ther 93(5):402–408, 2013). But most psychiatrists are not using the new genetic tests for tricyclics, which we rarely prescribe.
The take home point is that there's a long history of negative or inconclusive studies in the field—so GeneSight's evidence had better be pretty convincing before we decide to change our clinical practice based on it.
The basic GeneSight test as evaluated in their clinical trials analyzes patient DNA for genes encoding three metabolic enzymes and two serotonin-related proteins. The three enzymes are 2D6, 2C19, and 1A2—all of which are located in the liver and are involved in metabolizing various medications. The other two molecules are SLC6A4 (the serotonin transporter gene) and HTR2A (the serotonin 2A receptor gene). (GeneSight has expanded its testing panel since the clinical trials—you can find the current list on its website, www.genesight.com).
The metabolic enzymes are clearly relevant for metabolism—no surprises there. But why did they include the serotonin genes in the assay? Presumably because they can theoretically affect the antidepressant response. However, there's no scientific consensus that we have found the right genes yet. The most definitive meta-analysis found no consistent evidence of a relationship between serotonin genes and response to any antidepressant (Am J Psychiatry 2013;170(2):207–217). So GeneSight's adding these genes appears to serve little use other than to make their assay appear more robust than a simple test of P450 enzymes.
The testing process is quite simple: you use cotton cheek swabs to collect the DNA, the samples are overnighted to Assurex, and results are provided within 36 hours. As a doctor, you'll be sent a report classifying a list of 38 psychiatric drugs into three possible categories: green bin ("use as directed"), yellow bin ("use with caution") and red bin ("use with caution and with more frequent monitoring"). An easy example is Paxil, which is metabolized primarily by 2D6. Paxil will presumably show up in the red bin in two cases: if your patient is a poor metabolizer (because Paxil doses could go too high) or if he is an ultra-rapid metabolizer (the dose could be too low).
It all makes sense theoretically. But what about in actual practice?
Three clinical studies have been conducted thus far. See the chart on this page for a brief summary of the main findings. There have been two open label studies, and one randomized, "double-blind" study (I'll explain why I put quotes around that in a second). The methods of the studies are similar. Patients who are taking medications for depression are recruited from a clinic. They are assigned to one of two groups. In the guided group, patients are given the GeneSight test, the prescriber sees the results, and is free to make changes in the patients' meds based on the results of the test. In the unguided group, patients get the test, but the results are sealed until after the study is over. Patients are periodically evaluated with standard depression scales, and the study length was eight weeks in the open label trials, 10 weeks in the randomized trial. The main outcome is whether patients assigned to the guided group improve more than those assigned to the unguided group.
The open label studies found a statistically significant effect of using GeneSight to guide treatment. Open label studies are easy to conduct, and they're great for generating hypotheses, but we shouldn't rely on them to make clinical decision. Remember gabapentin? Open label studies found it apparently effective for bipolar disorder—but subsequent double-blind studies did not.
GeneSight's open label studies are vulnerable to various possible biases that might render the results meaningless. Here are some potential problems.
Patients were not assigned to groups randomly, but were chosen based on conversations with doctors and researchers. One potential source of bias: doctors may have preferentially assigned more complicated patients to the guided group on the theory that they would be most helped by genetic testing. If so, we wouldn't really know if the results are applicable to all the patients we see, or just some undefined subset.
Patients assigned to the guided group knew they were getting a cutting-edge genetic test that could predict which medication would work best for them. Patients in the other group knew the test results would not be used for their treatment. Clearly, those in the guided group would be more optimistic about their treatment, which is a key component of the non-specific placebo effect.
The symptom raters knew which patients were in which group, potentially leading to biased ratings, since the raters may have vested interests in GeneSight being successful.
The bottom line is that the open label studies can tell us very little other than that GeneSight appears to have potential—and that it's time to do the more expensive randomized double-blinded tests.
The randomized double blind study was not "double" blind in the way drug trials are. The idea behind the double blind is that neither the researchers nor the patients know which group they are assigned to, so that there is no possibility of various biases or placebo effects creeping in. The GeneSight double blind study was blinded only to patients and symptom raters, and not to prescribers, who might have been cheerleading their patients to wellness.
However, there is a bit of a silver lining for GeneSight in this study. In a subanalysis, the author focused on the 13 patients who entered the study taking antidepressants that were classified in the red bin—in other words, "use with caution and with more frequent monitoring." Six of these were randomized to the guided group, and their doctors used the results to adjust the meds of all of these patients, who ended the study with a 33.1% Ham-D improvement. On the other hand, the seven patients who were assigned to the unguided group were less likely to have their meds changed, and they improved by only 0.8% on the Ham-D. This is intriguing, and raises the possibility that GeneSight might be useful for some patients. But remember—this is based on a subanalysis of 13 patients from an already tiny study.
If we were to hold the GeneSight test to the usual standards we require for making medication decisions, we'd conclude that there's very little reliable evidence that it works. On the other hand, some of you will probably want to try it out, especially for those patients who have insurance that will cover the cost of the test. If you do order it, reserve it for patients who are most likely to benefit, including patients who have failed to respond to multiple medications (which could be caused by ultra-rapid metabolism, causing drug levels to be too low), and patients who have had lots of side effects (potentially caused by slow metabolism, causing drug levels to he too high). | {
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Module 9 - Chapter 2
How Software Ate Finance
Université de Stanford
8.2 000 étudiants inscrits
Software is eating the world, with radical consequences for financial services. This course gives you a foundation for understanding the future of financial services, and provides guidance for creating fintech businesses in the 2020s and beyond.
Cryptocurrency, Financial Technology, Payments, Financial Regulation, APIs
Great course. Depth, pacing and subject matter are all excellent. Critical information for anyone in finance.
Great overview overview of the prospects of the payments, asset management and custody industries.
Module 9: Asset Management, Conclusions
Module 9 - Chapter 127:56
R. Martin Chavez
Jeffrey Conn
Let's move on to the next topic in our last lecture, which is asset-management, a big topic. So let's talk about the lay of the land and course, very complicated. At least as complicated as the sell side, and perhaps more so. But roughly speaking, and this was at the end of 2017, there are 21 trillion dollars worth of assets under management in the US. About a fourth of that, or 4.7 trillion in Europe, you'll recognize many of these names. Obviously, BlackRock and Vanguard dominate right behind them, capital and fidelity. Then behind the BlackRock call out is actually Pimco. BlackRock got 6 trillion dollars of assets under management. The vast majority of that is passive or indexed and we'll get to that. The industry has become increasingly concentrated, let's imagine we line up all the asset managers globally from top to bottom, where top is the one with the largest assets under management, and then go down from there. Let's pick the top percentile off of that list. Well, that top percentile managed 61 percent of all the assets. That was at the end of the first quarter of 2020. As a multiple of the assets in total managed by the bottom 50 percent by size, that is 243. The top one percent managed 243 times the total assets managed by the bottom 50 percent. Where again, we're raking asset managers by AUM in descending order. That 243 multiple was 208 at the end of 2015 and it was 105 at the end of 2010. So I see this is an industry that's getting more and more concentrated. Let's talk a little bit about BlackRock founded in 1988 by Larry Fink, Rob Kapito, and others. It's separated from Blackstone, an interesting complex arrangement in 1994, but public in 99. Then 10 years later in 2009, did something that was utterly transformational, which was the acquisition of the Barclays Global Investors or BGI iShares business, and BlackRock leadership will tell you that acquisition put them on a completely different path. Going out to 2019, inside BlackRock, you'll see that there's a billion dollars in annual technology services revenue. Most of that is from licensing Aladdin. We'll get to in a moment, Aladdin is BlackRock. Description of Aladdin is it's an operating system for investing professionals and they've licensed it to nearly 240 asset managers who compete with BlackRock, including, among others, Vanguard, which is the largest asset manager we've just seen after BlackRock. Half the top 10 insurers in the world by assets use Aladdin to manage their assets alphabet, Apple, Microsoft, the Japanese Government Pension Fund, which is by itself 1.5 trillion dollars, are all wet and customers and that licensing revenue shows up in that technology services segment of BlackRock financials. Now, we look at all of the stocks and bonds in the world and is total them up by dollar notional. One could say that about 10 percent of the world's total stocks and bonds are managed on land. I put that in quotes, not 100 percent clear exactly what that means. Different asset managers using different parts of the lab and offering these different purposes, but if we look at those 240 asset managers and their assets under management and look at it as a percentage of the global total. You get to that 10 percent figure, which is an amazing market share. Many would say, I haven't said this but it's often said that Aladdin is to BlackRock as SecDB is to Goldman Sachs. Well, they share the feature that they were homegrown and they were ahead of their time. They were built originally to be an in-house platform, and they grew from there. There is a vast number of differences between Aladdin and SecDB. First and most obvious, SecDB grew up around the use cases of the sell-side, and Aladdin grew up on these cases of the buy-side himself. Obviously, hugely important distinction, they do different things. Reports that one consider essential in SecDB, we call it the P&L balance report looking at the change in mark-to-market of a portfolio from one day to the next, and attributing the dollar change to all of the different underlying drivers, spot price forward, curve, rotation, volatility, the mere passage of time. That report, which is of the essence for sell-side business might be less interesting than say, a drawdown report, which is of the essence for the buy-side and their myriad differences beyond that. In addition, I would say that even though both of those platforms have gone on to serve clients other than the in-house client that originally funded the development. Neither one is a true n-tier multi-tenant cloud service. Tiers meaning there was another tier of business-logic, at least one more tier, as opposed to the traditional client-server model, which usually jammed all the business logic into the client-side and made for these very vast clients. Both of them have migrated in that direction, however it's extremely difficult to migrate client-server two-tier architecture to n-tier architecture. You almost always find that you've rewritten just about all of it. Also importantly, in scaling properties, neither one was designed to be multi-tenant. BlackRock is really using what one would call an application service provider model. Each one of those asset managers will have a distinct installation of Aladdin that BlackRock hosts for the various asset managers. Obviously, there's a great deal of trust there. But it's quite different from an architecture such as Google. We don't know if different users of the Google search engine licensing their own installation of Google. All comers would go into the same multi-tenant cloud service. That's super important because you've different versions of the stock where you're maintaining different installations, you get completely different margins and economics with that approach. Suddenly, there is an opportunity to evolve both of these platforms to become truly financial cloud service providers. A ton of work needs to happen for that to actually occur. It's a journey. To put BlackRock in some context, the context I know well, it's pre-tax income was six billion dollars in 2019 versus Goldman's 10.6 billion. Its market cap was the other way around, BlackRock on May sixth had a 75 yards versus Goldman at 60 yards. Very different and both very successful companies, but certainly, that 10 percent figure is astounding. You can look inside the leading sell-side firms, JP Morgan, Goldman Sachs, [inaudible] , eBay among others. You'll see very large market shares in certain businesses that none of them has that 10 percent global market share for a technology component of their business, that's really BlackRock [inaudible] there. It's brilliant, and I admire [inaudible]. Let's talk a little bit about the move to passive asset management. You all heard a great deal about this. I don't have to define passive investing strategy for you. Index funds globally are nearly 10 trillion dollars, and there was a huge growth spurt after the financial crisis. That 10 trillion dollars of global passive AUM, you can put it in the context of previous slides. Let's see, let's back up. Have a look at that again. Roughly 26 trillion in US and Europe of assets under management, and passive funds globally 10 trillion. To put that 10 trillion in different context, it's twice as much as all the AUM total in the global hedge funds, plus private equity businesses. One of my favorite anecdotes, last year, Warren Buffett won a bet that he had made 10 years earlier. It was a lot of details and the bet was very precisely specified, but his bet was the Vanguards S&P 500 Admiral fund VFIAX, would beat the average return of five unzipped hedge funds. Funds of funds selected by Protege Partners [inaudible]. The S&P index won, therefore Warren Buffett won handily at returned 126 percent over the decade with a Cager being a half percent. While Protege Partners that basket returned 36 percent of a cager of three percent. Then, of course, you are not risk adjusting that Warren won the bet. With the graph, you can see exactly how the progression has occurred over that period of time. When I started it the business in 1993, barely heard of ETFs and index funds, and now they become utterly dominant and pretty much 50-50 splits of the passive AUM between those that are managed as ETFs. I'm sorry. I should say ETFs not EFTs [inaudible]. Those that are managed as, index funds. Of course, ETFs are a fascinating technology where there's a moving ticker price. Therefore you can get in and out. Whereas funds typically let you out of the funds at the net asset value at the end of the day. Let's look at the US asset managers by type. Of course, there's many different topologies. This is just one. Look at their performance over the period and the way their assets under management grow. In this particular topology, this is just US asset managers. We see that the single biggest group is still active funds at a little over 11 trillion. When there's private equity, which is a little over three trillion, the passive funds are pushing up to seven trillion. North American hedge funds are the smallest and this group of at 1.5 trillion. Now if we look at how the performance has broken down by these groups, you can see that the private capital, private equity performance has been 14 percent cager over the last decade. Which is amazing in sense way up here at the top. Greatly outperforming for instance, hedge funds and definitely outperforming passive and active funds. This is net of fees, which is a very important distinction to make. Then if you just look at how the AUM has grown, again, private equity is up there, but as we discern from previous slides, passive funds has grown the AUM even more rapidly. Hedge funds have grown and did the active funds at about the same pace, a little under six percent over the period. This again is just US asset managers. I have a hard time getting global figures. Now let's talk about another super important subclass of hedge funds, and these are the systematic hedge funds. You also hear them called the Client funds quantum mental, hear a bunch of different names. They call them systematic. Systematic hedge funds use a variety of numerical methods, including Factor Analysis statistics, non-linear pattern analysis, if you prefer to call it Machine Learning. Most of them use a variety of these techniques. I've listed some of the classic factors. You've often heard of value factor analysis. There we're just buying securities that are under-priced according to some model and selling securities that are over-priced according to some model emphasis. It's all model-driven. Momentum, you look at the trailing end month returns. You buy stocks that have high momentum and you sell stocks that have low trailing end month returns for some. There's anti-momentum, which is just the inverse of that strategy. You've heard defensive strategies. They mitigate losses by periodically reducing risk. Many of the great asset management systematic fund platforms are extremely disciplined about cutting risk. You've heard about the carry trade. Carry is the expected return on an asset, assuming that the price of the asset and conditions stay the same. Maybe the asset pays some stream of income, arts and dividends. The carry trade which you all have heard about is simply buy assets with high carry and sell assets with low carry. There's a number of critical components that you'll find in all the systematic hedge funds, which is, they all have data management and backtesting, quite sophisticated. They have a variety of trading signals closely guarded. That's their intellectual property. That's their Alpha, P&L tracking, and risk management, as you would expect. They're routing and execution sometimes quite sophisticated. We're seeing a trend to outsource that routing and execution, or large parts of it, smart order routing for instance, to the sell side. Really forcing the sell side to become proficient in that activity and providing efficiencies across the board. That being on a certain activity of trading custody being outsourced by the buy side from the sell side, we're going to come back to it. Now, this over here on the right is what fascinates me. If you look from 2009 to 2018, you'll get fundamental, classic equity, long/short hedge funds. I've got in here their growth in assets, and this is on levered so from 1.1 trillion to about two trillion over the period. These are global figures. Then, if you look at the systematic hedge funds, they have gone from 0.2 trillion to 0.4 trillion, but there's a super important difference, the systematic funds, because they're generally not directional, the longs and the shorts will generally equal each other. They get much more leverage from their prime brokers, generally 20-fold. They only really get stocked out when there's a loss of more than five percent. They actually use all of that, all of that leverage, and they will maintain their own global core liquidity funds by drawing the full value from their prime brokers. That number is levered much more than the long shorts, and so gives them a disproportionate impact on the market on the order of nine trillion when levered, that compared to six trillion for the fundamentals or the equity long shorts. There are roughly 17-20 large dominant funds that are of the systematic typology, and of those, there are three or four that dominate. This is not by any means a complete list nor a full description. They all merit full lectures independently. AQR is known for adopting factor investing early on, they systematically construct portfolios and they will tell you that they have great conviction on the process. They do not have conviction on individual stocks. Here's one of my favorite quotes from Renaissance. They say the computer runs itself and we hardly ever interfere. The machine tells us what we should do. Every experience we've had shows that humans mess up worse than machines. There's some deep thoughts and a lot of reality and experienced in that quote. Two Sigma over on the right, they're known for distributed computation and machine learning, a fascinating example of a group of brilliant people that have developed techniques that they could- and are beginning to apply on a variety of industries, and they just started with the natural services. So, let's talk about alternative assets, private equity and venture capitals. Now we're getting away from bond only stocks and bonds, and long/short global macro product and systematic and specifically private equity and venture capital. I consider venture capital to be a sub-segment of private equity. A personal view is that Alpha mostly exists in the private markets. Of course, we have the prohibition on insider trading, do not direct the purchase or sale of securities while in possession of material nonpublic information. That doesn't apply to private equity. What do private equity firms do? Well, there's a bunch of things they do, but here are five of the main activities. First, they raise funds from limited partners, the LPs. They Source opportunities, they choose companies to invest in performing diligence and valuation. They work intensively with those companies to develop them and enhance their enterprise value. Using multiple methods; selling, combining, sowing into public companies, listing the companies that they bought, they exit their investments and they return capital to their LPs. Over on the right, we can see that private equity firms hold significant dry powder, I love this chart, and so total AUM is just unrealized value of the investments that they're still in there, haven't monetized them yet. Plus their dry powder. You can see the dry powder in the light blue and you can see the unrealized value in the dark blue, and you can see that relative to the total AUM of about five trillion, there's a significant amount of almost two trillion dollars that is ready to be deployed. Of course, different funds are at different stages of having deployed their capital versus having dry powder left. We're going to consider a couple of segments of private equity, the mega funds, and the venture capitalists. So the Megafunds, let me move this, continue to scale, and there's a barbell distribution, it was hard to get the data. But these are Megafund cross strategy assets under management and these are one-stop shop multi strategy managers at one extreme, these Megafunds, Blackstone being the largest example, have broad product offerings, credit Infrastructure, hedge funds, distressed growth, pre-IPO crossover. Part of the driver of this growth is that some of the large institutional LPs explicitly want to have a small number of relationships. Building that relationship capital and acquiring and maintaining it is expensive and so they prefer essentially a supermarket to a specialty store. Here's an important question to ask, what business are you actually in? Are these firms investing on behalf of their LPs or are they accumulating AUM as a means to grow the risk-free management fees? Of course there doing mixes of both. You could argue from some of the parts analysis that the fee revenues are more valuable, and they're less volatile than the intermittent carry and performance fees. This would be an important question to ask Steph Cohen, Goldman Sachs chief strategy officer, as she talked recently at the Goldman Sachs investor day about this exact question. Now how has some of this growth occurred? Well, there's firms such as Apollo and Ares that have expressly taken advantage of US banks retrenching after the financial crisis. The various restrictions on banks, the rules and regulations that we've talked about in great detail mean that some of that business of holding loans and bonds has moved over to some of these firms that are non-banks and you could ask the question, I don't have the answer. Are they essentially systemically important financial institutions? One thing I will note, is there's relatively little fee pressure compared to public markets and you can see over here on the right there really hasn't been much of a change in the management fee margin for these companies over time, they've been quite stable. In the time of Covid-19, we're seeing specialty purpose vehicles or special purpose vehicles owned by the Treasury, therefore the US taxpayer as the equity owner financed by the Fed, buying the securities and the loans. You could ask yourself, who are the beneficiaries of that? Even before Covid-19, who knows now, there was a question, was private equity in a bubble as interest rates continued to remain near zero. The asset class is extremely attractive. Leverage continued to grow. Can it continue to grow past where it is, and the multiples are [inaudible] are already quite high, though there's important differences between now and the period before the financial crisis that would cause one to, you could make a credible argument that it's not as risky as it was in the bubble leading up to the financial crisis. There are questions one could ask about covenants light financing deals. They're basically no covenant deals. It's hard to see how covenants could get any lighter, they practically don't exist in the standard deals these days. It's also worth talking about family offices and sovereign wealth funds, they've become hugely important players. These institutions both they're becoming almost institutionalized. They're hiring their own internal teams with private equity backgrounds to source deals, manage their large portfolios. Bezos, Walton, Cascade, are some of the important family offices. Vulcan, of course, you see some connections to Microsoft in there in Seattle more generally. Then over on the right, the sovereign wealth funds have become hugely important. Norway Government Pension Fund Global of [inaudible] , the largest CIC of China, right behind it, Abu Dhabi, Kuwait, Hong Kong, and then in Singapore, GIC, and Temasek, and the AUM is staggering from the sovereign wealth funds, and they can be very patient capital and compared to private equity firms, generally they provide a better core structure, lower administrative costs, and lower internal management fees paid to their employees. Venture capitalist sub-segment of private equity gets outsized publicity, yet it's only about 20 percent or $1 trillion of the roughly $5 trillion we talked about in private equity assets under management. You will know the venture capitalists, I've listed a few in no particular order and leaving out many influential ones, but among others, Sequoia, NEA, Kleiner, a16z, ACCLE, Index, keep raising larger funds. They're migrating to later rounds of fundings including both late stage growth as a way of deploying additional capital into continuing to back their winners which seems like a good idea and probably is most of the time, not guaranteed to be. Again, we could ask what business are they in, so you reference to the megafunds. Are they in it to create value for their investors? Are they in it to collect staple management fees? Again, it's a mix of motivations. The SoftBank is a fascinating example. It has explicitly stuffed capital into selected companies. Its incursions dominate their markets and almost made it normal to have unprofitable revenue growth. There's been lackluster investment performance. There has been a couple of spectacular individual flame outs and that's given rise to activists' questions about governance. It's also the case that SoftBank, with its massive scale, single-handedly lowered the cost capital in the required rate of return in venture capital. That is by raising a $100 billion Vision Fund and providing extraordinary amounts of capital into early stage companies. The graph on the lower right shows the increase in AUM over time of the private equity business in total, and the light bar at the top is the venture capital portion of it. You can see, as I mentioned, roughly $1 trillion VC AUM compared to the total of $5 trillion of private equity AUM currently, and that's grown considerably just in the five years since 2015. We have venture capitalists investing in technology and having such a crucial role in the technology companies that we know so well and yet, these firms themselves are still really old school in the way they operate. It reminds me of how sales and trading operated 20 years ago. There's artisanal institutional knowledge and pattern recognition, which of course includes biases and that's really the approach generally, objective data-driven approaches are relatively rare. Deals are sourced over the personal network and that can be a huge challenge as these funds deploy more and more capital, because it's not clear on the personal networks scale, so of course, one would seek a platform-based approach, but they haven't yet achieved scale and they've had some instances of adverse selection. As I mentioned, the large funds know personal network artisanal approach don't scale, perhaps the best very New York SF centric, is that a durable long-term strategy for generating alpha is a question that poses itself. Now let's talk a little bit about disruption coming to the asset management business. Well, as in the sell side, we've got the rise of the quants and I talked about it a little bit, with the systematics. There's been a huge capital investment in technology that's increased liquidity, it saved time, reduced the bid-ask spread in high-volume market, that's especially the case in equities but also foreign exchange, and now increasingly in corporate credit. The algorithms are creating the alpha increasingly, and it's a lot less about traders' hunches. There's non-bank liquidity providers, market-makers, such a Citadel, we'll talk a bit more about them, and these trends have greatly benefited Citadel and others. The losers are old school sales people. If you are a salesperson who depended on that phone to ring because you're occupying that seat from the people before you even build that brand and so clients just call, and your version of selling is, "I got a potato, would you like potato?" Well, that's not the kind of sales that for instance, an Oracle Enterprise Software salesperson is engaged in. That person's building a relationship and identifying the client's pain and demonstrating to the client that only that salesperson can stop their pain. That's heavy duty sales. There are a lot of people on the sell side who didn't need to do that, the phone just rang. But these trends are moving much more to automated trading. Had been hard for the old school people. Then also for the asset managers, the growth of cost-effective passive investment strategies with performance fees in one or two basis points, that's compressed feeds dramatically for the active managers, putting of course, huge cost pressure on them. Let's talk about one of these companies, Citadel, it's sell-side. I don't know which side Citadel is on. Citadel is really on two businesses, got about 1400 employees. Citadel, the original business, is a $32 billion AUM alternative asset manager, so an impressive AUM base. It's very broad. They've got equities, commodities, fixed income, credit, and quant strategies. Then in addition, there is an NBLP, a Non-Bank Liquidity Provider, called Citadel Securities. It is a leading global market maker under this one brand. There's the founder, Ken Griffin, at the bottom. They've got these two very different businesses. Ken famously started trading convertible bonds out of his Harvard dorm room in 1987. I actually started at Harvard in 1985, I didn't know Ken at Harvard. His agreements and suppressants restricted investor's ability to withdraw capital and that made him a strong buyer in the 1998 Long-Term Capital Management, LTCM. But that he launched the market maker much later, Citadel Securities, in 2001. It's come to be the largest market share. Had the largest market share in US equity options, 25 percent market share by volume. It's hard to find very many businesses that have a market share more than 20 to 30 percent anywhere on the sell side or the buy side. It completes one-third of all stock orders from individual investors if you go back to Robin Hood in our module two. We had a discussion of Citadel's activities there. For the last five years, Citadel Securities beat out the Wall Street banks and is the largest interest rate swap trader, if you're counting the number of transactions. Of course, there's risk everywhere, and the asset manager almost collapsed in the 2008 financial crisis. It took a few years, but the flagship funds crossed their respective high water marks four years later, again in 2012. Let's talk about some of the secular trends in asset management. These are titanic forces that are evolving, some would say slowly, but if you step back and look at ten years, you see this in a huge way. The first is the outsourced Chief Investment Officer, CIO movement. There's a heavy reliance on technology and automated asset allocation strategy, reduces administrative costs and therefore it gains for investors. Any CIO, meaning, Chief Investment Officer, not information officer, who manages single-digit billions of AUM is unsafe, just because there would be the big asset managers who are saying, "Just give it to us and we'll do this for you, " and that's hugely attractive for a number of these funds. In the distant past, the only people who wanted an outsourced CIO were relatively sleeping pension funds. But this movement has really grown and now there's $2 trillion under management, and becoming outsourced CIO for the funds of others is a major thing for asset managers such as GSAM. Why wouldn't they want to take their approach and for a fee apply it across others' bonds? Now here's another trend, very different one, principally out of Japan and now Europe, and I absolutely expect it to continue into the US. Asset managers have begun to realize that they expensively duplicate and mirror the sell sides manual, voice-driven, chat room driven, trading workflows. There is a trader on the sell side, facing off to trader on the buy side, and there's lots of typing and there's lots of talking, therefore, all kinds of opportunities for operational error of various kinds. If you step back and think about it, the buy side is doing the opposite of what the sell side is doing, and it is all, if you take the cosmic perfect perspective, quite inefficient. There's a solution here, and the implementation of solution is nascent. It is to outsource the trading function altogether to the sell side. Where the sell-side is going to be much smaller number of sell-side firms, they're going to have scale, and then the asset manager develops some core competencies, puts all of its energy into first the raising of the pools of capital, in the first place, and then what is the asset allocation, and specify the asset allocation in an abstract way. We can call them risks, exposures, and then leave all of the gory details of how to implement that exposure, the trading, the risk management, and the custody to the sell-side. We're increasingly seeing this as a hugely important business for the Wall Street firms, where the Wall Street firms are implementing strategies specified by the buy-side or perhaps designed by its sell-side and marketed and sold to the buy-side of the sell-side is actually doing all the buys and sells according to some pre-specified plan in handling all the execution details and really bundling all of that. I expect this trend massively to continue its early days as of 2019 and 2020. Then surprisingly, Software as a Service comes to asset management. Most asset managers are not building their core software platforms anymore. If you look at US registered investment advisors, this is a staggering figure. They collectively manage 84 trillion dollars in assets for 43 clients and these asset managers, the RIAs, are definitively not building their own software. They don't have the scale and so they're relying on companies such as ADDEPAR, ORANJ, to do that work for them. ADDEPAR has two trillion dollars of AUM on its platform. Of course, you could think of Aladdin, as a SaaS business, that with this important description that BlackRock hosts an Aladdin instance for each of the asset managers. It isn't a single, multi-tier Cloud Service platform. Let's go back to the Data Science Revolution. We've talked a lot about it and of course, here I'm talking my own book. I've been quoted as saying, traders who can't code will become extinct. I must have said it. At some point, It sounds like the kind of management that I would say. By coding, I really mean the algorithmic problem-solving skillset, the disciplines repeatable skill-set. That's the essence to meet coding. It isn't the ability to type sentences in any particular programming language. That mindset has become crucial and it's only going to become more crucial. The core intellectual property now resides in software. Sell-sides increasingly less interested in sniff or instinct or guts or brains or smell that is all kinds of terms for it, avoid human traders have now, to say here, there is no substitute for world-class risk management skills and no human beings anywhere cause to the people that really built that skill. But the line-level desk traders skill that one's headed only in one direction. As the real bellwether of this trend, we mentioned Renaissance is not even sure why it buys or sells a particular stock. Human beings can't understand the decisions of algos and they don't understand the decisions of the algos. Got a picture of Jim Simons one of my heroes down there at the bottom. You could ask yourself the question, do the algos need to be able to explain themselves? Many, particularly regulators would say they absolutely do and increasingly, more and more people are convinced of the desirability of algos that can explain themselves. Now, private capital when I use that term generally to mean private equity as well as private debts, so it's just called private capital. Increasingly, firms are doing both equity and debt. They had successfully resisted technological disruption. It's like venture capital. Still, a profession of artists and mentors and apprentices, where the wisdom of great investors and importantly their networks is what's valued much more so than quantitative and analytical advantages. Well, here's a group of questions you could ask. Were those wise investors, those great investors merely writing a trend of falling interest rates. Interest rates are headed in one direction for 30 years, bonds are headed in the other direction for 30 years, assuming credit spreads are constant. Were they exploiting various regulatory and tax arbitrages or both? Now, there's reasons that these private capital markets have not embraced technology to the same extent or perhaps even resistant technology. The data required to make investment decisions is not standardized. It's hard even to get private company data and it's hard to aggregate and it's not normalized. The rules around disclosure and accounting are not standardized. Back to the point I made earlier when we started the software transformation of the trading business, we started with the business where the trades could be fully specified by five or six parameters that are incredibly simple. Yet when you aggregated them and simulated them and ask questions about all the things that could go wrong, that became immensely complicated. Well over in private capital, every financial model of every company is customized like a snowflake, each one has its own set of projections. The projections are not necessarily consistent. The standard practice is you construct all of your analysis from scratch, print out of the 10-K, or whatever you can get in the case of companies that are public, and get a bunch of expensively educated young people to start typing away in Excel. To this day, Excel is a dominant platform for portfolio management and risk management and re-underwriting even at multi-billion dollar investment funds, even ones net of $10 billion of AUM, you'll go and you'll find millions of spreadsheets and they all have names like XYZ analysis during 23rd V2 final 0.3. I once when I was Chief Information officer Goldman Sachs did an analysis in 2013 and determined that if you looked at all of the Outlook or Microsoft Exchange address space consumed by all of Goldman Sachs, 40 percent of that space was occupied by Excel spreadsheets that had been attached to e-mail messages. Then if you did a further look, you'd see that each instance of the spreadsheet was represented on average seven different times. This isn't even the least of the problems with Excel, Excel is a brilliant product, it's just the product that's been misused. The biggest problem with Excel is that it's intrinsically uneditable. You will get a cell when you can't tell what's going on inside it just by inspecting it, you actually have to click on it. It might have a value, it might have formula. It's easy to find over an Excel spreadsheet to change a formula, delete a row or a column, not know the difference, take a bunch of formulas. To do a little scratch calculation, you take the values of those formulas and then paste them back as values and you've lost the formulas. Well, now what happens is those formulas aren't formulas anymore and they're not updating. Then when you do eventually update it in the trading business, you always find that you lost some money and you never find that you gain some money, and I could go on. Yet in private equity [inaudible] are in there but to say that they're all globally consistent. So many of the features that were the 25 years ago at a cell site firm, you'd find very many different instances of the US dollar discount curve floating around the firm for the same day and those discount curves would have different numbers in them. So just having a uniform discount curve for the whole firm is hard and that was in the trading business, now we take it for granted. Now [inaudible] and other processes insist that there's only one version of USD discount curve and anything else. We don't have any of this existing in the infrastructure for private capital firms. Which leads me to my punchline which is, I think in private equity there is the greatest whitespace opportunity in all of Fintech by far. Now, for the first time, engineers data scientists have everything they need, the tools, the data, and the compute power to create complex financial models and software. Just as we couldn't solve interesting problems in health care 20-30 years ago, we couldn't solve interesting problems in private capital until very, very, very recently. But now we're on the doorstep of being able to do that. We're beginning to see models that support complex counterfactual analysis, much as we did in sales and trading 23 years ago. What if dollar or yen were to move to this value, how much money would I make or lose? We're beginning to be able to see that in private equity where the underlying instruments, unlike FX spot and forward are extremely complicated, they are companies. We're beginning to be able to apply machine learning tools, pattern recognition, and do something much more interesting, complicated, and appropriate for the real-world than the linear sensitivity analysis that we see and do all the time in Excel. Now, why am I calling it a whitespace opportunity? If there are some startups their very much in stealth mode or they are tackling really tiny components of the problem. They're primarily designed to solve operational, financial planning, accounting issues. They're really not built for private equity due diligence and valuation use cases. We are seeing a couple of firms beginning to do this work causal and contracts. Some of the larger firms are beginning to tackle the problem internally, in just the same way that Goldman began building SecDB for its trading business in 1993. Now Jeff insisted, that Excel also has an API. It is true, but nevertheless, go back to the previous slide and a lot of things that I said about Excel. Excel is a wonderful tool. It's just being tortured in the way it's used for private equity sourcing and valuation and diligence and re underwriting. There is a tremendous opportunity here. I cannot overemphasize it to build risk management and valuation tools, to model private companies doing for private equity and private credit what Goldman Sachs strats did a long time ago about the trading business. We are seeing some private market infrastructure players beginning to blossom, one of my favorites, a company I know well is Carta. Many of you who hold stock options IN startups will know that you're issued your options grant on Carta, card assaults and ancient problem. I've been investing in startups for a long time and I can tell you that in the 5-10 years it took between when I was an angel investor and when there was an exit for startup, every time I managed to lose the stock certificate and there's a scramble to find the stock certificate, and if you don't find it, you have to get stocks certificate reissued. It's painful, and then of course, Carta just came in and said, "Why don't we dematerialized those stock certificates and let's handle option grants as well in a variety of management and valuation functions and really simplifying it." In no time at all, Carta has become absolutely dominant solving a problem for everybody and Carta has announced its aspirations to liquefy these markets. There has been the ability to trade these private equity shares in a secondary market, extremely hard and episodic to get liquidity. It's a tough problem in auction design and incentives and Carta is working on it, and to the extent that private equity continues to increase in size and you've seen from the previous slides how it's grown from 3-5 trillion in not very many years, five years. As that continues, the desire to create liquidity of that market hits another huge whitespace opportunity, another brand new asset class, of course, with immense technical problems in the way of making it liquid and a large number of regulatory concerns to address as well. PeerStreet, very different business. It's a real estate investment platform and now there's a new way to share models, and it isn't people in suits exchanging blue books and Excel files and calling each other on the phone, but it's actually happening on a platform. We're going to see more of this. In summary, software's eating the world, if you were a skeptic at the beginning, I hope I have convinced you of that and certainly eating the financial industry. As that's happening, Wall Street economics in parts of the business are becoming Silicon Valley economics with data and APIs everywhere. There's immense strategic complexity in this business and the current ecosystem, evinces all complex relationships which you can call co-opetition, or you could call a nuanced among the large financial players. No one on the sell side knows whether to consider citadel a client or competitor and really the only sane answer, it seems to me is to say that they are absolutely what superposition state or both. Now, what we've said that there's the sell-side and buy-side, that's been the case that JP Morgan has been providing payments and custody to almost everyone, and if those payments services go away as they did for a couple of banks in the financial crisis, that's the end of the bank. Then just hiding right there in plain sight, Goldman Sachs is a Top 3 liquidity provider to JP Morgan Asset Management and JP Morgan is a Top 3 liquidity provider to GSAM. So JP is actually a hugely important client of Goldman Sachs and vice versa. Those trends have been in place for a very long time and software has been a huge part of the financial industry for a very long time. I also have convinced you that APIs are the future of finance. I haven't proved it, I have given you many examples of the encapsulation benefits provided by APIs. You've seen the exits of companies most recently [inaudible] that appear APIs. You've seen the dominance of [inaudible] with its 30 some billion private market cap as a pure API play, so there's more and more examples. When we look at some of the newer offerings of firms that have been around for a long time, such as Goldman Sachs, Marcus, or Marquis, they export APIs themselves and they are themselves stitch together from a variety of services that are in turn packaged as APIs. Hence, my thesis that you better be a producer of a differentiated API for everything else, you want to be an astute consumers and student means you really understand the complexities, the service level agreements, and you've got detailed understanding and modeling of the operational risks that arises when you're stitching together all of these point of APIs. The product simplicity that you get when you have an API encapsulation allows players to achieve scale and dominate their markets. This is what Intel did with its Android and chipsets. Google has done with its standard in maps. We're seeing in finance the concept of the developer as an end user or customer. It's a huge and it's a massive trend. You even hear Goldman Sachs talking about the developer as a new customer and its investment in its investor day. Now, you like to think that you start off with the standard and that creates volume, but we know that's not the case. When you've got the volume that's those are the people who have an opportunity to set the standards. Certainly at Goldman Sachs, we would say that it would be a true sign of success if others who are regarded as competitors were to copy our APIs. We would love it if clients would tell our competitors at Goldman Sachs, "Would you please just give us that service in exactly the same API format as Goldman Sachs, so they wouldn't have to change any of our software, and then you'll get your share of the business." This is a famous quote on we get standards from Andy Grove, another one of my heroes and is quoted all the time from our strategy professor at the GSB, Robert Burgelmampn. I believe this one with all of my heart. I would advise all of you who were going to build new fintech businesses to think about how you can build them by combining third-party APIs in new and interesting ways. This was certainly the approach of the golden offering behind the Apple credit card as well as in Marquis, and we're seeing it all over the business. The digital transformation continues, so we're seeing banks and other large financial institutions becoming software firms. People at Goldman Sachs, leaders at Goldman Sachs and say this years ago and get a lot of raised eyebrows. Not really giving those raised eyebrows nearly so much. Today, we're seeing the banks learn from Silicon Valley and they're moving away from product aligned every firm was organized the equities trading desk, fixed-income trading desk, and even within their subsets, cash equities, the volatility or options desk and we're seeing that painful move over to who is our customer and what are the persona's among those customers base in New York, or even using that term persona, absolutely borrowed from Silicon Valley. The idea is that we should make all of the offerings of the firm available in a way that makes sense to the persona's of all of the client and all the client organizations that are going to be working with us. The old chasm, the cultural and operational contradictions between the two are eroding. I like to think I contributed in small way to that, simply by being someone who had worked in both and both millionaires. I'm a huge believer in going back and forth, and not getting caught up in doing things in a particular way. We all have a lot to learn from the other side because definitively, the case that all of the large financial institutions have embarked on their own digital transformation journeys. I think relatively, few are seeing themselves as providers of software services or providers of data, but increasingly they are and we certainly gave the examples of BlackRock and Goldman Sachs, but there are many others, including in custody, for example, State Street and Bloompberg, which had always wanted to offer its services through the Bloomberg terminal, is increasingly making everything available as an API. I hope I've convinced you that regulations matter. There was a time, 10 years ago, move fast, break things and apologize later. That is not an approach that I would recommend or anything having to do with health or money. The regulations have worked. They're imperfect, but I think you have to take your hats off to the regulators after the financial crisis and just look going into the current crisis at how stable the financial system has been when it's been under great stress. Maybe some of the calibrations were too tight, needed to be rolled back. Those are details, I can say working on implementation of the rules and the post-2008 period, an experience I'll never forget. It was intense and painful and not all of the regulations to my mind equally valuable in creating systemic safety and soundness. But at the core, upgrading all of the systems bank so they could introspect and become software businesses with software models of themselves and then demonstrate to the Fed, using those software models that they had sufficient capital and liquidity to continue when they're making markets in adverse scenario selected by the Fed. That becoming a software business has been at the foundation, at the core of making the system safer and sounder. One thing that we knew all along and we would advise the regulators on this is just be wary [inaudible] of the potential for creating such complexity and cost and regulation that you effectively create a deep and wide [inaudible] around established players. It's really hard in 2020 to start from scratch any kind of bank capital and compliance [inaudible] , just to get the charter can be prohibitive. You could ask, is that optimal in some social-political trade-off? We did an extremely broad survey, and I'm sure it shows where I lived and breathed deeply, part of the business and other parts where I'm an avid student of the business but haven't lifted myself. Even though this was extremely broad, we left out an awful lot. It was a survey based on my experience at [inaudible] and most of my experiences in banking, trading, and private equity, especially trading. There was no way I could have intended and I didn't, or even hope for it to be a deep dive into all corners of finance. There isn't anyone I had ever met who could credibly do that and certainly not me. Also, you'll notice at the very big picture level, I had a lot to say about baking and nothing to say about insurance because insurance is so boring. Of course, it's not boring, I just know very little about it. Once upon a time, I worked on some variable annuity strategies where there were options edges that banks would provide to insurance companies. I gained a tiny little bit of knowledge of insurance companies and appreciation for the past complexity and nuance and titanic importance of that industry and just notice a little bit about it that I couldn't even begin to be a student of it. My apologies to all those actuaries and insurance people who are watching this. Those apparently are Bermuda shorts. There are a large number of players and business models that are arising in this business and there's disruption going on there and [inaudible] is a rapidly growing sector. Unfortunately, I don't have the expertise to talk to you about it. I hope that you will gain from all of this. I don't know how many of you will enter the financial industry. I imagine there'll be some percentage. I'm estimating based on my conversations with you, maybe 25 percent. For the 75 percent of you who don't enter the financial industry, you'll know a lot more, maybe more than you wanted to know about what happens when you swipe your credit card or you buy something online, or you use a firm to set up an installment payments, or your $4,500 dog villa, that is a very lucky dog. You will be thinking about all of these things when you think about [inaudible] , you'll have a way of thinking about them. Sure, I left you with the sense of the complexity of the financial system, when you feel good or bad about that complexity and what you're going to do about it is up to you. This has been an interdisciplinary journey. This is my first time, and I'm sure it shows teaching at business school course. I didn't go to business school myself. I have only a vicarious understanding of the business school disciplines. I've taken great liberties and traveled all over the pace, talked about philosophy, computer science, history. We talked a little bit about intersubjective realities. We talked about ledgers or medium of account versus medium of exchange. We've talked about risk, we've talked about skeptical empiricism. I even frame Bitcoin for you as a particular solution of a problem in theoretical computer science, the Byzantine generals problem, and we had some amusing do of the year all on the way. I certainly enjoyed the journey immensely. It helped me synthesized a lot of my experiences, and do a lot of cogitating on some new ideas. If you are listening closely, and reading between the lines, I think I've made it very clear where at least one man thinks huge opportunities are ahead. I can say the opportunities I see are ahead in finance are greater than any of the opportunities that I've seen in the past. It's an immensely exciting time. I hope I've also shown you that finance matters across the board. Of course it matters during a crisis. Even leaving aside those crises, the financial system is more influential than we think. It's an intersubjective reality that affects everything. Economic growth, inequality, domestic policies, geopolitics and nothing that's important can get done without considering all of those interacting affects. I've also lead you with the sense of how complex the process are. Let's just say it broken, that complexity arose. Is it necessary? Is it good? Is it appropriate? We've seen examples of how if you go catastrophically, cataclysmically wrong, which is why I spent some time going into the nitty-gritty of some of the numerous complicated systems within the financial industry, including unit economics of credit card processing. You'll see that up at the top work hard on that particular graphic. Just to understand all the pieces myself. We talked about all the trading workflows for stocks and bonds. Then we talked about the settlement workflows, which are in many ways even more complicated. I just have to say it again. If only there were a uniform back-office fabric that extended across all of the cells site firms, to the buy-side firms, encompassing the exchanges and clearinghouses, and other critical pieces of market Infrastructure, and if only all of that could be rationalized into an N-tier, multi-tenant cloud service provider was an absolute intense opportunity to create value their. Value that all of the incumbent players would greatly appreciate. There's really no competitive advantage in mostly competitive disadvantage in the repeating moralists badly across all the firms on the same back-office process. But doing it in a random bespoke and customized way. See you end up with a lot of snowflakes. One of the things I've been particularly excited about was the opportunity to share with you, many of my friends who've taught me a lot, some cases they would say that I taught them or they grew up under my sponsorship. But really over time, the tables have turned and learning is all going the other way. I know you enjoy it as much as I do. The opportunity here from Darren Cohen, and Juan Benitez, and Brian Armstrong, real life founders and operators. Really had an amazing roster of guests and I'm grateful, immensely thankful to all of them, and also enjoyed your questions. We don't get smarter only asking and answer the questions we'd been having in our live sessions. It's been immensely gratifying to me. There's so much that's broken. But instead of looking at it as broken, just think about it as an immense opportunity to create software that improves the financial industry. Because that industry effects everything we do, it's important. It matters. I never spent a quarter century of my life working on it. At every moment, I was sure that I was doing something that made the world a better place. Because finance is so pervasive, it's the root, it's the fuel, it's the driver of so many things. I have faith that you are going to go out and you're going to fix those problems. But more importantly, you're going to do it by transforming those systems. To me, the thing that gets me out of bed every day is transformation. Transformation of myself, of companies, of groups of people. If in any way I have inspired you to go out and create that transformation, I've done my job. I've loved teaching you over these last nine weeks. Be well, and I will see you in class. Let's step out. | {
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A. Full SCRO Committee review means that the application is reviewed at a SCRO Committee meeting with a quorum present and any action taken on the application is done via a majority vote of members present.
B. Expedited panel review means that the review is carried out by the SCRO Committee Chair or by one or more SCRO Committee members designated by the Chair. In reviewing the research, the expedited reviewer(s) may exercise all of the authorities of the SCRO Committee except that the reviewer(s) may not disapprove the research. The expedited reviewer(s) may also bring the application to the full SCRO Committee for review when he or she determines that full SCRO Committee review is appropriate.
4. the storage or disposition of human embryos or gametes obtained for the purposes of stem cell research.
B. All applications submitted to the SCRO Committee for initial or continuing review of research involving human embryo and or human pluripotent stem cells will be reviewed by the full SCRO Committee, except for those applications that qualify for expedited review. See III.A. below.
C. Applications for changes of protocol will be reviewed by the full SCRO Committee, except for those applications that qualify for expedited review. See III.B. below.
D. The SCRO Committee uses a primary reviewer system for all reviews by the full Committee. At least two primary reviewers, who are SCRO Committee members, are assigned to each application for review.
E. The assignments are made by the SCRO Committee staff and reflect the expertise of the primary reviewers. The SCRO Committee staff also checks for conflicts of interest between primary reviewers and research protocols. See, SCRO Committee Conflict of Interest Policy.
F. The assigned primary reviewers conduct the in-depth review of the protocol application and all provided materials, and lead the discussion of the application at the full SCRO Committee meeting. All other SCRO Committee members, including any alternate members substituting for a SCRO Committee member, are expected to review the provided materials in enough depth to be familiar with them and be prepared to discuss them at the convened meeting.
2. In vitro studies using a cell line(s) previously approved by the SCRO Committee and listed on UW-Madison's hESC Registry [https://kb.wisc.edu/gsadminkb/page.php?id=33286].
3. Other changes that do not affect the research type, research design or research question. | {
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What is the Verticillium Wilt?
This is the greatest mycological problem of olive growing. Contributes to serious reducing of productivity, the damage of stocks of plants and to the soil impoverishment. Affects particularly the table olive varieties (irrigated crops) and it is mainly prevalent in Chalkidiki, Magnesia, Fthiotida, Fokida and Aitoloakarnania. It is spread through the ground affecting the trees from the root. It causes blockage of trees' vessels resulting to hemiplegia, apoplexy and necrosis of the trees. The fungus can remain in the ground in absence of host for many years rendering the grounds unsuitable for cultivation. The fungicides are not effective.
Ecodevelopment has developed a diagnostic tool for the on time detection of symptoms from verticillium in olive, as well as of the infected trees with non-visible symptoms (initial stage of infection or asymptomatic stress) and provides an advisory service program of management, intervention and cultivation practices. By the use of remote sensing digital images by unmanned aerial vehicles, it is provided the potential to detect the infected trees at infection stages with non-visible symptoms so that the timely management of the fungus can be achieved. At the same time a "recipe" (recommendation) is provided for the treatment of the disease so that it becomes manageable and the reduction of olive grove's yield can be prevented.
Assessment of infected trees and detection of non-visible symptoms at an early stage of the infection using multi-spectral images and special algorithms.
Construction of hazard maps and their connection with a database in which the evolution of the disease will be recorded as well as the cultivation management for the trees' recovery.
Prediction of the financial damage and estimation for the management cost.
Recommendation services for taking the appropriate management measures for the treatment.
Management of verticillium with the use of beneficial competitors and of ZEOSHELL ZF1. A healthy tree, on the left, a treated tree, on the right. The treated tree has not just overcome the problem, but it's also in a better condition than the tree that it has not been infected. | {
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**I received the product below free for my review. Regardless, I only recommend products or services I use personally and believe will be a good fit for my readers. All opinions are 100% my own.
For as long as I can remember I always loved crafting with printables. I started designing graphics and custom made all of the decorations and souvenirs for my sister's baby shower. I remember trying to do everything on a budget so I made everything myself instead of ordering from custom websites. Everything was coming along until I ran out of ink! Not only the black cartridge but the color one too. Back then cartridges were about 35 bucks each so buying that ink really set me back in my budget. Since then I started to only print what was extremely necessary like coupons and confirmations and only printed on the draft setting.
Now that I am homeschooling my toddler I saw the tremendous need to start printing again so HP Instant Ink came to the rescue! There are a lot of great homeschooling websites and pins that I wanted to print them all! With HP Instant Ink I #NeverRunOut of ink and I can print them all! With HP Instant Ink you are saving up to 50% on ink by having your HP Instant Ink eligible printer know when it is running out of ink and signaling a shipment of new ink right to your door. Instant Ink is extremely affordable too with packages ranging from $2.99 to $9.99 depending on how many pages you print monthly. I love that Instant Ink counts the number of pages you print and not what you print. You can print out all full-page photos if you wanted and it would still be the same price.
HP Instant Ink can be cancelled at any time and there is no annual fee however there is a really great 3-month offer.
I like to use our long car rides as fun learning time so I created these booklets that I could print and just take along with us. Making them is simple. All you have to do is print each page out and sew a long line of stitching to bind them. If you don't have a sewing machine you can just use a stapler.
If you never ran out of ink, what would you print? | {
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3 Guard members killed in Minnesota Black Hawk crash identified
ST. CLOUD, Minn. – The Minnesota National Guard identified Saturday morning Killed were Chief Warrant Officer 2 James A. Rogers Jr., age 28; Chief Warrant Officer 2 Charles P. Nord, 30; and Sgt. Kort M. Plantenberg, 28, the Guard announced in a series of tweets and in a press release. All three soldiers were assigned to Company C, 2-211th General Support Aviation Battalion, based in St. Cloud, which is where the flight began. No specific cities of residence were provided from the Guard. The unit returned from a nine-month deployment to the ...
Two hours ago
BBC - Two hours ago | {
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Read Question
Revelations Leaked from Senate Report Exposing CIA Torture
Reply Wed 16 Apr, 2014 07:01 am
5 Explosive Revelations Leaked from Senate Report Exposing CIA Torture
What's already public is a clear and systematic abuse of power and human rights.
The controversy over a Senate investigation documenting the Central Intelligence Agency's post-9/11 regime of global torture continues to generate headlines—even though the report has yet to be released. he Senate report has sparked a bitter war between the CIA and senators like Dianne Feinstein (D-CA), who accused the CIA of spying on those looking at CIA documents on torture.
But while the official inquiry has not been published, dogged journalists have published key—and disturbing—details of what is contained in it.
Based on CIA documents, senators on the powerful committee conducted a four-year long, $40 million inquiry into the CIA's detention and interrogation program, which included torture tactics like the waterboarding of terrorism suspects, beatings and the smashing of suspects' heads into walls. While the public may be aware of some of these practices due to past revelations, the information carries heavy weight because it is the Senate confirming many of those claims, which has oversight power over the agency.
The CIA's torture program started soon after 9/11. The Bush administration signed off on what they called "enhanced interrogation techniques," but which clearly constituted torture, a crime under U.S. and international law.
The American people may never see the full report. Earlier this month, the Senate committee voted to declassify the executive summary and conclusions of the report—480 pages out of 6,400. But the White House and CIA are now vetting the report to determine what exactly gets declassified. That fact has prompted people like Trevor Timm, writing in the Guardian, to call on somebody to leak the full report.
1. Black site at Guantanamo. It is well known that the Guantanamo Bay detention center is where hundreds of prisoners have been held without charge. But what wasn't officially confirmed until recently is that Guantanamo was also the site of a CIA black site—a detention center the CIA did not acknowledge where they tortured suspects. The CIA operated such sites in a number of countries, and the Senate investigation reportedly says a black site was operated at the Guantanamo detention center.
On April 9, Jason Leopold wrote in Al Jazeera America that the Senate inquiry confirms the CIA used the Cuba prison as a black site. Leopold wrote that "top-secret agency documents reveal that at least 10 high-value targets were secretly held and interrogated at Guantánamo's Camp Echo at various times from late 2003 to 2004." The detainees were then taken to Morocco, and then officially sent back to Guantánamo in September 2006.
2. CIA used British-controlled island. Leopold also revealed that the Senate report confirms long-standing claims of high-level British collusion with the CIA.
Journalists and human rights advocates have claimed that a United Kingdom-controlled island called Diego Garcia, located in the Indian Ocean, was used to secretly detain suspects. The Senate report says the CIA used the island with the "full cooperation" of Britain.
These reports have sparked a debate in Britain. Human rights investigators are urging the government to come clean. The report seems to confirm the story of Abdel-Hakim Belhaj, who was rendered to Libya and was told by a Libyan security force member that he stopped at Diego Garcia.
Belhaj says he was tortured during his CIA-led rendition and during his incarceration in Libya.
The confirmation of the use of a British-controlled island is the latest reminder of high-level collusion between the UK and the U.S. in prosecuting the war on terror.
3. CIA handed over prisoners who are now dead. Yet another explosive detail in Leopold's report is that 10 terror suspects eventually handed off to foreign governments are unaccounted for. U.S. officials told Leopold they are presumed dead.
Those 10 suspects were part of a larger group of 85 detainees that were deemed to be low-level enough to be taken to Guantanamo or given to foreign countries. Leopold writes that 24 of the men labeled "low-value" were "been wrongfully detained and rendered to other countries on the basis of intelligence obtained from CIA captives under torture and from information shared with CIA officials by other governments, both of which turned out to be false."
4. CIA went beyond legal memo. In 2002, the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel drafted a report authorizing CIA torture, saying that the use of waterboarding, sleep deprivation and stress positions were perfectly legal. It was written by Deputy Assistant Attorney General John Yoo; Jay Bybee, then head of the office, signed off on it.
But even that memo attempting to legalize torture wasn't enough for the CIA. On April 11, McClatchy reported that the CIA went beyond what it was authorized to do by the Bush administration.
In a phone interview with AlterNet, Leopold said this revelation casts a harsh light on the Obama administration's arguments that those who relied on Department of Justice legal advice shouldn't be prosecuted. "It literally demolishes any rationale that Obama and Holder had for not investigating, for not bringing criminal charges, or even launching a criminal inquiry, against people who were responsible for implementing this," said Leopold.
Despite the fact that CIA operatives went beyond legal advice, the Senate report does not recommend that a criminal investigation be launched for the purposes of prosecuting people.
Another revelation in the report is that the Justice Department legal memo was based on CIA information the Senate report says was wrong. For instance, the CIA claimed that repeatedly waterboarding a suspect was not effective. But in fact, the CIA waterboarded terrorism suspects Khalid Sheikh Mohammad and Abu Zubaydah 183 and 83 times, respectively.
"If the CIA fundamentally misrepresented what it was doing and that was what led [Justice Department] lawyers to conclude that the conduct was legal, then the legal conclusions themselves were inaccurate," Andrea Prasow, senior national security counsel for Human Rights Watch, told McClatchy.
5. CIA lied about number of prisoners. McClatchy's reporters also revealed that the CIA lied about the number of prisoners it had in its custody in black sites around the world. The CIA's claim that the torture program was "targeted" was "BS," according to one former U.S. official.
In addition, the CIA held 26 people that did not meet the legal standard for detaining someone.
Alex Kane is AlterNet's New York-based World editor, and an assistant editor for Mondoweiss. Follow him on Twitter @alexbkane.
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Most of the owners of the company can think, why do I need to give gifts to my employees, I am paying for their services? It can often be the idea of the owners of the company. Employees take approximately 90% of the total workforce of any company and hence they are a very important part of the company.
Without a company, the company will not receive its capabilities because the employees are very limited. Your employees' services and inputs should not be ignored because you are the owner or owner of the company. Employees are very important, they ensure that the company works everyday to ensure that the company will directly or indirectly increase the revenues with corporate gifts wholesale Singapore.
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Complimentary alcoholic drinks are restricted to two spirits (30ml) or one beer (650ml) per adult; all other alcoholic drinks are subject to payment.
Located in International Terminal (inside security). After Security Checks and Passport Control, take the escalator on the right hand side to the 3rd Floor. The lounge is located on the left hand side of Food Court.
SatisfactoryBetter than many with masses of space but an underwhelming buffet choice even struggling with drink choice. Very few power points and the wifi is hideous with a painful logon process. Cover the food!
Worth a DetourSurprisingly nice lounge for India!
Worth a DetourNice lounge with plenty of comfortable seating, good food, but no WiFi (other than the free airport WiFi, which has a 300mb usage limit).
OutstandingOne of the nicest lounges I've been in in general, let alone India, especially for a domestic terminal. It's expansive, with lots of places to eat, sit, have a meeting or even sleep. | {
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Terraria apk full version free download with obb mod
Terraria apk full version free download with obb mod. Terraria Mod APK 1.3 With OBB/Data Free Craft Items 2019-06-19
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That is what prompted the makers to design the game with a whole range of gaming modes and difficulty levels that shall put all the skills and abilities of the gamer to test in challenging gameplay and dynamic gaming environment. To the left is the snow and ice, walking to the right is the vast desert, down is dark hell, up the sky island, the entire world can destroy and build, go to hell have to cut through the ground, to go to the island to put up heaven Tower. The whole world is considered as your canvas and you fight the villainy of different creatures. Adventure together or duel each other in player-vs-player combat! Terraria apk is a 2nd sand recreation with a gameplay and a land of adventures that revolves round exploration, production and combat. There are many apk files available on the internet which will be suitable for your android device version. Every inch of the game the land can be destroyed, as long as you have free time, you dig the entire map into a pit no one tube you.
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With Terraria map editor with mods you will get the diffent tool that will be helpful to create or remove elements from Terraria world. The item which can be crafted appears on the screen depending on the materials you have. However, this can still by virtue of its degree of freedom and extremely rich content, as well as a good grasp of the rhythm of the game, become a very fun rare works of excellence. The game has received positive critical appreciation after it was released. Sometimes the file is in another website, just click the download and the file will be download. But unlike Minecraft which was rather the main building.
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Dig, fight, explore and build in the every unique world from floating islands to underworld. Terraria Guide Here is the overview of terraria for a newbie. With the help of 6 Rotten Chunk, 5 Lead or Iron Bars, 1 Mythril and 6 Soul of Night, you can craft Mechanical Worm. Terraria is an endlessly generated world. . The starting point is usually a bright forest covered with green grass.
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A pickaxe for mining, a short sword for combat and an ax for woodcutting. There is no doubt that this is a work that should not be missed. The built structure should meet some requirements in order to function as a house. After crafting Celestial Sigil, Moon loard can be summon at any time. Thats all what i can say also the mod 3 is your player and your enemies have infinite life. So do not forget to claim your free download. Hardmode can not be revived at the time of death.
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It is extremely troublesome to choose easily from standards such as Minecraft. Terraria is a journey game which is developed under the banner of 505 video games Srl. Weapons Weapons are essential things in the game for the purpose of combat. Terraria Review Terraria is an adventure game which is developed under the banner of. Though the game has completed its 7th anniversary, still it is one of the top adventure game in the world.
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The bosses of this game have become even tougher to fight with. You can use them and they all are unlocked for you and just away from your one click. Terraria is a 2D sandbox video game developed by Re-Logic in the year 2011. As for how to synthesize, this is the core fun of the game, and constantly discover and create new things, everyone to explore it! Terraria Apk: Terraria is a popular 2d action video game which is very adventurous and exciting to play. It can be crafted by 20 gel and 1 Gold or Platinum Crown.
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The critically-acclaimed, best-selling indie sandbox adventure has arrived on Android! You can also do challenges with Big Boss and defeat them after that you can build own castle and villages there. There is also primary health and magic points given to the player. Plants provide a wide range of crafting items. Some special resources can be found with the help of the map. Download Terraria apk android game free. We shall make use of this article to provide the gamer with all the necessary details about the game including information on the basic features and gameplay.
And the average rating for this developer is 3. There is no doubt that this is a work that should not be missed. The content and the storyboard are completely rich. The Terraria is the game that shall take you on a journey which is filled with mystery but with unmatched adventure and thrill that shall enable you to unlock all the mysteries and defeat the mighty enemy for becoming the best player out there. The Background sound of this game is different in different environments. In Terraria, every world is unique — from the floating islands in the sky to the deepest level of The Underworld. | {
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Pierre Andre (born Philip Litman, November 25, 1899 – July 21, 1962) was an announcer in the era of old-time radio.
Early years
Born in Duluth, Minnesota, Andre was the son of Mr. and Mrs. Rae Litman. He won competitions in public speaking and dramatics while he was a student at the University of Minnesota. After college, he worked as an actor and a newspaperman.
Radio
Andre's initial performance on radio, at WEBC in Duluth, Minnesota, resulted from his being invited to speak over the microphone at a studio party. His obituary in the Chicago Tribune reported, "His performance was so good that he immediately was engaged as an announcer." He went from WEBC to KSTP in St. Paul, where he worked for two years. He changed his name when he began working at KSTP.
Andre began working at WGN in Chicago, Illinois, on August 4, 1930, and stayed there for the rest of his career, with much of his work also being broadcast nationally via network connections. He was one of the early announcers for soap operas when they began to become staples of daytime radio.
His obituary noted that he "introduced the first of the remote dance band broadcasts, the Midnight Flyers program from the Blackhawk restaurant." It also reported that he adapted to different types of programming as old-time radio formats disappeared, being replaced by talk shows and other genres.
Programs on which Andre was heard nationally as an announcer included Little Orphan Annie, Arnold Grimm's Daughter, Betty and Bob, Backstage Wife, Carters of Elms Street, Easy Aces, Sky King, Captain Midnight, How's the Family? and The Romance of Helen Trent.
Death
Andre died of lympho-sarcoma on July 21, 1962, in Evanston, Illinois aged 62. He was survived by his wife, a son, a brother and a sister.
In popular culture
In the 1983 film A Christmas Story, Andre is mentioned (and heard) as the announcer for Little Orphan Annie.
References
1899 births
1962 deaths
People from Duluth, Minnesota
University of Minnesota alumni
Radio and television announcers
Radio personalities from Chicago
Radio personalities from Minnesota
Deaths from cancer in Illinois | {
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U.S., Taliban Continue Meetings In Qatar On Joint Agreement
By RFE/RL's Radio Azadi
FILE: U.S. Special Representative for Afghanistan Reconciliation Zalmay Khalilzad.
A representative of the Taliban says a second day of meetings between the group and a U.S. negotiating team led by Zalmay Khalilzad has been held in Qatar.
"Both negotiation teams also held productive talks yesterday & today. Talks will continue for several days & we shall share information about it at various intervals," Taliban spokesman Suhail Shaheen said in a post on Twitter on January 17.
Shaheen added that the talks had been "useful" and that the sides are discussing the signing of a joint agreement and a related ceremony. He did not elaborate.
There was no immediate comment from U.S. officials, but Reuters quoted two unnamed sources as saying the Taliban will implement a 10-day cease-fire with U.S. troops, a reduction in violence with Afghan forces, and discussions with Afghan government officials if it reaches a deal with U.S. negotiators in talks in Doha.
Analysts say that if an agreement is clinched, it could revive hopes for a long-term solution to the conflict in Afghanistan.
U.S. forces have been in Afghanistan since their 2001 invasion to drive out the Taliban following the September 11 terror attacks in the United States.
The Taliban controlled Afghanistan at the time and harbored Osama bin Laden, the mastermind behind the attacks.
U.S. President Donald Trump has expressed his desire to remove the estimated 13,000 U.S. troops remaining in Afghanistan in America's longest war.
Over the past year, neighboring Pakistan has helped facilitate talks between Khalilzad and the Taliban in Qatar, where the militants have a political office.
But the talks have repeatedly stalled, with Washington calling on the group to reduce violence, among other things.
An Afghan presidency spokesman said a cease-fire was the only way to achieve sustainable and dignified peace.
"To achieve lasting peace, which is the demand of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the people, is the only way to achieve cease-fire," he said in a post on Twitter.
"Any cease-fire that is proposed as a fundamental step will be acceptable to the people and the government," he added.
RFE/RL's Radio Azadi
RFE/RL's Radio Azadi is one of the most popular and trusted media outlets in Afghanistan. Nearly half of the country's adult audience accesses Azadi's reporting on a weekly basis. | {
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MonthOctober 2020
Dr Michael Yeadon: "We appear to have forgotten that immunity after viral infection is the rule, not the exception."
October 28, 2020 / vincenzo / 0 Comments
On Twitter, British scientist Dr Michael Yeadon just gave a brief recap of some basic concepts regarding viral infections and immunity. Here's the unroll:
Sometimes it's useful to revisit basic concepts. We appear to have forgotten that immunity after viral infection is the rule, not the exception.
"In this chapter, we highlight the principal means by which the host achieves immunity following infection by viruses".
"Table 27.1 presents an overview".
"In humans, viral infections are rarely lethal, even if they are highly cytolytic to individual cells. Mortality commonly occurs when viruses jump species (eg. Ebola or HIV), when virus undergoes major antigenic change (i.e., influenza) or when host immunity is compromised".
"Having entered the body, however, viruses encounter numerous innate defenses and activate the components of adaptive immunity. The latter usually assures that clinical disease, if not infection, will not become evident".
"Viral infection induces an extensive array of defense mechanisms in the host. Innate defenses come into play to block or inhibit initial infection, to protect cells from infection, or to eliminate virus-infected cells, and occur well before the onset of adaptive immunity".
Key Concepts: Principles of Antiviral Immunity
-Many human viral infections are successfully controlled by the immune system
-Certain emerging viruses may overwhelm the immune system and cause severe morbidity and mortality
-Other viruses have developed mechanisms to overwhelm or evade the immune system and persist
-Individuals with defects in innate or adaptive immunity demonstrate more severe viral infections
T-cell immunity is more important for control than antibody with many viral infections
-Antibody is important to minimize reinfection, particularly at mucosal sites
-Immune memory is often sufficient to prevent secondary disease, though not in all viral infection
Now this is basic stuff we've known for years. Especially the role of T-cells. This is a text book…
….that any undergraduate student might read. So when I hear numerous scientists & medics wringing their hands over how we'll handle a common & garden coronavirus, I'm genuinely perplexed. "Like the last few, the endemic ones I was taught about, perhaps?" seems a good answer.
And this is why I've been forthright. I've not been making Nostradamus like predictions, just reading an undergraduate textbook.
Don't let pseudo people fool you. It's really not that special a virus; many of us had cross immunity to it before it arrived; very few are made…
…notably ill by it; I regret that those of advanced years, already beset usually by two life-limiting chronic illnesses were more likely to become seriously ill & a very small number died. It's always been so at the end of life, as this chapter mentioned, when immune competence
…is reduced.
When you hear people setting way too much store about how long antibodies circulate, please know they're mistaken. That's not how immunity to most viruses is manifest. It's mostly T-cells, as many of us have said for months.
Originally tweeted by Yardley Yeadon (@MichaelYeadon3) on October 27, 2020.
Coronaviruses: how they spread, how to protect oneself, and more
This great article in Dutch is an interview with doctor, epidemiologist and professor emeritus Menno Jan Bouma. Below, I am going to copy and paste a Google-generated English translation which is very intelligibile.
However, before that, I am going to summarise what he says about how viruses such as coronaviruses actually spread:
They spread through droplets; they leave a host in droplets and still wrapped up in these droplets they need to reach the new host.
The smallest of these droplets are called aerosol. These are the most dangerous because, unlike heavier droplets which fall on the ground within seconds, the aerosols can remain suspended in air for longer, and thus they can be breathed in by people.
The virus really becomes dangerous if it reaches the lungs, where the immune system is the weakest.
If the virus reaches mouth and nose in a bigger droplet (non-aerosol), the overwhelming majority of times it will get stopped by the immune system defences present in nose and throat.
If the virus reaches mouth and nose in aerosols, there are far greater chances to get straight through to the lungs.
Coronaviruses are seasonal and thrive in cool, dry air. In these conditions, aerosol circulate for much longer.
Because of the above, enclosed non-ventilated spaces are the most likely places where one can get infected.
Ventilation and humidity are important, and most likely to get rid of any traces of the virus.
Then some recommendations:
Keep your immune system in good shape; take extra doses of Vitamin C and D; take also Vitamin P (euphemism for pleasure, that is, take care of your psychological state, meet with friends, have fun, stay psychologically healthy)
Avoid super-spread events, that is, avoid staying long hours with people indoor in a poorly ventilated space
Then final question: what about washing hands, sanitising and social distancing/no touching?
Those measures are perfect for tackling viruses such as diarrhoea viruses. These viruses travel from host to host through hands, through surfaces, and through touch. Indeed, if you want to deal with these viruses, it is very good to disinfect everything and to keep your distance and not touch each other.
But now we know that coronaviruses have a different strategy of traveling from host to host, and of invading hosts. They mainly spread by air. Compare it with cigarette smoke: it hardly spreads through hands or surfaces. Try comparing this to blowing cigarette smoke on your hands, and then give another one a hand or a hug. The chance that your cigarette smoke will end up deep in the lungs of the other person in this way is minimal. Coronaviruses need a lift of aerosols in order to get deep into the lungs where our body has less resistance. The measures washing hands, disinfecting, keeping your distance, no shaking hands and no cuddling are therefore not or hardly effective when you want to tackle viruses such as flu viruses or coronaviruses.
Full article in English
Doctor, epidemiologist and professor emeritus Menno Jan Bouma lived in Oost for years. As a guest lecturer he gave lectures at the Tropical Institute in East. He now lives in Ireland, but still likes to come to the East on a regular basis. He devoted his life to researching the ecology and distribution of viruses and other pathogens. In this time of the coronavirus, I would like to know a little more about viruses. So that's what I'm talking to him about.
Interview | Ruby Tilanus
You worked at the Tropical Institute in London, but came back to teach at our Tropical Institute in East. How was that?
Awesome. There are only a few places in the world with an enormous amount of knowledge about infectious diseases. The Royal Tropical Institute in East was one of them. Unfortunately, in the 1960s, many thought we had mastered infectious diseases, and in and after the 1980s, the Tropical Institute was largely cut back. The library has been closed. Specialists, collections and books disappeared. Much knowledge has thus been lost. And where knowledge is lacking, fear lurks.
That knowledge could now have come in handy in tackling the corona virus.
Fortunately, you are still here and you want to share your knowledge about viruses with us. First of all, tell us what is a virus anyway?
A virus is not a "living" being like you and I are. A virus is not 'alive'.
A virus consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a packaging (a shell). A virus cannot do anything without a 'host' or 'hostess'. It's as dead as a piece of plastic. It doesn't show any sign of life.
But if a virus is lucky enough to enter cells in a host's body, it will behave like a hibernating bear.
The virus uses its host's nutrients to reproduce itself. That is the only thing a virus can do and a piece of plastic cannot. That is the only thing that a virus itself, actively, can: reproduce itself. Although: itself, active… for this a virus does need a host.
What happens to a virus after it reproduces?
After reproducing, the new young viruses start looking for a new host.
That is where such a young virus has to travel to and penetrate. That is quite difficult for the virus, since it cannot do anything on its own, except reproduce itself. He has to travel passively or hitch a ride, and then try to penetrate somewhere. If that is successful, the virus feast of reproduction can take place again. So the virus cycle is: travel, invade, reproduce itself, travel, invade, reproduce itself and so on. A virus cannot or does not do anything else. Because a virus is not 'alive'.
How do viruses do that: passive travel and passive entry? A virus has no wings, no legs and no webbed feet to travel, does it? And a virus cannot just enter through your skin, can it?
Right! A virus has no wings, no legs, and no webbed feet to travel from one host to another. And indeed, a virus cannot just enter through your skin. Your skin is literally an impenetrable barrier to a virus.
Viruses have evolved various strategies to travel and invade their hosts. The way a virus travels is directly related to the way the virus enters the body of its host after its journey. So you always have a way of traveling and a way of penetration that are linked to each other. Each virus type specializes in at least one of those strategies. On that basis, you can divide all viruses out there into roughly three different main groups.
Please tell me a little more about those different main groups of viruses…!
You can give the main groups the following names:
– 'Opportunists': they enter the body through damage such as a wound or a blood transfusion (think of the AIDS virus);
– 'Survivors': they follow the path of food (think of diarrhea viruses);
– 'Kites': they hitch a ride with the air that is inhaled (think of flu viruses and corona).
First you mention: Opportunists (such as the AIDS virus). What is the strategy of Opportunists?
An opportunist waits until he finds an opening somewhere in the skin of the new host, a wound for example. Then he waits until his old host makes direct contact with that wound with his blood or with his semen. And then it enters the body of the new host through that wound. Opportunists can also enter via an insect sting (sting).
And Survivors (such as diarrhea viruses)? What is their strategy?
Survivors can withstand the extreme acidic gastric juices and the extreme conditions of the intestines, and can survive there. They reproduce in the intestines. If an old host does not wash his hands after defecating, a tiny amount of feces can get on the hands of the old host, which can then end up on a table, elevator button, or other surface, for example. If the new host touches that surface, or shakes hands with the old host, the Survivor may end up on the hands of the new host. If the new host then licks his fingers and does not wash his hands before eating, the Survivor can pass through the mouth into the stomach and intestines of the new host.
What interests me especially in this time of corona: what is the strategy of Vliegers (such as influenza viruses and corona)?
The strategy of kites is to hitch a ride with small droplets that the old host lets out through the mouth. When the old host exhales, talks, sings or coughs, small droplets come out of his mouth. Kites try to hitch a ride with those little droplets. A lucky kite will leave the body of the old host in a tiny droplet. It then travels through the air to a new host and enters the body along with the inhaled air. There he tries – still packed in a drop – to hitchhike up to the alveoli, deep in the lungs. Deep in the lungs, the lung wall is very thin: only one cell layer thick. Our immune system is weak there: far fewer virus particles are needed to make you sick.
How small are those droplets really?
The droplets are all small. But some droplets are many times smaller than other droplets. We call the smallest droplets 'aerosols' and they can fly.
The larger droplets do not float in the air for long. They fall to the ground within seconds due to gravity. They cover a distance of about half a meter with normal breathing to a few meters with a strong cough. To reach the new host, the Flyers must get to the nose or mouth level of the new host. However, the larger droplets soon bend towards Earth due to gravity. The aerosols remain floating in the air for a very long time. If not properly ventilated, they can continue to circulate in the air for hours. They can cover enormous distances.
Okay, this is the story on the part of the viruses. But what about our side of the story? What is our defense against viruses?
Man has been living with viruses since its inception. We and our distant ancestors in the animal kingdom evolved along with the viruses, as it were. There are many forms of innate and acquired defenses that have developed over time. Antibodies are just one of them. We have developed appropriate defense strategies for each of the different strategies of viruses for survival (Opportunists, Survivors and Airmen).
Tell us: what is our defense strategy against Opportunists (such as the AIDS virus)?
Our oldest defenses may have been developed against Opportunists. We have skin. Our skin blocks almost everything harmful that our body wants to enter. When we have a wound, our body is very well able to heal that wound very quickly.
And what is our defense strategy against Survivors (such as diarrhea viruses)?
We have developed a very sour stomach for them. Our gastric juice damages almost all viruses, so that they can no longer reproduce. Most Survivors also do not survive our gastric juice – only the few who do get the chance to reproduce.
And now the most important thing: what about our defenses against Kites (such as flu viruses and corona)?
To get deep into the lungs, a Kite must first pass through the mouth or nose. We all have multiple defense mechanisms in our nose, mouth and throat, including immune cells. An entire army with a vanguard, a rearguard and many layers of commanders is ready to stop the Flyers.
Most intruders get stuck in the labyrinth of mucous membranes and small hairs in your nose and are defused here. The mouth and pharynx also participate in the defense against the Airmen. If they get into the stomach, they don't stand a chance there.
Does it matter whether a Kite enters through a large or a small drop (aerosol)?
Yes. If a Kite hitches a ride with a small drop (aerosol), the chance of breaking right through the defense line is much greater than with a large drop. Just as small fish are much more likely to slip through the mesh of a net than large fish. Together with the inhaled air, the Vlieger can also – if he is lucky – fly deep into the lungs. After all, the drop is so small that – with a bit of luck – it can go straight into the lungs. The Vlieger virus then hitches a ride with the aerosol.
When a Kite hitches a ride in a big drop, he has a much harder time at the entry of the new host. The chance that he will be stopped at the port (in the nose, mouth or throat) is then maximum.
What exactly happens in the nose?
Everything in the nose is designed to prevent viruses, bacteria and other germs from entering our body. In addition to the nose, the mouth and throat are also extremely adept at this. Our defenses are ready to deal with intruders. In most cases we manage to effectively stop intruders (such as viruses and bacteria) in the nose and make them harmless. In the meantime, we have 'become acquainted' with the intruder. This means that the next time the same intruder shows up at our front door again, we can intervene all the faster and more effectively. You can compare that to a kind of standing up and getting acquainted at the front door: our body becomes acquainted with the previously unknown virus, and can start to build up resistance and make antibodies against the virus.
You have researched the role of the seasons and the weather on the spread of infectious diseases. Does that also play a role in the spread of corona?
Yes, most infectious diseases are seasonal diseases. For Vliegers, this mainly has to do with the temperature and the humidity. Kites such as flu viruses and corona thrive in cool, dry air, while Survivors dry out faster and die in dry air. It is not yet entirely clear whether the humidity is bad for the virus itself or for the life of the aerosol. In moist air, aerosols may quickly deflect to the earth. In dry air, aerosols can keep circulating for much longer. In the summer we have seen many cases of corona in the meat processing industry: there the air is kept cool and dry and in order to save costs, the outside air is insufficiently refreshed: a 'mecca' for Vliegers (aerosols). In winter we heat our houses and we are more indoors.The air dries out and we live together in a smaller space. You can then ingest a larger dose of viruses into the lungs, your most vulnerable place. That makes flu and corona real winter viruses. Savings on heating (from draft excluders to intelligent systems that only supply fresh air when it is really needed) is usually at the expense of fresh and more humid outdoor air. So we have to be careful with that!
With the winter season approaching, I advise everyone to ensure good humidity in the house. By putting a bowl of water on several radiators, for example.
Do you think it is wise to meet up with people outside?
Meeting outside is indeed sensible. You can compare the behavior of aerosols with the behavior of cigarette smoke. If you smoke a cigarette outside, your smoke will dissipate quickly and will not bother others except when you blow them in the face. It is the same with aerosols. If you carry the corona virus and you meet up with people outside, they will not be bothered by your aerosols. Except when you blow them in the face.
And what about ventilation exactly? Does that make sense?
Yes, that certainly makes sense. Compare it again with cigarette smoke. If you go to smoke a cigarette in my living room and I don't ventilate properly, well, I can still smell your cigarette later on. But if I open the windows opposite each other for a while, the smell will disappear in no time.
It is the same with aerosols. If you ventilate well and open the windows together, they are gone in no time. Especially in winter, the peak season for the virus, fresh outside air is very important.
What more can we do to contain Kites such as the corona virus?
Very important in the fight against all infectious diseases is: ensure that your natural defense system can function properly. Think of a healthy diet, sufficient exercise and enough sleep. Take an extra dose of vitamins C and D daily for strengthening: these vitamins help your immune system.
Also ensure psychological well-being. We call this 'vitamin P' where the P stands for pleasure. Do things that make you happy. Dance, make music, meet friends, go out.
And always avoid super spread events.
What do you mean super spread events? Tell me more about it…
The coronavirus can spread super fast during so-called 'super spread events'. These are events where many people spend hours together in a poorly ventilated space. Think, for example, of Après-ski bars or carnival cafés. Only one person needs to carry the corona virus. That one person unnoticeably blows many aerosols into the air. Probably some coronavirus carriers do this more intensely than others. All those present then inhale these aerosols for hours. The virus has a very good chance of invading many, in numbers that our defenses cannot handle.
I don't hear you about washing hands, disinfecting, keeping your distance, not shaking hands, and not hugging…!
Those measures are perfect for tackling Survivors such as diarrhea viruses. Survivors travel from host to host through hands, through surfaces, and through touch. Indeed, if you want to deal with these viruses, it is very good to disinfect everything and to keep your distance and not touch each other.
But now we know that corona is a Kite. Kites have a different strategy of traveling from host to host, and of invading hosts.
As said: Kites mainly spread by air. Compare it again with cigarette smoke: it hardly spreads through hands or surfaces. Try blowing cigarette smoke on your hands, and then give another one a hand or a hug. The chance that your cigarette smoke will end up deep in the lungs of the other person in this way is minimal. Kites need a lift of aerosols in order to get deep into the lungs where our body has less resistance. The measures washing hands, disinfecting, keeping your distance, no shaking hands and no cuddling are therefore not or hardly effective when you want to tackle Kites such as flu viruses or corona.
But Menno, isn't that diametrically opposed to what Mark Rutte asks of us ?!
Partly yes. But Rutte has also asked us several times to use our common sense …
I've heard you say, "Viruses are like burglars. You have to stop them at the front door. ' What exactly do you mean by that?
There is a big difference between a burglar who is stopped at the front door, and a burglar who enters your house for a moment and then walks out, and a burglar who is going to settle in your house and live there. It is the same with viruses. If you 'stop a virus at the front door', that is, if you stop a virus in your nose, mouth and throat and make it harmless, then you are doing well. You will literally get to know the virus up close, so that you can react even faster next time. If you briefly inhale a virus and then exhale it again, there is not much going on either. But if a virus settles deep in your lungs and starts to reproduce there, yes, it can make you very sick.
We are currently seeing a huge increase in the number of corona infections. Also here in East. How do you feel about that?
The infections are now measured with the so-called 'PCR test'. This test examines whether you have the coronavirus in your nose, mouth or throat, or leftovers of the dead virus if the infection has already passed. Many people who have the virus in their nose, mouth or pharynx are busy 'getting acquainted and standing by the front door'. As I just said: in normally healthy people with a normal immune system, there is a whole army of immune cells ready in your nose, mouth and throat. That army is introduced to the virus, makes the virus harmless, and at the same time has gotten to know the virus and so it can react even better next time. I personally think that the word 'contamination' is therefore not so well chosen. I would rather speak of 'acquaintance'. Yes,it is true that the number of 'acquaintances' with the virus is increasing (enormously).
But isn't it really bad that the virus is in the nose of more and more people?
Yes and no. People who have come to know the virus and have managed to survive at the front door function as a kind of 'living shield' for all the vulnerable in our society. I am talking here about the famous 'group immunity'. As a community you need some time to build up group immunity. Young, vital people generally have little or no problems with corona. It almost always remains with them sniffling a little. In the Netherlands there is a great sense of togetherness, and the care for the elderly is wonderful. A nice matching slogan could be: "Take care of your grandmother: make sure you have had corona." The more young, vital people have become acquainted with the corona virus and have kept the virus standing at the front door, in other words: have become immune to corona,the more favorable that is for our fellow human beings with very weak defenses.
Which brings me to the question: how deadly is corona really? Do virologists and epidemiologists have a standard yardstick for that?
In the Netherlands we live with 17 million people. People are born every day, and people die every day. That is a natural process. If more people die than average, we speak of 'over-death'. If fewer people die than average, we speak of 'under-mortality'. In the Netherlands we had excess mortality in the months of March and April 2020. After that there was a period of under-mortality in our country for months.
We express the lethality of a virus with the IFR, the Infection Fatality Rate. That is the percentage of people who have been in contact with the virus who die from the virus. Corona has an estimated IFR of 0.5 percent or less. This can be compared to the IFR of a medium to severe flu.
Yes, corona is a new virus. But I want to make a case for moving from fear to trust. We count the brothers and sisters of the corona virus under our 'medium winter flu'. Global panic is not necessary. People generally deal more rationally with the much more severe infections that you see in the tropics.
But in the US, a lot of people die from corona, right?
That's right. In areas with a high mortality, it is striking that the socially deprived part of the population in particular is dying. This part of the population has an increased risk of a serious course of the disease, such as obesity and diabetes. Bad food, bad air, bad housing, bad (clean) water supplies all contribute directly or indirectly to a weakened immune system.
At the moment there is a lot of fuss about mouth masks in schools. What is your opinion about that?
Mouth masks may be of some help in preventing the virus from passing on to others if you have COVID-19 disease. In schools, however, the advantages seem smaller than the disadvantages: risk of breathlessness, concentration problems, headaches and possibly brain damage.
How do you think corona will continue in the coming months and years?
It is expected that we will have an increased risk of aerosols in the months of November to April. If we protect the vulnerable in society well, and if we ventilate well, the second wave will not be as intense as the first wave. After all, many people have already become acquainted with the virus. Also in the future, corona will keep coming back in the winter months. But it never has to be as fierce as last spring, when the virus was completely new to everyone.
You have devoted your life to studying infectious disease management. What do you notice worldwide in the approach to the corona virus?
Cutting back on care and slimming down the hospital bed stock has contributed significantly to the fear and panic measures to avoid being overrun by the volume of patients. Unfortunately, this does not only apply to Amsterdam East and the Netherlands.
Because the benefits of the cuts are often not evenly distributed, a large part of the world's population has unfortunately become even more vulnerable to following a healthy lifestyle.
As far as the approach is concerned, I think that a study of the older literature and targeted research based on this can contribute to an effective policy. A policy devoid of fear, panic and the need to sacrifice personal freedoms.
Ivermectin studies
Prof. Thomas Borody has been using an Ivermectin-based tritherapy for treating Covid-19, and his results have been so successful that he's on record saying "We Know it's Curable; It's Easier than Treating the Flu".
Here are some recent studies (peer-reviewed and otherwise) regarding this.
The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro
Un estudio demuestra la respuesta antiviral de la ivermectina en pacientes con COVID-19
Use of Ivermectin Is Associated With Lower Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: The ICON Study
Controlled randomized clinical trial on using Ivermectin with Doxycycline for treating COVID-19 patients in Baghdad, Iraq
Also, a two-parts interview with the prof.
The utter unreliability of PCR testing
October 26, 2020 / vincenzo / 1 Comment
Excerpt of a SARS-CoV-2 PCR KIT Data Sheet
I've written already on why there is abundant reason not to trust PCRs for diagnosis of the pandemic status of SARS-CoV-2. I've added that over-reliance on these methods can easily lead to psuedo-epidemics.
This time I want to present you with other factual sources on PCR.
First, the picture above shows you part of a data sheet of a PCR kit for SARS-CoV-2. Notice the highlights:
the test can suffer interference from a host of other common seasonal viruses
the test should not be used as a sole evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment
Second, article in the British Medical Journal clearly states:
RT-PCR tests can detect viral SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the upper respiratory tract for a mean of 17 days; however, detection of viral RNA does not necessarily equate to infectiousness, and viral culture from PCR positive upper respiratory tract samples has been rarely positive beyond nine days of illness.
Third, the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine's article clearly explains that testing positive to PCR does not equate to infection:
A PCR test might find the virus it was looking for. This results in a PCR positive, but a crucial question remains: is this virus active, i.e. infectious, or virulent? The PCR alone cannot answer this question. The CEBM explains why culturing the virus is needed to answer this question:
"In viral culture, viruses are injected in the laboratory cell lines to see if they cause cell damage and death, thus releasing a whole set of new viruses that can go on to infect other cells."
H1N1: the pandemic that wasn't
Original article on Forbes. Copying as Forbes has been deleting its old articles that give support to the idea that WHO is faking this pandemic, too.
Mar 11, 2010,12:00pm EST, Henry I. Miller
The H1N1 swine flu outbreak appears to have ended less like the rogue wild boar that United Nations bureaucrats predicted and more like roasted pork tenderloin with apples and sage. From the beginning the World Health Organization's actions have ranged from the dubious to the flagrantly incompetent.
Last June the WHO boosted the pandemic alert to the highest level, Phase 6. That meant that, according to the WHO, a pandemic was under way–the first time in 41 years that the organization had made such a declaration. But the WHO must have been suffering from four decades of amnesia because ordinary seasonal flu, which sweeps the world annually–and which is far more lethal than the currently circulating low-virulence H1N1 swine flu–certainly meets the organization's definition of a pandemic: infections over a wide geographic area that affect a large proportion of the population.
Ironically, one might even consider the emergence of the H1N1 flu during the past year a net public health benefit, since it appears to have suppressed, or at least supplanted, the far more virulent and lethal seasonal flu strains. During the second week of January, 3.7% of Americans tested positive for the seasonal flu, compared with 11.5% during the same week last year. The death toll in the U.S. from H1N1 is estimated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to be around 3,900, while in an average year seasonal flu kills about 36,000.
The WHO's April 2009 decision to raise the pandemic flu threat to the penultimate level, Phase 5, "Pandemic Imminent," was unwarranted and far outpaced the data accumulated. Even worse was the June declaration that a pandemic was under way, which exposed the WHO's flawed fundamental paradigm. A warning system based solely on how widely a virus has spread, but that does not consider the nature, severity and impact of the illness it causes, is prone to false positives; it would classify not only seasonal flu but also the frequent but largely inconsequential outbreaks of virus-caused colds and gastroenteritis as "pandemics." WHO has never offered any explanation for why these examples that seem to fit its definition of a pandemic do not meet its criteria.
False alarms make the "pandemic under way" designation almost meaningless, and they diminish its usefulness, which, in turn, has important consequences. As Dr. Jack Fisher, a professor of surgery at the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, observed, "Keep crying 'wolf,' and WHO can expect lower than customary compliance with flu vaccine advisories next fall." Not only next fall, but also at some future time when we encounter a genuinely dangerous new pathogen such as a strain of H5N1 avian flu (which in its present form boasts a mortality rate more than 100 fold higher than the H1N1 swine flu) that is easily transmissible between humans.
The U.N.'s false alarms have had more immediate, negative effects. Matthew Hingerty, managing director of Australia's Tourism Export Council, lamented that the country lost thousands of tourists because of the WHO's pandemic declaration. Egyptian public health authorities overreacted and summarily ordered the slaughter of all the pigs in the country. In addition to the devastating economic losses, garbage filled the streets of Cairo and the numbers of rodents rose to fearsome levels because the pigs were no longer available to consume much of the garbage produced in the city. The U.N. indicted by the Law of Unintended Consequences.
The publicity and resulting panic surrounding the WHO's announcement of Phase 5 and 6 alerts–especially since the vaccine was not widely available until December–also brought out the fraudulent peddling of all sorts of ineffective and possibly dangerous protective gear and nostrums, including gloves, masks, dietary supplements, shampoo, a nasal sanitizer and a spray that supposedly coats the hands with a layer of anti-microbial "ionic silver."
For all these reasons, the declaration of a pandemic cannot be a prognostication but rather should be a real-time snapshot, and it must only be made when science and common sense support it.
WHO's performance has been widely criticized. Most flu experts believe that the WHO's actions were overly alarmist and precipitous and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe announced that it plans to debate "false pandemics, a threat to health."
And yet WHO officials continue to defend their actions. In a Jan. 14 conference call with reporters, Keiji Fukuda, special adviser to the WHO's director general for pandemic flu, remonstrated that the organization had not overplayed the dangers but "prepared for the worst and hoped for the best." Other communications were more strident. "The world is going through a real pandemic. The description of it as a fake is wrong and irresponsible," the WHO said on Jan. 25. A particularly problematic statement came from WHO spokesman Greg Hartl, who said, "We cannot control how people react to" WHO announcements concerning pandemics. He would benefit from tutoring in risk communication.
The WHO's dubious decisions demonstrate that its officials are too rigid or too incompetent (or both) to make needed adjustments in the pandemic warning system–deficiencies we have come to expect from an organization that is scientifically challenged, self-important and unaccountable. The WHO may be able to perform and report worldwide surveillance–i.e., count numbers of cases and fatalities–but its policy role should be drastically limited.
U.N. bureaucrats pose as authorities on all manner of products, public policy and human activities, from desertification and biodiversity to the regulation of chemicals, uses of the ocean and the testing of genetically engineered plants. However, the U.N.'s regulatory policies, requirements and standards often defy scientific consensus and common sense. Its officials are no friends of commerce, public health or environmental protection. The result is a more precarious, more dangerous and less resilient world. When it comes to pestilence, the U.N. may be the greatest plague of all.
Henry I. Miller, a physician, molecular biologist and former flu researcher, is a fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution and at the Competitive Enterprise Institute. He was an official at the National Institutes of Health and Food & Drug Administration.
Pseudo-epidemics
Yes, you read it. Pseudo-epidemics. They are a real thing.
Though I am scientist by training, I am not a medical scientist or anything closely related. But I remain a scientist. The scientific method that underpins all the sciences doesn't change.
That's what allowed to have a critical eye on all this pandemic business.
Now, all the recent posts on this blog are there to point out one simple thing: the Covid-19 pandemic has ended in May. What we're seeing now is what many scientists and medical doctors are calling a casedemic.
In short, due to pre-existing T-cell immunity and the now endemic nature of the virus, the over-reliance on PCR testing is causing a overwhelming high number of false positives. These false positives are what they call asymptomatic people. Unlike what the people in the media tell you, the reality about these people is that they are not actually sick.
A few days ago I found out that there's an established term to refer to what's happening right now with SARS-CoV-2. It's called a pseudo-epidemic.
A sample of articles that talk about this phenomenon:
Curbing false positives and pseudo-epidemics: "Pseudo-epidemics" may be on the rise because of an "over-reliance" on molecular diagnostic tests.
False alarms and pseudo-epidemics: the limitations of observational epidemiology
Pseudo-epidemics: Why COVID-19 is guaranteed to never end
From the latter I quote:
Given current definitions COVID-19 will never end. People will be dying of it forever, even if the virus disappears completely. Worse still, the system is locked in a series of feedback loops — if something causes test numbers to rise then so will case numbers, which in turn will cause a further increase in testing, causing the rise to continue, triggering local lockdowns and pointless evidence free rituals, until people get depressed and stop trying to do things causing numbers being tested to fall again.
A medic's case against another lockdown
If lockdowns were a prescription drug for Covid-19 treatment, the FDA would never have approved it. The seminal Imperial College London paper and other mathematical models like it were used to justify their use, but clinicians would never prescribe a drug or propose a surgery based on such modelling. The now well-publicised failure of these models to accurately predict Covid-19 outcomes proves the rule.
In medical science, we rely on epidemiologists to take all the available data from all the countries and perform statistical analyses to correct for as many different variables as possible.
This has now been done for lockdowns. In August, the Lancet published an analysis of data from 50 countries. The researchers found that full lockdowns were 'not associated' with decreased mortality from Covid-19. These are hard outcome data; reality cannot be waved away with theories or projections.
https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/a-medic-s-case-against-another-lockdown
Covid-19: Do many people have pre-existing immunity?
I have already talked about the mounting evidence supporting widespread T-cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19).
This study on the British Medical Journal (Covid-19: Do many people have pre-existing immunity?) is interesting because it's one of the few places where a similar situation from 2009 is recalled. In fact, in 2009 we experienced a casedemic with H1N1, that is, a growing number of cases which however did not lead to an actual high mortality rate. I quote:
Swine flu déjà vu
In late 2009, months after the World Health Organization declared the H1N1 "swine flu" virus to be a global pandemic, Alessandro Sette was part of a team working to explain why the so called "novel" virus did not seem to be causing more severe infections than seasonal flu.12
Their answer was pre-existing immunological responses in the adult population: B cells and, in particular, T cells, which "are known to blunt disease severity."12 Other studies came to the same conclusion: people with pre-existing reactive T cells had less severe H1N1 disease.1314 In addition, a study carried out during the 2009 outbreak by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that 33% of people over 60 years old had cross reactive antibodies to the 2009 H1N1 virus, leading the CDC to conclude that "some degree of pre-existing immunity" to the new H1N1 strains existed, especially among adults over age 60.15
The data forced a change in views at WHO and CDC, from an assumption before 2009 that most people "will have no immunity to the pandemic virus"16 to one that acknowledged that "the vulnerability of a population to a pandemic virus is related in part to the level of pre-existing immunity to the virus."17 But by 2020 it seems that lesson had been forgotten.
Structural stability of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and identification of quercetin as an inhibitor by experimental screening – ScienceDirect
— Read on www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141813020339970
This is on top of Quercetin also being a Zinc ionophore, which helps increasing the amount of intracellular elemental zinc, which in turns inhibits replication of RNA viruses.
Potential interventions for SARS‐CoV‐2 infections: Zinc showing promise – Brewer – – Journal of Medical Virology – Wiley Online Library
October 9, 2020 / vincenzo / 0 Comments
Intracellular elemental zinc (Zn) inhibits various RNA viruses including coronaviruses.2 In a 2010 study, Zn coupled with an Zn ionophore (pyrithione), showed potent inhibition of SARS‐CoV replication (even at very low micromolar concentrations). Zn directly inhibited the coronaviral RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase, which functions as the core enzyme of the RNA viral synthesizing machinery.2 Zn also inhibits SARS‐CoV papain‐like protease 2, which is also a key enzyme for viral replication and assembly of functional viral proteins.3 Zn and several Zn chelates were shown to inhibit furin (proprotein convertase) which is important in the pathogenesis of many viruses.4 The furin proteases have been proposed as therapeutic targets for several viral pathogens.5 Specifically, the spike glycoprotein of SARS‐CoV‐2 contains a unique furin cleavage site that is not found in SARS‐CoV.6 This furin activation mechanism increases the infectivity and pathogenicity of viruses.6 Zn inhibition of host furin in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection may be an important antiviral mechanism unique to this novel strain.
Chloroquine has been shown to be a potent Zn ionophore and transports Zn through the cell membrane substantially increasing intracellular levels of Zn, especially in the endosomal‐lysosomal compartment.7 These same ionophore properties presumably apply to the closely related molecule, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ).
— Read on onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmv.26523 | {
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Ben Shaw, Chief Operating Officer
Presque Isle, Maine – Bryan Thompson, CEO, and owner of Thompson Financial Group, has announced Benjamin Shaw has joined its Presque Isle and Bangor based financial services firm as its Chief Operating Officer.
Before joining Thompson Financial Group, Ben served as the Chief Business Officer at the University of Maine at Presque Isle, his alma mater, for 5 years. Ben also held various management positions at the Defense Finance and Accounting Service Center in Limestone for 12 years, which included serving as the Deputy Site Director.
Ben graduated with a bachelor's degree in accounting from the University of Maine at Presque Isle in 2004. He earned his master's of science in business from Husson University in 2009. In 2015, he became a Certified Management Accountant (CMA). Ben holds his Series 65 Investment Advisor Representative (IAR) and life and health insurance producer licenses.
"I am excited and pleased to join Thompson Financial Group. Helping others with their financial future has always been a dream of mine. Having the opportunity to join such a great and growing team is an added bonus that I am thankful for. I look forward to making connections and helping you plan for your future," Ben stated.
Ben is accepting new clients. He is prepared to provide estate planning, investment advising, and insurance services. Ben can be reached at 207-764-3302 or [email protected]
Ben and his wife, Sasha, reside in Mapleton with their two sons, Reed and Grant, with their third son, Myles, on the way.
"We are fortunate to welcome Ben as an integral part of our executive management team. He brings a wealth of business experience and financial acumen to our firm. He will hit the ground running providing trusted advice to his clients. I look forward to working closely with Ben and our CEO and owner Bryan Thompson for years to come as we continue to grow our firm and provide our clients with the high level of client service they have become accustomed to since our founding in 1962" stated Brian Hamel, former Managing Partner, COO and current Financial Advisor at Thompson Financial Group.
Benjamin Shaw offers products and services using the following business names:
Thompson Financial Group – Insurance and financial services
Ameritas Investment Company, LLC (AIC)
Member FINRA/SIPC – Securities and investments
AIC is not affiliated with Thompson Financial Group.
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*Representatives offer products and services using the following business names:
Thompson Financial Group – Insurance and Financial Services | Ameritas Investment Company, LLC (AIC), Member FINRA/SIPC. – Securities and Investments | Ameritas Advisor Services (AAS) – Investment Advisory Services. AIC and AAS are not affiliated with Thompson Financial Group or any other entity mentioned herein. Products and services are limited to residents of states where the representative is registered. This is not an offer of securities in any jurisdiction, nor is it specifically directed to a resident of any jurisdiction. As with any security, request a prospectus from your representative. Please read it carefully before you invest or send money. A representative will contact you to provide the requested information. Representatives of AIC and AAS do not provide tax or legal advice. Please consult your tax advisor or attorney regarding your situation. Privacy Policy.
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Many people facing estate planning challenges are posed with a difficult question: Who can I trust to act in my interests as a fiduciary? While some people choose to name family members or friends as fiduciaries, individuals are not always available or willing to take on this responsibility.
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When you are ready to talk to a trusted Colorado lawyer about your fiduciary service needs, we are here for you. Contact us online or by telephone at 720-370-9395 to arrange your initial consultation. | {
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Keep Politics Out of the Church
Like the majority of Catholics, Kansas Gov. Kathleen Sebelius, President Obama's choice to be secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, seems to be able to reconcile her faith with her political beliefs, including her position on abortion ("HHS nominee Sebelius caught between her politics and faith," Page 1, Tuesday). Archbishop Joseph Naumann of Kansas City, Kan., concurs, stating that she joins "a whole raft of others in the Senate and Congress." It might make good copy to claim that pro-choice Catholics are in turmoil, but the reality is somewhat different.
To prove this, we only have to examine the results of the last presidential election, when 54 percent of Catholic voters were among the 53 percent of Americans who voted for the pro-choice ticket. Most Catholics believe their faith supports their conviction that women must be trusted to make decisions about their own lives – especially when it comes to choices about contraception or abortion. There has been no suggestion that Mrs. Sebelius is anything but qualified for the HHS job. But this doesn't stop some Catholic bishops and other conservatives from complaining about Mr. Obama's selection.
While Vatican officials and, indeed, all Catholics may have their own opinions about who should and should not receive Communion, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops rightly reminded American Catholics that such matters should be left to local bishops. Archbishop Raymond L. Burke, therefore, need not be dictating from Rome as to how American bishops should act in regard to Mrs. Sebelius or any other Catholic in these circumstances. Perhaps this controversy, which was most likely stirred up on a small conservative organization's Web site, was necessary because other bishops know something that Archbishop Burke doesn't: The altar rail is not a place for political battles.
JON O´BRIEN
This letter was published in The Washington Times. | {
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So I am currently on my first practicum in which I am teaching girls, and its becoming quite evident the differences needed in the classroom.
On my first day, I almost laughed out loud when I looked at some the exercises books of the girls. They were clean, not ripped, organised and contained beautful handwriting! Last year teaching boys, I was lucky if they remembered a pen and book to write in – and both on the same day.Another funny thing that happened was when girls can't complete a problem (say find a solution to a maths question), it amazes me how many of them actually ask for help and then listen to the answer.
From a guy's point of view, I feel like I should apologise for my gender in the classroom! | {
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UK Markets open in 8 hrs
-0.0001(-0.01%)
Chechen Leader 'Pauses' Workout to Respond to US Sanctions
Storyful 21 December 2017
Ramzan Kadyrov, the head of the Chechen Republic, has released a video in which he appears to take a break from lifting weights to respond to sanctions placed upon him by the US Treasury under the Magnitsky human rights law.
The sanctions stem from alleged human rights abuses, including a "purge" targeted gay and bisexual men, RFE said.
Kadyrov said that the US Treasury had nothing better to do than sanction him and said that he would, according to an RFE translation, "not have gone to the USA if all the foreign currency reserves of the country were promised to me as a prize."
The US Treasury has accused Kadyrov of torture and extrajudicial killings. Another Chechen security official was also accused of involvement in the "purge".
Kadyrov begins this video in a position to bench press a barbell loaded with 240 kg of weights, before sitting up and talking to the camera.
While Kadyrov regularly posts footage of him working out, these videos show him lifting significantly lighter weights. Credit: Instagram/Ramzan Kadyro via Storyful | {
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Medium chain triglycerides are fats with 6 to 12 carbons in the chain. This article aims at exploring the health benefits of MCT oil that is a supplement generally used in coffee, salad dressings, and smoothies. Natural MCT is found in palm kernel oil, coconut oil and in dairy products. Unlike long-chain fatty acids, MCT is directly absorbed into the portal circulation and transported to the liver. From the liver, they are either instantly used as an energy source or may undergo ketosis and produce ketones. In either way, MCT is not absorbed in the body to form fat.
Various studies show that MCT enhances the body's ability to burn calories or fats. MCTs rich diet suppresses appetite and makes you feel full for a longer time. It promotes satiety and is less likely to be stored as fat. MCT induces healthy weight loss without any adverse side effects.
It inhibits the conversion of excess carbs into fats. A research shows a decrease in waist circumference, hip circumference and total body fat in people who consumed MCT straight for 4 weeks. Another reason how they prevent obesity and promote weight loss is they optimize gut flora and promote the growth of healthy bacteria.
A study shows that MCTs when combined with flax seeds and phytosterols decreases total cholesterol level of blood by 12 percent. Whereas the effect of olive oil was only 4.7 percent. MCTs also enhance production of HDL. CRP(C reactive protein) is a bio marker of inflammation, is reduced in people consuming MCTs.
Your brain can't utilize sugar in Alzheimer so MCT provides ketones as an alternative energy source. It also prevents memory loss by blocking the receptors and helps in survival. Autism affects different people differently because it's a spectrum condition. Researches proved a substantially improved behavior in autist children who consumed a gluten-free diet in combination with MCT. Not only this, MCTs are also shown to reduce anxiety and depression symptoms.
Medium chain triglycerides disrupt the protective membrane of bacteria, virus, and fungus that shield them from foreign invaders, leading to cell death. The antibacterial property of MCTs is mainly due to lauric acid.
MCTs are also shown to enhance endurance in athletes during high-intensity workouts. It decreases the rising level of lactate during exercises which negatively affect the performance of athletes. Moreover consuming MCTs before a workout would help you burn more fats rather than carbs. | {
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If your SEO services Dublin is working hard and intelligent, it will be able to find more anchor text hyperlinks. Sure, it may not be feasible to get anchor text link one hundred%twenty five of the time, but a careful hyperlink building technique will uncover numerous much more of them than a haphazard strategy.Your business will only get a robust identity when the services supplied to it are good and efficient. With out that dose of power and vitality, your site is heading nowhere and will not at all achieve something in the longer run. So keep the option great and see your website expanding.In current situation, every people are eager to be a part of global company whether or not he is having huge money to make investments or small. For these people are having little budget and on the lookout for SEO services Dublin. It is possible for each kind of characters. For it you need only 1 thing that is SEO who can produce your business technique in the most lively way across the globe.There is 1 final factor to keep in mind. SEO is a shifting goal, and you can't use the techniques discovered last yr this yr and subsequent. You must remain current and make certain you keep your ear to the floor. Again, a great SEO services Dublin to help you in this job and to keep you informed by e-mail, RSS feeds and other resources to ensure you're usually one step ahead.I figured it best that I get a Miami seo to assist me make certain I was producing the best feasible marketing plans I could. This was some thing they had been individually skilled to be in a position to do, whilst I was not. Offered this info, I understood that I would need to use them so as to be sure that I did not get any of it incorrect. I got on the telephone with the very best business I could discover on the web and requested them how a lot they would inquire for to assist me out with a small electronic pr . I was delighted with the quotes that they were telling me, so I took them on correct on the place.Customer getting strategies: this is of much essential in the way to make money on-line. You can do this numerous ways like supplying price efficient packages to the individuals or by other mean of placing your website on the leading most rankings of the search engines.The main goal of the buyer of any SEO service is to get oodles of totally free visitors. Anything else is missing the stage. If you ever go for a lookup motor optimization expert, it's because you want the very best of totally free traffic, time period!We tried to clarify the fundamentals of SEO and assist them comprehend that this term is amazingly simple to rank on, even with out hiring an SEO Dublin firm. We went additional and suggested that the outcome they were describing does not imply the SEO Dublin offered by that company were any great. But they didn't appear to adhere to. We ran the lookup again with quotations about it and noticed that "Toyota Tundra Chattanooga" experienced 7 results. That's correct, Google experienced determined that precisely 7 internet pages from the entire Internet had been about the specific topic Toyota Tundra Chattanooga. So rather than attempting to clarify the SEO math behind how this all worked, we stated to our client "give us one hour" and check your phrase again.Check out the newest newspapers and magazines. What are the most debated subjects of the working day? Study the headlines and appear into the editorial page. Write about the most recent events on your blog. You can also use social media websites to discover some really scorching subjects. Subscribe to blogs your rivals are writing and read publications related to your niche.SEO India is considered as one of the best way to increase the rank of your website. There are numerous companies which are noted for this type of SEO Dublin. You can get to know about their techniques and staffs. They have correct groups for various sorts of services. They have team to appear following content of your website, they have team to look after the style of your web site and they have team to look after the HTML coding and article distributing and key phrase research.Creating too a lot links in a extremely brief time time period and that as well, with the wrong websites, is much more most likely to hurt your website rather than assisting it. Search engines may think about this practice as Black hat SEO and penalise for the exact same. So, if any SEO services supplier comes to you and promises hundreds and thousands of hyperlinks to your site, just say that you require time to believe on it. Also remember not to put low-high quality SEO links on your website.If I develop it (a website), they will come? The solution to that is NO. If you create distinctive content material, actively syndicate and market that content to selected sites, and take part in social, web and user communities - Then they will come.The SEO Company in India ought to have a great optimization team deployed with the newest resources at their disposal. The tools would ensure that the process goes off nicely and a great group in location would lay down the foundation for some invigorating and energizing work. | {
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Invoice factoring – What is it actually?
When a business sells off its accounts receivable to a pro factoring aggregation to chargeless up actual cash; mostly to defended alive basic and advice accommodated incurring expenses, aggrandize sales or awning payroll, this transaction is alleged antithesis factoring. It allows you to about-face contributed invoices into cash. The aunce appeal acceptable agreement which implies that the invoices should be outstanding for at atomic 30, 60 or 90 canicule afore the accession of payments. In the meantime, after accepting the banknote you can canyon on opportunities to get aback on your collapsed business payments like bulk or alike aggrandize your business.
Amidst this absolute transaction, there are alone three parties involved, the aggregation which issued the invoice, the chump who owes payments on it and the costs aggregation which offers the banknote in lieu of the invoice. | {
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SVI's innovative spirit has led to SVI-exclusive products available for your Rotary lift. Ask about the Aqua-Out Automatic Water Removal System for your cassette-style lift.
Minimize downtime with SVI's three ready-ship locations placed across the U.S.
SVI is the company lift owners turn to when they encounter wear issues with their Rotary lifts. Through our original SVI Direct Fit brand repair parts, we stock more parts to repair Rotary lifts than any other supplier. Call SVI for product such as pulleys, USA-made cables, rubber pads, adapters, and of course, seal kits! Our Direct Fit™ parts either maintain or extend the service life of each Rotary lift—making them even better lifts for your business.
When you need to repair your Rotary lift, SVI's Direct Fit repair parts are an even better option than traditional rotary hoist parts. From our patent-pending Aqua Out automatic water removal system to our drop-in rack and pinion equalizer system, our replacement Rotary parts turn your Rotary lifts into long-lasting durable structures.
SVI's innovation shines through with the SVI's drop-in rack and pinion equalizer system for use on Rotary lift model DTO28. The Rotary lift model DTO28 was once widely popular among auto dealership service facilities. Many of these DTO28 auto lifts are still in use today in auto repair facilities across the country, many thanks to SVI.
The SVI lift repair kit provides Rotary DTO28 lift owners with a real service solution. Many DTO28 lifts have one problem in common—the equalizer box corrodes and begins caving-in. This condition causes the crossbeam portion of the existing equalizer mechanism to hang up and impair or completely stop the auto lift's function. While, there is nothing else wrong with the auto lift, auto lift owners in the past were faced with two costly options, replace the auto lift or excavate and install a new equalizer housing—this is over!
The SVI Rack and Pinion Upgrade Kits extend the usable service life of Rotary lift DTO28 models. Many Rotary lift DTO28 models are in service facilities deemed national accounts by Rotary lift. Why sacrifice service facility dollars through unnecessary auto lift replacement? DTO28 Rotary lift owners would rather save their DTO28 Rotary lift keeping its versatility and avoiding the expense of a new auto lift. The SVI kit is not a Rotary lift part and is another example of SVI innovative Direct Fit™ brand products for Rotary lifts.
Lift owners of Rotary lifts also look to SVI with restraint engagement issues on late model 2-post surface mount lift models such as the SPO9 and SPOA9. SVI's main arm restraint gear with elongated mounting holes allows for precise adjustment of the main gear. As the lift begins to wear over time, the swing arms begin to slightly sag from normal wear. Eliminate sagging lift arms with high quality repair parts exclusively from SVI!
In the auto repair parts industry, there is only one answer for lasting Rotary auto lift repairs. Contact SVI to learn more! | {
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Dr. Crisp is a family practitioner practicing in Columbia, SC. He was educated at Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine in 2007.
Dr. Dixon is a family practitioner practicing in Prosperity, SC. He was educated at University of Virginia School of Medicine in 1987.
Dr. Schmidt is a family practitioner practicing in Evans, GA. He was educated at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine in 1995.
Dr. Smith is a family practitioner practicing in Columbia, SC. He was educated at Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine in 1982.
Dr. Mckay is a family practitioner practicing in Irmo, SC. He was educated at Wayne State University School of Medicine in 1996.
Dr. Beaver is a family practitioner practicing in Columbia, SC. He was educated at University of South Carolina School of Medicine in 1986.
Dr. Korman is a family practitioner practicing in Lexington, SC. He was educated at Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine in 2000. | {
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Antonio Molinar married Josefa Munos. They had a son Vicente Molinar born in Mexico circa 1810.
Vicente Molinar married Petra Carrasco January 12, 1839 in Jesus Nazareno Temple, Ojinaga. They had seven children. 1. Dolores, 2. Victoriano, 3. Mariano, 4. Silverio, 5. Atilano, 6. Carmen, 7. Juana.
1. Daughter Dolores Molinar was born 1838 in Ojinaga (birth year as shown in marriage record). She married Ramon Mesa March 5, 1870 in Jesus Nazareno Temple, Ojinaga. He was born in 1846 in Rio Florido, Mexico.
Remedios Contreras was born in 1849 in Ojinaga. They were married in Jesus Nazareno Temple 17 May 1870. There were no known children.
Jesus Baeza, they were married circa 1875. They had five children: A. Alberto, B. Juan, C. Paz, D Benigna, E. Jose, (see below for details).
Rosario Galindo Mesa, they were married circa 1888. They had six children: F. Maria, G. Vicente, H. Victoriano, I. Valente, J. Cruz, K. Andres, L. Eduardo. (see below for details).
A. Son Alberto Molinar was born in Mexico 8 June 1877 and immigrated to the United States in 1890. He married Luisa Jaquez July 10, 1912 in Terlingua. They were married by Justice of the Peace R.A. Wilson. Louisa was born in Presidio, Texas August 25, 1891, the daughter of Rumaldo Jaquez and Severa O. Contreras. Alberto died in Midland Memorial Hospital July 30, 1956. Louisa died at her home in Midland on April 5, 1966. Both are buried in Fairview Cemetery in Midland.
In the Terlingua area Alberto engaged in farming, ranching and freighting. He owned the northern half of Section 38 of Block 17. The southern half was owned by his cousin, Antonio Franco. The Molinar School was located on Alberto's property.
The building on the left was the school and teacher residence. A large water tank is in the foreground. The photo was taken around 1926.
Students at the Molinar School, probably 1932.
- In March 1915 he received $19.49 from Chisos Mining Company for hauling freight. This included 75 cents for hauling a box of books to Slight's Drug Store in Alpine.
- In 1916 he hauled 79,143 pounds of freight for Study Butte Mining Co. for $395.72.
- In January 1917 he sold 195 pounds of beans to Study Butte Mining Co. for $19.50.
- In 1917 he hauled 371,828 pounds of freight for Study Butte Mining Co. for $1,972.99. That is equal to more than four years pay for the average miner.
- In 1918 he hauled 184,284 pounds of freight for Study Butte Mining Co. for $1,165.80.
- In 1918 he sold 22.63 cords of fuel wood to Study Butte Mining Co. for $226.25.
- In 1919 he earned $319.63 for hauling freight for the Study Butte Mining Co.
- In February 1925 he hauled cotton seed for La Harmonia Co. in Castolon for $60.44.
- In March 1917 he received $53.25 from La Harmonia Co. for hauling eight bales of cotton (3926 pounds) to Alpine and returning with 11 barrels of gasoline (4950 pounds). He departed on March 3rd and returned on the 16th.
- In November 1929 he sold 1549 pounds of cotton to La Harmonia Co. for $76.11.
(1) Daughter Jesus Jaquez Molinar was born August 7, 1913 in Terlingua. She married Roman De La O September 10, 1938. He was the son of Roman De La O and Tomasa Morales and was born on the De La O Ranch, near Castolon, July 7, 1913. Roman worked for the Chisos Mining Co. in 1940 and for the Kokernot Ranch, near Alpine, in 1945. Jesus died September 27, 1972 and Roman died February 26, 1980. Both died in Alpine and both are buried in Holy Angels Cemetery.
Jesus and Roman had 10 children.
a. Son Alfredo De La O was born June 28, 1939 in Terlingua. In 1980 he was living in Alpine. He died in Odessa Medical Center August 6, 2006 and probably is buried in Alpine.
aa. Son Michael Ross Peña was born in Andrews County, Texas February 10, 1960.
bb. Daughter Monica Liza Peña was born June 27, 1961 in Brewster County.
cc. Son Higinio Peña, III was born April 30, 1963 in Brewster County.
dd. Son Jesus Joel Peña was born May 26, 1964 in Brewster County.
aa. Son Robert "Bobby" De La O was born in Alpine July 26, 1964. He died August 29, 1982 and is buried in Holy Angels Cemetery.
aaa. Son Robert Roman Carrillo was born in Alpine July 17, 1991. In March 2012 he was attending the University of Florida in Tallahassee.
bbb. Daughter Celia Julissa Carrillo was born in 1998 and in March 2012 was living with her parents in Fremont, California.
ccc. Daughter Eliza Mia Carrillo was born in 2002 and in March 2012 was living with her parents in Fremont, California.
aaa. Daughter Maya De La O was born in 2004 and in March 2012 was living with her parents in Round Rock.
bbb. Son Bobby De La O was born in 2005 and in March 2012 was living with his parents in Round Rock.
dd. Daughter Amanda De La O was born in Alpine Oct 23, 1984. In March 2012 she was living in San Antonio and was working as a Financial Analyst for Bromley Communications.
d. Son Claudio De La O was born June 6, 1945 in Brewster County. In August 2006 he was living in Fayetteville, Arkansas.
aa. Daughter Jessica Rae Dyer was born April 8, 1973 in El Paso.
aa. Son Glenn Alfred Espinosa was born in Brewster County 5 December 1974.
bb. Son Raul Rene Espinosa was born in El Paso May 11, 1978.
cc. Son Damian Joel Espinosa was born in El Paso March 5, 1982.
aa. Daughter Roberta Yvette De La O was born in Alpine May 18, 1971.
h. Daughter Maria Edudina De La O was born July 6,1952 in Alpine. She died November 23, 1952 in Alpine of gastroenteritis and is buried in Holy Angels Cemetery.
i. Daughter Berta Alisia De La O was born December 18, 1953 in Alpine. In 1980 she was living in Alpine, married name Rodriguez. In August 2006 she was living in Alpine, married name Benavidez.
j. Son David De La O was born in Alpine April 14, 1955. He was living in Alpine in August 2006.
(2) Daughter Benigna Molinar was born February 9, 1915 in Terlingua. She died in Midland Memorial Hospital March 23,1993 and was buried in Presidio. She married Jesus Manuel Rodriguez and they had six children.
a. Son Jose Molinar Rodriguez was born August 17, 1947 in Alpine and died there the same day. He is buried in Alpine.
b. Daughter Ester Rodriguez was born in Alpine November 20, 1948. In April 1993 she was living in Harlingen, TX. Her married name is Gutierrez.
c. Daughter Maria Louisa Rodriguez was born in Alpine June 1, 1950 and was living in Alpine in April 1993. Her married name is Manzano. In November 2011 she was living in Brownsville, TX.
d. Son Adan M. Rodriguez was born in Alpine March 27, 1953. He was living in Big Spring, TX in April 1993.
e. Daughter Rebecca Rodriguez was born in Presidio in 1955. She was living in King City, California in April 1993. Her married name is Merrill.
f. Son Alberto M. Rodriguez was born in Pecos County August 15, 1956. He was living in Big Spring, Texas in April 1993. In November 2011 he was living in New Mexico.
a. Son Jesus M. Rodriguez was living in Pittsburg, CA in April 1993.
b. Daughter Irma Rodriguez was living in Lewisville, TX in April 1993. Her married name is Gates.
aaa. Daughter Amanda Molinar was born March 26, 1987 in Alpine.
(3) Son Jose Jaquez Molinar was born 15 August 1916 in Terlingua. He married Hazel Waters. She was born circa 1917 in Texas, the daughter of William H. Waters and Noberta "Beta" White. They lived in the Midland area from 1948 until 1971. Jose was a U.S. Navy Veteran of World War II. At the time of his death, Jose was working as a laborer for South Construction Co. He died in Midland September 5,1971 of a gunshot wound of the heart, having been shot during an argument. Hazel died in Permian Lodge in Midland June 12, 1974 of Carcinoma of the Cervix. Both are buried in Fairview Cemetery. Jose and Hazel had thirteen children.
aa. Son Lorenzo "Larry" Robledo was born December 17, 1956. His wife's name is Susana.
bb. Daughter Rosa Anna Robledo was born October 16, 1958.
cc. Daughter Ida Robledo was born April 18, 1961. She married Edward Rangel.
dd. Daughter Sue Ann Robledo was born June 2, 1963.
ee. Daughter Paula Jean Robledo was born November 16, 1964. She married Carlos Rangel.
ff. Daughter Melissa "Missie" Robledo was born June 15, 1967. She married Richard Soto.
gg. Daughter Guadalupe "Lupe" Robledo was born November 7, 1969. She married Scott Turner.
aa. Daughter Elizabeth Ann Molinar was born May 9, 1962 in Midland. She married Keller N. Thornton March 1, 1985.
bb. Daughter Brenda Molinar was born August 28, 1963 in Midland. She married Arturo Contreras June 3, 2000.
cc. Daughter Christina Molinar was born September 30, 1964 in Midland. She married Benito Ramos December 13, 1997.
dd. Son Frank Joe Molinar was born September 24, 1968 in Midland.
ee. Son Victor Joe Molinar was born July 19, 1969 in Midland.
c. Daughter Hazel Ann Molinar was born October 21, 1944 in Presidio County. She was living in Midland in March 2011. Her married name is Velarde.
d. Daughter Olivia Molinar was born September 8, 1946 in Presidio County. She was living in Weatherford, Texas in March 2011. Her married name is Avalos.
e. Daughter Alma Linda Molinar, twin of Rose Linda, was born in Marfa June 14, 1948. She died in Marfa September 10, 1958 and is buried in the Marfa Cemetery.
f. Daughter Rose Linda Molinar, twin of Alma Linda, was born in Marfa June 14, 1948. She died in Marfa September 10, 1958 and is buried in the Marfa Cemetery.
g. Daughter Gloria Molinar was born April 8, 1950 in Presidio County. She was living in Valentine in March 2011. Her married name is Sanchez.
h. Son James "Jimmy" Molinar was born November 30, 1951 in Martin County. In March 2011 he was living in California.
i. Son Raul Molinar was born May 1, 1953 in Martin County. In March 2011 he was living in Mississippi.
j. Daughter Sylvia Molinar was born March 13, 1954 in Martin County. She was living in Midland in March 2011. Her married name is Behenio.
k. Daughter Beatrice Molinar was born February 15, 1956 in Martin County. She was living in Valentine, Texas in March 2011. Her married name is White.
l. Daughter Berta Molinar was born November 27, 1957 in Martin County. She was living in Arizona in March 2011. Her married name is Height.
m. Son Eduardo "Eddie" Molinar was born November 1, 1961 in Midland. In March 2011 he was living in Midland.
(4) Daughter Maria Molinar was born circa 1918 in Terlingua.
a. Son George Molinar Tucar, Jr. was born in Terlingua April 28, 1941. In 1957 he was living in Midland and working as a delivery boy for Permian Reproduction Company. He died June 1, 1957 from injuries suffered in an automobile accident in Odessa and is buried in the Fairview Cemetery in Midland.
(6) Son Alberto Molinar (Jr.) was born December 29, 1921 in Terlingua. He died in Medical Center Hospital, Odessa, on September 22, 2002 and was buried in Rose Hill Cemetery, Odessa, with full military honors He was a U.S. Army Veteran who served in Normandy. He married Anita Flores in January 1950. They had eight children.
a. Son Alberto Molinar was born April 8, 1949 in Pecos County. He was living in Odessa in September 2002.
aa. Son Antonio Manuel Molinar, twin of Albert Miguel, was born in Odessa December 11, 1976.
bb. Son Albert Miguel Molinar, twin of Antonio Manuel, was born in Odessa December 11, 1976.
cc Son Alexander Joel Molinar was born in Dallas July 16, 1980.
dd. Son Arturo Jose Molinar was born in Dallas November 29, 1982.
c. Son Oscar Molinar was born January 22, 1952 in Martin County. He was living in Houston in September 2002.
d. Son Orlando Molinar was born July 11, 1953 in Pecos County. He married Guadalupe Sanchez. Orlando was living in St. Paul, Minnesota in September 2002. He and Guadalupe had two children, both living in St. Paul in January 2011.
aa. Daughter Antoinette Molinar was born July 10, 1979 in St. Paul, Minnesota.
bb. Daughter Nicolette Molinar was born September 5, 1983 in Odessa.
aa. Son Johnny Molinar, Jr. was born March 25, 1974 in Denton County.
bb. Son Christopher Lopez Molinar was born May 19, 1975 in Andrews County.
cc. Daughter Melissa Lopez Molinar was born April 14, 1982 in Odessa.
aa. Son Dane Mathew Molinar was born in Odessa April 15, 1988.
bb. Daughter Mary Molinar married Andrew Mersmann. In September 2002 they were living in San Antonio.
cc. Son Eddie Molinar was living in Odessa in September 2002.
(7) Daughter Luz Molinar was born circa 1923 in Terlingua. She married Sabino Macias April 21, 1946. He was born February 26, 1921 in Terlingua. He was the son of Benjamin Macias and Nicolasa Levario. (See http://www.lifebeforetheruins.com/juan-macias-1.html for more information on the Macias family.) Luz and Sabino had one known child.
a. Daughter Elia Macias was born April 15, 1947 in Alpine.
(8) Son Victoriano Molinar was born August 13, 1925 in Terlingua.
(9) Son Antonio Molinar was born February 9,1927 in Terlingua. He married Enriqueta Hernandez. She was born circa 1930, the daughter of Florencio Hernandez and Ester Cordova. They had two known children.
a. Daughter Delma Molinar was born August 24, 1948 in Brewster County.
b. Daughter Nora Molinar was born August 29,1949 in Brewster County.
(10) Son Conrado Molinar was born November 13, 1928 in Terlingua.
(11) Son Arturo Molinar was born October 3, 1931 in Terlingua.
a. Daughter Maria Esther Deanda was born March 7, 1954 in Brewster County.
b. Daughter Aida Deanda was born July 13, 1955 in Brewster County.
c. Son Raul Deanda was born July 6, 1957 in Odessa.
d. Son Larry Deanda was born December 7, 1958 in Odessa.
e. Daughter Rose Linda Deanda was born October 14, 1960.
f. Son Jose Luis Deanda was born April 6, 1965 in Odessa.
B. Son Juan Baeza Molinar was born circa 1878 in Mexico. He died in Lockhart Clinic Hospital, Alpine on April 26, 1949 and is buried in Holy Angles Cemetery. He married Zenaida Gonzalez circa 1906. She was born in Mexico circa 1888, the daughter of Paz Gonzalez and Jesus Herrera. Zenaida died in Brewster County Memorial Hospital on August 4, 1960 and is buried in Holy Angels Cemetery. She had been a resident of Alpine since 1953.
Juan was a land owner, farmer, rancher and freighter. Circa 1923 he purchased Section 224 of Block G4 from the Bonifacio Vega family. He still owned that land in 1934. The increase in his state and local tax assessments between 1922 ($8.77) and 1924 ($18.35) reflect the acquisition of this property.
Little specific information is available on Juan's farming and ranching activities. In 1921 he was raising chickens and frequently traded eggs for merchandise at the Chisos Mining Company store. In 1929 he raised 2,680 pounds of cotton, which he sold to the La Harmonia Company in Castolon for $143.00. On 21 June 1932 he sold four steers to the Wayne Cartledge Ranch for $46.00. On 19 January 1933 he sold six more steers to the same ranch for $9.00 each.
- In March 1915 he received $38.53 from Chisos Mining Company for hauling freight.
- October 10, 1916: hauled freight for Chisos Mining Co. for $71.29.
- June 1918, hauled 13,133 pounds of freight for Study Butte Mining Co. for $98.50.
- October 1918, hauled 12,607 pounds of freight for Study Butte Mining Co. for $94.55.
- June 1, 1921, hauled freight for Chisos Mining Co. for $90.43.
- July 11, 1921, hauled quicksilver for Chisos Mining Co. for $49.28.
- July 25, 1921, hauled freight for Chisos Mining Co for $90.06.
- January 31, 1927, hauled freight for Chisos Mining Co. for $99.59.
- February 19, 1927, hauled freight for Chisos Mining Co. for $98.07.
- March 15, 1927, hauled freight for La Harmonia Co. in Castolon for $35.57.
(1). Son Victoriano Molinar was born January 19, 1907 in Presidio County. He died in Alpine March 19, 1938 of a gunshot wound to the chest. The death initially was ruled a homicide, but no additional details are available. Victoriano is buried in the Terlingua Cemetery.
(2). Daughter Jesus Molinar was born circa 1909 in Texas. She married Jose Del Toro, the son of Isabel Del Toro and Juana P. Perez in Terlingua. He was born in Mexico December 29, 1912 and worked as a brick layer in the building construction industry.
According to his death record, Jose del Toro died May 25, 1951 while attempting to murder the local sheriff. The sheriff returned fire, hitting him in the abdomen. He is buried in Holy Angels Cemetery.
After the death of Jose Del Toro, Jesus married Faustino Navarro in Carlsbad, New Mexico. They were divorced after a short time and Jesus moved back to Alpine. There were no known children of either marriage. Jesus died of a stroke at her home in Alpine October 11, 1953. She is buried in Holy Angels Cemetery.
(3) Son Paz Molinar was born in Chisos (Terlingua) on March 4, 1910. He was baptized in Chisos on April 26, 1910 by Father Brocardus. His godparents were Patricio Dominguez and Ursula Rodriguez. He was a resident of Alpine in December 1967. He died in Alpine January 20, 1977 and is buried in Holy Angels Cemetery.
a. Son Guadalupe Molinar was born May 30, 1943 in Brewster County.
b. Son Anastacio Molinar, Jr. was born December 12, 1944 in Alpine.
c. Daughter Viola Molinar was born July 4, 1946 in Brewster County.
d. Daughter Sulema Molinar was born October 6, 1948 in Brewster County.
e. Daughter Elma Molinar was born October 18, 1959 in Brewster County.
f. Son Juan "Johnny" Molinar was born October 10, 1965 in Brewster County..
(5). Daughter Eulalia Molinar was born 3 April 1914 in Terlingua. She died in Brewster Memorial Hospital, Alpine on 5 April 1990 and is buried in Holy Angels Cemetery. She married Gonzalo Rodriguez December 14, 1951. They had no known children.
(6). Son Juan G. Molinar was born February 22, 1916 in Terlingua. He was baptized April 2,1916 in Chisos by Father M. Cuadrado. His godparents were Manuel Anaya and Sabina Aranda. He married Josefina Baeza Hernandez February 10,1942. She was born March 12, 1923 in Terlingua de Abajo, the daughter of Guadalupe Hernandez and Teresa Baeza. They had four children.
a. Son Octavio Molinar was born September 11, 1944 in Brewster County.
b. Daughter Gloria Molinar was born August 31, 1947 in Alpine. She died January 3, 1955 in Fort Davis Hospital of Rheumatic Fever and is buried in Holy Angels Cemetery, Alpine.
aa. Daughter Marina Geanette Grado was born in Odessa April 7,1969.
bb. Daughter Josephine Griselda Grado was born in Odessa April 21, 1972.
d. Son Ruben Molinar was born May 29,1953 in Brewster County.
(7). Son Enrique Molinar was born June 20, 1918 in Terlingua. He died September 24, 1993 in Medical Center Hospital, Odessa. He was a U.S. Army World War II Veteran and was buried in Holy Angels Cemetery with full military honors. He was a former employee of Big Bend National Park.
aa. Son Charles Eric Brito was born in Travis County April 1, 1983.
bb. Daughter Leanna Nicole Brito was born in Travis County March 2, 1986.
b. Son Joe Louis Molinar was born January 29, 1962 in Odessa. He was living in Austin, TX in October 2002.
aa. Son Robert Lee "Bobby" Dominguez was born January 11, 1972 in Brewster County. He was raised by his grandparents Thelma and Jose White.
aa. Son Alberto Dustin Garza was born in Brewster County January 29, 1987.
bb. Son Aaron Lance Garza was born in Brewster County November 27, 1990.
(10) Son Frederico "Fred" Molinar was born July 7, 1923 in Terlingua. He worked as a rancher in the Alpine area most of his life. He died in Hospice House, Odessa, January 16, 2005 and was buried in Holy Angels Cemetery, Alpine. He married Angela "Lillie" Gonzalez June 16, 1959 in Brewster County. She died August 1, 1987 and is buried in Holy Angels Cemetery.
aa. Son Adan Molinar Fuentez was born February 13, 1970.
bb. Son Michael Molinar Fuentez was born May 15, 1973.
cc . Daughter Ruby Ann Molinar Fuentez was born February 20, 1979.
dd. Son David Molinar Fuentez was born February 4, 1982.
b. Daughter Maria Concepcion Molinar was born September 28, 1953 in Brewster County.
c. Daughter Zenaida Molinar was born February 7, 1955 in Brewster County.
d. Daughter Rosa Elva "Rosie" Molinar was born October 26, 1959 in Brewster County. Her married name was Trevino.
a. Daughter Ema Molinar was born April 9, 1948 in Brewster County.
aa. Son Jose Garcia III was born July 14, 1972 in Odessa.
bb. Daughter Minica Jerome Garcia was born June 5, 1973 in Odessa.
cc. Son Josiah Molinar Garcia was born April 2, 1984 in Odessa.
aa. Daughter Andi Nicole Molinar was born October 25, 1983 in Odessa.
bb. Daughter Krystal Lorae Molinar was born September 19, 1985 in Odessa.
aa. Son Alan Anthony Armesto, Jr. was born in Odessa March 31, 1982.
bb. Son Derek Ryan Armesto was born in Odessa January 7, 1992.
aa. Son Adrian Robert Torres was born December 4, 1979 in Odessa.
bb. Daughter Karisma Karistal Torres was born July 24, 1984 in Odessa.
a. Daughter Diana Lee Molinar was born June 24, 1956 in Brewster County. She married Hector Alvarado.
b. Daughter Wanda Molinar was born September 18, 1957 in Brewster County. Her married name is Taylor.
(13). Son Herminio Molinar was born circa 1930 in Terlingua. In March 2012 he was living in El Paso.
C. Son Paz Molinar was born in Texas circa 1879. He died in Terlingua January 19, 1942 and is buried in the Terlingua Cemetery. He married Maria Burgess circa 1905. She was born in Fortin in Presidio County, the daughter of Tomas Burgess and Virginia Carnero. Soon after the death of her husband in 1942, Maria moved to Alpine. She lived there until her death on February 4, 1956. She is buried in Holy Angels Cemetery.
Paz and Maria probably lived in the Marfa area initially; their first child was born there in 1906. But by 1907 they had settled in the Terlingua area. Their home was on the west side of Terlingua Creek about two miles south of present-day Route 170.
Paz owned three sections of land where he farmed and raised cattle and goats. These were Sections 301 and 302 of Block G4 and Section 18 of Block 17. He also was very active in the freighting business.
- On March 22, 1915 he was paid $79.45 by Chisos Mining Company for hauling freight.
- On October 10, 1916 he was paid $89.35 for hauling freight for Chisos Mining Co.
- On December 26, 1916 he was paid $45.45 for hauling freight for the Chisos Mining Co.
- Between February 1917 and March 1918 he hauled 62,755 pounds of freight for the Study Butte Mining Co. for $347.48.
- On April 28, 1917 he was paid $72.05 for hauling freight for the Chisos Mining Co.
- On September 29, 1917 he was paid $65.47 for hauling freight for the Chisos Mining Co.
- On October 27. 1917 he was paid $59.17 for hauling freight for the Chisos Mining Co.
- In 1918 he sold 10.63 cords of fuel wood to the Study Butte Mining Co. for $106.25.
- On June 19, 1921 he was paid $74.00 for hauling freight for the Chisos Mining Co.
- On June 20, 1921 he was paid $103.37 for hauling freight for the Chisos Mining Co.
- In January 1925 he was paid $63.65 for hauling freight for the La Harmonia Co. in Castolon.
- In March 1925 he was paid $63.65 for hauling freight for the La Harmonia Co.
- On March 20, 1925 he and Antonio Franco were paid $302.44 for hauling freight for the La Harmonia Co.
- On January 29, 1927 he was paid $80.23 for hauling freight for the Chisos Mining Co.
- On February 1, 1927 he was paid $77.96 for hauling freight for the Chisos Mining Co.
- On February 21, 1927 he was paid $75.00 for hauling freight for the Chisos Mining Co.
The activity with Chisos Mining Co. is based on incomplete records and probably was much more extensive than shown above.
(1). Son Jesus Molinar was born August 1, 1906 in Marfa, Texas. He died in Odessa June 4, 1978 and is buried there.
(2). Daughter Agripina Burgess Molinar was born in Terlingua on June 22, 1909. She was baptized in Big Bend (Study Butte area) on November 2, 1909 by Father Brocardus. Her godmother was Josefa Baeza. She died of pneumonia in Terlingua on March 31, 1942 and is buried in the Terlingua Cemetery. She was attended by Chisos Mining Company physician W.N. Kelley for the week prior to her death.
(3). Daughter Maria Molinar was born in Terlingua March 22, 1911. She was a student at the Molinar School in 1925. On September 22, 1947 she married Cornelio Betancourt, son of Miguel Betancourt and Felipa Pichardo. He was born March 15, 1920 in Terlingua. They lived in the Terlingua area until at least 1939. They eventually moved to Odessa, where Cornelio died on March 13. 1964. He is buried in Odessa. Maria died in Odessa March 20, 1984..
(4). Son Tomas Molinar was born in Terlingua April 29, 1918. He was a student at the Molinar School in 1925. He died in Odessa on April, 1 1964 and is buried in the Odessa Cemetery. He married Jesus Gomez, who was born circa 1917. She was the daughter of Felix Gomez and Benigna Galindo. They had five children.
aa. Daughter Sandra Sanchez Molinar was born January 8, 1972 in Brewster County.
bb. Daughter Gloria Sanchez Molinar was born August 2, 1973 in Brewster County.
cc. Son Manuel Molinar, Jr. was born July 12, 1974 in Brewster County.
dd. Daughter Noemi Sanchez Molinar was born November 6, 1976 in Brewster County.
ee. Son Fortino Sanchez Molinar was born August 12, 1979 in Brewster County.
b. Son Tomas Molinar was born October 1, 1944 in Brewster County. In 1986 he was living in Seminole.
c. Son Wilfredo "Will" Molinar was born March 30, 1947 in Brewster County.
d. Son Felix Molinar was born October 30, 1951 in Brewster County. He was living in Odessa in 1986.
e. Son Noel "Noe" Molinar was born October 30, 1959 in Presidio County. He was living in Alpine in 1986.
(5). Son Alfredo Burgess Molinar was born in Terlingua January 31, 1918. He was a student at the Molinar School during the 1925-1926 school year. On November 16, 1940 he married Beatrice Jaquez. She was born in Terlingua May 11, 1921, the daughter of Agapito Jaquez and Ofelia Rodriguez. (For more information on the Jaquez family, see http://www.lifebeforetheruins.com/gregorio-jaquez.html) Alfredo died in Odessa December 20, 1997. Alfredo and Beatrice had four children.
a. Daughter Dora J. Molinar was born November 8, 1941 in Brewster Co.
b. Daughter Delia Alva Jaquez Molinar was born November 20, 1943 in Brewster Co.
c. Son Alfredo Molinar was born February 23, 1946 in Brewster Co.
d. Daughter Delma Molinar was born December 9, 1946 in Brewster Co.
(6). Son Daniel Molinar was born June 20, 1920 in Terlingua. He married Maria Urquieta July 12, 1941. She was born circa 1922 in Texas, the daughter of Juan Urquieta and Mauricia Martinez. (See http://www.lifebeforetheruins.com/juan-urquieta.html for more information on the Urquieta family). Daniel died on their 53rd wedding anniversary, July 12, 1994, in Odessa and is buried there.
L-R: Benigna Molinar, Manuela Chavez, bride & groom, Manuela Valenzuela.
Daniel and Maria had five children.
aa. Son Randy Charles Roman was born in Odessa November 17, 1964.
bb. Son Rodney Charles Roman was born in Odessa November 28, 1967.
cc. Son Ryan Charles Roman was born in Odessa September 6, 1975.
aa. Daughter Deborah Jo Lynn Fierro was born August 2, 1963 in Odessa.
bb. Son Sabas Fierro, Jr. was born August 20, 1967 in Odessa.
cc. Son Brent Fierro was born June 22, 1976 in Odessa.
aa. Daughter Aubree Deann Roman was born in Odessa September 2, 1973.
bb. Son Jon Daniel Roman was born in Odessa August 23, 1979.
aa. Daughter April Lysette Molinar was born March 3, 1981 in Odessa.
bb. Son Daniel Travis Molinar III was born April 4, 1982 in Odessa.
cc. Daughter Carrie Felice Molinar was born May 15, 1984 in Odessa.
f. Son Paz Molinar was born May 7, 1950 in Alpine. He married Tina Guerrero.
a. Daughter Odilia Angelica Molinar was born 4 September 1944 in Brewster County.
b. Son Jorge Molinar was born 20 May 1946 in Brewster County.
(8). Son Alfonso "Poncho" Molinar was born September 10, 1924 in Terlingua. He married Maria Zamarron May 3, 1942. She was born in Terlingua November 23, 1923, the daughter of Martin Zamarron and Dolores Huerta. They had two children.
a. Daughter Rita Molinar was born 23 May 1942. She married David Ramirez and in September 2010 they were living in El Paso.
b. Son Antonio Molinar was born 9 May 1944 in Brewster County. He and his wife Delma were living in Alpine in September 2010.
Alfonso Molinar and Maria Zamarron were divorced in the mid 1940's.
Alfonso married Teresa Villanueva from Fort Davis on December 7, 1946 in Fort Davis. She was born on June 28, 1928 and died in an automobile accident in 1989. Alfonso died September 21, 2010 and is buried in the Carlsbad Cemetery. Alfonso and Teresa had five children.
a. Son Alfonso Molinar, Jr. was born in Fort Davis August 19, 1947. He and his wife Connie were living in Carlsbad, New Mexico in September 2010.
b. Son Adan Molinar was deceased by September 2010.
c. Daughter Eva Molinar married Adolfo Hinojos. In September 2010 they were living in Carlsbad.
d. Daughter Emma Molinar was born June 5, 1950 in Fort Davis. Sje married Ruben Irizarry. In September 2010 they were living in Carlsbad.
e. Daughter Alva Molinar was living in Carlsbad in September 2010. Her married name is Yocum.
a. Daughter Esther Molinar was born April 4, 1952 in Brewster County. Her married name is Hernandez and she was living in Clute, Texas in November 1998.
b. Son Rogelio Molinar, Jr. was born January 11, 1954. He was living in Odessa in November 1998.
aa. Daughter Stephanie Ann Garza was born May 26, 1976 in Odessa.
d. Daughter Celia "Sally" Molinar was born May 20, 1960 in Odessa. She was living in Odessa in November 1998.
e. Son Rudy Molinar was born May 1, 1965 in Odessa and was living in Odessa in November 1998.
(10). Son Alejandro Molinar was born February 9, 1929 in Terlingua. He died off malignant jaundice in Terlingua February 18, 1934. He is buried in a small cemetery on a hilltop just north of the Paz Molinar home site.
(11). Daughter Ernestina Molinar was born March 19 1932 in Brewster County. She was the flower girl in the wedding of Josefina Hernandez and Juan G. Molinar in February 1942.
a. Son Roman Arispe, Jr. was born January 20, 1950 in Alpine and died there May 28, 1952. He is buried in Alpine.
b. Son Jesus Armando Arispe was born February 23, 1952 in Alpine.
c. Daughter Mary Belinda Arispe was born November 18, 1953 in Alpine.
a. Daughter Dora M. Hernandez was born February 3, 1962 in Zavala County.
b. Son Juan Jesus "J.J." Hernandez was born June 26, 1967 in Ector County.
a. Daughter Guadalupe Valenzuela was born November 29, 1929 in Terlingua. She was living in Alpine between 1943 and 1948. She died there June 28, 1948 of Typhoid Fever and is buried in Alpine.
b. Son Felix G. Valenzuela was born May 18, 1931 in Brewster County.
c. Daughter Estela Valenzuela was born September 15, 1933 in Alpine and died there May 28, 1934. She is buried in Alpine.
d. Daughter Lucia Valenzuela was born December 4, 1938 in Brewster County.
(2) Daughter Luz Gonzalez was born September 6, 1909 in Presidio, Texas. She married Guillermo Rodriguez on November 29, 1929 in Terlingua. He was born February 10, 1906 in Terlingua, the son of Guillermo Rodriguez and Sixta Duran. He was working for the Chisos Mining Co. in August 1927, employee number 699. On August 13 he suffered an injury to his foot and missed work for six days. He was a resident of Odessa between 1948 and 1968. He died in Medical Center Hospital 17 October 1968 and is buried in the Odessa Cemetery. Luz and Guillermo had three children.
a. Son Manuel Rodriguez was born September 18, 1930 in Brewster County. He was deceased by February 2008.
aaa. Daughter Amanda Luzinda Gonzales was born November 24, 1981 in Odessa.
bb. Daughter Esther Martinez was born September 4, 1958 in Odessa. She married Leo Garza.
cc. Son Robert R. Martinez, Jr. was born August 20, 1960 in Odessa. His wife's name is Sandra.
dd. Daughter Patsy Ann Martinez was born June 29, 1962 in Odessa. Her married name is Dominguez.
ee. Son Randall Martinez was born October 2, 1970 in Odessa.
aa. Son Daniel Hernandez Rodriguez was born January 10, 1953 in Odessa.
a. Daughter Elizabeth Betancourt was born July 25, 1950 in Brewster County. She married Rodolfo Daniels. They were living in Odessa in May 2009.
aa. Daughter Megan Diane Garcia was born May 3, 1984 in Odessa.
bb. Daughter Brittany Marie Garcia was born September 26, 1986 in Odessa.
(4) Son Filberto Gonzalez Jr. was born April 21, 1913 in Presidio. He died from an accidental dynamite explosion while working for the Tarrant Mining Co. June 26, 1934. He is buried in the Terlingua Cemetery.
a. Daughter Olivia Gonzalez was born February 15, 1941 in Brewster County.
b. Daughter Maria Oralia Gonzalez was born January 31, 1945 in El Paso County.
c. Daughter Ofilia Gonzalez was born August 10, 1946 in Brewster County.
d. Daughter Olga Gonzalez was born July 1. 1949 in Brewster County.
e. Daughter Olean Chacon Gonzalez was born January 17, 1952 in Brewster County.
f. Daughter Orphalinda Chacon Gonzalez was born March 16, 1955 in Ector County.
g. Son Paz Chacon Gonzalez, Jr. was born March 25, 1962 in Ector County.
h. Son Ray Gonzalez was born March 23, 1962 in Ector County.
(6) Daughter Maria Gonzalez was born in Presidio April 4, 1916. She married Alberto R. Jaquez September 19, 1936 in Terlingua. The son of Agapito Jaquez and Ofelia Rodriguez, he was born December 19, 1915 in Terlingua. He was baptized April 2, 1916 in Chisos by Father M. Cuadrado. His godparents were Jose Hinojos and Victoria Madrid. Maria died in Medical Center Hospital, Odessa on June 20, 1988. Alberto died December 2, 1991. Both are buried in the Kermit, Texas Cemetery; their graves are marked. Maria and Alberto had three children.
aa. Son Raymond Ortega was born July 8, 1958 in Odessa.
bb. Son Juan Xavier Ortega was born April 3, 1961 in Odessa.
b. Son Alberto Jaquez, Jr. was born In Brewster County August 23, 1939. In 1987 he was living in Roanoke, Texas. He died July 8, 1989 and is buried in the Kermit Cemetery.
aa. Son Alvaro Martinez, Jr. was born in Brewster County in February 1964.
bb. Daughter Maria Christina Martinez was born in Ector County February 11, 1965.
cc. Daughter Veronica Martinez was born in Brewster County March 8, 1968.
In 1910 Jose was living in Marathon, where he was a boarder with his cousin Antonio Franco. He was working as a laborer in the rubber factory at the time. Jose was from a family of freighters, and from 1916 through 1918 he pursued that profession. In the last four months of 1916 he hauled over 53 tons of freight for the Study Butte Mining Company, earning $532.87. In 1917 he hauled nearly 161 tons of freight for the same company, earning $1.694.05, and in 1918 he hauled over 87 tons, earning $1,121.97. However, in the 1920 census his occupation was shown as "Laborer, general" and in 1930 as "Farm laborer". In 1934 and 1936 he was working for the Chisos Mining Company. In April 1936 he suffered a foot injury when an ore bucket overturned on it. He missed six days work as a result. He received half pay for the time missed.
From 1944 to 1965 Jose was a resident of Alpine, where he worked as a bricklayer in the construction industry. He died at his residence in Alpine December 18, 1965 from pneumonia and cancer. Isabel died in Odessa September 23, 1982. Both are buried in Holy Angels Cemetery.
a. Son Manuel J. Molinar was born March 23, 1944. He died in Odessa February 8, 1977.
(2). Daughter Elisa Molinar was born in Terlingua in 1920 and was living there with her parents in 1930. Her married name was Torres. She was deceased by April 2000.
a. Son Oscar Grado was born May 20, 1941 in Brewster County. In April 2008 he was living in Fort Stockton.
b. Son Adan Grado was born January 24, 1944 in Brewster County. He was living in Odessa in April 2008.
c. Son Manuel Grado, Jr. was born July 22, 1945 in Ector County. He was living in Presidio, Texas in April 2008.
d. Son Raul Grado was born June 14, 1947 in Ector County. He died in Ector County September 16, 1982.
e. Daughter Rosa Elva Grado was living in Fort Stockton in April 2008. Her married name is Arenivas.
f. Son Jose Grado was living in Hobbs, New Mexico in April 2008.
g. Daughter Maria Grado was living in Fort Stockton in April 2008. Her married name is Dominguez.
(4). Son Carlos Molinar was born in Terlingua in 1924 and was living there with his parents in 1930.
(5). Son Adolfo Molinar was born in Terlingua in 1925. In September 2011 he was living in San Mateo, California. Adolfo served in the U.S. Army for 25 years. He served in the South Pacific during World War II, where he fought in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. He later served in Berlin, Germany and finally in Viet Nam. He met his wife, Vera Janischewski, in Berlin.
(6). Son Jose Molinar was born in Terlingua in 1928. He died in Odessa March 19, 1991.
(7). Son Cruz Molinar was born May 3, 1933 in Brewster County. In April 2008 he was living in Presidio, Texas.
(8). Daughter Consuelo Molinar was born February 2, 1939 in Brewster County. In February 2000 she was living in Odessa, where she died March 25, 2006. Her married name was Machuca.
Victoriano Molinar and Rosario Galindo Mesa had seven children: F. Maria, G. Vicente, H. Victoriano, I. Valente, J. Cruz, K. Andres, L. Eduardo.
F. Daughter Maria Molinar was born in November 1889. In 1900 she was living with her parents in Presidio.
G. Son Vicente Molinar was born December 11, 1893 (a) in Presidio, Texas. He married Candelaria Armendariz in Jesus Nazareno Temple, Ojinaga on October 16, 1918. She was born February 2, 1898 in Ojinaga, the daughter of Victor Armendariz and Maria De Los Angeles Alvarez. As a teenager Vicente worked in the silver mines in Shafter. After marriage, he settled in Alpine where he worked as a laborer on the railroad. Candelaria died May 17, 1985. Vicente died on October 14, 1994 at his residence in Alpine, Texas. Both are buried in Holy Angels Cemetery.
(1) Son Ramon Armendariz Molinar was born in Alpine April 12, 1921. He married Josefina Mercedes Ramos May 6, 1946. She was born in Alpine September 24, 1922, the daughter of Solomon Ysidro Ramos and Josefa Cobos. They made their home in Alpine, where Ramon worked as a brick layer. He was a WW II Veteran, serving as a Private First Class with the Military Police Platoon of the 75th Infantry Division. Ramon died in Brewster County Memorial Hospital May 6, 1961. Josefina died in Alpine August 9, 2003. Both are buried in Holy Angels Cemetery. Ramon and Josefina had seven children.
aa. Daughter Rosita Molinar was born November 13, 1971 in Brewster County. She was living in Boerne, Texas in May 2004.
bb. Daughter Sarita Molinar was born May 11, 1978 in Harris County. She was living in San Marcos, Texas in May 2004.
cc. Son Luis Molinar was born September 26, 1980 in Harris County. He was living in Alpine in May 2004.
aa. Daughter Jessica Ann Molinar was born November 10, 1973 in Brewster County. Her mother was Rebecca Grace Granado.
bb. Daughter Martha Brito Molinar was born October 5, 1981 in Brewster County. Her mother was Ana Maria Brito Contreras.
aa. Daughter Tiffany Ann Slack was born September 6, 1972 in Brewster County.
bb. Son Robert Raymond Slack, Jr. was born in Galveston May 25, 1985.
d. Son Ruben Molinar was born May 29, 1953 in Alpine. In May 2004 he was living in Riverside, California.
e. Daughter Angelica Molinar was born May 1, 1955 in Alpine and was still living there in May 2004.
f. Daughter Josefina Laura Molinar was born October 8, 1956 in Brewster County. She was living in Little Rock, Arkansas in May 2004. Her married name is Mann.
g. Daughter Monica Molinar was born October 13, 1959 in Alpine and was still living there in May 2004.
a. Son Victoriano Molinar was born March 23, 1943 in Brewster County.
a. Daughter Mary Ann Molinar was born May 4, 1948 in Brewster County. In April 2007 she was living in Midland. Her married name is Blair.
b. Daughter Cora Molinar was born August 24, 1949 in Brewster County. In April 2007 she was living in Alpine. Her married name is Chavez.
c. Son Samuel Molinar was born January 29, 1952 in Brewster County.
d. Son Elpidio "Pio" Molinar was born June 24, 1955 in Brewster County. He was living in Alpine in April 2007.
e. Daughter Elisa "Lisa" Molinar was born June 17, 1963 in Brewster County. She was living in Alpine in April 2007.
f. Daughter Sylvia Molinar was living in Alpine in April 2007. Her married name is Ramos.
g. Daughter Victoriana Molinar was living in Seminole in April 2007.
h. Son Raul Molinar was living in Alpine in April 2007.
Victoriano's obituary also list son Joe Rodriguez. He was living in California in April 2007.
(3). Son Jose Molinar was born circa 1925 in Alpine. He died June 19, 1943 from a knife wound to the chest. He is buried in Alpine.
(4). Son Luz Molinar was born March 24, 1926 in Alpine.
a. Son Joe Gallego III was born August 30, 1946 in Brewster County. In April 1999 he was living in Corona, California.
aa. Son Brian Briceño was born February 20, 1971 in Reeves County.
aa. Daughter Marlene Briceño was born November 19, 1968 in Reeves County.
bb. Son Edward Briceño was born July 17, 1971 in Reeves County.
cc. Daughter Amber Monique Gallego Briceño was born August 13, 1986 in Brewster County.
d. Son Billy Joe Gallego was born July 16, 1950 in Brewster County. He was living in Saragosa in April 1999.
e. Son Freddy Gallego was born September 12, 1951 in Brewster County. In April 1999 he was living in Pecos.
f. Son Tony Gallego was born August 18, 1953 in Brewster County. In April 1999 he was living in Presidio, Texas.
g. Son Samuel "Sammy" Gallego was born May 16, 1955 in Brewster County. In April 1999 he was living in San Angelo.
h. Son Jimmy Gallego was born February 12, 1957 in Brewster County. In April 1999 he was living in Saragosa.
i. Daughter Alexa Gallego was born November 9, 1959 in Brewster County. In April 1999 she was living in San Angelo.
j. Son Alan Gallego was living in Pecos in April 1999.
k. Daughter Alexa Gallegos was living in San Angelo in April 1999.
a. Son David Javier Portillo was born July 12, 1962 in Brewster County.
b. Son Jaime Portillo was born July 17, 1963 in Brewster County. (7). Son Francisco Molinar was born April 2, 1935 in Brewster County.
(7). Son Francisco Molinar was born April 2, 1935 in Brewster County.
(8). Son Raul "Chief" Molinar was born April 2, 1935 in Brewster County.
a. Son Sammy Roy Espinosa was born May 5, 1958 in Brewster County.
b. Daughter Yvonne Molinar Espinosa was born June 5, 1959 in Brewster County.
c. Son Leopoldo Espinosa, Jr. was born April 7, 1962 in Brewster County.
d. Daughter Claudia Melissa Espinosa was born January 15, 1965 in Brewster County.
(10). Son Jose "Joe" Molinar was born in Brewster County on November 27, 1943. In April 2007 he was living in San Antonio.
H. Son Victoriano Molinar was born January 24, 1894 (a) in El Indio, Presidio County, Texas. He was baptized in El Indio March 10, 1894 by Father Brocardus. His godparents were Justo Gonzalez and Carmen Molinar. He was living with his parents in Presidio in 1900.
I. Son Valente Molinar was born in September 1895 and was living with his parents in Presidio in 1900.
J. Daughter Cruz Molinar was born in January 1897 and was living with her parents in Presidio in 1900.
K. Son Andres G. Molinar was born February 4, 1898. He married Manuela Ramirez. She died in 1972 and he died December 26, 1980. They are buried in Holy Angels Cemetery, Alpine.
a. Son Rudolfo "Rudy" Torres. Molinar was born November 22, 1951 in Brewster County. He was living in Alpine in 2010.
b. Daughter Rosalinda Torres Molinar was born December 6, 1952 in Brewster County. She was living in Alpine in 2010. Her married name is Jordan.
c. Daughter Yolanda Torres. Molinar was born February 1, 1955 in Brewster County. She was living in Alpine in 2010.
aa. Son Juan Israel Martinez was born June 19, 1982 in Brewster County.
bb. Son Chale Eugene Molinar Martinez was born October 31, 1983 in Brewster County.
bb. Daughter Emery Jaclyn Sanders was born December 13, 1977 in Andrews County.
cc. Son Charles Jacob Sanders was born February 5, 1979 in Brewster County.
aa. Daughter Sara Jenifer Molinar was born November 28, 1984 and died December 9, 2003. She is buried in Holy Angels Cemetery in Alpine. She had one son, who is living in Odessa.
bb. Daughter Sophie Molinar was living in Odessa in 2010.
cc. Daughter Sandra Molinar was living in Odessa in 2010.
dd. Son Andrew Molinar was living in Odessa in 2010.
a. Daughter Dianna Molinar was born December 16, 1953.
b. Daughter Carmela Molinar was born November 23, 1956 in Brewster County. She died July 29, 1973 of injuries suffered in an automobile accident in Alpine and is buried in Holy Angels Cemetery.
a. Daughter Belinda Ybarra was born in Brewster Co. May 18, 1955. Her married name is Viscaino. She was living in Midland in February 2008.
b. Daughter Melva Ybarra was born in Brewster County April 9, 1957. She was living in Midland in February 2008. Her married name is Almodova.
c. Daughter Delpha Ybarra was born in Brewster County December 19, 1958. She was living in Midland in February 2008. Her married name is Norton.
d. Daughter Guadalupe Molinar Ybarra was born December 15, 1964 in Brewster County. Her married name is Martinez. In February 2008 she was living in Midland.
aa. Son Edmundo Ybarra, Jr. was born August 16, 1974 on Travis Air Force Base, Fairfield, California. He graduated from Lee High School in Midland in 1993. He died from injuries suffered in a traffic accident in Odessa May 15, 2002.
bb. Son John Matthew Ybarra was born in Pecos County September 6, 1979.
(4). Son Francisco Molinar was born in Brewster County February 4, 1938.
(5). Daughter Eva Molinar was living in San Diego, California in February 2008. He married name is Rodriguez.
(6). Daughter Dora Molinar was living in Alpine in February 2008.
I. Son Eduardo G. Molinar was born November 30, 1900 in Shafter, Texas. He married Conrada Jaquez in Terlingua June 4, 1922. She was born February 19, 1903 in Lajitas, Texas, the daughter of Romaldo Jaquez and Severa O. Contreras. She was baptized in Lajitas May 16, 1903 by Father Brocardus. Her godparents were Macario and Severiana A. Hinojos. Eduardo died in Alpine August 24, 1971 and Conrada died in Valley Star Nursing Home in 1987. Both are buried in Holy Angels Cemetery.
Eduardo died in Alpine August 24, 1971 and Conrada died in Valley Star Nursing Home in 1987. Both are buried in Holy Angels Cemetery.
Eduardo and Conrada initially made their home in the Terlingua area, probably near the home of his brother Alberto. Eduardo hauled freight for the local mining companies, did some farming, and also may have worked in the mines. By December 1932 they had moved to Alpine, where Eduardo worked at various jobs, including shearing sheep and selling produce. He occasionally worked out of town, including one time when they went to Bakersfield, California to work in the fields.
(1). Daughter Rosa Chacon was born March 3, 1923 in Terlingua. She married Jose Chacon, Jr. He was born August 5, 1921 in Terlingua, the son of Jose Chacon and Elvira Moreno. Rosa and Jose lived in Terlingua until daughter Olga was born in August 1943, but moved to El Paso soon afterward. He worked for Phelps-Dodge Copper Refinery from 1944 until he retired with 35 years service in 1979. Jose died in El Paso November 18, 1992 and Rosa died there January 17, 2004. They had eight children. Please see http://www.lifebeforetheruins.com/preciliano-chacon.html for details and for more information on the Chacon family.
(1). Son Vicente J. Molinar was born November 8, 1924 in Terlingua (Chisos). He was baptized November 24, 1924 in Chisos by Father Salvador M. Giran from St. Agnes Catholic Church in Terlingua. His godparents were Hilario and Elisa Cordova. He was a U.S. Navy Veteran. In 1987 he was living in Alpine. He died May 3, 1991 and is buried in Holy Angels Cemetery.
aa. Daughter Debra Ann Arrieta was born January 15, 1962 in Midland County.
bb. Daughter Cindy Arrieta was born July 13, 1964 in Ward County.
b. Son Frederico "Fred" Terrazas, Jr. was born in Brewster County August 19, 1945.
(4). Daughter Carolina Jaquez Molinar was born March 21, 1928 in Terlingua. She died May 4, 1996 and is buried in Holy Angels Cemetery, Alpine. She married Arturo Moreno White, who was born February 17, 1922 in Lajitas, Texas, the son of John White and Cruz Moreno. He died April 10, 1998 in Big Bend Regional Medical Center, Alpine and is buried in Holy Angels Cemetery. For many years Carolina and Arturo owned and operated the Terlingua Store, located along Highway 170 between Terlingua Creek and the Terlingua Ghost Town.
a. Son Arturo White, Jr. was born June 18, 1944 in Terlingua. He died of "extensive burns from ignition of gasoline" on May 16. 1946. He was buried the same day in the Terlingua Cemetery.
b. Son Roberto White was born October 12, 1945 in Brewster County. In April 1998 he was living in Odessa.
b. Son John White was born June 4, 1947 in Terlingua. In April 1998 he was living in Alpine.
aa. Daughter Christina White Gardea was born May 14, 1975 in Odessa.
bb. Son Martin White Gardea. Jr. was born September 25, 1979 in Odessa.
cc. Daughter Lizette White Gardea was born August 27, 1991 in Odessa.
d. Son Hector White was born March 23, 1952 in Terlingua. In May 1996 he was living in Terlingua and in April 1998 he was living in Odessa.
e. Daughter Delia White was born in Terlingua September 18, 1955 and was living there in April 1998.
(5). Daughter Elisa Molinar was born October 4, 1929 in Terlingua. She married Luis Bustos in Alpine January 9, 1945. They were married by Justice of the Peace R.C. Garnett. In 1996 she was living in Monahans, TX. She died in Monahans March 1, 2002.
(6) Daughter Aurora Molinar was born March 28, 1931 in Terlingua. She was living in Fresno, California in February 2003. Her married name is Garcia.
(7). Daughter Guadalupe Molinar was born prematurely on December 11, 1922 in Alpine and died there two days later. She is buried in Alpine.
(8). Son Eduardo Molinar, Jr. was born in Alpine October 31, 1934. He attended Centennial School in Alpine and was living in Alpine in 1987.
a. Son Juan Efren Molinar was born in Alpine May 19, 1950. In November 2011 he was living in Alpine.
b. Son Edmundo Molinar was born in Alpine June 24, 1963. In November 2011 he was living in Odessa.
c. Son Oscar Molinar was born in Alpine April 2, 1966. In November 2011 he was living in Alpine.
d. Daughter Evangeline Molinar was born in Alpine September 21, 1969. In November 2011 she was living in San Antonio.
b. Daughter Denise Molinar was living in Alpine in March 2009. Her married name is Valles.
c. Daughter Debra Jean Molinar was born February 4, 1974 in Brewster County. She was living in Alpine in March 2009. Her married name is Valles.
d. Daughter Jennifer Molinar was living in Alpine in March 2009. Her married name is Garcia.
e. Ramona's son Joe Herman Garcia was living in Odessa in March 2009.
f. Ramona's son Noel Salas was living in El Paso, TX in March 2009.
a. Son Luis Portillo Hernandez, Jr. was born October 1, 1959 in Brewster County.
b. Daughter Carol Jean Hernandez was born October 20, 1961 in Brewster County.
c. Son Armando Molinar Hernandez was born July 28, 1863 in Brewster County.
d. Daughter Delfie Conrada Hernandez was born September 7, 1968 in Brewster County.
e. Son Christopher Molinar Hernandez was born October 8, 1973 in Brewster County.
a. Daughter Kimberly Jean Molinar was born August 18, 1968 in Brewster County. She was living in Alpine in March 1994.
b. Daughter Jessica Lynne Molinar was born June 20, 1973 in Brewster County. She was living in Alpine in March 1994.
c. Daughter Rosa Linda Molinar was born November 12, 1979 in Brewster County. She was living in Alpine in March 1994.
(11). Son Armando Molinar was born November 6, 1944 in Alpine. He died in Alpine October 1, 1946 and is buried there.
A. Son Miguel Molinar was born September 1887 in Texas. In 1900 he was living with his parents in Presidio and probably lived there all of his life before going into Valley Hi Nursing Home in 1975. He died February 7, 1976 in Valley Hi Nursing Home in Alpine and is buried in Presidio.
B. Son Conrado Molinar was born February 1889 in Texas and was living with his parents and attending school in Presidio in 1900.
C. Son Patricio Molinar was born circa 1891 in Texas. In 1920 he was living with his parents in Presidio County and was working as a day laborer.
D. Son Manuel Molinar was born December 1892 in Texas. In 1900 and 1920 he was living in Presidio with his parents. He died in Methodist Hospital, Lubbock, TX of heart failure on March 23, 1973 and is buried in Peaceful Gardens Memorial Park, Lubbock.
E. Daughter Sofia Molinar was born June 1895 in Texas and was living with her parents in Presidio in 1900.
F. Daughter Petra Molinar was born December 1896 in Texas and was living with her parents in Presidio in 1900.
G. Son Mariano Molinar was born circa 1904 in Texas In 1920 he was living with his parents in Presidio, where he was working as a day laborer.
(1). Nasario Molinar was born July 27, 1936 in Presidio County. He married Inez Calderon Vasquez and they had 5 children.
a. Daughter Maria Isabel Molinar was born February 2, 1961 in Odessa.
b. Daughter Imelda Maria Molinar was born October 12, 1961 in Odessa.
c. Daughter Delfina Molinar was born September 15, 1964 in Odessa.
d. Daughter Irene Marie Molinar was born April 21, 1966 in Odessa.
e. Daughter Teresa Molinar was born October 3, 1967 in Odessa.
a. Son Michael Angelo Regaldo was born December 18, 1959 in Odessa.
b. Son Richard Joseph Regaldo was born May 12, 1961 in Wichita County.
c. Son Daniel Joe Regaldo was born February 24, 1966 in Hale County.
a. Son Daniel Villarreal Jr. was born February 10, 1969 in Dallas.
b. Daughter Kari Lynn Villarreal was born October 21, 1973 in Taylor County.
Daniel Villarreal died and Anita married Warren Lee, who also is deceased. Anita and Warren had no children.
a. Daughter Erlinda Molinar was born June 14, 1964 in Lubbock.
a. Son Antonio Gonzales, Jr. was born February 25, 1972 in Lubbock.
b. Daughter Monica Anne Gonzales was born October 30, 1977 in Lubbock.
a. Son Michael Lee Molinar was born June 13, 1975 in Hale County, Texas. He died in Tarrant County November 13, 1992.
b. Son Cruz Molinar III was born January 2, 1979 in Collin County, Texas.
c. Son Marcus Allen Molinar was born October 14, 1989 in Fort Worth.
a. Daughter Dora Molinar was born August 25, 1954 in Hale County, Texas.
b. Daughter Irma Molinar was born January 29, 1957 in Odessa.
c. Son Jesus Molinar was born March 17, 1958 in Odessa.
d. Daughter Diana Molinar was born January 15, 1961 in Wichita County, Texas.
e. Son Antonio Molinar was born October 7, 1964 in Odessa.
f. Son Adam Molinar was born January 23, 1966 in Odessa.
a. Daughter Rosalinda Carrasco Molinar was born October 4, 1960 in Odessa.
b. Son Fernando Baca Molinar, Jr. was born July 11, 1962 in Odessa.
c. Son Adolfo Molinar was born May 20, 1963 in Odessa.
d. Son Luis Carrasco Molinar was born September 30, 1965 in Odessa.
e. Daughter Patricia Ann Molinar was born June 16, 1968 in Odessa.
f. Son Joel Molinar was born August 23, 1971 in Odessa.
(9). Daughter Margarita Molinar married Manuel Segura and they had no children.
a. Daughter Barbara Ann Molinar was born December 15, 1973 in Dallas.
b. Daughter Elizabeth Maria Molinar was born February 16, 1978 in Collin County.
c. Son Robert Molinar, Jr. was born September 29, 1982 in Collin County.
A. Daughter Guadalupe Molinar was born November 1886 in Presidio County. In 1900 she was living in Presidio with her parents.
B. Son Jose Molinar was born March 1889 in Presidio County. In 1900 he was living with his parents in Presidio.
(1). Daughter Paula Molinar was born June 18, 1925 in Presidio County. She died August 11, 1956 in Presidio and is buried in the Presidio Catholic Cemetery.
(2). Daughter Francisca Molinar was born June 8, 1935 in Presidio County. In July 2007 she was living in Presidio.
(3). Son Silverio Molinar was born April 12, 1937 in Presidio, Texas and died there of measles January 29, 1941. He is buried in Presidio.
a. Son Grady Clinton Huffman, Jr. was born January 16, 1961 in Presidio County.
b. Daughter Brenda Kay Huffman was born July 16,1963 in Culberson County.
a. Daughter Rosalinda Hoyer was born in Presidio County October 3, 1962.
b. Daughter Graciela Hoyer was born in Presidio County September 5, 1965.
c. Daughter Denise Molinar Hoyer was born in Brewster County May 25, 1971.
d. Son Guillermo Hoyer, Jr. was born in Brewster County April 1, 1974.
(6). Son Manuel Molinar was born December 26, 1944 in Presidio County. In July 2007 he was living in Presidio.
(7). Son Alberto Molinar was born March 14, 1946 in Presidio County. In July 2007 he was living in Presidio.
(8). Son Alfredo Molinar was born January 12, 1949 in Presidio County. In July 2007 he was living in Presidio.
(9). Daughter Maria Molinar was born January 16, 1951 in Presidio County.
a. Son Francisco Molinar Alvarez was born July 12, 1951. In 1971 he was living in Pecos, Texas, where he was working as a dishwasher in a café. He died Marcy 21, 1971 when he was shot in the head with a rifle. He is buried in Santa Rosa Cemetery in Pecos.
a. Son Martin Ramirez was born November 11, 1952.
b. Daughter Margarita Ramirez was born August 9, 1955.
c. Daughter Maria Guadalupe Ramirez, twin of Mario, was born July 26, 1957.
d. Son Mario Ramirez, twin of Maria Guadalupe, was born July 26, 1957.
e. Son Ruben Ramirez was born May 10, 1961.
f. Daughter Berta Lydia Ramirez was born December 1, 1963.
g. Son Jaime Ramirez was born February 11, 1965.
h. Son Eduardo Ramirez was born August 23, 1966.
i. Son Alfonso Ramirez was born October 24, 1970.
j. Daughter Rosario Ramirez was born July 11, 1974.
a. Son Juan Antonio Molinar Brito was born in Brewster County August 2, 1986.
b. Son Emmanuel Molinar Brito was born in Brewster County November 29, 1968.
(13). Son Luis Molinar probably was born in Presidio County. In July 2007 he was living in San Jose, California.
a. Daughter Maria Del Carmen Molinar was born May 4, 1950 in Presidio. She died as an infant.
aa. Son Guillermo Antonio Molinar was born April 26, 1984 in Brewster County.
bb. Daughter Tanya Marie Molinar was born July 27, 1988 in Uvalde County, Texas.
cc. Daughter Elena Molinar (triplet) was born December 23, 1991 in Bexar County, Texas.
dd. Son Daniel Molinar (triplet) was born December 23, 1991 in Bexar County.
c. Son Guillermo Jimenez Molinar, twin of Jose Antonio Molinar, was born December 5,1951 in Presidio County. He died as an infant.
aa. Daughter Amanda Molinar was born in Alpine March 26, 1987.
Rene later married Norma Cobos. In July 2007 he was living in Presidio.
aa. Son Jose Alonzo Molinar Muniz, Jr. was born October 18, 1992 in Brewster County.
bb. Daughter Maria Del Carmen Muniz was born December 9, 1997 in Midland.
a. Son Francisco "Paco" Torres was living in Chihuahua, Mexico in July 2007.
b. Daughter Nancy Torres was living in Presidio in July 2007.
D. Daughter Maria Molinar was born May 1894 in Presidio County. She was living in Presidio with her parents in 1900.
E. Son Felipe Molinar was born February 5, 1895. He was baptized March 4, 1985 at Rancho de la Santa Cruz.
E. Son Justo Molinar was born September 1895 in Presidio County. He married Estanislada Aguilar. In 1930 they were living in Vado de Piedra, Chihuahua, Mexico. They had twelve children.
a. Son Luis Efren Molinar.
d. Daughter Rosa E. Molinar. Her married name is Almance.
e. Daughter Ester Molinar. Her married name is Gomez.
(2) Son Jose Molinar was born circa 1923. He was living with his parents in Vado de Piedra in 1930 and in Visalia, California in June 2011.
(3). Daughter Teodora Molinar was born circa 1925. She was living with her parents in Vado de Piedra in 1930. She married Ignacio Armendariz in Tulare, California December 6, 1980. They were living in Fresno, California in June 2011.
a. Daughter Rosa Flores was born February 28, 1953 in Presidio, Texas. She died there of pneumonia May 30, 1953 and was buried the next day by her father in the Presidio Catholic Cemetery.
b. Son Raul Molinar Flores was born December 11, 1953 in Presidio County. He was living in Carlsbad in August 2011.
c. Son Jaime Molinar Flores was born August 5, 1955 in Presidio County. He was living in Artesia, New Mexico in August 2011.
d. Daughter Adel Molinar Flores born January 29, 1957 in Presidio County. She was living in Odessa in August 2011. Her married name is Hernandez.
e. Son Alfonso Molinar Flores was born October 6, 1959 in Jeff Davis County. He was living in Midland in August 2011.
f. Son Pedro Molinar Flores was living in Midland in August 2011.
g. Son Jose Molinar Flores was living in Carlsbad, New Mexico in August 2011.
(5). Son Isabel Molinar was living in Vado de Piedra in 1930 and in Pecos, Texas in June 2011.
a. Son Reyes "Ray" Molinar was born March 5, 1967 in Odessa and was living there in May 2010.
b. Daughter Rose Mary Molinar was born 25 May 1968 in Odessa and was living there in May 2010. Her married name is Medrano.
c. Daughter Maria Luisa Molinar was living in Odessa in May 2010. Her married name is Sotelo.
d. Daughter Adelaida Molinar was living in Pecos in May 2010. Her married name is Lopez.
a. Daughter Dora Elsa Molinar was born December 6, 1963 in Reeves County. She married Pedro Almance and in June 2011 they were living in Reeves County.
b. Son Cosme Molinar was born January 13, 1965 in Reeves County. He died in Odessa August 14, 1983.
c. Daughter Luz Estella Molinar was born March4, 1968 in Presidio County. She married Carlos Martinez and in June 2011 they were living in Odessa.
d. Daughter Sylvia Molinar was born May 1, 1969 in Presidio County. She married Israel Suchil and in June 2011 they were living in Lubbock.
e. Daughter Daniella Molinar married James Porras. In June 2011 they were living in Midland.
f. Son Jesus P. Molinar, Jr. was living in Odessa in June 2011. His wife's name is Paula.
g. Son Carlos A. Molinar was living in Odessa in June 2011. His wife's name is Claudia.
h. Son Dario P. Molinar was born July 5, 1986 in Odessa. He was living in Odessa in June 2011. His wife's name is Sylvia.
(8). Daughter Maria Molinar was living in Odessa in June 2011. Her married name is Castillo.
(9). Daughter Eva Molinar was living in Presidio, TX in June 2011. Her married name is Salas.
(10). Daughter Elisa Molinar was living in California in May 2010. Her married name was Hernandez. She was deceased by June 2011.
(11). Son Lorenzo Molinar was living in Ojinaga, Chihuahua, Mexico in May 2010 and on Rancho Gayton, Mexico in June 2011.
(12). Son Ricardo Molinar was deceased by May 2010.
5. Son Atilano Molinar was born circa 1856 in Mexico. He was living at Rancho del Alamo, Presidio County, in 1880 with his parents. Circa 1889 he married Maria Quiroz, daughter of Dolores Quiroz and Calistra Alvarez. In 1900 they were living in Presidio with four children. A fifth child was born in Presidio in 1902. In 1900 Atilano was working as a farmer. He died on Ochoa Ranch, near Presidio, June 18, 1931. Maria died in 1952. Atilano and Maria had nine children.
A. Son Francisco Molinar was born April 9, 1890 in Presidio. He was baptized April 20, 1890 in Presidio by Father de Palma. His godparents were Anastacio and Gertrudis Galindo. In 1900 he was living with his parents in Presidio.
B. Daughter Librada Molinar was born in December 1890 in Texas. In 1900 she was living with her parents in Presidio.
(1). Daughter Manuela Franco. She died January 16, 2009.
(2). Son Ricardo Franco was born circa 1927. He died in Loving, New Mexico February 2, 1945.
(3). Son Cruz "Indio" Franco was born in Shafter, Texas August 5, 1928.
D. Daughter Josefa Molinar was born in Nov. 1896 in Texas.
(1). Son Atilano Molinar was born circa 1925. In 1930 he was living with his parents in Shafter.
(2). Daughter Socorro Molinar was born February 6, 1928 in Shafter and was living there with her parents in 1930.
(3). Daughter Sulema Molinar was born June 8, 1930 in Presidio County.
(1). Daughter Rosa Molinar was born in 1927 and died May 30, 1927 in Loving, NM.
(2). Son Balbino Molinar was born in 1928. He died in Marfa, TX August 13, 1928 and was buried in Shafter, TX the following day.
(4). Daughter Margarita Molinar. Her married name was Estrada.
(5). Son Adan Molinar died in 2012.
(6). Daughter Maria Ludica Molinar. Her married name was Jaime.
(1). Son Ramon Larez was born in Archer County, Texas May 13, 1927.
(2). Son Rodolfo "Rudy" Larez was born in Wichita Falls, Texas October 24, 1928.
(3). Daughter Enedina Larez was born in Wichita Falls June 16, 1930.
(4). Son Tiburcio Larez was born July 10, 1934.
(5). Daughter Miranda Larez was born July 4, 1939.
(6). Daughter Olga Larez was born February 15, 1942. Her married name was Onsurez.
6. Daughter Carmen (possibly Carla) Molinar was born in Mexico circa 1866. In 1880 she was living with her parents at Rancho del Alamo, Presidio County. She married Justo Gonzalez June 9, 1882 in Jesus Nazareno Temple in Ojinaga. He was born in 1859, the son of Nepomuceno Gonzalez and Paula Ramirez. Carmen and Justo had six children.
A. Paula Juana Gonzalez was born December 17, 1885 in Texas. She was baptized in Presidio on December 27, 1885. Her godparents were grandparents Nepomuceno Gonzalez and Paula Ramirez.
B. Son Ireneo Gonzalez was born March 12, 1887 in Texas. He was baptized in Presidio on May 2, 1887. His godparents were grandparents Nepomuceno Gonzalez and Paula Ramirez. He was a resident of Shafter and a rancher. He died January 1, 1954 in Marfa of heart problems and was buried in Shafter the following day.
C. Son Guadalupe Gonzalez was born December 12, 1889 in Presidio, Texas. He was a rancher. He died in Brewster Memorial Hospital, Alpine on July 28, 1971 and is buried in Merced Cemetery, Marfa, Texas.
D. Son Justo Gonzalez was born January 1, 1895. He was baptized January 5, 1895 in El Indio, Presidio County, Texas. His godfather was Eugenio Gonzalez.
E. Daughter Luciana Gonzalez was born circa 1903. She died in Presidio on August 21, 1929 and is buried there.
F. Son Jose Gonzalez was born circa 1907 in Texas. He died in Presidio, Texas on January 12, 1962 and was buried the following day in Indio, Presidio County.
Note: (a) The birth dates for Vicente and Victoriano are as they appear in records. Vicente's birth date is as it appears in his obituary and on his grave stone. Victoriano's birth date is as it appears in his baptism record. One of the dates apparently is incorrect. Another possibility is they actually were the same person. This is supported by the fact that only one of them (Victoriano) appears in the 1900 census.
- Brewster and Presidio County Census Records.
- Marriage, baptism, and burial records from Jesus Nazareno Temple in Ojinaga, Chihuahua, Mexico, accessed via the FamilySearch web site.
- Brewster, Presidio, Winkler, Midland, Ector, Pecos, Harris and Ward County death records.
- Baptism records from St. Agnes Catholic Church in Terlingua, available on microfilm from the L.D.S. Church.
- Louisa Madrid Family Research.
- Personal observations by the author.
- Contributions by numerous Molinar descendents.
- Chisos Mining Company Records, Archives and Information Services Division, Texas State Library and Archives Commission. | {
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This is Chiffon Long Dress Cloak Cape Maternity Dresses for Pictures. This Maternity Dresses for Pictures Perfect for your maternity photo props, party, beachwear, baby shower, modeling Photo session or other special events. This Maternity Dresses for Pictures comfortable for every Maternity. This Maternity Dresses for Pictures perfect for your wife.
Occasion: Maternity Dresses for Pictures Perfect for pregnant lady photoshoot, Photography studio.Baby shower, Engagement, Anniversary, Birthday, Wedding, Christmas Party for pregnant moms; Perfect gift for pregnant wife, family, friends, relatives and etc. | {
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Our Binwash City Plus is currently packed up and ready to be exported- this time all the way to Victoria, Australia.
Customised to our customer's needs, the model had been produced with a bright orange fascia and includes the latest 6 stages of water treatment. All boxed up and ready to go via courier this Binwash model will start it's journey on Wednesday.
August has been a busy month for Binwash machines at Morclean and we look forward to shipping many more of the latest Custom Plus models. They can be colour customised for European dealers and provide an easy and effective way to clean industrial and commercial bins.
PreviousPrevious post:New website launchNextNext post:Woah! We're going to Chicago! | {
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IDM_VS_CTXT_XPROJ_SLNPROJ – applies when the current selection contains the solution node and root project node(s).
IDM_VS_CTXT_XPROJ_SLNITEM – applies when the current selection contains the solution node and project item(s).
IDM_VS_CTXT_XPROJ_MULTIPROJ – applies when the current selection consists of multiple root project nodes only.
IDM_VS_CTXT_XPROJ_PROJITEM – applies when the current selection contains a mix of root project node(s) and project item(s). In addition, the selection may or may not contain the solution node.
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I need to add a menu to the context menu that will appear when you right click on a tab in visual studio. What do you call that menu? | {
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This week, the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Board approved a plan to implement a residential permit parking (RPP) scheme along select streets in northwest Bernal Heights. The vote on the SFMTA Board was unanimous.
Under the new RPP, which will be the first permit parking zone in Bernal Heights, residents who live on designated streets will be able to obtain permits allowing them to park their vehicles on the street throughout the day.
Parking for people without permits will be limited to 2 hours maximum from Monday to Friday between 8 am and 6 pm.
The Bernal Heights RPP will be the first in the City to reduce the number of permits each resident is eligible to receive. Under the new system approved this week, each RPP household can receive one permit per driver, with a maximum two permits per household.
Permit parking will go into effect along 16 blocks in Bernal Heights where more than 50 percent of residents signed a petitions to join a permit parking system. The Bernal streets that will have RPP include: Coleridge (1- 199), Coso (1 – 199), Fair (1-99), Lundy's Lane (1-29), Mirabel, Montezuma, Powers, Precita (1 – 299), Prospect (00-199), Shotwell (1400 – 1599), and Winfield (1 – 99).
Under the RPP system, permits are issued only to people who live at addresses on streets within the permit parking zone. SFMTA surveys indicate that 77% of the vehicles currently parked on the streets in the new RPP zone belong to people who live within a half-mile of the zone, an indication that many those vehicles likely belong to other Bernal residents.
Bernal residents who live on streets adjacent to the RPP zone are not eligible to receive permits and will not be able to park legally in the RPP zone during daytime enforcement hours.
The SFMTA's petition system had been criticized by some Bernal neighbors who said the process was marred by irregular deadlines and poor communication on the part of SFMTA staff.
At Tuesday's SFMTA Board meeting, some members of the public expressed concern that RPP will make it harder for teachers at Leonard Flynn School in Precita Park and workers at nearby nonprofits to find daytime parking. Precita Park is not in the new RPP zone, so teachers and nonprofit workers do not qualify for parking permits. To address these concerns, SFMTA may alter its rules to issue permits to some teachers and nonprofit workers outside the RPP zone.
Permits will become available and signs will be erected to designate the RPP zone within a few months.
My startup shows no earnings and probably never will. Does that count as a non profit?
People with parking stickers should be cited for parking on non-zoned streets for more than 2 hours.
I believe that non-resident owners of property within the district can also get annual permits. (Unless they removed that in the final version).
See what you get when you get all huffy about parking? The problem isn't daytime parking; it's nighttime parking, which the permits don't address. While I no longer live in Bernal I have computer tech and security camera customers all over Bernal, and I never have trouble finding parking there during the daytime.
3,000 units. 25% voted. ~50% voted yes. So ~375 households initiated this disaster. LOL.
You map is inconsistent with the narrative: the narrative says Coleridge Street 1 – 199 will be included, but the map stops at 99 Coleridge. The 100 – 199 block's vote didn't count because "less than 50% of residents on the block voted". Why? Because the 100 – 199 block includes the Coleridge Park senior residence that houses 100 seniors, most of whom don't have cars and didn't vote. I hope whoever started this disaster never finds a parking space again. Anywhere.
Please take it all the way up prospect for they do not clean this street and people park on the hill for days. No fun being the bad guy.
It is only a night time issue after ten!
I'm confused. If you live within the yellow dashed line but NOT on a blue street can you still obtain a permit??
No, permits (and daytime parking) are only available to houses on the blue streets.
i'm somewhat confused by this in general. What would be the rationale for voting against the RPP. It appears to me, unless I'm missing something, that the RPP will put pressure on those parts of the neighborhood that are not in the RPP, so the logical thing to do is to vote for the RPP.
There, of course, may be other reasons, ethical etc to vote against the RPP, (and i'd be delighted to hear arguments for and against it), but it would seem that a self interested actor would vote in favor of it.
Finally, the inclusion of Prospect between Virginia and Esmeralda is 'interesting', given that a lot of/most of one side of the street doesn't have any houses on it.
–increased DPT presence/increased ticketing of all parking infractions (pointing the wrong way, wheels not curbed, out of date registration) beyond permit related ticketing.
–impact on all visitors (family members, guests, house sitters, contractors) who might like to park for more than 2 hours on my street. Additional permits available (for a fee) up to 20/year, I think. After that you are SOL.
–paying a fee for the right to park on my street (which I currently can do for free) without improving the difficulty with night time parking, the only time parking is truly challenging.
–impact on working folks (teachers, health care workers) who commute into the neighborhood to help improve our community, many of whom have been priced out of SF.
–impact on lower income neighbors, for whom the price of permits and uptick in parking tickets would be a hardship.
To that I would add that privileging some neighbors with preferential parking on public streets, with no regard for the negative impact to the surrounding neighborhood is, well, un-neighborly. | {
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Can The Daily Scrum Be Extended?
Why can't we increase the duration of the daily Scrum? Scrum suggests 15 minutes daily. Why can't we increase the duration to 30 minutes?
Hi I am a bit confused while chatting to my colleagues as to what is the best time of the day to hold a scrum meeting? Should it be after lunch or early in the morning? | {
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Dec 24, 2021 - World
Over 35 people killed, dozens injured in Bangladesh ferry fire
TuAnh Dam
Photo by Arifur Rahman/AFP via Getty Images
At least 39 people died and 70 more were injured in a fire on a crowded river ferry in Bangladesh early Friday, AP reports.
Driving the news: The fire started at around 3 a.m. local time, and the ferry was carrying 800 passengers from Dhaka, the country's capital, to Barguna, officials said.
The death toll was likely to rise because many who had jumped into the water to escape the fire were still missing, the New York Times reports, citing local officials.
Fire officer Kamal Uddin Bhuiyan said it took two hours to control the fire and eight more hours to cool down the ferry. The fire may have started in the engine room, he said.
The Bangladesh government set up two committees to investigate the fire, and the committees need to report their findings in three days, AP reports.
The big picture: Fires have ravaged Bangladesh in recent years, with one killing over 50 workers trapped in a factory and another tearing through a refugee camp earlier this year.
Another fire in Bangladesh's Chalantika slum in 2019 left 50,000 people homeless. | {
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Real Housewives Family Mourns the Loss of Joe Giudice's Father, Frank
Frank Giudice died on Wednesday at his son and daughter-in-law Teresa's home in New Jersey
By Catherine Kast Updated June 21, 2014 06:00 PM
Credit: Splash News Online
The father of Real Housewives of New Jersey star Joe Giudice will be laid to rest on Monday.
Frank Giudice, 63, died Wednesday after collapsing at the home of his son and daughter-in-law, Teresa, in Towaco, New Jersey.
"They're holding it together. Joe and his dad were best friends," a rep for the Giudice family tells PEOPLE. "It's very hard and the girls have gone through a lot and continue to go through it. There's a lot of emotion going on."
Giudice family members have been posting photos in memory of Frank. Gia Giudice, 13, who's one of his 11 granddaughters, posted on Twitter, "The pain in my heart is unreal…". She also posted a photo of herself with her beloved grandfather on Thursday, calling him the "strongest man I know."
There will be a viewing Sunday at Festas Memorial Funeral Home in Towaco, followed by a funeral on Monday at St. James of the Marches. "They're waiting for some family to fly in from Italy," the rep says.
Real Housewives Star Teresa Giudice Pleads Guilty to Fraud | {
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The Democrats say the donkey is smart and brave, thus being used as their "team" mascot. This symbol is as familiar as "apple pie". Having been used since 1874, artist Thomas Nast generated the donkey in a political cartoon, after having been used by Andrew Jackson in his 1828 presidential campaign. That's all it took to become associated with the Democratic party. Enjoy showing your political preferences by stitching our needlepoint flask canvas. Please let us know what monogram you would like to use on your flask. | {
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COVID 19. Will Colombia heed calls to reactivate its airspace?
Premium Analysis
South American countries are rising in the ranks of COVID-19 cases, and while Colombia has fared better than some in the region, its numbers are trending in the wrong direction.
That leaves lingering questions over when Colombia could reopen its airspace, as some of its neighbours have begun the process of resuming domestic flights. The industry is urging Colombia to restart air transport, but the government has not yet offered a definitive date for the relaunch of operations.
Before the pandemic, Colombia was Latin America's third largest aviation market, and its longer term growth prospects remain solid. But the pace of the recovery in Latin America is unpredictable, and with the region's economies facing dramatic contraction, demand could be depressed for some time.
Become a CAPA Member to access Analysis Reports
This CAPA Premium Analysis Report is 1,034 words.
Our Analysis Reports are only available to CAPA Members. CAPA Membership provides exclusive access to in-depth insights on the latest developments in the aviation and travel industry, developed by our team of dedicated analysts located in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia.
Each report offers a fresh perspective on the latest industry trends and is available online or via the CAPA mobile app, with customisable alerts to help you stay informed and identify new business opportunities.
CAPA Membership also provides access to our full suite of tools, including a tailored selection of more than 400 News Briefs every weekday and comprehensive data and analysis on thousands of companies around the world. | {
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John Rushton used to be within the Royal military from the age of 16 to nineteen. For a number of years he labored in factories. As a tender grownup, he studied at college collage and the London tuition of Economics. His half time paintings integrated barrel organ making a song, time and movement learn and sporting a sandwich board. He got here to Ryedale as educate organiser for the staff' academic organization in 1959 and built neighborhood reports in different cities and villages in north-east Yorkshire. His annual neighborhood historical past exhibitions at Pickering ended in the formation of the Beck Isle Museum. for a few years he used to be renowned for his appearances at Pickering Carnivals in outrageous costumes. He ran a newspaper column, wrote village pantomimes and the Pickering pageants. John has lectured lately for the WEA and Hull college. He was once provided the MBE in 2005 for "service to the community". He has simply retired after a number of years as President of the "Scarborough Archaeological and old Society". John is an lively supporter of the fans who've shaped the hot Scarborough Maritime background Centre.
This e-book is a learn of the county from 1485 to 1558. Kings Henry VII and VIII came upon Yorkshire a hard county, yet drew forces from the shire to often crusade opposed to a no much less complex Scotland. nationwide adjustments in country and church left a legacy of non secular department. The grip of the Crown over its nice Yorkshiremen was once reinforced and governance shifted in the direction of the centre. An rising neighborhood and overseas alternate gave new rewards to graziers, mariners and retailers. lifestyle for many used to be extra traditional and no more changeful than that. If this proves tricky to find from scanty files, there has been glaring fight, and that mix of grandeur, catastrophe and pleasure which makes up the human situation, albeit very assorted to the lives that we all know today.
John Rushton was once within the Royal military from the age of 16 to nineteen. For numerous years he labored in factories. As a tender grownup, he studied at collage university and the London college of Economics. His half time paintings integrated barrel organ making a song, time and movement learn and sporting a sandwich board.
The elemental principles and implications of each state's process of presidency offer an authoritative and aim foundation to lead and decide the activities of the state's choice makers, together with courts. Christopher Taucar presents an in depth historical past of the British system's improvement from country strength being exercised via centralized royal courts to its present-day exact legislative, judicial, and government our bodies with different powers.
Analyzing within the nice struggle 1917-1919 appears to be like at lifestyles in a major business and agricultural city within the south of britain. The publication charts the alterations that happened in traditional people's lives, a few brought on by the struggle, a few of their very own doing. at the floor, examining was once a peaceful city that bought on with its company: beer, biscuits, metalwork, seeds and armaments, yet its poverty impacted on commercial family resulting in moves.
Fingers and the kingdom is a heritage of Britain's initially glossy armaments corporation, the Armstrong Whitworth corporation, from its origins in 1854 to 1914. It makes a speciality of the function of Sir William G. Armstrong, an engineer and entrepreneur who reworked his modest mechanical engineering company right into a substantial commercial firm which invented, built, synthetic and bought heavy weapons and warships in the course of the international. | {
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4Bedrooms house with 2Bedrooms outhouse for SALE.
1. Agency registration fee is GH50. Client has to pay it before inspection of property.
2. Commission payable is 10% for all rentals and > 5 %for every sale is payable on the day of payment of the rent or before. Amazing properties agency. | {
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We hope you can find what you need here. We always effort to show a picture with HD resolution or at least with perfect images. New Slumber Party Invitations And Free Princess Birthday Slumber Party Invitations Templates 35 Christmas Pajama Party Invitations For Adults can be beneficial inspiration for those who seek an image according specific categories; you can find it in this site. Finally all pictures we have been displayed in this site will inspire you all.. | {
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A block of rooms have been reserved for June 2, 2019 – June 16, 2019. The special room rate will be available until May 21st or until the group block is sold-out, whichever comes first. Click here for room reservations or call Embassy Suites at 505-245-7100.
Reserve early because the hotel has completely sold out in years past. Please act soon so you do not get caught without room accommodations. If you experience any trouble with the Embassy Suites website, please call their front desk to complete your reservation at 505-245-7100. They will be happy to assist you.
Meals: Daily Lunch is included as part of the registration. Embassy Suites will provide you a made to order breakfast too!
See you at the Embassy Suites by Hilton Albuquerque Hotel & Spa in June! We hope you enjoy your stay and your Stats Camp experience!
Stats Camp 2019 will be held at the beautiful Embassy Suites by Hilton Albuquerque Hotel & Spa, centrally located downtown Albuquerque hotel. This great all-suites hotel, near the University of New Mexico and the Albuquerque Convention Center, is three miles from Albuquerque International Airport. Walk to businesses such as Bank of America, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, GAP and Quest. Intel and Sandia National Labs are a short drive away. | {
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The case examines various changes brought about by global networking major, Cisco, in its recruitment policies in the mid-1990s. It details the various tools adopted by the company to attract the best talent and examines how the company benefited from them. The case also discusses the emergence of e-recruitment as a strategic tool for IT companies in the changing business environment. | {
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We are the thieves of Time.
Pakistan Online News, Education and Entertainment forum. Pak Book :: Entertainment :: Amazing, Interesting & Informatics, Quotations & well said.
Majority of us people knows really well what importance the "time" has in our life but to be cognizant of it is simply another thing. Being parents we keep advising our young ones to be punctual and prompt but the fact is that being human beings we feel proud to be never on time anywhere. This is not merely a question of habit rather to me it is a social evil which has permeated into the very nature of our nation and society as a whole. Even worse, people never consider the agitation and irritation they cause to others with their such careless and negligent behavior. Rather, for them a simple word of 'sorry' is enough to wash away all the annoyance and fatigue caused by them.
Take the example of the functions; we calmly start getting ready at that very time when we are supposed to be there already. Our buses, trains, aero-planes never come on time. We are mentally prepared to wait for hours when we visit a hospital, educational department, or private/government office. Mostly the works that can easily be done in minutes or hours take days and even weeks to be finished.
In such a society where time enjoys the least importance, the hope to rise as a respectable and successful nation is futile. A glance over the history reveals that Muslims lost their glory and credit when they started squandering their time ruthlessly in abortive and unproductive activities. The lesson is simple and obvious; the success lies in pacing with time and in our case (as we are already too late) even ahead of time. The day when we will practically realize that 'time is power' the face of our nation will be changed. It is an admitted fact that 'its never late' measure our flaws and then to defeat them with our determination. We only need to realize and accept this fact to find and the success might be 'out of sight' but it is never Out of Reach. | {
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TraxNYC offers a unique selection of Joe Rodeo & JoJo. This one of a kind item features 12.00 ct of Round cut diamonds.This item is part of TraxNYC's wider collection of Diamond Jewelry collection. See the rest of our Joe Rodeo & JoJo items for other great pieces like this one. | {
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Published on November 22nd, 1998 | by Gerry Galipault
You Am I and the Interpreters give thanks for revived albums
It's not often that albums, discarded by indifferent record companies or caught in the middle of a corporate financial struggle, get a second life.
Members of the Australian rock trio You Am I and the Philadelphia-based power-pop trio The Interpreters happily are a few of the fortunate ones.
Down Under, You Am I is hugely popular. Two of its albums, "Hi Fi Way" (1996) and "Hourly, Daily" (1997), hit No. 1 and garnered several ARIA Awards, the Australian equivalent of the Grammys. U.S. release dates for both albums, however, were poorly timed and overlapped each other abroad, hurting potential sales and radio and video airplay.
Just as "Hourly, Daily" (Sire) was released stateside in November 1997, the band already had finished its fourth album, succinctly titled "You Am I's #4 Record." The publicity department for its new label, Warner Bros., gleefully championed "#4 Record" and sent out advance CD copies to the media in late January this year, anticipating an April 28 release. Then came another delay.
By then, lead singer-guitarist Tim Rogers and band mates Andy Kent (bass) and Russell Hopkinson (drums) were growing weary of continually playing catchup in the United States and asked to be released from their Warner contract. BMG entered the picture and finally issued "#4 Record" this fall, distributing it via You Am I's Australian label Ra Records.
"You have no control over it," Rogers said recently of You Am I's past U.S. label problems. "You just try night after night to put on good rock shows and hope you leave people with a dribble of sweat that falls down the crack of their ass. That's the most you can ask for. It's a workmanlike approach to it, but that's really all you can hope for. You just try to leave people with a smile on their faces and a swagger in their walk.
"I can't deny it's frustrating. It's pretty much well-assured that every night, after eight or nine beers, that we'll curse the living fucking ground that Warner walks on for wasting our time, but it's really not going to get you anywhere. There's 6 million bands who don't have records out, and even the fact that it's three years later our records do come out, you're lucky to get anything out at all. Because we do quite well at home, that tempers our frustration, but we're not going to let it ruin our enthusiasm for what we do. We refuse to let it get us down."
"#4 Record" has a healthy dose of tuneful pop-rock, from the rhythmic "Billy" to the infectious "Rumble." Recorded at various spots in Los Angeles, including the home studio of Rick Rubin, the album was produced by George Drakoulias (Black Crowes, Primal Scream) and features guest stints by the Memphis Horns and Benmont Tench of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers.
"We don't scrutinize what we do very much," Rogers said. "We just come up with the tunes and go ahead with them, not going into too much of a plan on how the record's going to sound. It just seems to be a bunch of songs slapped together, so if something sounds particularly different from past albums, it must just be what was in the water that year or our diet or whatever."
As You Am I embarks on another U.S. tour, Rogers isn't banking on platinum success, but he does hope they get a chance to be heard.
"If middle America doesn't respond to your music, look at what they do respond to," he said. "I think it's a bit of thing to wrap around you like a warm blanket. To complain that this country doesn't get what you're doing or doesn't get to hear what you're doing or know you at all … well, it seems a bit pointless, and maybe you should be concentrating on the people that are actually getting to hear it and making sure they go home with either an erection or have lost 5 pounds in sweat."
The Interpreters' story is slightly more unusual. A year ago, their debut Freeworld Recordings album, "Back in the U.S.S.A.," was greeted with a five-star review in Rolling Stone magazine and an immediate impact at radio and MTV.
But the debt-ridden Freeworld, formerly known as Volcano Entertainment (which – stay with us on this – initially was known as Zoo Entertainment), folded within a month after the album's release, effectively squashing any momentum The Interpreters had gained.
"We couldn't do anything," lead singer-bassist Herschel Gaer said recently. "Freeworld basically put itself on the auction block and got picked up by Jive. Meanwhile, we had all these other labels coming after us. We knew we would have a home elsewhere, and we assumed Jive wouldn't want to keep us, because c'mon, Backstreet Boys and Jars of Clay, that's really not our thing, as much as we are a boy band and as much as we are boy band fans.
"Suddenly, the next thing I know Freeworld drops everyone from the label except us, Tool and Matthew Sweet, so I thought, 'Damn, now we're going to be stuck here.' Fortunately, we fought our way through and out and off and we had plenty of people with open arms and we liked the warm arms of RCA."
A year later, RCA rereleased "Back in the U.S.S.A." on Nov. 10, tacking on the first single "Shout!" (not available on the original U.S. album) and "I Should Have Known Better" as bonus tracks.
Gaer jokingly says he, guitarist Patsy Palladino and drummer Branko Jakominich cried a lot and consoled each other during their 12-month waiting game, but they actually kept themselves busy capitalizing on their intense European following.
"We toured there quite a bit and released singles," he said, "and had some amazing things happening there. Also, we were rehearsing and writing songs; we have like two or three albums worth of stuff in the can. I'm also producing some other people and writing two feature (film) scripts."
Gaer and Jakominich met in junior high school and later teamed with Palladino, all sharing a common boredom with the state of rock 'n' roll. They fashioned a classic guitar-pop approach that owes a great deal to The Who and the Kinks. Oddly enough, before The Interpreters signed with Freeworld, former Who-Kinks producer Shel Talmy caught wind of their demo tape and aggressively pursued them.
"He used to call me like every single day, just trying to get us to work with him," Gaer said. "It was weird. He'd call and say, 'This is Shel Talmy from Los Angeles.' It was all I could do to get him to shut up and let me sleep in the morning. He must've gotten up at like 4 in the morning to call us from L.A. But he's a brilliant guy and he had amazing stories."
Talmy produced several tracks, a pair of which ended up on a seven-inch release last summer. For the album, the band went with fellow Philadelphian Ron A. Shaffer, a noted R&B engineer (Gerald Levert, Keith Sweat, The O'Jays).
"Once we signed, I met him through the guy who signed us at Freeworld," Gaer said. "I have a lot of respect for R&B producers; they totally have the ear and know what sounds good and understand the audio spectrum. Rock 'n' roll guys, engineers and producers, by nature can be very sloppy; I'd rather be able to get everything exactly right the first time. He had such a great vibe and a great work ethic."
Gaer isn't about to make any predictions on the fate of "Back in the U.S.S.A." the second time around.
"It could be fantastic, who knows," he said. "I still believe it's a great album. I have so much pride in that record, and I wouldn't change a thing about it. Creatively, I'm ready to move on to the next record."
Tags: Interviews, You Am I
Sean Nelson: With a little help from his friends →
The Mother lode from Jeff Lynne →
Greenbaum remains in good spirits →
The elusive Bob Lind re-emerges →
@SenTedCruz God, you're dumb. about 1 hour ago from Twitter Web App in reply to SenTedCruz | {
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\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:inro}
\emph{Regularized risk minimization}~\cite{Vapnik} is a fundamental subject in machine learning and statistics, whose formulations typically admit a combination of a loss function and a regularization term. This paper addresses a general class of convex regularized risk minimization problems which can be expressed as a composition:
\begin{eqnarray}
\w^\ast = \arg \min_{\w} ~ \{ F(\w) := P(\w^\top \x) + R(\w) \},
\label{eqn:com}
\end{eqnarray}
in which $\w,\x$ denote the parameter vector and data vector respectively. Both $P(\w^\top \x)$ and $R(\w)$ are assumed to be convex functions. Moreover, let $P(\w^\top \x)$ be a weighted addition of many atomic loss functions, each of which is differentiable. We simply define each atomic function on an input data pair $(\x_i,y_i)$, where $\x_i \in \mathbb{R}^d$ represents a feature vector and $y_i$ denotes its associated label. Popular choices of the loss functions include the square loss $(\w^\top \x_i-y_i)^2$, the logistic loss $\log (1+\exp(-y _i \w^\top \x_i))$, and the hinge loss $(1 - y_i \w^\top \x_i)_+$. In the above cases $y_i \in \{\pm 1\}$, yet in others $y_i$ can be real-valued in regression problems or missing in an unsupervised learning setting. $R(\w)$ defines a proper regularization function. It imposes some structural preference on the parameters (\emph{e.g.}, structural sparsity or matrix low-rankness). $R(\w)$ can be non-smooth with respect to $\w$, such as the sparsity-encouraging 1-norm $\|\w\|_1$.
When facing a large volume of training data, the space and time complexities become critical limiting factors in building a machine learning model. In such scenarios, stochastic (sub)gradient descent (SGD)~\cite{bottou-mlss-2004,Shalev-Shwartz013,abs-1012-1367,muyang,LiZCS14,YunYHVD14,GemullaNHS11} is a favored method used by many theorist and practitioners. The most attractive trait of SGD is the light-weight computation at each iteration of update. Its single-sample or mini-batch~\cite{CotterSSS11,Shalev-Shwartz013} updating scheme is a general remedy for the $\mathcal{O}(n)$ complexity in exact gradient descent (GD) methods ($n$ represents the number of training samples). Therefore, SGD algorithms are particularly promising when there is a limited budget of resources. Given properly-specified step size parameters at each iteration, SGD algorithms often enjoy provably fast rates of convergence.
The major downside of SGD in practical implementations is caused by large variance of stochastic gradients. Statistically, the mathematical expectation of stochastic gradients is exactly the full gradient. However, the randomness in constructing mini-batch brings large variance to stochastic gradients, particularly for complex data set. Moving along the direction of a stochastic gradient does not always guarantee a decrease of the entire training loss. Under large stochastic gradient variance, the estimated parameters often drastically bounce around the global optimal solution.
Recent years have witnessed the emerging efforts of developing sophisticated algorithms which reduce the stochastic gradient variance in SGD. The shared idea underlying these works is incorporating an additional gradient-correcting operation when computing the stochastic gradient. The corrected stochastic gradient becomes a more accurate approximation of the full gradient. Statistically, it enjoys a reduced level of variance. For example, the work in~\cite{ZhaoZ14} explicitly expresses the stochastic gradient variance and proves that constructing mini-batch using special non-uniform sampling strategy is able to reduce the stochastic gradient variance. The sampling probability is essentially based on the contextual importance of a sample. Another method named stochastic average gradient (SAG)~\cite{SchmidtRB13} keeps a record of historic stochastic gradients and adaptively averages them for the use in the current iteration. The rate of convergence is thereby improved to $\mathcal{O}(1/k)$ for general convex functions, and $\mathcal{O}(p^k)$ with $p < 1$ for strongly convex functions, respectively ($k$ is the count of iterations). For atomic functions in special forms (\emph{e.g.}, linear function of the data vectors as in linear regression and logistic regression), the storage of historic gradients in SAG can be reduced from $\mathcal{O}(n d)$ to $\mathcal{O}(n)$ ($n,d$ represent the sample count and feature dimension respectively). However, generally storing historic gradients in SAG entails a heavy burden for machine learning models with many parameters.
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{idea}
\end{center}
\caption{\small Illustration of residual-minimizing gradient correction. Stochastic gradient calculated from a single random sample often significantly deviates from the exact gradient. A simple solution is to compensate the stochastic gradient with the residual between the noisy stochastic gradient and full gradient (plotted as red dotted arrow in this figure). Exact residual is computationally expensive. Instead, semi-stochastic gradient descent approximately estimates the residue (plotted as blue dotted arrow in this figure), and amends the stochastic gradient accordingly. Best viewing in color mode.}
\vspace{-0.1in}
\label{fig:idea}
\end{figure}
This paper advocates an efficient manifold propagation approach for reducing the stochastic gradient variance in large-scale machine learning. It aims to improve the stability of the stochastic gradient, such that large descending step sizes can be used for faster convergence. We adopt the computational framework of \emph{residual-minimizing gradient correction} which was originally proposed in \emph{stochastic variance-reduced gradient} (SVRG)~\cite{Johnson013} by Johnson and Zhang. The computational framework is comprised of two steps: 1) estimate the residual between a stochastic gradient and the full gradient using global information, and 2) compensate the stochastic gradient such that the residual is largely minimized.
Since the optimization proceeds in rounds, we can thus describe it with an update rule. For simplicity, consider the case that each mini-batch only contains a single random sample. Assume $\w^k$ is the latest estimation for the problem $\min_{\w}~ F(\w)$ at the $k$-th iteration, standard SGD and full (sub)gradient descend (GD) will seek for a new estimation $\w^{k+1}$ according to\footnote{\small When $F(\w)$ is non-smooth, sub-differential (rather than gradient) will be used. However, we here abuse the notation $\nabla$ for statement conciseness.}
\begin{eqnarray}
\textbf{(SGD)}: &&\w^{k+1} = \w^{k} - \eta_k \nabla F_i(\w^{k}), \label{eqn:sgd} \\
\textbf{(GD)}: && \w^{k+1} = \w^{k} - \eta_k \nabla F(\w^{k}), \label{eqn:gd}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\eta_k$ is a delicately-chosen step size. The term $F_i(\w^{k})$ in SGD denotes the atomic function conditioned on a random sample $\x_i$ and the latest parameters $\w^{k}$. $F(\w^{k})$ is computed using all training set.
In contrast, semi-stochastic gradient is obtained by the rule below:
\begin{eqnarray}
\w^{k+1} = \w^{k} - \eta_k \underbrace{\left( \nabla F_i(\w^{k}) -\left( \nabla F_i(\widetilde \w) - \nabla F(\widetilde \w) \right) \right)}_{semi-stochastic~gradient},\label{eqn:svrg}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\widetilde \w$ represents some historic memory of recent parameter estimation. $\widetilde \w$ is supposed to be proximal to $\w^{k}$. The term $\nabla F_i(\widetilde \w) - \nabla F(\widetilde \w)$ approximately estimates the residual between the stochastic gradient of sample $\x_i$ and full gradient. By subtracting the residual term from $\nabla F_i(\w^{k})$, it naturally aligns the stochastic gradient with the full gradient. As an extreme case, letting $\widetilde \w = \w^k$ will immediately get the full gradient in~(\ref{eqn:svrg}). The idea is intuitively explained in Figure~\ref{fig:idea}.
Theoretic analysis in~\cite{Johnson013,KonecnyR13,Xiao014} reveals that semi-stochastic algorithms achieve a geometric rate of convergence. Though such a convergence rate is generally regarded as the synonym of satisfactory efficiency, it is important to emphasize that this rate is achieved at the cost of higher iteration complexity compared to standard SGD. In our experiments, we are surprised to find that SGD still dominates in many cases, since its light-weight iteration cost compensates its slow theoretic convergence rate. In other words, the promising geometric convergence rate of existing semi-stochastic algorithms is probably Pyrrhic victories at excessive costs of maintaining high-accuracy estimation of gradient residual.
We find that a comprehensive quantitative comparison between semi-stochastic algorithms and SGD is still missing in the literature. In fact, most existing semi-stochastic algorithms either rely on periodic full gradient computation~\cite{Johnson013} or use Hessian-like covariance matrix operations~\cite{WangCSX13}, which account for their high iteration complexities. In this paper we expose a novel way of efficiently computing semi-stochastic gradient and evaluate it on a variety of massive data sets. We term the new method as \emph{stratified semi-stochastic gradient descent} (S3GD) hereafter. Our major contributions are described below:
\begin{itemize}
\item As a crucial component of the proposed S3GD, we devise an efficient manifold propagation approach for computing semi-stochastic gradient. First, a fixed number of anchors are drawn in a stratified manner. After that, each sample in the training set is connected to its adjacent anchors, forming a graph-defined manifold. At each iteration, the gradient information computed on the anchors diffuses over the manifold, obtaining an approximate estimation of the full gradient. The idea empirically proves to be a strong competitor to the existing expensive, albeit accurate, gradient-correcting operations such as SVRG.
\item We provide theoretic analysis about S3GD. Under standard assumptions imposed on the objective functions (\textit{i.e.}, strong convexity and Lipschitz continuity) and with a constant step size, the objective value obtained by S3GD converges to $F(\w^\ast) + \Delta$ at a geometric rate, where $F(\w^\ast)$ is the global minimum of $F(\w)$ and $\Delta$ is some quantity determined by the quality of anchor-based function approximation.
\item Last but not least, we conduct quantitative investigation over 9 different benchmarks, covering a large spectrum of real-world problems. The experimental evaluations fully validate the efficiency and effectiveness that S3GD brings. Moreover, the comparisons between various semi-stochastic algorithms and classic SGD is so far the most comprehensive and supposed to be very useful for re-calibrate the research direction of semi-stochastic algorithms.
\end{itemize}
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: We start in Section~\ref{sec:algo} by describing preliminary knowledge and algorithmic details of S3GD. Specifically, Section~\ref{sec:instance} is devoted to applying the generic idea of S3GD to several representative machine learning problems. We then give the theoretic analysis in Section~\ref{sec:analysis}, where the major observation is found in Theorem~\ref{theorem:main}. In Section~\ref{sec:exp} we present the quantitative investigation of S3GD on several large-scale benchmark datasets widely used in machine learning and statistics. Finally, in Section~\ref{sec:conclusion} we draw the concluding remarks and discuss the future perspective.
\section{The Proposed Algorithm}
\label{sec:algo}
\subsection{Notations and Assumptions}
\textbf{Notations}: We will denote vectors and matrices by bold-face letters. Let $\| \x \|_2, \| \x \|_1$ be the Euclidean norm and 1-norm (summation of all absolute elements) of a vector respectively. $(x)_+ = \max(x,0)$ is the zero-thresholding operation. Denote the training data set as $\mathcal{X} = \{(\x_i,y_i)\}$, where $i = 1,\ldots,n$. Each sample is described by a tuple $(\x_i,y_i)$, where $\x_i \in \mathbb{R}^d$ is the feature vector and $y_i$ corresponds to either labels in supervised learning or response values in regression problems. The smooth part in Problem~(\ref{eqn:com}) is premised in an additive form, namely $P(\w) = (1/n) \sum_{i=1}^n \psi(\x_i, y_i, \w)$\footnote{\small $P(\w^\top \x)$ and $P(\w)$ will be interchangeably used in this paper. $P(\w^\top \x)$ will be used when we highlight the interplay between $\w$ and $\x$. Likewise $\psi_i(\w)$ and $\psi(\w^\top \x_i)$ are also equivalently used.}. The regularization term $R(\w)$ is convex yet not mandatorily differentiable. Whenever not incurring confusion, we use the notation $\psi_i(\w)$ for simplifying $\psi(\x_i, y_i, \w)$. Throughout this paper, by default we use $\| \x \|$ to represent the Euclidean norm unless otherwise clarified.
Our theoretic observations are based on the following assumptions, similar to previous semi-stochastic gradient descent methods~\cite{Xiao014,ZhaoZ14b}:
\begin{assumption}
\textbf{(strong convexity)}: \ \ We say that a function $f~:~\mathbb{R}^d \mapsto \mathbb{R}$ is strongly convex, if there exists $\mu>0$ such that for all $\u,\v \in \mathbb{R}^d$,
\begin{eqnarray}
\textstyle f(\u) \ge f(\v) + \xi^\top (\u-\v) + \frac{\mu}{2} \| \u - \v \|^2,~\forall \xi \in \partial f(\v),
\end{eqnarray}
where $\partial f(\v)$ is the sub-differential (set of sub-gradients) at point $\v$. The convexity parameter is defined to be the largest $\mu$ that satisfies the above condition. Let $P(\w),R(\w)$ and their composition $F(\w)$ have non-negative convexity parameters $\mu_P$, $\mu_R$ and $\mu$ respectively. It is easily verified that $\mu \ge \mu_p + \mu_R$ by definition of strong convexity and function composition.
\label{assumption:1}
\end{assumption}
\begin{assumption}
\textbf{(smoothness)}: A function $f~:~\mathbb{R}^d \mapsto \mathbb{R}$ is $L$-smooth if it is differential and there exists a smallest $L>0$ such that it satisfies
\begin{eqnarray}
\textstyle f(\u) \le f(\v) + \nabla f(\u) (\u-\v) + \frac{L}{2} \| \u - \v \|^2,
\end{eqnarray}
for all $\u,\v \in \mathbb{R}^d$. Or equivalently, its gradient is $L$-Lipschitz continuous, namely we have
\begin{eqnarray}
\| \nabla f(\u) - \nabla f(\v) \| \le L \| \u - \v \|.
\end{eqnarray}
Let the Lipschitz parameter for each atomic function $\psi_i(\w)$ be $L_i$ respectively. The Lipschitz parameter for their composition $P(\w)$ is $L_P \le (1/n) \sum_{i=1}^n L_i$. The regularization term $R(\w)$ is mostly assumed to be non-differentiable and thus has no Lipschitz parameter.
\label{assumption:2}
\end{assumption}
\subsection{Algorithmic Framework}
\begin{algorithm}[tb]
\caption{The S3GD Algorithm}
\label{alg:s3gd}
\begin{small}
\begin{algorithmic}[1]
\STATE {\bfseries Parameters:} maximal number of inner iterations $k_{in}$, the number of samples in a mini-batch $p$ and the step-size parameter $\eta$;
\STATE {\bfseries Output:} optimal parameter vector $\w^\ast$;
\STATE Initialize $\widetilde \w = \mathbf{0}$;
\WHILE{not converged}
\STATE $\w^0 =\widetilde \w$;
\STATE Calculate the approximate full gradient $\nabla H(\widetilde \w)$ over the manifold according to Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:HM});
\FOR{$k=1$ {\bfseries to} $k_{in}$}
\STATE Construct a mini-batch by random sampling. Denote the index set as $\mathcal{I} = \{k_1,\ldots,k_p\}$.
\STATE Calculate the stochastic gradient for the mini-batch, obtaining $\nabla P_\mathcal{I}(\w^{k-1}) = (1/p) \sum_{i=1}^p \nabla \psi_{k_i}(\w^{k-1})$;
\STATE Calculate approximate stochastic gradient for the mini-batch on the manifold by Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:hi}), obtaining $\nabla h_\mathcal{I}(\widetilde \w) = (1/p) \sum_{i=1}^p \nabla h_{k_i}(\widetilde \w)$;
\STATE Calculate the semi-stochastic gradient $g(\w^{k-1})$ according to Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:sgd_gb});
\STATE Solve the following sub-problem:
\begin{eqnarray}\w^{k} = \arg \min_{\w} ~\frac{1}{2} \| \w - (\w^{k-1} - \eta \cdot g(\w^{k-1})) \|_2^2 + \eta R(\w).\nonumber \end{eqnarray}
\ENDFOR
\STATE $\widetilde \w \leftarrow \w^{k_{in}}$;
\ENDWHILE
\STATE $\w^\ast \leftarrow \widetilde \w$;
\end{algorithmic}
\end{small}
\end{algorithm}
The composite optimization problem in~(\ref{eqn:com}) is of broad interests in machine learning and data mining fields. Nonetheless, solving it at optimal convergence speed is non-trivial. If we simply treat $F(\w)$ as a black-box oracle which only returns the first-order (sub)gradient, there are several off-the-shelf tools, including SGD and full (sub)gradient descent. Since full (sub)gradient estimation is extremely expensive when huge volume of data is available, recent work has focused on stochastic optimization.
SVRG~\cite{Johnson013}, as introduced in preceding section, obeys the update rule in~(\ref{eqn:svrg}). Procedurally, it utilizes two nested loops.
At each iteration of the outer loop, it memorizes a recent estimation $\widetilde \w$ and calculates the full gradient $\nabla F(\widetilde \w)$ at $\widetilde \w$. In the inner loops, it calculates $\nabla F_i(\w^{k})$ and $\nabla F_i(\widetilde \w)$ for mini-batches, and afterwards amends the stochastic gradient $\nabla F_i(\w^{k})$ by the rule in~(\ref{eqn:svrg}). Note that the same $\widetilde \w$ is used for all updates within an outer loop. The SVRG method, though simple, profoundly reduces the amortized time complexity at iterations and theoretically achieves geometric convergence rate for strongly-convex smooth functions.
Another semi-stochastic algorithm, \emph{stochastic control variate} (SCV)~\cite{WangCSX13}, represents a general approach
of using \emph{control variate} for reducing the variance of stochastic gradients. The update rule of SCV is similar to~(\ref{eqn:svrg}) yet the last two (sub)gradients in~~(\ref{eqn:svrg}) are replaced by control variate. Data statistics
such as low-order moments (vector mean and covariance matrix) can be used to form
the control variate. The authors apply SCV to solve logistic regression and latent Dirichlet allocation.
However, existing semi-stochastic methods like SVRG and SCV are not guaranteed to beat standard SGD in practice, since computing $\nabla F(\widetilde \w)$ in SVRG or control variate in SCV significantly increases the iteration complexity. To overcome the key limitations that dramatically restrict their capability in large scale data analysis, we propose S3GD. Algorithm~\ref{alg:s3gd} sketches the pseudo-code of S3GD.
Before diving into algorithmic details, we want to highlight two defining traits of S3GD:
\vspace{0.07in}
\noindent \textbf{Manifold-oriented gradient approximation:} Given the composite function $F(\w)$, S3GD only computes the gradient on the smooth part $P(\w)$. For accelerating the computation of semi-stochastic gradient in~(\ref{eqn:svrg}), we argue that the key is to find a function $H(\w)$, whose design principals are:
\vspace{0.05in}
1) $\nabla H(\w)$ is a good surrogate to the full gradient of the smooth component $\nabla P(\w)$, namely $\nabla H(\w) \approx \nabla P(\w)$;
2) $\nabla H(\w)$ can be efficiently computed;
3) $\nabla H(\w) = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n \nabla h_i(\w)$ is additive, where $\nabla h_i(\w)$ approximates the stochastic gradient of an atomic function. Namely, $\nabla h_i(\w) \approx \nabla \psi_i(\w)$.
\vspace{0.05in}
We defer the construction of function $H(\w)$ in Section~\ref{subsec:sga}, focusing on the algorithmic pipeline here. At specific iteration, an index set $\mathcal{I} \subset \{1,\ldots,n\}$ is randomly generated for constructing a mini-batch. Conditioned on current parameter estimation ${\w}^{k}$ and a recent historical estimation $\widetilde \w$, the semi-stochastic gradient in S3GD is computed by the following formula:
\begin{eqnarray}
g_\mathcal{I}(\w^{k},\widetilde \w) = \nabla \psi_\mathcal{I}({\w}^{k}) - \left[\nabla h_\mathcal{I}(\widetilde \w) - \nabla H(\widetilde \w) \right],
\label{eqn:sgd_gb}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\nabla \psi_\mathcal{I}({\w}^{k}) = \sum_{i \in \mathcal{I}} \nabla \psi_i(\w^k) / |\mathcal{I}|$, $\nabla h_\mathcal{I}(\widetilde \w) = \sum_{i \in \mathcal{I}} \nabla h_i(\widetilde \w) / |\mathcal{I}|$ are the averaged original / approximate stochastic gradients over the index set $\mathcal{I}$ respectively. Hereafter we use $g_\mathcal{I}(\w^{k})$ for brevity since the parameter vector $\widetilde \w$ can be mostly inferred from the context.
In fact, $g_\mathcal{I}(\w^{k})$ provides an unbiased estimate of $\nabla P(\w^{k})$ when $\mathcal{I}$ is randomly drawn from $[1,\ldots,n]$ without replacement. Its soundness is naturally fulfilled by the additive construction of functions $P(\w)$ and $H(\w)$. Consequently, the variance of $g_\mathcal{I}(\w^{k})$ becomes
\begin{eqnarray}
Var\left[ g_\mathcal{I}(\w^{k}) \right] &=& \mathbb{E} \left \| \nabla \psi_\mathcal{I}({\w^{k}}) - \nabla h_\mathcal{I}(\widetilde \w) \right \|^2 \nonumber \\
&&- \left( \mathbb{E} \left \| \nabla P(\w^{k}) - \nabla H(\widetilde \w) \right \| \right)^2 \nonumber \\
&\le& \mathbb{E} \left \| \nabla \psi_\mathcal{I}({\w^{k}}) - \nabla h_\mathcal{I}(\widetilde \w) \right \|^2. \label{eqn:var1}
\end{eqnarray}
In comparison, the variance of noisy stochastic gradient $\nabla \psi_\mathcal{I}({\w^{k}})$ in standard SGD is
\begin{eqnarray}
Var\left[ \nabla \psi_\mathcal{I}({\w^{k}}) \right] = \mathbb{E} \left \| \nabla \psi_\mathcal{I}({\w^{k}}) - \nabla P({\w ^{k}}) \right \|^2. \label{eqn:var2}
\end{eqnarray}
For $Var[ g_\mathcal{I}(\w^{k}) ]$ and $Var[ \nabla \psi_\mathcal{I}({\w^{k}}) ]$, the smaller one is more favorable. As shown later, to reduce $Var\left[ g_\mathcal{I}(\w^{k}) \right]$, we designate $\nabla h_\mathcal{I}(\widetilde \w)$ to be a localized approximation of $\nabla \psi_\mathcal{I}(\w^{k})$. It is supposedly closer to $\nabla \psi_\mathcal{I}({\w^{k}})$ in comparison with the global average $\nabla P({\w^{k}})$, particularly when the input data set is with rich variety.
\vspace{0.07in}
\noindent \textbf{Proximity-regularized linear approximation:} After the semi-stochastic gradient $g_\mathcal{I}(\w^{k})$ is computed, we further solve the following sub-problem:
\begin{eqnarray}
\w^{k+1} = \arg \min_{\w} && \textstyle P(\w^{k}) + \langle g_\mathcal{I}(\w^{k}), \w - \w^{k} \rangle \nonumber \\
&& \textstyle \frac{1}{2 \eta} \left \| \w - \w^{k} \right \|^2 + R(\w),
\label{eqn:wk}
\end{eqnarray}
where the first three terms define a proximal regularization of the linearized approximation of $P(\w)$ around point $\w^{k}$. $R(\w)$ is presumably in a good shape such that solving (\ref{eqn:wk}) is trivial. If $R(\w)$ is itself composition of several non-smooth functions, one can resort to the modern proximal average techniques~\cite{Yu13a}. Moreover, it is verified that Problem~(\ref{eqn:wk}) can be compactly abstracted by the operation $\mathbf{prox}()$ below:
\begin{eqnarray}
\textstyle \mathbf{prox}_{\eta R}(\u) = \arg \min_{\w} ~ \frac{1}{2} \| \w - \u \|^2 + \eta R(\w), \label{eqn:wk2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\u = \w^{k} - \eta \cdot g_\mathcal{I}(\w^{k})$.
\subsection{Gradient Approximation by Manifold Propagation}
\label{subsec:sga}
\begin{algorithm}[tb]
\caption{Manifold Based Gradient Approximation}
\label{alg:anchor}
\begin{small}
\begin{algorithmic}[1]
\STATE {\bfseries Parameters:} anchor number $m$ and $k$-NN parameter $k$.
\newline
{\bfseries \underline{Anchor Selection}}
\vspace{0.04in}
\STATE Perform data clustering to obtain $m$ centers $\c_i$, $i=1\ldots m$;
\FOR{$i=1$ {\bfseries to} $m$}
\STATE Find anchor $\z_i$ by solving
\begin{eqnarray}
\z_i = \arg \min\nolimits_{\x} \quad \| \x - \c_i \|^2,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\x$ is from the training data set.
\ENDFOR
\newline
{\bfseries \underline{Sparse Anchor-Sample Graph (ASG) Construction}}
\vspace{0.04in}
\FOR{$i=1$ {\bfseries to} $n$}
\STATE For sample $\x_i$, find $k$-nearest anchors $\z_{i_1},\ldots,\z_{i_k}$;
\STATE Learn the Gaussian kernel parameter by
\begin{eqnarray}
\sigma = \max \left(\epsilon, \inf_{j \in \{i_1,\ldots,i_k\}} \sqrt{\|x_i - \z_j\|} \right),
\end{eqnarray}
where $\epsilon$ is set to be $10^{-4}$ to avoid the trivial case $\sigma=0$.
\FOR{each $k$-nearest anchor $\z$}
\STATE Calculate $\gamma_{\z}(\x_i) = \exp(-\|\x_i-\z\|^2/\sigma^2)$;
\ENDFOR
\STATE Normalize $\gamma_{\z}(\x_i)$ to ensure that they sum to 1;
\ENDFOR
\newline
{\bfseries \underline{Gradient Approximation over ASG}}
\vspace{0.04in}
\STATE Pre-compute the product matrix $\X \M$ in Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:HM});
\vspace{0.08in}
\STATE // for $\nabla h_\mathcal{I}(\w)$ on a mini-batch
\FOR{each $\x_i$ in the mini-batch $\mathcal{I}$}
\STATE Calculate $\nabla h_i(\w)$ by Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:hi});
\ENDFOR
\STATE $\nabla h_\mathcal{I}(\w) = \sum_{i \in \mathcal{I}} \nabla h_i(\w) / |\mathcal{I}|$;
\vspace{0.08in}
\STATE // for approximate full gradient $\nabla H(\w)$
\STATE Calculate $\nabla H(\w)$ by Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:HM});
\end{algorithmic}
\end{small}
\end{algorithm}
This section elaborates on a manifold-oriented method for approximating the stochastic gradient $\nabla \psi_i(\w)$. Our key argument is that a universal gradient-approximating function is either infeasible or inaccurate in general. Our proposed solution is anchor-based gradient approximation over non-linear data manifold. The idea has ever been explored in other context (such as feature dimension reduction) yet not in stochastic optimization before.
Yu et al. showed in~\cite{YuZG09} that any Lipschitz-continuous function $f(\x)$ residing on lower-dimensional manifolds can be approximated by a linear combination
of function values, namely
\begin{eqnarray}
f(\x) \approx \sum_{\z \in \mathcal{Z}} \gamma_{\z} (\x) f(\z), \label{eqn:fx}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\mathcal{Z}$ is a collection of pre-specified anchors. $\gamma_{\z} (\x) \ge 0$ is the combination coefficient depending on both the data vector $\x$ and anchor $\z$. The idea is later generalized in the work of \emph{locally-linear support vector machine}~\cite{LadickyT11,FornoniCO13}, where each anchor determines a function (rather than a fixed value), namely $f(\z)$ in~(\ref{eqn:fx}) is replaced by an $\x$-varying function $f_{\z}(\x)$.
In Problem~(\ref{eqn:com}), we assume that each atomic loss function $\psi(\w^\top \x_i)$ is linear with respect to $\x_i$. Letting $\psi^\prime(u)$ be the derivative with respect to a scalar $u$, the stochastic gradient of $\x_i$ with respect to $\w$ can be factorized as below:
\begin{eqnarray}
\nabla \psi_i(\w) = \psi^\prime(\w^\top \x_i) \cdot \x_i. \label{eqn:np}
\end{eqnarray}
Inspired by the factorization in~(\ref{eqn:np}), we propose to establish a manifold over the training data, such that the derivative term $\psi^\prime(\w^\top \x_i)$ in~(\ref{eqn:np}) can be efficiently calculated via sparse information propagation on the manifold. Algorithm~\ref{alg:anchor} shows the pseudo-code for the major steps. The proposed scheme consists of the following components:
\vspace{0.05in}
\textbf{1) Constructing anchor set}: Compared to universal gradient approximation, anchor set~\cite{LiuHC10} has a stronger representation power by establishing local approximation around each anchor point. Let $m$ be the number of anchor points, whose optimal value of is mostly dataset-specific. Let $\mathcal{Z} = \{\z_1,\ldots,\z_m\}$ be the anchor set. We employ a $k$-means clustering procedure to obtain $m$ centers in a stratified manner. The anchor points are chosen as the nearest samples to these centers, since these centers per se are not necessarily corresponding to meaningful features.
\vspace{0.05in}
\textbf{2) Anchor-Sample Graph (ASG) Construction}: We follow the local approximation scheme as described in Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:fx}). Specifically, we propose to approximate the term $\psi^\prime(\w^\top \x_i)$ in~(\ref{eqn:np}) by
\begin{eqnarray}
\psi^\prime(\w^\top \x_i) \approx \sum_{\z \in \mathcal{Z}} \gamma_{\z}(\x_i) \cdot \psi^\prime(\w^\top \z). \label{eqn:psip}
\end{eqnarray}
Each anchor $\z$ uniquely determines a localized function $\psi^\prime(\w^\top \z)$, whose value varies with respect to different $\w$. The coefficient $\gamma_{\z}(\x_i)$ controls the contribution of specific anchor point in computing $\psi^\prime(\w^\top \x_i)$. Geometrically, anchors and all training samples naturally form an \emph{anchor-sample graph} (ASG), where the connectivity strengths are controlled by $\{\gamma_{\z}(\x)\}$. In graph-based propagation methods, it is known that connecting sample with remote anchors potentially does harm to the performance~\cite{LiuHC10}. Therefore, each sample is enforced to only connect to its $k$-nearest anchors. State differently, most $\gamma_{\z}(\x)$ is zero so that the ASG is highly sparse. The computation of $\gamma_{\z}(\x)$ is detailed in Algorithm~\ref{alg:anchor}.
\vspace{0.05in}
\textbf{3) Gradient Approximation over ASG}: Combining Eqns.~(\ref{eqn:np}) and~(\ref{eqn:psip}) obtains
\begin{eqnarray}
\nabla \psi_i(\w) &=& \psi^\prime(\w^\top \x_i) \cdot \x_i \nonumber \\
&\approx& \textstyle \left( \sum_{\z \in \mathcal{Z}} \gamma_{\z} (\x_i) \cdot \psi^\prime(\w^\top \z) \right) \cdot \x_i,
\label{eqn:appgrd}
\end{eqnarray}
where the right hand side in~(\ref{eqn:appgrd}) serves as our proposed manifold-oriented approximate gradient. Formally, we designate a surrogate function $h_i(\w)$ such that
\begin{eqnarray}
\nabla h_i(\w) = \left( \sum_{\z \in \mathcal{Z}} \gamma_{\z} (\x_i) \cdot \psi^\prime(\w^\top \z) \right) \x_i. \label{eqn:hi}
\end{eqnarray}
Likewise, the approximate full gradient $\nabla H(\w)$ in~(\ref{eqn:sgd_gb}) can be computed by:
\begin{eqnarray}
\nabla H(\w) &=& \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1\ldots n} \nabla h_i(\w) \nonumber \\
&=& \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1\ldots n} \left[ \left( \sum_{\z \in \mathcal{Z}} \gamma_{\z} (\x_i) \cdot \psi^\prime(\w^\top \z) \right) \cdot \x_i \right] \nonumber \\
&=& \frac{1}{n} \sum_{\z \in \mathcal{Z}} \left[ \sum_{i=1\ldots n} \gamma_{\z} (\x_i) \cdot \x_i \right] \cdot \psi^\prime(\w^\top \z). \label{eqn:H}
\end{eqnarray}
Importantly, computing~(\ref{eqn:hi}) and~(\ref{eqn:H}) is highly efficient owing to the sparsity of ASG. It only involves executing the derivative function for all anchors in addition to another $\mathcal{O}(m+d)$ algorithmic operations per sample. In fact, the computation in~(\ref{eqn:H}) can be further accelerated by per-computing the terms irrelevant to $\w$. Let $\M \in \mathbb{R}^{n \times m}$ be the matrix by compiling all coefficients in ASG. Specifically, $\M(i, j) = \gamma_{\z_j}(\x_i)$. Moreover, let
\begin{eqnarray}
\d_{\mathcal{Z}}(\w) = \left( \psi^\prime(\w^\top \z_1),\ldots, \psi^\prime(\w^\top \z_m) \right)^\top \in \mathbb{R}^m, \label{eqn:21}
\end{eqnarray}
be the vector of anchor derivatives conditioned on parameter $\w$. $\X = (\x_1,\ldots,\x_n) \in \mathbb{R}^{d \times n}$ is the feature matrix. Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:H}) can be compactly expressed as
\begin{eqnarray}
\nabla H(\w) = \frac{1}{n} \cdot (\X \M) \times \d_{\mathcal{Z}}(\w), \label{eqn:HM}
\end{eqnarray}
The product $\X \M \in \mathbb{R}^{d \times m}$ is not varying with respect to $\w$ and thus can be pre-computed for avoiding redundant computation at different outer loops in Algorithm~\ref{alg:s3gd}.
\subsection{Instances of Applications}
\label{sec:instance}
This section instantiates our proposed algorithm by several representative loss functions and regularizations.
\vspace{0.05in}
\noindent \textbf{Logistic Loss}: It is applicable to either real or binary responses. We focus on the binary case, where the label $y=\pm 1$. For any data vector $\x$, the conditional probability of the class label is:\footnote{\small For the sake of simplifying notations, we remove the intercept variable by appending an additional dimension of constant 1 to any feature vector $\x$.}
\begin{eqnarray}
p(y | \x; \w) = \sigma(y \w^\top \x) := 1 / (1 + \exp(-y (\w^\top \x) ) ).
\end{eqnarray}
The log-likelihood function is then expressed as $P(\w) = \sum_{i=1}^n \psi(\w^\top \x_i) = \sum_{i=1}^n \log p(y_i | \x_i; \w)$. According to the calculus rule of sigmoid function, the gradient of $\psi(\w^\top \x_i)$ is:
\begin{eqnarray}
\nabla \psi(\w^\top \x_i) = \underbrace{\sigma(-y_i \w^\top \x_i)}_{\small{\mbox{derivative~}}\psi^\prime(\w^\top \x_i)} \cdot y_i \x_i \label{eqn:hinge}
\end{eqnarray}
Applying the idea of anchor-based approximation in Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:hi}), we have
\begin{eqnarray}
\nabla \psi(\w^\top \x_i) &=& \sigma(-y_i \w^\top \x_i) \cdot y_i \x_i \nonumber \\
&\approx& \left( \sum_{\z \in \mathcal{Z}} \gamma_{\z} (\x_i) \cdot \sigma(-y_i \w^\top \z) \right) \cdot y_i \x_i, \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
which indicates that the approximate stochastic gradient is
\begin{eqnarray}
\nabla h_i(\w) = \left( \sum_{\z \in \mathcal{Z}} \gamma_{\z} (\x_i) \cdot \sigma(- y_i \w^\top \z) \right) \cdot y_i \x_i. \label{eqn:ins_1}
\end{eqnarray}
The label $\y_i$ and feature vector $\z$ are tightly coupled in Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:ins_1}), which prohibits the matrix multiplication in Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:HM}). To decouple them, the stochastic gradients of different samples can be handled according to their labels. More formally, let us consider the following two cases:
\vspace{0.04in}
\emph{Case-1}: $y_i=1$. We have $\nabla \psi(\w^\top \x_i) = \sigma(- \w^\top \x_i) \cdot \x_i$, where $\sigma(- \w^\top \x_i)$ can be efficiently approximated by $\sum_{\z} \gamma_{\z} (\x_i) \cdot \sigma(- \w^\top \z)$.
\vspace{0.04in}
\emph{Case-2}: $y_i=-1$. Now there is $\nabla \psi(\w^\top \x_i) = \sigma( \w^\top \x_i) \cdot (-\x_i) = (1-\sigma( -\w^\top \x_i)) \cdot (-\x_i) = -\x_i + \sigma(- \w^\top \x_i) \cdot \x_i$. Note that we use the property of sigmoid function $\sigma(u) = 1 - \sigma(-u)$. It turns out that we can still apply the tricks in Case-1 by amending the result with an additional term $-\x_i$. In practice, to estimate $\nabla H(\w)$, we can pre-compute $(1/n) \sum_{i ~:~ y_i=-1} \x_i$ and use it to compensate the quantity calculated from Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:HM}). This way the computation still enjoys the high efficacy of matrix-based operations.
\vspace{0.05in}
\noindent \textbf{Hinge Loss and Squared Hinge Loss}: The loss function popularized by SVM is known to be hinge loss $(1-y \w^\top \x)_+$. It is non-differentiable due to the irregularity at $y \w^\top \x = 1$. However, as discovered in~\cite{Zhangt01,ZhangJYH03}, hinge loss can be smoothed by the loss of ``modified logistic regression":
\begin{eqnarray}
(1- y \w^\top \x)_+ \approx \frac{1}{\beta} \log \left(1 + \exp(-\beta(y \w^\top \x -1)) \right).
\end{eqnarray}
The approximation residual asymptotically becomes zero when $\beta \rightarrow +\infty$, therefore we can cast hinge loss into the the framework of logistic loss with properly-chosen $\beta$.
Another solution of smoothing hinge loss is using squared hinge loss as adopted by L2-SVM~\cite{Chapelle}, namely $(1/2)((1-y \w^\top \x)_+)^2$, which naturally removes the irregular point at the risk of over-penalizing large response. Its gradient at a sample $(\x_i,y_i)$ is
\begin{eqnarray}
\nabla \psi(\w^\top \x_i) = \underbrace{ (1- y_i \w^\top \x_i)_+ }_{\small{\mbox{derivative~}}\psi^\prime(\w^\top \x_i)} \cdot (-y_i \x_i).
\end{eqnarray}
\vspace{0.05in}
\noindent \textbf{Regularization}: The regularization function $R(\w)$ can be either smooth (\emph{e.g.}, Tikhonov regularization) or non-smooth (\emph{e.g.}, 1-norm regularization). Below we list a few regularization functions widely-used in machine learning:
\begin{eqnarray}
(\mbox{Tikhonov}) : &&R(\w) = \lambda \| \w \|^2_2. \nonumber \\
(\mbox{1-norm}): &&R(\w) = \lambda \| \w \|_1. \nonumber \\
(\mbox{Elastic net}): &&R(\w) = \lambda (1-\alpha) \| \w \|_1 + \lambda \alpha \| \w \|_2. \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
When parameters $\w$ constitute a matrix rather than a vector, regularization terms such as matrix nuclear norm~\cite{svt} can be applied. However, optimizing with all above regularization under the proximal operator in~(\ref{eqn:wk2}) has been maturely developed. We thus omit more discussion.
\subsection{Algorithmic Complexity}
\begin{table*}[t]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{crrrrr}
\hline\hline
\textbf{} & \textbf{SGD} & \textbf{SSGD} & \textbf{SVRG} & \textbf{SCV} & \textbf{S3GD} \\
\hline
\textbf{Iteration Time Complexity:} & $\mathcal{O}(p \times d)$ & $\mathcal{O}(p \times d)$ & $\mathcal{O}\left(p \times d + \frac{n}{k_{in}} \times d \right)$ & $\mathcal{O}\left(p \times d + d^2 \right)$ & $\mathcal{O}\left(p \times d + \frac{m}{k_{in}} \times d + p \times (k+d) \right)$\\
\hline
\textbf{Preprocessing Time Complexity:} & -- & $\mathcal{O}(n \times m \times d)$ & -- & -- & $\mathcal{O}(n \times m \times d)$\\
\hline
\textbf{Space Complexity:} & $\mathcal{O}(d)$ & $\mathcal{O}(d m) + \mathcal{O}(n)$ & $\mathcal{O}(d)$ & $\mathcal{O}(d^2)$ & $\mathcal{O}(d m) + \mathcal{O}(n k)$\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{\small Time/space iteration complexity for all algorithms involved in the quantitative study. $p, m, n, d$ denote the size of a mini-batch, the number of anchors in S3GD (or the number of clusters in SSGD), the number of training samples, and the feature dimensionality respectively. $k$ denotes the anchor $k$-NN parameter. Note that for SVRG and S3GD, they both adopt nested loop during the optimization. $k_{in}$ denotes the maximal iteration count of the inner loop. The mark ``--" implies the absence of any pre-processing.}
\label{table:complexity}
\end{table*}
The iteration complexity of the proposed S3GD depends on several parameters: the mini-batch size $p$, the number of anchors $m$, the $k$-NN parameter in constructing ASG, the maximal inner loop count $k_{in}$ and the feature dimensionality $d$. In the pre-computation, obtaining the matrix product $\X \M$ requires $\mathcal{O}(d k n)$ time complexity. And finding the $k$ nearest anchors has a time complexity of $\mathcal{O}(n m d)$. At the run-time, the complexity of computing $\nabla H(\widetilde \w)$ is comprised of $\mathcal{O}(d m)$ for evaluating anchor gradients in Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:21}) and $\mathcal{O}(d m)$ for multiplying the pre-computed $\X \M$ with a vector $d_{\mathcal{Z}}(\w)$. Note that $\nabla H(\widetilde \w)$ is only calculated once at the beginning of each outer loop in Algorithm~\ref{alg:s3gd}. Computing $\nabla \psi_\mathcal{I}({\w}^{k})$ and $\nabla h_\mathcal{I}(\widetilde \w)$ in Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:sgd_gb}) admits a time complexity of $\mathcal{O}(p d)$ or $\mathcal{O}(p (k + d))$ respectively.
Most of existing semi-stochastic algorithms rely on two nested loop, of which the outer loop incurs exact full gradient computation or covariance matrix estimation. For large data, it entails a tremendous $\mathcal{O}(n d)$ or $\mathcal{O}(d^2)$ complexity. For other sophisticated algorithms that target at improved mini-batch construction (such as SSGD~\cite{ZhaoZ14b}), the iteration complexity is generally better than ours. However, the lack of global information makes these algorithms more sensitive to noise in stochastic gradients.
Regarding the space requirement, the major costs for S3GD include $\mathcal{O}(d m)$ for storing the product matrix in Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:HM}) and $\mathcal{O} (n k)$ for recording $k$ nearest anchors for each sample. Akin to SVRG and SCV, S3GD does not memorize historic gradients. We summarize the space and time complexities for all interested algorithms in Table~\ref{table:complexity}.
\section{Convergence Analysis}
\label{sec:analysis}
We need two lemmas as below to advance the convergence analysis. The first lemma states
\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma:lemma1}
Consider the composite function $F(\w)$ as defined in Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:com}). It satisfies both Assumptions 2.1 and 2.2. Let $w^\ast = \arg \min_{\w} F(\w)$ be the optimal solution and $L = \max_i L_i$ be the maximal Lipschitz-continuous constant of $\psi_i(\w)$, $i=1,\ldots,n$. Then we have
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n \left\| \nabla \psi_i(\w) - \nabla \psi_i(\w^\ast) \right\|^2 \le 2 L \left[ F(\w) - F(\w^\ast) \right].
\end{eqnarray}
\end{lemma}
The key tricks in the proof of Lemma~\ref{lemma:lemma1} were originally developed in~\cite{Johnson013} and a complete proof is found in Lemma 3.4 of~\cite{Xiao014}. The other lemma is an extension of above lemma with anchor-based gradient approximation.
\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma:lemma2}
Consider the same problem setting as in Lemma~\ref{lemma:lemma1}. The gradient of $\psi_i(\w)$ is approximated by $\nabla h_i(\w)$ according to Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:hi}). Then
\begin{eqnarray}
&& \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n \left\| \nabla h_i(\w) - \nabla \psi_i(\w^\ast) \right\|^2 \nonumber \\
&\le& 2 L (F(\w) - F(\w^\ast)) + 4 L \max_{\w} \left| H(\w) - P(\w) \right|, \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $H(\w) = \textstyle \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n h_i(\w)$.
\begin{proof}
Let us construct an auxiliary function as below,
\begin{eqnarray}
a_i(\w) = h_i(\w) - \psi_i(\w^\ast) - \nabla \psi_i(\w^\ast)^\top (\w - \w^\ast),
\end{eqnarray}
where $i \in \{1,\ldots,n\}$. It is easily verified that $\nabla a_i(\w) = \nabla h_i(\w) - \nabla \psi_i(\w^\ast)$. From the construction of $h_i(\w)$, $a_i(\w)$ is Lipschitz continuous with constant $L = \max_i L_i$. Based on an argument in Theorem 2.1.5 in~\cite{Nesterov}, we have
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{2 L} \| \nabla a_i(\w) \|^2 \le a_i(\w) - \min_{\w} a_i(\w).
\end{eqnarray}
Averaging over $i = 1,\ldots,n$, we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
&& \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n \left\| \nabla h_i(\w) - \nabla \psi_i(\w^\ast) \right\|^2 \nonumber \\
&\le& 2 L \left[ \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n a_i(\w) - \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n \min_{\w} a_i(\w) \right]. \label{eqn:2_1}
\end{eqnarray}
From the definition of $a_i(\w)$, we have
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n a_i(\w) = H(\w) - P(\w^\ast) - \nabla P(\w^\ast)^\top (\w - \w^\ast). \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
By the optimality of $\w^\ast$, a sub-gradient $\xi^\ast \in \partial R(\w^\ast)$ exists such that $\nabla P(\w^\ast) + \xi^\ast = 0$. Therefore
\begin{eqnarray}
&& \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n a_i(\w) \nonumber \\
&=& H(\w) - P(\w^\ast) + (\xi^\ast)^\top (\w - \w^\ast) \nonumber \\
&\le& H(\w) - P(\w^\ast) + R(\w) - R(\w^\ast) \nonumber \\
&=& H(\w) - P(\w) + F(\w) - F(\w^\ast) \nonumber \\
&\le& \max_{\w} \left| H(\w) - P(\w) \right| + F(\w) - F(\w^\ast) , \label{eqn:m4}
\end{eqnarray}
where the first inequality follows from the definition of sub-gradient.
The second term on the right hand side of~(\ref{eqn:2_1}) can be bounded as below:
\begin{eqnarray}
&& \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n \min_{\w} a_i(\w) \nonumber \\
&\ge& \min_{\w} \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n a_i(\w) \nonumber \\
&=& \min_{\w} \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n \left[ h_i(\w) - \psi_i(\w^\ast) - \nabla \psi_i(\w^\ast)^\top (\w - \w^\ast) \right] \nonumber \\
&\ge& \min_{\w} \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n \left[ h_{i}(\w) - \psi_i(\w) \right] \label{eqn:m5_a} \\
&=& \min_{\w} \left[ H(\w) - P(\w)\right] \nonumber \\
&\ge& - \max_{\w} \left| H(\w) - P(\w)\right|. \label{eqn:m5}
\end{eqnarray}
Combining~(\ref{eqn:m4}) and~(\ref{eqn:m5}) completes the proof.
\end{proof}
\end{lemma}
The following is our main observation regarding the convergence property of the proposed S3GD:
\begin{theorem} \label{thm:main}
For compositional function $F(\w) = P(\w) + R(\w)$, assume its two components $P(\w)$, $R(\w)$ have strong convexity parameter $\mu_P \ge 0, \mu_R \ge 0$ and $\mu_P \cdot \mu_R > 0$. $\psi_i(\w)$ has Lipschitz parameter $L_i$, $i=1,\ldots,n$. Let $L = \max_i L_i$ be the maximal Lipschitz-continuous constant of $\psi_i(\w)$. Set the step size $\eta \in (0, \frac{1}{8 L})$ and the iteration count in the inner loop (denote it as $m$) sufficiently large, such that
\begin{eqnarray}
\rho = \frac{1}{(\mu_P+\mu_R) \eta (1-4 L \eta) m} + \frac{4 L \eta (m+1)}{(1 - 4 L \eta ) m} < 1,\label{eqn:main_1}
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
\Delta = \frac{ 8 \eta^2 L (\mu_P + \mu_R) m } {\eta (\mu_P+\mu_R) (m - 4 \eta L (2 m + 1)) - 1} \cdot \Delta_{H,P} > 0, \label{eqn:main_2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\Delta_{H,P} = \max_{\w} | H(\w) - P(\w) |$ denotes the maximal residual between the smooth component $P(\w)$ and its anchor-based approximation $H(\w)$.
Moreover, use $s$ to index the outer loops. The proposed S3GD algorithm will satisfy the following inequality,
\begin{eqnarray}
F(\w_{s}) - F(\w^\ast) - \Delta \le \rho^s \left[ F(\w_0) - F(\w^\ast) -\Delta \right], \label{eqn:main_3}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\rho$ and $\Delta$ are defined in Eqns.~(\ref{eqn:main_1})(\ref{eqn:main_2}) respectively.
\label{theorem:main}
\begin{proof}
The proof is essentially an adaption of Theorem 3.1 in~\cite{Xiao014}. Let us consider a single outer loop (indexed by $s$) which consist of $m$ inner iterations in total. Use $\w^k$ to denote the parameter vector at the $k$-th inner iteration. $\w^0$ is initialized as $\w_s$ obtained in previous outer loop. Without loss of generality, let us consider mini-batches with single random sample at each inner iteration. Based on Lemma 3.7 in~\cite{Xiao014}, we have
\begin{eqnarray}
&& \| \w^{k}-\w^\ast \|^2 \nonumber \\
&\le& \| \w^{k-1}-\w^\ast \|^2 - \eta \mu_P \| \w^{k-1}-\w^\ast \|^2 \nonumber \\
&& - \eta \mu_R \| \w^{k}-\w^\ast \|^2 -2 \eta ( F(\w^{k}) - F(\w^\ast) ) \nonumber \\
&& - 2 \eta \Delta_k^\top (\w^{k}-\w^\ast) \nonumber \\
&\le& \| \w^{k-1}-\w^\ast \|^2 -2 \eta ( F(\w^{k}) - F(\w^\ast) ) \nonumber \\
&& - 2 \eta \Delta_k^\top (\w^{k}-\w^\ast), \label{eqn:p1}
\end{eqnarray}
where we use the notations $\Delta_k = \v_k - \nabla P(\w^{k-1})$ and
\begin{eqnarray}
\v_k = \nabla \psi_{i_k}({\w}^{k-1}) - [\nabla h_{i_k}(\w_s) - \nabla H(\w_s)].\label{eqn:p344}
\end{eqnarray}
To further bound~(\ref{eqn:p1}), we have to investigate the term $\Delta_k^\top (\w^{k}-\w^\ast)$. To this end, let us define the proximal full gradient update as
\begin{eqnarray}
\widetilde \w^{k} = \mathbf{prox}_{\eta R}(\w^{k-1} - \eta \nabla P(\w^{k-1})).
\end{eqnarray}
An argument in Theorem 3.1 of~\cite{Xiao014} indicates that the relation below holds:
\begin{eqnarray}
-\Delta_k^\top (\w^{k}-\w^\ast) \le \eta \| \Delta_k \|^2 - \Delta_k^\top (\widetilde \w^{k} - \w^\ast). \label{eqn:p611}
\end{eqnarray}
Applying~(\ref{eqn:p611}) to~(\ref{eqn:p1}) obtains
\begin{eqnarray}
&& \| \w^{k}-\w^\ast \|^2 \nonumber \\
&\le& \| \w^{k-1}-\w^\ast \|^2 -2 \eta ( F(\w^{k}) - F(\w^\ast) )\nonumber \\
&&+ 2 \eta^2 \| \Delta_k \|^2 - 2 \eta \Delta_k^\top (\widetilde \w^{k} - \w^\ast), \label{eqn:p3}
\end{eqnarray}
Now we further take expectation with respect to the random variable $i_k$ in~(\ref{eqn:p344}). Since both $\w^{k}, \w^\ast$ are irrelevant to the choice of $i_k$, there is $\mathbb{E} \Delta_k^\top (\widetilde \w^{k} - \w^\ast) = (\mathbb{E} \Delta_k)^\top (\widetilde \w^{k} - \w^\ast) = 0$. The term $\| \Delta_k \|^2$ can be bounded as below:
\begin{eqnarray}
&& \mathbb{E} \| \Delta_k \|^2 \nonumber \\
&=& \mathbb{E} \| \nabla \psi_{i_k}({\w}^{k-1}) - [\nabla h_{i_k}(\w_s) - \nabla H(\w_s)] \nonumber \\
&& - \nabla P(\w^{k-1})\|^2 \nonumber \\
&=& \mathbb{E} \left\| \nabla \psi_{i_k}({\w}^{k-1}) - \nabla h_{i_k}(\w_s) \right\|^2 \nonumber \\
&& - \left\| \nabla H(\w_s) - \nabla P(\w^{k-1}) \right\|^2 \nonumber \\
&\le& \mathbb{E} \left\| \nabla \psi_{i_k}({\w}^{k-1}) - \nabla h_{i_k}(\w_s) \right\|^2 \nonumber \\
&\le& 2 \mathbb{E} \left\| \nabla \psi_{i_k}({\w}^{k-1}) - \nabla \psi_{i_k}({\w}^\ast) \right\|^2 \nonumber \\
&& + 2 \mathbb{E} \left\| \nabla h_{i_k}(\w_s) - \nabla \psi_{i_k}({\w}^\ast) \right\|^2\nonumber \\
&\le& 4 L ( F(\w^{k-1}) - F(\w^\ast) + F(\w_s) - F(\w^\ast) ) \nonumber \\
&& + 8 L \Delta_{H,P}, \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where we introduce the notation $\Delta_{H,P} = \max_{\w} | H(\w) - P(\w) |$ for the brevity of the presentation.
Therefore~(\ref{eqn:p3}) can be further transformed as
\begin{eqnarray}
&& \mathbb{E} \| \w^{k}-\w^\ast \|^2 \nonumber \\
&\le& \| \w^{k-1}-\w^\ast \|^2 -2 \eta ( \mathbb{E} F(\w^{k}) - F(\w^\ast) )\nonumber \\
&&+ 8 \eta^2 L ( F(\w^{k-1}) - F(\w^\ast) + F(\w_s) - F(\w^\ast) ) \nonumber \\
&& + 16 \eta^2 L \Delta_{H,P}. \label{eqn:p6}
\end{eqnarray}
After all $m$ iterations have been completed, we set $\w_{s+1} = \arg_{\w^k, k=1,\ldots,m} \min F(\w^k)$. Summing~(\ref{eqn:p6}) over $k = 1, \ldots, m$, we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
&& \textstyle -\frac{2}{\mu_P + \mu_R} \left[ F(\w_s) - F(\w^\ast) \right] \nonumber \\
&\le& \mathbb{E} \| \w^{m}-\w^\ast \|^2 - \| \w^{0}-\w^\ast \|^2 \nonumber \\
&\le& -2 \eta \sum_{k=1}^m \left( \mathbb{E} F(\w^{k}) - F(\w^\ast) \right)\nonumber \\
&& + 8 \eta^2 L \sum_{k=1}^m \left( \mathbb{E} F(\w^{k-1}) - F(\w^\ast) \right) \nonumber \\
&& + 8 \eta^2 L m (F(\w_s) - F(\w^\ast) + 16 \eta^2 L m \Delta_{H,P} \nonumber \\
&\le& -2 \eta (1-4 \eta L) \sum_{k=1}^m \left( \mathbb{E} F(\w^{k}) - F(\w^\ast) \right)\nonumber \\
&& + 8 \eta^2 L \left( F(\w^{0}) - F(\w^\ast) - (\mathbb{E} F(\w^{m}) - F(\w^\ast)) \right) \nonumber \\
&& + 8 \eta^2 L m (F(\w_s) - F(\w^\ast) + 16 \eta^2 L m \Delta_{H,P} \nonumber \\
&\le& -2 \eta (1-4 \eta L) m \left( F(\w_{s+1}) - F(\w^\ast) \right)\nonumber \\
&& + 8 \eta^2 L (m+1) (F(\w_s) - F(\w^\ast) \nonumber \\
&& + 16 \eta^2 L m \Delta_{H,P}, \label{eqn:p7}
\end{eqnarray}
where the first inequality follows from the strong convexity of $F(\w)$ and the last inequality is derived from the construction of $\w_{s+1}$.
Re-arranging~(\ref{eqn:p7}) and using the notations $\rho,\Delta$ in~(\ref{eqn:main_1})(\ref{eqn:main_2}) respectively, we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
F(\w_{s+1}) - F(\w^\ast) - \Delta \le \rho \left[ F(\w_s) - F(\w^\ast) -\Delta \right].
\end{eqnarray}
Recursively expanding the right hand side of above inequality obtains the main theoretic result in~(\ref{eqn:main_3}).
\end{proof}
\end{theorem}
\textbf{Remarks:} Similar to the original SVRG and its variant Prox-SVRG, our proposed S3GD also enjoys an exponential rate of convergence. The convergence guarantee S3GD is comparably weaker, since it is not guaranteed to converge to the exact globally-optimal solutions. Instead, the theoretic analysis in Theorem~\ref{thm:main} essentially states that, when the step size $\eta$ is sufficiently small, the function value-descending process from $F(\w_0)$ to $F(\w^\ast) + \Delta$ admits a geometric rate. However, the optimization after reaching $F(\w^\ast) + \Delta$ is beyond the scope of Theorem~\ref{thm:main}, which we will investigate through empirical study in the experimental section. In a word, our proposed S3GD avoids the intensive computation of full gradient by relaxing the optimality guarantees.
The quantity $\Delta$ is primarily determined by the residual between the smooth component $P(\w)$ of the composite objective function and its anchor-based approximation $H(\w)$. Note that in Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:main_2}), when $\eta$ is proportional to $1/L$ and $m$ is sufficiently large, the coefficient in front of $\Delta_{H,P}$ tends to be a constant, rather than increasing with respect to larger $m$. Moreover, the maximum value of the step size $\eta$ is slightly lower than that in Prox-SVRG ($\eta < 1/(8L)$ in S3GD and $\eta < 1/(4L)$ in Prox-SVRG).
To mitigate the effect of $\Delta$, one can either reduce the value of $\eta$ or switch to the normal Prox-SVRG procedure when the estimated parameter vector is close to the global optimum. In this paper we leave such investigation to the future work, faithfully reporting the performance of S3GD using constant step sizes in all experiments.
\section{Experiments}
\label{sec:exp}
This section reports the numerical studies between our proposed S3GD and other competing algorithms.
\begin{figure*}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.19\linewidth]{sgd_stepsize}
\includegraphics[width=0.19\linewidth]{ssgd_stepsize}
\includegraphics[width=0.19\linewidth]{scv_stepsize}
\includegraphics[width=0.19\linewidth]{svrg_stepsize}
\includegraphics[width=0.19\linewidth]{s3gd_stepsize}
\end{center}
\caption{\small Investigation of the effect of step sizes on the convergence speed and solution stability. We select CIFAR10 as the testbed and report the training objective values under four different step size parameters. It is seen that large step sizes often indicate faster convergence yet also bring the risk of bouncing around the optimum. Variance reduction is thus critical for using large step sizes. Note that the objective values are plotted in logarithmic scale. Better viewing when enlarged and in color mode.}
\label{fig:stepsize}
\end{figure*}
\subsection{Description of Dataset and Applications}
To make the experiments comprehensive, we include nine benchmarks that cover a variety of heterogeneous tasks and different data scales: \emph{20-Newsgroups}\footnote{\url{http://qwone.com/~jason/20Newsgroups/}} which contains nicely-organized documents from 20 different news topics, \emph{WebSpam}\footnote{\url{http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvmtools/datasets/binary.html}} represents a large collection of annotated spam or non-spam hosts labeled by a group of volunteers, \emph{IJCNN}\footnote{\url{http://www.geocities.com/ijcnn/nnc_ijcnn01.pdf}} for time-series data, \emph{KDD04\_bio} and \emph{KDD04\_phy}\footnote{\url{http://osmot.cs.cornell.edu/kddcup/datasets.html}} which correspond to the protein homology sub-task and quantum physics sub-task in KDD-Cup 2004 respectively, \emph{covtype}\footnote{\url{https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Covertype}} which includes cartographic variables for predicting forest cover type. We also include three computer vision benchmarks: \emph{CIFAR10}\footnote{\url{http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html}} for image categorization, \emph{Kaggle-Face}\footnote{https://www.kaggle.com/c/challenges-in-representation-learning-facial-expression-recognition-challenge} for facial expression recognition and \emph{MED11}\footnote{\url{http://www.nist.gov/itl/iad/mig/med11.cfm}} for video event detection.
\begin{table}[t]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lrrr}
\hline\hline
\textbf{Dataset} & \textbf{Train/Test Size} & \textbf{\#Dim} & \textbf{\#Class} \\
\hline
\textbf{20newsgroups} & 11,314 / 7,532 & 26,214 & 20 \\
\hline
\textbf{IJCNN} & 49,990 / 91,701 & 22 & 2 \\
\hline
\textbf{WebSpam} & 280,000 / 70,000 & 254 & 2 \\
\hline
\textbf{CIFAR10} & 50,000 / 10,000 & 800 & 10 \\
\hline
\textbf{Kaggle-Face} & 315,799 / 7,200 & 256 & 7 \\
\hline
\textbf{MED11} & 30,000 / 16,904 & 5,000 & 25 \\
\hline
\textbf{KDD04\_bio} & 120,000 / 25,751 & 74 & 2 \\
\hline
\textbf{KDD04\_phy} & 45,000 / 5,000 & 65 & 2 \\
\hline
\textbf{Covtype} & 500,000 / 81,012 & 54 & 2 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{\small Summary of the benchmarks used in the experiments. \textbf{\#Dim} and \textbf{\#Class} represent the number of feature dimensions and unique categories respectively.}
\label{table:data}
\end{table}
Table~\ref{table:data} summarizes the critical information for above-mentioned benchmarks. For most datasets, we adopt the defaulted train/test data split. Regarding the features, we either use the feature files provided by the benchmark organizers or extract them by ourselves. They may not necessarily bring state-of-the-art accuracy since our focus is investigating the convergence speed of the optimization methods instead of just driving for higher performance. The defaulted tasks defined on some benchmarks are multi-class classification. In these cases, a one-vs-rest scheme is applied to simplify the evaluations. We pick the category with the most training samples as the positive class and merge all rest categories as the negative class, converting it into a binary classification problem. Whenever the positive/negative data partitions are heavily unbalanced, we assign samples from positive/negative classes different weights such that the weight summarizations of the two classes are equal. More formally, let $\mathcal{Y}_+, \mathcal{Y}_-$ be the index sets of positive/negative classes respectively. The loss is calculated as
\begin{eqnarray}
P(\w) = \textstyle \frac{1}{|\mathcal{Y}_+|} \sum_{i \in \mathcal{Y}_+} \psi_i(\w) + \frac{1}{|\mathcal{Y}_-|} \sum_{i \in \mathcal{Y}_-} \psi_i(\w).
\label{eqn:pw}
\end{eqnarray}
In all experiments we stick to using the logistic loss function and Tikhonov regularization owing to their empirical popularity and non-linear property.
\begin{figure*}[t!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{time}
\end{center}
\caption{\small Iteration time complexities in terms of CPU times on all datasets. The time is recorded in seconds. To highlight subtle difference, we adopt logarithmic scale for the vertical axis. The length of time is visualized by a bar that points to its due value. See text for more explanations.}
\label{fig:time}
\end{figure*}
\subsection{Baseline Algorithms}
We make comparisons between the proposed S3GD and other four competitors, including
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{Mini-Batch Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)}: it represents the standard stochastic gradient method. At each iteration, the SGD algorithm randomly draws $p$ samples from the training set according to weight distribution specified in Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:pw}), calculate their respective stochastic gradient, and uniformly average these stochastic gradients.
\item \textbf{Stratified SGD (SSGD)}~\cite{ZhaoZ14b}: This method aims to improve the standard mini-batch SGD using data clustering and stratified sampling. SSGD ensures that each iteration will draw at least one sample from each data cluster (stratum). The inclusion is to contrast different ways of using global information about data. For fair comparison we set the number of clusters to be $p$.
\item \textbf{Stochastic Variance Reduction Gradient (SVRG)}: This original idea work of SVRG is found in~\cite{Johnson013}. However, it does not handle non-smooth functions. In the comparison we adopt the extension proposed in~\cite{Xiao014}. Inheriting the two nested loops of SVRG, one of the key parameters in~\cite{Xiao014} is the the maximal iteration number in the inner loop. The authors suggest this parameter shall be sufficiently large for achieving better loss bound. We fix this parameter to be always 50 in all experiments, which empirically provides a good balance between convergence speed and heavy complexity caused by exact gradient estimation.
\item \textbf{Stochastic Control Variate (SCV)}~\cite{WangCSX13}: This is another semi-stochastic gradient method that reports state-of-the-art speed and accuracies. The method relies on the utilization of data statistics such as low-order moments to define ``control variate". The authors rigourously prove the reduction in noisy gradient variance under mild assumptions. Note that for features in high dimension, the computation of data statistics can be its computational bottleneck.
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure*}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=0.24\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_kaggleface_trainloss}
\includegraphics[height=0.24\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_cifar10_trainloss}
\includegraphics[height=0.24\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_webspam_trainloss}
\includegraphics[height=0.24\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_covtype_trainloss}
\includegraphics[height=0.24\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_ijcnn_trainloss}
\includegraphics[height=0.24\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_kdd04_phy_trainloss}
\includegraphics[height=0.24\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_kdd04_bio_trainloss}
\includegraphics[height=0.24\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_med11_trainloss}
\includegraphics[height=0.24\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_20newsgroups_trainloss}
\end{center}
\caption{\small Training objective values for all referred algorithms in this paper on 9 datasets. The horizontal axis correspond to CPU times (in seconds) in the logarithmic scale. Note that we do not report the performance of SCV on 20newsgroups since it takes five days for accomplishing all 40,000 iterations. Better viewing in color.}
\label{fig:1}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=0.24\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_kaggleface_testloss}
\includegraphics[height=0.24\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_cifar10_testloss}
\includegraphics[height=0.24\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_webspam_testloss}
\includegraphics[height=0.24\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_covtype_testloss}
\includegraphics[height=0.24\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_ijcnn_testloss}
\includegraphics[height=0.24\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_kdd04_phy_testloss}
\includegraphics[height=0.24\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_kdd04_bio_testloss}
\includegraphics[height=0.24\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_med11_testloss}
\includegraphics[height=0.24\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_20newsgroups_testloss}
\end{center}
\caption{\small Testing objective values for all referred algorithms in this paper on 9 datasets. }
\label{fig:1b}
\end{figure*}
\subsection{Evaluation Settings}
For all experiments, we fix the parameter $\lambda = 10^{-3}$ for the Tikhonov regularization. The maximal iteration parameter $k_{in}$ in the inner loop of S3GD is fixed to be 20. Each mini-batch contains $p=10$ random samples. For S3GD, $m=100$ anchors are generated on all datasets. We implemented all baseline algorithms and S3GD in optimized C++ programs. The experiments are conducted on shared servers in an industrial research lab. Each of the servers is equipped with 48 CPU cores and 400GB physical memory. Five independent trials are performed for all algorithms and the averaged results are reported. The entire experiments take about one day on five servers.
There are two indices which are utterly crucial for evaluating a gradient based optimization scheme: the correlation (or variance) between (semi)stochastic gradient and exact gradient, and the maximal step size which ensures the stability of the optimization. In the literature of stochastic gradient methods, both decayed and constant step sizes are widely adopted. We find that tuning the decayed step sizes is very tricky, which makes a fair comparison among different algorithms difficult. Therefore we focus on the results using constant step sizes.
Large step sizes are always favored in practice since they expect improved convergence speed. To see this point, in Figure~\ref{fig:stepsize} we plot the objective values in each iteration of the training stage on CIFAR10. For all baseline algorithms and our proposed S3GD, the convergence curves under four different constant step sizes $\eta = \{0.1, 1, 5, 10\}$ are recorded and plotted. Obviously SVRG and S3GD are two most stable algorithms even operating with large step size parameters. All other three algorithms drastically fluctuate when their current solutions approach the global optimum, even with the moderate parameter $\eta = 5$.
This empirical investigation highlights the importance of choosing proper step size.
To fairly compare different algorithms, we evaluate them under the parameter set $\eta \in \{0.1, 1, 5, 10\}$ and report the performance with the largest step size that satisfies the following stability condition:
\begin{eqnarray}
\eta^\ast = \max ~\eta \quad s.t.~~F(\w; \eta) \le (1 + \epsilon) F(\w^\ast), \label{eqn:eta}
\end{eqnarray}
where $F(\w^\ast)$ denotes the objective value at the global optimum $\w^\ast$. $F(\w; \eta)$ is the converged point using step size $\eta$. In the experiments we average the last 5,000 optimization iterations to obtain $F(\w; \eta)$. $\epsilon$ is set to be 0.01 in all cases. The condition aims to abandon any step size parameter that drives the solution crazily bounce around the global optimum.
Most of prior works~\cite{Johnson013,WangCSX13} report the performance with respect to iteration counts. We here argue that the evaluation shall take the iteration complexity into account. Recall that Table~\ref{table:complexity} summarizes the time and space iteration complexities for all algorithms. Importantly, the complexities of SVRG and SCV are dominated by the exact gradient computation and class-specific covariance matrix estimation. Both of them are expected to take longer time for accomplishing each iteration. Figure~\ref{fig:time} reports the time for performing 50 gradient descent iterations for all datasets and algorithms. The computing time is obtained by averaging all trials. It is observed that on most datasets, the standard SGD consumes the least time. SSGD and our proposed S3GD use slightly more time compared to SGD. The CPU time of SVRG and SCV are significantly larger. Specifically, SVRG is especially slow in comparison when facing large scale data set (such as Kaggle-face and covtype) and high feature dimensions (\emph{e.g.}, 5,000-dimensional features for MED11 and 26,214-dimensional features for 20newsgroups). Likewise, SCV is particularly slow when handling high-dimensional features. On the 20newsgroups, SCV requires 594 seconds for every 50 iterations, which is beyond the scope of most practitioners. In contrast, SGD and S3GD only need 0.21 and 0.30 seconds respectively. Therefore for fairness in comparison, we will majorly concern the performance with respect to CPU times.
\subsection{Quantitative Investigations}
\vspace{0.07in}
\noindent \textbf{Convergence Speed}: Figure~\ref{fig:1} shows the training objective values with respect to the CPU times. For all algorithms, the step-size parameters are chosen according to the criterion in~(\ref{eqn:eta}). Interestingly, though semi-stochastic gradient methods are proved to enjoy faster asymptotical convergence speed, most of them are not as ``economic" as standard SGD due to significantly higher iteration complexity. Our proposed S3GD exceptionally outperforms all other algorithms on 6 out of 9 datasets. SVRG only dominates the small-scale 22-dimensional dataset IJCNN, and SGD yields the best performance on other two datasets KDD04\_bio and 20newsgroups. SSGD is found to be sensitive about imbalanced data partition, such as MED11 and 20newsgroups, where the positive/negative data ratios are 1:25 and 1:20 respectively.
It is also important to investigate the generalization ability of the learned machine learning models. To this end, we also periodically record the objective values on the testing set. The results are displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig:1b}, from which it is easy to visually rule out the possibility that the generalization error and training objective value are inconsistent.
It is surprising that the standard SGD is among the best performers on nearly all of 9 datasets despite its simplicity. Based on the experiments we argue that the research of semi-stochastic algorithms shall investigate the balance of larger step size and increased iteration complexity, particulary in the era of large data and high dimension.
\begin{figure*}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=0.2\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_kaggleface_correlation}
\includegraphics[height=0.2\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_cifar10_correlation}
\includegraphics[height=0.2\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_webspam_correlation}
\includegraphics[height=0.2\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_covtype_correlation}
\includegraphics[height=0.2\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_ijcnn_correlation}
\includegraphics[height=0.2\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_kdd04_phy_correlation}
\includegraphics[height=0.2\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_kdd04_bio_correlation}
\includegraphics[height=0.2\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_med11_correlation}
\includegraphics[height=0.2\linewidth,width=0.32\linewidth,keepaspectratio=false]{all_20newsgroups_correlation}
\end{center}
\caption{\small Pearson correlation scores of (semi)stochastic gradient and the exact gradient on 9 datasets under the parameter $\eta = 0.1$. See text for more explanation. Best viewing in color.}
\label{fig:2}
\end{figure*}
\vspace{0.07in}
\noindent \textbf{Corrleation of Gradients}: We further study the Pearson correlation of (semi)stochastic gradient and the exact gradient. For a semi-stochastic algorithm, the correlation score is favored to approach the value of 1, since it indicates a better approximation scheme for gradient computation.
It is clearly observed that SVRG and the proposed S3GD exhibit the most favorable correlation scores. Moreover, most methods enjoy relatively larger correlation scores when the optimization just begins. The correlation scores gradually drop when the optimization proceeds. The reason may be that the exact (sub)gradient tends to zero around the optimum, which makes accurate gradient approximation more challenging. The only exception is SVRG. In all cases its correlation scores quickly rise and stay at 1. It may be caused by the fact that $\| \w^{k+1} - \w^k \|$ tends to zero when approaching the global optimum. Therefore, $\widetilde \w \approx \w^k$ in Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:svrg}), which implies that the semi-stochastic gradient becomes increasingly close to the full gradient.
\vspace{0.07in}
\noindent \textbf{Effect of Anchor}: Recall that we use 100 anchors obtained through clustering in all experiments. One may concern how different choices of anchor number affect the performance and running time. Figure~\ref{fig:3} presents the evolution of correlations scores under different anchor settings on MED11 and CIFAR10 (step size is fixed to be 1 for all cases).
Interestingly, we observe that enlarging anchor set does not entail boosted correlation scores. In fact, the scores will reach its peak around data-specific anchor number (100 for MED11 and 20 for CIFAR10) though other choices bring alike performances. This implies that the algorithm is largely robust to the anchor number though empirical tuning does further help. Figure~\ref{fig:4} plots the averaged iteration times for different anchor parameters. More anchors entail longer CPU time. Yet the time only increases sub-linearly owing to other kinds of computational overhead at each iteration.
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{para_med11}
\includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{para_cifar10}
\end{center}
\caption{\small Investigation of how the anchors affect gradient correlation scores on MED11 and CIFAR10.}
\label{fig:3}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{para_time}
\end{center}
\caption{\small Average CPU time for every 50 optimization iterations (in seconds) for S3GD.}
\label{fig:4}
\end{figure}
\vspace{0.07in}
\noindent \textbf{Effect of inner iteration count $k_{in}$}: Both SVRG and our proposed S3GD adopt two-level loops for optimizing the objective function. The parameter $k_{in}$ refers to the maximal iteration count in the inner loops. Note that we use different $k_{in}$ for SVRG and S3GD (50 for SVRG and 20 for S3GD). Intuitively, smaller $k_{in}$ accelerates the convergence speed for both S3GD and SVRG with respect to the iterations, since it indicates more frequent update of the historical parameter vector at the outer loop. However, as shown in Table~\ref{table:complexity}, SVRG requires the computation of exact gradient at the beginning of each outer loop, which implies a complexity of $\mathcal{O}(n d)$. In contrast, S3GD only has a complexity of $\mathcal{O}(d m)$ using the pre-computation trick as in Eqn.~(\ref{eqn:HM}). Therefore, to balance the amortized iteration complexity and convergence speed, SVRG tends to prefer larger $k_{in}$ than S3GD.
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{para_kin_cifar10}
\end{center}
\caption{\small Investigation of how the parameter $k_{in}$ for maximal inner iteration count affects the convergence on CIFAR10.}
\label{fig:5}
\end{figure}
To validate this point, Fig.~\ref{fig:5} plots the objective values on the testing data of the CIFAR10 benchmark under $k_{in}=20$ or $k_{in}=50$. Both S3GD and SVRG exhibit similar convergence curves under different choices of $k_{in}$. Intuitively, though large $k_{in}$ implies more frequent historical parameter update, the significantly increased iteration complexity of SVRG actually slows down its convergence.
\section{Concluding Remarks}
\label{sec:conclusion}
In this paper we addressed the scalability issue pertaining to semi-stochastic gradient descent methods by proposing a novel approach S3GD. The motivation of S3GD is to reduce the high iteration complexity in existing semi-stochastic algorithms. It exploits stratified manifold-based gradient approximation as a good cure for the time-consuming exact gradient calculation. Our work significantly advances the original idea of residual-minimizing gradient correction. The current paper did not discuss the application in a distributed computing environment, since it is out of the main scope. However, we will explore the distributed variants of the proposed S3GD like~\cite{ShamirS014} in the future. Moreover, extension to non-convex formulations such as deep networks~\cite{deeplearning} is also a meaningful future direction.
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Well that's me! (oh no you're not! I I hear you in cry in panto style) well its true. I have always been the friend that's either the talkative, crazy one (you may have seen crazy eyes in OITNB? Well that's me without the criminal record) or in recent years the fat friend.
So about me. DUFF. I am a woman in my mid 30's and weighing 96kg, roughly the weight of a baby whale. Married to Hubby, he is lovely, funny and believes he is always right but he is lovely and we have a son, aged 8 years old, I shall call him Chidling. Chidling is very active with sports clubs and Beavers and loves his Xbox as well. He is a bright and beautiful boy, who I love with all my heart.
I have a great group of friends that I have known for many years, We all met at a local social group, that chat over each other, everyone is incredibly loud, shows off but most of all we have fun, oh a drink a bucket load of tea! The group of friends, let's call them the Nutters consist of people that are well Nutters LOL.
Snowflake – the bright one, with a wicked sense of humour. Just ask her to drink Gin and the fun starts!
Seal – The sister of snowflake – funny as hell when drunk and she is into a very strange sport, its OK its totally legal.
Elvis – A lad that has the darkest sense of humour I have ever known (play cards against humanity with him and you will see!) and is as sharp as a knife.
Tony – The actor and the flamboyant one of the group! Trust me you should see him vogue!
Jing – The girl that thinks she is not that clever but in fact is very bright and very beautiful inside and out.
Patsy – She is a newbie to the Nutters but it's like we have known her for years! She has a voice like an angel and drinks like a fish!
MIA – She is never at a group meet up but she is always about for a chat.
This blog will be all about me getting fit and healthy and some of the strange situations me and the Nutters get into. | {
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Louise Lewis
Louise Lewis graduated in 2011 with a First Class Honours Degree from Royal Holloway University in Music and Drama. Whilst there she studied Theatre Criticism with Karen Fricker, sparking her desire to write.
Louise is training as an opera singer, and has continued her studies at Birkbeck College. She will be attending Guildhall Conservatoire in September to do a Vocal Performance Masters. She enjoys a busy schedule of freelance work as an opera singer alongside choral work with the National Youth Choir of Great Britain.
As well as performing Louise loves to teach, and teaches music drama and dance to children and adults. She currently works as a Producer for the Perform drama school, and works in a number of nurseries.
Willy Russell
Ambassador Theatre Group
New Victoria Theatre, Woking
23 – 27 November 2021
The Lemon Table
Julian Barnes
Wiltshire Creative, Malvern Theatres, Sheffield Theatres and Home in associat...
Yvonne Arnaud Theatre
9 – 13 November 2021
Wim Vandekeybus
Ultima Vez
Concert Gebouw, Bruges
Cantus Firmus / Mea Culpa
Jeanne Brabant and Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui
Ballet Vlaanderen
Opera Vlaanderen, Antwerp
20 October – 13 November 2019
Avenue Q
Robert Lopez, Jeff Marx and Jeff Whitty
Showtime Theatre Productions
Georg Frideric Handel
The Royal Opera, Bavarian State Opera, Dutch National Opera, Hamburg State Op...
23 September – 11 October 2019
David Nixon
Northern Ballet
18 – 21 September 2019
The Royal Opera
17 September – 5 October 2019
Daniel Messé, Nathan Tysen and Craig Lucas
Watermill Theatre with Hartshorn–Hook Productions, Selladoor Worldwide and Br...
27 – 31 August 2019
Motown the Musical
‹ Prev 1 2 3 4 5 … 16 Next ›
Opera Brava raises money for Stepping Stones
The former home of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is to be turned into an event space in aid of special needs school Stepping Stones.
Submissions wanted for OperaUpClose 3rd Flourish Composition Competition
OperaUpClose's Flourish competition welcomes submissions from composers and librettists, offering a chance to have the winning piece developed and staged at the King's Head Theatre
Digital Theatre Collections announces partnership with Royal Opera House
Teaming up with the Royal Opera House, Digital Theatre is offering six ballets and operas to watch in the comfort of your own home.
Opera Holloway invites teenagers to perform at Toynbee Studios, London
Louise Lewis talks to Opera Holloway's music director Lewis Gaston about a project that will allow 12- to 15-year-olds to perform alongside a professional cast at Toynbee Studios. | {
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Vegan Society NZ Aotearoa . A national organisation that supports and facilitates a vegan lifestyle and plant-based eating by creating a vibrant, visible and influential community, and by providing resources and information.
Auckland Vegan Actions. This group utilizes street activism to engage the public here in Whangarei.
Sea Shepherd . Marine conservation organisation. Selling branded clothing and merchandise.
SAFE . SAFE aims to raise awareness, challenge cruel practices and foster compassion towards all animals. | {
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Digonex and Gateway Ticketing Systems Announce Alliance
Updated: August 23, 2017 | Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on LinkedIn
Creates New Opportunity for Gateway Customers to Automate Dynamic Pricing
Gilbertsville (December 7, 2016) – Gateway Ticketing Systems, the world leader in ticketing software, admission control and revenue generation for the attractions industry, is pleased to announce its alliance with Digonex, a leading provider of dynamic pricing solutions for attractions.
The alliance will provide Gateway customers seamless access to Digonex's powerful dynamic pricing technology, which automates the process of optimizing and updating prices to accelerate revenue growth, shift attendance from peak to shoulder periods, and enhance community accessibility.
Digonex's team of PhD economists and experienced software developers custom designs each customer's solution to meet their strategic objectives and factor in their unique business characteristics. Both Digonex and Gateway work with a diverse customer base including zoos/aquariums, theme parks, museums, and other tours and attractions.
"We are thrilled to have the opportunity to strengthen our relationship with Gateway," said Greg Loewen, Digonex's Chief Executive Officer. "We have always admired their focus on innovation and providing their customers with new capabilities to accelerate the growth of their businesses. We are looking forward to working with Gateway and their clients to help advance this cause."
Gateway's President and Chief Executive Officer Michael Andre added: "Our mission is to make our customers' lives easier. Through our alliance with Digonex, we're offering them an automated dynamic pricing solution that can boost their revenue with no manual updating necessary. Providing them with easy integration to this scientific approach can only help them achieve their goals."
About Digonex
Digonex is a leading provider of customized dynamic pricing solutions to clients in arts & entertainment, sports, attractions, cultural institutions and retail sectors. Digonex's technology is the result of almost two decades of research and development in pricing science. The company has been awarded six patents and has six others pending. Digonex's team of PhD economists utilizes dozens of variables to develop an automated and customized pricing solution for each client to accelerate revenue growth and achieve other critical strategic objectives. Digonex is known for the effectiveness of its solutions, its "high touch" service model and dedication to client satisfaction. For more information, please visit www.digonex.com. Digonex is majority-owned by Emmis Communications, an Indianapolis-based media and technology company (NASDAQ: EMMS).
Our Community section features case studies, insightful articles and more.
Gateway Arch Selects Gateway Ticketing Systems for Unified Ticketing, Food & Beverage and Retail Solution
Company News | March 8, 2016
Gateway Promotes Don Eash to Executive Vice President/COO
Company News | August 18, 2015
Gateway UK Goes Live with KidZania London
Company News | July 14, 2015 | {
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As many visitors of WyomingJarbo.com will see. I use Photoshop a lot. But you may not be willing to pay the price for Photoshop. So there are some free alternatives that you should check out.
One is GIMP. Originally made for Linux, but has a Windows version as well. It's pretty advanced, so check it out.
Another is Paint.NET . I think it was named this because people should realize how outdated Microsoft Paint really is. It supports JPG, GIF and PNG. You must have the .NET Framework update installed on your computer.
Both are great for photo retouching. But you should also have a copy of Picasa2 on your computer as well. It does retouching, and organization.
Check those out, and stop using Microsoft Paint.
Next PostNext Show Me Your Pictures! | {
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Based in Wuxi ( close to Shanghai ), Entrematic not only provides a wide range of docking equipment such as sectional overhead doors, high speed doors, dock levellers and dock seals but also offers professional installation and maintenance services.
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Copyright © 2016.Entrematic (Jiangsu) Co.,Ltd. All rights reserved. | {
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Jan Kuźma ps. "Kosiński", "Kuźmiński" (ur. 1742, zm. 12 kwietnia 1822 w Warszawie) – konfederat barski, jeden z porywaczy Stanisława Augusta Poniatowskiego w 1771.
Życiorys
Pochodził z miasteczka Kuźmin na Wołyniu. Wziął udział w konfederacji barskiej ziemi wyszogrodzkiej w oddziale Józefa Sawy-Calińskiego. Po rozbiciu swojego oddziału przez Rosjan pod Szreńskiem 26 czerwca 1771, schronił się do Tyńca. Po rekonwalescencji powrócił pod dowództwo Józefa Czachorowskiego.
W sierpniu tego roku Stanisław Strawiński, działający w imieniu Kazimierza Pułaskiego wciągnął go na Jasnej Górze do spisku na życie Stanisława Augusta. W czasie zamachu 3 listopada 1771 na ulicy Miodowej w Warszawie nie poznawszy władcy Kuźma wystrzelił do niego z pistoletu. Później osobiście pilnował porwanego króla. Ten zjednał sobie jednak zaufanie Kuźmy, który już w drodze na Bielany złożył przysięgę wierności i zaprowadził do młyna niedaleko Marymontu, gdzie władcę miała odebrać Gwardia Koronna.
6 listopada przed instygatorem królewskim wydał wszystkich 6 wspólników zamachu. Jego sprawę rozpatrywał sąd sejmowy, zwołany na Sejmie Rozbiorowym w 1773. Skazany został na wieczystą banicję. Dodatkowo musiał asystować w ćwiartowaniu swoich wspólników.
Udał się na wygnanie do Państwa Kościelnego, gdzie pobierał stałą pensję przesyłaną mu przez Stanisława Augusta Poniatowskiego. W 1804 osiadł w Warszawie.
Linki zewnętrzne
Zamach na Stanisława Augusta
Sprawa zamachu na Stanisława Augusta z 3 listopada 1771 przed sądem sejmowym
Banici I Rzeczypospolitej
Konfederaci barscy
Polscy zamachowcy
Urodzeni w 1742
Zmarli w 1822 | {
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Darius Boyd and his Queensland teammates are relishing the underdog tag ahead of Game II of the 2017 Holden State of Origin Series.
The Maroons are heavy outsiders to win at ANZ Stadium on Wednesday night (June 21) despite their promising recent record at the venue, with Queensland having won three of the past five clashes in Sydney.
This, accompanied with the return of Maroons legends Billy Slater and Johnathan Thurston, means Queensland may be a better chance than their $2.25 betting agency odds suggest.
But after being thrashed 28-4 in Game I, it will take a gigantic effort from all 17 of the Maroons to keep the series alive and many see this as a bridge too far for a side going through a self-confessed stage of transition.
For Boyd, this is the way he likes it, with the versatile outside back telling media that all the pressure is on NSW to seal the series at home in front of 80,000 fans.
"I don't mind it because there's no pressure (on us) but pressure is whatever you make it out to be," Boyd said.
"No one is talking about us. Everyone's talking about the Blues and what they're going to do on their home turf.
"People are saying 3-0 and all this other stuff so we just need to prepare well.
"We did that last game but I suppose we were too nice and our energy was off in a few key areas.
"It's something that we really need to focus on this week and make sure we go down there with the right intensity and the right frame of mind to do a good job."
It is not the first time Queensland have been underdogs, with the Maroons defying the odds on plenty of occasions during their 10 Origin series wins in 11 years.
A milestone like that doesn't happen without belief and that is something the Maroons are built on. This year is no different, with Boyd and his band of brothers confident they can push the series into a Suncorp Stadium decider.
"I am very confident. It's all about energy," he said.
"There's been plenty of years over the past where people have written us off and time and time again we've proven them wrong.
"I feel like the pressure is more on them to be honest. Everyone expects them to win. They are saying it's their year and it's their time, so that's fine.
"Hopefully they believe that and we can go down there and prepare well and do a good job." | {
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Legal Website Design legal website design law firm and attorney web design legal digital marketing templates. legal website design 25 of the best law firm website designs template. legal website design how to make a legal website design tips for a legal eagle templates. Legal Website Design legal website design the definitive guide to the best lawyer website designs for 2017 ideas. legal website design 25 of the best law firm website designs printable. legal website design best 50 law firm websites lawyer website designs updated 2018 printable. Legal Website Design legal website design best 50 law firm websites lawyer website designs updated 2018.
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Best area to stay in Stuart?
Do you live in Stuart, Florida? Help us verify the data and let us know if you see any information that needs to be changed or updated.
The current time and date in Stuart is 6:16 AM on Thursday, April 18, 2019. | {
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by Courtney Christy OPB Jan. 19, 2015 12:30 p.m. | Updated: April 2, 2015 6:54 a.m.
is right up your alley. Jesse Friedman and Laura Hadden created United Noshes with the idea of cooking their way around the world. The husband and wife duo intend to cook a meal from every country recognized by the United Nations (in alphabetical order). The couple began dishing up meals in July 2011 and will reach their half way mark this March with Libya.
The meals began with a small following (friends and friends of friends), but as the project grew in popularity so did the guest list. Now you can sign up for a meal on their website. There is no charge for the meal but donations between $10-20 are suggested. The couple has raised over $22,800 all of which has been donated to charities World Food Program USA and Mercy Corps. Friedman and Hadden estimate the project will conclude in 2019. They plan to make an exception to the alphabetical order, and host a huge United States potluck featuring a dish from all 50 states. | {
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At House Call Company, we believe in improving lives by improving homes. It's just as simple as that. No matter what challenges you may be up against in terms of comfort, you can count on our exceptional technicians to get your home and your residential comfort equipment back on track. We proudly employ staff members boasting such certifications as class A general contractor, master mechanical, gas fitter, master plumber, master electrician, BPI building analyst, and HERS rater. What does this mean for you? That dialing our number gains you access to all of that expertise at our finger tips. Make no mistake about it: when you need HVAC, plumbing, electrical, and home performance services in Chesapeake or the Hampton Roads area, House Call Company is the company to call.
House Call Company serves all of the HVAC, plumbing, electrical, and home performance needs of Chesapeake and the greater Hampton Roads area.
What Can House Call Company Do for You?
We believe in offering our clients a one–stop shopping experience when it comes to HVAC, plumbing, electrical, and home performance services in Chesapeake, VA. There truly is no service to small or too large for our team. Our most common service calls are quite basic. Heaters and air conditioners are not 100% reliable, of course, and we are often called in to resolve issues with such systems. Whether your heater is making a strange sound or you need an entire outdoor lighting system designed and installed from scratch, though, we tackle every job we encounter with the same level of skill and dedication. We are also the area's home performance contractor, meaning that we can assess your home to discover new ways in which to boost its efficiency and to protect your indoor air quality – as well as your wallet. Not only can we expertly diagnose the issues that you are up against in your home, but we have the tools and training necessary to resolve those issues entirely.
When our technicians show up at your home, they will be adorned in blue company shirts and carry a picture ID badge. We believe that you should feel 100% comfortable with the people that you let into your home, even if they are the hired help. We'll even wear booties to protect the condition of your flooring.
Additionally, we are a preferred service provider for both Service Nation and Angie's List. We are an approved contractor for Dominion Virginia Power's home energy checkup, heat pumps tune–up, and heat pump replacement rebate programs as well. Whatever you need, our team is well–equipped to handle the task at hand.
Whether you are a new homeowner looking for quality comfort systems, or an established homeowner looking to make your older home as efficient as those being constructed today, House Call Company is the company to call. We want to help you live in the efficient and comfortable home that you deserve, and we are 100% confident that we can do so. It is up to you to contact us and to schedule service, though, so pick up that phone and start living more comfortably and efficiently in Chesapeake and the Hampton Roads area today. | {
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A brief history of Contamac
The brainchild of trained chemist John McGregor, Contamac (ContactlensesMacGregor) is the quintessence of a simple idea, well executed.
We remain fiercely proud of our status as an independent, family-owned company, that customers can trust and end-users can rely upon, but our pedigree is the result of years of hard work, cutting-edge research and investment.
From humble beginnings the company today prides itself in having a truly global presence and employing more than 80 specialist staff. Founded in Britain in 1987, we became the first maker of contact lens (CL) materials to be ISO9002 and EN46002 accredited. In 2002 we launched into the US, establishing Contamac US Inc as a sister company. A few years later we were recognised as a key supplier to a winning product in the 2008 Medical Design Excellence Awards. Our silver anniversary year witnessed the opening of Contamac China, our announcement as a UK National Champion in the European Business Awards, and our receipt of the Queen's Award for Enterprise in International Trade (the first of two Queen's Awards for Enterprise).
In 2016 we moved into our current state-of-the-art 35,000sq ft headquarters. Located in the market town of Saffron Walden, just 20 miles south of the famous University of Cambridge, our new base includes modern offices and presentation suites, research and testing laboratories, manufacturing and despatch facilities, a fully-functioning contact lens fitting surgery, and even our own ISO7 (Class 10,000) clean room.
Today, Contamac is more than just a manufacturer. As an educator we collaborate with the world's leading universities, and as a research partner we work alongside some of the biggest names in the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. Yet, thirty years on, we're also still selling to our very first customer!
John McGregor sums it up best, "This is a company that's about people. It's a source of great personal pride that Contamac has been instrumental in bringing products to market that have restored sight to so many people globally – but it couldn't have been done without the skill and commitment of everyone who works here".
Let us empower your vision.
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This will open in a new tab or window. | {
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The sheer simplicity of a voice-activated digital assistant can make it easy to underestimate the impact these emerging devices may have in senior living.
Not a big deal: The resident asks, and a digital device reads off the day's specials. But that simple interaction can have far-reaching implications. "It makes residents feel more comfortable, and a little more independent. They don't have to worry that they may be forgetting something, and it removes the stigma of having to ask for help," said Clint Fowler, resident services director with Seattle-based Leisure Care.
Fowler has been introducing Alexa-driven devices across Leisure Care communities. He is one of a growing number of senior living organizations rolling out Alexa- and Siri-type voice-activated personal assistants in communities across the nation.
Here we'll consider some of the advantages of voice technology; look at best practices in implementation; and also explore some of the challenges that may arise when introducing voice assistants into a senior living community.
With the rise of affordable devices like the Amazon Dot, consumers have shown a ready interest in voice-driven digital assistants. Analyst firm Zion Market Research predicts the speech and voice recognition market will top $22.3 billion by 2024.
In the realm of senior care, experts see a range of potential uses for voice assistants.
Those with dexterity issues or vision impairment can benefit from the voice interface. It's easier to speak a request than to dial a phone or read a printed schedule.
The technology can also work in support of memory care. "Assistants can remind you of birthdays, even suggesting age-appropriate presents," an AARP resource notes.
Voice has the advantage of being a natural and intuitive form of interaction for most people. That makes it a good fit for seniors: A technology iteration that feels familiar right from the start. "As much as we like to say that everyone is computer literate, at the end of the day we find that the best way for seniors to interact is by voice," said Bruce Baron, CEO of VoiceFriend, whose Alexa-enabled technology has been implemented by a number of senior housing companies.
"There are dexterity challenges and vision challenges that many seniors have that limit their ability to interact with the computer or to do things like texting. When they can use their voice, it simplifies things greatly. They get an immediate response and they can always ask multiple times if they have trouble with comprehension or cognition," he said.
That's the promise of voice technology, but the new assistants come with their own challenges, too. It takes planning and forethought to successfully execute this sort of technology in senior living. To see how it's done, we checked in with a number of providers who have made early forays in the space.
The Arbor Company has begun deploying Amazon's Echo Dot devices in some of its common areas, viewing the devices as a potentially powerful new communication channel.
"Residents can go up to one of these devices and it will tell them what is happening for the day. It tells them about the next activity, with a little description, and it speaks the calendar for the rest of the day," said Laura Ellen Christian, The Arbor Company's senior vice president of engagement and training.
Of course, there are other ways for residents to get this information. Pick up a schedule (printed daily); check the scrolling information on one of the publicly available screens; or just ask a staff person. So what does voice offer? One more option.
Executives at Civitas Senior Living are likewise positioning their initial voice rollout as being primarily a resident amenity. "Calendars felt old, so we moved up to computer monitors with scrolling information. Voice feels like just the next evolution in that process," said Civitas president Cooper Vittitow, who has helped oversee an Alexa deployment across all 121 apartments in the company's Park Creek Independent Living community in Cypress, Texas.
More than just a resident amenity, voice may also deliver a range of practical benefits in terms of operational efficiency and resident quality of life.
A SantaFe Senior Living model smart apartment includes an Alexa-powered assistant.
Voice assistants can improve staff productivity by answering the most commonly asked questions: What are today's activities? What's on the menu tonight? "This can free up all that administrative time for our program directors, so they can spend more time on the floor, and in turn we will have better programs," Fowler said.
Voice assistants won't take the place of all human interactions: Residents should and will continue to bring their questions to the desk. That's a valuable social moment for many. But by reducing the number of purely informational queries, this technology could free up staff time for higher uses.
Voice could also serve as a catalyst for enhanced social interactions among residents. At Benchmark, for example, executives are considering deploying Google Home's voice-driven services, partly for this reason.
Others are looking to voice as a potential boon to resident safety.
The Village at Gainesville (Fla.), a 670-resident SantaFe Senior Living community, recently unveiled a model "smart apartment," which includes among its technology upgrades an Alexa-powered assistant. Residents can opt for the smart package as one of their move-in options.
The voice assistant could be trained to recognize key phrases: "I've fallen," or "I need help," or simply "Alexa, help!" Such communications would trigger an alert and bring staff to the scene. Besides offering a backup to existing safety systems, the presence of a voice-activated alert might offer added reassurance to residents and their adult children.
Those senior housing organizations who have tinkered with voice assistants clearly see significant potential in this emerging capability. As with any new technology, though, the deployment of voice in senior living will come with its own unique challenges.
The first thing senior living executives will want to know about voice assistants: Will residents even use them? Seniors are not famous for their warm embrace of new gizmos, and some may find an always-listening device to have shades of Big Brother to it.
A resident at Park Creek Independent Living, a Civitas community, engages with an Amazon Echo Dot.
Most early adopters have learned that they can ease uptake with a cheat sheet, a laminated card illustrating many of the basic questions a user might wish to ask.
Some also use the initial rollout as a way to spur resident engagement. Take for instance Front Porch Center for Innovation & Wellbeing, the R&D arm of Front Porch. Leaders there piloted an Alexa deployment in a San Diego community, and have since rolled it out to five other communities.
Front Porch also takes the time up front to make the voice device personal, as a way to encourage resident adoption.
At Benchmark, Elalamy has learned that a successful voice deployment also depends a lot on how you make the pitch.
What Alexa can do for them—at least in the most obvious sense—is tell them what's for dinner. But who's going to tell Alexa? Executives who've gotten over the first hurdle, resident acceptance, will likely turn their attentions next to the finer technological points. How, exactly, does a voice deployment get done?
Read the full article in Senior Living Executive magazine. | {
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Q: SendMessage COPYDATASTRUCT wrong string when recive in delphi I send the following c++ application request:
string data_to_send = "Hello World";
PCSTR lpszString = data_to_send.c_str();
COPYDATASTRUCT cds;
cds.dwData = 0; // can be anything
cds.cbData = sizeof(TCHAR) * (data_to_send.size());
cds.lpData = &lpszString;
cout << lpszString << endl;
SendMessage(Output, WM_COPYDATA, (WPARAM)Output, (LPARAM)(PVOID)&cds);
I get the structure using the following code in Delphi
var
p : PCopyDataStruct;
s : UTF8String;
begin
p := PCopyDataStruct(Message.lParam);
if (p <> nil) then
begin
SetString(s, PAnsiChar(p^.lpData), p^.cbData);
ShowMessage(s);
end else
inherited;
end;
The string looks wrong.
In the debugger, it is equal to the following
'l'#$FE#$F6#2'Hello World'#0#$10#3#$88'u'#$B#0
We see 22 bytes with an extra 4 bytes before the message.
If we use CHAR instead of TCHAR, then we see 11 bytes, but again with an offset of 4 bytes
#$18#$F9#$1B#3'Hello W'
Please, help!!!
UPDATE:
Thanks to Remy Lebeau for his help, his code does everything as it was originally intended and David Heffernan for the correct remark! They saved me. Here is the working code.
A: On the C++ side:
*
*cds.dwData should not be 0. Use a more unique value, such as the result of calling RegisterWindowMessage(). Many apps, and even the VCL internally, use WM_COPYDATA for different purposes, so you don't want to get confused with someone else's message by mistake.
*sizeof(TCHAR) should be sizeof(char) instead (or omitted entirely, since sizeof(char) is always 1).
*cds.lpData = &lpszString; needs to be cds.lpData = lpszString; instead. You are sending the address of the lpszString variable itself, not the address of the character data it points at. That is why you are seeing garbage on the other end - you are seeing random bytes from the call stack where lpszString resides, which in your case includes the std::string object (whose internal members happen to include a Short-String-Optimization buffer, which is why you are also seeing your characters, too).
On the Delphi side:
*
*you should validate p^.dwData is your unique number before processing the message any further. If the number does not match what you are expecting, pass the message to the inherited handler and move on.
*UTF8String should be AnsiString, unless the sender's std::string is actually UTF-8 encoded.
Try this:
const UINT uMyDataID = RegisterWindowMessage(TEXT("MyDataID"));
...
if (uMyDataID != 0)
{
string data_to_send = u8"Hello World";
COPYDATASTRUCT cds;
cds.dwData = uMyDataID;
cds.cbData = sizeof(char) * data_to_send.size();
cds.lpData = const_cast<char*>(data_to_send.c_str());
// or: cds.lpData = data_to_send.data(); in C++17 and later
SendMessage(Output, WM_COPYDATA, reinterpret_cast<WPARAM>(Output), reinterpret_cast<LPARAM>(&cds));
}
var
uMyDataID: UINT = 0;
...
procedure TMyForm.WMCopyData(var Message: TMessage);
var
p : PCopyDataStruct;
s : UTF8String;
begin
p := PCopyDataStruct(Message.lParam);
if (uMyDataID <> 0) and (p <> nil) and (p^.dwData = uMyDataID) then
begin
SetString(s, PAnsiChar(p^.lpData), p^.cbData);
ShowMessage(s);
end else
inherited;
end;
...
initialization
uMyDataID := RegisterWindowMessage('MyDataID');
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BBC: What Does Bulgarian Arms Dealer Have in Common with 2014 Explosions in Czech Republic?
Politics | April 19, 2021, Monday // 11:49
The BBC has been lively commenting on the Bulgarian trace in the explosion of ammunition depots in the Czech Republic in 2014. The media reported that one of the people who stored in Vrbetica ammunitions that were meant for Ukraine was the Bulgarian arms dealer Emilian Gebrev, who six months after the explosion became the target of an assassination with an unknown nerve agent in Sofia.
Why Russian intelligence agents blew up the ammunitions depot in Vrbetica, the BBC asks, and answers: reliable sources have informed the media that Emilian Gebrev was storing weapons destined for Ukraine there. However, the case of the attempted poisoning of Gebrev does not draw serious attention until 2018 after the Salisbury poisoning and the use of "Novichok", BBC adds.
They also recalled extensively the revelations on the Bellingcat investigative site about a third person, besides Alexander Petrov and Ruslan Boshirov caughtin Salisbury (or Alexander Mishkin and Anatoly Chepiga, as they their real names are supposed to be). This third person has been identified as Sergei Fedotov, who, in addition to being in the UK at the time of the incident with Sergei and Yulia Skripal, was also in Bulgaria at the time of the Gebrev's assasination.
Using the same passports as in the UK Petrov and Boshirov landed at Prague airport on October 11, 2014 shortly before the explosion. Why Gebrev was a target, asks the BBC again, and replies that he supplied weapons to many countries against Moscow's wishes. Probably it was Ukraine, but also other countries mainly in Asia where he WAS competing with Russian arms suppliers.
The explosion in Vrbetice in October 2014 appeared to be an attempt to damage Gebrev's business and as a warning before the subsequent attempted poisoning, according to the BBC.
Two innocent Czech workers were killed in the warehouse explosion. The BBC recalls that in 2015 there were explosions in Bulgarian arms factories, but there was no public connection with Gebrev. The BBC also mentions the notorious Unit29155 of the Russian Central Intelligence Agency, which is believed to be behind everything that happened not only in Salisbury, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, but also in many other places, including an attempted coup in Montenegro in 2016.
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Tags: BBC, investigation, Gebrev, explosions in Vrbetice
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» Bulgarian PM: Bulgaria is a Sovereign State. Russia should De-Escalate | {
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WestHost Community Forums > Web Hosting > Account Maintenance > What is @ var/spool/mqueue ???
View Full Version : What is @ var/spool/mqueue ???
I belive it is mail waiting to be delivered. I have never had that much in it before but then I don't send out alot of mail. Do you have a newsletter you mail or something similiar?
Do you think there may be a problem if I just delete all those files???
There shouldn't be a problem if you delete the files. What you can do is move them all out of that folder to some other temporary location, make sure everything (e.g. mail) is working properly, and then delete the files permanently.
It sounds as if something is not right I would also contact WestHost and have them look at it. Like Fayez said if you move them to a temp file first you could delete them that will also give you something to show WestHost. When contact them you can tell them where you moved them to so they can take a look at them.
They are most likely stuck mails. Especially if you are using procmail to bounce the spam.
and this will list the files that are queued or failed. It should match the list of the files in the directory. In the directory the filenames starting with a 'q' are the header files and the ones starting with a 'd' are the data files, there should be a pair for each email.
If the list matches, and if there are no emails which you need to take care of (mailq will list the addresses that failed) you can safely delete all the files in the directory.
"I have reviewed your access logs and the other typical trouble spots, and I don't see anything off-hand that might have caused that number of messages to go through your mail queue"
"The only other thing that could cause problems like this are scripts that are not secure. cgiemail, formmail (older versions of formmail, anyways), and others can sometimes be hacked. You might review the scripts that are in your cgi-bin and see if there are any that you don't need (that you placed there), and remove them"
I'm almost sure that I have set the formmail security settings but sounds like this probably is the problem in my case. I'll erase all those files and see if new files arrive.
Are you still using formmail? It sounds like someone knows it is there and is using it to send out spam that can't be delivered thus it stays on your server. If you can do without formmail for awhile you could try removeing the script for a time and see if that helps the situation. If you can't do with out it try renameing the formmail script and make the changes to the forms that call it to what ever you change the name to. This may help if they are using a robot to access the script but is not foolproof.
The best solution would be to use a diffrent script other then formmail it is just to unsecure. I know it can be a headache to make the change and learn a new script. There are tons out there to choose from and WestHost offers an alternative that even gives you some extra options.
Shawn, I'm curious why you consider formmail to be insecure? If it is the latest version and is configured properly, it should be quite secure. I've used it on dozens of sites without problem. And I don't bother to rename it.
And a look into the logs show that there are daily attempts to access the script (all of which fail).
Yeah, I use NMSFormmail usually (not for security reasons, but because its more configurable and you can get the email address out of the HTML page and out of sight).
But Matt's formmail has the advantage of being around for nearly a decade and checked in tens of thousands of installations.
I was just trying to make sure that it was not the old Formmail from way back. When WestHost first used it the script did not check for reffers and such so it was pretty easy to hack into. I know that WestHost did updates on them at one time but if the script had been moved or altered the update did not happen. I had that with some of mine that had hacked to get the address off the HTML page.
I thought also that Alenjandro may not have it configured correctly (no insult intended) and figured getting rid of the script might be the easy fix. Sorry Alenjandro I was being lazy. I should have asked you if it was a current version and how you had it configured. If you have the one from NMS you should be fine.
Just trying to stop the spreading of FUD. I consider that Westhost's installation is secure and spreading the word that they are providing users with an insecure installation is, IMHO, not a good thing to be doing unless you have good reason to do it.
I pay Westhost good money to provide me and my customers a safe and secure web-hosting service and if I feel that they are not providing that then, yes, we should bring it to everyones attention, but in this case I think you may be a little off base.
Yes, at first sight NMSFormmail seems long to configure and if you're busy then you turns to keep your old formmail but actually it is a better script in that way, it helps to keep out of sight your email adress entirely and if seen with calm it isn't complex at all.
I agree with Shawn about that if you have an old account and the script had been moved it didn't got updated so it is a security issue that we should be aware of. In another account I made a copy of the script and the original is updated and the copy is not.
The curious thing is that the problem I'm having is in a newer account with an updated script. BTW 3 days ago I removed all the form to mail scripts and guess what: I have about 90 files in var/spool/mqueue, 20 of them are 900k each. It seems like a bouncing email. I forgot: my postmaster account has only 1mb of quota, I'm setting it to unlimited to see if those are mails that could not be delivered to the postmaster, even so, I don't like having all those mails bouncing. I'll see what happends and I'll post here what if was in case someone finds this same problem in their account. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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Dining in style has been inspired by the truly amazing views and sunsets over the Andaman sea. As they say, it's all about 'location'. Well, you can't get much better than 'Twilight Sky' at The SIS Kata. A 100% chill out zone whilst experiencing some of the best sunset views in Phuket, boasting some of the best views across Kata beach to the Andaman and beyond with home-made creation by Chef Sonthaya. We trust that all our guest will enjoy an amazing dining experience plus the stunning views on the 'Sunset terrace'. The perfect combination for a perfect dining experience.
Chef Sonthaya and the team invite you to come and experience some new creatively hand-crafted dishes enriched by using both hot and sea salt cold stones, as on the signature dishes. Local Phuketian Thai Food also forms part of the gastronomic menu.
Open time: 17.30 – 24.00 hrs. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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