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SOCCER: Silkmen gaffer Gil Prescott says his side need to win more games.
No other side in the Football League has fought out as many draws as the six stalemates manager Gil Prescott has endured this season.
A number of players - including Rickie Lambert - went close to steal a winning goal, but it was a goal-less stalemate at the final whistle.
Exeter nearly made them pay when central defender Chris Curran thundered a shot over the bar in stoppage time.
But the best of the rest of the chances had fallen to the visitors, when no-one could make contact with the loose ball after shaky Exeter keeper Arjan Van Heusden palmed the dangerous Richard Tracey's cross against his own bar early in the second half. | {
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"Find yourself a guy that reminds you everyday that you're loved": Priyanka Chopra wishes Nick Jonas on their 4th wedding anniversary
Entertainment News"Find yourself a guy that reminds you everyday that you're loved": Priyanka Chopra wishes Nick Jonas on their 4th wedding anniversary
Actor Priyanka Chopra, on Thursday, sent warm wishes to her husband Nick Jonas with a sweet message on the occasion of their 4th wedding anniversary.
The 'Mary Kom' took to her Instagram handle and posted a throwback picture from her wedding ceremony where she can be seen dancing with her 'Babe' Nick.
In the picture, Priyanka wore a red gown with a plunging neckline and red-white bangles. On the other hand, Nick sported a grey suit.
Along with the post, she wrote, "Find yourself a guy that reminds you everyday that you're loved. Happy anniversary babe."
As soon as she shared the post, Bollywood celebrities showered love and blessings on the couple in the comment sections.
Dia Mirza wrote, "Happy Anniversary", while Bipasha Basu commented, "Yasss, Happy anniversary."
Nick also took to his Instagram handle and shared snaps with his "Love" Priyanka.
"And just like that it's been 4 years. happy anniversary my love. @priyankachopra," he captioned the post.
A post shared by Nick Jonas (@nickjonas)
Priyanka and singer Nick tied the knot in a Christian and a Hindu ceremony in Jodhpur's Umaid Bhawan Palace on December 1 and 2 in 2018. Later, the couple also hosted two receptions in Delhi and Mumbai. Earlier this year, the couple welcomed their daughter Malti Marie Chopra Jonas via surrogacy in January.
Meanwhile, on the work front, Priyanka will be seen in international projects such as 'It's All Coming Back To Me', and the series 'Citadel'. Produced by Russo Brothers, 'Citadel' will hit the OTT on Prime Video. The upcoming sci-fi drama series is being directed by Patrick Morgan and stars Richard Madden alongside Priyanka.
In Bollywood, she will be starring with Alia Bhatt and Katrina Kaif in Farhan Akhtar's 'Jee Le Zaraa', which promises to be another tale of friendship following the lineage of 'Dil Chahta Hai' and 'Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara', both of which have become cult classics over the years. 'Jee Le Zaraa' is reportedly going on floors soon and will be ready for release in the summer of 2023. (ANI) | {
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Q: exe icons loading slowly after Installing Windows 8.1 I just did a fresh install of Windows 8.1. When I go into explorer or any folder, the icons for all of my exe files display really slowly, causing the program to slow down considerably. I've never had this happen before. Does anyone know what causes that and how to fix it? Thanks.
I tried cleaning my disk, defragmented, and also tried rebuid my icon cache. but nothing helps
A: You should check the "Always show icons, never thumbnails" in folder options.
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Nestle are the candy geniuses behind our range of wholesale Wonka sweets and what a great job they have done. Our wonka candy range includes rainbow nerds theater boxes as well as the popular 8.5kg box of bulk mini candy nerds. We have something for everyone in our nerds category! Any sugar-loving child dreamed of visiting Willy Wonka's factory, and while that may not be possible, Wonka's range of sweets brings the magic of the books and movies to your shop. Wonka sweets have been made since the 1970s, and while the first products made were based on the movie, the brand has constantly expanded and now produces over 100 lines.
Some of our range of wholesale Wonka sweets will be recognisable to fans of the movies, such as the gobstoppers, which sadly are not everlasting! The Wonka Nerds range has become very popular in recent years, and these tiny sweets contain strong flavours. Our range includes strawberry & grape, cherry & watermelon, and surf & turf. The newer Laffy Taffy line is also becoming increasingly popular, and these long, chewy sweets are colourful and fruity, so kids will love them.
Appleton Sweets stock a wide range of wholesale sweets from Wonka and other popular brands. You can order bulk boxes online of Kazoozles, Gumballs, and all sorts of favourites that your customers will love. Based in London, everything is dispatched from our warehouse quickly, and we deliver across the UK. We can even ship our products internationally – simply get in touch for a quote. | {
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The impact of angelicae sinensis radix and its herb-pairs in embryonic development
Tingting Xiao
School of Chinese Medicine
Student thesis: Doctoral Thesis
Background and purpose: Angelicae Sinensis Raidx (Chinese Angelica, Dang Gui, DG), the dry root of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, is one of the most popular herbs used around the world. It has been named as the "female ginseng and served as an indispensable herb to treat many obstetrical and gynecological diseases. Traditionally, DG was recommended to pregnant women to ease delivery and to eliminate complications. It is believed that the body of DG (Dang Gui Shen, DGS) is superior in nourishing blood, while the tail of DG (Dang Gui Wei, DGW) is commonly used to remove blood stagnation. Clinically, DG is commonly combined with Paeoniae Radix Alba (White Peony Root, Bai Shao, BS) and Rehmanniae Radix (Unprocessed Rehmannia Root, Sheng Di Huang, SDH) to treat disorders during pregnancy as it may not only the strengthen therapeutic effects but also eliminate adverse effects caused by each single herb. However, it is contradictory that DG may increase the risk of miscarriages reported by previous studies: the use of DGS among pregnant women, while avoiding using DGW has always been recommended since ancient times to avoid miscarriage. To date, there is no clear evidence to identify the safety of DG in pregnant women and to support the theory that different pharmaceutical effects are attributed to chemical difference between DGS and DGW. Furthermore, little is known regarding the specific effects of DG on fetal bone while limited research has been done to explore herb-herb interactions between DG and other herbs. The aims of this project are (1) to identify the safety of DG in maternal and fetal health; (2) to compare the chemical composition of DGS and DGW and their cytotoxicity; (3) to analyze the integrated role of herb-pair (DG plus BS or SDH); (4) to investigate the mechanism of specific impact of herb-herb interaction emphasis on embryonic development. Based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, our project is believed to provide experimental evidence to rationalize clinical use of DG in pregnant women. Method: (1) For the herbal quality control, aqueous extracts of DG, DGS, DGW, BS and SDH were prepared respectively, and their reference marker compounds were quantitatively authenticated by HPLC. In addition, pesticide residues and heavy metals in DG extract were examined by GC-MS and ICP-MS. Moreover, comparison of composition of DGS and DGW extract in terms of main constituents was performed by GC-MS and LC-MS analysis. (2) In-vivo mouse study (Segment II study), pregnant mice were randomly assigned into different dosage groups: oral administration of either distilled water as negative control, or DG extract of 2, 8, 16, 32 g/kg/day, or BS extract of 2, 16, 32 g/kg/day, or SDH extract of 2, 16, 32 g/kg/day, or DG (32 g/kg/day) plus BS (32 g/kg/day), or DG (32 g/kg/day) plus SDH (32 g/kg/day), respectively from the gestation day (GD) 6 to 15; another group mice were treated with vitamin A (200,000 IU) on the GD7, 9 and 11 as positive control. The mice were sacrificed for assessing parameters on GD18. (3) In-vitro assay using embryonic stem cell (ESC) and fibroblast 3T3 cell was conducted to investigate the cytotoxicity of DG, Z-LIG, FA, DGS, DGW, BS and SDH by MTT test, according to European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods. (4) For mechanistic study of DG impacts and herb-herb interactions, the expression of a characteristic set of bone formation/resorption markers, and some site-specific bone regulatory factors in fetal tissues and amniotic fluids on the GD15 were measured by ELISA. Result: (1) In the study to evaluate the safety of DG extract, maternal body weight (BW), gravid uterine weight, corrected BW change, live fetus/litter, mean fetal body weight in the group of DG (32 g/kg/day) were significantly lower than those of the negative control (p < 0.05); while resorption site/litter, post-implantation loss (PIL)/litter, percentage of abnormal skeleton were significantly higher than those of the negative control (p < 0.05). Although there was no statistical difference between IC50 values of ESCs (IC50 ESC) and 3T3 cells (IC50 3T3) after treatment with DG, Z-LIG and FA samples respectively, the IC50 Z-LIG was significantly less than IC50 FA in both ESCs and 3T3 cells (p < 0.05). It was indicated that DG extract (32 g/kg/day) might result in adverse impacts to maternal function and fetal development in mice. Z-LIG in DG extracts might be less safe compared to FA in in-vitro cultured cells and its potential impacts should be further examined its potential impacts in in-vivo studies. (2) In the study to compare the composition of main constituents from DGS and DGW water extract, HPLC quantitative analysis indicated that the ratio of FA and Z-LIG between extract from DGS and DGW is 1:1.83 and 1:1.35, respectively. Sathulenol (1), 3-butylphthalide (2), Z-butylidenephthalide (3), benzeneacetic acid (4), Z-LIG (5) and E-LIG (6) were identified by GC-MS analysis. The peak area of compound 5 in DGW extract was close to 5 times of that in DGS extract. The amounts of compound 2 and 3 in DGW extract were respectively over 20 times and 2 times higher than that in DGS extract, respectively. Except for compound 3, 5, 6, additional three compounds: coniferyl ferulate (7), FA (8), senkyunolide A (9) were identified by LC-MS analysis. The amount of compound 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 in DGW extract was higher than that in DGS extract. The peak area of compound 3 and 5 in DGW extract was over 2 times of that in the DGS extract. In MTT assay, the effect of DGS and DGW water extract on inhibition of cell viability of cultured ESCs and 3T3 cells was in a dose-dependent manner, respectively. The difference between IC50 ESC and IC50 3T3 after DGS extract treatment was statistically significance (p < 0.05), however no statistical significance was identified in DGW (p > 0.05). Both IC50 ESC and IC50 3T3 values of DGW were much lower than those of DGS (p < 0.05). (3) In the study to evaluate the role of DG plus BS or SDH, expectedly DG extract (32 g/kg/day) resulted in significant abnormalities in maternal and fetal parameters when compared with the negative control. Whereas BS or SDH extracts at a dosage of 2, 16, or 32 g/kg/day did not result in any adverse effect for both maternal health and embryonic development. There was no statistically significant difference between the IC50 ESC and IC50 3T3 value in the cytotoxicity assays of BS or SDH extracts (p > 0.05). It was indicated that the use of BS or SDH extract should be safer than DG extract in pregnant mice. More importantly, the treatment with DG plus BS or DG plus SDH extract could significantly correct abnormalities caused by DG extract alone as seen in the corrected BW change, mean fetal body weight, live fetus/litter (%), resorption site/litter (%), PIL/litter (%), skeletal variation (%), etc. (p < 0.05) in pregnant mice. (4) In the study to analyze the mechanism of herb-herb interactions, the mean values of PICP, ALP-Bone, osteocalcin, BMPs and GDF-5 in fetal tissues were significantly lower in mice treated with DG extract (32g/kg/day) alone when compared with the negative control (p < 0.05); while there was no significant difference among the mice treated respectively with BS, SDH, DG plus BS and DG plus SDH extracts with the same dosage. The outcome was similar to those of the negative control (p > 0.05). In addition, there were no significant differences in the mean value of ICTP in both fetal tissues and amniotic fluids among all mice groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: (1) High dosage and long-term use of DG water extract may result in adverse effects on embryonic development including fetal bone malformations, hence its use is considered as not safe in pregnant women. As DG extract in this study was not contaminated by pesticide residues and heavy metals, the embryonic toxicity of DG extract can be considered as due to the intrinsic constituents of the herb. (2) As seen in cytotoxicity assay, that water extract of DGW had the lower IC50 value, hence it is believed that the higher phthalides level (3-butylphthalide, Z-butylidenephthalide, senkyunolide A Z-LIG and E-LIG) contributes to a more toxicity on both ESC and 3T3 cells. (3) Herb-pair extract of DG plus BS or SDH could significantly correct abnormalities caused by DG extract alone in pregnant mice. Therefore, herb BS or SDH not only has beneficial effects when used for treating pregnant disorders safety, but also has attenuated effects for DG when used together as herb-pair extract. (4) At the molecular biomarker level, DG extract might significantly affect bone formation rather than bone resorption. However, it could be ameliorated when applied combination with either BS or SDH. These results should be valuable for further analysis on the integrated effects of herb-herb interactions and complex mechanism of formula therapies in Chinese herbal medicine.
Min XU (Supervisor)
Medicinal plants.
Xiao, T. (Author). 28 Aug 2015
File: application/pdf, 3.61 MB
Embargo End Date: 1 Jul 2017
Abstract & TOC
File: application/pdf, 198 KB
Type: Supplementary materials | {
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The Capital District of New York is centrally located, with New York, Boston and Montreal within a few hours driving distance. Mass transportation is conveniently located, with Amtrak and Albany International Airport close by. There is also a well-planned network of interstate and intrastate highways so traffic and commuting present no challenges. | {
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Kassel (do roku 1926 Cassel) je město na severu spolkové země Hesensko v Německu. Žije zde obyvatel. Je po Frankfurtu nad Mohanem a Wiesbadenu třetím největším městem Hesenska. Leží asi 80 km SZ od Eisenachu, 80 km SV od Marburgu a asi 40 km JZ od Göttingenu a protéká jím řeka Fulda. Horský park Wilhelmshöhe je zapsán na seznamu Světového dědictví a proslulá je i výstava moderního umění Documenta.
Historie
Kassel se poprvé připomíná k roku 913 jako hrazené místo u mostu přes řeku, název Chasella (podle germánského kmene Chattů) je mnohem starší. Ve 12. století už měl městská práva a stal se prosperujícím obchodním městem. Když roku 1567 hrabě Filip rozdělil Hesensko mezi své čtyři syny, stal se Kassel hlavním městem jednoho nich, hrabství Hesensko-Kasselsko. Hrabě Vilém IV. (1532-1592) byl protestant a jako velký milovník astronomie i astrologie zde založil první stálou hvězdárnu, jeho syn Mořic (1572-1632) postavil 1606 v Kasselu první stálé divadlo, dnešní Ottoneum.
Roku 1685 přijal Kassel 1700 hugenotských uprchlíků z Francie, o sto let později se zdejší hrabě nechvalně proslavil tím, že prodával Britům žoldnéře na válku v amerických koloniích. V Prusko-Rakouské válce roku 1866 stálo Hesensko na straně Rakouska, takže se po pruském vítězství stalo součástí Pruska. Kassel tak ztratil na politickém významu, zato velmi získal rozvojem průmyslu, zejména strojírenství: firma Henschel byla koncem 19. století největším výrobcem lokomotiv v Německu. Za druhé světové války bylo město z 90 % zničeno bombardováním i pouličními boji v dubnu 1945. Zahynulo 10 tisíc lidí a 150 tisíc ztratilo střechu nad hlavou.
Pamětihodnosti
Horský park Wilhelmshöhe s rozsáhlým palácem z roku 1786, kde byl po roce 1870 vězněn francouzský císař Napoleon III. a kde bylo za první světové války vrchní velitelství německé armády. Dnes je v paláci muzeum a významná obrazová galerie. Na svahu k městu je Herkulův pomník a mohutné vodní kaskády, v parku je Löwenburg, zdrobnělá napodobenina středověkého hradu.
Brüderkirche, jednolodní gotický kostel ze 14. století, se sousedním Renthofem, pozůstatkem karmelitánského kláštera ze 13. století.
Martinskirche, trojlodní gotická hala z let 1330-1462, se dvěma věžemi v průčelí z doby krátce po válce. Kostel je sídlem evangelického biskupa a jsou zde pohřbena hesenská lankrabata.
Ottoneum, původně první stálá divadelní budova v Německu z roku 1606, brzy přestavěná na kabinet kuriozit a později přírodovědné muzeum.
Fredericianum, rozsáhlý muzejní palác z roku 1779, dnes galerie moderního umění
Partnerská města
Reference
Externí odkazy
Panoramata města
Oficiální web
Města v Hesensku
Bývalá hlavní města
Světové dědictví (Německo) | {
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Where can I find good spatzle to use at home? I know I asked this question before, and got an answer I was pretty happy with about a brand at Lotsa Pasta, but I can't find the post anywhere. Suggestions? I don't want to make my own.
Meijer sells a really great dried spatzle made by the German company Bechtle. There are a few different varieties, but I like the thick, not-too-pretty traditional version. I grew up with German grandparents, and it's as good as my Oma made. I have seen it at Kroger occasionally, but it's not consistent.
So I have to ask - what are you going to do with it?
Thank you, Joni! I saw that brand online and was going to order it, but I'd have to buy way more than I need and that also made it pricy. I was planning on checking out Meijer today or tomorrow because they showed a different brand, but if I could get this one, esp since it has your endorsement, that would be great! I wonder if it depends on which Meijer? We shop the Springhusrt one. And when you say traditional, do you mean the little teardrop noodles? That's what I'd prefer.
I'm just using it as a side to an attempt at pork scnitzel (never made it before), and my German red cabbage (which I've made many times). Was going to cook them, then toss them in butter or brown butter and little parsley. Do you have any suggestions? Seems like this is how they're prepared at Mader's in Milwaukee. Also, do you have a recipe for schnitzel you'd be willing to share? My biggest debate is deciding on regular bread crumbs, panko, or a combination.
Thanks again, and I'll let you know if I find them!
We found it at Meijer!!! I probably won't make this meal until later this week, but I'll let you know how it turns out. Thanks again for your help! | {
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The MR43 is one of our most popular machines and meets a variety of irrigation needs including single pass coverage on football fields, large riding arenas, small acreage irrigation, and much more! Built with a three wheel chassis design and integrated stabilizer hitch, the MR43 has a flow range from 15 to 60 gallons per minute and a 393 feet hose length. The MR43 can effectively water up to 1.5 acres in a single pull! The ability to add the reliable on board Honda boost pump kit with auxilliary large capacity fuel tank for longer run times, can greatly enhance performance in low-pressure situations.
Machine Weight (Dry) - 538 lbs.
Palletized Weight - 783 lbs. | {
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Tag Archives: CJ Anderson
Patriots Report Card In Super Bowl LIII Win Over LA
February 5, 2019 at 7:50 am ET
Patriots Report Card In Super Bowl LIII Win Over LA
Nobody saw that kind of low-scoring game playing out, but Bill Belichick and Brian Flores put together a masterful game plan and totally shut down the Rams offense, which was the #2 scoring unit in the league, holding them to nearly 30 points below their weekly average.
Julian Edelman was the most uncoverable receiver on the field and very much deserved the MVP Award, although the Patriots offense moved the ball well all night long, they couldn't finish drives. But they found a way to win late and that's what champions do, And the duck boats are gearing up for a parade on Tuesday morning. Super Bowl win #6 is a testament to how teams win victories and not always the more talented.
So, check out our grades and see how the team fared in this week's blowout win:
Quarterback: B-
Tom Brady didn't have the eye-popping numbers 21-35 for 262 yards with 0 TDs and 1 INT in the game as the Rams did a very good job of mixing things up and changing coverages especially after the Patriots would cross mid-field.
While Brady didn't get hit a lot, the Rams did have pressure and were all around him enough to influence many of his throws. So, while the Patriots could move the ball consistently, they weren't able to finish drives. Until crunch time.
With the game tied at 3-3 with ten minutes to go, that's when Brady engineered a perfect drive where he made it look easy. First, he lobbed a perfectly drop in the bucket to Rob Gronkowski for 18 yards to get the offense moving. Next, he hit Edelman right down the middle for 13 yards. This was followed by a 7-yard pass to Rex Burkhead on the right sideline. On 2nd and 3, from the Rams 31, he made his best pass of the night, a beautifully placed touch pass to Gronkowski who beat double coverage. Gronkowski hauled it in as he went to the ground for a 29-yard gain. Sony Michel easily powered it in from the 2-yard line on the next play….Boom. Welcome home Lombardi Trophy #6.
Running Backs: B
The Patriots were patient with the running game and it paid off in the end. They ran for 154 yards on 32 carries as the Rams wore down in the end and the running game gashed them while running the 4-minute offense.
Sony Michel, you remember that "waste of a 1st round pick"? Well, he led all ball carriers with 94 yards on 18 carries including the only touchdown in the game. His biggest play was a 26-yard scamper that got the Patriots out of the deep hole in their own end.
Rex Burkhead chipped in with 7 carries for 43 yards and two catches for 15 more. On the same drive that started at the Patriots 4-yard line, Burkhead also got a 26-yard run where he burst thru the line and then cut back against the grain. Those two runs took the Patriots from deep in their own end into scoring range.
James White was a total non-factor in the game, carrying just two times for four yards and with just one catch for five more. The Rams did a tremendous job of taking him away.
Wide Receivers: B-
Julian Edelman was absolutely uncoverable, and he rates an A+. The rest of the receivers? Not so much. Edelman roasted Nickell Roby-Coleman, frequently having 3 or more yards of separation. Roby-Coleman was doing a lot of talking early in the week, but didn't walk the walk. The Rams then tried Aqib Talib on Edelman, but his quickness was too much for Talib off the line. Then Phillips trotted out Marcus Peters who was blown away off the line allowing a big catch down the seam for 25. Nobody could cover him on Sunday night. He finished with 10 catches for 141 yards on 12 targets.
Chris Hogan was targeted six times and had zero catches. Brady's interception, on the first pass of the game, was well behind him. But he was unable to get any separation. Phillip Dorsett wasn't targeted. Cordarrelle Patterson had two catches for 14 yards and added a pair of runs for seven.
Tight Ends: A-
Rob Gronkowski was excellent in the running game blocking for the backs. On the Patriots touchdown, they went to a two-tight end set and he and Dwayne Allen helped the line blow the Rams off the line of scrimmage for a too-easy touchdown that was the difference in the game.
But in the passing game, Gronkowski had six catches for 87 yards on seven targets. Like Brady, he saved his best for last. On the Patriots touchdown drive he had catches for 18 and 29 yards, the latter a really nice catch as he was going to the ground.
Offensive Line: A-
The Patriots offensive line put together another very impressive performance. While the Rams were able to stop the running game early on, they did a good job of protecting Brady, despite the pass rush of Aaron Donald and Ndamukong Suh getting some pressure. The only sack was more of a coverage sack than anything else. Brady had forever to throw but no one was open and he probably should have thrown it away.
But late in the game, with the Patriots backed up at their four-yard line with four minutes to go, the Rams knew they were going to run the football. And they did. On Sony Michel's 26-yard run, David Andrews destroyed Suh, pushing him three yards to the left and dumped him on his backside.
Defensive Line: A
The Patriots defensive line was absolutely terrific. The Rams potent running attack with Todd Gurley and C.J. Anderson never got untracked and had just 62 yards on 18 carries. The Rams motion tries to get linemen moving sideways, but the Patriots attacked and were getting very good penetration. Danny Shelton blew thru a gap and nailed Anderson for a loss.
Trey Flowers also burst thru and had a tackle for a loss. But the front also did a very good job at getting pressure on Jared Goff. Adrian Clayborn and Lawrence Guy had QB hits while Flowers had two.
Linebackers: A
The Patriots linebackers were outstanding. Both Dont'a Hightower and Kyle Van Noy were all over the field and they were a very disruptive force all night long. With the team running a 6-1 look, the outside backers were essentially lining up on the line of scrimmage. They did a tremendous job of setting the edge in the running game and took away those shallow crosses and slants the Rams like to run.
Hightower, who in every Super Bowl plays like a man possessed, was everywhere. He had two tackles for a loss, two QB sacks, a pass defensed and three QB hits. Van Noy was also everywhere. He had four tackles, a tackle for a loss, a sack, and three QB hits. Hightower, on the Shelton run stuff absolutely destroyed Tyler Higbee in the interior of the line. Ouch.
Elandon Roberts and John Simon each saw action and as a whole, the linebackers totally took away the Rams RBs in the passing game, which was supposed to be a mismatch. Rams RBs had three catches for 11 yards in the game.
Secondary: A-
The Patriots secondary played a different look mixing in man coverage with Quarters zone coverage and held the Rams to a net 198 yards passing which was far below their average of 281 per game. Stephon Gilmore was outstanding as he has been all season and chipped in with the interception that sealed the deal for the Patriots.
Slot corner Jonathan Jones played some safety in their Quarters looks which showed off his versatility. Jason McCourty had the play of the game where on a busted coverage, Brandin Cooks was wide open in the end zone. McCourty flew over from his side and knocked the ball away.
Pat Chung was having an excellent game, but early in the third quarter broke his arm. In stepped "the Closer" Duron Harmon, who played very well. Harmon blitzed and forced Goff into throwing a floater that was picked off by Gilmore.
Special Teams: A-
Ryan Allen and Matthew Slater were fantastic in this game. Allen dropped three punts deep in the Rams zone where Slater was there to cover it up. They were able to force the Rams to go the length of the field.
Stephen Gostkowski missed his first field goal attempt but made his next two tries, including the one with a minute to go to put the game out of reach. The coverage units were solid and Patterson took the opening kickoff back 38 yards.
Coaching: A
Bill Belichick and Brian Flores gave a master's class on having a great game plan that the players were able to execute perfectly. Of all the Patriots Super Bowl wins, this one could arguably be considered their best defensive effort, holding a team that averages almost 33 points a game to just a field goal.
They flummoxed Sean McVay and Jared Goff on the opposite side of the field all game long. The Rams offense never looked like it was getting into anything resembling a rhythm or a comfort level all game long. McVay admitted after the game that Belichick outcoached him. It wasn't the first time that Belichick has done that.
Josh McDaniels tried mixing things up offensively where the team could move the ball but kept stalling. They did figure it out late in the game and the team put together two impressive drives to finish the game, and win another Super Bowl.
So, who's ready for a parade?
Follow me on Twitter @SteveB7SFG or email me at [email protected]Listen to our Patriots 4th and 2 podcasts on blog talk radio as our writers Russ Goldman, Derek Havens and I from PatsFans.com discuss the latest Patriots news and game analysis.
This entry was posted in 2018 Patriots playoffs, NFL Commentary, NFL News, Patriots Commentary, Patriots Film Room, Patriots News, Super Bowl LIII and tagged Bill Belichick, CJ Anderson, Dont'a Hightower, James White, Jared Goff, Julian Edelman, Kyle Van Noy, Los Angeles Rams, Matthew Slater, New England Patriots, Pat Chung, Rex Burkhead, Rob Gronkowski, Ryan Allen, Sean McVay, Sony Michel, Stephen Gostkowski, Stephon Gilmore, Todd Gurley, Tom Brady on February 5, 2019 by Steve Balestrieri.
Patriots-Rams Super Bowl LIII Keys Matchups, Who Has the Razor's Edge?
The New England Patriots and Los Angeles Rams are in Atlanta for Super Bowl LIII and contrary to popular belief outside of New England, the Patriots don't reach the Super Bowl every year that Bill Belichick and Tom Brady are together on the field. It just seems that way.
Super Bowl LIII will be broadcast by CBS on Sunday, February 3 at 6:30 PM ET and can be seen locally on WBZ-TV Channel 4. Jim Nantz will handle play-by-play duties with Tony Romo as the color analyst. Tracy Wolfson, Evan Washburn, and Jay Feely will work from the sidelines. The game will also be aired on the Patriots flagship radio station 98.5 The SportsHub with Bob Socci and Scott Zolak on the call, produced by Marc Cappello.
The Patriots (13-5) are in the big game for the third straight year, after blowing out the Chargers and winning an overtime thriller against the #1 seed Kansas City Chiefs.
The Rams (15-3) also won in overtime in the NFC Championship Game beating the New Orleans Saints after coming back from being two scores down early in the game.
We here at PatsFans.com are continuing our "Razor's Edge" column in 2019 to give some quick analysis on some of the key matchups of the game and what you can look for in how the game plays out.
Series History:
The Patriots and Rams are meeting for the first time in the postseason since Super Bowl XXXVI, the Pats first Super Bowl win over the "Greatest Show on Turf". The only two remaining pieces for either team remain Brady and Belichick.
Here is a look at some of the key matchups and who holds the Razor's Edge.
First up is the Patriots offense:
Patriots RBs vs Rams Front Seven – Razor's Edge New England
The Patriots rushing offense has been outstanding down the stretch and thru the first two games of the playoffs. New England utilizes a three-headed rushing attack with Sony Michel handling the lion's share with Rex Burkhead, and James White also adding into the mix as well.
The Rams defense uses the Wade Phillips 3-4 where they bring an extra linebacker up on the line in run support. The Rams during the regular season allowed 5.1 yards per rush but have been much better in the playoffs. In the Saints game, Aaron Donald was shooting the gaps and blowing plays up before they had a chance to develop.
The Patriots run a different system and should line up right over Donald and will look to take him on rather than trying to reach block him like New Orleans did where Donald's quickness off the line made that a losing proposition.
Look for the Patriots to attack the perimeter in the running game and they'll use motion with Julian Edelman and Cordarrelle Patterson to run some of those Jet Sweeps. The aggressiveness of their front, especially Donald and Ndamukong Suh is where they'll try to exploit by running at them on the perimeter.
The Patriots interior players David Andrews, Joe Thuney and Shaq Mason will be the ones to watch against the Rams interior run stuffers. They like to move Suh around and created mismatches so this will be a key area to watch.
Patriots WRs vs Rams Secondary – Razor's Edge New England
The Patriots passing game has ratcheted up their game down the stretch with Tom Brady and Julian Edelman both having big games in the first two playoff matchups. The key obviously is in pass protection, the Rams boast Donald, Suh, and a very good pass rush which can disrupt anyone's passing attack.
Wade Phillips will try to take away the middle of the field and may try to double up Julian Edelman. If that happens, watch Brady put him in motion. The Rams defense struggled in the passing game against "12 personnel" groupings (2 WR, 2TE, 1RB) and look for the Patriots to utilize White or Burkhead quite a bit in the passing game.
How LA decides to cover Rob Gronkowski will be fascinating to watch. Will it be in single coverage like KC did with a safety? Or will they chip and roll more coverage on him? Gronkowski looks as healthy as he has all season and had a big game inKC. Brady will try to get the ball out quickly and negate Donald and the pass rush. How well they are able to do that will determine how successful they are at passing the ball.
The Rams played a lot of zone coverage, then switching to man coverage inside the red zone. However, since Aqib Talib's return, they're playing more man coverage, and that should continue this week.
Next up the Los Angeles offense:
Rams RBs vs NE Front Seven – Razor's Edge Los Angeles
The Rams have been one of the best teams at running the football this season averaging 139.4 yards per game (3rd in the NFL) and have two excellent running backs in Todd Gurley and C.J. Anderson. Some tendencies to watch for. When Gurley is in the game, they run nearly 70 percent of the time to the edge and when Anderson is in, that number is nearly 50 percent right up the middle.
The Rams offensive line is much like the Patriots, they are tough, very well-coached and rarely make mistakes. LA runs primarily out of "11 personnel" (3WR, 1TE, 1 RB). They like to condense the formations, (something Bill Belichick mentioned this week) and run a ton of misdirection. Like New England, they like to put a guy in motion to get three men on one side and like to run behind that strength.
Jared Goff lined up for 40 percent of his snaps under center, among the most in the league. Play action passing is a stable of their offense. I'm looking for the historian in Belichick to dust off a look that he used successfully in Super Bowl XXXIX against the Eagles, the Bears 46 Defense.
Bringing up eight men in the box and placing a linebacker outside close to the line of scrimmage is a way of limiting the running game of Gurley. They'll place a big man over the center and use their interior men to attack the gaps. The key is setting the edge, especially when Gurley is in the game. In two playoff games, they've allowed just 60 yards rushing.
Rams WRs vs NE Secondary- Razor's Edge Los Angeles
The Rams passing game was lighting up the league in the first half of the season. The loss of Cooper Kupp to IR has been a big blow, however, they are still very, very talented. They have a plethora of targets for Jared Goff in Robert Woods, Brandin Cooks, Gurley, Josh Reynolds, and Tyler Higbee.
The key is for the Patriots is to disguise their look until the final second. Goff doesn't read the defense as well or as quick as Brady. Rams coach Sean McVay will have his team rush to the line and see how the Patriots line up and he'll call out into Goff's helmet the read until the microphones are cut off at the 15-second mark of the play clock. It will be then up to Belichick and Brian Flores to change things up and show something different. Can they confuse Goff enough or slow down his processing time enough to make a difference? That's the key here.
Look for the Patriots to put Stephon Gilmore on Robert Woods, and possibly their speediest corner Jonathon Jones or Jason McCourty on Cooks with safety help. Rookie J.C. Jackson will see more of Reynolds.
Look for more of that "Amoeba Front" look to disguise where the pass rush is coming from to try to get pressure on Goff. They'll rotate their coverages and safeties to give Goff a different look in an attempt to slow down his processing time to allow the pass rush to get home.
Special Teams- Razor's Edge Los Angeles
The Patriots special teams have been much better down the stretch but for once, they're facing a team with a slightly better cast. Stephen Gostkowski and Ryan Allen remain extremely solid. Julian Edelman and Cordarrelle Patterson will look to make a difference in the return game.
The Rams have an outstanding STs unit and it begins with punter Johnny Hekker. He is always lavished praise by Belichick and not only is he an outstanding punter but the Rams have shown that they aren't afraid of throwing it on 4th down with him. Greg Zuerlein is very good at kicking. JoJo Natson and Blake Countess handled return duties.
Next up, who wins and why…
Keys to the Game and Prediction
This game should be another classic must-watch down to the wire matchup. What would a Patriots Super Bowl be without an edge of your seat finish? Keys to the game from a Patriots perspective are:
Start Fast and Put the Rams in Catchup Mode: The Patriots have been very good at starting fast this postseason. That must continue. The Rams offense wants to make this a track meet and that's a game they're much better suited to winning.
3rd Down/Red Zone Key: The Patriots have to win the 3rd down battle, on offense they must give Brady the third and manageable distances, the 3rd and 4 or less. On defense it has to be the opposite, forcing Goff into obvious passing situations where they can mix and match their coverages and bring pressure. Field goals instead of touchdowns will be a way to win or lose the game.
Win the Turnover Battle: The Patriots and Rams should both be able to move the ball this Sunday It may come down to getting a key turnover, especially in the opponent's end of the field. Can the Patriots generate a turnover or two, something they were unable to do a year ago?
The feeling here is experience is a great asset. Brady, Edelman, Gronkowski and James White have been here and won, before. That will be the difference in another great Super Bowl. It will go right down to the wire, but cue the duckboats, Marty, the Lombardi is coming back to New England. Patriots 31-27
Follow me on Twitter @SteveB7SFG or email me at [email protected]Listen to our Patriots 4th and 2 podcasts on blog talk radio as the writers Russ Goldman, Derek Havens and I from PatsFans.com discuss the latest Patriots news and game analysis.
This entry was posted in 2018 Patriots playoffs, NFL Commentary, NFL News, Patriots Commentary, Patriots Film Room, Patriots News and tagged Bill Belichick, Brandin Cooks, Brian Flores, Chris Hogan, CJ Anderson, Cordarrelle Patterson, James White, Jared Goff, Josh reynolds, Julian Edelman, Los Angeles Rams, New England Patriots, Rex Burkhead, Rob Gronkowski, Robert Woods, Sean McVay, Sony Michel, Super Bowl LIII, Todd Gurley, Tom Brady, Wade Phillips on February 1, 2019 by Steve Balestrieri.
Denver's Offensive Woes Continue As the Team Struggles to 3-5 Start
November 8, 2017 at 12:00 pm ET
The Broncos have lost four straight and are officially on the hot seat and can watch their hopes of making the postseason blow up with another loss on Sunday night to the Patriots. Denver is limping into this one at 3-5 and the reason they're struggling has to do with the offense.
The defense has been holding up their end of the bargain despite last week's anomaly in Philadelphia where everything that could go wrong did. But Denver's offense has scored just 52 points during the current four-game losing streak. And 14 of those points came in garbage time when the game was already lost in Philly. That won't win many games and the team is struggling to find the answers to right the ship.
Here are a few of our first impressions of the Broncos before Sunday night's matchup.
Carousel Under Center: Quarterback Trevor Siemian has been benched and the team has turned to Brock Osweiler. Osweiler started in place of an injured and aging Peyton Manning in 2015 and played well. The highlight of his career could easily be the Sunday night game where he beat the Patriots in a thrilling overtime win. However, soon after Denver's Super Bowl win, Osweiler bristled at GM John Elway's waffling on whether to sign the young QB to an extension or to sign Manning to a one year deal.
Osweiler bolted to Houston for a big money contract, who could blame him? But he quickly flamed out with the Texans and with them drafting DeShaun Watson, they shipped Osweiler to the Cleveland Browns. And he couldn't make the team there, despite the woes of the QB position in Cleveland. With the injury to QB Paxton Lynch, he's was brought back full circle to the Broncos.
He didn't play well in Philadelphia last week, but neither did any of the other players. Now the team is hoping he can catch lightning in a bottle twice against the Patriots and hold the season together (with their defense) until they know what they have in Lynch, who Elway spent a first-round draft pick on in 2016. He's getting healthier and if Osweiler doesn't want to be replaced again in Denver, Sunday night is a big one.
Running Game Needs to be the Focus on Sunday: In Denver's first few games of the 2017 season, they ran the ball down the throat of their opposition and jumped out to a 3-1 start and people were already pencilling them in for a long playoff run, thanks in no small part to their dominant defense.
A big part of their quick start was the running game. Running back C.J. Anderson was averaging 82.5 yards per game, (nearly 100 in their three wins). But during the four-game losing streak, Anderson's production has plummeted. He's gotten only 152 yards the past four weeks with 78 of them coming against the Giants.
But don't dismiss the Denver running game, or in case you need a refresher for your memory, think back to that snowy game in 2015. Anderson ran for 113 of Denver's 179 yards and that running game opened up a big game for Osweiler who passed for 272 yards.
Denver as a team are averaging 4.2 yards per rush, which is exactly what Anderson is averaging. Jamaal Charles is averaging 4.4 yards per carry and Devontae Booker is tops with a 4.6 yard per carry average. Defensively for the Patriots here is where the game will be won or lost.
The Patriots aren't doing a great job of stopping the run and with Malcolm Brown and Dont'a Hightower out, it will make the running game a harder option to stop. When Denver has run well, they've won. When they haven't, their quarterback play has suffered and they've lost. It isn't hard to see where the Patriots defensive focus will be this week.
Turnovers Have Plagued the Team During Recent Skid: Like everyone else with an offense that is struggling, the Broncos can't afford turnovers and that is exactly what they've been doing during the recent losing streak. Denver right now is woeful -12 in the turnover department. One of the reasons that Siemian was benched was turnovers. In the seven games that he started, he turned the ball over 15 times with 10 interceptions and five fumbles.
On the flip side of that, the Denver defense will be looking to feed off of the normally raucous crowd of their home field and force a couple of turnovers of their own. They are feeling a bit salty after allowing 51 points in Philly and the Patriots are always Public Enemy #1 for them.
Again, going back to that 2015 game, what turned the tide? A turnover. Chris Harper muffed a punt in the second half and the Patriots went from having a double-digit lead to quickly being down and having to force an overtime. Turnovers will be key to both teams this week.
Don't Expect Defensive Meltdown At Home: Pundits are entirely too quick to throw dirt on this Broncos team, especially the defense. Even many Broncos fans on social media have been quick to predict gloom and doom this week as the two teams will meet on primetime Sunday night.
Besides giving up the 51 points last week, particularly galling for members of the defense was HOW they gave them up. Philadelphia had over 400 yards of offense but 197 of them were on the ground. Entering the game last week, Denver had allowed just 510 yards rushing or 72.8 yards per game.
Von Miller spoke about that game and how the team was approaching the rest of the season this week to ESPN. "We are where we are right now," Miller said. "Right now, [Sunday] … we're not a good football team.
"We still have time. We still have time to be great," he continued. "We're not a great football team right now, but that doesn't mean we don't have a great football team within us. But [Sunday], we're not a good football team, offensively, defensively, special teams, whatever. We're just not good right now."
Don't expect to see Dion Lewis running wild this week. Look for the Broncos to be much better and back to their normal selves on Sunday night.
This entry was posted in 2017 Patriots Season, NFL Commentary, Patriots Commentary, Patriots News and tagged 2017 Patriots Season, Bill Belichick, Brock Osweiler, Chris Hogan, CJ Anderson, Denver Broncos, Dion Lewis, Dont'a Hightower, Jamaal Charles, Rob Gronkowski, Shea McClellin, Tom Brady, Trevor Siemian, Trey Flowers, Von Miller on November 8, 2017 by Steve Balestrieri.
Broncos CJ Anderson Shares His Respectful Thoughts For Tom Brady
Robert Alvarez
January 28, 2016 at 9:10 am ET
Follow @ralvarez617
Before the AFC Championship game on Sunday, Many Denver Broncos players were heard trash talking the New England Patriots but running back CJ Anderson was not one of them. On his personal Instagram account, Anderson created this respectful tribute to quarterback Tom Brady following their exchange on the field after the game. His admirable words below might help ease the pain of defeat.
https://www.instagram.com/p/BBA8m2fGhOt/
This entry was posted in Patriots Commentary, Patriots Photos and tagged CJ Anderson, Tom Brady on January 28, 2016 by Robert Alvarez.
Monday Observations: Broncos Loss is Minor, Gronkowski is a Big One
November 30, 2015 at 6:57 am ET
The Patriots dropped an overtime loss in Denver to the Broncos Sunday night 30-24 as C.J. Anderson rumbled 48 yards for the game winning touchdown on a third and one after the Patriots had stalled.
The loss ended the Patriots winning streak in 2015 at 10 but the bigger loss is that of tight end Rob Gronkowski who went down with a knee injury in the fourth quarter.
Anderson and Ronnie Hillman combined for 179 yards on the ground as the Denver rushing attack gave the Broncos the ability to control the flow of the game and kept them around for a fourth quarter comeback.
The Patriots led 21-7 in the fourth quarter and seemingly had the game under control until Chris Harper muffed a punt that Denver turned into a touchdown by Anderson that ignited the Broncos and the crowd.
Denver surged back for a go-ahead touchdown with Brock Osweiler hitting Andre Caldwell in the end zone for a three-yard score with just over a minute to go. That set the stage for Brady to mount a desperation drive that culminated with Stephen Gostkowski booting a 47-yard field goal that sent the game into overtime.
The loss still leaves the Patriots at the top of the AFC at 10-1 with both Cincinnati and Denver at 9-2. The team still has a comfortable four game lead in the AFC East as the nearest competitor the Jets sit at 6-5 and the Patriots hold the tiebreaker against them. So the loss of the game means less than the potential loss of their biggest weapon on the offense.
Other observations include:
QBs play well: Brady and Osweiler ended the night with similar numbers; the Broncos' starter in his second game in for an injured Peyton Manning completed 23-42 for 270 yards with a touchdown and an interception. Brady finished 23-42 for 280 yards with three touchdowns and zero interceptions.
On a cold night with blowing snow, both quarterbacks threw the ball well and it seemed that the weather conditions wasn't a big factor other than perhaps slowing the pass rush of each team a bit. Osweiler pass to Emmanuel Sanders to the Patriots ten-yard line in the closing minutes was an absolute beauty. His best pass of the night.
Offense Takes Another (Big) Hit: With the loss of Gronkowski the Patriots offense, if he's out for any length of time reverts to early training camp mode. Brady's top four targets in 2015 will be out and they'll be looking for someone to step up.
Going from a quick strike multi-dimensional attack to searching for someone to step up; without Gronkowski et.al this unit becomes a plodding offense and there will be no more explosions of points. Josh McDaniels and Bill Belichick are the best at putting players in a position to succeed. They're going to have to be even better now.
Without Dion Lewis, Julian Edelman and Danny Amendola, they lost their quick, off-the-line players who can beat coverage off the line and allow Brady to throw it in less than two seconds which was tearing teams up early in the season.
They were searching for matchups and tried to attack the Broncos linebackers with deep shots down the sidelines with throws to Scott Chandler and Brandon LaFell as well as a wheel route with Brandon Bolden. Some worked better than others (Bolden's 63-yard TD catch) but it is simply a case of them trying to search for the best case scenario.
Losing Gronkowski for any length of time, (reports were circulating after the game that it wasn't a serious injury), takes away the game's biggest mismatch. No one in the NFL has the combination of size, strength and athleticism at the tight end position that he does. Which is why with the loss of the players listed above, teams have been doubling him and covering him at times with their better cornerbacks with safety help.
Another Not-so-stellar night for Refs: This officiating crew was just another example of what is becoming an embarrassment for the NFL. With the crew letting the players play for the majority of the game, there were numerous cases of jersey pulling on Gronkowski all game long, the arm bar on Talib that was let slide, but then they call the most ticky-tack holding penalty on the Patriots that wiped out a sack that would have pushed the Broncos back to a third and goal from the 19-yard line, instead to a first-and-goal from the four.
A key holding penalty on Tre' Jackson wiped a 51-yard pass from Brady to Keshawn Martin in the fourth quarter that would have put the Pats in field goal range. But the hankies were firmly in the refs pockets on a blatant hand to the face of Jabaal Sheard on the Broncos go-ahead touchdown as well as a hold on McCourty on the game-winning touchdown at the line of scrimmage.
But the best (worst) two were the ridiculous offensive pass interference penalty on Gronkowski which wiped out another key first down and the Broncos "fourth" time out where the clock doesn't stop and precious seconds were allowed to tick away. The call on Gronk was particularly a sore spot with both he and Brady as the QB looked close to drawing an unsportsmanlike penalty which would have been a perfect ending. Bill Belichick was particularly testy when asked of this after the game and said, "Go ask the league, they have all the answers," when speaking of what is and ISN'T offensive pass interference.
Bottom line is this; there's no sense in the team arguing about referees and officiating. They didn't and it wasn't the reason they lost (more to that below), but it would be nice to see a "level playing field" when it comes to how they're calling these games. Be proud Rog….
Rush Defense gashed: Coming into this game, one of the keys we looked at the was the run offense that was transforming under Osweiler. It was similar to the offense that the Ravens ran, and gave the Patriots so much trouble with last year.
With Peyton Manning under center, primarily in the shotgun, the rush offense stifled and was largely ineffective. Now with Osweiler under center, the stretch plays and the bootlegs have been much more effective. Hillman and Anderson ran them to perfection and although the Patriots run defense came in allowing only 88.8 yards per game, they were gashed time and again.
Once again, injuries played a big role in this one and moving forward. With their top two linebackers missing, Jamie Collins missed his fourth game in a row with an illness and Dont'a Hightower left the game with a knee injury and didn't return the run defense suffered. Although Jerod Mayo and Jonathan Freeny filled in well, they don't possess the athleticism and power that Collins and Hightower do.
Hopefully (this refrain is getting old), Hightower won't be out long and the illness that sidelined Collins for a month is gone and they'll be back on the field. One bright spot in the Broncos game was the play of Alan Branch. He was penetrating on the inside rushes all night long and had a nice night of pushing the pocket inside on the passing downs, getting his hand on a couple of throws by Osweiler. Jabaal Sheard had another big game as well as he's seemingly completely healthy again and a force on the edge.
Ryan Stellar on Thomas: Patriots cornerback Logan Ryan had the unenviable job of guarding the Broncos leading receiver Demaryius Thomas on Sunday night. And he was outstanding; Ryan shadowed the Broncos talented and explosive wide out all night long and had him at zero catches for the first 11 passes that Osweiler threw his way.
On the Broncos go-ahead drive, Thomas out-leapt Ryan for a big 36-yard gain that put Denver at midfield but once again Ryan had tight coverage on the play. Ryan was also beat on the go-ahead touchdown by Caldwell but it was perfectly thrown pass by Osweiler in a tight window.
Ryan has been a very solid contributor all season long and his play on Sunday night drawing Thomas was by no means an ordinary assignment. Had things ended differently for the Patriots, Ryan would be talked about as one of the key players of the game.
Listen to our Patriots 4th and 2 podcast on blog talk radio as the writers Russ Goldman, Derek Havens and I from PatsFans.com discuss the latest Patriots news Wednesdays at 12 noon.
This entry was posted in Patriots Commentary, Patriots News and tagged 2015 NFL Season, Bill Belichick, Brock Osweiler, CJ Anderson, Danny Amendola, Demaryius Thomas, Denver Broncos, Emmanuel Sanders, Julian Edelman, LaGarrette Blount, Malcolm Butler, New England Patriots, NFL, Patriots, Patriots edge rushers, predictions, Rob Gronkowski, Rob Ninkovich, Ronnie Hillman, Social Media, Tom Brady on November 30, 2015 by Steve Balestrieri.
Patriots 2015 Opponents, Five First Impressions of the Broncos
The Patriots have a short week to prepare and head out west to take on a familiar nemesis in the Denver Broncos on Sunday evening.
The Broncos (8-2), are fresh off of a tough 17-15 win on the road against the Chicago Bears on Sunday. Brock Osweiler made his first career start and was impressive completing 20-27 passes for 250 yards. The defense kept the Bears out of the end zone time and again with impressive stops.
The Patriots beat the Buffalo Bills 20-13 on Monday Night Football. Tom Brady, despite being hit hard all night long passed for 277 yards in leading the Patriots to the victory. The defense was impressive holding the Bills to a single touchdown and a pair of field goals.
The game is scheduled for 8:30 p.m. and will be televised by NBC and will have their announcing crew of Al Michaels and Cris Collinsworth on the call. It will also be carried by the Patriots flagship radio station 98.5 FM the SportsHub with Bob Socci and Scott Zolak.
Here are our five first impressions of the Broncos:
Team is Osweiler's Now: With the news that Peyton Manning has his foot in a cast and will be out at least another two weeks, we now know that Osweiler will be at the helm for the foreseeable future and barring a total collapse will be the quarterback to lead Denver into the post season.
He did nothing to hurt himself or the team in Chicago; he runs the offense that Gary Kubiak wants to operate in rather than a hybrid that they were running for Manning. His first drive was a beauty, capped off with a 48-yard touchdown pass to Demaryius Thomas.
Osweiler did all the little things right in his first start; he knew when to throw the ball away and not try to force things where there was no opening. He got everyone including new TE Vernon Davis involved. And he used his three plus years of being a backup to prepare himself to play well against a good Bears defense. Most importantly, for the first time this season the Broncos didn't turn the ball over.
Manning has been a shadow of himself all season and his 17 interceptions are the most in the league. Osweiler runs the offense exactly as his coach envisions it and although he may have some bumps in the road gives the Broncos the best chance for success.
Broncos Hope to Have Sanders, Ware Back Sunday: The injury news is just related to Manning's foot for the Broncos. Wide receiver Emmanuel Sanders (ankle), and OLB DeMarcus Ware (back), both missed the Chicago game on Sunday.
Sanders tried to go but after working out with the training staff prior to the Bears game, he still wasn't close to 100 percent and was deactivated. Ware missed the last couple of games with a back ailment flared up against the Colts and hasn't practiced since.
Ware has circled this game as a possible return and after watching the Bills pass rush pound Tom Brady last Monday night, must be chomping at the bit to get back into action.
But in reality, the return of Sanders to the Broncos offense would be more of a boost, especially for a young QB making just his second start against an underrated New England defense.
Defense Not Lacking Confidence, "Best in the World": The Denver defense which has been the top unit in the NFL this season in terms of yardage allowed (277 ypg entering Sunday), put an exclamation point on Sunday's win in Chicago, stuffing Bears RB Jeremy Langford two-point conversion attempt with 29 second left.
The Broncos secondary, allowing the least amount of passing yardage in the league by a wide margin, is a confident, cocky bunch who play right to the edge and sometimes over the line between tough and dirty play.
Against the Chiefs in Week 2 they committed four personal fouls in the first half. Aqib Talib was suspended for the second Chiefs game for eye-gouging Colts tight end Dwayne Allen and the next week T.J. Ward was ejected for punching Chiefs WR Jeremy Maclin.
"Best DBs in the league," Omar Bolden said on Tuesday to the media about the Broncos' secondary.
"Definitely the best defense in the league," CB Aqib Talib said. "We pride ourselves on being the best cornerbacks in the world, the best secondary, the best defense period."
Their best moment came against Aaron Rodgers and the Green Bay Packers during their Week 8 matchup holding Rodgers and his fleet crew of receivers to just 76 yards passing, the lowest amount in any of his career starts.
With a smothering pass rush consisting of Ware, Von Miller and rookie Shane Ray, the Broncos play an aggressive and blitzing man-to-man coverage and they rely on their corners to get it done.
"Ain't no better corners than me and 'Lib out there," CB Chris Harris said. "Big receivers, small receiver, it doesn't matter."
Running Game Gets Spark in Chicago: The Broncos needed a spark in the running game against the Bears with first time starter Osweiler at QB and got it on Sunday. After rushing for less than 70 yards in the previous two games, they rushed for more than that in just the first half.
Denver leaned on running backs C.J. Anderson and Ronnie Hillman and rushed for 170 yards on the day, frequently picking up key yardage and moving the chains. Hillman rushed for 102 yards on the day and Anderson added 59 in the win over the Bears.
It was the type of performance the Broncos have looking for, the running game has been extremely inconsistent thus far in 2015 with six games of having the team rush for less than 70 yards and four games with them being very effective, with 944 yards, the bulk of their season's total in wins against the Bears, Packers, Vikings and Browns.
In Kubiak's system, the backs have to be in a "one-cut-and-get-up-the-field mode. Parts of their struggles have been the running backs haven't been decisive enough. But also a revolving door of offensive linemen has hurt their continuity….something the Patriots know full well.
So with a renewed sense of running the ball to help their young QB, the running matchup should be a key one to monitor.
Broncos Tight Ends Are Young QB's Best Friend: With Emmanuel Sanders out for the Bears game, the Chicago defense made a concerted effort to take away Bronco WR Demaryius Thomas and in doing so opened up the middle of the field for QB Brock Osweiler.
Osweiler found the big spaces in the middle of the Bears defense time and again hitting tight ends Vernon Davis and Owen Daniels for a combined 10 catches for 137 yards, with eight of those catches going for first downs.
It was Davis' best production since coming over from the 49ers as he snagged six passes for 68 yards and looked more like the Davis we were accustomed to seeing in San Francisco. He seemed to be much more in sync with Osweiler than he had with Manning in the previous few games.
Perhaps the Bears were a bit gun-shy after Thomas burned them for a 48-yard touchdown on the opening drive of the game, but those two tight ends will be a tough matchup for the Patriots secondary on Sunday.
This entry was posted in Patriots Commentary, Patriots News and tagged 2015 NFL Season, Aqib Talib, CJ Anderson, Danny Amendola, DeMarcus Ware, Demaryius Thomas, Denver Broncos, Emmanuel Sanders, Julian Edelman, New England Patriots, NFL, Patriots, Rob Gronkowski, Ronnie Hillman, T.J. Ward, Tom Brady, Von Miller on November 25, 2015 by Steve Balestrieri. | {
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This doesn't deal with children, but I understand you are a marriage counselor as well. My question: if you give marriage counseling to a woman and then exploit her trust in you to your own sexual advantage (I know you wouldn't - but some counselors prey on their clients' vulnerability for their own gain) then would you call that an "affair?" I don't think it can be called that because the client places their trust in you, and puts her life in your hands. It seems imbalanced and she doesn't have the same power over him that he has over her. It almost seems like abuse. | {
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Another Comedy of Errors
There are lots of Shakespeare plays that I've never seen, studied, or read. I've heard of people who make a point of saving one Shakespeare play so they have something to look forward to … but it's usually Troilus and Cressida or Coriolanus, something after Shakespeare was on the way to jumping the shark. Anyway, until this year, I hadn't watched Comedy of Errors at all. Or studied it, or even read it. But this summer I enjoyed a production of Comedy of Errors in the tent at Shakespeare on the Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, and then I went to the rap adaptation Bomb-itty of Errors directed by Dave Horak at the Edmonton Fringe. And then in October I attended a Comedy of Errors production done by Red Deer College Theatre Performance and Creation students and directed by Jeff Page.
The set visible before the play started hinted at a fantasy setting, with playful pastel triangles painted on a city backdrop and courtyard flooring. Then a drumroll and change in the lightning were followed by solemn standard-bearers and then the solemn entrance of the Duke of Ephesus (Julia van Dam) followed by her frail and bedraggled prisoner, Aegeon (JP Lord). After the long exposition necessary in the first scene, where Aegeon explains about his wife having been lost at sea with one twin son and one twin slave-companion and the Duke explains that although she feels pity for him, she won't make an exception to the law banning Syracusians, the action speeds up. Antipholus of Syracuse (Jake Tkaczyk) and Dromio of Syracuse (Jen Suter), the bewildered travellers, stumble into a cheerful busy marketplace, with bubbly 1960s-inspired pop music in the background. The costumes too seem to evoke the playful early 1960s, with ice-cream colours, argyle vests, and minidresses. Soon the play's theme of mistaken identity becomes clear, as various locals confuse the visiting Antipholus and Dromio for their identical-twin namesakes who live in the town, and the local pair (Richard Leurer as Antipholus of Ephesus and Brittany Martyshuk as Dromio of Ephesus) appear alternately with very similar body language and costuming, making the mix-up credible. Leurer and Tkaczyk have almost identical jaw-hanging confused expressions. Adriana, the impatient wife of Antipholus of Ephesus who is waiting the midday meal for her absent husband, is played with irritation and then increasing worry that her husband's unexplained behaviour might mean that he is unfaithful, by Victoria Day. Adriana's unmarried sister Luciana (Constance Isaac) has some amusing stage business with high heeled pumps that hurt her feet. Other local characters complicating the plot include Angelo (Tyler Johnson) a pompous prosperous goldsmith with tailored Nehru jacket and walking stick, an unnamed courtesan (Megan Einarson) in gogo boots with some outrageously flirtatious audience interaction, the Duke's overeager executioner (Wayne De Atley) and the soothsayer Doctor Pinch (Jessie Muir), an odd steampunk cross between a psychotherapist and a psychic. The servant Luce, who horrifies Dromio of Syracuse when she mistakes him for her husband Dromio of Ephesus, is played by Bret Jacobs. Casting Jacobs was an inspired choice for director Jeff Page, since he plays the bossy cook and affectionate wife with hilarious gusto, but also because Dromio of Syracuse's speech about her being repulsive because she is fat and dark-skinned is both funnier and more acceptable to my modern ears when the character is played by a man. Another aspect of Shakespeare's tale that made me uncomfortable on reading and on viewing of the previous productions was the way that the Dromio characters are treated by the Antipholus characters who own them/employ them and were raised together with them, with physical beating as well as verbal abuse. Again, a directorial choice in this production made that aspect a little more ridiculous and less disturbing, with most of the beating being done using rolled up newspapers.
The courtesan and her retinue performed an original musical number, Nothing but Love, by Edmonton musician Paul Morgan Donald, in a sort of bubbly sixties pop style. It was fun to watch and listen to, and it is still stuck in my head more than a month later. It didn't really advance the plot, but that didn't matter.
As things get more and more confused and messed up for the fellows from Syracuse, I noticed that they became more and more disheveled with every entrance, jackets lost, shirttails untucked, bow tie undone and almost falling off. Their Ephesian twins, more domestic and prosperous, didn't get quite as unravelled.
And then just before things fall apart completely, the tidy denouement worthy of Gilbert and Sullivan has the twins reuniting, the Abbess (Collette Radau, in full habit and wimple subduing audience and citizens with intimidating facial expressions) declaring herself to be the missing wife of Aegeon, and everyone getting their money and jewellery back.
I was particularly impressed by Julia Van Dam's performance as the Duke of Ephesus. Her physicality conveyed the character's undoubted authority, and it was clear in the first scene that the Duke regretted being unable to pardon Aegeon but was unwilling to break the law. She didn't play the part as a man; the Duke was referred to with female pronouns and this worked just fine.
The next play in the Red Deer College performance series, featuring some of these performers, is a musical adaptation of Lewis Carroll's Alice Through the Looking Glass, adapted by Jim DeFelice with music by Larry Reese. It opens tomorrow night, Thursday November 21st, at 7:30 pm on the Mainstage at the RDC Arts Centre.
This entry was posted in Theatre and tagged bret jacobs, brittany martyshuk, chase cownden, collette radau, comedy of errors, constance isaacs, dustin funk, j-p lord, jake tkaczyk, jeff page, jen suter, jessica bordley, jessie muir, julia van dam, megan einarson, paul morgan donald, red deer college, richard leurer, shakespeare, taylor pfeifer, theatre, tyler johnston, victoria day, wayne deatley on November 20, 2013 by Ephemeral Pleasures.
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Pingback: The backlog and the roundup | Ephemeral Pleasures | {
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Bald Hills, Prince Nicholas Bolkonski's estate, lay forty miles east from Smolensk and two miles from the main road to Moscow.
The same evening that the prince gave his instructions to Alpatych, Dessalles, having asked to see Princess Mary, told her that, as the prince was not very well and was taking no steps to secure his safety, though from Prince Andrew's letter it was evident that to remain at Bald Hills might be dangerous, he respectfully advised her to send a letter by Alpatych to the Provincial Governor at Smolensk, asking him to let her know the state of affairs and the extent of the danger to which Bald Hills was exposed. Dessalles wrote this letter to the Governor for Princess Mary, she signed it, and it was given to Alpatych with instructions to hand it to the Governor and to come back as quickly as possible if there was danger.
Having received all his orders Alpatych, wearing a white beaver hat- a present from the prince — and carrying a stick as the prince did, went out accompanied by his family. Three well-fed roans stood ready harnessed to a small conveyance with a leather hood.
The larger bell was muffled and the little bells on the harness stuffed with paper. The prince allowed no one at Bald Hills to drive with ringing bells; but on a long journey Alpatych liked to have them. His satellites — the senior clerk, a countinghouse clerk, a scullery maid, a cook, two old women, a little pageboy, the coachman, and various domestic serfs — were seeing him off.
His daughter placed chintz-covered down cushions for him to sit on and behind his back. His old sister-in-law popped in a small bundle, and one of the coachmen helped him into the vehicle.
"There! There! Women's fuss! Women, women!" said Alpatych, puffing and speaking rapidly just as the prince did, and he climbed into the trap.
After giving the clerk orders about the work to be done, Alpatych, not trying to imitate the prince now, lifted the hat from his bald head and crossed himself three times.
"If there is anything . . . come back, Yakov Alpatych! For Christ's sake think of us!" cried his wife, referring to the rumors of war and the enemy.
"Women, women! Women's fuss!" muttered Alpatych to himself and started on his journey, looking round at the fields of yellow rye and the still-green, thickly growing oats, and at other quite black fields just being plowed a second time.
As he went along he looked with pleasure at the year's splendid crop of corn, scrutinized the strips of ryefield which here and there were already being reaped, made his calculations as to the sowing and the harvest, and asked himself whether he had not forgotten any of the prince's orders.
Having baited the horses twice on the way, he arrived at the town toward evening on the fourth of August.
Alpatych kept meeting and overtaking baggage trains and troops on the road. As he approached Smolensk he heard the sounds of distant firing, but these did not impress him. What struck him most was the sight of a splendid field of oats in which a camp had been pitched and which was being mown down by the soldiers, evidently for fodder. This fact impressed Alpatych, but in thinking about his own business he soon forgot it.
All the interests of his life for more than thirty years had been bounded by the will of the prince, and he never went beyond that limit. Everything not connected with the execution of the prince's orders did not interest and did not even exist for Alpatych.
On reaching Smolensk on the evening of the fourth of August he put up in the Gachina suburb across the Dnieper, at the inn kept by Ferapontov, where he had been in the habit of putting up for the last thirty years. Some thirty years ago Ferapontov, by Alpatych's advice, had bought a wood from the prince, had begun to trade, and now had a house, an inn, and a corn dealer's shop in that province. He was a stout, dark, red-faced peasant in the forties, with thick lips, a broad knob of a nose, similar knobs over his black frowning brows, and a round belly.
Wearing a waistcoat over his cotton shirt, Ferapontov was standing before his shop which opened onto the street. On seeing Alpatych he went up to him.
"You're welcome, Yakov Alpatych. Folks are leaving the town, but you have come to it," said he.
"Why are they leaving the town?" asked Alpatych.
"That's what I say. Folks are foolish! Always afraid of the French."
"Women's fuss, women's fuss!" said Alpatych.
"Just what I think, Yakov Alpatych. What I say is: orders have been given not to let them in, so that must be right. And the peasants are asking three rubles for carting — it isn't Christian!"
Yakov Alpatych heard without heeding. He asked for a samovar and for hay for his horses, and when he had had his tea he went to bed.
All night long troops were moving past the inn. Next morning Alpatych donned a jacket he wore only in town and went out on business. It was a sunny morning and by eight o'clock it was already hot."A good day for harvesting," thought Alpatych.
From beyond the town firing had been heard since early morning. At eight o'clock the booming of cannon was added to the sound of musketry. Many people were hurrying through the streets and there were many soldiers, but cabs were still driving about, tradesmen stood at their shops, and service was being held in the churches as usual. Alpatych went to the shops, to government offices, to the post office, and to the Governor's. In the offices and shops and at the post office everyone was talking about the army and about the enemy who was already attacking the town, everybody was asking what should be done, and all were trying to calm one another.
"It's no joke, you know! It's all very well if you're single. 'One man though undone is but one,' as the proverb says, but with thirteen in your family and all the property . . . They've brought us to utter ruin! What sort of governors are they to do that? They ought to be hanged — the brigands! . . ."
"Oh come, that's enough!" said the other.
"What do I care? Let him hear! We're not dogs," said the ex-captain of police, and looking round he noticed Alpatych.
"Oh, Yakov Alpatych! What have you come for?"
"To see the Governor by his excellency's order," answered Alpatych, lifting his head and proudly thrusting his hand into the bosom of his coat as he always did when he mentioned the prince . . . ."He has ordered me to inquire into the position of affairs," he added.
"Yes, go and find out!" shouted the angry gentleman."They've brought things to such a pass that there are no carts or anything! . . . There it is again, do you hear?" said he, pointing in the direction whence came the sounds of firing.
"They've brought us all to ruin . . . the brigands!" he repeated, and descended the porch steps.
Alpatych swayed his head and went upstairs. In the waiting room were tradesmen, women, and officials, looking silently at one another. The door of the Governor's room opened and they all rose and moved forward. An official ran out, said some words to a merchant, called a stout official with a cross hanging on his neck to follow him, and vanished again, evidently wishing to avoid the inquiring looks and questions addressed to him. Alpatych moved forward and next time the official came out addressed him, one hand placed in the breast of his buttoned coat, and handed him two letters. | {
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Things may or may not happen. They may or may not be electronic, or/nor orchestral. Probably something striving towards amusing. And some atmosphere would be good.
hello from NYC- great to see ya back, even if its for only a few things!
Really, really, REALLY hoping you'll bring your awesomeness back this year!
Yes! Make the stunning comeback! | {
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Clemson, SC (SportsNetwork.com) - The 19th-ranked North Carolina Tar Heels and Clemson Tigers will begin play in the ACC when the two schools square off at Littlejohn Coliseum on Saturday evening.
Roy Williams' Tar Heels are clinging to their spot in the Top-25 with strong play of late. The team has reeled off four straight victories since a 6-3 start to the season and comes into league play off an 86-64 rout of William & Mary. UNC is 50-11 all-time in ACC openers, although it has lost its last two league lid-lifters.
Brad Brownell's Tigers will be closing out a three-game homestand with this contest. Clemson has won two straight and four of its last five games to sit at 8-4 on the year. The team has knocked off Oakland (70-60) and Robert Morris (64-57) in the first two legs of this homestand. Brownell will earn his 250th career victory with the team's next win.
UNC holds a huge 128-20 edge in the all-time series with Clemson, including a 26-13 mark at Littlejohn Coliseum. The Tar Heels have claimed victory in 16 of the last 17 meetings.
The Tar Heels jumped all over the Tribe early on, shooting a scorching .656 from the floor in the first half and effectively putting the game out of reach, taking a 49-27 lead into halftime. UNC cooled off considerably after the break, converting just 34.5 percent from the floor, but William & Mary couldn't take advantage, despite a strong comeback bid over the final 20 minutes. J.P. Tokoto led the way for North Carolina with a 19-point, 10- rebound double-double. Marcus Paige finished with 14 points and six assists, while Nate Britt chipped in with 11 points.
When North Carolina is on, this is an extremely tough team to keep pace with. The Tar Heels enter league play shooting .460 from the field overall and averaging 81.3 ppg. In addition, the team has dominated play on the boards, and currently boasts of a +9.7 rebounding margin. Paige is a difference maker in the backcourt and leads the team in scoring at 13.6 ppg. Big man Kennedy Meeks provides frontcourt balance. The 6-9, 270-pound sophomore is converting over 62 percent from the floor and is averaging 12.8 points and 8.9 rebounds per game. Depth comes in the form of Brice Johnson (11.6 ppg), Justin Jackson (9.6 ppg) and Tokoto (9.4 ppg).
Clemson's approach is more defensive in nature. The Tigers come into conference play allowing a mere 61.7 ppg, as foes are shooting under 40 percent from the floor overall (.392) and just over 30 percent from behind the arc (.308). Offensively, it is sophomore forward Jaron Blossomgame that leads the attack, as he paces the team in both scoring (13.7 ppg) and rebounding (8.6 rpg). Despite putting up a modest 66.5 ppg, Clemson has scoring depth, as both Demarcus Harrison (11.0 ppg) and Donte Grantham (10.3 ppg) are in double figures, while Landry Nnoko (9.9 ppg) and Rod Hall (9.5 ppg) are just under that mark.
The Tigers got another strong effort from Blossomgame, fueling the seven-point win over Robert Morris last time out. Blossomgame recorded a double-double, going 6-of-9 from the floor and tallying 16 points and 12 rebounds in the win. Grantham and Harrison played big roles as well, finishing with 13 and 11 points, respectively. | {
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Could J. Cole be Exploring a Career in the NBA? Master P Seems to Think So
J. Cole is thinking about hanging up his hat in the rap game to explore a career in the NBA, according to Master P.
By Mitchell Peters
Mitchell Peters
More Stories by Mitchell
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J. Cole attends the 2019 State Farm All-Star Saturday Night at Spectrum Center on Feb. 16, 2019 in Charlotte, N.C. Kevin Mazur/Getty Images
Could J. Cole soon be hanging up his hat in the rap game for a career in the NBA? Master P certainly seems to think it's a possibility.
Last week, Cole and Puma dropped a commercial for the 35-year-old "No Role Modelz" rapper's new signature sneaker line, Dreamer. In the 30-second spot, Cole is seen training hard on the basketball court while Master P narrates in the background.
"You can't be serious. I know you ain't bout to try and do what I think you bout to try to do, 'cause that would be crazy. And you ain't crazy is you? I mean, what's the odds?" the No Limit Records hip-hop mogul, who famously signed contracts with the NBA's Charlotte Hornets and Toronto Raptors in the 1990s, says in ad.
J. Cole Reveals He Has Two Sons While Reminiscing About His College Hoop Dreams
It's well documented that Cole is a force to be reckoned with on the court. In a recent essay for Derek Jeter's The Player's Tribune, Cole wrote about giving up a chance to play basketball at St. John's University to pursue his dream of becoming a hip-hop star.
Raising even more questions about Cole's possible future in professional sports, Master P told TMZ that he's had conversations with the Dreamville rapper about what it would take to make it in the NBA.
☁️☁️☁️☁️☁️DREAMER☁️☁️☁️☁️☁️ Thank you og @MasterPMiller 🙏🏿
Dreamer available tomorrow @puma @footlocker pic.twitter.com/NSZPvPpSdb
— J. Cole (@JColeNC) July 30, 2020
"When I talked to J. Cole, he was like, 'You know, big dog, you did it. What do you think I would have to do to make it happen?'" Master P told TMZ. "I said, to get one of these NBA jerseys, it's not gonna be easy. It's gonna be a lot of hate, it's gonna be a lot of people not believing in you, but you know J. Cole — he got the right size, he in the gym!"
Master P continued, "But, what I told him, this a different time we're in. They're going to pick you apart! You're gonna have to be able to hit every shot and if you don't hit every shot, they — you know in the NBA, they don't hit every shot but they believe in them. So you're gonna have to go somewhere where the team really believe in you and the players believe in you."
Master P added that Cole won't get free pass in the NBA just because he's a famous rapper.
"They've been putting their whole life into this. So you're gonna have to prove you're worthy of being on that court," he said. "I believe in him and I believe that he's a youngster that has a lot of desire."
In addition to promoting his new shoe line with Puma, Cole is also working on his upcoming album, The Fall Off.
Master P said that J. Cole is really gunna try out for the NBA 😳🏀 pic.twitter.com/06t6G7K55N
— Team DREAMVILLE (@TeamDreamville) August 1, 2020 | {
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KUIAS
About KUIAS
Distinguished Professors /
Distinguished Professor and iCeMS Director Susumu Kitagawa Selected as 2019 Highly Cited Researcher
Distinguished Professor Susumu Kitagawa
Clarivate Analytics* has selected Distinguished Professor Susumu Kitagawa as one of the Highly Cited Researchers for ranking in the top 1% most cited papers in the field of chemistry. Papers that are often cited by other papers can be said that they have a significant impact within their respective fields of study, and therefore the list draws global attention every year when it is announced.
This year's list contains about 6,200 Highly Cited Researchers, about 3,700 researchers in 21 fields of the sciences and social sciences, and also about 2,500 researchers identified as having exceptional performance across several fields. The list was made based on the number of highly cited papers they produced over an 11-year period spanning from 2008 to 2018.
This is the sixth consecutive year that Kitagawa was selected for the list. He previously awarded as a Thomson Reuters Citation Laureate in 2010.
* Clarivate Analytics:Formerly the Department of Intelectulal Property & Science at Thomson Reuters and separated as a newly independent company as of October 2016.
Clarivate Analytics: Highly Cited Researchers
Select Year 2020 (2) 2019 (40) 2018 (9) 2017 (22) 2016 (2)
Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study
Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
Copyright © Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study.
日本語 / En | {
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"What is it?" whispered Tigger to Piglet.
"His Strengthening Medicine," said Piglet. "He hates it."
"He's taken my medicine, he's taken my medicine, he's taken my medicine!" sang Roo happily, thinking it was a tremendous joke.
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Home > Auto > Auto News
A glimpse of Aston Martin Red Bull hypercar AM-RB-001
null | 6 July 2016 7:13 PM GMT
Aston Martin and Red Bull Racing recently announced a landmark partnership to co-develop a hypercar which will capture the essence of both the brands....
Aston Martin and Red Bull Racing recently announced a landmark partnership to co-develop a hypercar which will capture the essence of both the brands. The legendary F1 engineer Adrian Newey has been put in charge of the team which comprises engineers and designers from the British supercar marque and the Austrian F1 team.
Codenamed AM-RB-001, the hypercar has now been revealed. The highly exclusive automobile will hit the market sometime in 2018 and will be assembled at Aston Martin's Gaydon facility which also built the One-77.
Including the prototypes, only 99-150 units will be built of which 25 would be track-only versions. Red Bull says that the elite customer list for the upcoming hypercar will include the F1 legends, moguls, and megastars.
The outlandish looking automobile prioritizes aerodynamics and the companies promise unprecedented levels of downforce. The design language is entirely new and if it's not for the winged badge on the nose, one would find it difficult to deduce the car's identity.
While Aston Martin will pitch in with its expertise in design, interior, comfort and engine (a naturally aspirated V12 motor), Red Bull will be in charge of transmission, suspension and other performance aspects. Technical specifications are not shared as of now but it has been announced that the vehicle will have a power-t0-weight ratio of 1000 bhp per tonne.
This article has first appeared in Rushlane.com
F1 engineer Adrian Newey | {
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Lürzer's Archive - Spot of the Week: Not! Sure!
In this rather eccentric commercial, Germany's Sparkasse savings banks comes up with a musical number in which the difficulties of making financial decisions are portrayed in all their exhausting and time-consuming tediousness. The laborious process involves hours spent going through various scenarios, worrying about what might – and might not – be, while seeking to straighten it all out in one's mind. | {
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Home1980s'80s Cultural Symbols: Studying the Objects That Defined 1980s Youth Culture
'80s Cultural Symbols: Studying the Objects That Defined 1980s Youth Culture
RD80s Staff 12/20/2021
Those who grew up in the 80s would argue that they had the best time growing up. There are several things to remember with a fond smile that made growing up in the 80s the best time. These events and symbols reinforce their belief that those who missed the 80s era missed a treasure greater than gold.
The symbolism of the 1980s culture is vast, varied, and influential. It affected every sphere of those who grew up in the era and even to this day. There are lots of symbolism essays provided by students that talk about the immense 1980s culture. There are various free essay samples you can check out to get you started.
Fashion in The 1980s
The teenage culture in the 1980s was made memorable thanks to fashion. What is deemed fashionable changes from one era to another and, in the 1980s fashion had a field day or decade if you will? No fashion education is complete without a course or at the very least, a quick lesson in the 1980s. A lot of experimentation occurred with fashion in the 1980s and the designers went all out in their creations. Some of what is taught in school today as part of the academic class emanated from the experimentations that occurred in the 1980s.
For the wild and the unrestricted, fashion in the 80s resulted in some rather unique and quite memorable styles. No color was exempted and no fabric style was ignored. From neon to velvet, yellow to velour, everywhere was bright, bold, and colorful. The women of the era were unapologetic about their outfits and held their heads high with clothes that are deemed such a fashion error it is punishable by a jail sentence in today's world. The 1980s fashion scene was filled with ripped tights and biker jackets; the outsized blazers and poof skirts.
The colorful outfits will not be complete without the accessories to match. Hoop earrings and sunglasses made their statements alongside the extravagant style. To complete the look were the trendy items like the scrunches and the fingerless gloves, the plastic bangles and the fanny packs, the pearl necklaces, and the mesh accents. Any 1980s baby would tell you the most popular clothing of the era for men was Oxford shirts, turtlenecks, and polo shirts which were worn with khaki, suspenders, and corduroy. For women, those who were in fashion donned on ripped jeans, Lycra, spandex, and high-waist jeans.
Games in The 1980s
A great deal of the 1980s youth culture was largely influenced by popular games, fashion, and television, much like today's world. One of the greatest 80s iconic things that made such a rave even until this day is the Rubik's Cube. Once the Rubik's Cube hit the streets, everyone was seen with one.
Young adults, teenagers, parents, and even grandparents had one Rubik's Cube they were trying to figure out. The puzzling game was also highly addictive so much so that Patrick Bossert wrote a book called "You Can Do The Cube'' when he was 12 years old. The guidebook provided answers and revealed the secrets of the game. The highly skillful marketing strategy sold over 1.5 million copies, providing relief to many frustrated people who have been bested by the Cube game.
Every college student who loves video games should know the video game era of the 1980s. The highly popular game Pac-Man made its debut in 1980 and it could be argued that Pac-Man was the most popular game of the era. Writing class assignments on Pac-Man will help brush up on the history of Pac-Man. The original design by Namco presented the game in a simple concept that is easy to grasp by anyone in a matter of seconds. The highly popular game changed the way the 1980s children grew up with champions rising on every block.
All eras have what defines them and what makes them stand out from the other. Pop culture in 1980 was defined by a great deal so much so that the 80s era had an impact on the coming generations. From music to fashion; games and even books, the 1980s era was filled with a lot of glitz and glamour that makes the year one to reckon with.
1980s 80s Pop Culture
Posted by RD80s Staff | {
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The Sanford Chamber of Commerce was established in 1920 and is an active association of Central Florida business leaders located in the beautiful downtown area of Sanford, Florida. | {
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Qualitative research can be an exciting adventure when you have engaged respondents who share colorful, articulate responses that help you get to your most valuable insights. When you go into the research process, you may already have an idea of how you'd like the outcome to be, but you can never know for sure how your consumers, shoppers, or users are going to respond to your stimuli, questions, or ideas. The qualitative research landscape is ripe with innovation right now, which means there are several paths to choose when it comes to the right methodology for your research needs.
Here, we take a look at five qualitative methodologies and some examples of how they compare to each other in terms of your specific research goals and parameters. | {
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LEXINGTON BOOKS
Published in the United States of America
by Lexington Books
An Imprint of the Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group
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Cumnor Hill, Oxford OX2 9JJ, England
Copyright @ 2002 by Lexington Books
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Boesche, Roger.
The first great political realist : Kautilya and his Arthashastra /
Roger Boesche.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
9780739155028
1. Kauòtalya. Arthaâsåastra. 2. Political science—India—History—Early works to 1800. 3. State, The—Early works to 1800. 4. India—Politics and government—To 997. 5. India—Politics and government—997–1765. I. Title.
JA84.I4 B64 2002
320.1—dc21
2002005218
Printed in the United States of America
™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992.
"For without friends, no one would choose to live, though he had all other goods."–Aristotle
To my friends Mandy, Kelsey, David, Eric, Heidi, Janine, Nina, Paula, Stephen.
# Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 \- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Chapter 2 \- A SCIENCE OF POLITICS FOR A WISE KING
Chapter 3 \- KAUTILYA'S SPY STATE
Chapter 4 \- THE ECONOMY: A SOCIALIST MONARCHY
Chapter 5 \- FOREIGN POLICY AND WAR
Chapter 6 \- POWER, ADVANCEMENT, AND A THEORY OF HISTORY
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Index
About the Author
# PREFACE
After completing my book Theories of Tyranny: From Plato to Arendt (1996), I found myself exhausted with the European tradition of political thought. I decided to revisit some old political theorist friends in Asia, specifically in China and India. Having written for some years about hard-nosed analysts of tyranny, I was impatient with political dreamers. "Don't tell me the world you'd like to see," I thought. "Tell me the realities of politics." Instead of Plato, Rousseau, and Hegel, give me Thucydides, Machiavelli, and Weber. And then I stumbled upon a thinker whose name and reputation rested deep and barely disturbed in my memory, indeed anxiously waving his hand like a schoolboy in class eager to be recognized, a political philosopher reputed to be the undisputed champion of all no-nonsense realists, a monster of cunning and bluntness. His name is Kautilya; he wrote his Arthashastra, or science of politics, about 300 B.C.E. He was like a chancellor to the emperor Chandragupta Maurya, who first unified the Indian subcontinent in empire.
Immediately, I encountered problems. Despite earnest and time-consuming efforts, I couldn't find a place to buy Kautilya's Arthashastra in the United States. I finally got hold of my first copy by having a student of mine mail me one he purchased in India! (If anyone reading this preface would like a copy of Kautilya's Arthashastra, contact South Asia Books, either at www.southasiabooks.com or by phoning 573-474-0116.) Even a recent Penguin Books English translation of Kautilya's Arthashastra was and still is available only in India. Apparently, those in the marketing departments at Penguin Books concluded that there was no American market. It was a reasonable conclusion. After searching for some years, I cannot find a single book written specifically about Kautilya published in the United States, Canada, or Australia. There are some older books published in Great Britain, and there is much material published in English in India. Nor could I find a single article published in the United States, although I have been told that there is one article, written in 1964, on Kautilya's theory of international relations in the American Political Science Review.
Why has Kautilya's brilliant book been so overlooked? First, along with major foundations, university and college faculties—more the former than the latter—help decide which academic fields are important and which are less important or which are of little importance at all. This changes slowly over time. In English departments, few were reading African-American or women authors several decades ago, and now priorities have changed dramatically. Before the 1980s and the upheavals in Central America, few scholars of Latin America knew much at all about Guatemala and Nicaragua, but suddenly world attention caused a shift in focus. Similarly, until the Palestinian voice, and Arab and Muslim voices in general, became louder in the 1970s, few political science departments had a specialist in Middle Eastern Studies, but now it is all quite common.
In the 1950s and the early 1960s, a number of American scholars were studying India, because India with its somewhat democratic institutions and its mixed economy—some capitalism and some state-controlled industry—was supposed to surpass communist China in economic development. In short, democratic India versus communist China was a Cold War lab experiment. As China developed more quickly and rapidly eclipsed India in such areas as life expectancy, lower rates of infant mortality, and literacy—but not of course in elections or human rights—interest in the Cold War contest faltered. As the world watched Mao's China lunge from the Great Leap Forward to the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, China suddenly became the focus of attention. Students of the sixties—my generation—who had been reading Gandhi, the Bhagavad Gita, and the Upanishads, surrendered these Indian writings and turned to the selected works of Mao, and, even more embarrassing in retrospect, Mao's little Red Book. With these developments in China, with the war in Vietnam, and with the economic success stories of Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore, East and Southeast Asia have received almost all of the focus of American universities. South Asia—and Central Asia where the war in Afghanistan rages while I write this—has been woefully neglected in almost every discipline in the universities, although there are a few universities with admirable programs on South Asia.
There is probably one more reason. Demand from the public at large and eventually from students bubbles up and becomes slowly recognized in colleges and universities. Understandably, women, African-Americans, and Latinos want to read about their histories and about their cultural contributions to the United States. Similarly, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean immigrants have played a significant role in American history, particularly in the western United States, and the comparatively larger Chinese, Japanese, and Korean American populations have created a demand for courses on East Asian politics, history, and literature, as well as East Asian contributions to American culture and history. By contrast, there is no comparable demand from South Asian immigrant communities and families, because immigration from India and Pakistan—not to mention Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal—is comparatively much smaller.
But the demand for scholarship on India is just around the corner. So, in a sense, this book is written for the near future when scholars take a fresh look at the rich traditions of religion, literature, philosophy, and political thought in ancient India. Why am I confident of this? First, India now has more than one billion people, and, within a couple of decades, will surpass the population of China. The most populous country in the world cannot continue to be ignored. Second, there is a renewed emphasis on adding to the study of European and American cultures the study of cultures from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Already, more and more faculty members and students are realizing that literature today is not English literature, not even European literature, but instead world literature. Great novels are pouring out of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, and there is a profitable subindustry in finding the latest authors from India. Soon professors who teach political thought will have to know—because of pressure from students, other professors, and foundations—the traditions of political thought in China, India, Africa, and the Islamic world from Morocco to India. As the academic world moves toward multicultural curricula, there will be more of a demand for non-European political thought and textbooks and monographs to help with that. At that moment, in the not too distant future, Kautilya and his Arthashastra will be much better known. For you readers of the future, I hope this book is helpful.
Some of this book has appeared elsewhere or will soon. See "Kautilya's Arthashastra: A Pendulum Theory of History." South Asian Studies vol. 17, n.n. 2001: 1-6; "Moderate Machiavelli? Contrasting The Prince With Kautilya's Arthashastra." Critical Horizons vol. 2, no. 3, September, 2002, forthcoming; and "Kautilya's Arthashastra: War and Diplomacy in Ancient India." Journal of Military Affairs, forthcoming 2003.
There are many people to whom I am grateful. Charles Drekmeier of Stanford University first introduced me to Indian political thought several decades ago, and his book Kingship and Community in Early India remains important. The National Endowment for the Humanities provided me with a fellowship for parts of the academic year 1999-2000 to work on this project, and to them I offer sincere gratitude. My friends Sheldon Wolin and Peter Breiner helped me obtain that fellowship, and they had confidence that this project would work out. To them I give warm thanks. Occidental's Dean of Faculty, David Axeen, and my friend, Nina Gelbart, have been very encouraging and supportive. Michael Kerwin and John de La Fontaine of the Occidental College library have been of great assistance in finding articles and books for my research, the majority of which are from India and the vast majority of which I had to receive through interlibrary loan and document delivery. Former students Eroica Howard and Susan Lehrer acted with great energy and ingenuity to help find many books and articles. Mary Pullen and Cynthia Marugg have been invaluable in many details. Finally, and most importantly, I am not sure that I could have finished much of anything without my wife, Mandy, and my daughter, Kelsey.
Occidental College
Los Angeles
January, 2002
# INTRODUCTION
Kautilya's Arthashastra—to be exact in the spelling, Arthaśāstra—is one of the great books of political thought, but on each reader it leaves its mark, a chill as when a dark cloud blocks a warm sun. Is there any other book that talks so openly about when using violence is justified? When assassinating an enemy is useful? When killing domestic opponents is wise? How one uses secret agents? When one needs to sacrifice one's own secret agent? How the king can use women and children as spies and even assassins? When a nation should violate a treaty and invade its neighbor? Kautilya—and to my knowledge only Kautilya—addresses all those questions. In what cases must a king spy on his own people? How should a king test his ministers, even his own family members, to see if they are worthy of trust? When must a king kill a prince, his own son, who is heir to the throne? How does one protect a king from poison? What precautions must a king take against assassination by one's own wife? When is it appropriate to arrest a troublemaker on suspicion alone? When is torture justified? At some point, every reader wonders: Is there not one question that Kautilya found immoral, too terrible to ask in a book? No, not one. And this is what brings a frightful chill. But this is also why Kautilya was the first great, unrelenting political realist.
Midway through his Prince, in discussing how a prince should rule his subjects, Machiavelli wrote, "It appears to me more proper to go to the real truth of the matter than to its imagination; and many have imagined republics or principalities which have not been seen or known to exist in reality." (Machiavelli ch. 15, 56) This passage perfectly characterizes Machiavelli's approach to the study of politics. He was more interested in studying the way the political world is than how it ought to be, more fascinated with how the political world works than how it ought to work, more focused on the realities of politics than the ideals. Impatient with those like Plato, who dreamed up ideals to which the world should rush to bring itself into accord, Machiavelli was the quintessential political realist.
Some eighteen hundred years earlier in India, the first great political realist—Kautilya—was the chief advisor to Chandragupta Maurya, the king who united the Indian subcontinent in empire. Sometime around 300 B.C.E., Kautilya also wrote his Arthashastra—literally translated as a "science of wealth" but more often rendered as "science of politics"—that describes how a king should rule. In terms of offering frank and often brutal advice to a king, Kautilya makes Machiavelli seem mild. For example, whereas Machiavelli only examines cursorily the topic of assassination in the Prince and gives no advice about spies, arrest on suspicion, and torture, Kautilya discusses all these topics at length in his Arthashastra.
Actually, the categories of "realist" and "idealist" break down under close scrutiny. Surely Plato was the prototypical idealist, but he offered some lasting insights, indeed fine empirical insights, into the real worlds of democracy and tyranny in his Republic. And while Machiavelli is the most obvious realist in the European tradition of political thought, he had in fact his own ideal of the ancient Roman republic, an ideal that really existed in the past, as one can see by reading his Discourses or his History of Florence. In fact, when one reads Kautilya's Arthashastra, it is hard to know how much of the book is descriptive and how much is prescriptive, how much is real and how much ideal. We know from other contemporary sources that Kautilya was often describing the workings of the Mauryan Empire, but it is impossible to know in what passages of the Arthashastra exactly when he is describing rule by Chandragupta Maurya and when he is prescribing actions for an ideal king. In short, far from being sharp contrasts, the words realist and idealist give us a continuum of gradations between those more interested in analyzing the realities of the political world and those wishing to outline an ideal world toward which men and women can strive.
One must understand one more qualification of this supposed dichotomy between realists and idealists. It is false to believe that realists always advocate ruling over their subjects in a cruel and frightful manner whereas idealists wish to see humane and caring government. For example, Kautilya sought rule by a wise king, and he noted again and again that it was in the king's self-interest to be generous to the people, to establish something like a welfare state to provide work for all who needed it, to care for those unable to work, to keep taxes low, to provide for the public good by building roads and harbors and parks, and to discover grievances of the people and address them quickly. In short, social justice is in the king's self-interest, because fair treatment of the people prevents rebellions from within and lends to eager support of the king in case of an attack from without. Both Machiavelli and Kautilya judged political actions by results; the ends sometimes justify the means. They maintained that sometimes one needed to act in a traditionally evil manner to bring about the general good for one's people. By the same token, quite often acting in a socially just manner brings the best results.
Realism is a word more often used in the study of international relations than in trying to understand domestic policies. A much respected text on international relations gives four basic characteristics of a realist approach to foreign policy: (1) the assumption that human nature is aggressive; (2) the belief that international relations will always be characterized by conflict, especially war; (3) the emphasis on the military security of the state; and (4) the conviction that something like progress, which may be possible in domestic governance, is not possible in the international arena. (Jackson and Sorensen 1999, 68) Realists assume that each nation state seeks its own political, economic, and military interests, and in doing so, nations come into conflict and try to increase political, economic, and military power. Hans Morgenthau defined all politics as "a struggle for power." (Morgenthau 1985, 195) If each nation state is trying to maximize power—and this was Hobbes's view of the state of nature for individuals—then one must focus on making one's state powerful in order to avoid war, and hence realists talk in terms of balance of powers and countervailing powers. Kenneth Waltz, the very influential neo-realist, focuses on the structure of power or the constellation of interests in domestic policy—again, political, economic, and military interests—that explain why a nation's foreign policy doesn't differ dramatically no matter which leader or political party has power. Like other realists, Waltz also assumes that the world will always witness "the unregulated competition of states" and that success in foreign policy is "defined as preserving and strengthening the state." (Waltz 1979, 117)
Kautilya was also a realist in international relations, and as such, his foremost goal was to protect the state and its people. Kautilya certainly assumed that every state would act in its own self-interest, and he knew that one's own state must be strong—politically, economically, and militarily—to minimize the possibility of an attack. In short, he understood balance of power arguments long before anyone had invented the phrase "balance of power." In his own analyses of international relations, he put forward the now common view that a leader should assume that all neighboring states are enemies, whereas, by contrast, any state on the opposite side of a neighboring state is a potential ally. Or, the enemy of my enemy is my friend.
In one vital way, Kautilya differed from modern realists. Whereas modern realists are intent on defending the state and perhaps furthering its economic and military interests, Kautilya was an expansionist who wanted the kings he advised to be world conquerors who, he hoped, would pacify the population and bring spiritual and material prosperity to the Indian subcontinent. Thus, as much as any political thinker—more, even, than Machiavelli—he defended and encouraged imperialistic expansion and not merely defense of the state. Kautilya argued that at any given moment a kingdom is in a state of decline, stability, or advancement. While either in decline or in a condition of stability, each kingdom focuses on defending itself, making necessary alliances, and solving the internal problems—usually economic—causing difficulty. If, however, a kingdom has a prosperous economy, a well-treated populace, no calamities, and strong leadership, that kingdom is in a position to advance and conquer neighboring states. No moral qualms should restrain it from conquering. Kautilya makes very clear that promises made by a king or treaties duly negotiated and signed should not hinder invasion and conquest. Quite literally, Kautilya wanted a king who could shake hands on a peace treaty on Monday and attack on Tuesday. Trust, morality, and justice—such concepts play no role in international relations. However, sometimes, indeed quite often, humane considerations are in the self-interest of a conquering army. For example, one reads nowhere in Kautilya's Arthashastra of the army butchering ordinary soldiers of the enemy, much less the civilian population, whereas stories of this sort of slaughter were all too common in the ancient world. It is in the self-interest for conquering armies, Kautilya argued, to be humane and generous to defeated armies and citizens because, with such practices, a conquering king can recruit new soldiers, add new farmers, bring more cultivated farmland into his empire, and fatten the treasury. Needless to say, Kautilya insisted on killing the leaders of a conquered people.
One final introductory note. Who else might claim the title of "the first great political realist"? In the Chinese tradition, the great Legalist scholar Han Fei Tzu—whose writings were used by the King of Ch'in to unify China ruthlessly and establish the Ch'in dynasty—might well deserve consideration, but he was writing around 250 B.C.E., about fifty years after Kautilya. In the European tradition, admirers of Thucydides, and I am certainly one, might well argue that he is the first political realist, because he surely shows us the often brutal realities of domestic politics and international relations in The Peloponnesian War. The argument for Thucydides is a plausible one. Nevertheless, I favor Kautilya for two reasons. First, Thucydides' book is a work of history, and he did not write a systematic political treatise advising the leader of a great nation how to rule within the state and how to conduct foreign and military affairs outside one's borders. Second, as many have pointed out, however well he described how nations interact, Thucydides did not discuss international relations in the absence of moral concerns such as justice. (Orwin 1994, 8-11, 117, 154-55, 201-2; Johnson 1993, 146–47; Riley 2000, 150) In some ways, he was as appalled as his readers at the brutalities engendered by foreign policies and warfare. While describing how the Athenians were justifying their empire to Sparta, Thucydides inserted a sentence that we would not find in Kautilya's Arthashastra. "Those who really deserve praise," says the Athenian speaker, "are the people who, while human enough to enjoy power, nevertheless pay more attention to justice than they are compelled to do by their situation." (Thucydides I, 76, 80) I interpret this to mean that Thucydides has an objective standard of justice, a moral yardstick by which to measure human actions. As I will show later, Kautilya has no moral standard by which to assess political action other than judging the good or bad results political action brings to the state and its people. Certainly Thucydides is some kind of political realist, but he too would have experienced that frightful chill if he had read the Arthashastra.
# Chapter 1
# HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Kautilya's Arthashastra was one of the great political books of the ancient world. Max Weber recognized this. "Truly radical 'Machiavellianism,' in the popular sense of that word," Weber said in his famous lecture "Politics as a Vocation," "is classically expressed in Indian literature in the Arthashastra of Kautilya (written long before the birth of Christ, ostensibly in the time of Chandragupta [Maurya]): compared to it, Machiavelli's The Prince is harmless." (Weber 1919, 220) Despite its importance as a classic of unsparing political realism, Kautilya's Arthashastra is little known outside of India.
This book seeks to introduce readers to Kautilya's social and political thought and tries to put Kautilya's political theory into the cultural and historical context of his times. Just as students of literature are exploring writings from around the world and not just English literature, so must political theorists understand that serious political thought has taken place beyond the borders of the United States and Europe. The reader who discovers Kautilya will find a political theory, which, taken as a whole, is unlike anything found in the West. For example, it is a theory of monarchy that must find a place for the key classes, castes, and subcastes of early Hinduism but allow for the supremacy of the monarch. Kautilya's Arthashastra also depicts a bureaucratic welfare state, in fact some kind of socialized monarchy, in which the central government administers the details of the economy for the common good, indeed, to some extent, on behalf of classes that had historically suffered. While watching Kautilya advise a monarch on how to balance the interests of Brahmin priests, powerful merchants, ambitious generals, and his own advisors, the reader is witnessing a timeless rendition, something like a virtuoso performance, by a genius of political realism. Kautilya's political thought, however, leaves no room for privacy and individual rights because Kautilya advocates a spy state, a system of surveillance, each watching each, that history has probably only found in the twentieth-century totalitarian states of the Soviet Union and China. In addition, Kautilya offers a work of genius in matters of foreign policy and warfare, including key principles of international relations from a realist perpsective and a discussion of when an army must use cruel violence and when it is more advantageous to be humane. We read Kautilya for the same reasons we read any brilliant political theorist: He makes us see the political world with new eyes, and he forces us to broaden our categories of political thinking.
# Historical Context
Kautilya was the key advisor to—and the genius of the strategy undertaken by—the king Chandragupta Maurya (c. 317-293 B.C.E.), who defeated the Nanda kings, stopped the advance of Alexander the Great's successors, and first united the Indian subcontinent in empire. Kautilya, sometimes called chancellor or prime minister to Chandragupta, composed his Arthashastra, or "science of politics," to tell a wise king how to defeat one's enemies and rule on behalf of the general good. He was not modest in his claims as to how much he helped Chandragupta. "This science has been composed by him [Kautilya], who in resentment, quickly regenerated the science and the weapon and [conquered] the earth that was under control of the Nanda kings." (Kautilya, Arthashastra, Book 15, Chapter 1, line 73, page 516; hereafter A.15.1.73, 516) Claiming only that he "regenerated" the arthashastra, Kautilya openly borrowed from previous works. One scholar counts at least eighteen precursors who worked on an arthashastra, and Kautilya mentioned fourteen of these in his work. (Singh 1993, 8-9) Some believe that other authors added to Kautilya's Arthashastra, even as late as 250 or 300 C.E. (Wolpert 1982, 57; Kulke and Rothermund 1991, 63) Kautilya's Arthashastra was very influential until the twelfth century C.E. when it disappeared, although it continued to be referred to afterwards. The text reappeared rather miraculously in 1904 and was given to R. Swamasastry, the Librarian at the Mysore Government Oriental Library, who subsequently published it in 1909 and published an English translation in 1915. (Kosambi 1994, 142; Rangajaran 1992, 18-23; Bandyopadhyaya 1927, 16-17)
When Alexander the Great crossed the Indus river and formally entered India in 326 B.C.E., India was nominally ruled by one king, but actually divided and ruled badly by eight different sons with the name Nanda against whom there was great popular resentment. In short, the Nanda kings were despised because they were inept, immoral, extraordinarily greedy, cruel, and born as Shūdras, one of the lowest castes. (Bhargava 1996, 25, 34; Mookerji 1988, 6-8)
Legend has it that Kautilya, a Brahmin by birth, was insulted by a Nanda king, cursed that king, threatened to destroy him, and miraculously escaped disguised as an ascetic. (Mookerji 1988, 21) Afterwards he swore that he would destroy the Nanda kings and the Greek foreign invaders of India, and he wandered in search of someone who could help him fulfill his vow of revenge. (For examples of these legends, see Bhargava 1996, 121-28) In his travels, he came upon Chandragupta, who was from the Kshatriya, or warrior and ruler caste. Kautilya watched him as a young boy playing with others, and Chandragupta clearly demonstrated to his observer that he was a born leader. Kautilya immediately took him to his home town of Taxila, a famous center of learning at the time, not only in sciences and arts, but also in military strategy. (Mookerji 1988, 16-17) As Chandragupta studied and learned, he and Kautilya plotted and planned how to stop the Greeks, destroy the Nanda kings, and unite India. Justin and Plutarch both report that the young Chandragupta visited Alexander himself, who was often in or near Taxila, and somehow he offended Alexander, who ordered his execution—perhaps he offended Alexander by boldly telling him that Alexander could have taken all of India because the Nanda kings were "hated and despised" (Plutarch cited by Mookerji 1988, 6), perhaps by castigating Alexander for his tyranny (Bhargava 1996, 37), or perhaps just by his not so deferential tone of speech. (Raychaudhuri 1996b, 144)
The legends continue with the claim that Chandragupta and Kautilya raised an army with money, an interesting fact to remember when we see Kautilya stress the importance of the treasury, and tried to attack the heart of the Nanda empire, but were defeated. Several sources repeat a story that Chandragupta and Kautilya learned of their military mistake by overhearing a mother chastising a child for trying to eat hot bread from the middle, instead of eating the edges that were cooler. Allegedly learning from this comment, Chandragupta and Kautilya began attacking the "cooler" or more easily devoured outlying areas first and succeeded with something approaching what we would call guerilla warfare. (Bhargava 1996, 37, 117-21; Mookerji 1988, 33-34; Thapar 1996, 70-71)
Just after Alexander's death in 323 B.C.E., Chandragupta and Kautilya began their conquest by stopping the Greek invaders. In this effort they apparently assassinated two Greek governors, Nicanor and Philip, a strategy to keep in mind when I later examine Kautilya's approval of assassination. "The assassinations of the Greek governors," wrote Radha Kumud Mookerji, "are not to be looked upon as mere accidents or isolated events." (Mookerji 1988, 31, 28-33) By about 321 B.C.E., Chandragupta had taken the Punjab and Sindh from the Greeks, and by about 305 B.C.E., he had forced Alexander's successor in that area, Seleucus, into a humiliating treaty in which Seleucus married his daughter to Chandragupta, gave Chandragupta the territories of Afghanistan and Baluchistan, and only received 500 elephants in return. (Bhargava 1996, 38-41) (Some of these elephants, fascinatingly, made their way to Hasdrubal in Carthage! [Mookerji 1988, 37].) Between taking the Punjab and Sindh from the Greeks and concluding a treaty with Seleucus, Chandragupta and Kautilya succeeded in emancipating India from the tyranny of the hated Nandas (c. 317 B.C.E.), and, as a result, Chandragupta was and is now considered the first unifier of India and the first genuine emperor or king of India. (Bhattacharjee 1979, 143-48, 173; Bhargava 1996, 114) What accounts for his success?
First, Alexander's invasion succeeded in unifying a very divided India, and, in some ways, Alexander was as responsible for unifying India as much as Chandragupta. Second, Chandragupta and Kautilya successfully harnessed the popular energy of "the small republican states" (Mookerji 1988, 26) scattered over India, especially in the northwest. Whereas in an earlier period of Indian history, the country was "a vast rural democracy," (Mookerji 1988, 47) by the time of Alexander and Chandragupta, India had more "socially stratified republics." (Sharma 1991, 130; see also, Sastri 1996a, 173) As Romila Thapar has stated, "In the transition from tribe to republic they lost the essential democratic pattern of the tribe but retained the idea of government through an assembly representing the tribe." (Thapar 1966, 50) These small republics put up a fierce resistance to Alexander's invasion, fighting what amounted to a people's war in which even women were used to fight. (Mookerji 1988, 22-26) Chandragupta could tap into this popular energy first to defeat the Greeks, and then to overcome the Nanda kings. After Chandragupta Maurya's conquest, these republican tribes were slowly "incorporated within the empire" until, by the reign of Chandragupta's grandson Aśoka (c. 268-232 B.C.E.), these republics were "completed amalgamated within the empire." (Thapar 1997, 122) Republican communities still existed, especially in the peripheries of the empire, until the Gupta empire of the fourth century C.E., and they supported anticaste movements such as Buddhism and Jainism, but ultimately the victory of the empire was a victory of a hierarchical caste system over a more egalitarian system of tribal republics. (Lal 1988, 20-23)
Third, Chandragupta built upon some of the unification of India by these very Nanda kings who, along with Alexander, "destroyed [some of] the small states and the petty principalities of northern India." (Bhargava 1996, 31) Fourth, the hatred and discontent fomented by the misrule of the Nandas made organizing a revolt that much easier. Chandragupta, by the way, made it impossible to return to the Nanda dynasty by exterminating the family of the Nandas, (Bhargava 1996, 39; Mookerji 1988, 35-36) something that Kautilya certainly would have advised. Finally, Chandragupta added to his own genius by relying on the advice of Kautilya, who had one of the great political and military minds of the ancient world and, in some versions, receives the most credit for unifying India. G. P. Singh, for example, describes Kautilya as the one "who overthrew the Nanda dynasty and installed Chandragupta Maurya on the throne." (Singh 1993, 9) Some of the Purānas give the entire credit for defeating the Nanda kings to the Brahmin Kautilya. (Raychaudhuri 1996b, 146) It is probably most accurate to describe Kautilya as an early Bismarck, a chancellor who helped Chandragupta unify India into empire. (Thapar 1978, 12)
The Mauryan Empire established by Chandragupta and continued by his son Bindusara (c. 293-268 B.C.E.)—whom Kautilya also advised—and by his grandson Asoka (c. 268-232 B.C.E.) was, and still is, astonishing. With a population of about 50 million people, the Mauryan Empire was geographically larger than the Mughal Empire 2000 years later and even larger than the British Empire in India, extending in fact all the way to the border of Persia and from Afghanistan to perhaps as far as Bengal. (Wolpert 1982, 59; Mookerji 1988, 2; Bhattacharjee 1979, 173; Ganguly 1994, 10-11; Rai 1992, 109) Bindusara and Asoka extended the empire south, but they never conquered the very south of the Indian subcontinent, that is, Andhra and the land of the Tamils. (Bhargava 1996, 50) P. L. Bhargava has concluded that Chandragupta deserves to be called cakravārtin, which means something like "world conqueror" or "universal sovereign" over the known world of an extended India. (Bhargava 1996, 45-47; see also, Kohli 1995, 8, and Spellman 1964, 170-75) Tradition has it that late in his life Chandragupta abdicated the throne, became a wandering Jain ascetic, and starved himself slowly in the orthodox Jain manner. While it is plausible that he converted to Jainism, the rest of the story is unlikely. (Thapar 1997, 138)
Pliny—borrowing from Megasthenes, the ambassador from Seleucus to Chandragupta—wrote that Chandragupta's army totaled about 600,000 infantry, 30,000 calvary, 8000 chariots, and 9000 elephants. (Wolpert 1982, 59; Thapar 1966, 79) The administrative model for the Mauryan Empire, as it had been for Alexander's empire, was the Achaemenid empire in Persia (558-330 B.C.E.) founded by Cyrus the Great. Writing extensively about administration in his Arthashastra, Kautilya undoubtedly borrowed from Persian records and practices, and even Aśoka's famous edicts on rocks and pillars resemble, in style if not content, those of Darius the Great. (Thapar 1997, 127)
Chandragupta's capital was Pataliputra (near modern Patna), which he apparently seized from the Nandas sometime between 324 to 322 B.C.E. Pataliputra was probably the largest city in the world at that time, a city 8 miles long and a mile and a half wide, with 570 towers and 64 gates, all surrounded by a moat 600 feet wide and 45 feet deep that was used for defensive purposes and for dumping sewage. Pataliputra was surrounded by wooden walls—stone was very scarce—with slits to be used by archers. (Wolpert 1982, 58; Raychaudhuri 1996b, 158; Basham 1963, 350; Ghosh 1973, 66) These defenses are similar to those for Magadhapur as described in the Mahābhārata and for Ayodha as described in the Rāmāyana (Majumdar 1960, 35) Pataliputra itself "was about twice as large as Rome under Emperor Marcus Aurelius." (Kulke and Rothermund 1991, 60) The palace itself had a ground plan very similar to the palace in Persepolis, the Persian city built by Darius the Great. (Thapar 1997, 129)
Chandragupta Maurya consolidated an empire and passed it down intact to his son Bindusara, about whom we know little, and to his grandson Asoka. Some argue that the extreme measures that we will see Kautilya advocate, and some of which surely Chandragupta must have employed, were necessary to bring order and the rule of law out of chaos. (Bhargava 1996, 102) M. V. Krishna Rao contends, "As a result of the progressive secularisation of society due to the innovations contemplated by [the Arthashastra] and the administration of Chandragupta, the country was prepared for the reception of the great moral transformation ushered in by Asoka and his administration." (Rao 1958, 232) The unfication and pacification of India allowed the emergence of Aśoka, widely regarded as one of the finest kings in the history of the world. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri has written, in a fairly typical statement, "The reign of Aśoka forms the brightest page in the history of India." (Sastri 1996c, 202) Another historian has described Aśoka's rule as "the brightest chapter in human history," certainly an exaggeration, and labeled Aśoka himself as India's "philosopher king." (Bhattacharjee 1979, 177) This author also likened Aśoka to Solomon, which is not such a compliment if one knows the details of Solomon's oppressive rule. We must be careful in our conclusions, because as the historian Romila Thapar has rightly complained, sometimes Indian historians have glorified India's past to promote various nationalistic ideals. (Thapar 1978, 10)
Asoka (c. 268-232 B.C.E.), whose name meant "sorrow free," was definitely an unusual and extraordinary king, and we know a lot about him and his rule because he has left about thirty-five edicts, mostly on pillars and rocks. Aśoka began his reign as an adherent of the Vedic religion—early Hinduism—and continued the practices of his grandfather and father before him, in particular the practice of extending the empire. Eight years after Aśoka took power, he invaded and conquered Kalinga, extending the Mauryan Empire south. We learn from a famous Rock Edict that he eventually suffered enormous remorse over the effects of this war—100,000 slain in battle and many more who died outside of battle, 150,000 men deported, and so on. Because of this, he turned toward Buddhism as a personal creed, took pilgrimages to holy places of Buddhism, and stopped his own killing of animals. (Sastri 1996c, 208-11) Peter Harvey comments, "Aśoka gave Buddhism a central place in his empire, just as the Roman emperor Constantine did for Christianity," and he continues by noting that Aśoka was tolerant of all religions. (Harvey 1990, 76)
Aśoka declared that in the future he would only conquer by morality or by dhamma—which is a Prakrit word often replaced by the more familiar Sanskrit word dharma—a word meaning right conduct, duty, religion, law, social justice, and responsibility. (See Dikshitar 1993, 240-59 for an excellent discussion of dharma; also Spellman 1964, 98; and Lipner 1994, 83-88) Romila Thapar has argued that Aśoka borrowed from both Hindu and Buddhist thought in formulating his concept of dharma, which was a practical and workable social ethic, (Thapar 1997, 149) and Sastri has written that, "The Dharma of Aśoka was thus a practical code of social ethics, and had little to with religion or theology as such." (Sastri 1996c, 240; Rhys Davids 1993, 292) Thapar has noted that Aśoka was trying to humanize the Hindu concept of dharma, or duty to the social order, but his dharma was an original ethic, not one simply borrowed from Buddhist doctrine. (Thapar 1997, 181) Nevertheless, dharma was his all-encompassing principle. In his first Pillar Edict, he announced, "For this is my principle: to protect through Dhamma, to administer affairs according to Dhamma, to please the people with Dhamma, to guard the empire with Dhamma." (Thapar 1997, 174)
What prescriptions did Aśoka make in his wish to conquer the world by dharma? (Rai 1992, 114-26) Tolerance and respect for others, even those with different religions and backgrounds, or, as it says in the twelfth Rock Edict, "other sects ought to be duly honoured in every case" (Sastri 1996c, 235); love of the family; compassion, which includes respect for others, kindness toward slaves and prisoners, "reverence toward elders, and gentleness to animals" (Thapar 1997, 162); honesty; liberality toward relatives, friends, and neighbors; moderation and self-control, or as it says on the seventh Rock Edict, "but even one who practises great liberality but does not possess self-control, purity of mind, gratitude, and firm devotion, is very mean" (Sastri 1996c, 235); a system of social welfare, including medical centers for human beings and animals, the construction of roads for good communication, along with the digging of wells and the planting of trees for shade along these roads, and so on, all policies that he thought best carried out by the centralized administration of government (Thapar 1997, 70, 152, 180, 158); an unusual concern for the poor in rural areas, a concern that led him to tour the countryside frequently (Thapar 1997, 160-61); ahimsā, or non-violence, which sought to prohibit both the slaughter of animals for food and the sacrifice of animals. (Sastri 1996c, 237) "In time, the large royal household became completely vegetarian." (Harvey, 1990, 76) Interestingly, Aśoka did not condemn all war, but argued that when it was necessary, rulers should wage war with mercy and forgiveness; he also did not abolish capital punishment, probably a bow to the necessities of the time. (Thapar 1997, 168, 176) Asoka sought not military conquest, but conquest by dharma, which involved the attempt to persuade through moral actions and words, and he helped in the spread of Buddhism by sending Buddhist missions throughout India from the Himalayas to Sri Lanka. He also took the unprecedented action of sending ambassadors of dharma to what we now call Syria, Egypt, Macedonia, Sri Lanka, Burma, and Thailand. (Thapar 1997, 46-90, 167-68; Harvey 1990, 77) Finally, Aśoka's concept of dharma promised not glory but happiness in this life for those who lived according to its principles, hinted at a Golden Age that might come, or even return, and suggested that a life according to dharma would lead to heaven (Thapar 1997, 163, 177, 155, 149). According to V. R. R. Dikshitar, in the sixth Rock Edict Aśoka said he was promoting dharma for "the common good of the world," and in the tenth Rock Edict, Aśoka stated plainly that he put forth the doctrine of dharma for "happiness in the next world." (Dikshitar 1993, 258)
As remarkable as Aśoka's reign was, Thapar is right in claiming that "the Mauryan centralized monarchy became a paternal despotism under Aśoka." (Thapar 1997, 95) Aśoka saw himself as a benevolent father taking care of his subjects, whom he referred to as children. "All men are my children," wrote Asoka, "and just as I desire for my children that they should obtain welfare and happiness, both in this world and the next, so do I desire [the same] for all men." (Cited by Thapar 1997, 147) One can find this notion that the king should be like a father throughout Kautilya's Arthashastra. (Mookerji 1988, 59) Aśoka embraced paternalistic rule that sought obedient subjects and not active citizens. In the first Rock Edict, he wrote that "no assembly is to be held," by which he apparently meant festive meetings because he added that he saw evil in festive gatherings. Surely this also depoliticized the populace, and suppressing popular assemblies seems to go against the principle of toleration. (Thapar 1997, 150-52) Quite possibly his paternalism led to an administrative despotism in the name of dharma. (Thapar 1997, 174)
The Mauryan Empire collapsed rapidly after Aśoka; the centralized state designed by Chandragupta and Kautilya disappeared by about 180 B.C.E. In part this was because of weak kings who followed Asoka, the division of the empire into two parts, and renewed invasions from the Greeks in the northwest. Some scholars have also suggested that Aśoka's pro-Buddhist policies and the pro-Jainist policies of his successors angered the Brahmin class and Hindus in general; others have argued that the much eulogized policy of ahimsā, or nonviolence, weakened the defenses of the empire; still others have suggested that the extensive tax policies of the government provoked considerable resentment; and finally, it is possible that Aśoka's prohibition of assemblies and his discouraging of the eating of meat created further resentment. In the end, the centralized government, especially in the absence of a true national identity, fell rather rapidly. Neither for the first nor the last time in the history of India, the village and its castes—not a centralized government—became primary. (Thapar 1997, 197-212; Rai 1992, 149-52; Lal 1988, 25)
# Reading Kautilya's Arthashastra
How should we read Kautilya's Arthashastra? Does his book describe the Mauryan Empire as it was, or was his book in large part a discussion of the way government ought to rule? The most careful historians understand this tension. Sastri warns us that Kautilya's Arthashastra is "a normative plan rather than a description of existing conditions" (Sastri 1996e, 178); Thapar claims that Kautilya's book "was not a detailed description of Mauryan administration, but rather a text-book on general administration" (Thapar 1997, 114); and Bhargava says the Arthashastra is "largely theoretical." (Bhargava 1996, 51) Despite such caveats and warnings, most historians conclude that Kautilya's Arthashastra is a reliable source that does somewhat describe the Mauryan Empire. Sastri acknowledges that the Arthashastra "expounds the principles and describes the machinery of [Mauryan] government" (Sastri 1996e, 189); Thapar maintains that Kautilya was "the theorist of the politico-economic basis of the Mauryan state" and "undoubtedly the general policy of the Arthashastra and that of the Mauryan state were very similar" (Thapar 1997, 56, 80); and Bhargava concludes that because Kautilya "became the prime minister of the empire, he must have implemented many of the ideas of his own book." (Bhargava 1996, 54) Dikshitar notes that Kautilya's Arthashastra, unlike, for example, Plato's Republic, does not claim to be merely theoretical, but instead "there is an express statement by the author [Kautilya] in unequivocal terms that the treatise was composed for the use of [Chandragupta]." (Dikshitar 1993, 85) In the end, there is almost a consensus among historians that, as Radha Kumud Mookerji puts it, Kautilya's Arthashastra "is a picture of early conditions applicable to Mauryan India." (Mookerji 1988, 4) Burton Stein is one historian who disagrees, but his reasons are not convincing, because he mainly wonders how the wonderful humanitarian Aśoka could have emerged from the tyrannical Kautilya, (Stein 1998, 78) something I try to explain later in this book.
What evidence exists for such a claim? Fortunately, we have two main sources that corroborate the descriptions in the Arthashastra—the writings of the Greek ambassador Megasthenes and the inscriptions or edicts of Asoka. Megasthenes was the ambassador from Seleucus to the court of Chandragupta after the treaty between the two rulers in 305 B.C.E. While he stayed at the capital of Pataliputra, he also seemed to know Kabul, the Punjab, and much of the rest of India very well. He wrote an entire treatise called the Indika, and, although the original work has disappeared, much of what he wrote was incorporated at length in the works of Diodorus, Plutarch, Justin, Strabo, Arrian, Pliny, and Appian. (See McCrindle 1960; see also, Sastri 1996d, 89-90, and Raychaudhuri 1996b, 135) Megasthenes confirms in some detail that Kautilya's Arthashastra is an accurate description of much of the Mauryan Empire, and we can see this in specific details such as the plan of Pataliputra, the description of the palace, the way the king held audiences, the details of the vast government bureaucracy, roads, shipping, irrigation, moats, the fact that Chandragupta was primarily guarded by women warriors, and so on. (Mookerji 1988, 143-48, 68, 58) In his introduction to N. N. Law's book on Kautilya, Mookerji outlines seven pages of similarities between Megasthenes and Kautilya. (Law 1914, xxxv-xlii) As Dikshitar contends, "there are so many remarkable coincidences [between the works of Megasthenes and Kautilya] while there are not very many appreciable differences." (Dikshitar 1993, 373)
So too do the Aśoka inscriptions—which are often descriptive of the Mauryan empire—corroborate what Kautilya says. Mookerji lists in two columns almost ten pages of similarities between Aśoka's edicts and pronouncements made in Kautilya's Arthashastra. (Mookerji 1988, 236-45) These parallels cover an astonishingly wide range of topics—the titles of offices and the protection of certain animals, the schedule of the king's day and the proper treatment of servants, help for the infirm and the avoidance of unjust imprisonment, and so on. Thapar concludes that Aśoka and his advisors knew of Kautilya's book and used it. (Thapar 1997, 9) And historians are correct, I am convinced, that Kautilya tells us a great deal about the Mauryan Empire, because, as Sastri states, "Megasthenes, Kautilya, and the Asokan inscriptions, when correctly interpreted, supplement one another to a remarkable degree." (Sastri 1996e, 171) One scholar summed all this up well by saying that when Kautilya's Arthashastra was discovered in 1904 and published in 1908-1909 after being lost for hundreds of years, what was found was not merely a book but "a library of ancient India." (Basak 1967, 1-2) Because Megasthenes and the Aśokan edicts only confirm that many specifics in Kautilya's Arthashastra—but hardly the entire book—are descriptively accurate of the Mauryan polity, we must admit that we cannot tell exactly which parts of Kautilya are descriptive and which parts are prescriptive. Nevertheless, after a few caveats, historians of India really have no choice but to rely on the Arthashastra and assume that, used with caution, it offers a description of Mauryan India. (For examples, see Bhargava 1996, 90, and Mookerji 1988, 133-35)
Many Indian historians are proud to embrace Kautilya's Arthashastra as a practical book of rugged political realism—instead of the impotent idealism of, say, Plato—that actually helped to shape history. For example, D. D. Kosambi notes, "The Greeks make excellent reading; the Indian treatise [Arthashastra] worked infinitely better in practice for its own time and place." (Kosambi 1994, 141) Sharma maintains, "Kautilya furnishes us as full and complete definition of the state as was possible in ancient times. The Greek thinkers hardly discuss the constituent elements of the state." (Sharma 1991, 38) Somendra Lal Roy suggests that Kautilya was perhaps the first thinker to put forth "almost all the elements required to constitute a modern state." (Roy 1992, 98) An author named Indra sums up the views of many Indian authors: "The comparison between Kautilya and Machiavelli is not tenable. In in-tellectual acumen and in comprehensiveness of outlook, Kautilya is far superior to his Italian rival. Moreover, the Hindu author was a practical statesman, to whose guidance and advice, Chandragupta owed the foundation and consolidation of his empire, whereas the Florentine diplomat's experience was only of a few years in a subordinate department of the state." (Indra 1957, 95)
Kautilya's Arthashastra is thus a book of political realism, a book analyzing how the political world does work and not very often stating how it ought to work, a book that frequently discloses to a king what calculating and sometimes brutal measures he must carry out to preserve the state and the common good. One final question lurks in discussions of Kautilya. Were the harsh actions he often recommended necessary for the common good of India? Did Chandragupta and Bindusara have to act in a forceful and sometimes cruel fashion to defend India, bring order, and establish unity? (See, for example, Thapar 1987, 6, and Mookerji 1988, 51, 59) With the old order crumbling, with the Nanda kings having proved cruel and incompetent, with enemies on India's borders, and with the threat of anarchy within, weren't Kautilya's's harsh measures necessary, and haven't his critics failed "to note the nature of the times in which he lived"? (Saletore 1963, 51) In defense of Chandragupta and Kautilya, Bhargava says, "all kinds of means might have been considered necessary to restore peace with honor." (Bhargava 1996, 102) Put more bluntly, did India need the harsh measures of Kautilya the realist to render possible the rule of Chandragupta's grandson Aśoka the idealist?
# Notes
Despite this, one cannot buy this book through regular publishing channels in the United States. Moreover, I know of only one article (published in 1964) and not a single book published in the United States specifically on Kautilya and his Arthashastra (more precisely spelled Arthaśārtra). There are many sources published in English in India and a few in Great Britain.
I have used R. P. Kangle, The Kautilīya Arthaśāstra, 3 vols., 2nd ed. (New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1972). The first volume contains Kautilya's Arthashastra in Sanskrit, the second volume has a very literal translation of the Arthashastra in English with copious notes about possible alternative renderings, and the third volume offers Kangle's analysis. There is a more recent translation published and sold only in India by Penguin Books. (Kautilya, The Arthashastra, ed. and trans. L. N. Rangarajan [New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1992].) I consciously chose not to use this more recent translation because Rangarajan rearranged the text drastically and topically in the belief that this would make it easier for "the average reader," and also because Rangarajan admittedly departed from "literary exactness" to help out this imagined, average reader. (Rangarajan 1992, 24-25)
Two last notes for readers. First, I succeeded in obtaining the two translations of the Arthashastra (and several more books on ancient India) by contacting the import house, South Asia Books (www.south-asiabooks.com). Finally, when doing computer searches about Kautilya's Arthashastra, one should be aware of much variety in spelling. For example, one should search both "arthashastra" and "arthasastra." Moreover, one must search "Kautilya," "Kautalya," "Kautiliya," and "Chanakya," all different names for Kautilya.
It is quite possible that some of the political ideas were passed on in some of the Purānas—especially the Agni Purāna—voluminous Hindu works, mostly written in the centuries after Christ, that supplement and complement the holy knowledge of the Vedas and talk of the origin of the universe, the gods, politics, history, rituals, and so on. (Rocher 1986, 135, 14-15, 197-98; Mishra 1965, 27, 37, 41, 54, 62-63, 72, 82, 176, 195, 204)
The best discussion of the history of ancient Indian republics is in Sharma 1991, Ch. 7-10, 87-141.
A. S. Panchapakesa Ayyar summarizes the legends of Chandragupta and Kautilya (7-40), and then offers an interesting historical novel about the two. (Ayyar 1951)
In an intriguing article, Israel Selvanayagam suggests that in the Bhagavad Gita, when Arjuna pauses before fighting because he does not want to kill, he is like Aśoka who gave up violence. In this, the Bhagavad Gita, which Selvanayagam dates to about 150 B.C.E., is a Hindu response to a Buddhist emphasis on nonviolence. (Selvanayagam 1992, 68-73)
For the most recent research on Aśoka's conversion to Buddhism and his relationship to the Buddhist order, see D. K. Ganguly 1994, 1-8.
# Chapter 2
# A SCIENCE OF POLITICS FOR A WISE KING
Kautilya assumed that the empire that he helped to establish would be good if it could be ruled by a powerful and wise king. John W. Spellman rightly notes that one cannot understand India's reverence and awe for the king if one does not grasp the Indian concept of karma. The doctrine of karma maintains that what happens to one in this life, both good and bad, is the result of actions taken either earlier in this life or more likely in one or more of many previous lives. (Sinari 1984, 14-19) One would naturally be in awe of a king because he must have done extraordinarily meritorious actions in previous lives. Says Spellman, "Just as the idea of karma enters so many aspects of Indian philosophy, we are not surprised to find it is an argument justifying the rulership of a king. The theory here is that my past lives and actions have made me what I am in this life. Since my karma was such that I am now king, I have, of course, every right to be king." (Spellman 1964, 12) The Hindu tradition generally regarded a king, once he was consecrated, as something approaching a god. (Flood 1996, 68)
Kautilya thought that a king was indispensable for an empire and that it was his job to advise a king about how to rule correctly. "For, the king, trained in the science, intent on the discipline of the subjects, enjoys the earth (alone) without sharing it with any (other) ruler, being devoted to the welfare of all beings." (A.1.5.17, 11 ) In the early pages of Book I, he is even more specific in maintaining that the king must uphold the system of class and caste, as well as the opportunity for individuals to pursue the four stages of life. "(The observance of) one's own special duty leads to heaven and to endless bliss. In case of its transgression, people would be exterminated through (the) mixture (of duties and castes). Therefore, the king should not allow the special duties of the (different) beings to be transgressed; for, ensuring adherence to (each one's) special duty, he finds joy after death as well as in this life." (A.1.3.14-16, 8-9) At the close of the Arthashastra, Kautilya reminded the king that he sometimes must use violence against the "unrighteous," if necessary for "protecting the four varnas [classes]." (A.14.1.1.1, 494)
# Classes and Castes
Varna is a word originally translated by the Portuguese as "caste," and even now occasionally translated that way, although "class" is a more appropriate rendering. The roots of the caste system extend back to at least 1200 B.C.E., and the four varnas were mentioned in the Rig Veda written approximately at that time. (Flood 1996, 37) "When they divided the Man, into how many parts did they apportion him? What do they call his mouth, his two arms and thighs and feet? His mouth became the Brahmin; his arms were made into the warrior, his thighs the people; and from his feet the servants were born" (Rig Veda, 31) The Bhagavad Gita, composed about 500 B.C.E., also outlines the four varnas or classes, and Krishna says, "all attain perfection when they find joy in their work." (Bhagavad Gita, 119) Most historians agree that sometime in the second millennium B.C.E., about 1500 B.C.E., Indo-European peoples migrated from some area between the Caucasus and southwestern Siberia (Azerbaijan? Uzbekistan? Kazakhstan?) through Afghanistan and into India, as well as Iran and, by another route of course, Europe. Calling themselves Aryans—Ārya meant "noble" or "freeborn" —these people brought with them Sanskrit (an Indo-European language) and a polytheism that resembled Greek religion. (See Kosambi 1994, 72-95) Agni, the god of fire, is related to our word ignite; Dyaus Pitri, or "Sky father," is similar to Zeus for the Greeks and Jupiter for the Romans; the central Vedic god, Varuna, who guards the cosmic order, was similar to the Greek Ouranos and the Iranian god Ahura Mazda. (Hopkins 1971, 12) A warrior people, the Aryans conquered the Indus peoples, whose lives were devoted to agriculture and trade. "Except for the declining Indus system, the Aryans encountered no high cultures of the sort found across Iran to the west in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Crete." (Hopkins 1971, 11, 10) Over time they conquered the indigenous peoples and imposed on them what Georges Dumézil has called a tripartite social structure—Brahmins, or those dealing with sacred knowledge; Kshatriyas, or those dealing with military force and protecting the country; and Vaishyas, or those dealing originally with agriculture and cattle rearing, but as time went on, they became involved more with trade, commerce, and the lending of money, and some Vaishyas became powerful land owners. (Smith 1994, 5-6; Das 1994, 147, 149)
The fourth varna, or the Shūdras, probably originated from "racial discrimination against these dark-skinned" indigenous people. (Kulke and Rothermund 1991, 42; Wolpert 1982, 25, 27; Thapar 1966, 38; Sharma 1990, 9-24) As Stanley Wolpert has written, "Acute color consciousness thus developed early during India's Aryan age and has since remained a significant factor in reinforcing the hierarchical social attitudes that are so deeply embedded in Indian civilization." (Wolpert 1982, 32) Originally, members of the indigenous population were called "dāsas," or slaves, and gradually they took over the laboring part of society from the Vaishyas and became the Shūdras. (Smith 1994, 15; Lal 1988, 20) The Shūdras were not regarded, as were members of the upper three classes, as "twice-born" by religious rituals into full Aryan status, which is one clue that their origin was non-Aryan. Shūdras were excluded from the Vedic or religious sacrifice. (Smith 1994, 29) The life of a Shūdra was terribly hard. In the Dharmasūtras, or law codes written down roughly between 600 B.C.E. and 100 B.C.E., to kill a Shūdra brought the same penalty as to kill a mongoose or a peacock. (Dharmasūtras, 36) Again, in the Dharmasūtras, if a Shūdra killed a man, he was to be executed; if a Brahmin killed a man, he was to be blindfolded! (Dharmasūtras, 71) Later legal texts prescribed pouring molten lead into the ears of a Shūdra caught listening to the Vedas or holy texts (Wolpert 1982, 42); the Laws of Manu, an ancient text added to by many contributors but written out probably about 100 B.C.E., says that a Brahmin who kills a Shūdra should pay the same fine as he would for killing a dog. "If a man kills a cat or a mongoose, a blue jay, a frog, a dog, a lizard, an owl, or a crow, he should carry out the vow for killing a servant [Shūdra]." (Laws of Manu, 264) Just imagine the arrogance that must have accompanied the power and status of a Brahmin. When Kautilya considered a sizeable portion of Shūdras as Aryans, he was being somewhat of a revolutionary for his time. (Sharma 1991, 246) As Charles Drekmeier observes, "The author of the Arthashastra emerges as something of a champion of the Shūdras, espousing their rights as freeborn citizens, and going so far as to suggest that sons of slaves should enjoy the status of Aryans." (Drekmeier 1962, 198)
Eventually, another group emerged whose tasks were deemed so unclean that no one would want to touch them. These untouchables, or "outcastes," were not really a fifth class because they were considered outside the social order altogether. Thapar hypothesizes that the untouchables may have been "an aboriginal tribe, gradually edged away to the frontiers of areas of Aryan control." (Thapar 1966, 56; Sharma 1990, 145; Laws of Manu, 241) Untouchables lived outside the boundaries of town or village. By Gupta times (c. 400 C.E.), "like lepers in medieval Europe, [untouchables] were forced to strike a wooden clapper on entering a town, to warn the Aryans of their polluting approach." (Basham 1963, 146)
Kautilya outlined the "special duties" of the four varnas, and by his time these four classes had been the foundation of the social structure for hundreds of years. Indeed, ancient Indians divided the universe into varnas; they placed gods in each of the varnas and so too plants and animals. (Basu 1969, 9-10) As Brian K. Smith has observed, the categories of varnas allowed for classifying the universe. (Smith 1994, passim) At the top of the hierarchy was the Brahmin, a priest whose main tasks were "studying, teaching, performing sacrifices for self, officiating at other people's sacrifices." (A.1.3.5, 7) The job of the Brahmin priest was to study the Vedas—and the word veda means "knowledge" or "body of knowledge" (Hopkins 1971, 11)—the holy works that explain the origin of the universe, the nature of the gods, and how to carry out prayers and sacrifices. Said Kautilya, "The Sāmaveda, the Rgveda and the Yajurveda—these three are the three Vedas. (These three), the Atharaveveda and the Itihāsaveda are the Vedas." (A.1.3.1-2, 7) The Brahmin class brought to Hindu society an intellectual element; they were supposed to know both the sacred wisdom of the Vedas and the law codes. According to the codes of law in the Yājñavalkya-Smrti, "An assembly [for settling matters of doubt] is [formed by] four men who know the Vedas and [the treatises on] moral duty, or by a group of men who know the three Vedas. What that assembly teaches is law." (Goodall 1996, 296) A Brahmin who does not study and learn the Vedas is really less than a Brahmin. In the Dharmasūtras, we read: "Brahmins who are not learned, who do not teach, or who do not maintain the sacred fires become equal to [Shūdras]." (Dharmasūtras, 255) It is worth noting that women born into the Brahmin class could be scholars who taught the Vedas until about 300 B.C.E. and often priests who performed sacrifices until 500 B.C.E. In other words, at one time in early Hinduism, "women had an absolute equality with men in the eye of religion." (Altekar 1995, 338; see also, 11-6, 196-202, 338-41)
The Kshatriya, a warrior and/or ruler, had a special duty of "living by (the profession of) arms and protecting beings." (A.1.3.6, 7) Kshatriyas brought "heroic virtues" to society and a willingness to die in battle defending the social order. (Krishna 1996, 160) The Vaishya was generally a cultivator or trader or, as Kautilya put it, one who engaged in "agriculture, cattle-rearing and trade." (A.1.3.7, 7) Originally, Vaishyas took care of the pastures, but eventually they owned land, engaged in trade, and lent money. (Nagarajan 1992, vol. 1, 288-89) Vaishyas "gave primacy to the virtues of thrift, prudence, and the acquisition of wealth through trade and commerce.... The so-called capitalist societies are Vaishya societies par excellence." (Krishna 1996, 161) And finally, the Shūdras were generally either agricultural workers and day-laborers, or artisans such as tanners. As Kautilya maintained, the tasks of the Shūdras are, "service of the twice-born, engaging in an economic calling (viz., agriculture, cattle-rearing, and trade) and the profession of the artisan and the actor." (A.1.3.8, 8) Theirs was the realm of pure necessity, their jobs the ones that any society would just as soon replace by the efforts of animals or the workings of machines. (Krishna 1996, 162-63)
This hierarchy of varnas deserves several comments. First, it was unabashedly a class system, with its creators claiming that these classes were of divine origin, established by the heavens. Vivekanand Jha notes, "Varna was in essence exploitative in nature and content. There are crude statements to the effect that the Vaishya and the Shūdra are to be exploited for the advantage of the ruling class with the brahmana priest's active cooperation and help." (Jha 1991, 27) Smith comments correctly that "the Brahmins and the Kshatriyas can be regarded as united into a ruling class vis-à-vis the populace at large." (Smith 1994, 42; see also, Bhattacharya 1984, passim) Among other things, they did what all ruling classes have done; that is, they wrote the laws "for all the subcontinent." (Derrett 1973, 11) Nevertheless, there was great tension between the two classes with the Brahmins claiming a monopoly of sacred knowledge as well as the power to perform rituals and sacrifices, while the Kshatriyas wielded political and military force. The Dharmasūtras outline this alliance of the two classes. "There are in the world two who uphold the proper way of life—the king and the Brahmin deeply learned in the Vedas." (Dharmasūtras, 90) But class tensions also surface in the Dharmasūtras. "The king rules over all except Brahmins." (Dharma-sūtras, 96) In the Laws of Manu, it says that what is best for kings is to fight the enemy, protect subjects, and engage in "obedience to priests [Brahmins]." (Laws of Manu, 137) Some of the law books had perhaps an exaggerated view of the power of Brahmin priests: The king "should not make priests angry, for when angry they could instantly destroy him, with all his army." (Laws of Manu, 230) And Brahmins, of course, crowned the king. (Basu 1969, 98-101; see also, Galey 1989, 143-45, 154)
Second, remembering that the entire system of classes was a hierarchy in someone's interests, we should conclude that the texts written down that justified the class system, that is, the texts claiming to be the divine words of the gods, were in fact composed by the dominant classes or interests. Writes Smith, "the fact that the varna system was in the interests of someone or some group who composed texts like these is not accidental but rather intentional." (Smith 1994, 82; see also, 4, 7) Third, the hierarchy is above all in terms of purity, with the Brahmins the most pure and the untouchables the most polluted. To signify this, and in keeping with the translation of the word varna as color, Brahmins were supposed to wear white, Kshatriyas yellow, Vaishyas red, and Shūdras black. (Stein 1998, 57) Kautilya provided the penalty of having one's tongue "rooted out" for one who "licks anything in a Brahmin's kitchen." (A.4.11.21, 285) If the shadow of an untouchable touched a Brahmin, not only did the untouchable suffer punishment, but the Brahmin had to undertake elaborate rituals—this fits Freud's theory of religion as public neurosis very well—to rid himself or herself of pollution. To take just one example from the Dharmasūtras, "as it is a sin to touch a Candāla [a certain kind of very "polluted" untouchable], so it is to speak to or look at one. These are the expiations for such offences: for touching, submerging completely in water." (Dharmasūtras, 45) (Some of the cleansing penances prescribed in the Dharmasūtras are astonishing. For example, if one speaks unintentionally to an outcaste or an untouchable, one must "remain standing" for an entire night reciting holy verses to the sun god. Also, to take just one of dozens of prescribed penances, "When a man eats barley gruel cooked in cow's urine together with liquid cowdung, curd, milk, and ghee, he is instantly freed from sin." [Dharmasūrtras, 113, 239]) This fear of pollution led to elaborate rules governing all aspects of life. "What to eat and what not to eat, what to approach and what to shun, with whom to converse, share meals, and intermarry: such personal affairs are minutely regulated, with severe and exacting penalties for accidental as well as for intentional infringement." (Zimmer 1967, 151) Patrick Olivelle notes that the rules and practices about caste purity and impurity were, and are, intended "to sustain and reinforce" social structures, and that the anxiety caused by rules of purity "creates heightened attention to the boundaries that the rules are meant to uphold." (Olivelle 1998, 214) Finally, this hierarchy was not always rigidly fixed. Thapar notes that, whereas the Brahmins were always the top group in terms of status and the untouchables were the bottom class, "references to the intermediate groups often appear to be of a rather confused, if not a contradictory, kind." (Thapar 1978, 116; see also, Banerji 1993, 202)
While the class, or varna, of an individual was extremely important, for example, in matters of marriage (one almost always married within one's own class, although men of a higher class could marry women of a lower class [Deshpande 1993, 224]) and in patterns of eating (one must receive food from only those of the same or a higher class or individuals designated by the social order to serve food [Basham 1963, 148-49]), in fact the occupational group, subcaste, or jāti—indeed, jāti is the word used in India for "caste"—was, and still is, probably more important. (Interestingly, the Vedas do not discuss jātis [Banerjea 1963, 74]; these subcastes emerged later with an economy requiring a greater specialization of labor. [Bhattacharya 1984, 3]) Thus, the system of varnas, or classes, was subdivided into hundreds, even thousands, of jātis, or castes, and as a consequence, one inherited, simply by birth, one's place in the vast system of division of labor. (Wolpert 1982, 42; Lal 1988, 23-24) For example, a child born into the subcaste of a miller (probably a Vaishya) or a washer of clothes (certainly an untouchable, because soiled clothes by their very nature are "unclean") was almost always fixed into that jāti for life.
Once more, it was a hierarchy based on one's level of purity or pollution. "Indian texts often explain the existence of the jātis as the result of interbreeding among the original four varnas." (Smith 1994, 9) As a result, if the Brahmin is perfect, complete, and pure, everyone else is polluted to one degree or another. (Smith 1994, 32-34) Each varna has its own hierarchy based on occupational identity, although there is fluctuation and dispute among jātis, and even the untouchables formed their own subcastes so that almost every member of the untouchable class could think of himself or herself as superior to someone else. (Thapar 1978, 115; Basham 1963, 146) There was a very slow and difficult way for a jāti as a whole to move up in its hierarchy by means of the entire jāti adopting a new occupation that was in demand. Deepak Lal cites the example of silk weavers moving to another part of western India to attain higher status as "archers, soldiers, bards, and scholars." (Lal 1988, 24) One can imagine what modern urban and technological life does to the system of jāti when new occupations such as pilots and web page designers appear and old occupations such as typewriter cleaners fade away! It is worth noting that plants, animals, insects, and even celestial beings all belonged to different jātis, as if to underline that different jātis resemble different species. (Flood 1996, 59)
According to the early Hinduism reflected in Kautilya's Arthashastra, the kingdom will prosper, materially and morally, if each does the special duty outlined by varna (class) and jāti (caste or subcaste). "(The observance of) one's special duty leads to heaven and endless bliss. In case of its transgression, people would be exterminated through (the) mixture (of duties and castes)." Therefore, a king who ensures that all adhere to their special duties, will find "joy after death and in this life." (A.1.3.14-16, 8-9) One finds the same message in the Bhagavad Gita, that central book of Hindu philosophy: "And do thy duty, even if it be humble, rather than another's, even if it be great. To die in one's duty is life: to live in another's is death." (Bhagavad Gita, 59; see also, Laws of Manu, 246) In defending the system of class and caste, claimed Kautilya, the king assures "the right conduct of the world," (A.3.1.38, 194) and in this manner, the kingdom will prosper and not perish. (A.1.3.17, 9) Certainly, Kautilya urged the king to use laws and force to protect the class and caste system. To take some examples, if a Shūdra struck a Brahmin, the judge should command that the Shūdra's hand be severed. If a Vaishya had sexual relations with a Brahmin woman, he would lose all his property, whereas a Shūdra committing the same crime would be burned alive. (A.3.19.8, 248; A.4.13.32, 290) By defending the established system of property distribution, Kautilya also upheld in this way the class structure. (A.8.3.27, 394) But by defending the right of Shūdras to join the army, and by saying that, "never shall an Arya [including many Shūdras] be subjected to slavery," (Nagarajan 2 1992, 105-6) Kautilya was telling the king that it was advantageous to please and be just toward the lower classes. Says Jogiraj Basu, "It is amply evident from later Vedic texts that the subjects looked upon the ruling class as the feeder and themselves as the food." (Basu 1969, 116) Kautilya, as we will see, wanted the king and the state to combat such oppression.
One further point about the early Hindu society in which Kautilya lived: the goal of a devout Hindu, but not the chief goal of Kautilya, is apolitical or even antipolitical; the goal is moksa, or freedom, or, more precisely, release from the cycle of rebirth. In Hinduism, every living thing has a soul, or ātman, and according to actions in this life and previous lives, the soul wanders on through samsāra, which means rebirth or, literally, "passage." It says in the Katha Upanishad, "he who has not right understanding, is careless and never pure, reaches not the End of his journey; but wanders on from death to death." (Upanishads, 60) The doctrine of karma suggests that how well one has lived one's previous life and lives, how well one has done one's dharma, or duty, determines what life one will have when the soul is reborn. (Hopkins 1971, 95-101; Perrett 1998, 63-66) The Upanishads explain the doctrine of karma in this way: "According as a man acts and walks in the path of life, so he becomes. He that does good becomes good; he that does evil becomes evil." (Upanishads, 140) One might be reborn in a lower caste, as a dog or a pig, or—as some Hindus believe—as an insect or a microorganism, or even as a plant. The Laws of Manu declare that a woman who has been unfaithful to her husband will be "reborn in the womb of a jackal [and] tormented by the diseases born of her evil." (Laws of Manu, 116) The Laws of Manu remind evildoers that because of past actions one can "fall into hell and [be] tortured in the house of Yama." (Laws of Manu, 123) The Purānas, written in the early centuries following Christ, outlined all sorts of terrible hells one could enter upon rebirth. (Lipner 1994, 231-34)
The goal of the devout Hindu was to end the cycle of rebirth, and Kautilya found this politically useful, precisely because this is such an apolitical goal. He urged the king to defend the four varnas "and the four stages of life" or āśramas. (A.1.3.4, 7; see Sharma 2000, 181-85) In Hinduism, the four stages of life are (1) the student who obeys, submits, and learns; (2) the householder who accumulates property, marries, and has children; (3) the forest dweller who leaves behind the things of this world; and (4) the wandering ascetic who foregoes an active life, eschews all possessions, gives up, in Kautilya's words, "all attachment to worldly ties," (A.1.3.12, 8) and, if all works out perfectly, attains moksa, or freedom. (Zimmer 1967, 155-60; Basham 1963, 159-79) In this idealized life, there is room, when one is a householder, for worldly power and possessions (artha) and for pleasure (kāma, as in the Kāma Sūtra), but the ultimate goal is for the soul or self (ātman) to end the cycle of rebirth (samsāra) through moksa. (It is worth asking if this life is in fact so full of suffering that one would want to end the cycle of rebirths. [Perrett 1998, 34-35]) As it says in the Kena Upanishad, "Those who follow wisdom pass beyond and, on leaving this world, become immortal." (Upanishads, 51) Basham has summed this up well. "And with this transcendent knowledge came another realization—he was completely, utterly, free. He had found ultimate salvation, the final triumph of the soul. The ascetic who reached the goal of his quest was a conqueror above all conquerors. There was none greater than he in the whole universe." (Basham 1963, 247; see also, 244-55; and, Basham 1990, 36-50; Wolpert 1982, 44-48) Ramakant A. Sinari declares, "Indian sages have always thought that the domain of consciousness one attains in moksa, the delightful silence moksa generates, would constitute a cognitive state in which one absolutely transcends finitude and bondage." (Sinari 1984, 153) Moksa means "an unconditioned and absolutely static condition which knows nothing of time and space and upon which death has no hold; and because it is not only pure Being, but also pure consciousness and pure bliss, it must be analogous to life." (Zaehner 1966, 74) In classical Hindu thought, one can attain moksa by knowledge (jňāna-yoga), loving devotion to an incarnation of Brahman (bhakti-yoga), and/or by performing one's duties (karma-yoga). (Sharma 2000, 119-129)
This explains why Megasthenes, according to a fragment from Strabo, felt that Indian philosophers or ascetics were always talking of death and regarded death "as a birth into a real and happy life for the votaries of philosophy." (McCrindle 1960, 100) How far we are from Machiavelli's or the Greeks' love of military glory and political greatness! Nevertheless, Kautilya did not himself focus on moksa, although he certainly found it easier to rule if others did, because moksa for most Hindus was an apolitical or even antipolitical goal. Those who looked to the next life would not oppose a king in this life, and this sort of passage, found in the Yājñavalkya-Smrti , would only enhance the king's quest for worldly power. "Deluded is the man who searches for substance in human life, which is . . . like a bubble in water." (Goodall 1996, 332) As R. P. Kangle points out, Kautilya was the first political thinker in the Indian tradition "to assign a high place to artha as against dharma and kama." (Kangle 1992, 14, footnotes)
Because Kautilya opens his Arthashastra with the imperative that a king must protect the system of caste and class, it appears that he is offering a book defending the status quo. However, I will question this appearance as this chapter proceeds. I will try to show that Kautilya's highest aspiration was political, even heroic, greatness for the king, that Kautilya sought to use religion and any other of what he would call superstitions to attain this goal, that he regarded the state as superior to religion, that he did not acknowledge the supremacy of the Brahmins even though he was a Brahmin himself, that he wanted to use the state to break up the combined class power of Brahmins and Kshatriyas, that he insisted that a conquering army must include men who were Vaishyas and Shūdras, and that he found it useful for people to do the duties of class and caste as well as to seek liberation or release, because this depoliticized the mass of people when confronted by state power. In short, Kautilya readily gave way to customs and the rules of religion on minor issues of behavior and ritual, but he subtley promoted state power, the king's supremacy, over the demands of class and religion.
# Kautilya and His "Science of Politics"
Kangle translates the word arthashastra as "science of politics" (A.1.1.1, 1, and A.7.18.43, 384), a treatise to help a king in "the acquisition and protection of the earth." (A.1.1.1, 1) Others translate arthashastra in slightly different ways: Basham says it is a "treatise on polity" (Basham 1963, 51); Kosambi emphasizes the economic importance of the word in calling it a "science of material gain" (Kosambi 1994, 142); A. S. Altekar points out that artha literally means wealth or money so arthashastra should mean "the science of wealth" (Altekar 1962, 3); and Singh labels it a "science of polity." (Singh 1993, 7) I happen to prefer to translate arthashastra as a "science of political economy," but however one translates the word, Kautilya claimed to be putting forth what Heinrich Zimmer rightly calls "timeless laws of politics, economy, diplomacy, and war." (Zimmer 1967, 36)
The best European comparison is with Hobbes, who also tried to outline timeless laws by means of a science of politics. Hobbes claimed that there is a deductive science of the laws of nature, clear and self-evident rules ready to be discovered that are really more like mathematical "Conclusions or Theoremes." (Hobbes, Ch. 15) In the pursuit of a clear science, Kautilya and Hobbes have another similarity that I have not seen any commentator remark upon. Both thinkers believed the foundation of any science of politics must be clarity of language and crystal clear definitions of words, a model that Hobbes found in the deductive mathematics of Euclid. Hobbes maintained that we should start with speech and clear "Definitions of Words" and move to affirmations, syllogisms, conclusions, and "SCIENCE." "But if the first ground of such Discourse, be not definitions; or if the Definitions be not rightly joyned together into Syllogismes, then the End or Conclusion, is again OPINION, ... though sometimes in absurd and senslesse words." (Hobbes, Ch. 7)
Kautilya was constantly doing something similar, not to mention two thousand years earlier, throughout his Arthashastra. In a crucial chapter on royal edicts, Kautilya stepped back to square one in his attempt to clarify words and sentences so that a king's edicts should communicate fully and leave no ambiguity. "A combination of letters is a word. . . . A collection of words is a sentence." (A.2.10.14, 20, 93) He then classified sentences. "'How is this so?' is query. 'Thus (it is)' is statement. 'Give (it to me)' is request. . . . 'Let this be done' is injunction." (A.2.10.27-29, 33, 94) At the very end of the book, he was still clarifying language: "A detailed statement is explanation.... 'One should behave in this manner,' is advice. . . . Setting forth the unknown (thing) with the help of the known is analogy.... That which, though not stated, follows as a matter of course is implication.... That which is applicable everywhere is invariable rule." (A.15.1.17, 19, 27, 29, 57, 513-15)
By clarifying language, Kautilya attempted to move forward into precise definitions. "Conferring benefits of money is making gifts.... Killing, tormenting and seizure of property constitute force." (A.2.10.54, 56, 96) In Book 3 of the Arthashastra, Kautilya carefully defined and outlined eight different kinds of marriage, (A.3.2.2-9, 196-97) although here he was clarify-ing tradition. Because he believed that one could not have a science of politics without clarity of language, over and over Kautilya tried to define matters rigorously. "Exchange of different kinds of grains at a different price is barter. Asking for grains from another source is begging. The same, intended to be returned, is borrowing." (A.2.15.5-7, 122) He attempted the same sort of definitions with political words. "Power is (possession) of strength. Success is (obtaining) happiness." (A.6.2.31-32, 319) In matters of foreign policy, "Entering into a treaty is peace. Doing injury is war." (A.7.1.6-7, 321) Hobbes tried to deduce from a few self-evident propositions a science of politics, and although Kautilya was not as rigorous and ystematic as Hobbes, Kautilya was trying to do something very similar. In his science of politics, Kautilya was not like Machiavelli, who offered empirical and historical examples to support his insights and advice, but rather Kautilya tried to be clear, self-evident, and deductive in his claims. (Sil 1985, 111-12)
Because he was offering his readers a science with which they could master the world, Kautilya believed that a passive stance toward the world—for example, one who trusted in fate or relied on superstition—was outlandish. "One trusting in fate," noted Kautilya, "being devoid of human endeavor, perishes." (A.7.11.34, 358) His philosophy called for action, not resignation. "The object slips away from the foolish person, who continuously consults the stars; ... what will the stars do?" (A.9.4.26, 419) In urging the king to rely on science and not the precepts of religion, Kautilya separated political thought from religious speculation. (See Sharma 1991, 265-66)
At times Kautilya suggested that he was giving his readers entrance into a world of secret knowledge that would bring enormous power and rewards, what he named "secret and occult practices." (A.9.1.13, 407) All of this culminates in Book Fourteen in which Kautilya enumerated fantastic secrets that could allegedly cause leprosy or cholera, make an iguana kill with its glance, turn a person white, allow someone to see at night, make another invisible, blind an enemy, and so on. "He should cause fright to the enemy with (these) evil, miraculous portents; because it is for the consolidation of the kingdom, a similar blameworthy conduct is recommended when there is a revolt." (A.14.2.45, 502; see also, A.14.1-14, 494-511)
As with Hobbes, the goal of science was power. "Power is (possession of) strength" (A.6.2.31, 319) and "strength changes the mind," (A.7.14.2, 366) which means that Kautilya's wish would be for power to control not only outward behavior, but also the thoughts of one's subjects and enemies. Probably his science could not promise all of that, but the power offered by this science was extensive. "An arrow, discharged by an archer, may kill one person or may not kill (even one); but intellect operated by a wise man would kill even children in the womb." (A.10.6.51, 453) Having as his first and primary goal to "destroy the enemies and protect his own people," (A.14.3.88, 509) the king certainly can do that with Kautilya's science. In fact, "he, who is well-versed in the science of politics, ... plays, as he pleases, with kings tied by the chain of his intellect." (A.7.18.43-44, 384) Beyond protecting the kingdom, the king who uses Kautilya's science can bring to himself and his subject the three goods of life—"material gain, spiritual good and pleasures." (A.9.7.60, 431) As we will see later, wealth is the key to raising successful armies and having a peaceful and just kingdom, and Kautilya's science is a science that brings wealth. "The source of the livelihood of men is wealth, in other words, the earth inhabited by men. The science which is the means of the attainment and protection of that earth is the Science of Politics." (A.15.1.1-2, 512) In other words, Kautilya's book is the greatest weapon a king can have, and political science is more important than—or at least brings about—wealth, armies, and conquests. Similarly, Hobbes declared, "Reason is the pace; Encrease of Science, the way; and the benefit of man-kind, the end." (Hobbes, Ch. 5)
In the world of international politics, it is only "natural" that nations interact with each other through "dissension and force," and this is a typical argument by a political realist, that is, that there will always be conflict in international relations and, in effect, rule by the strongest. (A.9.7.68-69, 431) Kautilya was writing this at about the same time that Thucydides wrote The Peloponnesian War and the Sophists Callicles and Thrasymachus said to Plato that rule by the stronger was "natural." However, promising more than just political, economic, and military power, Kautilya assured his readers that those who follow his science of politics will receive spiritual goods and social justice. His science, Kautilya maintained, was for "the acquisition and protection of this world and of the next [my emphasis]." And his science also "brings into being and preserves spiritual good, material well-being and pleasures, and destroys spiritual evil, material loss and hatred." (A.15.1.71-72, 516) In fact, it is immoral and against social justice for a ruler to deviate from the laws and commands of this science of politics, and a king who goes against these laws "ruins the kingdom and himself with his injustice." (A.8.2.12, 391-92)
Kautilya, in the boldest of his promises, asserted that one who knows his science of politics can conquer the world. "But one possessed of personal qualities, though ruling over a small territory . . . conversant with (the science of) politics, does conquer the entire earth, never loses." (A.6.1.18, 317) There is no humility here. Kautilya's science brings an abundance of wealth and details correct strategies in politics and war, and with this science anyone can succeed. "And winning over and purchasing men of energy, those possessed of might, even women, children, lame and blind persons, have conquered the world." (A.9.1.9, 406) Nor did Kautilya see this conquest as something unjust. A king who carries out his duty, rules according to law, metes out only just punishment, applies the law equally "to his son and his enemy," and protects his subjects not only goes "to heaven" but "would conquer the earth up to its four ends." (A.3.1.41-43, 195) Whereas Kautilya did not talk of glory, I do believe he was thinking of something we might call "greatness," but this came only with social justice and the morally correct ordering of the world. "And after conquering the world, he should enjoy it divided into varnas and āśramas in accordance with his own duty." (A.13.4.62, 491)
Kautilya apparently meant by the phrase "conquering the earth" something like conquering up to what Indians regarded as the natural borders of India, from the Himalayas all the way south and from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal, although Kautilya said, "the region of the sovereign ruler extends northwards between the Himavat and the sea, one thousand yojanas [about 9000 miles!] in extent across." (A.9.1.18, 407) As Kangle puts it, in the Indian tradition, the world conqueror or cakravārtin was not one who conquered "regions beyond the borders of India." (Kangle 1992, 407, footnote; see also, Dikshitar 1987, 38-39; Raychaudhuri 1996b, 156; and Mahapatra 1995, 205; Indra 1957, 55) Cakra means wheel, and it is possible that the Indian concept of the world conqueror involves someone who rules as far as his chariots can roll, without obstacles or opposition. (Spellman 1964, 173) We know, however, that Mauryan India traded with Persia and China, (Saletore 1975, 53, 94-95; Asthana 1976, 214-18) but one finds no talk in Kautilya of conquering these lands. It is possible that Kautilya and the Mauryan kings did not regard those outside of these "natural" borders of India worth conquering, because they were "barbarians," or mlecchas, who did not speak a proper language and were hopelessly beyond culture or civilization. (Thapar 1978, 140-41; Banerji 1993, 36) One author quotes Manu as saying that beyond the borders of India was "the region of mlecchas or non-Aryans." (Indra 1957, 55) But then again, Alexander the Great, who must have been one of Kautilya's models, was happy to conquer and assimilate those whom earlier Greeks regarded as strangers or barbarians (barbaros). At any rate, Dikshitar is correct in saying that this ideal of a world conqueror in ancient India led to an "imperialism" that was "one of the causes of chronic warfare," (Dikshitar 1987, 38), although the Mauryan dynasty did bring comparative peace for more than a century. As Narasingha Prosad Sil notes, "For Kautilya a world conquest is the true foundation for world peace." (Sil 1985, 123)
# How the King Rules
The king's first duty, just as it was for Hobbes's sovereign, is to "destroy the enemies and protect his own people." (A.14.3.88, 509) Similarly, he should protect the country from the "eight great calamities" which he lists as "fire, floods, disease, famine, rats, wild animals, serpents and evil spirits." (A.4.3.1-2, 262) Just as important, the king must protect his people from chaos within, a sort of Hobbesian state of war, or as Kautilya said, a condition when "the law of the fishes" applies, that is, when the big fish eat the little fish and all is violent turmoil, (A.1.13.5, 28; Mookerji 1988, 51) when there is no justice, the wicked prosper, there is no rain and no seed, fathers and husbands have no authority, women are raped, and dancing is no more. (Gonda 1956, 132) When the world was in violent chaos and "people ran about in all directions without fear," God gave the world kings to use force so as to bring order and justice. (Laws of Manu, 128) "If the king did not tirelessly inflict punishment on those who should be punished, the stronger would roast the weaker like fish on a spit.... (Everything) would be upside down." (Laws of Manu, 130) As Spellman puts it, "In ancient India, the fear of anarchy was almost pathological. Underlying every concept of kingship was the doctrine of matsyanyaya—the analogy of the big fish eating up the little fish.... Without understanding this idea, there can be no understanding of kingship in ancient India." (Spellman 1964, 4-5) In early India, it was unthinkable for a sizeable territory not to have a king. "A people without a king is like a river without water." (Gonda 1956, 132) Says J. C. Heesterman, "the kingless country is by definition in an adharmic [without dharma] state of chaos." (Heesterman 1986, 1) In the Bhagavad Gita, Arjuna spells out this fear of chaos, and he includes a typical reference for the time that situates women as central to the moral order, unfortunately in this case the potential temptresses who can undermine it. "When unrighteous disorder prevails, the women sin and are impure; and when women are not pure, Krishna, there is disorder of caste, social confusion." (Bhagavad Gita, 47) Actually, the king's duty was to provide something more than just order, something called yogakshema, yoga meaning successful accomplishment of an object and kshema meaning peaceful and undisturbed enjoyment of the object. Roughly, yogakshema encompasses the overall spiritual, moral, and material well-being of the subjects, in short, the good life and not just mere life. (Chousalkar 1990, 10)
How to accomplish this goal of internal order? Most importantly, the king must uphold dharma (Gonda 1956, 53) and provide for the rule of law. "When all laws are perishing," wrote Kautilya, "the king here is the promulgator of laws, by virtue of his guarding the right conduct of the world consisting of the four varnas and four āśramas." (A.3.1.38, 194) Whereas it is best if a king can rely on well-established customary law, and Kautilya was willing to follow customary law in matters such as inheritance that have little political importance, (A.3.7.40, 216) the king must be willing to follow the science of politics and "the science of law" to issue royal edicts that override ordinary laws and customs. (A.3.1.44, 195) If the royal edict is in conflict with laws or customs, "there the edict shall prevail," (A.3.1.45, 196) which would give a king enormous power and was an astonishing departure from tradition. (For a contrary view, see Ghoshal 1952, 307-11) If custom was useful, he kept it; if custom could be finessed, he tried to; if custom must change, he overruled it. It is simply false to assert, "To [Kautilya] tradition is something sacred and inviolable, as to us even today. He bows to it with all humility." (Dikshitar 1927, 177)
Most important, laws must be clear, apply equally to all, and be backed by force. One can see this most clearly in Kautilya's discussions of how a king should use punishments, something Kautilya, following previous Hindu political thinkers, called the "rod" (danda). If a king can use the rod effectively and fairly, then he will achieve "the orderly maintenance of worldly life." (A.1.4.4, 9) In the Indian tradition, God gave the world kings to keep order, and God bestowed upon kings danda or the force of punishment. Says Spellman, "The only way that a man might be kept pure and righteous was by the fear of danda. . . In the absence of a king or when people do not fear danda, the inevitable result is anarchy and strife." (Spellman 1964, 108; see Laws of Manu, 129) The parallel to Hobbes is striking. The state of nature for Hobbes was a "Warre of every man against every man," and to emerge from the state of nature humankind needs a "coercive Power" in order "to keep them all in awe." The government we agree to obey must have the means of violence, for "Covenants, without the Sword, are but Words, and of no strength to secure a man at all." (Hobbes, Ch. 14, 15, 17)
In the use of the rod, the king must find a middle way between being too harsh, and thus incurring hatred, and being too mild, and thus being despised. As with Machiavelli, incurring the hatred of the people is a disaster. "Being hated is a greater evil than humiliation," (A.8.3.16, 394) wrote Kautilya. "For, the (king), severe with the Rod, becomes a source of terror to beings. The (king), mild with the Rod, is despised. The (king), just with the Rod is honoured." (A.1.4.8-10, 10; see Laws of Manu, 129) All of this is similar to Machiavelli who warned constantly against being hated and despised. If the rod is used with justice and moderation, it brings to one's subjects "spiritual good, material well-being, and pleasure." If used unjustly, "whether in passion or anger," it "enrages" one's subjects. And, "if not used at all, it gives rise to the law of the fishes. For, the stronger swallows the weak in the absence of the wielder of the Rod." (A.1.4.11-14, 9; see Sharma 1991, 36) It is extremely important that punishment be meted out fairly and equally and that no one be favored—an issue on which Kautilya is not consistent, because the higher castes generally receive lighter punishments than lower castes, a long established tradition that Kautilya could not possibly have overturned although he sought to mitigate the inequities. "For, it is punishment alone that guards this world and the other, when it is evenly meted out by the king to his son and his enemy, according to the offence." (A.3.1.42, 195; my emphasis) Similarly, a judge or magistrate should be impartial in assigning a punishment, "remaining neutral between the king and the subjects." (A.4.10.17-18, 283) Judges should be "impartial to all beings, worthy of trust and beloved of the people," (A.3.20.24, 253) although with Kautilya arguing for such a powerful king, it is hard to imagine judges with this much independence.
Just as there are punishments for those who do wrong, so there must be rewards for those who help the kingdom, and once more Kautilya reminds one of Hobbes who also wanted to use punishment and reward to guide people so that they acted for the general good. Kautilya wanted to reward those who did their jobs responsibly, those who were good informers, those who had key positions in state government and did not steal from the king, and anyone who improved, helped to defend, or beautified a village or the countryside. (A.2.9.9, 89; A.2.8.29, 88; A.2.9.36, 91; A.3.10.46, 226) In short, the king "should honour with favours the officer who confers great benefit (on the state)." (A.2.7.41, 85) In addition, "men are to be honoured on account of excellence in learning, intellect, valor, noble birth and deeds." (A.3.20.23, 253) If men and women seek rewards and fear punishment, then the entire kingdom should do its work smoothly bringing about the general good, all while individuals are motivated by a combination of self-interest and fear.
Because the king is vital to the smooth functioning of this kingdom, Kautilya advocated elaborate precautions to protect him. Interestingly, the women in his harem constitute the first and greatest danger to any king, but the king's last and most trustworthy protection should be, according to Kautilya, women armed with bows who are brought up just for such service and have no other loyalties to families or to caste. Thus, women are both threat and salvation. (Thomas 1964, 70) The king's bedroom should be defended by four different layers, something like concentric circles, of guards—armed women, eunuchs, dwarfs, and kinsmen. "When risen from the bed, he should be surrounded by female guards bearing bows, in the second hall by eunuch servants wearing robes and turbans, in the third by humpbacks, dwarfs and Kiratas, in the fourth by ministers, kinsmen, and door-keepers, lances in hand." (A.1.21.1, 51; see also, Mookerji 1988, 59-68; Dikshitar 1993, 108-111) Kautilya suggested elaborate precautions against assassination, especially by poison; the cook should taste the food "many times," and female slaves should not give the king garments without first putting "them to their eyes." (A.1.21.4, 14, 52-53) Kautilya advocated other precautions against outside enemies. "A rampart, a moat, and gates" should surround "the royal residence," (A.1.20.1, 48) the palace should have mazes, "concealed passages in walls," hidden staircases behind walls, "many subterranean passages," a safety exit hidden in a "hollow pillar," and so on. (A.11.20.2, 48) Similarly, the king shouldn't go into a park until "snake-catchers" have cleared it, and shouldn't go out into public space unless accompanied by a heavy guard of soldiers. (A.1.21.22, 27, 54)
What motivates the king? The king must be educated from childhood onward to control himself. "Control over the senses, which is motivated by training in the sciences, should be secured by giving up lust, anger, greed, pride, arrogance and foolhardiness." Indeed, a king who has no control over his senses and passions, "quickly perishes, though he be ruler right up to the four ends of the earth." (A.1.6.1,4, 12) Kautilya was a Brahmin, and Megasthenes noted that Brahmin priests maintained, "that all men are held in bondage, like prisoners of war, to their own innate enemies, the sensual appetites, gluttony, anger, joy, grief, longing, desire, and such like, while it is only the man who has triumphed over these enemies who goes to God." (McCrindle 1960, 122-23) The desires also ruined political decisions. Kautilya gave historical examples of disasters that befell kings whose desires rampaged uncontrolled—a king who perished, because he had "a sinful desire for a Brahmin maiden," another king who gave into anger and became hated, yet another king who yielded to greed and taxed the people severely once again bringing hatred, and so on. (A.1.6.5-7, 12) Like Plato's philosopher ruler, Kautilya's king must control his passions and desires. Similarly, the Bhagavad Gita refers to "the restless violence of the senses." (Bhagavad Gita, 53) The two passions a king must avoid most of all are lust and anger. "Lust means the favouring of evil persons, anger, the suppression of good persons. Because of the multitude of evils (resulting from them), both are held to be a calamity without end." (A.8.3.65, 396) Kautilya goes so far as to say that "anger and lust" are "the starting point of all calamities," and a king might learn to control them "by waiting upon elders." (A.8.3.66, 396) Of anger and lust, anger is "more serious," because "anger acts everywhere," by which Kautilya meant that it affects so many more people. "Mostly kings under the influence of anger are known to have been killed by risings among the subjects." (A.8.3.5-7, 393) Not only does control over one's senses lead to a moral life, it is also practical public policy. Just like Machiavelli, Kautilya warned against anger that can lead to violence against the people and make a king hated, which in turn can lead quite possibly to rebellion or revolt (kopa) by people treated unjustly (A.8.3.14-22, 394; Chousalkar 1990, 31-32) Like Plato, Kautilya believed that the people in general come to resemble their leaders. "What character [the king] has, that character the constituents come to have. . . . For, the king is in the place of their head." (A.8.1.17-18, 386; see Sil 1989, 44) Kautilya's ideal king must have a rigorous self-discipline. Indeed, no one in the kingdom worked harder than the king whose schedule prescribed by Kautilya allowed the king to sleep only four and a half hours each night. (Basham 1963, 90)
Although the king must learn to reign in his passions and senses, Kautilya did not advise him to forego pleasure, but rather urged him to enjoy pleasures in moderation. "[The king] should enjoy sensual pleasures without contravening his spiritual good and material well-being; he should not deprive himself of pleasures.... For, any one of (the three [goals of life], viz.,) spiritual good, material well-being and sensual pleasures, (if) excessively indulged in, does harm to itself as well as to the other two." (A.1.7.3, 5, 14) Not only did Kautilya assume the king would have a harem (A.1.20.21, 51) to provide him with sensual pleasures, but he also assumed a king would have such possessions as "carriages, riding animals, ornaments, dresses, women and houses." (A.5.6.44, 312) Pratap Chandra Chunder claims rightly that Kautilya held "that sensual pleasure should be enjoyed without conflicts with moral principles." (Chunder 1970, 30) Nevertheless, there is a parallel here between Kautilya and the Indian tradition and Plato. The Laws of Manu state that "a learned man" should try to restrain his desires that will invariably try to "run amok," and the wise man must become "like a charioteer (restraining his race-horses)." (Laws of Manu, 27) In his Phaedrus, Plato says that reason must be "the soul's pilot" who acts like a charioteer holding back, harnessing, and even channeling (sublimating?) spirit and desire. (Plato, 247c, 253c)
How does a king become educated so as to learn to control his senses and passions? We can get a glimpse of this in the education that Kautilya advises for a prince. Above all, a prince must learn "what conduces to spiritual and material good, not . . . what is spiritually and materially harmful." (A.1.17.33, 41) If the prince's teachers (who are also secret agents reporting to the king) discover that a prince might fall into one of these terrible addictions such as women or wine, they must construct situations that will lead the prince away from the desires of lust and drunkenness. "If in the exuberance of youth he were to entertain a longing for the wives of others, they should produce abhorrence in him through unclean women posing as noble ladies in lonely houses at night time. If he were to long for wine, they should frighten him with drugged liquor." (A.1.17.35-36, 41) This notion that women are a dangerous addiction, like gambling and drinking, was a common view in ancient India, one found for example in the Brāhmanas. (Shastri 1969, 78) In the end, a king should never put a son on the throne who is "undisciplined." (A.1.17.51, 43) Kautilya, as always, was strikingly blunt. If a prince cannot learn to overcome his passions and desires, if a prince cannot shake his addictions to women, wine, gambling, and so on, then for the good of the entire kingdom he must die. "If [a prince] is given up (as incorrigible), secret agents should kill him with weapon or poison." (A.1.18.14, 45)
Kautilya was not moralizing against sexual promiscuity or drunkenness, but rather he was making a practical and political judgment that such addictions can destroy the kingdom and the general good. "One doing whatever pleases him does not achieve anything. And he is the worst of them all." (A.7.11.35-36, 358) Kautilya apparently concluded that it does a kingdom no great harm if an ordinary farmer indulges in wine and women; a day or two wasted, and the farmer must return to work. But a king addicted to desire, as Plato said, can become a tyrant. "Indulgence in pleasures by the king afflicts (the subjects) through the seizure of what he pleases." (A.8.4.23, 398)
# The King as the All-Knowing and Caring Father
Kautilya wanted the subjects of the king to believe that the king is omnipresent and nearly omniscient, that his power resides in the actions of every state official, no matter how insignificant, and thus, breaking a law is in effect both rebellion and a personal assault on the king. To this end, Kautilya advised constructing scenarios to demonstrate the wide scope of the king's knowledge and power. For example, after a spy has learned that a thief stole even a trifle, he should declare that the king knew of this, and say, "this is the king's power." (A.4.5.14, 268) Upon catching thieves because of information from spies, a government official should make "a proclamation of the king's omniscience" among the people. (A.4.5.18, 268) To take another example, the king's spies should ascertain the size of an approaching caravan, and the king should inform the Collector of Customs that such a caravan is arriving, "in order to make his omniscience known." (A.2.21.27-28, 144) After the king has predicted that good things will happen to an individual or a family, then secret agents "should cause that (prophecy) of his to be fulfilled." (A.1.11.18, 23) Similarly, in foreign affairs or warfare, the king should use spies to gather information that it would seem impossible for him to know and strike "terror" in the enemy "by getting his omniscience and association with divinities proclaimed." (13.1.1-2, 474)
Whereas the king was supposed to be all-knowing, he was also supposed to be the loving father who took care of his subjects as if they were children, an ideal that one author calls "royal paternalism." (Bandyopadhyaya 1927, 64) Kautilya advocated something like a welfare state with the king as the kindly and caring paternal figure who "should favor the stricken (subjects) like a father." (A.4.3.43, 265) As we have seen, Chandragupta's grandson Aśoka carried this image of the king as father and the subjects as children to nearly despotic lengths. According to Kautilya, while the king himself, by means of his administration, should "maintain children, aged persons, and persons in distress when they are helpless," (A.2.1.26, 57) his judges throughout the kingdom should concern themselves with the affairs of "women, minors, old persons, sick persons, who are helpless [even] when these do not approach (the court)." (A.3.20.22, 253) Each judge was, in a sense, an extension of the king who was the final authority in judicial matters. (Sharma 1978, 125) Those who are poor and need help to support themselves should be given work. "And those women who do not stir out—those living separately, widows, crippled women, or maidens—who wish to earn their living, should be given work." (A.2.23.11, 147) Even after conquering an enemy, the king should "render help to the distressed, the helpless, and the diseased." (A.13.5.11, 492) Kautilya's paternalistic concern even extended to animals! For example, "(Horses) incapacitated for work by war, disease, or old age should receive food for maintenance." (A.2.30.27, 172)
To show the king's concern and to gather evidence, Kautilya insisted that the king be willing to hear grievances from his subjects in an audience hall, a practice probably carried out by Chandragupta and certainly one undertaken by Aśoka. "Arriving in the assembly hall, he should allow unrestricted entrance to those wishing to see him in connection with their affairs. For, a king difficult of access is made to do the reverse of what ought to be done and what ought not to be done, by those near him." (A.1.19.26-27, 47) This is thoroughly practical advice, because a king who is out of touch with his subjects—and we will see that Kautilya advocated the extensive use of spies to gather even more information—might find himself in the midst of an "insurrection" of his subjects and not even understand why. (A.1.19.28, 47) Even during wartime, Kautilya gave detailed instructions for building a camp that included an "audience-hall." (A.10.1.4, 433) Borrowing from Megasthenes, Strabo remarked that Chandragupta listened to grievances even while being massaged. "The king also leaves his palace not only in time of war, but also for the purpose of judging causes. He then remains in court for the whole day, without allowing the business to be interrupted, even though the hour arrives when he must needs attend to his person—that is, when he is to be rubbed with cylinders of wood." (McCrindle 1960, 70-71) This was probably not an innovation; even the Dharmasūtras assert that the king must build an "Audience Hall." (Dharmasūtras, 68) In the Rāmāyana, King Dasartha was proud of his new Assembly Hall. "The King was always accessible, and fulfilled his duties as the ruler of Kosala without grudging the hours spent in public service." (Rāmāyana, 7) Aśoka stated in one of his edicts that those who keep him informed about the country should have access to him at all times, even if he was eating or in his harem. (Thapar 1997, 96)
Far from promoting justice for its own sake, Kautilya urged the king to ensure social justice and to establish a welfare state that cared for his people for practical and political reasons. "In the happiness of the subjects lies the happiness of the king and in what is beneficial to the subjects his own benefit." (A.1.19.34, 47) As U. Ghoshal puts it, Kautilya recognized that social justice is in the king's interest; for example, if the people are poor, they will become discontent and either support the enemy or slay the king. (Ghoshal 1923, 144-45) Kautilya himself argued in a long passage that social justice was usually in the king's political interest. If a king favors the wicked and discards the good, acts in an impious manner, punishes the good and rewards the evil, steals from and oppresses ordinary people, harms "principal men and [dishonours] those worthy of honour," then he will create only greed and disaffection among the people. "Subjects, when impoverished, become greedy; when greedy they become disaffected; when disaffected they either go over to the enemy or themselves kill the master." (7.5.19-27, 335) As S. N. Singh comments, "in his own interest the king had to do good to the people as on this basis alone he could himself be happy and prosperous. Possessed of subjects who are indifferent to the king's interests, the king was easily overpowered by his enemy." (Singh 1992, 149) To show that social justice, or rule by dharma, is often in the king's best interest is a far cry from claiming Kautilya to be an idealist, as does one scholar. (Sil 1984,21)
This is part of Kautilya's answer to those who consider him immoral. In so many cases, the moral or just action is also in the self-interest of the ruler or, to put it in another way, the right action often leads to the general good. Thus, when T. W. Rhys Davies calls Kautilya "depraved at heart" and "not so much immoral as unmoral" (Rhys Davids 1993, 270), and when Erich Frauwallner says that Kautilya had "no moral scruples" (Frauwallner 2 1993, 216) when it came to political action, they are offering a shallow reading of the Arthashastra and not recognizing how often the morally correct action is in fact in the king's self-interest. In the next section, we will see that even when Kautilya defended the use of spies and assassination, he did not do so in the absence of moral justification.
# Notes
In Greek philosophy, Pythagoras (c. 570-530 B.C.E.) quite likely encountered Indian philosophy and the doctrine of transmigration or reincarnation of souls in either Babylonia or Egypt. (Robinson 1968, 57, 61; Clarke 1997, 37). Plato borrowed this doctrine of the transmigration of souls from the Pythagoreans of his own time, and we find it in Book 10 of his Republic.
The implicit argument or assumption in this idea of moksa or release is that this world is full of suffering, a claim made much more explicit by the Buddha. One can see this claim also in a passage from the Laws of Manu. "The man who has the ability to see correctly is not bound by the effects of his past actions, but the man who lacks this vision is caught up in the cycle of transmigration.... He should abandon this foul-smelling, tormented, impermanent dwelling-place of living beings, filled with urine and excrement, pervaded by old age and sorrow, infested by illness, and polluted by passion." (Laws of Manu, 124)
G. C. Pande says, "The Vedic search for the spirit did not deny the world. It rather accepted the world as a gift and expression of a divine reality.... As a practical consequence the Upanishadic quest seeks to go beyond the life of worldliness and ritualism centred in action but does not usually advocate the radical renunciation of all life of action. Nor does it condemn the world as a vale of tears although it recognizes the unsatisfactory character of worldly goods and gains and stresses the need for spiritual enlightenment for realising that Bliss is the essence of being." (Pande 1984, 60)
Rajendra Prasad is just wrong in concluding that Kautilya favored a kingdom of "small size." (Prasad 1989, 95)
Contrast Kautilya's swagger with this passage. "[The king] should learn humility from [Brahmins] even if he is always humble, for the king who is humble is never destroyed." (Laws of Manu, 132)
Contrast this with Hobbes's understanding of the state of nature as a state of war, and notice how Hobbes assumed a more commercial and economically advanced society that would be lost if humankind returned to a state of war. "Hereby it is manifest, that during the time men live without a common Power to keep them all in awe, they are in a condition which is called Warre; and such a warre, as if of every man, against every man. . . . In such condition, there is no place for Industry; because the fruit thereof is uncertain; and consequently no Culture of the Earth; no Navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by Sea; no commodious Building; no Instruments of moving, and removing such things as require much force; no Knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of Time; no Arts; no Letters; no Society; and which is worst of all, continuall feare, and danger of violent death; And the life of man, solitary, poore, nasty, brutish, and short." (Hobbes, Ch. 13)
"The whole universe trembles before (a king) whose rod is constantly erect; he should therefore subjugate all living beings by that very rod." (Laws of Manu, 139) "If there be no Power erected, or not great enough for our security; every man will and may lawfully rely on his own strength and art." (Hobbes, Ch. 17)
Kautilya had a commendable record in trying to protect women from domestic violence and violence in general. The magistrates "shall impale on the stake those who beat a man or a woman with force." (A.4.11.7, 283). See also, A.3.3.8-9, 202; A.3.3.26, 204. For the subject of violence against women, see Bhattacharji 1994, 158-64.
# Chapter 3
# KAUTILYA'S SPY STATE
Kautilya described a kingdom in which every subject would be spied upon constantly, starting with the king's highest ministers. As we will see later, Kautilya thought that a king would require an enormous and elaborate bureaucracy, but for now we note only that Kautilya recognized that a king needs ministers. "Rulership can be successfully carried out (only) with the help of associates. One wheel alone does not turn. Therefore, he should appoint ministers and listen to their [opinions]." (A.1.7.9, 14) A king should have, according to Kautilya, three or four chief ministers; one chief minister would do as he pleased, and two chief ministers could unite against the king. (A.1.15.33-38, 34) Kautilya acknowledged that serving an excellent king as an advisor was an extremely honorable occupation. In a passage perhaps describing himself, Kautilya noted that, "One, conversant with the ways of the world, should seek service with a king, endowed with personal excellences." (A.5.4.1, 305) While Kautilya knew that being an advisor was an important occupation, he also knew that it was difficult and dangerous. Sometimes an advisor must try to correct a badly behaved king, sometimes a minister must retire from service, sometimes one must save oneself and serve an allied state, and once in a while a minister must engineer calamity for the king and promote a crown prince to the throne. (A.5.5.12-14, 309; A.5.6.18, 311) "For, self-protection must always be first secured by the wise (person), for the conduct of those serving a king has been stated to be like (remaining) in fire." (A.5.4.16, 307)
Because Kautilya regarded ministers as dangerous, he insisted that they must constantly be tested. "After appointing ministers. . . . [the king] should test their integrity by means of secret tests." (A.1.10.1, 18) Kautilya advocated four tests: the test of piety, the test of material gain, the test of lust, and the test of fear. In each case, Kautilya sought to contrive emptations—by saying the king is impious, or by offering a huge bribe, or by telling a minister that the queen is in love with him, or by jailing a minister falsely and trying to incite him to treason—to test a minister's loyalty. In general, those who failed such tests were to work in mines, factories, or forests. (A.1.10.1-20, 18-21) (Apparently, however, one who failed the test of lust and slept with the queen would die painfully. "For having relations with the king's wife, the [punishment] in all cases [shall be] cooking in a big jar." [A.4.13.33, 290]) In similar ways, Kautilya urged kings to test judges, village chiefs, and departmental heads. (A.4.4.6-9, 265-66)
Spying went well beyond tempting ministers. "When [the king] has set spies on the high officials," Kautilya insisted, "he should set spies on the citizens and the country people." (A.1.13.1, 28) The list of possible spies is overwhelming. "The Administrator should station in the country (secret agents) appearing as holy ascetics, wandering monks, cart-drivers, wandering minstrels, jugglers, tramps, fortune-tellers, soothsayers, astrologers, physicians, lunatics, dumb persons, deaf persons, vintners, dealers in bread, dealers in cooked meat, and dealers in cooked rice." (A.4.4.3, 265) Kautilya sought spies who would test and ascertain the loyalty of farmers and of soldiers, of heads of departments and of all officials in the government's bureaucracy, and he implied that there would be frequent surprise inspections. (A.2.35.13, 184; A.5.3.47, 305; A.2.7.9, 82; A.2.9.2, 89) Kautilya wanted secret agents who would spy on both enemies and allies, and he would secure the loyalty of double agents by "taking charge of their sons and wives." (A.1.12.19, 20, 26) He showed no hesitation in using women and children as spies and, even, as assassins. (A.12.4.9-10, 468)
Kautilya was frightfully detailed and thorough. Of minor officials who must handle money and valuables, Kautilya said, "of those (officers) the ways of embezzlement are forty," and he set about listing these forty ways and how one might nonetheless catch an embezzler. (A.2.8.20, 21-25, 86-88) He admitted that one can never be entirely certain that those who deal with the king's money, gold, or other valuables haven't taken something. "Just as fish moving inside water cannot be known when drinking water, even so officers appointed for carrying out works [related to valuables] cannot be known when appropriating money. It is possible to know even the path of birds flying in the sky, but not the ways of officers moving with their intentions concealed." (A.2.9.33-34, 91) Nevertheless, Kautilya sought to prevent embezzlement. For example, artisans who work with gold "shall enter and leave [the workplace] after their garments, hands and private parts are searched." (A.2.13.33, 113)
Because of this massive use of spying, Kautilya's kingdom was a police state, and anyone who did anything unusual was watched and generally arrested. For example, not only should the king build alehouses to regulate and watch those who drink alcohol, but he should also use those alehouses to spy. Secret agents should "ascertain the normal and occasional expenditures (of customers) and get information about strangers," and "female slaves of beautiful appearance" should find out all they can about strangers and locals when they are drunk and/or asleep. (A.2.25.12,15,11-15, 154) While spies should "report one who spends lavishly and one who does a rash deed," they should also discover and report one who has had a wound treated secretly and anyone who has committed "an unwholesome act." (A.2.36.9-10, 185) The Laws of Manu, written down after Kautilya's Arthashastra, describes in considerable detail—and certainly endorses—this kind of spying that led to arrest on suspicion and even incitement to crime so wrongdoers could be caught. (Laws of Manu, 225-26)
Those who defend Kautilya's use of spies regard these informers as no more than experts who gather public opinion and report it to the king, just as do modern public opinion pollsters. By using spies, a king could keep in touch with public sentiment and be aware early of any grievances. Megasthenes noted that these spies discovered what was going on in the kingdom; as Arrian detailed, these spies "report everything to the king," and it is illegal "for these to give a false report—but indeed no Indian is accused of lying." (McCrindle 1960, 217-18) (Strabo, another who borrowed his information from Megasthenes, declared that a person convicted "of bearing false witness" had his hands and feet cut off. [McCrindle 1960, 70]) One of Aśoka's inscriptions also notes that he used officers, to whom he gave free access day and night, just to report what was happening in the country. (Cited by Mookerji 1988, 121) King Dhritarāshtra in the Mahābhārata, "constantly enquired of his spies, 'What are people talking about?'" (Mahābhārata, 40) Bhargava states that under Chandragupta Maurya, "the spies were employed not only to detect criminals, but also to get information about the views of the people." (Bhargava 1996, 63; see Laws of Manu, 229) Mookerji and Bhargava are certainly correct that spies did report public opinion both within the kingdom and in foreign countries (see A.1.16, 36-39), but even if we acknowledge that spies fulfilled this valuable function of taking the pulse of the people, the kingdom that Kautilya wished for was still a police state, and scholars who focus only on how spies reported public opinion are merely putting forth apologetics for Kautilya.
# Arrest on Suspicion
Because there is no language in Kautilya's Arthashastra that speaks to the rights of the individual, Kautilya readily sanctioned arrest on suspicion. Among the many varieties of people that he suggested the police arrest on suspicion are "one with a small wage"; one falsely declaring his name or occupation; "one addicted to meat, wine, [or] eating of food"; "one who spends lavishly"; "one addicted to prostitutes"; "one travelling frequently"; "one moving at an odd time in a solitary place"; "one always staying inside the house"; "one devoted to a beloved"; one moving "stealthily" in the shadows of walls at night; "one who entertains a feeling of hostility"; one who has committed a previous offense; one who becomes anxious when he sees an official; and so on. After considerably more than a half page paragraph, Kautilya stated, "Thus ends (the topic) of arrest on suspicion." (A.4.6.1-2, 268-69; see also, A.2.36.34-38, 188) In regard to people "suspected of treason," Kautilya did not hesitate to list many ways in which one could entrap them. (A.5.2.52-70, 300-301)
Apparently, Kautilya did want to institute judicial protection for the individual. Having declared that magistrates should remain "neutral between the king and the subjects," Kautilya wanted judges who could be "impartial to all beings, worthy of trust and beloved of the people," (A. 4.10.17-18, 283; A.3.20.24, 253) although it is hard to imagine judges being impartial in the face of such enormous power wielded by the king and the state. Also, Kautilya did not seem to trust a single report of one spy, but instead wanted independent corroboration of suspicious or illegal activity. "When there is agreement in the reports of three (spies), credence (should be given)." (A.1.12.15, 26) Kautilya also prescribed a hefty fine "in case punishment is inflicted on those not deserving to be punished." (A.4.13.42, 291)
Nor did the Arthashastra allow for a right to privacy; indeed, Kautilya wanted the state to regulate the smallest and most intimate acts. For example, "If a man and a woman, with sexual intercourse in view, indulge in gestures with limbs or indecent conversation in secret," the authorities will fine them. (A.3.3.25, 203) Or again, "A wife disliking her husband (and) not adorning herself (for fulfillment of marital duty) during seven menstrual periods" must consent to having her husband have sex with another woman. (A.3.3.12, 202) No country that I have ever heard of sought to intrude in these ways into even the most minor of undertakings of everyday life. To take another example, "Washermen shall wash garments on wooden boards or smooth slabs of stone," or they will face a fine. (A.4.1.14-15, 255) One begins to wonder if there are no other satisfactory ways to wash clothes and if one must ask the police if a particular stone is smooth enough!
Kautilya sought to curtail severely what we would call the right to free speech. "A person deserves the lowest fine (for violence)," he wrote, "for reviling his own country and village, the middle fine for reviling his own caste or corporation, and the highest for reviling gods and sanctuaries." (A.3.18.12, 247) It is unclear how strictly this was enforced, because Kautilya apparently approved of actors making fun of almost anything. "[Actors] may, at will, entertain by making fun of the (customs of) countries, castes, families, schools and love-affairs." (A.4.1.61, 258) This approval of humor and entertainment is rare in the Arthashastra, which is almost always a somber and serious book. Above all, one must not criticize the king. "He shall cause the tongue to be rooted out of one who reviles the king or divulges secret counsel or spreads evil news (about the king)." (A.4.11.21, 285)
# Torture and Assassination
Kautilya also defended the practice of torturing a suspect who cannot prove his or her innocence. "In case of corroboration by persons proving his innocence, he shall be cleared of guilt; otherwise, he shall be put to torture." (A.4.8.4, 274) Kautilya contended that "one should put to torture one whose guilt is found to be probable," but not a pregnant woman or a Brahmin. (A.4.8.17-18, 27, 276-77) The ordinary fourfold torture consisted mostly of some kinds of beating, but for "grave offenders," Kautilya outlined the eighteen-fold torture that included "two scorpion-bindings" and other assorted painful procedures. (A.4.8.21-23, 276; see Agrawal 1990, 32-33) I cannot agree with Dikshitar who generously concludes that in Kautilya's Arthashastra there is "no mention of torture to elicit confession of a crime." (Dikshitar 1993, 166) Choudhary concludes correctly that "spies also applied judicial torture to arrive at the truth." (Choudhary 1971, 166)
In a strange turn toward humanitarianism, Kautilya declared that a prisoner should be tortured only "on alternate days and one [torture] only on one day." (A.4.8.25, 277) In another passage in the Arthashastra, Kautilya urged leniency toward "the head of a religious order, an ascetic, a sick person, one exhausted by hunger, thirst or a journey, a foreigner, one groaning under a fine, and an indigent person." (A.3.20.21, 252) He was well aware that a person, out of fear or desperation, might declare himself or herself guilty in the face of punishment or torture. (A.4.8.12, 275) To complicate all this further, Kautilya urged that the authorities clear out a prison at least every five days and either fine people or make them work or administer corporal punishment. (A.2.36.46, 189)
Torture was common in the ancient world. What surprises me is not that torture existed, but that Kautilya is just about the only political thinker to discuss it openly and defend its practice in somewhat carefully circumscribed circumstances.
Kautilya also repeatedly defended the practice of assassination; he labeled assassination as "silent punishment" or sometimes the "weeding of thorns" (although this might just involve arrest and punishment [A.2.4-5, 265-68]). This is not a topic buried toward the back of a five hundred page book, but rather discussed early in Book 1. "And he should pacify with money and honour those who are resentful with good reason, those resentful without reason, by silent punishment, also those who do what is inimical to the king." (A.1.11.21, 23) His defense is implicit here; to protect the king one must sometimes use violence against those who are dangerous. Defending the kingdom and the social order comprised of the four varnas was Kautilya's highest goal, and often this requires assassination. "But against those treasonable principal officers, who cause harm to the kingdom, (and) who, being favourites or being united, cannot be suppressed openly, [the king] should employ 'silent punishment,' finding pleasure in (doing his) duty." (A.5.1.4, 292) After listing for a number of paragraphs ways of assassinating people by poison and deceit, Kautilya remarked. "Thus [the king] should behave towards treasonable and unrighteous persons, not towards others. He should take from the kingdom fruits as they ripen, as from a garden; he should avoid unripe (fruit) that causes an uprising, for fear of his own destruction." (A.5.2.69-70, 301) Whereas Kautilya was clearly admonishing a king not to kill righteous people, he did not do so as much from a moral standpoint, but from a practical political one, that is, that a ruler perceived to be killing or imprisoning good citizens will inevitably face opposition to his rule. Similarly, in Book 14 Kautilya claimed that, "For the sake of protecting the four varnas, he should use secret practices against the unrighteous." (A.14.1.1, 494) Elsewhere, he urged that "secret practices" be used against "the treasonable." (A.5.6.48, 313) Secret practices turn out to be magical weapons—potions that cause leprosy or cholera or blindness, an iguana that can kill on sight—fantastic recipes that one wonders if Kautilya really believed were effective. "[The king] should cause fright to the enemy with (these) evil, miraculous portents[,] because it is for the consolidation of the kingdom." (A.14.2.45, 502; and A.14.1-2) With these secret practices, a king "should destroy the enemies and protect his own people." (A.14.3.88, 509) After one has conquered an enemy, one should use "silent punishment" against "those capable of injuring or those brooding over the master's destruction." (A.13.5.17, 492; see Agrawal 1990, 45-47)
# Was Kautilya Immoral?
Innocent people died if Chandragupta and Bindusara followed Kautilya's advice of weeding thorns and silent punishment, for in assassinating traitors, Kautilya was more than willing to use or to entrap the innocent. For example, after bribing a brother of a treasonable officer and having him kill the officer, Kautilya advocated that the king execute the innocent brother for fratricide. Or again, tell the son of a treasonable officer that he—the son—is actually the crown prince and will attain the throne if he kills his father. Once he has killed his father, execute the son for patricide. Or once more, put poison in one's own food served by a treasonable officer and his cook, and kill them both for attempted murder. (A.5.1.5-7, 15-18, 30-32, 292-94) Finally, to win a battle or to take a fort, he was quite willing to sacrifice his own loyal spies in the enemy's midst. (A.13.3.12, 481-82)
Kautilya even acknowledged that a king may have to sacrifice a wife or a son. "A king protects the kingdom (only) when (he is himself) protected from persons near him and from enemies, first from his wives and sons." (A.1.17.1, 39) Kautilya quoted with approval a predecessor's axiom that "princes, like crabs, are father-eaters." (Cited by Kosambi 1994, 144; see A.1.17.4-5, 39) Despite generally approving of the practice of passing the throne to the eldest son, Kautilya did not want that to be an inviolable rule, because he recognized that many eldest sons are "undisciplined" and hence unfit to rule. (A.1.17.51-52, 43) If a prince is disaffected, immoral, and "incorrigible," then a king should try to reeducate the prince and exile the prince, but if necessary, "secret agents should kill [the prince] with weapon or poison." (A.1.18.14, 45; and Book 1.17-18, passim.)
In the killing of innocents and in the killing of a prince, those who see Kautilya as nothing but immoral have some credible evidence. When Kosambi claims that in Kautilya's Arthashastra, "there is not the least pretence at morality," (Kosambi 1994, 142) he points out that not only did Kautilya advise a king to protect himself against a prince, but Kautilya could also not resist explaining to a prince in disfavor how to overthrow his father. (Kosambi 1994, 145; A.1.18.5-12, 43-44) By advising a king to kill a threatening prince, has Kautilya not demonstrated to bad kings how they might not perpetuate their evil? What if the prince is good and the king is evil? And by maintaining that saving the country or preserving the social order or rescuing a people from anarchy sometimes requires what we ordinarily regard as "evil" means, such as killing some who are innocent, hasn't Kautilya sanctioned killing or cruelty or injustice for any king who claims to be working for and upholding the general good? Kautilya usually referred to killing the unrighteous or treasonable, but in one passage he urged that women should be used "against the wicked, for spying, killing or making them blunder." (A.2.27.30, 162) Doesn't advocating spying upon and killing "the wicked" give enormous latitude or moral and political justification to a ruler to do just about whatever he or she wishes, no matter how violent and cruel? Is Ghoshal right when he says that we find Kautilya "frequently inculcating rules of a grossly unscrupulous nature on the plea of public interest and without the least pretence of moral disapproval"? (Ghoshal 1923, 148) Was the ancient poet Bāna (seventh century C.E.) fair in describing Kautilya's Arthashastra as "merciless in precepts and rich in cruelty"? (Majumdar 1960, 65)
How would Kautilya respond to this charge of immorality? First, he would note, as we saw previously and as one can see repeatedly in his Arthashastra that morality is usually the best policy, that social justice brings practical political results. Over and over Kautilya repeated that a greedy and cruel king, one whose desires are spinning out of control, will face rebellion and loss of power. Similarly, he warned of attacking a righteous and just kingdom, because that king's subjects would fight like tigers to defend a good king. How much easier it is to conquer the wicked! Second, he would say that the political world is a morally complicated morass, a dirty place, in which sometimes one must undertake what we would ordinarily call "evil" actions to bring good results. Kautilya would say that he did not cause this problem, and he did not make the political world so complicated, but rather he is just telling his readers about the reality of politics. And in this political world, a ruler who avoids any action that we traditionally call "evil" will bring ruin to himself or herself, as well as to the citizens of the realm. After discussing the necessities of occasional assassination, Kautilya concluded, "In this way, the kingdom continues in the succession of his sons and grandsons, free from danger caused by men. He should employ 'silent punishment' towards his own party or that of the enemy, without hesitation, being possessed of forbearance in respect of the future and the present." (A.5.1.56-57, 296)
The argument here is that we judge political actions by results, not intentions, and that sometimes—by no means always—the ends do justify the means. This is the agonizing reality for the political actor. If sacrificing an innocent person is absolutely necessary to bring a long period of prosperity, both material and spiritual, then it would be "immoral" to abstain from that violent action. We cannot always apply private morality to political matters, or, as K. M. Agrawal remarks, Kautilya was the first thinker "to make a distinction between ethics and political science." (Agrawal 1990, xv) As Drekmeier observes, Kautilya argued that "moral principles must be subordinated to the interests of the state inasmuch as the moral order depends upon the continued existence of the state." (Drekmeier 1962, 201)
Machiavelli made Kautilya's argument some eighteen centuries after Kautilya. As he wrote in The Prince, "for how we live is so far removed from how we ought to live, that he who abandons what is done for what ought to be done, will rather learn to bring about his own ruin. . . . Therefore it is necessary for a prince, who wishes to maintain himself, to learn how not to be good, and to use this knowledge and not to use it, according to the necessity of the case." (Machiavelli, Ch.15) Machiavelli assumed, I think, that the reader would understand that the "ruin" in question is the ruin of the prince and all of his subjects. Moreover, he did not say that a prince ought always to act in traditionally evil or bad ways, but only "according to the necessity of the case." This means that one who rules will make mistakes, because we cannot predict a human future the way we can calculate the motions of planets. Even the noblest political actor will sorrowfully find that some violent actions bring great good, and sometimes they turn out to have been tragically unnecessary. As Max Weber stated, politics is not a place to save one's soul, but it is the only place one may save one's nation. Machiavelli wanted us to understand this tenet of political realism so much that he put this proposition even more bluntly later in The Prince. A prince "cannot observe all those things which are considered good in men, being obliged, in order to maintain the state, to act against faith, against charity, against humanity, and against religion." (Machiavelli, Ch. 18) To those who think that always acting in a decent, humane, and kind way will bring "good" results, Weber said, "it is not true that good can follow only from good and evil only from evil, but that often the opposite is true. Anyone who fails to see this is, indeed, a political infant." (Cited in Boesche 1996, 121)
In the Jain version of the legend of Chandragupta and Kautilya—and this is only unsubstantiated legend—we find a third warrior named Parvataka who joined these two to defeat the Nanda kings. After the three had conquered the Nanda kings and were deciding how to found a kingdom and consolidate political power, Kautilya conspired with Chandragupta to deny Parvataka needed medical care and consequently let him die. (Bhargava 1996, 121-26) What is striking about this story is that it is so similar to legends about the founding of other civilizations, similar to Romulus killing his brother Remus and founding Rome and similar to Cain killing Abel and going off to establish cities and civilization. Is it possible that these stories are suggesting that in doing something great, something such as founding a nation, a great crime is always committed, that sometimes in this imperfect world great good emerges from great evil?
Kautilya frequently defended justice and compassion. On page 8 of his book, he said that we all have the following duties: "abstaining from injury (to living creatures), truthfulness, uprightness, freedom from malice, compassionateness and forbearance." (A.1.3.13, 8) It is just that compassion is sometimes a luxury that a king, and a kingdom, cannot afford. Some Indian scholars want to wipe away Kautilya's discussions of spies, arrest on suspicion, torture, and assassination. Ritu Kohli, for example, wants to correct the misconception that Kautilya "was a cruel, manipulative, tyrant and a believer in the policy of expediency." (Kohli 1995, xi) Radhagobinda Basak embraces, without the least hesitation or reservation, "the wonderful system of espionage." (Basak 1967, 4) B. Bhagat hails Kautilya as a "patriot" who loved "non-violence." (Bhagat 1990, 189-90) This sort of unreserved apologetic is not really an argument but rather an uncritical eulogy that impoverishes Kautilya and removes the richness, the depth, and the intricacies of his arguments.
# The Primacy of the State
Kautilya is given much credit for offering one of the first comprehensive theories of the state by discussing the seven constituent elements of the state—"the king, the minister, the country, the fortified city, the treasury, the army and the ally." (A.6.1.1, 314; see Sharma 1991, 38; Roy 1992, 98; Mishra 1965, 27) We don't know that this notion is original with Kautilya; we find the elements of the state in almost exactly this order in the Laws of Manu, a book with ancient roots but not written down until well after Kautilya. (Laws of Manu, 229) For the purposes of this book, it is most important to note that Kautilya relied upon a centralized state—indeed, advocated an extraordinarily powerful state—like no thinker in India or elsewhere had before. The king and the state should dominate both Brahmins and powerful economic classes.
Whereas Kautilya was careful to show respect to Brahmin priests and defend their status, he clearly saw religion as subordinate to the interests of the state. Of course, in almost all cultures, there is frequently tension between secular and priestly power. In the Rig Veda, we see that Brahmin priests crowned kings. "I have brought you here; remain among us.... Stand stead-fast here, like Indra; and here uphold the kingdom." (Rig Veda, 64) Interestingly, all mention of priests crowning kings is absent in Kautilya's Arthashastra. (Saletore 1963, 302) In addition, "the Brahmin must walk before the king," and the king depended on Brahmins "for the correct formulations of the sacrifices and the correct propitiation of innumerable deities and noxious forces." (Derrett 1976, 600, 603) Moreover, Kautilya's proposed kingdom was much less advantageous in its laws to Brahmins than were more traditional forms of rule. (Saletore 1963, 73) As Ghoshal puts it, Kautilya made one of the earliest and most dramatic contributions to political thought by "emancipating politics from the tutelage of theology and raising it to the dignity of an independent science." (Ghoshal 1923, 114-15) By focusing on the political world as it is and trying to master that world, Kautilya did not "treat political problems in terms of either ethical standards or religious dogmas." (Saletore 1963, 53) Throughout his Arthashastra, in matters of importance Kautilya repeatedly made certain that "priestly power [was] made subordinate to royal power." (Sharma 1991, 263) For example, in key passages, he stated that, when in conflict, citizens must hold the king's edict to be superior to any other agreements, laws, or customs; no one should have a divided allegiance, and as a consequence, a royal edict must have more authority than religious practices. (A.3.1.38-45, 194-96; Sharma 1991, 263)
There is more evidence in the Arthashastra that Kautilya wanted religion to be secondary to state power. For example, Kautilya's state should take responsibility for building most shrines and temples, (A.2.4.17-20, 70) which would certainly make religious authorities dependent on the state. Moreover, there is some evidence that the state controlled much of the wealth and property of the temples and shrines. (Sharma 1991, 264) Probably most important is what Kautilya omitted. When he listed in a well-known passage the seven constituent elements of the state—"the king, the minister, the country, the fortified city, the treasury, the army, and the ally" (A.6.1.1, 314)—he omitted entirely any mention of religion or the power of Brahmin priests. (Sharma 1991, 40) By contrast, when Megasthenes reported on the seven castes or classes that he found in India, he put the philosophers or Brahmin priests first! (McCrindle 1960, 38) Before the Mauryan kings, India's monarchies had been akin to theocracies, (Singh 1993, 46) but no longer. Reading the Arthashastra closely, one occasionally can stumble over hints that sometimes Kautilya regarded religion as an obstacle to royal power that must be overcome. For instance, in a passage about war, Kautilya wrote, "Hindrances to gain are: passion, anger, nervousness, pity, shyness, ignobleness, haughtiness, a sympathetic nature, regard for the other world, piousness." (A.9.4.25, 419, my emphasis) Kautilya did not want religious power, religious practice, or religious concern to compete with the state for power and authority, and because he wanted to conquer and expand the state, he did not want a religious ethic to interfere with military greatness. Says Drekmeier, "[Kautilya] must be understood as attempting to liberate the heroic ideal from the debilitating influences of religion." (Drekmeier 1962, 157)
Put bluntly, Kautilya liked religion when he could make it useful to the state. (For a contrary view, see Bhagat 1990, 190.) For example, Kautilya stated that brave men who die in battle, "reach in one moment even beyond those (worlds), which, Brahmins, desirous of heaven, reach by a large number of sacrifices." (A.10.3.30, 440) Similarly, "bards and panegyrists should describe the attainment of heaven by the brave and the absence of heaven for cowards." (A.10.3.43, 441) In the enemy camp, "soothsayers, interpreters of omens, astrologers, reciters of Purānas, seers, and secret agents" should frighten the enemy by declaring that Kautilya's king has been "meeting with divinities." (A.13.1.7-8, 475) In all of these examples, religion is useful, but mentioned on a par with astrologers who announce the king's omniscience, declare the king's "association with divine agencies," and "fill the enemy's side with terror." (A.10.3.33, 440) The king must also "make (Brahmins) recite blessings invoking victory and securing heaven." (A.10.3.34, 440) In natural calamities such as fire, floods, and famine, Kautilya urged people to pray to gods and to turn to holy ascetics and magicians, to attempt any measure that might be useful, to put trust in anyone who might share the blame in a disaster! (A.4.3.12,44, 263, 265) After Kautilya listed disasters that can befall the state such as fire, floods, disease, famine and so forth, he said that, "overcoming them is through prostration before gods and Brahmins." If there is too much rain or drought or "demoniac creation," then the state can overcome these disasters with "rites prescribed in the Artharvaveda and undertaken by holy men." (A.9.7.82-84, 432) If Kautilya had his way, whom do you the think the people would blame for such natural disasters?
Priests and astrologers—in fact, all purveyors of superstition (Sharma 1954, 223-25)—are simply there to reinforce and to serve state power, and Kautilya unquestionably wanted royal power to command priestly power. As Radhakrishna Choudhary puts it so well, "Religion was made even a means for accomplishing political ends." (Choudhary 1971, 244) As Banerji notes, Kautilya was willing to use almost any kind of deception to fool and control all subjects. (Banerji 1993, 302, 187) Sharma says correctly that "a distinctive feature of the Arthashastra politics as expounded by Kautilya is the deliberate use of superstition by the ruling class to hoodwink and overawe the masses." (Sharma 1991, 271) Sharma is correct about the use of superstition, but I think he is wrong in his assertion about ruling classes, because Kautilya also wanted the state to control the leading classes.
Obviously classes existed in ancient India, and in general Brahmins and Kshatriyas formed a ruling class, although certainly tensions understandably existed between the two. Sibesh Bhattacharya, in an excellent article, outlines the tensions between Brahmins and Kshatriyas—"It is interesting that while one strand of the theory of kingship represented in the sacerdotal literature asserts the begetting of kingship by the priests through the agency of sacrifice, another strand points to the divine origin of kingship"—and concludes that these classes formed a ruling elite, but he never gave evidence that this was true in fact, not just in theory, for the Mauryan empire. (Bhattacharya 1984, 14, 19, 1 respectively) The question at hand is what influence these powerful classes would have had on the state that Kautilya described, and I argue that if Kautilya had his way—and we probably will never know enough about Chandragupta Maurya's rule to know if he did—the state would retain considerable independence from, and make use of, these key classes. This may not be so unusual as it sounds; Weber, and even Marx, saw that at certain moments in history a strong state can have interests of its own and considerable autonomy from powerful classes. (Boesche 1996, 262-71, 367-70) Even Sharma, who talks about the "class character" of the Mauryan state, used Engels for his analysis, and spoke of "the ruling classes," (Sharma 1991, 39-40) admits that, "Kautilya's legislation introduces a liberal interlude, its object being to provide a scheme of imperial laws overriding petty considerations of caste.... Kautilya tries to lessen the rigours of class legislation." (Sharma 1991, 246) Kosambi argues this position well. Every state, he acknowledges, is "class-based," but Kautilya's state appears "fantastic" to us, because the state—as we shall see in the next chapter—was the chief landowner and in control of most industries and most production. As Kosambi concludes, "The ruling class was, if not created by and for the state, at least greatly augmented as part of the administration." (Kosambi 1994, 143) Satya Deva may well be right in arguing that the bureaucracy under Chandragupta might have "[functioned] as a ruling class." (Deva 1984, 812) However, I believe that the state with the king in control—and not a dominant economic class—was primary. (Kangle 1992, 139)
Is there evidence supporting this proposition in the Arthashastra? First, we find that Kautilya disliked traders who were not supervised and therefore not controlled by the state. To go from the world of the Rāmāyana to Kautilya's world is to travel from a feudal economy to an urban economy of trade and finance, (Nagarajan 2 1992, 266-68) and we find that Kautilya disliked these new classes. As A. Ghosh points out, the rise of cities includes the rise of merchants, (Ghosh 1973, 22) and it is almost as if Kautilya had an easier time appeasing Brahmins and Kshatriyas than he did traders who were Vaishyas. Kautilya scoffed bitterly that, "Traders, joining and raising and lowering the (prices of) goods, make a profit of one hundred panas on one pana." (A.8.4.36, 399) Kautilya regarded traders as "thieves." In response to this belief, "Not only did the State associate itself closely with the trading and industrial classes, but it also undertook manufactures and trading on its own account." (Ghoshal 1996, 276, 275) Second, strongly urging that large estates be broken up in the process of inheritance, Kautilya came very close to outlawing primogeniture or the practice of leaving the entire estate to the oldest son. If Kautilya's policies toward inheritance had been followed, over time there would be no large landowners—no concentration of economic power—to oppose the state. Said Kautilya, "in the case of partition during his life-time, the father shall not show special favor to any one. And he shall not, without ground, exclude any one from inheritance. . . . There is to be an equal division of debts and property." (A.3.5.16-17, 22, 210) Jefferson was proud of having done this in Virginia! Finally, Kautilya wanted the king to find his basis for support in ordinary people who were not in the two upper classes. For instance, he supported unions and guilds. (A.3.14.12-18, 240) In another passage, in favoring a sick king over a new king, Kautilya preferred a sick king "who is rooted among the subjects," (A.8.2.18, 392) rather than a new king with no popular ties. And Kautilya also looked, as we will see later, to a popular army relying on Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shūdras; indeed he thought Brahmins were poor soldiers who quit fighting too quickly. As Drekmeier has rightly observed, Kautilya was "a champion of the Shūdras," (Drekmeier 1962, 198) who regarded them as "freeborn citizens," most of whom had Aryan status and all of whom could be called upon to serve in the army. Far from seeking to ally his king and state with some wealthy ruling classes, Kautilya endeavored to have the king and the state control all classes, make use of all classes, and maintain widespread popular support. Maybe this was a mistake. V. Subramaniam raises a fascinating question. Did the Mauryan empire collapse more quickly than the other empires in the ancient world because the state demanded that the king, ruling through officials in state institutions, do too much by himself, rather than allying himself with one or more powerful classes. "Kautilya staked too much on a powerful state—with powers to disrobe monks, tax the rich merchants into abject submission, and even keep the Brahmins in their place." (Subramaniam 1998, 99)
The popular support that Kautilya envisioned did not include active citizenship. In the Vedic period, kings had to manipulate or to cooperate with Central Assemblies, or samitis; but these had disappeared by 500 B.C.E. (Altekar 1962, 66, 139-45) Whereas there was no genuine ideal of citizenship in the Mauryan empire, (Drekmeier 1962, 147) there was a warrior ideal, and Kautilya wanted to keep it that way. Kautilya knew that the best way to depoliticize subjects is to keep them isolated in private space and in their private lives, so that they cannot meet, discuss, and organize, and throughout the Arthashastra, Kautilya frequently recommended ways to keep people apart and close off public space where they might gather. For example, in proposing a curfew from 9:00 p.m. to 3:30 a.m., Kautilya sought penalties for anyone out at night, and this certainly fastened people to their private homes and prohibited them from gathering in public. (Mookerji 1988, 135) Kautilya knew that fear isolates. Similarly, Kautilya wanted people to leave public business to the state, stay in their private homes, and not even get together with their neighbors. "House-owners should live near the front doors of their own houses, not collecting together at night." (A.2.36.21, 186) Even in the palace, Kautilya wanted each to be isolated. "And every one (in the palace) should live in his own quarters and should not move to the quarters of another." (A.1.20.22, 51)
As we have already seen, Aśoka prohibited public meetings, and it may have been an idea that he got from Kautilya, but certainly outlawing public meetings controlled the populace. As Thapar notes, "The suppression of these popular meetings and assemblies is in conformity with the idea of strict centralization. Such gatherings may have been feared as occasions for attacks on the king's new ideas." (Thapar 1997, 152) Demanding that subjects work hard in their specialized functions of the division of labor also leaves no time for public life. "For, men being of a nature similar to that of horses," wrote Kautilya, "change when employed in works. . . . They should carry out the works according to orders, without concerting together." (A.2.9.3, 5, 89) In discussing the settlement of new lands, Kautilya prohibited amusements that would bring people together and reduce the time for work. "And there should be no parks there nor halls for recreation. Actors, dancers, singers, musicians, professional story-tellers or minstrels shall not create obstruction in the work (of the people)." (A.2.1.33-34, 58; see Nagarajan 2 1992, 74) (In fact, music, dance, drama, satires against the powerful, horse-racing, jesters, wrestlers, boxers, acrobats, jugglers, snake charmers, and magicians all entertained at festivals in ancient India, but many like Kautilya frowned upon such entertainment. Dancers, for example, lost their caste status. [Das 1994, 156, 189-94; Banerji 1993, 160-71]) Kosambi remarks rightly that banning meetings and forcing people to work long and hard at their jobs means that, "the idiocy of village life was deliberately fostered by early state policy." (Kosambi 1994, 150-51)
The only exception that I can find to this banning of public meetings is in Kautilya's apparent approval of guilds, although we know very little about their actual operation. Shyamsunder Nigam suggests that, "guilds operated on a democratic basis. . . . They were the connecting links between the state and the public," (Nigam 1975, 55) but I am not satisfied with the evidence offered. Bandyopadhyaya argues more convincingly that the government controlled the guilds, because, "The powerful Kautilya government could not brook such independence on the part of these combinations of artisans or workmen." (Bandyopadhyaya 1927, 201) Kautilya wanted unions to divide pay among workers "as agreed upon or in equal proportions," he saw unions as disciplining workers, and he apparently wanted workers rotated off a job after seven days, (A.3.14.18, 12-17, 240; A.2.4.16, 69) perhaps as Kangle says, "to prevent direct and close relations being established between individual workmen and the employer." (Kangle 1992, 240) We do know from history that there were guilds for merchants, weavers, washermen, goldsmiths, doctors, musicians, and occasionally Brahmin priests. (Saletore 1975, 527-28) Kautilya did not make a distinction between guilds and unions, and it is possible that he saw them not as tools for organizing, but as state-controlled organizations for disciplining workers. Certainly, like every other institution, guilds were subject to state regulation. (Sen 1967, 175, 179-80)
Kautilya knew that one can more easily conquer a disunited and isolated populace, and that means that the state can more easily dominate and control such a depoliticized mass of subjects. "And subjects, contending among themselves, benefit (the king) by their mutual rivalry." (A.8.4.19, 398) Lands with "people disunited" (A.7.11.18-19, 356; Chousalkar 1990, 38) are more easily conquered. Because there are no spontaneous revolts, and because organized opposition requires leaders, Kautilya thought that if the king killed the leaders, then the people would fall back into an unorganized and dispersed isolation. "Disaffection can be overcome by the suppression of the leaders." (A.7.5.35, 336; Chousalkar 1990, 38-42) If secret agents can "sow discord" among an enemy and foment "mutual hatred, enmity or strife," if these agents can "start quarrels" within the enemy camp, then Kautilya's army could more easily conquer. (A.11.1.6-8, 455) In the end, he would settle families of a conquered people on available land, and "fix a penalty if they come together." (A.11.1.17-19, 455-56) The domestic corollary to this advice on conquering a disunited enemy is obvious; keep subjects apart, alone, in private space, and powerless to organize, and the king and the state can control the populace quite easily.
# An Administered People
If Kautilya's science of politics was put into practice by the Mauryan governments, then the king's extraordinarily far-reaching bureaucracy controlled his subjects as much as any people in the ancient world. (Basak 1967, 1-16) U. Ghoshal comments that Kautilya's detailed analysis of the bureaucratic administration of the state took him well beyond Machiavelli's discussion of how a state works. (Ghoshal 1923, 155) While we cannot know if the empires of Chandragupta, Bindusara, and Asoka actually had such an extensive system of administration, Kautilya described a detailed bureaucracy unlike anything in other ancient empires such as those in Egypt, Persia, or China. If the bureaucracy in reality even approached what Kautilya suggested in theory, one reason must have been that some castes had government service as one possible occupation. "Generally speaking, the higher administrative positions seem to have been monopolised by [Brahmins] and [Kshatriyas]." (Das 1994, 145)
We will explore the economy in more depth later, but Kautilya wanted the state to control much of the economy. For example, "The Director of Stores should cause to be built a treasury, a warehouse, a store for forest produce, an armoury, and a prison-house." (A.2.5.1, 72) And, "The Superintendent of the Armoury should cause to be made machines for use in battles, for the defence of forts and for assault on the enemies' cities, also weapons." (A.2.18.1, 131) The Director of Forest Produce should establish factories for making all kinds of things of wood "for ensuring livelihood and protection of the city." (A.2.17.17, 131) The Director of Trade should set prices for most commodities "so as to favour the subjects" and not allow profits "injurious" to ordinary people. (A.2.16.5-6, 127) Kautilya's government should even have a Superintendent of Courtesans who would hire courtesans, place them in government houses, tax and presumably license them, and be responsible for hiring teaches who will teach courtesans "knowledge of the arts of singing, playing on musical instruments, reciting, dancing, acting, writing, painting, playing on the lute, the flute and the drum, reading the thoughts of others, preparing perfumes and garlands, entertaining in conversation, shampooing and the courtesan's art [presumably sexual pleasure]." (A.2.27.28, 161)
Has there ever been such a centralized bureaucratic administration that sought to control such details of ordinary people's lives? The wisdom and command of the king were to be everywhere, manifested in every government official, but the king himself was not present. The king "should conceal, as a tortoise does his limbs, any (limb) of his own that may have become exposed." (A.1.15.60, 36) While the power of the king was everywhere simultaneously, he himself was above the administration of everyday life. The king exercised this power through an extraordinarily extensive professional bureaucracy, probably from subcastes or jātis in which one was born for government service, from which the king chose officials based on merit, not a system of spoils. (Mehta and Thakkar 1980, 102)
If detailed record-keeping is a sign of a new despotism, as some such as Weber and Foucault have claimed, then indeed Kautilya's kingdom was despotic. Kautilya wanted an extraordinarily detailed census with officials visiting every village to see how much an individual village should pay in taxes, how many men it should supply to the army, and so forth. A revenue officer should look after five to ten villages, recording how many people live in each, how many in each varna, how many in each occupation, the ages of each person, how many and what kind of animals, and so on. (A.2.35.1-5, 182-83) Not only was there a detailed census of the people, but Kautilya declared, "They should maintain a record in writing of (every) elephant"! (A.2.211, 60) A centralized Records Office should be built "facing the east or the north" (A.2.7.1, 80) (No southern exposure to the sun?), and it should have detailed records of the income of all departments, whether the income of each department had increased or decreased, the materials used, and other various detailed records of wages, expenses, and revenue. Of course the Superintendent of the Records office should have "the activity (of departments) watched by spies," (A.2.7.9, 82) and should keep detailed accounts of all income and expenditures. "After hearing the totals of income, expenditure, and balance, he should cause the balance to be taken away (to the treasury)." (A.2.7.18, 83) A Superintendent of Passports must issue sealed passes before one could "enter or leave the countryside," (A.2.34.2, 181) a practice that might constitute the first passbooks and passports in world history. All traders coming into the country must have an "identity-pass," and customs officials should record in writing what each caravan brought into the country. (A.2.21.2, 142) If, as Weber said, written records and double entry bookkeeping are signs of a modern, emerging capitalist economy, then how do we make sense of Kautilya's centrally planned economy? And if Foucault saw a new form of domination in the state sorting and categorizing us while we all watch and superintend one another, what do we call Kautilya's proposed state? One reason that Kautilya fascinates the modern reader is that he defies all the usual categories we have of the ancient world.
Kautilya spoke of a "science of building," (A.2.3.3, 61-62) and he gave detailed instructions about how to lay out a city, including how wide the various roads should be and how far apart the buildings should be. Seeking a rationally planned city, Kautilya wanted "dealers in perfume, flowers and liquids, makers of articles of toilet and Kshatriyas [to] live in the eastern quarter," while "workers in metals and jewels and Brahmins should live in the northern quarter." (A.2.4.9, 15, 68-69) Having established his city, Kautilya sought to control it. Each city should have a City Superintendent who would appoint section officers. "The section officer (should look after) a group of ten families or twenty or forty families. He should find out the number of individuals, men and women, in that (group), according to caste, family-name and occupation, also their income and expenditure." (A.2.36.2-3, 185) The only modern example that I can think of that sought to watch over each citizen to this extent is modern China under Mao. In the case of town planning, Kautilya's proposals were probably more theoretical than actually workable. As William Kirk says, "In view of the noisome Indian cities of medieval and later times it is difficult to imagine the orderly, disciplined cities depicted in the Arthashastra." (Kirk 1978, 74)
Kautilya seemed to have an obsession with making everything in the kingdom just right. The Superintendent of Horses "should cause a bath to be given horses twice a day," (A.2.30.50, 174) the Superintendent of Elephants must build stables and stalls for elephants to exact specifications, (A.2.31.2-4, 175) the City Superintendent must fine individuals one-eighth of a pana "for throwing dirt on the road" and double that fine for "blocking it with muddy water," (A.2.36.26, 186) judges should make certain that each house has a window "high up" which individuals must cover when they are at home, (A.3.8.16-17, 217) judges should also make certain that, except for Brahmins, "One who does not contribute his share [of work] in a stage-show shall not witness it," (A.3.10.37, 225) and judges should fine individuals a specified amount for harming "bushes and creepers bearing flowers or fruit or yielding shade." (A.3.19.29, 250) Nor did Kautilya hesitate in his attempts to legislate or mandate morality. For example, "for those who do not go to the rescue [of one drowning in a flood], the fine is twelve panas, except in the case of those without canoes." (A.4.3.9, 263) And, one must be fined if he or she vilifies another for "leprosy, madness, impotence and so on." (A.3.18.4, 246) Moreover, a husband who does not have sex with his wife at the correct time of month was fined 96 panas, so even sexual activity was supposed to be the concern of the state. (Thomas 1964, 73) As T. N. Ramaswamy put it, in Kautilya's Arthashastra, "everyday life in all its multifarious aspects comes in for careful regulation and adjustment, from the cooking-pot to the crown." (Ramaswamy 1994, 32)
It is worth reiterating that it is unclear how much of this detailed control the Mauryan kings actually achieved. Could the centralized administration of a country in the ancient world really control life at the village level? Thapar says that under the Mauryan state "local regions were left relatively untampered as long as they provided the required revenue." (Thapar 1992, 156) However, in her book on Aśoka, Thapar also claims that under Mauryan administration, "the king had control over even the most remote part of the empire. An efficient bureaucracy was essential to this." (Thapar 1997, 123) Even Kautilya mentioned cases, such as deciding boundaries or property lines, in which local government, and not the central government appointees should make decisions. (A.3.9.10, 219) I seriously doubt that the centralized state reached into village life as much as Kautilya wanted. As R. Choudhary says, in ancient India, "Rural politics was, to a great extent, independent of state politics." (Choudhary 1971, 195)
# Notes
For the classifications of spies in Kautilya's time, see Banerji 1993, 297-98.
In South India, when the cities dwindled and the trading economy disappeared, the merchants were replaced by feudal landowners who submitted to temple worship and ruled along with the Brahmins. (Kennedy 1976, 14-15)
# Chapter 4
# THE ECONOMY: A SOCIALIST MONARCHY
The most important element of the state, according to Kautilya, is neither the government nor the army, but the treasury. "Spiritual good and sensual pleasures," he wrote, "depend on material well-being." (A.1.7.7, 14) In a sense the good life of the kingdom, the well-being, or yogakshema, of the people will never occur if the economy is in shambles. This is one point that Kautilya's readers cannot miss. "All undertakings are dependent first on the treasury." (A.2.8.1, 85) Every good in political life—peace, conquest, order, the correct social and class structure, dharma, and so on—depends on the state acquiring wealth and using it wisely. "Men, without wealth, do not attain their objects even with hundreds of efforts; objects are secured through objects, as elephants are through elephants set to catch them." (A.9.4.27, 419) After declaring early in Book 1 that "material well-being alone is supreme," (A.1.7.6, 14), Kautilya continued later by saying that the king will be happy only when his subjects are happy, and, "Therefore, being ever active, the king should carry out the management of material well-being." (A.1.19.35, 34, 47) In this statement we find the key to understanding the importance of the economy for Kautilya. The king can rule properly—defend the country, uphold the four varnas, govern like a concerned father, make sure that individuals are not exploited by greed, and bring about Kautilya's vision of social justice—only if there is material prosperity. Thus, Kautilya was not defending endless wealth or economic "development"—he had no notion of that—but he was saying the calamity of poverty would defeat anything a good king needs and wants to do. "And the treasury, ensuring (the success of) all endeavors, is the means of deeds of piety and sensual pleasure." (A.8.1.49, 388) The goals are always "well-being and security" (A.8.1.23, 387) from enemies from both within and without.
Whereas many thinkers in both the European and Asian traditions might declare that religion is most important, or that the political constitution is central to achieving peace and justice, or whereas some such as Machiavelli might see a disciplined army as central to political well-being, Kautilya singled out the treasury. Without a treasury, there is no effective army. Whereas Machiavelli warned against relying on wealth and hiring mercenaries and instead recommended a popular army with republican virtues, Kautilya and Chandragupta Maurya had in fact used wealth to raise an army that successfully overthrew the Nanda kings. (Raychaudhuri 1996b, 144-45) No wonder Kautilya stressed the importance of wealth. "From the treasury the army comes into being. With the treasury and the army, the earth is obtained with the treasury as its ornament." (A.2.122.37, 110) Kautilya was not thinking of a mercenary army, and indeed I will show later that he favored a citizen army, but money allows one to pay and to equip soldiers. "With money, troops... are obtained." (A.7.9.30, 350) Indeed, "bravery, firmness, cleverness and large numbers are (found) among the country people." (A.8.1.30, 387) And even though he wanted a citizen army, he was not counting upon republican or patriotic fervor to ensure the loyalty of his soldiers. "The army, indeed, is rooted in the treasury. In the absence of the treasury, the army goes over to the enemy or kills the king." (A.8.1.48-49, 388) Kautilya said something that Machiavelli would never agree with, that is, that a king with money can conquer an enemy "by hiring or purchasing heroic men." (A.9.1.7, 406)
Because the treasury enables a king to pay soldiers and make military equipment, the army needs the treasury and the treasury must be protected by the army, so they will always be interrelated, but the treasury is ultimately more important. "For, the army is the means of acquiring and protecting the treasury, [but] the treasury that of the treasury and the army. Because it brings into being all objects, the calamity of the treasury is more serious." (A.8.1.51-52, 388-89) Most of all, Kautilya saw the treasury as a means of equipping well-trained soldiers—and providing elephants was central to Kautilya—who could then conquer anyone. "And his army, richly endowed with abundant might, horses, elephants, chariots and equipment, moves unhindered everywhere. And winning over and purchasing men of energy, those possessed of might, even women, children, lame and blind persons, have conquered the world." (A.9.1.9, 406) In addition, a treasury allows a king to build a fort, which in turn protects both the treasury and the kingdom. "In the absence of a fort, the treasury will fall into the hands of enemies. For it is seen that those with forts are not exterminated." (A.8.1.39-40, 388) Although Kautilya may have over-emphasized the importance of wealth to a citizen army, he persuasively demonstrated that Machiavelli understated the value of a healthy treasury.
Symbolically and practically, Kautilya wanted the king to use the "science of building" to build a fort for the treasury "in the centre of the country." (A.2.3.3, 61) Around the treasury fort should be three moats, a rampart, a parapet, turrets, and so on. "Outside (the fort), he should cause a covered road to be made that is strewn with knee-breakers, a mass of pikes, pits, concealed traps, barbed wires, 'serpent backs,' 'palm-leaves,' 'three peaks,' 'dog's jaws,' bars, 'jumping sandals,' frying pans and ponds." (A.2.3.15, 64; A.2.3, passim) Any thief who breaks into the treasury should suffer, not just the death penalty but a painful and prolonged death, or "death by torture." (A.2.5.20, 75)
# A Centralized Economy
No commentator has a phrase that adequately describes the economy that Kautilya outlined, because there has been nothing like it before or since the Mauryan empire. Wolpert declares the Mauryan economy was a "socialized monarchy," (Wolpert 1982, 60) and Basham calls it "a sort of state socialism" that "always left scope for the individual producer." (Basham 1963, 218) Others claim Kautilya established the first welfare state. Says Kohli, "Kautilya touched almost all of the aspects of human life, civilisation and culture with his concept of Yogakshema (welfare state, in the modern sense). Unfortunately, Kautilya's ideas on [a] welfare state did not receive the attention of foreign scholars, and it is generally believed that the idea of [a] welfare state is a modern one and originated in the West." (Kohli 1995, xi; see Altekar 1962, 332-33) Louis Dumont sees Kautilya's king running a benevolent feudal manor, perhaps a description that leads to the best understanding of Kautilya's economy. "Rather than speaking of monopolies," says Dumont, "or distinguishing a public sector in the economy, one should think of a manor." (Dumont 1962, 71) In fact all labels fail; it is best to describe Kautilya's economy in detail. It is worth noting how proud of Kautilya are so many Indian scholars; R. N. Saletore, for example, proclaims Kautilya "one of the greatest financial experts of all time." (Saletore 1975, 73)
Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to Chandragupta's court, said that all land was owned by the king. Borrowing from Megasthenes, Diodorus wrote of those who worked the land; farmers or husbandmen "pay a land tribute to the king, because all India is property of the crown, and no private person is permitted to own land." (McCrindle 1960, 39; see Saletore 1975, 466) Using Megasthenes again, Diodorus went further to say that agricultural laborers lived their lives indifferent to the political and military turmoil that would determine the names of their masters. "But, further, there are usages observed by the Indians which contribute to prevent the occurrence of famine among them; for whereas among other nations it is usual in the context of war to ravage soil, and thus reduce it to an uncultivated waste, among the Indians, on the contrary, by whom husbandmen are regarded as a class that is sacred and inviolable, the tillers of the soil, even when battle is raging in their neighborhood, are undisturbed by any sense of danger, for the combatants on either side in waging the conflict make carnage of each other, but allow those engaged in husbandry to remain quite unmolested." (McCrindle 1960, 31-32) As for the class structure on the land, the mass of Shūdras were agricultural laborers who were working for those of higher varnas who owned land or leased land from the state. (Sharma 1990, 102, 161-63) Farming under the Mauryas must have been efficient, because Diodorus tells us that Megasthenes remarked that "famine has never visited India," (McCrindle 1960, 31) and even though modern historians know that statement is an exaggeration, Megasthenes must have been impressed by agricultural abundance. Megasthenes also reported seeing a strong, larger than ordinary, and well-nourished people in India. (McCrindle 1960, 30)
Modern scholars have struggled and disagreed over the question of whether Megasthenes was wrong in contending that the king owned all of the land. Kautilya himself sometimes gave the impression that the crown owned all land. In Book 2, Kautilya wrote, "He [meaning either the king or the Director of Agriculture] should allot to tax-payers arable fields for life. Unarable fields should not be taken away from those who are making them arable. He should take away (fields) from those who do not till them and give them to others." (A.2.1.8-10, 56) In short, untilled land belongs to no one but the state; one who tills empty land possesses it. (Vigasin and Samozvantsev 1985, 107) We learn a lot from this passage in Kautilya. First, there certainly was land—probably a considerable amount—that the crown owned or at least controlled. Second, most farmers had something like a lease for life and paid taxes to the government. Later in the Arthashastra, we learn that the normal tax on the land was one sixth of the crop, but that it might be as high as one fourth or even one third or one half on very fertile land, or even lower than one sixth on land that is difficult to farm. (A.2.15.3, 122; A.5.2.2, 296) Third, we know this crown land was not "owned" by the individual farmers, because the state could seize the land if the farmers were not productive. Finally, Kautilya clearly thought in terms of incentives; he wanted productive farmers on land difficult to cultivate to be encouraged, and he thought it fair to vary the tax rate according to the fertility of the land.
In another passage on taxes we discover that once more Kautilya saw fairness and justice as good policy. For example, "The king should exempt from taxes a region laid waste by the army of an enemy or by foresters, or afflicted by disease or famine." (A.2.1.36, 58) In addition, the state is there to promote agriculture and help farmers. "And he should favor them with grains [seeds], cattle and money. These they should pay back afterwards at their convenience. And he should grant to them favours and exemptions which would cause an increase in the treasury, (but) avoid such as would cause loss to the treasury." (A.2.1.13-15, 56) State promotion of agriculture included state funding of irrigation. "He should cause irrigation works to be built with natural water sources or with water to be brought in from elsewhere." (A.2.1.20, 57) Moreover, the Director of Agriculture should collect and make available "seeds of all kinds of grains, flowers, fruits, vegetables, bulbous roots, roots, creeper fruits, flax and cotton." (A.2.24.1, 148)
The state must also store food and other items for times of calamity. In discussing the building of a fortified city, Kautilya made a long list of what to store that included fats and grains, dried vegetables and dried meat, perfume—he was never one to miss out on his allocated allotment of pleasure—and poison, wood, weapons, and so on. And he added that the official in charge "should cause the old to be constantly replaced by the new." (A.2.4.27-28, 71) Similarly, in outlining the tasks for the Superintendent of the Magazine and the Director of Agriculture, Kautilya enumerated seemingly countless foods and provisions and concluded, "From these [the Superintendent of the Magazine] should set apart one half for times of distress for the country people, (and) use the (other) half." (A. 2.15.22, 1-21, 124) Finally, "during a famine, the king should make a store of seeds and foodstuffs and show favour (to the subjects), or ... share (his) provisions (with them)." (A.4.3.17, 263) So much is the king responsible for his subjects, Kautilya advised that if the kingdom ran short of provisions, the king should try to move with the population to other land, seek shelter with an ally, or entrust the kingdom to a new king. (A.4.3.18-19, 263-64)
Kautilya also urged the king to have a policy of settling new lands "by bringing in people from foreign lands or by shifting the overflow (of population) from his own country." (A.2.1.1, 55) He sought to found new villages "consisting mostly of Shūdra agriculturalists and sometimes prisoners of war who became slaves working new land, with a minimum of one hundred families and a maximum of five hundred families." (A.2.1.2, 55; see Mookerji 1988, 124-32, and Sharma 1990, 160-61; Thapar 1987, 9) Kautilya wanted the state to subsidize these new settlements. The king "should provide one making a new settlement with grains, cattle, money and other things." (A.5.2.4, 297) Once more we find the image of the king or the government as the kindly father taking care of children. "He should, like a father, show favours to those whose exemptions have ceased." (A.2.1.18, 56) In advocating a benevolent and caring state planning for the general good and for the benefit of the treasury, Kautilya recognized that there was no conflict of interest between prosperous small farmers and the financial health of the state.
Did the king or the state—which, as Thapar points out, were not clearly distinguished in Mauryan times (Thapar 1997, 64-65) and as Choudhary indicates, Kautilya himself regarded the king as the state (Choudhary 1971, 47)—own all of the land? The consensus among historians is that in addition to crown lands there was private ownership of land. Historians point to three points made in the Arthashastra. First, Kautilya clearly stated that some land could be sold by one citizen to another. "Kinsmen, neighbours and creditors, in this order, shall have the right to purchase landed property (on sale). After that, others who are outsiders (may bid for purchase)." (A.3.9.1-2, 219) This passage clearly implies private ownership, although perhaps someone leasing land for life from the state is just transferring this lease to another for a price. Second, Kautilya maintained that the state should make grants of lands to certain people for the benefit of the state. "He should grant (lands) to priests, preceptors, chaplains and Brahmins learned in the Vedas (as) gifts to Brahmins, exempt from fines and taxes, with inheritance passing on to corresponding heirs, (and) to heads of departments, accountants and others, and to gopas [heads of five or ten villages], sthānikas [revenue officers], elephant-trainers, physicians, horse-trainers and couriers, (lands) without the right of sale or mortgage." (A.2.1.7, 56) This passage clearly implies that Brahmins would receive the right of private ownership, although others who receive grants of land could not sell or mortgage that property, and as a result, their "ownership" was only partial. Finally, when Kautilya declared, as we saw above, that one should not take away land that was hard to farm from one who was making it productive, some interpret him as saying that the prospect of genuine ownership would help to settle lands difficult to cultivate. (Saletore 1975, 466-67)
As I mentioned above, scholars remain divided on this issue of land ownership. Kulke and Rothermund apparently agree with Megasthenes that the king or the state owned the land, and Basham says that in ancient India, "the majority of thinkers on the subject favored the doctrine of royal ownership [of land]." (Kulke and Rothermund 1991, 62; Basham 1963, 111) By contrast, without offering any evidence, Bhargava states flat out that "the idea of the whole state being the property of the king was unknown to Indian tradition," (Bhargava 1996, 82) a sentence he seems to have copied word for word from Sastri, [Sastri 1996e, 177]) and Sharma asserts that, "evidence for royal ownership of land in ancient times is weak." (Sharma 1991, 80) Sastri may approach an answer as well as we can so many centuries later in saying that the king had an "interest in the land" and that he "controlled and regulated the use of land," but that these practices fell short of full ownership. (Sastri 1996e, 177) In his exhaustive study, Saletore maintains, "Kautilya clearly refers to two types of land within the State: one variety belongs to the king and the other to private persons." (Saletore 1975, 466; see also Sen 1967, 12) Thapar makes the most sense in reminding us that India was so vast that, "it is in fact impossible to maintain that one particular type of land ownership existed, " and therefore Mauryan India must have had a variety of types of land use and ownership. She concludes, "State ownership of land did not exclude individuals from owning small areas of cultivable land, which they could cultivate themselves with a little assistance. It merely means that small-scale ownership was not the dominant feature." (Thapar 1997, 63, 65; see also, Thapar 1987, 9-10)
If a nation is to have a large treasury that sustains a huge bureaucracy—and Wolpert maintains that Chandragupta's "army of spies, soldiers, and civil bureaucrats . . . probably totaled more than a million men" (Wolpert 1982, 58)—there must be taxes, and Kautilya focused on taxes at length. Revenue from leasing lands was of course central to his system of taxes, but he mentioned many other kinds of taxes, as well. The main sources of revenue were taxes on land, taxes on irrigation water provided to farmers, income from state-owned mines, taxes for the use of forests, income from allowing herds to graze on royal land, and duties and imposts on trade. (A.2.6.1, 75) Kautilya also discussed in detail revenue from what he called "the fort," that is, daily life behind the walls of the city. "Custom-duties, fines, standardization of weights and measures, the City-superintendent, the mint master, the superintendent of passports, spirituous liquors, animal slaughter, yarn, oil, ghee, sugars, the goldsmith, the market-establishment, prostitutes, gambling, buildings, the group of artisans and artists, the temple-superintendent, and what is to be received at the gates and from outsiders—these constitute (the source of income called) 'fort.'" (A.2.6.2, 75) Because the government con-trolled so much in the economy, Kautilya could expect revenue from taxes on prostitutes and on alcohol, leasing buildings and issuing passports, and so on.
Kautilya thought that he could fix in a fair manner, once and for all, these sorts of taxes. To offer some examples, those who dealt in gold, silver, diamonds, horses, or elephants would pay a tax of fifty panas. (Elephants were extremely valuable in ancient India. Arrian noted, "Nor do the Indians consider it any disgrace to a woman to grant her favour for an elephant, but it is regarded as a high compliment to the sex that their charms should be deemed worth an elephant." [McCrindle 1960, 227]) Those who dealt in cloth, copper, medicine, and wine would pay forty panas; major artisans would pay a tax of twenty panas. "Actors and prostitutes shall pay half their wage." (A.5.2.23, 17-20, 298) Kautilya understood that fair taxation would build popular support for a king, and that onerous burdens of taxes would make a king unpopular and perhaps the victim of a rebellion, and thus tax rates should be fixed according to one's ability to pay. (Sen 1990, 133) The king "should take from the kingdom fruits as they ripen, as from a garden; he should avoid unripe (fruit) that causes an uprising, for fear of his own destruction." (A.5.2.70, 301) Once more, social justice and self-interest coincided.
When we examine industry under the Mauryan economy, we find a great deal of nationalization of industry, something like state socialism, but also considerable private industry and commerce on a small scale. (Mookerji 1988, 102, 203) The modern reader is astonished at how far this nationalization went, and it shocks us to see a sentence such as this: "Fisherman shall pay one-sixth (of their catch) as rent for the boats"! (A.2.28.3, 162) Just think what this means. Not only did the state own and apparently manufacture the boats for fishermen, but there had to be a state bureaucracy to take one-sixth of the catch each day and turn it into more durable wealth for the state. Just as extraordinary, Kautilya saw the Director of Trade and the Superintendent of Markets fixing prices for many goods and controlling or watching the prices charged by traders for other goods. (A.2.16.2-3, 127; A.4.2.19, 28-30, 260-61; see Kohli 1995, 78-83)
Most state enterprises discussed by Kautilya are not nearly so startling, and we should emphasize that this kind of state assistance to the economy was not unique to ancient India. (Sarkar 1935, 343-44) The state, for example, apparently had a monopoly on producing weapons. "The Superintendent of the Armoury should cause to be made machines for use in battles, for the defence of forts and for assault on the enemies' cities, also weapons, armours and accoutrements by artisans and artists expert in those lines." (A.2.18.1, 131) Similarly, Kautilya wanted the Superintendent of Chariots to supervise the manufacture of war chariots, training chariots, and chariots for attacking an enemy city. (A.2.33.5, 180) (According to Strabo, "A private person is not allowed to keep either a horse or an elephant," [McCrindle 1960, 90] a fascinating statement that, by the way, stands in conflict with the declaration that a woman was praised if she received an elephant as a result of granting sexual favors to a wealthy man.) Moreover, only the state should make products with gold and precious metals. "The goldsmith should cause gold and silver work of the citizens and country people to be carried out by workshop artisans." (A.2.14.1, 116) After prohibiting any private manufacture of items in gold, Kautilya set penalties for private work in gold ranging from fines to the cutting off of the fingers of one hand. (A.2.14.11-14, 117-18) Once more delving to the details, Kautilya even mandated that the Superintendent of Gold should build a gold workshop "with a court-yard having four work-halls without intercommunication (and) with a single door"! (A.2.13.1, 110) Not surprisingly, if the state controlled the use of precious metals, then the state also controlled the mines, and indeed mining was, in Kautilya's eyes, a vital source of income. Said Kautilya, "the treasury has its source in the mines." (A.2.12.37, 110) He proposed a Director of Mines who was "conversant with the science of (metal) veins in the earth and metallurgy." (A. 2.12.1, 105) Kautilya also sought to appoint a Salt Commissioner who would supervise salt works, although Kautilya recognized that some salt would be imported with a tariff of one-sixth the salt's value, and he even implied that, if licensed, private businesses might collect and sell salt. (A.2.12.28-34, 109-10)
Whereas the Director of Metals "should establish factories" for copper, lead, brass, bronze, steel, iron, and other metals, he should also "(establish) trade in metal-ware." (A.2.12.23, 108) To make certain that trade in these and other items was reliable, the state was responsible for manufacturing and circulating accurate weights and measures. "The Superintendent of Standardisation should cause factories to be established for the manufacture of standard weights and measures." (A.2.19.1, 134) The state also apparently controlled trade, judging the worth of imports and levying tariffs and promoting trade abroad. (Mookerji 1988, 102) In settling new lands, the state should loan to farmers "grains, cattle and money" and provide pastures for cattle and irrigation for farms. (A.2.1.13, 14-20, 56-57) Because Megasthenes reported that there was no private banking system for borrowing and lending money, (McCrindle 1960, 72) we can reasonably conclude that the state took over banking practices.
The state took over other industries to promote the general moral well-being of the population. Whereas it does not appear as if the state had a monopoly on the production of alcohol, it did take control of distributing it by setting up government owned alehouses, the only places where citizens could legally drink. The Controller of Spirituous Liquors "should cause alehouses to be built," (A.2.25.11, 154) and this not only controlled and limited the consumption of wine, but also facilitated the jobs of spies and informers because they could frequent the state-run alehouses and talk freely to subjects. (On rare occasions private individuals could make alcohol. "On the occasion of festivals, gatherings and fairs, permission to manufacture and sell liquor should be granted for four days" [A.2.25.36, 156]). In a similar fashion, the state controlled the vice of gambling. "The Director of Gambling should cause gambling to be carried on in one place." (A.3.20.1, 250) Although Kautilya did not declare that all courtesans would be in one place in a city, he did envision state control of courtesans who would be licensed by the state and pay a tax to the state. Each courtesan "shall communicate (to the Superintendent [of Courtesans]) the payment, the gain and the (name of the) man." (A.2.27.24, 161) Sures Chandra Banerji notes that Kautilya not only tolerated these "immoral practices" of drinking, gambling, and sexuality, but he was happy to use these "unethical" means in order to control and to tax the people, again providing for the well-being of the state. (Banerji 1993, 187, 301-2)
In addition, the state took over some manufacturing for humanitarian reasons, for example, to employ those who could not find regular jobs. "And those women who do not stir out—those living separately, widows, crippled women, or maidens—who wish to earn their living should be given work." (A.2.23.11, 147) N. N. Law observes that Kautilya's welfare state policies—irrigation works, highways, waterways, dams, bridges, planting flowers and trees, cultivating medicinal plants, and so on—all amounted to a full-scale public works program. (Law 1914, 2-3)
Reading about Kautilya's proposed economy is like encountering some strange combination of Hobbes, Madison, Hegel, and Foucault: Hobbes, because Kautilya assumed that all would try to maximize power and self-interest; Madison, because he thought that a science of politics could check and channel such self-interest; Hegel, because once the science of politics was operating the government officials would have no choice but to look after the common good; and Foucault, because Kautilya foresaw a world where everyone watched everyone else, power was omnipresent, and one's best friend might be an unwitting and unwilling informer. Nevertheless, Kautilya emphatically thought his economy would work for the general good. Over and over he stated that state ownership or control of the economy was for the benefit of the subjects, and if there was one class this Brahmin mistrusted and disliked, it was the class of traders and merchants who acted on selfish greed. Kautilya even hinted, in a passage that reminds one of Aristotle, that much property should be for common use. "For one not rendering help in a common dwelling, for one obstructing a thing used in common and in case of prevention of (rightful) use (by others), twelve panas is the fine. Double that (is the fine) for destroying (what is used in common). Of sheds, courtyards and latrines, of fireplaces and pounding sheds, and of all open (spaces), use in common is desired." (A.3.8.26-28, 218) Cooperative ventures such as wells, irrigations, and building roads were part of each village, and Kautilya expected all villagers to do their share of the work. (Nagarajan 2 1992, 78) Kohli is correct in saying that Kautilya's "economy was to be based on justice geared to peoples' needs," (Kohli 1995, 15) and Choudhary rightly concludes that Kautilya had "a romantic view of the state" in which, if each does his or her duty, the state will invariably help "every individual in realising his [and her] own end." (Choudhary 1971, 157)
# Notes
For a discussion of details on ownership of land, see Samozvantsev 1984.
# Chapter 5
# FOREIGN POLICY AND WAR
As a political realist, Kautilya assumed that every nation acts to maximize power and self-interest, and therefore moral principles or obligations have little or no force in the interactions among nations. While it is good to have an ally, the alliance will last only as long as it is in that ally's, as well as one's own, self-interest. "An ally looks to the securing of his own interests in the event of simultaneity of calamities and in the event of the growth of the enemy's power." (A.8.1.59, 389) Whether one goes to war or remains at peace depends entirely upon the self-interest of, or advantage to, one's kingdom. "War and peace are considered solely from the point of view of profit." (Nag and Dikshitar 1927, 15) One keeps an ally not because of good will or moral obligation, but because one is strong and can advance the self-interest of the ally and because the alliance is advantageous to one's country. "When one has an army, one's ally remains friendly, or (even) the enemy becomes friendly." (A.8.1.56, 389) Because nations always act in their political, economic, and military self-interest, that means even times of peace have the potential to turn abruptly into times of war, allies into enemies, and even enemies into allies. Stein notes correctly that Kautilya was describing a foreign policy, not of a great empire like that of the Mauryas, but of small warring states in incessant conflict, such as India experienced before the Mauryan empire. (Stein 1998, 78) Kautilya probably assumed that peaceful empires cannot last forever, and conflict among smaller states is more common in history.
# Principles of Foreign Policy
Kautilya is most famous for outlining the so-called mandala theory of foreign policy in which one consider's one's immediate neighbors as one's enemies, but regards any state on the other side of a neighboring state as an ally; put bluntly, the enemy of my enemy is my friend. Imagine a series of states to one's west, and then number them starting with the oneself; states numbered 1, 3, 5, 7, and so on will likely be friends, whereas states 2, 4, 6, 8, and so on will probably be one's enemies. (One can do the same thing with concentric circles, which would look more like a mandala, but I think it is difficult to envision these circles as states.) Kautilya put this basic principle in a number of different ways. Most simply, "One with immediately proximate territory is the natural enemy." (A.6.2.19, 318) Elsewhere he stated this mandala theory of foreign policy in more detail. "With respect to the middle king [he himself], the third and the fifth constituents are friendly elements. The second, the fourth, and the sixth are unfriendly elements." (A.7.18.1, 380) And in one paragraph, he used the image of a wheel. "Making the kings separated by one (intervening territory) the felly and those immediately proximate the spokes, the leader should stretch himself out as the hub in the circle of constituents." (A.6.2.39, 320)
For Kautilya, this principle of foreign policy—that nations act in their political, economic, and military self-interest—was a timeless truth of his science of politics or arthashastra. It is not that nations never act in a humanitarian or altruistic manner—indeed, Kautilya advocated numerous humanitarian acts that also coincided with one's self-interest—it is just that one must assume, if one is entrusted with political or military power, that one's neighbors will eventually act in their own interests, or put another way, one would be betraying one's own people if one did not assume a worst case scenario. A nation forced to rely on the kindness of one's neighboring states is weak and, unless it can change rapidly, doomed to destruction. One can see this same assumption in the work of Thucydides who was writing history about a century before Kautilya and in the thoughts of the Chinese legalist Han Fei Tzu who wrote about fifty years after.
Kautilya assumed that he lived in a world of foreign relations in which one conquered or suffered conquest. He did not say to himself, "Prepare for war, but hope for peace," but instead, "Prepare for war, and plan to conquer." Diplomacy is just another weapon used in prolonged warfare that was always either occurring or being planned for. Notice how he analyzed one's own unique configuration of potential enemies and allies, and then coldly concluded how one must think and act. "The king, endowed with personal excellences and those of his material constituents, the seat of good policy, is the would-be conqueror. Encircling him on all sides, with territory immediately next to his is the constituent called the enemy. In the same manner, one with territory separated by one (other territory) is the constituent called the ally." This much just repeats the principles of foreign policy we discussed above, but then notice how Kautilya believed that we must regard neighboring states. "A neighboring prince possessed of the excellences of an enemy is the foe; one in calamity is vulnerable; one without support or with weak support is fit to be exterminated; in the reverse case, fit to be harassed or weakened. These are the different types of enemies." (A.6.2.13, 318)
Offering an excellent discussion of Kautilya's mandala theory of foreign policy, G. P. Singh continues by correctly stating that this is ancient India's most notable contribution to political theory. (Singh 1993, 115-30, esp. 127; see also, Law 1931b, 464-74, and 709-15; and Law 1932, 54-63) Although Singh analyzes Kautilya's theory well, he makes a mistake in labeling Kautilya's mandala theory of foreign policy an argument based on the doctrine of balance of powers, because Kautilya was not offering a modern balance of power argument. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, international relations theorists have defended the doctrine of balance of powers, because equally armed nations will supposedly deter each other and therefore no war will result. We do find this argument occasionally in Kautilya. "In case the gains [of two allies of equal strength] are equal, there should be peace; if unequal, fight." (A.7.6.3, 338) Or, "the conqueror should march if superior in strength, otherwise stay quiet." (A.9.1.1, 406) Whereas theorists of international relations suggest that a nation arm itself so that it can ensure peace, Kautilya wanted his king to arm the nation in order to find or to create a weakness in the enemy and conquer, even to conquer the world, or at least the subcontinent of south Asia. In reading his Arthashastra, we find no moral considerations; rather, we discover merely what Kautilya regarded as the nature of power. The king "should march when by marching he would be able to weaken or exterminate the enemy." (A.9.1.44, 408) And Kautilya assumed that every other state would act in a like manner. "And even the equal who has achieved his object tends to be stronger, and when augmented in power, untrustworthy; prosperity tends to change the mind." (A.7.5.47, 337) Just as Thucydides, Kautilya regarded a request for negotiations as a sign of weakness, indeed the last desperate act of a nation trying to survive. "A weaker king may bargain with a stronger king with the offer of a gain equal to his troops, when he is in a calamity or is addicted to what is harmful [that is, women, wine, or gambling] or is in trouble. He with whom the bargain is made should fight if capable of doing harm to him; else he should make the pact." (A.7.7.7, 343)
Whereas Clausewitz said that war is just an extension of domestic politics, (Keegan 1993, 3-24) Kautilya argued that diplomacy is really a subtle act of war, a series of actions taken to weaken an enemy and gain advantages for oneself, all with an eye toward eventual conquest. A nation's foreign policy always consists of preliminary movements toward war. "In this way, the conqueror should establish in the rear and in front, a circle (of kings) in his own interest, with the excellences of the constituent, called the ally. And in the entire circle, he should ever station envoys and secret agents, becoming a friend of the rivals, maintaining secrecy when striking again and again. The affairs of one, who cannot maintain secrecy, even if achieved with particular success, undoubtedly perish, like a broken boat in the ocean." (A.7.13.42-44, 366) In Kautilya's foreign policy, even during a time of diplomacy and negotiated peace, a king should still be "striking again and again" in secrecy.
Consider some of the measures Kautilya supported during times of peace. If opposed by an alliance of nations, a king should secretly "sow dissensions" within the alliance (A.7.14.2, 366) until one or more of the parties in the alliance becomes weak. When he has weakened a neighbor, the king "should violate the treaty." (A.7.14.7, 367) Or, in another example, "The wise (conqueror), making one neighboring king fight with another neighboring king, should seize the territory of another, cutting off his party on all sides." (A.7.6.15, 339) For Kautilya, two kinds of kingdoms confront any king—those weak kingdoms fit to be exterminated and those strong kingdoms that, over a long period of time, one can only secretly harass and hope to weaken. "As between an enemy fit to be harassed and an enemy fit to be exterminated, acquisition of land from an enemy fit to be exterminated is preferable. For, the king fit to be exterminated, being without support or with a weak support, is deserted by his subjects when, on being attacked, he wishes to flee taking with him the treasury and the army." (A.7.10.26-27, 354) (When Kautilya wrote of "exterminating" an enemy, he meant only to kill the rulers, and, as we will see in more detail later, he thought the best policy toward ordinary citizens was to treat them well and recruit them.) Best of all is to attack an enemy that is "disunited," rather than an enemy in which the subjects have organized themselves into "bands." (A.7.11.18, 356) During times of peace and negotiations, Kautilya wanted spies and secret agents to exploit the divisions within a country. Most countries, he maintained, have four kinds of unhappy subjects—the enraged, the frightened, the greedy, and the proud. Secret agents can widen and deepen these divisions by inciting these four types of people to act against their king. "And he should win over the seducible in the enemy's territories by means of conciliation and gifts and those not seducible by means of dissension and force." (A.1.13.12, 1-11, 32)
Because a king abides by a treaty only for so long as it is advantageous, Kautilya regarded all allies as future conquests when the time is ripe. For example, "That ally who remains common to the enemy (and himself), he should divide that rogue from the enemy (and) when divided, exterminate him, thereafter (exterminate) the enemy." (A.7.18.36, 383) Kautilya also sought to take a nation trying to remain neutral or "indifferent" and secretly provoke war between that nation and a neighboring kingdom, until the neutral nation sought his help, and Kautilya's king could "place him under (his) obligations." (A.7.18.37, 383) Kautilya himself had no moral qualms about breaking obligations or trust. "That ally who might do harm or who, though capable, would not help in times of trouble, he should exterminate him, when trustingly, he comes within his reach." (A.7.18.40, 383) In the Mahābhārata, a diplomat advises a king, "Carry your enemy on your shoulders as long as it is necessary; when the right moment arrives, dash him down to pieces." (Indra 1957, 80)
Foreign policy is just an extension of a nation's wars, and foreign policy is not there to end wars, but rather to ward off defeats and to make sure one is successful in warfare. For Kautilya, all ambassadors were potential spies with diplomatic immunity. (Majumdar 1960, 64) Indeed, Kautilya put in his Arthashastra an entire section about how to "fight with the weapon of diplomacy." (A.12.2, 462; see Indra 1957, 80-81)
# War
Kautilya thought there was a "science" of warfare, presumably part of his larger science of politics. The Commandant of the Army, he suggested, should be "trained in the science of all (kinds of) fights and weapons, (and) renowned for riding on elephants, horses or in chariots." (A.2.33.9, 180) Just as Machiavelli advised his prince to attend to matters of warfare constantly, so did Kautilya advise the king not to leave military matters entirely in other hands. "Infantry, calvary, chariots and elephants should carry out practice in the arts outside (the city) at sun-rise.... The king should constantly attend to that, and should frequently inspect their arts." (A.5.3.35-36, 304) Just as the king's agents spied on officials in the state bureaucracy, so too must the king have spies to assess the loyalty of soldiers. What greater threat is there to a king than having a military coup remove him from power? "And secret agents, prostitutes, artisans and actors as well as elders of the army should ascertain with diligence, the loyalty or disloyalty of soldiers." (A.5.3.47, 305)
Kautilya wrote a startling sentence in his section on foreign policy. "Of war, there is open war, concealed war and silent war." (A.7.6.17, 339; see Indra 1957, 8-9; Dhar 1981, 89-90) Open war is obvious, concealed war is what we call guerilla warfare, but silent war is a kind of fighting that I do not believe any other thinker has discussed. Silent war is a kind of warfare with another kingdom in which the king and his ministers—and unknowingly, the people—all act publicly as if they were at peace with the opposing kingdom, but all the while secret agents and spies are assassinating important leaders in the other kingdom, created divisions among key ministers and among classes, and spreading propaganda and disinformation. "Open war is fighting at the place and time indicated; creating fright, sudden assault, striking when there is error or a calamity, giving way and striking in one place, are types of concealed warfare; that which concerns secret practices and instigations through secret agents is the mark of silent war." (A.7.6.40-41, 342) In silent warfare, secrecy is paramount, and, from a passage I quoted earlier, the king can only prevail by "maintaining secrecy when striking again and again." (A.7.13.43, 366) This entire concept of secret war was apparently a new and original idea with Kautilya. (Majumdar 1960, 63)
Open warfare, Kautilya declared, is "most righteous," (A.10.3.26, 440) but he was willing to use any and all kinds of warfare to achieve consolidation and expansion of the kingdom. There is no question of morality here—other than the general good of one's kingdom—but only of strategy. "When he is superior in troops, when secret instigations are made (in the enemy's camp), when precautions are taken about the season, (and) when he is on land suitable to himself, he should engage in an open fight. In the reverse case, (he should resort to) concealed fighting." (A.10.3.1-2, 438) How different all this is from the image of war, certainly exaggerated, found in the Mahābhārata or the Rāmāyana in which the central figure is the great hero in the regal chariot who frightened all before him. (Majumdar 1960, 29)
In Book 12, Kautilya outlined the situation in which one's own kingdom is weak and is thus about to be attacked by a stronger king. He maintained that, "there are three kings who attack: the righteous conqueror, the greedy conqueror and the demoniacal conqueror." (A.12.1.10, 460; see Nag and Dikshitar 1927, 28) Whereas one can easily satisfy a righteous conqueror simply by submitting to his rule, one must surrender "land and goods" as well as money in order to satisfy a greedy conqueror. The demoniacal conqueror, however, will stop only after he has seized "land, goods, sons, wives and life." (A.12.1.11-16, 460) (Kautilya apparently saw himself as advising a righteous conqueror, although he did want some tribute from defeated peoples.) A weak king must give up anything if it is inevitable, but he must find a way to survive to fight another day. "He should preserve his body, not wealth; for, what regret can there be for wealth that is impermanent?" (A.12.1.32, 462) Kautilya did not advocate giving in to a conqueror without countermeasures, among which were: the king should use "diplomatic or concealed warfare," attempt to conciliate his enemy with gifts, direct secret agents to wield "weapons, poison or fire" to destroy the enemy's fort or camp, instruct secret agents to promote a coup by a "pretender from his family or a prince in disfavour," send the demoniacal king listless elephants that had been poisoned, give to the enemy king treasonable or alien troops, surrender to an entirely different king and give him all but the capital city, have secret agents instigate a revolt among the subjects of the enemy king, "employ assassins and poison-givers," use an astrologer to persuade a "high officer" of the enemy king to try a coup, command secret agents to declare that the Regent of the king is about to take power and have secret agents kill leaders at night and blame it on the Regent of the enemy king, use secret agents in the countryside to protest oppression of the enemy king's bureaucracy and kill agents of the king hoping to start a revolt, or finally set fire to palaces and stores of grain and blame this on the Regent to the enemy king. (A.12.17-32, 461-62; A.12.2.8-33, 462-64; see also, Law 1931a, 258)
Most intriguing, Kautilya advocated using women as weapons of war. Kautilya certainly regarded women as a source of satisfaction for troops at war. When setting up camp for the army, "courtesans (should be encamped) along the highways." (A.10.1.10, 434) And Kautilya certainly saw women as an addictive source of pleasure, worse than wine or gambling, that a good king must enjoy only in moderation. "Deliverance is possible in gambling, without deliverance is addiction to women. Failure to show himself, aversion from work, absence of material good and loss of spiritual good by allowing the right time to pass, weakness in administration and addiction to drink (result from addiction to women)." (A.8.3.53-54, 395) Precisely because women are such a powerful addiction, the king can use them against an enemy. For example, if a king is trying to undermine a ruling oligarchy, he "should make chiefs of the ruling council infatuated with women possessed of great beauty and youth. When passion is roused in them, they should start quarrels by creating belief (about their love) in one and by going to another." (A.11.1.34-35, 457) A woman supposedly in love with one leader should go to another, profess her love for him, and urge him to murder the first leader. "Then she should proclaim, 'My lover has been killed by so and so.'" (A.11.1.37, 39, 457) Obviously such tactics create mistrust among leaders of an oligarchy and also bring about the death of key enemies. In the chapters about how a weak king can stave off disastrous conquest by a stronger king, Kautilya again turned, as just one possible tactic among many, to women as weapons of war. "Keepers of prostitutes should make the (enemy's) army chiefs infatuated with women possessed of great beauty and youth. When many or two of the chiefs feel passion for one woman, assassins should create quarrels among them." (A.12.2.11-12, 463) Secret agents can destroy high officers in the enemy army either with poison or with "love-winning medicines." (A.12.2.14, 463)
Speaking of justice to an enemy about to conquer is the last tactic of the weak, just as Thucydides showed in his recreation of the debate about Melos. In Thucydides's The Peloponnesian War, written just before 400 B.C.E., or a century before Kautilya's Arthashastra, the Melians try to talk about justice and fair play when facing the prospect of conquest by the Athenians, but the Athenians contend that such arguments are the last, desperate tactic of those facing defeat. "Since you know as well as we do," said the Athenians to the Melians, "that, when these matters are discussed by practical people, the standard of justice depends on the equality of power to compel and that in fact the strong do what they have the power to do and the weak accept what they have to accept." (Thucydides 1972, 402) After that both the Melians and the Athenians debate only what is in the self-interest of Athens. Similarly, willing to try all tactics, even desperate ones, Kautilya made up a powerful speech to give to the king about to conquer, a speech offering a mixture of moral exhortation and arguments based on the self-interest of the conqueror. In this speech, Kautilya depicted an envoy saying to the conquering king that he should accept a treaty and "pay regard to [his] spiritual and material well-being," that conquering a kingdom willing to surrender on reasonable terms is an "impious act," that it is not in the conquering king's self-interest since, "to fight with brave men who have given up all hope of life is a rash deed" and the conqueror will lose troops and "material good," that such a conquest will only unite his enemies all the more, that the conquering king's enemies are only waiting for him to be weakened in order to attack, that he himself is risking death, that war itself in which men on each side die is "an impious act," and that he should not listen to "enemies masquerading as friends" who are giving him false advice as to his real self-interest. (A.12.2.1-7, 462) In much the same way as Thucydides, only more dramatically, Kautilya demonstrated the realities of diplomacy and war as well as the ineffectiveness of moral pleas when confronted with conquest by the more powerful.
In writing about waging a war, Kautilya made a striking statement that clearly separates him, at least in one way, from Machiavelli. "For, the estruction of an enemy's forces is principally dependent on elephants." (A.7.11.16, 356; see Srivastava 1985, 80-81) As I have shown earlier, the treasury is most valuable in raising an army, procuring equipment, and entering a war. After the treasury and the army, Kautilya focused on the importance of the fort. "Dependent on the fort are the treasury, the army, silent war, restraint of one's own party, use of armed forces, receiving allied troops, and warding off enemy troops and forest tribes. And in the absence of a fort, the treasury will fall into the hands of enemies. For, it is seen that those with forts are not exterminated." (A.8.1.38-40, 388) (A mountain fort is more valuable than a river fort, because it "is easy to protect, difficult to lay siege, difficult to climb." [A.7.10.33, 355])
Kautilya was inconsistent in ranking the importance of the treasury, the army, and the fort, because it seems that Kautilya occasionally regarded the people—a popular army—as the most important of all. As he put it, "one should seek a fortress with men." (A.7.15.11, 370) Well before Machiavelli defended a republican army, well before Mao defended a people's war as invincible, Kautilya urged the king to be popular with the people and rely on the countryside. "If weak in might, [a king] should endeavor to secure the welfare of his subjects. The countryside is the source of all undertakings; from them comes might." (A.7.14.18-19, 368) The "undertakings" of the fort, the treasury, and the army all depend ultimately on the people of the countryside. "Bravery, firmness, cleverness and large numbers are (found) among the country people." (A.8.1.29-30, 387) Kautilya here was cautiously making a revolution in warfare, relying not quite as much on the warrior class of Kshatriyas. The Dharmasūtras, which preceded Kautilya, urged an army of Kshatriyas, and in an emergency, also Brahmins and Vaishyas. Kautilya had no use for Brahmin troops—"by prostration, an enemy may win over Brahmana troops"—but he liked the energy, numbers, and strength of Shūdras. (A.9.2.21-24, 412; Sharma 1990, 173-74) His praise of ordinary men from the lower two varnas was unusual in ancient India. "As between land with the support of a fort and one with the support of men, the one with the support of men is preferable. For, a kingdom is that which has men. Without men, like a barren cow, what could it yield?" (A.7.11.23-25, 357) Says Sharma, "Kautilya alone holds that the army made up of vaisyas and sudras is important." (Sharma 1990, 237) Kautilya apparently believed that an army of Kshatriyas was best; (A.9.2.24, 412) warriors were supposed to find their "highest duty and pleasure" by dying in battle, and Arrian—again relying on Megasthenes—suggested that as much as one fifth of the population under Chandragupta's empire were warriors or Kshatriyas. (Das 1994, 143-44) In addition, Kautilya clearly argued that sections of the army should consist "mostly of persons from the same region, caste or profession." (A.9.2.9, 411) Using a little common sense, we can see that he is suggesting that men of an army should know one another, that an army of friends fighting side by side is the most difficult to defeat. For example, where should the king be during battle? "A bare army, without standards, consisting of warriors related as fathers, sons and brothers, should be the place for the king. An elephant or a chariot should be the vehicle for the king, guarded by calvary." (A.10.3.39-40, 441) (Kautilya wanted a man who deceptively looked like the king to head the army. [A.10.3.42, 441])
And thus, a king's power, for Kautilya, is in the end tied to the power and popular energy of the people, without which a king can be conquered. "Not being rooted among his subjects, [a king] becomes easy to uproot." (A.8.2.18, 392) Although Kautilya wrote of using money to raise an army and even of "purchasing heroic men," (A.9.1.7, 406) he was not advocating mercenaries who fought only for pay, but he was merely outlining the cost of paying, supplying, and feeding soldiers. "Hereditary troops are better than hired troops." (A.9.2.14, 412) In other words, troops composed of men born in the kingdom and thus loyal to the king since birth are better than strangers fighting for money, as Machiavelli noted so often later. It is not at all clear, remarked Kautilya, that "inviting alien troops with money" (A.9.7.10, 428) is an advantage or a disadvantage.
# Waging War
In Kautilya's view of the world, expansion by a prosperous kingdom was inevitable, natural, and good, and as a consequence, moral considerations—other than what was for the good of the kingdom—did not enter into his deliberations. "When in decline as compared to the enemy, he should make peace. When prospering, he should make war. (When he thinks) 'The enemy is not able to do harm to me, nor I to him,' he should stay quiet." (A.7.1.13-15, 321) Kautilya repeated this same point frequently. "The conqueror should march if superior in strength, otherwise stay quiet.... [A king] should march when by marching he would be able to weaken or exterminate the enemy." (A.9.1.1, 44, 406, 408) In short, if one can win, then one should go to war. As Kangle says, the Arthashastra "preaches an ideal of conquest." (Kangle 1992, 263)
On the questions of whether and when to wage war, Kautilya did not urge ethical deliberations, but rather prudent and careful calculation. If calamity has struck an enemy, if the subjects, "harassed by [an enemy king's] own army or disaffected with him, are easy to entice, being weakened, without nergy or divided among themselves; the enemy has his draught-animals, men, stores and fortifications reduced in consequence of fire, floods, disease, epidemic or famine, then he should make war and march." (A.7.4.15, 332-33) When weakness appeared in a neighboring kingdom, a king should attack. As Rajendra Prasad says, Kautilya believed that "whenever an enemy king is in trouble, and his subjects are exploited, oppressed, impoverished and disunited, he should be immediately attacked after one proclamation of war." (Prasad 1989, 58-60) Every adjacent kingdom should be looked upon as an enemy and classified; if a kingdom is strong, Kautilya called it a "foe"; if a kingdom is suffering calamity, then it is "vulnerable"; if a kingdom has weak or no popular support, then "it is fit to be exterminated." Even if one cannot attack a strong neighbor or "foe," one can harass it silently and weaken it over time. (A.6.2.16, 318) What Kautilya called an enemy "fit to be exterminated" was an enemy with little or no popular support, an enemy whose subjects quite likely would desert to Kautilya's attacking army. (A.7.10.26-27, 354) It is also quite clear, and I am just repeating for emphasis what I said earlier, that Kautilya was emphatically not urging a massacre of enemy troops and civilians, but rather he sought to defeat and kill the leaders of an enemy kingdom, recruit what troops he could, incorporate this new land and its people into his kingdom, and "plunder his grains, cattle and cash." (A.7.4.7, 332) And Kautilya argued, or perhaps assumed, that imperial expansion was the correct goal. "After conquering the enemy's territory, the conqueror should seek to seize the middle king, after succeeding over him, the neutral king. This is the first method of conquering the world.... And after conquering the world he should enjoy it divided into varnas and asramas in accordance with his own duty." (A.13.4.54-55, 62, 490-91 )
In Kautilya's mind, treaties were agreements between kingdoms of roughly equal power, agreements a king should break if they are no longer advantageous, and thus, believing that a treaty will provide a wall of protection against a strong enemy would be a foolish act. If an ally with whom a king has a treaty becomes weakened, that is, if the treaty is no longer to a king's advantage, then the king "should violate the treaty." (A.7.14.7, 367) Or, "When after making a pact he intends to violate it, . . . he should demand a gain not received or more." (A.7.8.8, 347) Because Kautilya thought that promises or agreements were strategies and not moral obligations, he had no moral qualms about violating a promise. "The commander of a frontier fort, by offering the surrender of the fort, should get part of the (enemy's) troops inside and destroy when full of trust." (A.12.5.25, 472, my emphasis) To protect his own people, a king has an obligation to weaken or destroy any potential enemy. "That ally who might do harm or who, though capable, would not help in times of trouble, he should certainly exterminate him, when trustingly, he comes within his reach." (A.7.18.40, 383, my emphasis) Drekmeier is certainly correct in saying that, "In outlining military campaigns Kautilya disregards the traditional humanitarian principles laid down to regulate the conduct of war." (Drekmeier 1962, 212) In an unrealistic, moralizing passage in the Dharmasūtras that Kautilya most certainly ignored, the authors directed that a king should not "strike with barbed or poisoned weapons"! (Dharmasūtras, 159) In Book 9, Kautilya listed various "hindrances to gain"; among them were pity, piousness, and "regard for the other world." (A.9.4.25, 419) In short, in waging war, compassion and morality and religious principles have no place.
In another way, moral considerations did enter into Kautilya's calculations; whereas it is best to wage war against an unjust king who has no public support, it is wise to avoid war with a righteous king whose subjects will fight energetically on his behalf. Kautilya noted that if one has a choice about where to attack, it is always best to attack an unjust kingdom. "The subjects help the king who is justly behaved.... Therefore, [a king] should march only against [an enemy] with disaffected subjects." (A.7.5.10-11, 334; Nag and Dikshitar 1927, 18) Once more, morality is sometimes advantageous and in one's self-interest. "The unjustly behaved [king] would cause even settled land to be laid waste." (A.7.11.31, 358) By being unjust, a king loses all popular support, thereby weakening the kingdom and rendering it easily conquered. "The king fit to be exterminated, being without support or with weak support, is deserted by his subjects when, on being attacked, he wishes to flee taking with him the treasury and the army." (A.7.10.27, 354) If a king has a choice of attacking a strong king who is unjust or a weak king who is just, he should actually attack the stronger king, because the stronger king's subjects, weary of injustice, will not help the more powerful king and might even join the war against him. (A.7.5.16-18, 335) An unjust state is really two states, already at war with one another, the rulers and the ruled, the strong and the weak, the rich and the poor. (Deb 1938, 370) Kautilya paused to remind a king how practical it was to be just toward his subjects. "Subjects, when impoverished, become greedy; when greedy they become disaffected; when disaffected they either go over to the enemy or themselves kill the master. Therefore, [a king] should not allow these causes of decline, greed and disaffection among the subjects to arise, or, if arisen, should immediately counter-act them." (A.7.5.27-28, 335) A domestic political policy of social justice is, in the long run, the best defense against outside enemies. "For, one attacking a righteous king is hated by his own people and by others, one attacking an unrighteous king is liked (by them)." (A.7.13.12, 362; Nagarajan 2, 1992, 165)
Kautilya maintained that a humanitarian policy toward a defeated people was practical. If a king massacres those whom he has defeated, then one frightens all those kingdoms that surround him and even terrifies his own ministers. (A.7.16.30-31, 375) Rather, one gains more land and new and loyal subjects if one treats the defeated in a magnanimous manner. Certainly a conquering king must silently kill those former leaders loyal to the defeated king, but those who approach him promising loyalty should be treated generously. "He should not use towards them insults, injuries, contemptuous words or reproaches. And after promising them safety, he should favour them like a father." (A.7.16.22-23, 374) Because a conquering king intends to expand his territory and acquire new subjects, he must treat a defeated people well. "After gaining new territory, he should cover the enemy's faults with his own virtue, his virtues with double virtues. He should carry out what is agreeable and beneficial to his subjects by doing his own duty as laid down, granting favours, giving exemptions, making gifts and showing honour." (A.13.5.3-4, 491) Indeed, the conquering king should "order the release of all prisoners and render help to the distressed, the helpless and the diseased." (A.13.5.11, 492) It is sound military policy to "establish a righteous course of conduct." (A.13.5.14, 492) What is moral is once more practical. Just as one can kill a traitor, but cannot use force "against a multitude of people," (A.9.6.2-5, 422) so one can kill the leaders of a defeated kingdom, but must bring the great majority of the citizens peacefully into one's own kingdom. In this instance, Kautilya was following traditional advice given in the Dharmasūtras. "Āryas condemn the killing of those who have thrown down their weapons, who have dishevelled hair, who fold their hands in supplication, or who are fleeing." (Dharmasūtras, 53; see also, Laws of Manu, 137-38) And by these actions, Kautilya fulfilled his own definition of a righteous conqueror who sought glory and the submission of the enemy, but not greedy pillaging or lawless killing. (Krishna 1996, 96)
Kautilya demanded much of his soldiers, because they had to be brave and fierce in battle, but gentle and kind toward those whom they had defeated. "When attacking the enemy's fort or camp, they should grant safety to those fallen down, those turning back, those surrendering, those with loose hair, those without weapons, those disfigured by terror and to those not fighting." (A.13.4.52, 490) After a king has subdued the country and taken care of the people, he should "grant safety to the countryside," settle subjects down to farm the land, and "induce" even those who had fought against him to settle down and farm (even by giving tax exemptions!), all because the countryside needs farmers and the new kingdom wants prosperity. "For, there is no country without people and no kingdom without a country," meaning a prosperous—not a ravished—countryside. (A.13.4.2-5, 485-86)
Both Sun Tzu (c. 400-320 B.C.E.) and Machiavelli, in books entitled The Art of War, pointed out that a general should always give an enemy the hope of escape and never surround a nearly defeated enemy completely. Enemy soldiers who have hope of living will eventually run for safety, and then they are easily killed, but soldiers surrounded with no choice but to fight or die will fight with an unimagined ferocity. Kautilya was arguing something similar. Let the enemy soldiers know that the king will be generous in victory, will allow defeated soldiers to return to their land, and will take no reprisals except against the leaders of the opposing kingdom. "But against the leaders among them, he should act as in 'the infliction of (secret) punishment.'" (A.9.6.5, 422) After such humanitarian policies toward the defeated populace have become widely known, ordinary enemy soldiers will surrender in great numbers. By contrast, if a king announced that he would massacre every soldier, then all would fight to the death. Said Kautilya, "The vehemence of one returning again to the fight and despairing of his life becomes irresistible; therefore, [a king] should not harass a broken enemy." (A.10.3.57, 442) Similarly, "to fight with brave men who have given up all hope of life is a rash deed." (A. 10.2.4, 462)
A conquering king should reassure a defeated people that not much, except their rulers, will change. The king who has triumphed "should adopt a similar character, dress, language and behavior (as the subjects). And he should show the same devotion in festivals in honour of deities of the country, festive gatherings and sportive amusements." (A.13.5.7-8, 491) He should keep his promises, especially to those who helped him win, he should honor the local "deities," and he should make grants of land and money to men distinguished in wisdom and piety. (A.13.5.11,6, 491-92) And the conquering king should show his goodwill toward the defeated by instituting "a righteous custom, not initiated before." (A.13.5.24, 493) While the victorious king is reassuring the general population with generous policies, he must continue to kill anyone who is dangerous and those who are disgruntled. "He should put down by silent punishment those capable of injuring or those brooding on the master's destruction." (A.13.5.17, 492) In what might be a surprising observation about those whom the king has killed, Kautilya commented that if one must kill a dangerous person, the king must leave his property untouched. "And he shall not covet the land, property, sons or wives of the slain one." (A.7.16.26, 374) Kautilya had the same insight into human emotions that Machiavelli had nearly eighteen hundred years later. Said Machiavelli, "And when [the prince] is obliged to take the life of any one, ... he must abstain from taking the property of others, for men forget more easily the death of their father than the loss of their patrimony." (Machiavelli, Ch. 17) A king becomes hated more readily for taking the property that belongs to a family than for killing the head of the family.
Kautilya was ready to use almost any means of violence in fighting a war, although he wanted his king to direct his violence at the leaders of the opposing king and not toward ordinary people. For example, Kautilya discussed at length how to use poison, but the use of poison was almost always directed at key enemy commanders. For example, "giving unadulterated wine to the army chiefs, [the secret agent] should give them (wine) mixed with poison when they are in a state of intoxication."
(A.12.4.6, 467) Whereas Kautilya did suggest that an army laying siege to a fort try to "defile the water," (A.13.4.9, 486) this seems to be a measure designed to make those in the fort surrender from illness, not a measure to kill everyone in the fort. Mostly, Kautilya addressed the question of how to assassinate a king—by hiding "inside the image of a deity or a hollow wall" and emerging at night, by making something heavy fall on the king, or by use of women as secret agents to "drop on him serpents or poisonous fire and smoke." (A.12.5.43-48, 473) Kautilya was willing to use any possible means to assassinate an enemy king—drown him, burn him with fire, suffocate him with smoke, even use crocodiles as assassins, not to mention women and children as poison-givers. (A.12.4.22-28, 9-10, 468-69) The wonder of assassination, according to Kautilya, is that it is so efficient. "For, an assassin, single-handed, may be able to achieve his end with weapon, poison and fire. He does the work of a whole army or more." (A.9.6.54-55, 425) Kautilya was willing to let loose on the enemy "persons who have committed great crimes" who could use "weapon, poison and fire." (A.9.6.34, 424) Kautilya was also willing to use these same measures of assassination against the leaders of rebellious subjects in his own kingdom, (A.9.5.14-15, 421; A.5.6.14, 48, 310, 313; A.1.18. 14, 45) although sometimes the king must put down a rebellion with troops. (A.9.3.9-14, 414)
Aside from assassination, another method used to defeat an enemy without full scale battle was to arrange for the enemy to quarrel and fight itself. We have already seen how Kautilya intended to use beautiful women to instigate fights among high officers or officials. If the promise of pleasure can ignite quarrels, so can the promise of power. Arrange for a secret agent, disguised as an astrologer, to tell a high officer that he has all the marks of a king, and similarly arrange for a female secret agent, the wife of this officer, to complain that the king wants to take her into his harem. A third secret agent who is a cook or a waiter should lie, saying that the king has ordered him or her to poison the high officer. "Thus with one or two or three means, [the king] should incite the high officers one by one to fight or desert [the enemy king]." (A.12.2.24, 19-23, 463-64) In a discussion about sowing dissensions among oligarchies, Kautilya suggested that "assassins should start quarrels by injuring objects, cattle or men at night" and that assassins "should stir up princelings enjoying low comforts with (a longing for) superior comforts, and that "assassins should start quarrels among the followers of the chiefs in the oligarchy by praising the opponents in brothels and taverns." (A.11.1.14, 9, 8, 455) Once again, women are a weapon. After a beautiful woman has stirred the desires of two men, she can urge the murder of one by saying the first is harassing her and how much she loves the second. Afterwards, "she should proclaim, 'My lover has been killed by so and so.'" (A.11.1.39, 34-38, 457) The goals were constantly to "sow discord" and to foment and inflame "mutual hatred, enmity and strife." (A.11.1.6, 455)
Much of this advice violated the tacit code of war found in the great Indian epics and the many law books. The assassination of envoys and the use of poison were considered against the rules of warfare and thus not honorable. "Fighting in battle, [the king] should not kill his enemies with weapons that are concealed, barbed, or smeared with poison or whose points blaze with fire." (Laws of Manu, 137) Such a contrast with Kautilya! (A.13.4.1-24, 485-88; see also, Srivastava 1985, 32) Spies were common in Indian history (Laws of Manu, 141, 143-44, 151, 225-30) but not spies who assassinated enemy officials and started quarrels among enemy leaders. (Majumdar 1960, 40-41, 65, 36) An excellent book on warfare in ancient India discusses spies, but does not mention secret agents who carried out assassinations. (Srivastava 1985, 101) Once more Kautilya judged the means by the result, and the result he sought was the general good of his kingdom.
Another military tactic that Kautilya praised was what we now call disinformation or propaganda designed to demoralize or frighten enemy soldiers. For example, secret agents should appear as messengers to troops saying, "'Your fort has been burnt down or captured; a revolt by a member of your family has broken out; or, your enemy or a forest chieftain has risen (against you)."' (A.10.6.48-50, 453) After spreading the rumor that the Regent or a high administrator of the enemy king has announced that the king is in trouble and may not come back alive and thus people should take wealth by force and kill their enemies, secret agents should kill and steal at night, trying to cause civil upheaval. "When the rumour has spread far and wide, assassins should rob citizens at night and slay chiefs, (saying at the time), 'Thus are dealt with who do not obey the Regent."' Then they should put bloody evidence in the Regent's residence. (A.12.2.26, 25-28, 464) Again, secret agents should spread rumors, always in a confidential manner, that the king is furious with such and such a leader, and then these agents should assassinate key leaders. "And to those who have not been slain, secret agents should say, 'This is what we had told you; he who wants to remain alive should go away."' (A.12.3.4, 465) Kautilya was especially fond of the tactic of utilizing disinformation to flatter a second or third son and thus persuade him to try a coup against his own family. (A.12.3.15, 466) Convinced that disinformation could also inspire his own troops, Kautilya wanted agents to announce fabricated victories to his own troops, while proclaiming fictitious defeats inflicted on the enemy. "On the occasion of a night-battle, [secret agents] should strike many drums, fixed beforehand as a signal, and announce, 'We have entered it; the kingdom is won."' (A.12.4.21, 469; Srivastava 1985, 89)
Much of this disinformation made use of religion. Placed strategically, astrologers "should fill [the king's] side with enthusiasm by proclaiming his omniscience and association with divine agencies, and should fill the enemy's side with terror." (A.10.3.33, 440) Once more the needs of the state must always be primary, and the king commands religion to serve the state. "He should make (Brahmins) recite blessings invoking victory and securing heaven." (A.10.3.36, 440) Singers and poets should "describe the attainment of heaven by the brave and the absence of heaven for cowards." (A.10.3.43, 441) Secret agents who have infiltrated the enemy side should use animal blood in order to "cause an excessive flow (of blood) from honoured images of deities," and then interpret that as a sure sign of future defeat for the enemy. (A.13.2.27, 479) Kautilya wanted anyone was associated with religion or superstition—"soothsayers, interpreters of omens, astrologers, reciters of Purānas" and so on (A.13.1.7, 475)—to proclaim to his own troops and to the enemy the king's "association with divinities" or "his meeting with divinities," (A.13.1.1, 8, 474-75) creating confidence on his own side and simultaneously misgivings and even terror among enemy soldiers. Those priests in charge of interpreting omens must make certain that dreams and other signs are always favorable to the king's efforts and unfavorable to the enemy. (A.13.1.9, 475) Every kind of superstition can be useful, (Sharma 1954, 225-28) and for Kautilya religious authorities must be for hire.
In addition to brave and well-equipped soldiers, warfare requires deception, and over and again Kautilya advocated the above measures and more for deceiving both his own and the enemy troops. If caught behind enemy lines, Kautilya outlined ways for one to escaped by disguise—"in the disguise of a heretical monk," "decked out as a corpse," or "wearing a woman's garb." (A.12.5.3 8-40, 472) And he was eager to use multiple and varied means to fool and to terrify the enemy. "He should strike terror in the enemy with machines, by the employment of occult practices, through assassins slaying those engaged in something else, by magical arts, by (a show of) association with divinities, through carts, by frightening with elephants," and so on. (A. 10.6.48-50, 453) A favorite tactic in battle was to pretend to be defeated, retreat in apparent disorder, and then attack a disorganized and unsuspecting enemy. "Or, feigning a rout with treasonable, alien and forest troops, he should strike at the (pursuing enemy when he has) reached unsuitable ground." (A.10.3.1, 438) At all times, Kautilya wanted his king to use deception, play roles, and create appearances. Why risk heavy losses or even defeat in battle if deception and assassination can weaken or even defeat the enemy? Even if a king is forced to surrender in order to survive, Kautilya wanted him to pretend that his surrender was "an excellent thing" until he was clever or strong enough to fight back. (A.7.15.29, 372) Warfare was violent, but it also called for one who could calmly create false impressions, like a poker player in the deadliest of games.
# Notes
"To a surrounded enemy you must leave a way of escape... Show him there is a road to safety, and so create in his mind the idea that there is an alternative to death... Wild beasts, when at bay, fight desperately. How much more is this true of men! If they know there is no alternative they will fight to the death. (Sun Tzu, 109-10)
"It is necessary, above everything that has been mentioned, to be careful not to bring the enemy into utter despair. About this Caesar was careful when fighting the Germans; he opened a road for them, seeing that since they could not run away necessity was making them bold." (Machiavelli, 700)
John of Piano Carpino, a contemporary of Genghis Khan, described one of his tactics this way: "If it happens that the enemy fight well, the Tartars make a way of escape for them; then as soon as they begin to take flight and are separated from each other they fall upon them and more are slaughtered in flight than could be killed in battle." (Chaliand 1994, 469)
# Chapter 6
# POWER, ADVANCEMENT, AND A THEORY OF HISTORY
In European history and in the Judeo-Christian tradition, thinkers usually accepted either a cyclical theory of history or a linear view of history. Plato, Polybius, Cicero, Machiavelli, and Rousseau all embraced various different cyclical theories of history in which a city-state, a nation, or a culture rises, reaches some peak of perfection and then declines, decays, and perhaps dies, although it might start the cycle again. In Book 8 of his Republic, Plato outlined a cycle of history in which his republic—in truth an aristocracy, or rule by the best—is followed by timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, and tyranny. Just as all living things go through a cycle of life and death, so do states, "since for everything that has come into being destruction is appointed." (Plato, 546a) Most of these thinkers with a cyclical view of history seemed to look upon states as they looked upon the biological world of plants and animals, that is, just as all living things grow, decay, and die, so do political entities, and all great statesmen can do at certain moments in history is slow down the rate of decline and decay, a conviction held, for example, by Cicero. Borrowing from Plato, Aristotle, and Polybius, Cicero stated, "For there is a remarkable rotation and, if I may say so, cycle of changes in the life of states. It is the business of the philosopher to understand the order in which these changes occur." (Cicero 1976, 134) In Cicero's view, the cycle followed a predictable pattern. "The government is thus bandied about like a ball: tyrants receive it from kings; from tyrants either to aristocrats or to the people; and from the people to oligarchs or tyrants. The same form of government is never long retained." (Cicero 1976, 150-51) For Cicero, the peak of "political wisdom" for a statesman was to discern the nature of decline and "be able to retard the movement or forestall it." (Cicero 1976, 178) In particular, he thought that a constitutional government that mixed elements of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy would slow the cyclical decline, although it could not prevent it. Once a nation or a culture has passed, other cultures, some better and some worse, will rise to take its place. In these cyclical views, history repeats itself, that is, nations go through similar stages, attain similar kinds of greatness, and undergo similar kinds of decay and decline.
The Hebrew Bible gave us the first linear view of history, a conviction that history defines itself by unique, nonrepeatable events. For example, there will never be a Garden of Eden again, a flood in which Noah saved humankind and nature, another exodus from Egypt, another covenant with Moses, and so on. After the nation of Israel had fallen away from its covenant with God, prophets such as Amos, Jeremiah, and Isaiah began to say that, just as history had a clear beginning in the Garden of Eden, so was God promising a grand culmination of history if the Hebrew people would turn back and observe the covenant with God. Despite the fact that Israel was a "sinful nation" (Isaiah 1:4) that was rightly being punished for rejecting God, Isaiah—speaking the words of the Lord—said that if the people of Israel became "willing and obedient," (Isaiah 1:19) if they would "cease to do evil, learn to do good, seek justice, correct oppression, defend the fatherless, plead for the widow," (Isaiah 1:16-17) then they could look forward to a new and lasting order of justice and righteousness. "He shall judge between the nations, and decide for many peoples; and they shall beat their swords into ploughshares,... neither shall they learn war anymore." (Isaiah 2:4) Indeed, God promised that a new "government will be upon his shoulder," (Isaiah 9:9) and the dispersed Hebrews would be united with Jerusalem once more as their capital. (Isaiah 1:11-12, 16)
All of this became even more starkly clear with the Christian tradition and its eschatological promises, such as a second coming of Jesus Christ and a day of judgment. Once more, history was viewed as linear with a beginning, a middle, and an end, and always a clear purpose and goal. In Matthew, Jesus spoke of a day of judgment. "The angels will come out and separate the evil from the righteous, and throw them into the furnace of fire; there men will weep and gnash their teeth." (Matthew 13:49-50) Revelations promises a judgment, the rule of Christ for a thousand years, and then a new heaven and a new earth in which God "will wipe away every tear from their eyes, and death shall be no more, neither shall there be mourning nor crying nor pain any more, for the former things have passed away." (Revelations 20:21:4, 20:4-6, 21:1) With this, of course, the history of the earth would end.
These linear views of history enjoyed a secular rebirth in the seventeenth and eighteenth century as liberal thinkers began to speak of progress and revolutionary thinkers began to paint pictures of a future golden age. With the European invention of the printing press—China had invented this first—and with European exploration of the world, and finally, with European scientists such as Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton, it became harder to argue that history was the same familiar story repeated again and again, and it became easier to suggest that history was composed of unique, nonrepeatable events. And just maybe history was pointing toward something better and more grand, some goal or purpose or destiny for humankind. This certainly became the view of defenders of progress such as Condorcet, Kant, Hegel, and Mill, and it was an essential assumption of revolutionaries as widely different as Cromwell, Robespierre, and Marx. Condorcet was perhaps the best representative of the Enlightenment faith in human progress, a progress that would be simultaneously moral, intellectual, scientific, and technological. "The perfectibility of man is truly indefinite; and [the] progress of this perfectibility ... will doubtless vary in speed, but it will never be reversed." (Condorcet 1979, 4)
Kautilya implicitly embraced a theory of history very different from anything in the European tradition. This struck me most forcefully when I started to think about Kautilya's science of politics, a science good for all times and places, a timelessly valid science, much like Hobbes had put forth what he regarded as a science of politics or theorems of politics that would be forever valid as is Euclid's geometry. I realized this when I understood that Kautilya believed that the wages, not to mention the occupations, for government officials to be exactly the same in a thousand years—48,000 panas for a Crown Prince, 24,000 panas for the Treasurer, 4000 panas for the Superintendent of Elephants, 2000 panas for a Grade II courtesan, 500 panas for a village level poisoner, and so on. (Rangarajan 1992, 289-92) In attempting to set salaries once and for all that were "proper and just," Kautilya was trying to ignore "market conditions." (Sen 1967, 102-3, 107-8) So too were the taxes paid to the state timeless amounts, except for periods of emergency. When Kautilya stated that "dealers in gold, silver, diamonds, gems, pearls, corals, horses, and elephants shall pay a tax of fifty [panas]," (A.5.2.17, 298) he apparently was setting this forth as a scientific principle, good for all time. Similarly, Kautilya both "feared' and "opposed" allowing prices to rise and fall with supply and demand. (Sen 1967, 32) And when he discussed the "science of building," (A.2.3.3, 61-62; A.10.1.1, 433) he apparently thought that these principles of building—and I assume even the materials for building—would not change.
When Kautilya discussed time, and like Hobbes he wanted clear definitions for his science of politics, he gave the state the responsibility for measuring time and space, and he offered a rather traditional view of seasons. (A.2.20, passim, 138-41) Thinkers focusing on the change and repetition of seasons often move to a cyclical view of history, but Kautilya did not. Late in his Arthashastra, he returned to the notion of time in an intriguing passage. "Time is of the nature of cold, heat and rain. Its various parts are: night, day, fortnight, month, season, half year, year and yuga. In them, he should start work that would augment his own strength." (A.9.1.22-24, 407; see Sarma 1991, 185-88) This passage tells us clearly that time is the arena in which a king prepares to advance toward his political and military goals, but by referring to yuga, Kautilya places his world in a Hindu framework of time that Europeans have difficulty in comprehending. According to Hindu thought as expressed in the Puränas, the world goes through a cycle of four ages or yugas, from a perfect krta age of 1,728,000 years in which all follow their duties or dharma to a dark age or a kali age, of only 432,000 years—our own age—in which almost all have fallen away from dharma. According to The Laws of Manu, in the perfect krta age, people "are free from sickness, achieve all their goals, and (have) a lifespan of four hundred years." (Laws of Manu, 12) By contrast, in the kali age, according to the Mahānirvana Tantra, "Now the sinful Kali Age is upon them, when Dharma is destroyed, an Age full of evil customs and deceit." (Brown 1958, vol. 1,19) When the four ages of progressive decline have passed, a total of 4,320,000 years, a new perfect age begins, and this gigantic cycle starts anew. The total period of four ages or yugas is called a manvantara. After 1000 manvantaras, which is but one day for Brahma, the universe will be destroyed after which the universe will experience one night of Brahma which is again 1000 manvantaras. One day and one night of Brahma constitute about 8.6 billion years, and the process repeats itself for all eternity. As Gavin Flood puts it, "there is no end to this process; nor purpose other than the Lord's play." (Flood 1996, 113, also, pp. 112-116; also, Frauwallner 1993, vol. 1, 90-93; Balslev 1983, 145-47; and Embree 1988, 220-21) Hopkins discusses this view of time found in the Vishnu Purāna, and concludes that the creator Vishnu engages in creation as sport, playing with Spirit, Time, and Matter. After one of these long cycles of history, some 8.6 billion years, then, "When Vishnu again decides to play, the process begins anew." (Hopkins 1971, 101) (Lipner insists that this sport and play of the gods is responsible, as seen for example in the fact that the gods make certain that the laws of justice and karma persist. [Lipner 1994, 254-55]) Mircea Eliade adds to this. "A hundred of these 'years' of Brahma, or 311,00 billion human years, constitute the life of the god. But even this considerable life-span of Brahma does not exhaust Time, for the gods themselves are not eternal and the cosmic creations and destructions go on forever." (Eliade 1992, 103)
The civilizations built by men and women over centuries seem but an insignificant instant in this time perspective. (Eliade 1992, 105) In one sense, of course, this is a cyclical view of history, but the cycles are so gigantic that human beings can scarcely fathom them, much less incorporate them into their lives. Because these cycles are beyond comprehension, and because Indian philosophies have tried to escape from human time, which is invariably a realm of suffering, Indian political thought has in reality been "ahistorical." (Lannoy 1992, 419) In a fascinating recent article, Roy W. Perrett has argued that most ancient Indian thinkers did not regard the study of history as important because it was not the kind of knowledge that would bring moksa or liberation, which is indeed an escape from human history. (Perrett 1999, 320-21)
# A Pendulum Theory of History
With such an enormous scope of time, it is impossible to apply either a cyclical or linear view to politics. So what theory of history is implicit in Kautilya's writing? I call it a pendulum theory of history, because Kautilya depicted a kingdom as passing through three phases—decline, stability, and advancement—back and forth, ceaselessly. For example, if a king should find himself weak, he should seek shelter and prepare himself and his subjects "to progress from decline to stable condition and from stable condition to advancement"(A.7.1.36, 324; Nagarajan 2 1992, 153) His science of politics can help weaken or exterminate enemies and thus prolong one's time in the state of advancement, but unfortunately mistakes and natural calamities always occur to transport a kingdom back from advancement to decline. "He, who is well-versed in the science of politics, should employ all the means, viz., advancement, decline and stable condition as well as weakening and extermination. . . . [Such a king] plays as he pleases, with kings tied by the chains of his intellect." (A.7.18.43-44, 384) In general, "Of decline, stationary condition and advancement, he should seek to attain each later one in preference to each earlier one." (A.9.7.51, 430) (After this last passage, Kautilya admitted that, for political and strategic reasons, one might decide to postpone advancement.)
What is advancement? A time in which a king "shall be able to promote [his] own undertakings concerning forts, water-works, trade-routes, settling on waste land, mines, material forests and elephant forests, and to injure these undertakings of the enemy." (A.7.1.20-21, 322) In general, "When in decline as compared to the enemy, [a king] should make peace. When prospering, he should make war." (A.7.1.13-14, 321) Choudhary asserts, "To Kautilya, human affairs appeared to be in a state of constant flux, and a state must either expand or decline." (Choudhary 1971, 243)
What causes decline? A king brings about decline by acting in an unjust and greedy fashion toward his subjects until they become disenchanted and want to rebel or revolt. "By discarding the good and favouring the wicked," "by discontinuing customary practices that are righteous," by "suppression of piety," "by seizing those who ought not to be seized and not arresting those who ought to be seized," by failing to stop thieves, by destroying material well-being and creating poverty, and so on, a king brings decline. (A.7.5.19-26, 335) Using Kautilya's Arthashastra, a king can remedy these injustices and reverse this decline. "Therefore, he should not allow these causes of decline, greed and disaffection among the subjects to arise, or, if arisen, should immediately counteract them." (A.7.5.28, 335) In some sense decline and advancement are linked to prosperity. "Smallness of profit and excess of expenditure is decline, advancement in the reverse case; equality of income and expenditure in undertakings should be known as the stable condition for himself." (A.7.12.30, 361)
In one passage, Kautilya wrote as if this pendulum swinging from decline to stability to advancement and back again was a zero sum game in which the advances of one king were always at the expense of another king. "The flourishing of an enemy's undertaking is decline for the leader, advancement is the reverse case; when the course of undertakings is equal, that should be known by the conqueror as his own stable condition." (A.7.12.29, 361) In another passage, Kautilya apparently concluded that some nations, perhaps those that are not enemies, can advance together. If an advancement "bears an equal fruit (for both) [kingdoms], [the king] should make peace." (7.1.23, 322) At any rate, a king's job is to use Kautilya's Arthashastra to bring about advancement and to know how to protect the kingdom in decline, but as history goes—not forward and not around—this pendulum will continually swing back and forth between advancement and decline.
In a book of Jain philosophy called Pravacanasara by Kundakunda, the author said, "the quality of time is to roll on." (Embree 1988, 79) Smith notes that the passing of time in Hindu thought is likened to the turning of a wheel, (Smith 1994, 173) Prasad says a common early Indian view was that time is "everflowing like a river," (Prasad 1992, 6) Lipner observes that Hindus saw time as devouring all things, (Lipner 1994, 251-52) Shyam Gosh remarks that "Hindu philosophy equates death with life," just different modes of consciousness on a space-time continuum whose one characteristic is constant change where all things die and are then reborn, (Ghosh 1989, 1, 208) and Raimundo Pannikar remarks that some in ancient India, "compared time to an ocean where one can see neither the other shore or any island of refuge." (Pannikar 1992, 25) Because the root of the Sanskrit word kala or time refers both to counting and to death, (Balslev 1983, 12) it is not surprising to find Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita saying both that "of all things that measure I am time" and " I am all-powerful Time that destroys all things." (Bhagavad Gita, 86, 92) These images—of time just going, but not going to any place, or time like a wheel that turns but never itself moves forward or backward, or time as bringing death one moment and simultaneously birth—capture Kautilya's implicit assumptions about history well. Time just goes or passes or rolls on or devours. In this arena of time, the king tries to use the science of politics to maximize the moments in which his kingdom is in a state of advancement and minimize periods of decline.
The Buddhist view of time underscores even more dramatically the notion of impermanence. Everything is in constant flux, time brings change that destroys any possibility of something being identical from moment to moment, change that eliminates any possibility of Being. "There is absolutely nothing that remains identical and immutable. Change is total." (Balslev 1983, 16) From instant A to instant B, something X is destroyed or devoured and it becomes something changed into Y, and this holds, under Buddhist philosophies of time, for everything from things to plants to animals to human beings to the universe. "At no two instants can a thing be said to be identical." (Balslev 1983, 80; Rahula 1974, 25) This led obviously to a doctrine, not of a self or soul or ātman, but a doctrine of no-self or the absence of a self (anātman) that endures from one moment to the next. (Strong 1995, 89) Buddhists claimed that every entity perishes and is replaced by another at every instant, that time does indeed destroy and annihilate, that "there is no room for any notion of unchanging substance." (Balslev 1983, 121, 81, 96) At every moment, Time literally destroys Being and rolls on.
G. R. Malkini outlines one interpretation of the early Indian concept of time that reminds me of the implicit view of time and history in Kautilya. "We have accepted time as beginningless and endless. In such time, progress is followed by regress, so that there is no overall progress towards anything. What is gained is as surely lost or destroyed . . . But in an infinite and beginningless time, all conceivable possibilities must already have been realized, so that nothing new could be brought into existence." (Malkini 1992, 703) Richard Lannoy notes that, "Change does not increase the good," there is nothing new in history, and there is certainly nothing we might call progress. (Lannoy 1992, 418) Or, concludes Eliade, "the world is born, grows weary, perishes, and is born anew." (Eliade 1992, 108) This view of time and history might lead to inaction or passivity; so might the view found in works such as the Mahābhārata that time leaves us in the grasp of fate, that life is replete with determinism and preordained events. (Bedekar 1992, 187-91 ) The notion that all is impermanent can also sometimes "serve as a rationale for apathy." (Lannoy 1992, 417; Puligandla 1992, 409-14) In fact, most in the Indian tradition asserted that we have free will in the face of a time that devours and, over enormous periods, leads to moral decline. (Lipner 1994, 253-54) (Mathura Nath Goswami sees Indian history as linear with a goal of a welfare state whose foundation is dharma, but the evidence for this seems very much forced. [Goswami 1994, 2-5])
Agreeing that we have free will and acknowledging that effort is worthwhile, Kautilya seems to view politics like a game to be well played. No grand goal is promised, no culmination of history awaits, and no decline and death of the political order is inevitable, but there is always a new problem or a new configuration of enemies—like the nearly limitless possibilities of pieces on a chess board—that awaits a king and his advisers. Hinduism and Buddhism, with their common wish "for release from the anguish of history, the terror of irreversible time," (Lannoy 1992, 421) seek to escape from history. By contrast, Kautilya was a man who wanted to play the very important game of politics for a long while.
# Notes
The Buddhist notion of an eon is comparable to, perhaps even more unfathomable than, the Hindu notion of ages. "If there were a seven-mile high mountain, and once a century it was stroked with a piece of fine cloth, it would be worn away before a great eon would pass. Nevertheless, more eons have passed than there are grains of sand on the banks of the river Ganges!" (Harvey 1990, 33)
The philosophy that best paralleled this idea in the ancient Greek world was that of Heraclitus who maintained that everything is "in flux like a river," who saw everything in the world as in perpetual motion like the flames of a fire, and who, according to Plato, declared that one "could not step into the same river twice." (Robinson 1968, 89-91)
# CONCLUSION
In the nineteenth century, French romantic painters journeyed to North Africa, because they could see with their own eyes new colors—in the clothing, in the fruit of the markets, and in the landscapes—not available in Europe. While we may have an idea of the colors of red or blue in our minds, think of the countless variations and shadings of red and blue in the natural and human worlds, a diversity that explodes in more variety as we cross each border. Just as French painters travelled to Algeria to stimulate their imaginations, we read the literature, theology, philosophy, and political thought of cultures beyond the borders of Europe and the United States because they provoke wonder and thought, because they transport us beyond what is customary to us and into realms with new possibilities. We see the world with fresh eyes.
Kautilya is as provocative to one accustomed to European political ideas as any political thinker I know. Some of what he wrote, of course, is unsurprising. A reader understands that Kautilya necessarily wrote political thought constrained by Hindu society including classes, castes, and customs. No thinker in his time or place, not even one as bold and innovative as Kautilya, could imagine ridding India of the four classes or varnas—Brahmin priests, Kshatriyas or warriors and rulers, Vaishyas or farmers and merchants, and Shūdras or agricultural laborers—or the system of inherited occupations, subcastes, or jātis. Even here, however, Kautilya pushed the edges of this caste system by defending the rights of most Shūdras to be exempt from slavery and by seeking a popular army that relied on Vaishyas and Shūdras. As much as anyone could have done in India at the time, Kautilya defended the status of citizenship for Shūdras. Why did he champion the Shūdras? Because it was in the self-interest of the ruler to have a people's army fiercely loyal to him precisely because the people had been treated justly.
Also, the tradition of kingship was deeply imbedded in the Indian tradition and articulated clearly in law books such as the Laws of Manu and the Dharmasūtras. Indian tradition said that once long ago there was chaos—no theory of a Golden Age here, in contrast to early China—characterized by what writers called the law of the fishes or a time when the big and strong devoured the small and weak, quite like Hobbes's war of all against all. But then God gave the world kings to bring order. A Hindu state without a king was literally unthinkable, and because a king had earned his power and status through the laws of karma and his actions in previous lives, the populace looked upon a king as superhuman, nearly divine. By using punishment, danda, or the Rod, in just the right measure—if the king was too severe, he would be hated, and if he was too lenient, he would lose his authority and chaos would ensue—a king brought order and prosperity. Under wise rule, Hindus could pursue the three goals of life—material well-being, spiritual goods, and sensual pleasures. The king himself did his duty or dharma, pursued these three goals in life, and lived a life of moderation, avoiding ruinous addictions to women, wine, and gambling.
It is also not suprising to see Kautilya argue that a wise king must take care of his subjects as a father takes care of women and children. Paternalistic in an almost literal sense, Kautilya saw the people of the kingdom not as active citizens but as passive subjects cared for by the king and the state. Arguably the entire notion of a welfare state, in which the state was responsible for those in need either by providing jobs or by supporting those who could not survive without assistance, was first described in the history of political ideas by Kautilya. Moreover, whereas Kautilya did not even entertain the ideas of citizen participation, such as one might find in Greek democracy or the Roman republic, he did describe ways in which a king ascertained the concerns of the populace. By accepting the tradition of the audience hall, one of the most important rooms in the palace at Pataliputra (near modern Patna), Kautilya advised a king to make himself available to "anyone"—one can be skeptical about how many Shūdras or Vaishyas could see the king—who wanted to present an idea or express a grievance. In addition, one purpose of the all-pervasive spying in Kautilya's kingdom was to gather information, that is, public opinion, including who was disaffected and why, so the king could take action before dissatisfaction boiled over into rebellion.
Kautilya's Arthashastra stands out in Indian philosophy like a Himalaya mountain on an Oklahoma plain, because the chief concern of Hindus was not politics and power but instead moksa or liberation or a union with Brahman that one attains by breaking the cycle of rebirth or samsāra. Hindu conquest was a conquest of oneself, so very different from the Greek ideal of glory! As admirable as liberation or moksa might be as a goal in life, it is an apolitical or even antipolitical end, and thus leaves comparatively few people speculating about government or politics, which is one reason Kautilya's Arthashastra is so distinctive. Amidst so many Hindu writers focusing on moksa and dharma or one's duty to the divine, Kautilya's book analyzing the pursuit of political power and economics—literally, artha or material well-being-is dramatically different, just as is the Kāma Sutra or the study of how to maximize sensual pleasure, which is a perfectly legitimate goal in the life of the Hindu householder, one who is in the second stage of life.
Although any book on politics in ancient India would be unusual, Kautilya startles us even further by providing us with a science of wealth and power and politics to conquer, not our inner selves, but instead the political world. More powerful than elephants or chariots or spears, Kautilya's science is a weapon that can teach a king how to conquer the world up to its four ends, or at least to the natural geographical boundaries of India. Armed with this science, a wise king can toy with his enemies.
It seems plausible that Kautilya was confident, even arrogant, because he and Chandragupta had routed the various Nanda kings, stopped the advances of Alexander's successors, and unified India in empire for the first time. While the Arthashastra recounts how that was done, it also advises a king how to proceed with lawful and effective unification, and to accomplish this, Kautilya saw no alternative but a centralized state governing the empire with vast numbers of officials, a bureaucracy looking after the general good, down to the most minute details. In this, Kautilya makes us pause in surprise. Do we want a state this intrusive? Does the state really need to command us to bathe horses twice a day, to wash clothes only on smooth stones, to prescribe penalties for tossing dirt in the road or for harming bushes, and to tell us at what time we must cover our windows at night?
If such detailed regulations seem dangerous and even outrageous, Kautilya's emphasis on economics often makes good sense. If no empire will stay united that is not prosperous, how else could Chandragupta, Kautilya, and the other ministers start new industries and build a system of roads and provide incentives for agriculture but with a centralized state? Perhaps no thinker until John Locke and Adam Smith put such emphasis on the economic prosperity of the country, and no thinker until Hobbes or even Marx gave such a role to state ownership, intervention, and incentives. Unlike Machiavelli, who seems to argue that an army can feed on the virtues of the armed populace, Kautilya saw a healthy treasury as necessary to give birth to a formidable army. Moreover, a prosperous economy allows individuals the free time to pursue spiritual goals as well.
We don't even have a phrase to describe this economy appropriately, although "socialized monarchy" comes close, and there has been no economy in the world like the Mauryan regimes of Chandragupta, Bindusara, and Aśoka before or since. Imagine a monarchy that perhaps owned, but more likely leased, almost all of the land that was farmed; a monarchy that took upon itself to provide farmers with seeds and information about improved farming techniques; a monarchy that built roads (and planted trees by the roads for shade!) and harbors and took upon itself irrigation projects; a monarchy that owned the mines, the factories for weapons and chariots, factories that made boats for fishermen (who leased them from the state!), and industries that provided most capital and consumer goods; a monarchy that made available work for the unemployed and stipends for the disabled; and a monarchy that ran the alehouses, gambling casinos, and brothels of the country! Finding such ideas in the ancient world is nothing if not provocative. To be frank, we don't know enough about India under the Mauryan kings to know if such practices took place all over the Indian subcontinent or perhaps only in places around the capital. We do know enough from the descriptions of Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to India, and from the edicts of Aśoka, Chandragupta's grandson, to know that these ideas of Kautilya are at least partly descriptive of the Mauryan Empire and not practices only in Kautilya's imagination.
Because Kautilya detailed the expansive and intricate workings of the state, it is not surprising to find that he offered the first comprehensive theory of the state in what he called the seven constituent elements of the state—the king, his ministers, the countryside, the fortified capital city, the treasury, the army, and the state's allies. Ancient Greek, Chinese, and Roman political thinkers have no comparable theory of the state that includes its purposes and functions. In his Arthashastra, Kautilya separates political thinking from theology or political speculation from religious speculation, and it is clear that the Hindu religion—and indeed, all of what Kautilya regarded as superstitions—should be subordinate to the needs of the state. If priestly power bowed to the state, Kautilya also sought to capture the economic power of classes, especially the merchant or business classes, and make them submit to state power.
As much as Kautilya focused on the king, the real power that emerges from his writings is the bureaucracy, the most powerful domestic weapon wielded by the king. In his Prince, Machiavelli mentioned only a few advisors to the prince and warned against flattery. By contrast, Kautilya described the jobs of dozens of state and local officials, outlining an elaborate bureaucracy that will carry out the king's will and administer the state for the general good. Kautilya's desired bureaucracy was more extensive than any other found in the ancient world, whether in Egypt, Babylon, Persia, or China. Again, there was no room for democratic citizens. Rather, it is as if the bureaucratic, controlling, and disciplinary nightmare of Weber and Foucault existed not in the modern state but the ancient world, as if Chandragupta's subjects were cared for, but also taught how to think and feel and move, down to the smallest gesture.
Long before Bentham's Panopticon, the circular prison where one guard could watch any prisoner—which became Foucault's symbol for the disciplinary society in which some amorphous authority watches us and trains us down to our most minute movements and phrase—Kautilya sought to establish an elaborate system in which subjects would spy on one another on behalf of authority.
Kautilya trusted no one. The king's family members and closest advisors were tested with bribes, with offers of power, with sexual pleasure with the queen, and so on to see if they were loyal to the king. Surrounded by four circles of guards, the king relied on women who had been raised in the palace and had no family loyalties as his last line of defense. As with any king or tyrant, elaborate precautions were taken against assassination. None of this is unusual. By contrast, one is startled to see Kautilya establish such an extensive network of spies outside the palace. Although it makes sense to spy on places where troublemakers might gather—at alehouses, for example—Kautilya wanted spies in every neighborhood and every village. Whereas Kautilya wished the king to be informed of public opinion so he could address grievances before they became revolts, his use of spies went well beyond ascertaining public opinion. Kautilya wanted to establish omnipresent authority, even the supposed omniscience of the king, so that the population behaved. In short, Kautilya wanted detailed control. The main result from his society filled with spies would be mutual mistrust or mutual suspicion, a situation in which a subject would fear confiding in his or her best friend or even a spouse for fear of being reported, a psychological isolation extending beyond mere loneliness. Although Kautilya genuinely wanted the general good for all, these are the methods of a traditional tyrant.
Add to the presence of spies a huge apparatus for arrest and punishment. Kautilya had no concept of the rights of the accused, in contrast to the Roman republic which was developing the idea of legal rights at just about the same time. In fact, Kautilya goes to great lengths in discussing whom authorities should arrest on suspicion, and he even details how the police should interrogate a suspect. I don't regard Kautilya as a cruel or sadistic person; there seems to be a genuine concern, however odd this may sound, for the accused in his discussions of torture. However, so intent was he on control and setting up his vision of the best possible state that Kautilya was led by the logic of his thinking, maybe by the logic of his controlling personality, actually to discuss when the use of torture is appropriate. It is not surprising to find torture in any state; it has been all too common in every century and on every continent of the world. What is absolutely stunning is to find a political thinker speaking of it openly and reasoning about when it might be used. This is unheard of, I believe, in the history of political thought.
So too is a political thinker continuing at some length about when assassination, sometimes called silent punishment or the weeding of thorns, is appropriate. If the king cannot persuade or trust his enemies, defined immediately as enemies of the state or of the people, then these enemies must be killed. Of course Kautilya was not justifying the killing of any and every dissenter, just those who threatened the king's power, people such as disgruntled ministers, powerful military officers, or even an undisciplined son, or prince, who might ruin the state upon inheriting the throne. Once more, while it does not surprise a reader to discover that assassinations took place in ancient India or anywhere else, it does startle us to see discussions about assassinations in a book of political theory.
Kautilya also discussed the realties of international relations and analyzed the measures needed in warfare in a rare and candid manner. Many scholars see his so-called mandala theory of foreign policy as his finest contribution to political thought. The principle of this theory is straightforward; assume every state bordering on yours is an enemy, and assume every state that does not touch yours but is a neighbor of your enemy is a potential ally. For Kautilya, principles of justice or fairness or the rule of law do not apply in international relations, and if they occur at all, these principles are unusual in practice. Nations act out of political, economic, and military self-interest. If both sides observe a treaty, it is not because of the words on paper and it is not because they believe in justice, but instead the treaty holds because there is a balance of power, because both states are roughly equal in military might. Pleading with an enemy by using fine phrases of justice is only the last resort of the weak; fine words are a country's final, desperate, and—usually—useless weapon. Whereas one can see these ideas in Thucydides' Peloponnesian War written about a century before Kautilya's Arthashastra, especially in the debates about Mytilene and Melos, Kautilya does more than just observe states acting out of self-interest and elaborates upon a theory of international relations in a detailed and systematic way.
In his theory of international relations, Kautilya startles us once more. What other political thinker repeatedly advises a king to violate treaties whenever those treaties are of no use, whenever a treaty is bothersome to the expansionist plans of the king? In reality, international relations for Kautilya are lawless struggles among those who are strong and those who are weak. Whatever "laws" exist are temporary treaties among those roughly equal, among those who both find peace temporarily beneficial. Diplomatic missions do not serve the cause of peace, but rather they help with the timing of conquest. If one's country is stronger than a neighboring kingdom, a king must attack; if a neighbor suffers a calamity, one must attack; if a treaty is no longer useful, one must attack. And Kautilya believed peace and social justice—and these include the Hindu system of class and caste—were on the other side of successful world conquest. Kautilya wanted Chandragupta, and presumably Chandragupta's son Bindusara and Chandragupta's grandson Asoka, to bring all kingdoms of the Indian subcontinent into the protective fold of the empire and its governance. Only then could social justice and spiritual well-being prevail.
Kautilya's discussions of warfare are brutally honest. A king must use any and all means to win a war, and Kautilya set forth elaborate discussions of propaganda, disinformation, the use of religion to enhance the morale of his troops and undermine the confidence of opposing troops, the planting of lies to make enemy troops despair or quit, and the frequent use of assassination. In addition, having great confidence in spies and saboteurs, many of whom were women, Kautilya wanted to have opposing generals or ministers or heirs to the throne quarreling amongst themselves over power or the love of beautiful women or anything else that might divide them and thus enable Kautilya's armies to conquer. When Kautilya classified warfare into three categories—open war, concealed war, and silent war—what he wrote was, and perhaps still is, unprecedented. Open warfare is traditional warfare, armies arrayed openly against one another, and concealed warfare is what we call guerilla warfare, attacking and fleeing, harassing an enemy with surprise. Silent warfare involves openly praising another king as a friend and ally, all while striking him again and again with calamity after calamity, assassination after assassination, and quarrel after quarrel among high-ranking officials and officers instigated by spies and saboteurs. The United States would be undertaking silent warfare if its leaders were professing friendship with Mexico while quietly killing key leaders and destroying important aspects of Mexico's defense, all with a long range plan to invade and conquer Mexico. Strike the enemy again and again, said Kautilya, all while openly declaring peace and friendship. Surely this has occurred frequently in the history of warfare, yet who besides Kautilya has talked about it openly?
Assassination? Arrest on suspicion? Torture? Breaking treaties at will? If Kautilya is not an immoral political thinker, then who is? Or maybe it is more complicated than that. Kautilya realized that unifying the warring pieces of India and bringing peace to the subcontinent were dirty undertakings, that homilies about being good and virtuous may well fit times of stability, but not times of crisis that demand daily decisions of life and death. Kautilya was describing the realities of politics—hence the name realist—in times of crisis. The leader who follows traditional morality will bring ruin to himself and his people. And sometimes—not always, but only sometimes, which is the agonizing reality for a political leader—the end does justify the means. While we are taught to reject this notion, we are also taught that the American Revolution—which necessitated the killing of real people—was justified. Kautilya would remind the reader that he didn't create this problem of the political world, but instead he is only telling a leader how to survive and thrive in this political reality. He is telling those who need to know in order to protect their people.
Two more points about Kautilya's moral standards. First, Kautilya observed that it was frequently, perhaps even usually, in the king's self-interest to promote social justice. A king who arrests too many subjects wrongfully, seizes property, raises taxes too high, allows hunger and poverty in his country when it is preventable, and does not provide for the needy or the jobless is likely to come to ruin either by revolt from within or attack from outside by an enemy who will find support among those oppressed. This is why Kautilya warns again and again that a king must be in touch with his people, that he must take care of his people just as a father takes care of his children, and that a king must not be distracted by, or addicted to, wine, women, and gambling. Similarly, in warfare Kautilya did not recommend slaughters or massacres, but instead recognized the wisdom of acting in a humane and generous manner toward defeated soldiers—not their leaders—because these soldiers can become hard-working and loyal subjects. Morality usually enhances self-interest.
Second, like Machiavelli, Kautilya judged political and military actions by results. The survival of the state is of paramount importance, because the state allows individuals to pursue the three goods of life—spiritual well-being, material wealth, and sensual pleasure. Sometimes, more often in times of crisis and rarely in times that are routine, a leader must undertake what are traditionally "evil" actions, such as assassination of domestic enemies or of a foreign enemy leader, to bring about a "good" result. By contrast, to act always in a traditionally "good" way will sometimes bring evil to one's people. And thus the realities of politics demand that we act on political matters with an ethic that we would probably never use with our families and friends and neighbors. But these are the agonizing responsibilities of political leaders. As Max Weber said, anyone who believes that acting in a "good" manner always brings good results and acting in a "bad" way always brings bad results is a political infant. So Kautilya offered his Arthashastra or science of politics to those leaders willing to learn, and he saw it as a timelessly valid science that would apply for all times and places. In a sense it was a science of power; one who understood this science was, barring natural disaster, invincible. "He, who is well-versed in the science of politics, . . . plays, as he pleases, with kings tied by the chain of his intellect." (A.7.18.43-44, 384) A king, "though ruling over a small territory . . . conversant with (the science of) politics, does conquer the entire earth, never loses." (A.6.1.18, 317)
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# Index
administration. See bureaucracy
ahimsā (non-violence)
alcohol: dangers of state control of
Alexander the Great
anger: danger of
animals: to be protected
Aristotle
army: relies on economy relying on Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shūdras
arrest on suspicion
Arrian
The Art of War (Machiavelli)
The Art of War (Sun Tzu)
Aryans. See Indo-Europeans
artha (wealth and power)
Arthashastra: importance of meaning of word power promised science of politics
Aśoka ahimsā available in audience hall conquest by dharma edicts influenced by Buddhism nature of rule
āśramas. See stages of life
assassination against enemy discussed openly
ātman (soul)
Bhagavad Gita
Bindusara
Brahmins controlled by state poor soldiers
Buddhism
bureaucracy detailed census perhaps more powerful than king state-controlled economy
cakravārtin (world conqueror) brings justice to world
caste. See jāti and varna
Chandragupta Maurya accomplishments
Christianity
Cicero
city: planned
class. See varna
Condorcet, Nicholas Antoine de
conquest. See cakravārtin (world conqueror)
cooperatives
courtesans state control of
curfew
Cyrus the Great
danda (the Rod or punishment)
Darius the Great
dharma (or duty)
duty. See dharma
economy creates army industry promoted by state land controlled by state socialized monarchy state-controlled welfare state
fate
foreign policy; as extension of war mandala theory nations follow self-interest words of justice used by the weak
fort
Foucault, Michel
freedom see also moksa
Freud, Sigmund: religion as neurosis
gambling: dangers of state control of
Genghis Khan
goals of life three main goals of spiritual good, material well-being, and pleasure
guilds
Han Fei Tzu
Hebrew Bible
Hegel, G.W.F.
Heraclitus
history: cyclical views of historical advancement, stability, and decline linear views of pendulum theory of history by Kautilya theories of
Hobbes, Thomas clarify language need for state power science of politics state of war
industry. See economy
Indo-Europeans
imperialism
Isaiah
jāti(caste or subcaste)
Jefferson, Thomas
judges: to be humane to be impartial
justice or social justice: comes after world conquest often in king's self-interest
kāma (pleasure)
Kāma Sūtra
karma
Kautilya: champion of Shūdras defense of military expansion dislike of merchants gave first theory of state judge actions by results legends or stories about pendulum theory of history primacy of the state as realist on self interest of king to be humane separated political thought from theology on treaties made to be broken whether immoral
king audience hall detailed control of life enjoy pleasures in moderation karma must be extraordinary as loving father must control senses must know military matters must use punishment correctly as necessity to avoid chaos power over customary law pretend omniscience protections against assassination rely on people rewards and punishments upholds law when to kill prince
Kshatriya duties of tensions with Brahmins as warriors
land. See economy
language: clarity important
law, should be applied equally
lust: danger of
Machiavelli, Niccolò popular army best prince must know military matters as realist understates importance of economy
Madison, James
Mahābhārata
Mao Zedong
Marx, Karl
Mauryan Empire
Megasthenes describes Mauryan Empire on spies
ministers: must be tested by king
moksa (release or freedom)
Nanda kings
non-violence. See ahimsā.
Pataliputra
Plato
Pliny
political participation: eliminated
political realism. See realism
Polybius
power
prince: how to teach
private space: confine people to
prostitution. See courtesans
Pythagoreans
public space: eliminate
public works program
punishment (danda)
race
Rāmāyana
realism
rebirth. See samsāra
religion: subordinate to state useful to king
Rig Veda
right to free speech: doubtful
right to privacy: doubtful
Rousseau, Jean Jacques
samsāra (rebirth)
science of politics. See Arthashastra
secret agents. See spies
Seleucus
Shūdra in army duties of Kautilya as champion of
silent punishment. See assassination
soul. See ātman
spiesagainst ministers children as disrupt enemy everywhere gather public opinion part of police state women as
stages of life (āśramas)
state: Kautilya as offering first theory of; 54, 106; primacy of
Strabo
subcaste. See jāti
subjects isolated
Sun Tzu
taxes
Thucydides Melian Debate nations act in self-interest as political realist
time Buddhist view of
torture discussed openly
treasury. See economy
untouchables
Upanishads
Vaishya in army duties of
varna (class or caste) classes controlled by state purity of caste
Vedas
war: attack if stronger avoid war with just king deception disinformation give enemy hope of escape goal of world conquest importance of elephants kill enemy leaders people's army best propaganda secret or silent war sow dissensions abroad treat defeated enemy soldiers well three kinds of war—open, concealed, and silent use assassination use religion violate treaties at will
Weber, Max
weeding of thorns. See assassination
women as addictions cause disorder with impurity equal in early religion given work protect king as spies and assassins as weapons of war
words: clear definitions important
world conqueror. See cakravārtin
yoga
yogakshema (just order)
# About the Author
Roger Boesche received his Ph.D. in political science from Stanford University, and he has taught the history of political thought at Occidental College in Los Angeles since 1977. He is Professor of Politics and The Arthur G. Coons Professor of the History of Ideas at Occidental. He has published numerous articles and the following books: Alexis de Tocqueville: Selected Letters on Politics and Society (University of California Press, 1985); The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville (Cornell University Press, 1987); and Theories of Tyranny: From Plato to Arendt (Penn State University Press, 1996). He received his second National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship in order to complete the research and writing of this book on Kautilya. He lives in Los Angeles with his wife Mandy, his daughter Kelsey, and many good friends.
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Erikstad () ;
Hustadstranda ;
Kanstadbotnen ;
Kvannkjosen () ;
Lødingen ;
Rinøya () ;
Solberg ;
Vågehamn ;
Ytterstad ().
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Jamey Johnson Takes Belt Off, Whips Unruly Concertgoers Off Stage
Trigger News 109 Comments
Jamey Johnson pulled his band into Bismarck, North Dakota on July 24th for a show at the city's historic Belle Mehus Auditorium, and then decided to pull his belt off to teach a lesson to a few unruly concertgoers about halfway through his performance. According to witnesses who spoke to Saving Country Music, two male individuals on the front row of the 100-year-old seated theater started causing a commotion as soon as the show started. It would end with the Grammy-nominated, and 2-time CMA Award-winning Jamey Johnson running them off the stage and out of the building, belt in hand.
"From the moments the doors were opened, they were already tuned up, screaming and hollering pretty much during every song," one eyewitness tells Saving Country Music about the unruly fans, who were seated just left of stage center in the first row. Kelsey Waldon opened the show, and was the first to have to deal with their disorderly conduct. "They kept yelling out 'Pam Tillis!' the whole time she was playing."
After Kelsey's set, Jamey Johnson took the stage, and about halfway through his show, and just after finishing one of his signature songs "In Color," he called the two individuals up on stage, coaxing them to climb up the 5-foot riser. Since there were no stairs, the two individuals had to belly flop up onto the stage, and once they made it to their feet, they started shouting and waving their arms in victory, not noticing that Jamey Johnson has set his guitar down, and taken his belt off.
"They start walking towards Jamey, and then Jamey just came over, belt swinging, yelling at them something along the lines of 'Shut the fuck up!'" says an eyewitness. "He smacked one guy. For lack of a better illustration, it was like mom kicking kids out of the kitchen. Security hadn't even made it up on stage at that point. It was a pretty fast-moving situation. Those dudes were off the stage pretty dang fast, ran back up the aisle, and were out of there."
It's probably worth noting that Jamey Johnson is a Marine veteran, and a pretty stout individual.
The Jamey Johnson crowd was said to be a little more rowdy for the regular performances at the Belle Mehus according to concertgoers, and multiple other individuals were kicked out of the venue during the performance. As for how the crowd reacted to the belt-whipping incident, "It was kind of 50/50," says one witness. "There was people cheering, and there were people that were looking around going, 'What the hell just happened?'"
Add it to a list of recent incidents involving Jamey Johnson taking a stand at one of his concerts. In July of 2017, Johnson refused to walk through a metal detector at a show in at the House of Blues in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, resulting in the show being canceled. Johnson also took a stand at the Tumbleweed Music Festival a week later after he saw an attendee waving a "Blue Line Flag" meant to honor fallen police officers. Mistaking it as a protest flag, Jamey Johnson shouted down the owners.
There doesn't appear to have been any arrests or further issues tied with the incident at the Belle Mehus in Bismarck, and no video of the incident has surfaced so far.
Belle Mehus Auditorium, Bismarck, Jamey Johnson, Kelsey Waldon
July 30, 2018 @ 8:23 am
I don't understand why people go out and start acting a fool, keep that BS behind closed doors
Cristy
He has lost his damn mind. I was at that Tumbleweed show and it was pretty unnecessary.
Well I wasn't there but the dude is all about the music, and when you have drunk shitheads ruining your concert why not pull out some good old fashioned discipline?
Like 109+
July 30, 2018 @ 10:36 am
There were a few at his show at the Shed in Maryville, TN. Happens at Jinks shows too.
In fact a pretty big fight broke out at a Tyler Childers show I was at too.
It's pretty common and pretty obnoxious.
Shitheads ruining a concert don't really deserve much… but do they really deserve being called up on stage to be assaulted with a belt? (Go check out the comments on the article on this very page when Luke Bryan punched/slapped a fan in his audience. Including comments about how the person on the stage is "in charge" and has to be the bigger person.) Jamey may make better music than Luke, but that doesn't make it cool for him to call a fan up on stage to hit them with his belt, any more than it does for Luke Bryan to wack someone in the face.
You're assuming I chastised Luke Bryan for that incident. I don't remember what happened completely with that story. What I do know is a shithead is a shithead, and sometimes discipline is necessary.
Granny Clampett
August 1, 2018 @ 3:45 pm
I'll tell ya somethin' if a belt is good enuf for Jethro its darn tootin' alright for a drunk shithead at a concert
For someone who's "all about the music," he's certainly taking his sweet ass time on putting anything new out. 🙂
because assault is illegal?
i dunno i'm just spitballin
I was also there and I loved him telling them to take that flag down. Like Jamey I am also a USMC vet and the red, white, and blue is the only American flag, not some BS blue line flag.
It's disrespectful to modify the American flag to either make a political statement, or to represent an organization other than the us military. That's why a lot of folks were pissed. Not only that it blocked the view for a lot of folks.
S amato
Sometimes you have to take things into your own hands not from the country I'm from the city I like country music you want to disrespect people you get what's coming to you it's called karma
I miss Stevie Gaines
worth noting that Jamey Johnson is a Marine veteran, I like to see Jamey take a belt to almost every performer on cmt.
I've seen Lynyrd Skynyrd back in 76 right before the accident and they flat out kicked ass
Ulysses McCaskill
They left so much good music on the table. There was never nor ever will be a band that so perfectly blended rock, country and the blues all into one sweet sound.
Yes there is Blackberry Smoke
I don't know why but I just never could get into Blackberry Smoke at all. I did enjoy the Honky Tonk Bootlegs record though.
What a badass lol. 8 years a marine, not the kind of guy you wanna mess with. Now if only he'd put out some new music. Not sure if any of you guys have seen it but Cody Jinks has came onstage with Jamey Johnson many times and they kill it.
tucker33585
If i were Jamey I would but a deal with jinks to help him write
H.P. @ Hillbilly Highways
This only furthers my theory that the future of country music is my dad forty years ago.
Greg Fields
Sat in the front row at one of Jamey Johnson's show a few years ago in St. Pete and before the show an usher came out and told everyone in the front row that Mr. Johnson did not want anyone yelling out song requests…Guess these guys didn't get the message
They didn't get the message at the time but they got the message now
naturallynatalie
What, no Free Bird requests??? 🙄
Come to a Blackberry Smoke show and see how Charlie Starr handles those idiots!
Bryan James
Where is the video!!! Anyone that's seen Jamey knows he's doesn't talk much during a show other than saying hello once. I can't imagine that nobody, out if the 2000 people there, didn't whip out the camera and start recording as soon as he started talking about dragging a couple idiots on stage. It's almost impossible. Was anyone there that actually saw it? Either it didn't happen and this is the greatest marketing play I've ever seen or somebody has video of it.
The capacity of the Belle Mehus is just over 800, and according to the people I spoke to about the incident, they request no cameras or video equipment be used. That doesn't keep anyone from whipping their phone out, but apparently the crowd was being respectful of those rules for the most part. Also, since it happened in between songs, even folks recording might have missed it, since even the most hardcore phone recorders usually take breaks between songs. In fact I haven't seen any video whatsoever from the show, which is unusual for sure.
Sorry, thought i was replying here instead of under your other comment. No ones come out and said they were there first hand either. That's almost more impossible to believe than the no video. This is four or five days old. As close nit as the community that likes Jamey is online or on Facebook, for not one person out of the 800 or more that were there to say they saw it first hand doesn't add up. I wish it was true, it would be one of the funniest thing I've heard of happening. But I highly doubt it lol
You don't know a North Dakota crowd. We like to watch our concerts, not videotape them.
I was there and it happened so fast that I couldn't believe it at first and was kicking myself for not getting video
The Belle Mehus doesn't seat 2000. Probably 25% of the 2000.
I was there in row 8 it happened, it happened so fast that nobody had time to take out a phone. And those of us that came to listen to the music were trying to do that not make a crappy recording that we couldn't understand anyway. The Belle is a very small venue that holds maybe 500 which is why it was sold out. Could he of handled it different maybe but I think more bullies like those two need to be stopped quick. We probably would not have some of the bulling problems we have today if things would get taken care of quick, hard and to the point.
I'm a big time Jamey fan and as such respect him, his music and any venue him and the band would choose to play in. Respect and appreciation are a common thread amongst his true fans and it wouldn't surprise me if video never surfaced.
Dylan Murray
So was there ever a video of this?
A lot of folks complaining there's no video of this, but in a way I'm kind of glad there isn't. It would have regulated the moment right beside another cool cat video. Country music is filled with stories like this handed down word of mouth over generations, which adds to the mystique. You watch a video, it's over in 20 seconds and you move on. Not to say I wouldn't watch one if it surfaced, but there's something to be said about hearing and reading a story as opposed to seeing one.
No ones come out and said they were there first hand either. That's almost more impossible to believe than the no video. This is four or five days old. As close nit as the community that likes Jamey is online or on Facebook, for not one person out of the 2000 or more that were there to say they saw it first hand doesn't add up. I wish it was true, it would be one of the funniest thing I've heard of happening. But I highly doubt it.
Well I interviewed two people who were at the concert, verified their identities, and they both corroborated the story. I found them after they posted about it on social media, so there are some accounts out there. But I agree, it's pretty uncanny no video has surfaced yet.
HaydenLane
Bryan, I was there. Sitting right in front of an unruly group of women in their mid-thirties who were talked to by security several times and caught some sharp stares from Jamey throughout the show.
I was surprised that no one was pulling out a phone when the two men were climbing on stage. It was clear they knew they had done wrong; one of them took 15-20 seconds of convincing to get up there.
Anyway, they were assholes, the crowd in general was disruptive (typical in this hellhole), Jamey definitely did wrong, and it was damn cool to be there first hand and see it. I have mixed feelings lol.
63guild
give it time and the 800 or so in attendance will magically be in the thousands of people who will say they were there
crazyredhead
I was actually there and I have to say it happened extremely fast. Most didn't even realize what was happening. I told the friend that I was with that I didn't think it would be good when we saw JJ motion the guys up there. The crowd was unbelievably rude and noisy. I went to listen to one of my favorite singers and was downright embarrassed that my fellow North Dakotans behaved so badly!
It's like a 'Tales from the Tour Bus' story that perhaps Mike Judge will animate in a couple years. Makes it more fun not to have video.
Pretty much any way entertainers want to handle audience fuckheads is OK by me. The price of the ticket doesn't buy you the right to display your assholiness in public.
Speedlimit9
I take issue with the line about Jamey making a mistake about the blue line flag. The flag is red, white, and blue. Changing the color of the flag is an asshole move just like burning the flag, both are legal free speech but I'm going to use my legal free speech to tell you get out of my face with both.
Totally understand if people want to take issue with the changing of the American flag in any way, and don't really have any desire to broach that subject again (it was covered ad nauseum in the original post about the Tumbleweed incident). However I do think it's important to understand that supporters of the blue line flag are just trying to support law enforcement. They're not protesting the United States, or the flag itself. You may think the blue line flag is misguided and I totally respect that. But I believe Jamey Johnson thought it was a protest against the US, and that's why he spoke up. Also, as others have pointed out, apparently Jamey is color blind, so he may not have seen exactly what it was himself, or know what a blue line flag was at the time. I think BOTH sides of the flag debate are just trying to support service members, and that should at least be understood.
North Woods Country
As a native North Dakotan from the absolutely beautiful Northeast corner of the state, I'm embarrassed by my Southwestern brethren.
Granted, I bet these were a couple of clowns who moved here during the oil boom. North Dakotans don't act like this.
sure they do, every state has assholes
Dobe Daddy
Cool. Now do the same thing to FGL.
Earl Knapp
Who does FGL stand for ? " Fog Horn Leghorn"???!!! He would clear the stadium of some rude squeaky voiced Yankees , double time !!!! Yee Haw !!
My new hero!
Drunken morons got what they deserve.
I've dealt with idiots just like em at concerts including an imbecile who tried to crowd surf and landed on my wife's head, and then fell to the ground in front of me. Needless to say, he won't forget me..Ever. I gave him the scare of his life and he slithered away probably with soiled britches!
You sound like a Baaaad Maaaan !!😱😱🤣🤣🤣🤦♂️
jemmy
gotta give props to Jamey here. old school chops, buddyro! reminds me of when John Denver used to kick the bejesus out of anyone who stepped outta line at his shows. i once saw a 6'4″ biker drunk dancing at the front of a Denver show in Grand Rapids, pushing squirrely guys around and JD was off the stage in a heartbeat, done suckerpunched the prick. fair dues the bikey fought back but JD floored him with a couple haymakers to the chin. saw the dude done hop on his pussywarmer and get the hell outta dodge real quick afterwards. people talk about Waylon, Coe but forget true badasses like Denver and Little Jimmy Dickens.
This surprises me. I never pictured him being like that.
Dirt Road Derek
Wow, that's the first time I've heard of any artist handling rowdy concert goers like that. Props to Jamey for laying down the law, but he better be careful. Stunts like this could land him in jail.
I know you're new to country music, but many of the best singers we have had spent some time in the pokey. We could use guys that aren't tough just because they put on a pair of aviators. Reverse the pussification of America, or at least Country Music.
You're right, I've only been listening to country for 48 years, so my noob badge still has the protective film on it. My wife keeps asking if she can peel it off (what a weirdo, right?), but I can't risk it getting scratched or stained when I'm careless with my juice box.
How's the conversion to rap fanboy going? You're only a couple weeks in, so by your standards you're still gonna be a newbie in your nineties! Maybe if you really commit you can get a late starter exception?
Hey, man. I hate to burst your bubble, but Little Texas, Rascal Flats, Sugarland, and FGL are not country music. Maybe something to do with taking the dirt road. NTTAWWT.
You know what else isn't country, Honcho? Whining like a little bitch because you don't know how to turn the radio dial when you don't like the song that's playing, and declaring you're going to start listening to rap. You moan and groan about the "pussification" of America, but you are that pussification. Have fun putting together your iHeart hip-hop playlist, Honcho.
Don't make me take off my belt, precious.
If you take your belt off what's gonna hold your skirt up, Honchess?
OMFS88
If going to jail is cool, consider me Miles Davis
You win the internet forever. Best comment I've ever seen.
You've clearly never heard of the Cockney Rejects. See also my post above about the supposedly mild-mannered John Denver (see his autobiography for some accounts of his heavy drinking, drug-taking, and – unfortunately – domestic violence). Not condoning it either.
The dark side of John Denver was so depressing to discover, I've loved his songs since I was a kid. But seriously, who hasn't heard "Oi, Oi, Oi!"? Just because this is a country forum doesn't mean everyone here lives in a genre vacuum.
good call, buddyro, my apologies. for the Cockney Rejects look out for the full-length documentary East End Babylon from 3 or 4 years back. as you may know they came from one of the most deprived areas of London, two of them were very good amateur boxers, another member was the nephew of a well-known London gangster, a serious hardman. great film, just as much if not more so about the decline of a people than the history of a band.
I hadn't heard of the documentary, it sounds like a must-see. Thanks for the tip!
https://youtu.be/0neZO82iaE8
Texas Music Jim
Venue security should have tossed these morons but they didn't do Jamey did it for them. I fully support Jamey's actions. Some time assholes have it coming.Not sure why but having hundreds of shows attended of all kinds of acts all over Texas I have never seen anything like this.
That was my first thought also. Where the hell was security? Their antics were going on right from the opening act. How bad does it suck when the performer has to perform and handle security and crowd control at the same time?
Why is the comment section here SO different from the comment section on the article about Luke Bryan barely hitting someone in the face? (To be clear, I can't STAND Luke Bryan!) Just seems so hypocritical that people are generally supportive of Jamey's incident – like hes such an amazing badass for doing it, yet against Luke's, which sounded much more tame.
What is barely hitting someone in the face?
a light tap?
Knuckle kisses 😘
Jason Hannan
This reminds me of Bill Monroe, who would occasionally put down his mandolin, go out into the crowd, and bodily remove unruly audience members. Love it.
Sir Adam the Great
I thought I told you to stay in the truck…
Well, if you act like a disrespectful child, you deserve to get beat like one.
Don't forget, the king of all country singers, Hank Williams used to bust a guitar over the heads of unruly drunks that got out of line at his shows !!! Proud of you JJ, whip their asses and send them home to Mama.
If the incident happened like this article describes then jj is gonna be coughing up for a couple settlements at least.
That's the new age of pathetic men for ya. Act like a child and then sue when you get out in your place.
*put
I wonder if these drunk dudes were the same "flannel shirt beard-motherfuckers" that Sturgill threw out of a concert a few years back?
Wesley Gray
i've said it about million times before but seriously: if you can't get wasted without being an obnoxious person, than you have no business drinking.
Or if you are going to drink, stay home.
SunfishQueen
In my opinion it's the venues fault this happened.Too often the security at these venues are too busy watching the show to actually do their jobs. It's a shame an entertainer is put in a position like this.
Jamey is 100% about respect. I do know he did NOT hit them with a belt, but I'll bet he wanted too.
We should do this to obnoxious women in general.
It was two guys that got kicked out.
I don't like this comment.
Drunk women are bad too. It's gender equality, come on now.
Sturgill_Jennings
That whole Maren Morris controversy has still got you shook up lol
Willie Potter
Whiskey Pete….
My wife would kick your ass.
Bad.
Country fan
It was a very disappointing concert. He was mostly playing long drawn out poor covers at the time the guys where heckling him. They where telling him to play his own songs, and he didn't like it and acted like a child and threw a cheap shot at one of them and started swinging his belt. It was shameful and embarrassing on his part.
Kind of ruined Jamey Johnson for me.
He was probably performing those "long drawn out poor covers" because he wrote them. You might be surprised to learn who all has recorded HIS songs.
I'm not going to defend Country fan's comment, but he does play cover heavy sets and played a few that are probably older than he is.
Angie I said the same thing.
LOL. Those guys got embarrased. Not sure why people even go to Jamey Johnson concerts anymore. The shows haven't changed in 5 years and have little to no energy. Until there is some new music I will not be attending his shows.
King Honky Of Crackershire
Man, what a redneck idiot Jamey has turned out to be. If he's not going to release an album, he needs to hang it up
>He called the two up on stage.
The original version I heard they were stage crashers. This version Johnson just seems like every bit as much of an a-hole as the talkers
Jeff Binder
Jamie's clearly a graduate of the Faron Young Institute of crowd control. Valedictorian would be my guess.
That's the greatest thing I've heard in a long-ass time! 😀 …and if you think Trigger's description in black and white is good… You should have seen it in color…
Whether it really happened or not, I like the idea of it because there are more and more people at concerts these days who are sloppy drunk, talking loudly through shows, with their cell phone selfie flash blinding everyone, to the point where they ruin it for others. I wish more artists would whip the shit out of people acting the fool like that at a concert. As BJ Barham said it, how would you like it if he walked into your place of work and screamed "expense report 2015!" over and over in your face while you tried to work.
I had a dream the other night jamey's been using all this time to release a 4 album box with 64 brand new songs. Then I woke up and realized my nightmare was still true. I respect his motivations and desires but just hate knowing he could of been one of the best of all times. Guitar Song will always rank as one of the best country albums ever imo.
Oh and I'm glad he shut these assholes up.
That is the most hilarious article I've read in a long time! LOL
Seems likely he was aware of how the two assholes were heckling Kelsey Waldon, so he was in a sense defending her honor. If I was in the audience I would have been very happy to see them go.
I support what Jamie did , kids acting out even if they were in their 20's .If their parents think their kid was acting normal. Well no. & dad needs their Ass whip with a belt to.
If Jamie needs help , I will be glad , Jamie I got your back bro !
Stringbuzz
Saw Kasey Waldon a couple weeks ago..
Awesome,. We spent a lil bit of time with her, such a nice person.
She needs to be supported. Definitely not heckled. Classless.
I don't mind people enjoying shows, dancing, getting into it.
Hate when it gets obnoxious and manner less
Don't really support Jamey on this though.. Point them out, let security deal with it.
He's really been strange lately.
Would prefer to see him take off his belt and whip some new songs into shape.
Senor BB
Sometimes an ass whuppin' is called for! Or at least an almost ass whuppin'!
He could have handled that A lot more sincebly .
They needed embarrassed in front of the croud yes
But he just showed me he is a damn it out. Gonna hit
Somebody in front of all those people. Lawsuit . I
Liked some of his songs but now I like nothing of his.
A burnt out old junkie who got lucky.
Blues Man
August 2, 2018 @ 12:54 pm
I was at the concert and it definitely happened. Pretty much spot on as the article described. These guys were being assholes all night and the venue security let it go on and on. Finally Mr Johnson took it into his own hands. As far as videos surfacing, there were very few people with their cell phones recording which was odd but I wasn't complaining. With such a small venue you can hear everything. A LOT of people were being loud and obnoxious and when Kelsey Waldon was playing were talking the entire time. It was very disrespectful and I'm guessing Jamey also took note of that. It's too bad people cant just shut the fuck up and enjoy the show. Other than that it was a great show and I have even more respect for Jamey for putting a whoopin on those assholes in front of everyone. The looks on their faces as they ran out of the Belle was priceless!
Come on people that belt shit was fake as hell you really think if it was real them guys wouldn't of sued the shit out of him and the place. What a bunch of shit. They probley got paid to do all that. Nothing real these days
Like trump says fake news
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Kate del Castillo returns as Teresa Mendoza in "La Reina del Sur 2."
The long awaited return of La Reina del Sur has a date. Almost a decade since Telemundo aired the ground-breaking series - the most successful of its history - the network revealed Season 2 of Teresa Mendoza's saga will premiere Monday, April 22 at 10 p.m. ET/PT.
Telemundo also plans to go after a broader audience, making the series available with English-language closed captions (CC) on TV and subtitles across all platforms including Telemundo App, VOD and Telemundo.com.
The network has big hopes for the series that reshaped its 10 p.m. programming strategy to edgier dramas, eventually leading Telemundo to ratings dominance in that timeslot. After several years of Telemundo holding on to ratings dominance at the end of primetime, rival Univision has taken the lead once more since it began airing Amar a Muerte in October. Telemundo hopes to regain its perch at 10 p.m. with La Reina del Sur.
Leading up to the premiere of the second season, Telemundo will air a special edition of 35 condensed episodes from the 2011 series on Monday, March 4 at 10 pm ET. Fans can also go to Netflix to binge on the entire 63-episode series.
Kate del Castillo is back as Teresa Mendoza, in one of the most iconic roles of her career.
Shot on location in eight countries, La Reina del Sur picks up eight years after the Season 1 finale that ended with Teresa learning she was pregnant. We find out that during that time, she disappeared into the U.S. Federal Witness Protection Program for bringing down Mexican presidential candidate Epifanio Vargas. She's now living in Italy in total anonymity under the name Maria Dantes, raising her daughter Sofia. But her life takes an unexpected turn, setting the stage for her comeback as the "Queen of the South."
The series also marks the return of many actors reprising their original roles, including Humberto Zurita, who played Epifanio Vargas in the original, Carmen Navarro as "La Conejo" and Alejandro Calva as "Batman" Guemes, among others.
The multilingual cast features Italian lead actor Raoul Bova (Under the Tuscan Sun, All the Roads Lead to Rome), Paola Nuñez (Bad Boys for Life, Reina de Corazones), Antonio Gil (The Merchant of Venice, Chocolat) Patricia Reyes Spíndola (Fear of the Walking Dead, Frida), Mark Tacher (La Hija del Mariachi, Curse of the Mayans), Kika Edgar (Amor Real, Mujeres Asesinas), Flavio Medina (El Recluso, El Habitante), Eduardo Santamarina (El Señor de los Cielos, Yo Amo a Juan Querendon), and Academy-Award nominated actor Eric Roberts (Head Full of Honey, The Dark Knight), among others.
Created by Arturo Pérez-Reverte, La Reina del Sur is written by Roberto Stopello, Juan Marcos Blanco, Miguel Ferrari, and José Miguel Núñez. Marcos Santana, president of Telemundo Global Studios, is executive producer and showrunner of the series with Telemundo's Martha Godoy and AG Studios' Rodrigo Guerrero as executive producers.
Season 2 of La Reina del Sur is a co-production between Telemundo Global Studios and Netflix. Telemundo has the exclusive rights in the U.S. and Puerto Rico, and Netflix has the exclusive rights for the rest of the world for OTT. | {
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The Bank of Ghana has charged universal banks to undertake cyber security-related due diligence and assessments, identify proper detective controls, and enforce third party and insider risk programmes, to fight global sophisticated cyber threats.
According to the Bank of Ghana, cyber-attacks that target customer transactions and online banking services have increased in tandem with financial technology.
The bank has also warned that the growth of technology-driven electronic payments in recent banking transactions, are associated with cyber related risks such as insecure card data systems and identity theft.
This comes in the wake of a revelation by global IT Company, SAP Africa that 99 percent of Ghanaian banks are vulnerable to hacking because they are not using cloud software which is an advanced and more secure system for data storage.
Among the over 36 universal banks operating in the country, only Ecobank Ghana Limited is currently using the software which has the latest security systems to fight recent growth of complex cyber threats.
But speaking at a summit on digital banking and cyber security, organised by Standard Chartered Bank, Governor of the Bank of Ghana, Dr. Ernest Addison, said the banks are solely responsible for the protection of their data. .
"We have witnessed global cyber-attacks which resulted in disruptions to some critical financial services and destroyed financial assets and savings. It is important therefore, to ensure that the security of electronic banking products and services are not compromised," Dr. Addison said.
The Central Bank has, however, assured that it will continue to exercise firm oversight of the payment system, monitor risks associated with digital innovation and develop appropriate regulatory responses without stifling innovation.
The Bank has therefore prepared a banking sector Cyber and Information Security guidelines to protect consumers and create a safer environment for online and e-payments products.
The guidelines will, among other things, create a secure environment for transactions within the cyberspace and guarantee trust and confidence in ICT systems.
It will also provide an assurance framework for the design of security policies in compliance to global security standards and best practices by way of cyber and information security assessments, as well as protect banks, customers and clients against the potentially devastating consequences of cyber-attacks. | {
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Food waste at Wilkes has negative impact
Kirstin Cook, Editor-in-Chief
Christina Martinez takes a bite of mashed potatoes in the Wilkes cafeteria and decides they taste bad. So, she brings the almost untouched bowl to the conveyor belt and sends it away to the dish room.
"I throw out a lot, actually," the freshman biology major said.
And Martinez isn't the only one. Wilkes dining officials say the amount of food that comes back on the cafeteria conveyor belt destined for the landfill can be downright frightening.
"If you spend a few hours in the dish room, the sheer amount of food that comes back there sometimes is really scary," Dining Services General Manager Ronald Williams said.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency states that in 2010 more than 33 million tons of food waste was thrown away, accounting for almost 14 percent of all garbage.
The stream of food waste from Wilkes alone is impacting the environment by adding to swelling landfills, as well as the Wilkes budget because of high costs associated with this garbage. The issue is fed by a lack of awareness, leading to excess food being tossed.
Williams said the problem stems from the majority of students who fill their trays to the maximum but only eat a portion of the food.
"A lot of people take something from every station and then end up throwing maybe a third of it away," Williams said.
He said a lot of people don't think about how much they're wasting, and he'd like to make them more aware.
Williams explained there are costs throughout the food cycle — from bringing in the food and preparing it to transporting the waste to the landfill – putting a price tag on every plate of disposed food.
Luzerne County recycling coordinator Beth DeNardi said this cost is the bottom line of reducing food waste.
"I think once you start diverting the food from the waste stream, you'll see a drop in what it is you put out for garbage," DeNardi said. "You'll see a drop in the cost of it as well."
Composting as a solution
DeNardi said there are useful outlets for food waste, such as composting the scraps to create nutritious soil or giving it to local farmers to feed livestock.
"You're taking something you could use down the line, that doesn't require a lot of work, and you're paying to throw it away," DeNardi said. "To me that doesn't make sense."
She called composting a win-win situation because it would generate benefits at the same time as reducing landfill that produces pollutants such as methane
DeNardi does not know of any area colleges that have a composting program. She said it'd be a great idea for all of them to start one. But she suggested preliminary feasibility studies to determine the effectiveness of the program. The first step would require the schools to determine a location for the project.
"Unfortunately a lot of the colleges in town don't have that type of space to work with," DeNardi said, though Environmental and Earth Sciences professor Jule McMonagle said Wilkes could partner with local municipalities and organizations for the project.
"It would require an investment of time on Wilkes' part, but if at the end of the day they can reduce their overall costs as well as have some nice partnering activities, that might be very attractive," McMonagle said.
DeNardi said the tangible benefits would be worth the effort.
"With a compost pile, you're not going to pay as much for garbage, you're doing something that's educational, plus you could use the end product," DeNardi said. "I don't see anything bad about that."
DeNardi stressed the most important part of reducing waste is education.
This is something McMonagle also stresses in class. She said a composting project would be a powerful tool in this education process.
Developing a partnership project would be time-consuming, but she said the rich fertilizer from compost, cost-effectiveness and positive press for Wilkes are just a few of the rewards.
Simpler solutions
EEES professor Mark Kaster added that educating the public on food waste is a part of Wilkes' role in the community.
"The university should be a leader in that area, because that's all about educating the community," Kaster said.
He said there seems to be a disconnect between today's generations and the realization of how much work goes into producing food.
"Maybe that's partial explanation why it's so easy just to fill your plate up," Kaster said. "You're on a meal plan, so mound it, and eat half of it and the rest of it goes away."
Kaster said the solution to cutting food waste in the Wilkes cafeteria is simple: Take only as much as you're going to eat. But, he said, this requires consciousness toward sustainability.
"It's a value thing," Kaster said. "If you really care, or even care a little bit, you say 'OK, I'll only take what I want.' You can always go back and get more. You don't have to fill your plate massively."
He said producing compost would have local benefits because the soil quality in this area is very low.
Williams said Dining Services tries to keep leftovers at a minimum by making food in small batches. He said they will give food to the St. Vincent de Paul Soup Kitchen in Wilkes-Barre when the cafeteria closes for breaks rather than letting it spoil.
Some schools are going tray-less to cut back on waste, he said, something the Wilkes cafeteria does on Earth Day to spread awareness. He said there's the potential to eliminate trays completely, which he believes would be effective in decreasing waste. But he said this would have to be student-driven to be successful.
"It has to be student-driven almost, because at this point there's too much push-back from faculty, staff and students," Williams said. "If there was an initiative like that that was student-driven, it definitely wouldn't get a fight from us."
Despite the advantages of a compost program, Williams said there is the major downfall of the idea in who would take on the project. He said there would almost have to be an employee on staff strictly to maintain that program. In the meantime, he said other routes to bring awareness — such as tray-less initiatives and food donations — are a step in the right direction.
"Anything we can do to reduce the amount of food and garbage that's taken off campus is a plus."
Kirstin Cook is a senior Communication Studies major at Wilkes University concentrating in journalism, broadcast journalism and rhetoric.... | {
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Ashley Teamer is a New Orleans-based artist whose work explores the complexities of black femininity through painting, collage, and animation. In both her visual and curatorial work, Teamer uses the object to inform and transform the gallery space. She has been an Artist-in-Residence at Diaspora Vibe Cultural Arts Incubator (Miami), the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, ACRE, and Ox-Bow School of Art. Her solo exhibitions include SneakerBoy Dreams, 4th Ward Project Space, Chicago IL (2017); The Writings On the Wall, Bruce Martin Gallery, Richmond VA (2016); and Booty Galaxy, Joan Mitchell Center, New Orleans, LA (2014). Her work has also been included in group exhibitions at Fort Gansevoort (New York), Antenna Gallery (New Orleans), and SOMArts (San Francisco), among other venues. Teamer received her BFA in Painting and Sculpture from Boston University in 2013. | {
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What does a biodiesel plant environmental expert do? First, let's discuss biodiesel production. As people search for alternative energy resources, the popularity of biodiesel fuel continues to increase. Biodiesel is diesel fuel derived from non-petroleum-based sources such as biomass plant oils, animal fats, or refuse that are commonly obtained from waste or co-product streams of other processes. Biodiesel production plants consist of complex extraction and refining processes with air, water, and waste streams, which must comply with environmental regulations and standards. Environmental experts help manage risks and assist with permitting and compliance activities to meet construction and operational goals of biodiesel plants.
A biodiesel plant environmental expert is someone who has a background in environmental permitting, compliance, and sustainability paired with knowledge of the biodiesel industry and production processes. Educational background commonly includes a Bachelor or Master of Science, with a specialty in environmental engineering, chemical engineering, or related field. Environmental experts have experience in environmental site assessments, risk assessments, air quality, hazardous waste, materials storage, spill prevention, solid waste, stormwater, and wastewater permitting and compliance. These experts are well-versed in state-specific environmental regulations and standards as well as those at a federal and local levels. Additionally, environmental experts within the biodiesel industry understand the specific federal, state, and local regulations which typically correspond to biodiesel production processes such as solvent extraction, organic chemical manufacturing, and organic liquids distribution based on previous project experience and partnerships. Environmental experts provide the necessary bridge between regulating agencies and the owner or operator during initial construction and throughout the life of the plant.
Environmental experts offer a wide range of services to clients within the biodiesel industry. Key services provided include preparing applications and obtaining permits to authorize construction and operation of a new biofuel plant. Pre-construction permitting considerations may include Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (ESA), New Source Review (NSR) or Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) air permitting, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)/State Disposal System (SDS) construction stormwater permitting and industrial stormwater/wastewater discharge authorizations. Permit applications include technical analyses such as conducting dispersion modeling, emission calculations, analyses of plant discharges, and regulatory review. Pre-operating tasks include but are not limited to air emissions permitting, industrial stormwater permitting with preparation of a Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP), Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures Plan (SPCC), Facility Response Plan (FRP), Hazardous Waste Generator ID/Licensing, and Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act (EPCRA) reporting. A skilled environmental expert also can aid during on-going environmental management involving preparation of permit compliance plans, testing plans and coordination, and emissions inventory and deviation reporting. Experts can also provide insight into other operational and programmatic areas where data overlaps such as sustainability and health and safety. Not only do biodiesel environmental experts assist clients in navigating complex environmental regulations throughout the lifecycle of their facilities, they partner with the organizations to assure compliance and business success into the future to keep operations sustainable.
Check out our partner, Lee Enterprises Consulting Inc. here. | {
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6. I have both computers showing in network neigbourhood but I cannot access any files across the network?
In order to share files across the network you will need to explicitly share them.
Firstly you will need to ensure that file (and printer sharing) is enabled which is explained as part of this page.
Next if you want to share all files then you can simply share your entire C drive and all files will be accessable or if it is just a common folder then you can just share this one. In order to share them open the windows explorer and right-click on the folder you want to share (or indeed the C drive itself). From the popup menu choose sharing and then select shared as and fill in an appropriate name. You can also choose what type of access you wish to grant to the files from the same dialog. Click OK and the folder will become shared and a Blue hand will appear underneath it in the explorer to indicate that it is shared. | {
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Services will be at 2 p.m. Monday in Hedley Church of Christ with Don Stone officiating. Burial will be in Rowe Cemetery in Hedley. Arrangements are by Robertson Funeral Directors of Clarendon.
Wilma was born Aug. 14, 1923, in Pauls Valley, Okla., to Alfred Perry and Minnie Viola Johnson. She married William Manford Snelson on March 16, 1946, in Memphis. She had been a longtime resident of Hedley before moving to Amarillo, five years ago. While at Ware Living Center in Amarillo she enjoyed playing dominoes, baking cookies and loved visiting with people. She was a homemaker and a member of the Hedley Church of Christ.
She was preceded in death by her parents; her husband in 1993; a daughter, Pamela Ray Thomas; and a great-grandson.
Survivors include three daughters, Cherry Waddell and husband Jimmy, Katrina Dowd, and Marsha Favor, all of Amarillo; 11 grandchildren; 28 great-grandchildren; and 12 great-great-grandchildren.
The family suggests memorials be to Hedley Church of Christ or Hedley Senior Citizens Center. | {
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BHGE announces today that they have been selected as the key supplier for Masoneilan control valves and Consolidate safety relief valves for the Venture Global LNG liquefaction facility in Louisiana, USA. Unlike more traditional large size liquefaction trains, the Venture Global project will utilize 18 smaller liquefaction modules for a combined capacity of 10 MTPY of LNG production. Masoneilan and Consolidated valves will be used in both conventional and cryogenic applications.
This order includes nearly 1,000 total control and safety relief valves, and is the first phase of construction of 3 total plants being built under the Venture Global project where BHGE will partner in the Full-Stream supply of equipment.
For more information on BHGE and Masoneilan control valves and Consolidated Safety Relief Valves, please visit out link below. | {
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Sometimes it seems like there's only two options, buy the not-so-eco-friendly cleaning supplies, or put a lot of time and effort into creating your own. I've never been one for meticulous grating bits of soap into a pot on the stove, but that doesn't mean there aren't more ecological options out there. It's a good idea to get used to using eco-friendly cleaning supplies and grey water safe soaps if you ever plan to switch to a grey-water system, or even if you are still on city water.
The best all around the house cleaners are baking soda and a 50-50 mix of water and vinegar.
I use these two for almost all my around the house cleaning. Use baking soda sparingly in a grey water system so as to not create a build up of salts. It's also energy intensive to manufacture and requires the use of ammonia and sodium chloride. It's best for heavy duty cleaning such as ovens, soap scum in the bathroom, or toilet bowls.
You can use bar soap for shampoo, dish soap, and hand washing.
I prefer to use the bars because the wrapper is compostable and is thus waste free. Dr. Bronners is a brand I trust, or you can make your own soap. (Read More: How To Make Homemade Soap From Ashes). To use a bar soap as dish soap fill your dish tub with very hot water then let the silverware and the bar soak. I like to do that while I clear the table. My husband prefers to grate slivers of soap into the wash tub and then fill it with hot water. Both methods work well. Most grey-water systems can handle a small amount of soap. This is the bar soap that I like the best.
There is an easy and eco-friendly options for laundry.
I previously washed clothes with a homemade detergent using grated soap, washing soda, and borax, but I quit for several reasons. It caused build up on my cloth diapers and washing soda and borax are both too harsh for my sensitive daughter. Washing soda is a salt and will build up in the soil and borax will kill beneficial bacteria in a grey water system. Also, borax is most often mined with the open pit method, a highly destructive environmental practice and washing soda has the same manufacturing concerns as with baking soda. Not to mention it was a pain in the neck to make.
Soap nuts are grey water safe.
You could even grow your own. I have been using soap nuts for our laundry for several years now and I love them. Soap nuts are actually berries that have contain saponin in the outer layers. They are compostable, non-toxic, grey water safe, odorless, and non-irritating for my sensitive family. Soap nuts will work in both top and front loading washers. They work best in warm or hot washes, but I add a couple extra nuts into the cold washes with good results. Read more about soap nuts here.
I have found that I need to make sure to pretreat stains when using soap nuts. Rub a bit of full strength Dr. Bronners onto the dampened stain and let it sit for a few hours before washing. I do add hydrogen peroxide into our white loads occasionally because soap nuts do not contain all of the toxic additives that fill those roles in conventional detergents. Peroxide whitens and removes bad bacteria.
What about the super gross messes?
I will admit there are some things that I just don't feel completely confident using just my homemade eco-friendly cleaning supplies on (diaper disasters! kitty hairball rampages! doggie puddles!), so I also keep Bac Out in the house. It is THE BEST cleaner for pet smells. It's pricey, so I try to use it sparingly, but it really works amazingly well. I don't use their all-purpose cleaner for day to day cleaning, but I have used it when we move in or out of a new home or have some really nasty things to clean. So occasionally it finds it's way into my cleaning cupboard. You can check out more about Bac Out here.
Between green cleaners and a rag drawer it's possible to have almost zero-waste cleaning! Not only do eco-friendly cleaning supplies reduce the bad effects of harsh cleaners, but it reduces your costs as well for very little effort.
How have you have greened your cleaning! Leave a comment and share!
Nice amazon links. good luck with it.
We LOVE soap nuts! They have been the best laundry soap for our cloth diapers, rags… we use them for all of our laundry. I even use them for my hair and it seems to keep it balanced.
We are however looking for a dish soap because we have been using the liquid soap from the co-op, but it seems so wasteful. Am considering the bar soap idea – thanks!
Oh, I've never tried them for shampoo, that would be cool. When I do dishes with bar soap, I either run very hot water while swishing the bar in the sink or I wrap my washcloth around the bar, it just depends on how soapy I want something. It doesn't suds up like conventional dish soap, but the dishes still get clean.
Oh, cool! I used to use baking soda on my hair but it dried it out too much, I prefer the Dr. Bronner's. I'll have to try the soap nut water. | {
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The RILEM flagship publication is "Materials and Structures / Matériaux et Constructions" (M&S). Since 2006, M&S is published by Springer. It is a leading international journal, publishing results of current research on the properties and performance of building and structural materials, standardisation of test methods and the application of research results. Another scientific journal created by RILEM in 1999, Concrete Science & Engineering, is now included in M&S. In 2016, RILEM launched its own Open Access journal RILEM Technical Letters.
Materials and Structures Journal
In 2006, Springer became the publisher of Materials and Structures / Matériaux et Constructions (ISSN: 1359-5997), the scientific journal of RILEM published since 1968 (55th volume in 2022, 6 issues per year).
Materials and Structures / Matériaux et Construction, ISSN 1359-5997
RILEM launched in March 2016 a new Open Access journal: RILEM Technical Letters. The journal is devoted to disseminating most breakthrough and up-to-date contributions in the field of construction materials science and is published as a Diamond Open Access journal available online free of charge.
RILEM Technical Letters, ISSN 2518-0231
Concrete Science and Engineering Journal
In 1998, RILEM Publications S.A.R.L. created a new scientific journal, Concrete Science and Engineering (CSE) with a team including Suru Shah (Editor in Chief), Hans Reinhardt and Francis Young (Associate Editors).
With its 4th volume published in 2002 (4 issues per year), CSE became rapidly a reknown journal, starting with thematic issues (Durability Mechanics of Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) of concrete, March 2002).
In 2002, Concrete Science and Engineering was included in Materials and Structures / Matériaux et Constructions, for a wider dissemination and promotion of corresponding advances in materials science.
Concrete Science and Engineering, ISSN 1295-2826 (Vol. 1 to 4, 1999 to 2002 available online) | {
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Practice Area * Car Accidents & Personal InjuryCar Accidents & Personal InjuryRailroad & Train AccidentsCatastrophic Injuries & Wrongful DeathDivorce & Family LawEstate Planning & Elder LawProbate, Guardianship & Conservatorship
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Bus-Train Collision at Unguarded Railroad Crossing in North Dakota Results in Injuries
Four students were injured recently when a 2018 Freightliner school bus collided with a train at an unguarded railroad crossing in Lidgerwood, North Dakota. The collision happened around 3:40 p.m.…
Sayler, Bolt Hoffer Boyd Secure Jury Verdict, Record Sanctions Against BNSF
A Minnesota appeals court recently upheld a $15,343,753 jury verdict award in the case of Scott Kowalewski versus BNSF Railway Company. The court also approved an additional $5,846,281 in sanctions,…
Case Results / Railroad & Train Accidents
Woman dies while trapped in a vehicle stopped on railroad tracks
A woman in a vehicle stopped on railroad tracks at a dangerous crossing in Aventura, Florida, died on November 15 when the vehicle was struck by a Brightline train. Traffic…
Santa Clara, CA railroad incident results in the death of a boy
A Santa Clara, CA railroad incident involving an Amtrak train has resulted in the death of a five-year-old boy. The five-year-old Santa Clara boy, whose parents said had special needs,…
Another Fatality in CA: The Cycle of Railroad Incidents Continues
In the past, we have examined railway accidents and fatalities to help call attention to the need for increased safety methods or standards of accountability. The cycle of railroad incidents…
How Much Does It Cost to Get Divorced?
The issue of cost usually is one of the first questions to come up when someone considers getting a divorce. The anecdotes and horror stories about the high cost of…
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Copyright 2021 - Bolt Hoffer Boyd Law Firm | {
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Drumstick Music Canvas Wall Art Paintings Sets Home Decor Images Available in Various Sizes 5 pieces, 4 pieces, 3 pieces and 1 piece set. Drumstick Music Poster Wall Art for Sale with Frame & without Frame for Your Living Room, Bed Room, Dining hall Home Decor. It will also Perfectly Suits Kitchen Room.
Do You Love Drumstick Music Canvas Wall Art Set? Then, It Is Perfect Gift For You! | {
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Dr. Regan joined LSFP in September of 2014 at the Purcellville location. She is a native of Rockville, MD. She attended Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago, where she also earned her Masters degree in Public Health. She completed her residency in Family Medicine and a fellowship in Faculty Development at the University of Virginia. Prior to joining LSFP, she worked in two Community Health Centers in Esmont, VA and Leesburg, VA. She especially enjoys women's health and pediatrics. Dr. Regan is a resident of the Leesburg community and enjoys traveling, and especially spending time at the beach, and trying new restaurants. | {
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Shape2KML works within ArcMap 9.x to convert points, lines, and polygons to KML for viewing and manipulation in Google Earth.
Seems like a very simple method to convert shapefiles to KML. Unfortunately there isn't any source code to see how this was done and make improvements, but I'm sure any feedback to the author would be appreciated. I'm still on vacation and not near my license manager to check this out so anyone who's tried it, post in the comments what you think.
Thanks to Ray Carnes for pointing this out to me. Good eye! | {
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Q: cannot find symbol variable Cell.CELL_TYPE_STRING in poi-4.0.1 Can someone answer me with this error, I am using poi-4.0.1
error: cannot find symbol
symbol: variable CELL_TYPE_STRING
location: interface Cell
And this is my code:
if(Cell.CELL_TYPE_STRING == cell.getCellType()){
}
A: switch(cell.getCellType()) {
case STRING:
System.out.print(cell.getStringCellValue())
}
| {
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// See docs in ../ops/nn_ops.cc.
#define EIGEN_USE_THREADS
#include "tensorflow/core/kernels/softplus_op.h"
#include "third_party/eigen3/unsupported/Eigen/CXX11/Tensor"
#include "tensorflow/core/framework/numeric_op.h"
#include "tensorflow/core/framework/op_kernel.h"
#include "tensorflow/core/framework/register_types.h"
#include "tensorflow/core/framework/tensor.h"
#include "tensorflow/core/lib/core/errors.h"
namespace tensorflow {
typedef Eigen::ThreadPoolDevice CPUDevice;
typedef Eigen::GpuDevice GPUDevice;
template <typename Device, typename T>
class SoftplusOp : public UnaryElementWiseOp<T, SoftplusOp<Device, T>> {
public:
using UnaryElementWiseOp<T, SoftplusOp<Device, T>>::UnaryElementWiseOp;
void Operate(OpKernelContext* context, const Tensor& input, Tensor* output) {
functor::Softplus<Device, T> functor;
functor(context->eigen_device<Device>(), input.flat<T>(),
output->flat<T>());
}
};
template <typename Device, typename T>
class SoftplusGradOp
: public BinaryElementWiseOp<T, SoftplusGradOp<Device, T>> {
public:
using BinaryElementWiseOp<T, SoftplusGradOp<Device, T>>::BinaryElementWiseOp;
void OperateNoTemplate(OpKernelContext* context, const Tensor& g,
const Tensor& a, Tensor* output);
// INPUTS:
// g (gradients): backpropagated gradients
// a (inputs): inputs that were passed to SoftplusOp()
// OUTPUT:
// gradients to backprop
template <int NDIMS>
void Operate(OpKernelContext* context, const Tensor& g, const Tensor& a,
Tensor* output) {
OperateNoTemplate(context, g, a, output);
}
};
template <typename Device, typename T>
void SoftplusGradOp<Device, T>::OperateNoTemplate(OpKernelContext* context,
const Tensor& g,
const Tensor& a,
Tensor* output) {
OP_REQUIRES(context, a.IsSameSize(g),
errors::InvalidArgument("g and a must be the same size"));
functor::SoftplusGrad<Device, T> functor;
functor(context->eigen_device<Device>(), g.flat<T>(), a.flat<T>(),
output->flat<T>());
}
#define REGISTER_KERNELS(type) \
REGISTER_KERNEL_BUILDER( \
Name("Softplus").Device(DEVICE_CPU).TypeConstraint<type>("T"), \
SoftplusOp<CPUDevice, type>); \
REGISTER_KERNEL_BUILDER( \
Name("SoftplusGrad").Device(DEVICE_CPU).TypeConstraint<type>("T"), \
SoftplusGradOp<CPUDevice, type>);
TF_CALL_REAL_NUMBER_TYPES(REGISTER_KERNELS);
#undef REGISTER_KERNELS
#if GOOGLE_CUDA
// Forward declarations of the functor specializations for GPU.
namespace functor {
#define DECLARE_GPU_SPEC(T) \
template <> \
void Softplus<GPUDevice, T>::operator()( \
const GPUDevice& d, typename TTypes<T>::ConstTensor features, \
typename TTypes<T>::Tensor activations); \
extern template struct Softplus<GPUDevice, T>; \
\
template <> \
void SoftplusGrad<GPUDevice, T>::operator()( \
const GPUDevice& d, typename TTypes<T>::ConstTensor gradients, \
typename TTypes<T>::ConstTensor features, \
typename TTypes<T>::Tensor backprops); \
extern template struct SoftplusGrad<GPUDevice, T>;
TF_CALL_GPU_NUMBER_TYPES(DECLARE_GPU_SPEC);
} // namespace functor
// Registration of the GPU implementations.
#define REGISTER_GPU_KERNELS(type) \
REGISTER_KERNEL_BUILDER( \
Name("Softplus").Device(DEVICE_GPU).TypeConstraint<type>("T"), \
SoftplusOp<GPUDevice, type>); \
REGISTER_KERNEL_BUILDER( \
Name("SoftplusGrad").Device(DEVICE_GPU).TypeConstraint<type>("T"), \
SoftplusGradOp<GPUDevice, type>);
TF_CALL_GPU_NUMBER_TYPES(REGISTER_GPU_KERNELS);
#undef REGISTER_GPU_KERNELS
#endif // GOOGLE_CUDA
} // namespace tensorflow
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Referring to a yoga center with the caveat: "it's not-for-profit" often carries with it an assumption of merit. Given the humanitarian and universal nature of yoga, taking the profit motive out of the business model seems ideal. However, a further examination of the trade-offs involved in opening both for-profit and not-for-profit yoga centers challenges this assumption.
Full disclosure: I own and operate a for-profit yoga center. I made my living as a independently contracted yoga teacher for more than ten years before I managed to secure an SBA Community Express Loan and opened a place of my own five years ago. I estimate that, over the years, approximately 35% of the yoga teaching I have done has been for no money. Building a viable income through teaching yoga requires investment and offering pro bono services is integral to that process. But if that investment had never led to paid work then I would not have been able to continue teaching as I did or be in the position I am now to offer opportunities to others.
The problem with not-for-profit business models for yoga centers is that yoga teachers don't get paid.
There are those who say that taking money for teaching yoga is inappropriate. They feel that the rising costs of attending yoga classes are making yoga less accessible and attribute this to yoga teachers and centers making a profit. What most folks don't realize is that, actually, there is not much profit in for-profit yoga classes. As explained in Yoga, Business and Government, the profits that fuel the multi-billion dollar yoga industry are going to corporations that capitalize on "yoga-related" products more than actual yoga classes.
The rising cost of yoga classes can almost entirely be attributed to the rising costs of commercial real estate. This is evidenced by the growing number of not-for-profit and by-donation yoga centers that, as time goes on, end up having to institute a "suggested donation" in order to continue to exist. The hard reality is that if you live in a popular place where the rents tend to be higher, and you want to have a proper yoga center in your neighborhood, then it's going to cost more than taking that class on the sticky floor at the YMCA.
And where yoga teachers are not being compensated for the work they do at not-for-profit yoga centers, there is still the possibility that someone is taking home a paycheck. 501c3 organizations do sometimes provide salaries for founders and administrators and, depending on the size and filing of the organization, this information is not always readily available.
Not to diminish the good work being done by thoughtful people who create and administrate not-for-profit yoga centers or the humble teachers who donate their time, but if the goal is to provide a service of yoga instruction to the public then we need models that will be able to support the growth and work of the people who provide the service, not just the venues that they inhabit.
Those who believe that yoga is being corrupted by capitalism also tend to complain about too many unqualified yoga teachers. There is no greater obstacle to becoming a highly skilled yoga teacher then having to work at an unrelated job to pay rent and eat. Surely, there are many fine part-time and volunteer yoga teachers to be found. But, by any objective metric, those who have become the most knowledgeable and esteemed in the profession of yoga have been able to support themselves financially through their teaching.
If we want the benefit of talented yoga teachers then there needs to be a way for them to sustain themselves as yoga teachers.
Having recently finished negotiations on a lease renewal for my yoga center, I was shocked at how much the rent increased. I have an excellent relationship with the landlord. The rent has been paid on time every month. Since the standard practice for commercial real estate, despite the waning economy, has been to raise the rent 3% annually, I did not expect the rent to go up more than 5-10% this year. When I did the research I learned that, even with a steep increase of 15%, my landlord is still giving me a good deal that is below the going rate per square footage for the neighborhood.
Unfortunately, relationships and good deeds are worth only so much when it comes to the bottom-line business of commercial real estate. For the first time since we opened, I have to slightly increase prices in order to keep pace and maintain the status quo of the centers operations. The extra proceeds will go entirely to the increased rent. Pay for teachers remains the same. Although I am the center's owner and senior teacher, my income will not change in the least.
Securing enough funding and volunteer teachers to create not-for-profit yoga centers that offer yoga classes for little or no money is a positive thing, to be encouraged and supported. However, there is nothing intrinsically more honorable about a not-for-profit structure when the reality is that as regards the maturation of yoga instruction, it is unsustainable. | {
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Michael Jackson's Estate is slamming HBO, claiming the community is a part of a grossly unfair hatchet job simply to make a buck.
The Estate is lashing out after HBO introduced "Leaving Neverland" can be broadcast on March three and 4.
The Estate's letter to HBO targets director Dan Reed, claiming he featured 2 admitted perjurers — Wade Robson and James Safechuck — and consciously refused to contact anybody who would discredit them. And, the letter makes it clear — there are many individuals who just do that.
As for why Robson modified his story … the Estate reiterated what it's stated earlier than, that he turned indignant when the Estate rejected him as a choreographer for the MJ-themed Cirque de Soleil. | {
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Q: Docker-Compose: how to mapping volume from host into container? The Problem:
I'd like to share a folder from the docker host with a specific container using docker-compose. A container running MongoDB shall place its data files into /var/lib/mongodb, but this folder shall be a mount to the hosts folder /var/lib/mongodb.
But it still remains an own local directory within the container, not the shared one from the host.
Sometimes it also ends up with the following warning:
WARNING: Service "mongodb" is using volume "/var/lib/mongodb" from the
previous container. Host mapping "name_dbvolume" has no effect.
Remove the existing containers (with docker-compose rm mongodb) to
use the host volume mapping.
docker-compose.yml
version: '2'
services:
loopback:
build: .
expose:
- "80"
- "443"
- "28015"
- "29015"
ports:
- 3000:3000
links:
- mongodb
environment:
VIRTUAL_HOST: api.xxxxxx.com
VIRTUAL_PORT: 3000
LETSENCRYPT_EMAIL: [email protected]
LETSENCRYPT_HOST: api.xxxxx.com
mongodb:
build: ./MongoDB
ports:
- "27017:27017"
- "27018:27018"
- "27019:27019"
- "28017:28017"
volumes:
- dbvolume:/var/lib/mongodb
volumes:
dbvolume:
Dockerfile for MongoDB-Container:
FROM mongo:latest
RUN mkdir -p /var/lib/mongodb && \
touch /var/lib/mongodb/.keep && \
chown -R mongodb:mongodb /var/lib/mongodb
ADD mongodb.conf /etc/mongodb.conf
VOLUME [ "/var/lib/mongodb" ]
# EXPOSE 27017
USER mongodb
WORKDIR /var/lib/mongodb
ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/bin/mongod", "--config", "/etc/mongodb.conf"]
CMD ["--quiet"]
The mongodb-container is configured that MongoDB uses /var/lib/mongodb as data directory. With the following command we try to use this folder from the host:
VOLUME [ "/var/lib/mongodb" ]
What did i wrong here?
A: Your compose config sets up a named data volume called dbvolume
A named volume will be stored in /var/lib/docker by default:
→ docker volume inspect dbvolume
[
{
"Driver": "local",
"Labels": null,
"Mountpoint": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/dbvolume/_data",
"Name": "dbvolume",
"Options": {},
"Scope": "local"
}
]
Mounting a host directory as a volume is slightly different in a compose file.
volumes:
- /var/lib/mongodb:/var/lib/mongodb
The source is still on the left, but you specify the full path instead of a name.
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NGC 5264 est une galaxie irrégulière barrée, naine et de type magellanique. Elle est située dans la constellation de l'Hydre à environ d'années-lumière de la Voie lactée. NGC 5264 a été découverte par l'astronome britannique John Herschel en 1835.
La classe de luminosité de NGC 5264 est V-VI et elle présente une large raie HI.
Distance de NGC 5264
NGC 5264 est une galaxie rapprochée du Groupe local et souvent pour ce genre de galaxie, leur vitesse propre est importante par rapport à la vitesse de récession produite par l'expansion de l'Univers. On peut se fier à la loi de Hubble-Lemaître pour calculer la distance d'une galaxie lointaine à partir du décalage vers le rouge, mais ce n'est pas le cas pour les galaxies trop rapprochées. La distance de Hubble pour NGC 5264 donne une valeur de .
À ce jour, cinq mesures non basées sur le décalage vers le rouge (redshift) donnent une distance de , ce qui est légèrement à l'extérieur des distances calculées en employant la valeur du décalage. Cependant dans l'échantillon présenté sur la base de données NASA/IPAC, trois sont basées sur la méthode TRGB (Tip of the Red Giant Branch). Cette méthode donnent des résultats plus précis que les autres. Ces trois mesures donne une valeur de .
Groupe de M83
NGC 5264 fait partie d'un petit groupe de galaxies, le groupe de M83. Selon A. M. Garcia, le groupe de M83 compte au moins quatre membres. Les autres galaxies du groupe sont NGC 5236 (M83), IC 4316 et ESO 444-78.
Notes et références
Notes
Références
Voir aussi
Articles connexes
Liste des objets du New General Catalogue
Liens externes
NGC 5264 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman
5264
Constellation de l'Hydre
Galaxie irrégulière
Galaxie irrégulière magellanique
Galaxie naine
Galaxie naine irrégulière
Objet céleste découvert en 1835
Objet céleste découvert par John Herschel | {
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Breaking 90
By Bob Ford with Ron Kaspriske Photos by Stephen Szurlej
Pitch with an open face
I can understand why so many amateurs struggle with pitching. When you're only 30 yards from the green, it's hard to convince yourself to make a full swing and accelerate through the ball. But that's exactly what you need to do to execute this shot. Set up to the ball with an open face. What you're doing is exposing the bounce, the bulge on the back edge of the sole. This makes it a lot easier to pop the ball up, so you don't feel like you have to scoop the ball to get it airborne. Just allow the bounce to slide the clubface under the ball.
Left-arm-only drill helps keep you from scooping
Still trying to scoop the ball into the air? The left-arm-only drill will help break that habit. In fact, it's nearly impossible to hit a good pitch shot with your left arm unless you keep the wrist firm as you swing down and pivot your body toward the target. Take the club back so the shaft is parallel to the ground by hinging your left wrist. Now try to pop the ball into the air. If your wrist breaks down, you'll find it hard to do. You'll get your best results from maintaining the hinged position and pivoting your body toward the target.
Breaking 90 4 Photos | {
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Elite Ice Hockey League: Gardiner Conference Preview – Braehead Clan
By Matt Ford
Matt Ford
Matt is currently Editor in Chief and a fourth-year History student.
Braehead ClanElite Ice Hockey LeagueGardiner ConferenceIce HockeyJohn Tripppreview
The Student Sport's Prediction: 1st in the Gardiner Conference
Key additions: Mike Embach, LW; Ryan Nie, G; Ryan Potulny, C; Tyler Scofield, LW
Key departures: Scott Pitt, C/LW; Alex Leavitt, FW; Mike Hammond, FW; Matt Beca, RW
The expansion of the Elite Ice Hockey League to three conferences of four sees the Gardiner Conference retained, albeit now comprised exclusively of the four Scottish clubs.
With Manchester Storm moving to the newly formed Patton Conference, Braehead Clan, Edinburgh Capitals, Dundee Stars and Fife Flyers will do battle for the conference title and perhaps a bit of national pride too.
Things though are far from being as you were. That much is not the greatest surprise given the expected annual player turnover, but with three of the four clubs sporting new coaches, and with it new rosters, the Gardiner Conference will once again be a prolific source of juicy sub-plots during the 2017/18 season.
For keen eyed observers, Braehead Clan will once again start the season as favourites for the conference crown, but can the other three sides mount a serious challenge in an attempt to dethrone the Clan for the first time since 2014?
The import total remains at 14, with clubs allowed to have up to 19 skaters icing on game day. The EIHL have also since introduced a new U23 rule ahead of the 2017/18 season in which clubs can dress up to three British players under the age of 23.
Braehead Clan
There is no doubting Braehead's continued ambition, but few will predict everything to come together in year one under new head coach John Tripp. The Canadian born German, whose CV can lay claim to a stint in the NHL as a player, replaced Ryan Finnerty at Braehead Arena after arriving from German DEL2 side ETC Crimmitschau.
The re-tooling of the roster, undertaken by Tripp and Director of Hockey Operations Gareth Chalmers, has seen a concerted effort to move away from the flashy big names of yesteryear.
Clan tried and ultimately failed to find the right balance last season despite offensive production that most sides in the league would envy.
Forget your big name stars, it seems Braehead are, by and large, recruiting players not based on their CVs or those wanting one final pay check but for genuine hockey reasons.
And what is certain is that the Clan are in unfamiliar territory. Finnerty's four years at the helm delivered consistent conference domination but little else in the way of play-off success or trophies.
A quarter-final play-off exit at the hands of the unfancied Dundee Stars last term commenced a necessary, but nonetheless ambitious re-build.
Few were surprised to see the club dispense of Finnerty, but even fewer are making the kind of confident predictions we have seen from Clan quarters in previous years.
That leaves Braehead as one of the more intriguing sides to watch this season. What will become of Tripp's re-build? Can Braehead realistically expect to challenge for all three trophies in year one, and can the Clan replace the offence they have lost this off-season?
There is little doubt that losing the likes of Matt Beca, Scott Pitt, Alex Leavitt and Mike Hammond represent big holes to fill for Braehead.
Three of those four players (Beca, Pitt and Leavitt) finished in the top four in EIHL scoring last year with 75, 74 and 69 points respectively, while Pitt ended the 2016/17 season as the league's top scorer with 32 goals.
That production is not easy to replace, nor is the kind of veteran leadership that the departures of incumbent captain Matt Keith, the retirement of Leavitt, and the exits of veterans Jay Rosehill and Scott Aarssen represent.
Some may describe the exodus as necessary in light of the disastrous season Braehead endured last term.
A horror start effectively ruled Clan out of league title contention by Christmas while mid-season arrivals only appeared to paper over the cracks. Another premature play-off exit simply drew the line under an underwhelming campaign and Finnerty's fate was sealed.
Roster clear-outs are commonplace and multi-year deals remain less common than your standard one-year deal. In this instance why are we surprised that a new coach is undertaking open-heart surgery of the playing staff? Tripp, after all, will have his own ideas about how he wants to build the team.
Some may see it as necessary, others perhaps would point to Chalmers' own admission that the front office only wanted to retain two players from last season – presumably the aforementioned Pitt and Beca. Big change though has arrived.
Clan fans will be disappointed to see some of their favourite players depart, but they should also consider how they would have felt had Braehead retained the bulk of last year's roster.
Scoring was not an issue last term but their defence was woeful, providing little in the way of protection for last year's starter Michal Zajkowski or back-up Gary Russell.
A re-build, especially at the back, was not only necessary because of how the season panned out but was paramount if the club really wanted to provide Tripp with the opportunity to re-stock the roster in his own image. That takes time and patience.
Simply put, anything less than a clear-out would have made a mockery of the very statement the Clan hoped to make by changing coaches.
By bringing in Tripp the club collectively recognised that the time for fresh ideas had come, and in appointing him they hope to have found the right man to spearhead that revival.
Braehead, with a bigger budget than their three conference rivals, will be expected to reign supreme in the Gardiner Conference again. In fact, it was their cross-conference form which let them down last term more than games against their local rivals.
The Clan come into this season in relatively uncharted waters. Few are talking up the club as we have seen in previous seasons, but maybe that will suit Tripp who perhaps can settle in and acclimatise to his new surroundings without a glaring spotlight being placed on him.
Of course internally the club will have their own expectations and Tripp will not afford himself that bedding in process, but few observers in league circles will genuinely feel that the Clan have what it takes to gate-crash the top four – at least in year one.
Look for the Clan then to be in the second bracket of sides looking to make the top five. A conference title, a decent Challenge Cup run and a top five league finish would, dare I say, be deemed a success by most connected with Braehead.
And victory in the inaugural Scottish Elite Cup pre-season tournament at Murrayfield earlier this month suggests the overhaul is well on schedule.
Braehead will lean heavily on American winger Mike Embach, newly signed from ECHL side Fort Wayne Komets, to light the lamp, while former NHL centre Ryan Potulny is perhaps the star name on this year's roster.
They have brought back Canadian Brendan Brooks as player/assistant coach, a man who demonstrated that, even at 38, he can still provide the goods having racked up 48 points for Fife last season.
Having lost Rosehill, one of three to defect to Manchester, bringing in players with size and toughness would have been top of the agenda. In American Jacob Doty, brought in from Missouri Mavericks of the ECHL, they may have struck gold.
Tripp has also used his knowledge of the DEL2 to good effect by landing three players from the German second tier.
Experienced Canadian goaltender Ryan Nie follows Tripp to Glasgow from ETC Crimmitschau, while 30-year-old American defenceman Cameron Burt and 33-year-old Canadian winger Tyler Scofield have both swapped Starbulls Rosenheim for a crack at the EIHL.
Both Brit U23 Josh Grieveson and fellow defenceman Craig Cescon have travelled relatively little distance, with both joining Braehead from conference rivals the Dundee Stars.
For Canadian tough guy Cescon, he returns to familiar territory having spent the second half of the 2012/13 season at Braehead Arena. As a veteran, Cescon will be leant on to provide the leadership on and off the ice and the toughness Tripp is looking to install in his side.
Moreover, having someone in Cescon with notable EIHL experience to call upon in this transition period cannot be deemed a bad thing.
Elsewhere, fellow Canadian Landon Oslanski bolsters a blue line in need of a fresh start, arriving from ECHL side Toledo Walleye, while Canadian winger Adam Brace will re-unite with former Florida Everblades teammate Burt in Glasgow after arriving from ECHL side Reading Royals.
Image courtesy of Edinburgh Capitals
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Start inviting early to ensure the auctions you share are housefull. The more seats you fill, the higher your payout.
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You can find the invite page for auction by clicking on the 'Share and Earn BIG' on that auction page. | {
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I got an 87 2.9L Eddie Bauer and this thing loves the snow. I dont got any pictures but I'd like too. This thing is justa total beast in snow. It goes anywhere. I do have studded tires in the rear and chains on the front but still this thing puts full size truck to shame. It will go right through 3 feet of snow. I love this truck so much. i dont even have 235's on it yet. i still got the 205's on it until this summer when I can offord to put bigger tires on and a lift. I'll be sure to upload some pics at some point. Just wanted to brag about it, I know my brothers Chevy cant do what I do.
Yep, Bronco II's are great in the snow right out of the box. Get the right tires at 2-4 psi, and you'll make everyone look silly. Now give us our snow back. The trees and flowers are blooming on the left coast.
Nobody wrote: Yep, Bronco II's are great in the snow right out of the box. Get the right tires at 2-4 psi, and you'll make everyone look silly. Now give us our snow back. The trees and flowers are blooming on the left coast.
I grew up in in snow country and know about letting some air out of the tires for better traction but isn't 2-4 psi rather low?
Bigger tires may be better in the mud but not in the snow. I think 235's would be about the biggest I'd go for snow.
I suspect I'll get a lot of negative comments. Just keep it friendly.
303lithgow wrote: Bigger tires may be better in the mud but not in the snow. I think 235's would be about the biggest I'd go for snow.
This debate is opinion based. I have had 205s, 235s, 30", and 33" and I would say easily 33s were the best in the deep snow with about 8psi. But thats my personal opinion.
It depends on the type of snow too.
When I drove long haul I hated 'bobtailing' because it was like driving a rollerskate. Without a loaded trailer the tractor didn't have enough weight for the amount of rubber on the road. Just a little tap on the brakes would lock them up. | {
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Dennis Robertson
Date of birth: 24-05-1991 Age: 27 Country: CAN
Repêché : N/A Average Cap Hit: UNRESTRICTED FREE AGENT
70 25 96 65 70 20 58 48 25 5 19 71 25 65 25 50 1 0
2016-17 Washington Capitals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2016-17 Grand Rapids Griffins 76 4 9 13 -28 135 2 0 1 0 74 5.4
2016-17 Detroit Red Wings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2017-18 Stockton Heat 12 3 0 3 -1 20 0 0 0 0 12 25.0
2017-18 Calgary Flames 51 1 3 4 -8 69 0 0 0 0 11 9.1
2018-19 52 3 7 10 14 53 1 0 0 0 30 10.0
2018-19 Calgary Flames 16 0 0 0 -6 37 0 0 0 0 2 0.0
FARM TOTALS 140 10 16 26 -15 208 3 0 1 0 116 8.6
PRO TOTALS 67 1 3 4 -14 106 0 0 0 0 13 7.7
2016-17 Grand Rapids Griffins 76 0 97 0 0 0 0 1 1 100.0
2017-18 Stockton Heat 12 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2018-19 52 0 73 9 11 0 0 0 0 0
2018-19 16 0 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
FARM TOTALS 140 0 73 9 11 0 0 1 1 100.0
PRO TOTALS 67 0 63 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
2016-17 Washington Capitals 0 00:00 0 00:00 0 00:00 0 00:00 0 0
2016-17 Grand Rapids Griffins 76 880:13 11:34 173:29 02:16 234:43 03:05 1288:25 16:57 00:06
2016-17 Detroit Red Wings 0 00:00 0 00:00 0 00:00 0 00:00 0 0
2017-18 Stockton Heat 12 147:24 12:17 56:30 04:42 28:42 02:23 232:36 19:23 14:26
2017-18 Calgary Flames 51 658:41 12:54 110:36 02:10 43:58 00:51 813:15 15:56 00:39
2018-19 Stockton Heat 52 640:11 12:18 130:46 02:30 101:21 01:56 872:18 16:46 49:38
2018-19 Calgary Flames 16 233:33 14:35 09:09 00:34 01:57 00:07 244:39 15:17 00:07
FARM TOTALS 140 1667:48 11:54 360:45 02:34 364:46 02:36 2393:19 17:05 00:27
PRO TOTALS 67 892:14 13:19 119:45 01:47 45:55 00:41 1057:54 15:47 00:37
2016-17 Washington Capitals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2016-17 Grand Rapids Griffins 76 98 38 135 55 3 3 5 0 2 1
2016-17 Detroit Red Wings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2017-18 Stockton Heat 12 20 1 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2017-18 Calgary Flames 51 159 11 69 5 1 0 0 0 0 0
2018-19 Stockton Heat 52 35 22 53 15 1 1 1 0 0 0
2018-19 Calgary Flames 16 58 5 37 5 0 0 1 0 0 0
FARM TOTALS 140 153 61 208 70 4 4 6 0 2 0
PRO TOTALS 67 217 16 106 10 1 0 1 0 0 0
2016-17 Washington Capitals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2016-17 Grand Rapids Griffins 76 2 4 6 33 2 4 6 41 0 1 1 0
2016-17 Detroit Red Wings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2017-18 Stockton Heat 12 3 0 3 11 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
2017-18 Calgary Flames 51 1 3 4 9 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
2018-19 Stockton Heat 52 2 7 9 20 1 0 1 10 0 0 0 0
FARM TOTALS 140 7 11 9 64 3 4 7 52 0 1 1 0
PRO TOTALS 67 1 3 4 11 1 3 0 2 1 3 0 0
2016-17 Washington Capitals 0 0 0 0
2016-17 Grand Rapids Griffins 76 0 0 0
2016-17 Detroit Red Wings 0 0 0 0
2017-18 Stockton Heat 12 0 0 0
2017-18 Calgary Flames 51 0 0 0
PRO TOTALS 67 0 0 0
- - - - - - - - - -
0 Year(s) Two Way Contract (Pro & Farm) NO NO NO
[07-07-2019 10:47:46] - Dennis Robertson was released by Calgary Flames.
[07-07-2019 10:47:46] - Calgary Flames paid 0 $ to release Dennis Robertson.
[05-03-2019 23:49:54] - Dennis Robertson of Calgary Flames was sent to pro.
[08-11-2018 12:31:05] - Dennis Robertson ratings were not updated!
[19-06-2018 20:38:37] - Dennis Robertson of Calgary Flames was sent to farm.
[19-07-2017 19:30:53] - Dennis Robertson was added to Calgary Flames.
[04-06-2017 14:20:14] - Dennis Robertson was released by Detroit Red Wings.
[04-06-2017 14:20:14] - Detroit Red Wings paid 0 $ to release Dennis Robertson.
[30-09-2016 07:10:07] - Dennis Robertson was created.
[30-09-2016 07:11:07] - Dennis Robertson was added to Washington Capitals.
[01-10-2016 20:53:36] - Dennis Robertson of Washington Capitals was sent down to farm.
[13-10-2016 18:46:45] - Dennis Robertson was added to Detroit Red Wings.
[13-10-2016 18:46:46] - TRADE : From Washington Capitals to Detroit Red Wings : Dennis Robertson- Tanner Fritz. | {
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A Website of The Centre for Public Legal Education Alberta
Charity Central
Registered Charities
Information Map
You are here: Home / Registered Charities / Learning Centre / Provincial and Federal Legislation
Provincial and Federal Legislation
This module briefly describes the need for registered charities to comply with both the Income Tax Act administered by Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) and the provincial legislation applicable to non-profit organizations and charities.
Registered charities must comply with the requirements of the:
Income Tax Act;
Provincial legislation on registering and maintaining a charity's organization's legal status and other legal issues such as fundraising.
If an organization is provincially incorporated, it must meet certain requirements under its incorporating statute.
For example, in Alberta:
information on incorporating as a non-profit company is available at www.alberta.ca/Incorporate-non-profit-company.aspx
information on incorporating as a society is available at www.alberta.ca/incorporate-a-society.aspx
Information in this module is provided for general educational purposes and not as legal or accounting advice. Consult a lawyer or accountant for professional advice.
Information is accurate as of 2019.
For changes after this date, consult Canada Revenue Agency.
JavaScript is required to view this content. Please enable JavaScript!
Copyright © 2022 · This website was made possible with a financial contribution from the Canada Revenue Agency to the Centre for Public Legal Education Alberta. | {
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Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
(the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
-->
<head>
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" />
<meta name="copyright" content="(C) Copyright 2005" />
<meta name="DC.rights.owner" content="(C) Copyright 2005" />
<meta content="public" name="security" />
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<meta http-equiv="PICS-Label" content='(PICS-1.1 "http://www.icra.org/ratingsv02.html" l gen true r (cz 1 lz 1 nz 1 oz 1 vz 1) "http://www.rsac.org/ratingsv01.html" l gen true r (n 0 s 0 v 0 l 0) "http://www.classify.org/safesurf/" l gen true r (SS~~000 1))' />
<meta content="reference" name="DC.Type" />
<meta name="DC.Title" content="SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_SET_XPLAIN_MODE system procedure" />
<meta scheme="URI" name="DC.Relation" content="crefsqlbuiltinsystemprocedures.html" />
<meta content="XHTML" name="DC.Format" />
<meta content="rref_syscs_set_xplain_mode" name="DC.Identifier" />
<meta content="en-us" name="DC.Language" />
<link href="commonltr.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" />
<title>SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_SET_XPLAIN_MODE system procedure</title>
</head>
<body id="rref_syscs_set_xplain_mode"><a name="rref_syscs_set_xplain_mode"><!-- --></a>
<h1 class="topictitle1">SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_SET_XPLAIN_MODE system procedure</h1>
<div>
<div class="section"><p>When runtime statistics are being captured, you can control
the mode of processing using this procedure. When the xplain mode
is set to 1, statements are compiled and optimized, but not
executed; when the xplain mode is set to 0 (the default), statements
are compiled, optimized, and executed normally.</p>
<p>Note that xplain_mode only matters when xplain style has been
enabled, see the
<a href="rref_syscs_set_xplain_schema.html#rref_syscs_set_xplain_schema">SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_SET_XPLAIN_SCHEMA</a> system
procedure for more information.</p>
<p>
See "Working with RunTimeStatistics" in the
<span><em>Tuning Derby</em></span>
for additional information.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section"><h2 class="sectiontitle">Syntax</h2> <pre>SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_SET_XPLAIN_MODE(IN SMALLINT NOEXECUTE)</pre>
</div>
<div class="section"><h2 class="sectiontitle">Execute privileges</h2>
<p>If authentication and SQL authorization are both enabled, only the
<a href="rrefattrib26867.html#rrefattrib26867">database owner</a> has
execute privileges on this procedure by default. See "Enabling user
authentication" and "Setting the SQL standard authorization mode" in the
<span><em>Derby Developer's Guide</em></span> for more information. The
database owner can grant access to other users.</p>
</div>
<div class="section"><h2 class="sectiontitle">Example</h2>
<p>To let
<span>Derby</span>
explain a statement without executing it:</p>
<pre>
call syscs_util.syscs_set_runtimestatistics(1);
call syscs_util.syscs_set_xplain_schema('STATS');
call syscs_util.syscs_set_xplain_mode(1);
select country from countries;
call syscs_util.syscs_set_runtimestatistics(0);
call syscs_util.syscs_set_xplain_schema('');
call syscs_util.syscs_set_xplain_mode(0);
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="familylinks">
<div class="parentlink"><strong>Parent topic:</strong> <a href="crefsqlbuiltinsystemprocedures.html" title="">Built-in system procedures</a></div>
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\section{Background} \label{sec:background}
\subsection{Leakage Types via Address Bus Snooping} \label{sec:leakages}
Privacy of user's sensitive data stored in the cloud has become a serious concern in computation outsourcing.
Even though all the data stored in the untrusted storage can be encrypted, an adversary snooping the memory address bus in order to monitor the user's interactions with the encrypted storage can potentially learn sensitive information about the user's computation/data~\cite{ZHUANG04,Islam12}.
In particular, such an adversary can potentially learn secret information about the user's program/data by observing the following three behaviors:
\begin{enumerate}
\item The addresses sent to the main memory to read/write data (i.e., \emph{the address channel}).
\item The time \emph{when} each memory access is made (i.e., \emph{the timing channel}).
\item The total runtime of the program (i.e., \emph{the termination channel}).
\end{enumerate}
The countermeasures to prevent leakage via the above mentioned channels are orthogonal to each other and can be implemented as needed.
\subsection{Oblivious RAM} \label{sec:oram}
Oblivious RAM is a renowned technique that obfuscates a user's access pattern to an untrusted storage so that an adversary monitoring the access sequence to the storage cannot learn any information about the user's application or data.
Informally speaking, the ORAM interface translates the user's access sequence of program addresses $A = (a_1,~a_2,~\ldots,~ a_n)$ into a sequence of ORAM accesses $S = (s_1,~s_2,~\ldots,~ s_m)$ such that for any two access sequences $A_1$ and $A_2$, the resulting ORAM access sequences $S_1$ and $S_2$ are computationally indistinguishable given that $S_1$ and $S_2$ are of same length.
In other words, the ORAM physical access pattern ($S$) is independent of the logical access pattern ($A$), except the lengths of the two access patterns which are correlated.
Precisely, an ORAM protects against leakage via the memory address channel only (cf. Section~\ref{sec:leakages}).
The data stored in ORAMs should be encrypted using probabilistic encryption to conceal the data content and also hide which memory location, if any, is updated.
With ORAM, an adversary is not able to tell (a) whether a given ORAM access is a read or write, (b) which logical address in ORAM is accessed, or (c) what data is read from/written to that location.
We revisit the formal definition of ORAM presented by Goldreich and Ovstrofsky~\cite{GO96} and discuss it in more detail in Section~\ref{sec:goldreich}.
\subsection{Path ORAM} \label{sec:basic-pathoram}
Path ORAM~\cite{PathORAM} is currently the most efficient and simplified ORAM scheme for limited client (processor) storage.
Over the past few years, several crucial optimizations to basic Path ORAM have been proposed which have resulted in practical ORAM implementations for secure processor setting.
Path ORAM~\cite{PathORAM} has two main hardware components: the
\emph{binary tree storage} and the \emph{ORAM controller} (cf.
Figure~\ref{fig:oram_tree}).
\noindent\textbf{Binary tree} stores the data content of the ORAM and
is implemented on DRAM. Each node in the tree is defined as a
\emph{bucket} which holds up to $Z$ data blocks.
Buckets with less than $Z$ blocks are filled with \emph{dummy blocks}.
To be secure, all blocks (real or dummy) are encrypted and cannot be
distinguished.
The root of the tree is referred to as level $0$, and the leafs as level $L$.
Each leaf node has a unique leaf label $s$.
The path from the root to leaf $s$ is defined as path $s$.
The binary tree can be observed by any adversary and is in this sense
not trusted.
\noindent\textbf{ORAM controller} is a piece of trusted hardware that
controls the tree structure. Besides necessary logic circuits, the
ORAM controller contains two main structures, a \emph{position map}
and a \emph{stash}. The \emph{position map} is a lookup table that
associates the program address of a data block ($a$) with a path in
the ORAM tree (path $s$).
The \emph{stash} is a piece of memory that stores up to a small number
of data blocks at a time.
\begin{figure}[t!]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=.9\columnwidth]{figs/pathoram.pdf}}
\vspace{-1pt}
\caption{ A Path ORAM for $L=3$ levels. Path $s=5$ is accessed. }
\label{fig:oram_tree}
\vspace{-3pt}
\end{figure}
At any time, each data block in Path ORAM is mapped (randomly) to some
path $s$ via the position map. Path ORAM maintains the following
invariant: \emph{if data block $a$ is currently mapped to path $s$,
then $a$ must be stored either on path $s$, or in the stash} (see
Figure \ref{fig:oram_tree}). Path ORAM follows the following steps
when a request on block $a$ is issued by the processor.
\begin{enumerate}
\item Look up the position map with the block's program address $a$, yielding the corresponding leaf label $s$.
\item Read all the buckets on path $s$. Decrypt all blocks within the ORAM controller and add them to the stash if they are real (i.e., not dummy) blocks.\label{step:pathread}
\item Return block $a$ to the secure processor.
\item Assign a new random leaf $s'$ to $a$ (update the position map).\label{step:remap}
\item Encrypt and evict as many blocks as possible from the stash to path $s$. Fill any remaining space on path $s$ with encrypted dummy blocks.\label{step:writeback}
\end{enumerate}
Step~\ref{step:remap} is the key to Path ORAM's security. This
guarantees that a random path will be accessed when block $a$ is
accessed later and this path is independent of any previously accessed
random paths (\textit{unlinkability}). As a result, each ORAM access
is random and unlinkable regardless of the request pattern.
Although, unlinkability property follows trivially from the construction of Path ORAM, another crucial property to be proven is the negligible stash overflow probability for a small sized stash, i.e., $O(\lambda)$ sized stash for $\lambda$ being the security parameter.
\subsection{Recursive Path ORAM} \label{sec:hier-pathoram}
In practice, the position map is usually too large to be stored in the
trusted processor.
Recursive ORAM has been proposed to solve this problem~\cite{SCSL11}.
In a 2-level recursive Path ORAM, for instance, the original
position map is stored in a second ORAM, and the second ORAM's
position map is stored in the trusted processor. The above trick can
be repeated, i.e., adding more levels of ORAMs to further reduce the
final position map size at the expense of increased latency. The
recursive ORAM has a similar organization as OS page tables.
\subsection{Background Eviction} \label{sec:background-evict}
In Steps~\ref{step:remap} and \ref{step:writeback} of the basic Path
ORAM operation, the accessed data block is remapped from the old leaf
$s$ to a new random leaf $s'$, making it likely to stay in the stash for a while.
In practice, this may cause blocks to accumulate in the stash and finally overflow the stash.
It has been proven in \cite{PathORAM} that the stash overflow probability is negligible for $Z \geq 6$.
For smaller $Z$, \emph{background eviction} \cite{oram-isca13} has been proposed to prevent stash overflow.
The ORAM controller stops serving real requests and issues background
evictions (\textit{dummy accesses}) when the stash is full.
A background eviction reads and writes a random path $s_r$ in the
binary tree, but does not remap any block. During the writing back
phase (Step~\ref{step:writeback} in Section~\ref{sec:basic-pathoram})
of Path ORAM access, all blocks that are just read in can at least go
back to their original places on $s_r$, so the stash occupancy cannot
increase. In addition, the blocks that were originally in the stash
are also likely to be written back to the tree as they may share a
common bucket with $s_r$ that is not full of blocks.
Background eviction is proven secure in terms of the unlinkability property in \cite{oram-isca13}.
\section{Conclusion}
We present a first rigorous study of the original oblivious RAM definition presented by Goldreich and Ostrovsky, in view of modern practical ORAMs (e.g., Path ORAM), and demonstrate the gap between theoretical foundations and real ORAM implementations.
Goldreich and Ostrovsky's ORAM definition appropriately interpreted for infinite length input access sequebces separates out the ORAM termination channel and fits
modern practical ORAM implementations in the secure processor setting.
The proposed definition greatly simplifies the Path ORAM security analysis by relaxing the constraints around the stash size and overflow probability, and essentially transforms the security argument into a performance consideration problem.
A generic framework for dynamic resource partitioning has also been proposed, which mitigates the sensitive information leakage via internal hardware based side channels -- such as contention on shared resources -- with minimal performance loss.
\section{Goldreich's Oblivious RAM} \label{sec:goldreich}
Oblivious RAM was first proposed by Goldreich and Ostrofsky~\cite{GO96}.
In this section, we first revisit their definition of ORAM and then discuss its implications on modern real ORAM implementations for secure processor architectures, specifically Path ORAM.
\subsection{Formal Definition} \label{sec:gold_def}
Let $A$ be a sequence of program addresses\footnote{Actually, triples $(o_i,a_i,d_i)$ representing write/read/halt, address, and data send to memory.} $a_1, \cdots, a_i, \cdots$ requested by the CPU during a program execution, and let $\mathsf{ORAM}(A)$ be a probabilistic access sequence to the actual storage such that it yields the \emph{correct} data corresponding to $A$.
Then $\mathsf{ORAM}$ is called an oblivious RAM if it is a probabilitic RAM and satisfies the following definition.
\begin{definition}[Oblivious RAM] \cite{GO96} \label{def:gold_def}
For every two logical access sequences $A_1$ and $A_2$ and their corresponding probabilistic access sequences $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_1)$ and $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_2)$, if $|\mathsf{ORAM}(A_1)|$ and $|\mathsf{ORAM}(A_2)|$ are identically distributed, then so are $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_1)$ and $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_2)$.
\end{definition}
Intuitively, according to Definition~\ref{def:gold_def}, the sequence of memory accesses generated by an oblivious RAM does not reveal any information about the original program access sequence other than its length distribution.
Specifically, this definition only protects against the leakage over memory address channel (cf. Section~\ref{sec:leakages}).
In the above definition we usually interpret $A_1$ and $A_2$ as {\em finite} length sequences implying that $|\mathsf{ORAM}(A_1)|$ and $|\mathsf{ORAM}(A_2)|$ will also be finite length. If infinite length input sequences $A$ are allowed, then the orginal ORAM definition (i.e. Definition \ref{def:gold_def}) turns out to be equivalent to Definition \ref{def:proposed_def} in Section \ref{sec:proposed}. We will argue below why it is important to admit infinite length input sequences.
\subsection{A Bogus ORAM}
Explained below, Definition \ref{def:gold_def} for finite length input sequences invites the construction of a strange `bogus' ORAM in which the access sequence of any probabilistic RAM -- even if it is not oblivious -- can be padded with additional accesses so that it becomes oblivious. Since the access sequence of a non-oblivious probabilistic RAM is only padded, this reveals information about the input access sequence to the probabilistic RAM. This, of course, breaks our intuitive understanding of what oblivious means. The reason why our construction is oblivious is that the additional padding creates a 1-1 correspondence between the access sequence of the probabilistic RAM and the final length of the access sequence after padding; this allows us to abuse Definition \ref{def:gold_def} as we essentially code all the information about the access sequence of the probabilistic RAM in the termination channel (the length of the ORAM sequence). This means that each access pattern $A$ will produce a unique length $|\mathsf{ORAM}(A)|$ -- so, there are no two different sequences in Definition \ref{def:gold_def} for our `bogus' construction that will be compared. The bogus construction does not introduce any smartness, it effectively pushes all the work of making the access pattern oblivious to making the termination channel oblivious. This observation will lead to a slightly stronger ORAM definition in Section \ref{sec:proposed} which is independent of the concept of a termination channel, i.e., the length of an ORAM access sequence does not play a role in the new definition (which turns out to be equivalent to Definition \ref{def:gold_def} for unrestricted and possibly infinite length input sequences).
Algorithm \ref{alg:bog} shows how a (non-oblivious) probablistic RAM ${\mbox{\tt RAM}}^f(.)$ can be padded in order to create an ORAM: Here an input access sequence $A$ to ${\mbox{\tt RAM}}^f(.)$ is finite so that a finite length output sequence ${\mbox{\tt RAM}}^f(A)$ is created which can be {\em uniquely} interpreted as an integer $x$ in line 3.\footnote{A memory access in $A$ is a triple $(op,address, data)$ where $op$ represents a read/fetch/load, write/store, or halt. $op$ can be coded using a non-zero bit sequence of length 2.} The resulting padded ORAM sequence has length $x$, see line 4. This means that if $|\mathsf{ORAMWrapper(RAM}^f)(A_1)|$ and $|\mathsf{ORAMWrapper(RAM}^f)(A_2)|$ are identically distributed, then so are $\mathsf{RAM}^f(A_1)$ and $\mathsf{RAM}^f(A_2)$ (this already shows that only very specific $A_1$ and $A_2$ will result in identically distributed $|\mathsf{ORAMWrapper(RAM}^f)(A_1)|$ and $|\mathsf{ORAMWrapper(RAM}^f)(A_2)|$). Since line 4 only padds $\mathsf{RAM}^f(A_1)$ and $\mathsf{RAM}^f(A_2)$ with an access sequence taken from some a-priori fixed distribution, the padded access sequences $\mathsf{ORAMWrapper(RAM}^f)(A_1)$ and $\mathsf{ORAMWrapper(RAM}^f)(A_2)$ are identically distributed. We conclude that the bogus ORAM satisfies Definition \ref{def:gold_def} for finite length input sequences.
The above shows the importance of allowing infinite length input sequences in the ORAM definition.
\begin{algorithm*}[t!]
\caption{Bogus ORAM}
\label{alg:bog}
\begin{algorithmic}[1]
\Procedure{ORAMWrapper}{${\mbox{\tt RAM}}^f$}($A$)
\State Access memory according to ${\mbox{\tt RAM}}^f(A)$
\State Represent ${\mbox{\tt RAM}}^f(A)$ as a binary bit string and interpret as an integer $x$ which is $\geq$ the number of accesses in ${\mbox{\tt RAM}}^f(A)$
\State Access memory according to another sequence $A'$ (taken from some a-priori fixed distribution) such that the number of accesses in ${\mbox{\tt RAM}}^f(A)$ combined with $A'$ is equal to $x$
\EndProcedure
\end{algorithmic}
\end{algorithm*}
\subsection{Applicability for Secure Processors} \label{sec:llc-secure-proc}
Modern secure processors~\cite{ascend-stc12,phantom} have embraced Path ORAM interface as a part of their trusted computing base (TCB).
In these implementations, the ORAM controller serves the last level cache (LLC) misses by making ORAM requests to the main memory.
Consider the LLC misses sequence of an execution to be the input ($A$) to the ORAM interface defined in Definition~\ref{def:gold_def}.
In order to conclude indistinguishability (as per the above definition) of two ORAM access sequences generated as a result of two different LLC misses sequences (i.e., by running different programs, or running same program with different inputs), the ORAM access sequences must have the same length distribution.
However, since the LLC misses pattern changes dynamically across various programs and different inputs to the same program~\cite{jaleel2010memory}, it is very unlikely that the corresponding ORAM access sequences of two different executions will have the same length distribution.
In particular, this would leak information about the program behavior through the total runtime of the application (i.e., the termination channel).
Another perspective to look at this fact is that Definition \ref{def:gold_def} is completely satisfied by only a small class of ORAM access sequences whose lengths are identically distributed.
However, in practice, under the secure processor setting, the lengths of ORAM access sequences can have arbitrary different distributions as discussed earlier.
Furthermore, several optimizations and extensions proposed in the literature for Path ORAM, resulting in better performance/security, introduce further probabilistic variance in the total runtime of the program, i.e., the termination channel.
This, as a result, prevents the ORAM definition under consideration from being directly applicable to secure processors.
\subsection{ORAM Optimizations vs. Program Runtime} \label{sec:optimizations}
In the following discussion, we briefly talk about various optimizations and tricks proposed in the literature that have resulted in more and more efficient and secure Path ORAM implementations.
Each of these techniques typically introduces some amount of variance in the length of the ORAM access sequence as function of the program input, hence, modifying the total runtime of the program that essentially correlates with the given input will leak some information about it.
\subsubsection{Unified Path ORAM \& PLB}
Unified ORAM \cite{oram-asplos15} is an improved and state-of-the-art
recursion technique to recursively store a large position map.
It leverages the fact that each block in a position map ORAM stores
the leaf labels for multiple data blocks that are consecutive in the address space.
In other words, we can find position maps of several blocks in a single access to the position map ORAM, although only one of them is of interest.
Therefore, Unified ORAM caches position map ORAM blocks in a small cache called \emph{position map lookaside buffer} (PLB) to exploit
locality (similar to the TLB exploiting locality in page tables).
To hide whether a position map access hits or misses in the cache,
Unified ORAM stores both data and position map blocks in the same
binary tree.
Having good locality in position map blocks would result in more PLB hits and overall less number of position map accesses to the Unified ORAM tree, and vice versa.
\subsubsection{ORAM Prefetching}
In order to exploit data locality in programs under Path ORAM, ORAM prefetchers have been proposed~\cite{oram-isca13, yu2015proram}.
At first glance, exploiting data locality and obfuscation seem contradictory:
on one hand, obfuscation requires that all data blocks are mapped to random locations in the memory.
On the other hand, locality requires that certain groups of data blocks can be efficiently accessed together.
However, Path ORAM prefetchers address this problem by (statically/dynamically) creating ``super blocks'' of data blocks exhibiting locality, and mapping the whole super block on the same path.
As a result, a single path read for accessing one particular block yields the corresponding super block which is loaded into the LLC, effectively resulting in a prefetch.
Consequently, good data locality in the program results in more prefetch hits and overall less number of ORAM accesses, and vice versa.
\subsubsection{Timing Channel Protection} \label{sec:oramtiming}
As noted earlier, the ORAM definition does {\em not protect} against leakage over timing channel (cf. Section~\ref{sec:leakages}), i.e., \emph{when} an ORAM access is made.
Periodic ORAM schemes have been proposed to protect the timing channel~\cite{ascend-stc12, leakage-hpca14}.
A periodic ORAM always makes an access at strict periodic intervals, where the time interval $O_{int}$ between two consecutive accesses is public.
If there is no pending memory request when an ORAM access needs to happen due to
periodicity, a dummy access will be issued (the same operation as background eviction).
Whereas, if a real request arrives before the next ORAM access time, it waits until the next ORAM access time to enforce a deterministic behavior.
Hence, periodic ORAMs essentially transform the timing channel leakage to the termination channel leakage by potentially introducing extra ORAM accesses due to periodicity.
\subsection{Implications on Path ORAM Stash Size}\label{sec:stash_size}
Proving that the stash overflow probability is negligible implies Path ORAM's correctness and security.
The stash overflow probability drops exponentially in the stash size.
A significantly complex proof presented in \cite{PathORAM} shows that, for $Z \ge 6$,
a negligible stash overflow probability can be achieved by configuring the stash size appropriately, where $Z$ represents the number of blocks per node in Path ORAM's binary tree.
These parameter settings might be well suited for asymptotic analysis, however, real implementations might choose a different set of parameters to optimize various design points.
For example, a smaller stash size is desired to save hardware area overhead.
Similarly, studies~\cite{oram-isca13} have shown that $Z=3$ yields the best performance for Path ORAM.
For smaller stash sizes and/or $Z<6$, the stash overflow can be prevented through background eviction (cf. Section~\ref{sec:background-evict}) which essentially adds `extra' dummy accesses in the original ORAM access sequence.
Notice, however, that satisfying Definition~\ref{def:gold_def} requires restricting the ORAM access sequences to have identical length distributions, and hence does not apply to background eviction which would probabilistically modify the lengths of ORAM sequences depending upon the stash occupancy which is program input correlated.
As an example, consider a 2-level recursive Path ORAM where the original position map is stored in a second ORAM, and the second ORAM's position map is stored in the trusted processor (cf. Section~\ref{sec:hier-pathoram}).
Let $A_1$ and $A_2$ be two program address sequences and let $\textsf{ORAM}(A_1)$ and $\textsf{ORAM}(A_2)$ be their corresponding ORAM access sequences.
Notice that each entry of the sequence $\textsf{ORAM}(A_i)$ consists of two accesses corresponding to the position map ORAM and data ORAM respectively, and is therefore likely to increases the stash occupancy by 2.
Further notice that by definition of recursive ORAM structure, each position map ORAM block contains path/leaf labels of several data ORAM blocks consecutively located in the program's address space.
Assume that $A_1$ accesses consecutive data blocks in the program's address space, whereas $A_2$ accesses random data blocks.
Then, subsequent accesses from sequence $\textsf{ORAM}(A_1)$ will exhibit higher temporal locality for position map blocks.
This is because several position map accesses -- corresponding to data blocks consecutive in the program's address space -- will access the same position map block which is likely to be present already in the stash.
Therefore, the stash occupancy will grow at a rate of $<2$ blocks per recursive access.
Whereas, subsequent accesses from $\textsf{ORAM}(A_2)$ exhibit extremely poor temporal locality among position map blocks due to the randomized sequence $A_2$, therefore the stash occupancy will grow at a rate of $\approx 2$ blocks per recursive access.
Consequently, two ORAM accesses sequences
exhibit two different stash occupancies due to the underlying program's behavior.
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
Security of private data storage and computation in an untrusted cloud server is a critical problem that has received considerable research attention.
A popular solution to this problem is to use \emph{tamper-resistant hardware} based secure processors including TPM~\cite{arbaugh97secure,VirtualCountersSTC06, tcg-spec04},
TPM+TXT~\cite{grawrock-book}, Bastion~\cite{bastion},
eXecute Only Memory (XOM)~\cite{xom-modelcheck,xom-os,xom-2000},
Aegis~\cite{aegis_processor, aegis_impl},
Ascend~\cite{ascend-stc12}, Phantom~\cite{phantom}, Intel SGX~\cite{intelSGX}, and Sanctum~\cite{sanctum}.
In this setting, a user's encrypted data is sent to the secure processor in the cloud, inside which the data is decrypted and computed upon.
The final results are encrypted and sent back to the user.
The secure processor chip is assumed to be tamper-resistant, i.e., an adversary is not able to look inside the chip to learn any information.
While an adversary cannot access the internal state of the secure processor, sensitive information can still be leaked through the processor's interactions with the (untrusted) main memory.
Although all the data stored in the external memory can be encrypted to hide the data values, the memory access pattern (i.e., address sequence) may leak information.
For example, existing work~\cite{Islam12} demonstrates that by observing accesses to an encrypted email repository, an adversary can infer as much as 80\% of the search queries.
Similarly, \cite{ZHUANG04} shows that the control flow of a program can be learned by observing the main memory access patterns which may leak the sensitive private data.
Oblivious RAM (ORAM), first proposed by Goldreich and Ostrovsky~\cite{GO96}, is a cryptographic primitive that completely obfuscates the memory access pattern thereby preventing leakage via memory access patterns.
Significant research effort over the past decade has resulted in more and more efficient ORAM schemes \cite{oramDMP, oram11, GMOT11, GMOT12, oram12a, OsORAM, oram97, SCSL11, SSS12, PathORAM, oram12c}.
Generally speaking, an ORAM interface translates a single logical read/write into accesses to multiple randomized locations.
As a result, the locations touched in successive logical reads/writes have exactly the same distribution and are indistinguishable to an adversary.
More precisely, according to the original definition of ORAM introduced by Goldreich and Ostrovsky~\cite{GO96}, the ORAM access sequences $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_1)$ and $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_2)$ generated by the ORAM for any two logical access sequences $A_1$ and $A_2$ respectively are computationally indistinguishable if $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_1)$ and $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_2)$ have the same length distribution (where the distribution is over the coin flips used in the ORAM interface).
Almost all follow-up ORAM proposals claim to follow the same definition of ORAM security.
A crucial subtlety regarding the above mentioned ORAM security definition is that it is only applicable to the class of ORAM access sequences whose length is \emph{identically distributed}.
Specifically, two ORAM access sequences $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_1)$ and $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_2)$ may in fact be \emph{distinguishable} if they have different length distributions.
In modern secure processors \cite{ascend-stc12,phantom}, a conventional DRAM controller is replaced with a functionally-equivalent ORAM controller that makes ORAM requests on last-level cache (LLC) misses.
Since a program can have different number of LLC misses for different inputs, the lengths of their corresponding ORAM access sequences is \emph{not} identically distributed, and can leak sensitive information (e.g., locality) via the program's \emph{termination channel} by revealing \emph{when} the program terminates.
Furthermore, the specific ORAM implementations also introduce further variance in the length of ORAM access sequences due to the additional caching/buffering used for performance reasons, e.g., a Path ORAM~\cite{PathORAM} caching the position map blocks for future reuse~\cite{oram-asplos15}.
Hence, the original ORAM definition (\cite{GO96}) does not apply to practical ORAM implementations embraced by the modern secure processors due to their arbitrary distributions of lengths of ORAM access sequences.
In other words, this definition does not clearly separates or includes leakage over the program's termination channel.
Another source of leakage under Goldreich and Ostrovsky's ORAM is the ORAM access timing, i.e., \emph{when} an ORAM access is made.
Since the ORAM requests are issued upon LLC misses, the ORAM access timing strongly correlates with the program's locality and can potentially leak sensitive information via the ORAM \emph{timing channel}.
Periodic ORAM access schemes have been proposed to protect ORAM timing channel~\cite{ascend-stc12,leakage-hpca14}.
Notice, however, that these schemes essentially transform the timing channel leakage into the termination channel leakage.
Completely preventing termination channel leakage without sacrificing performance is a hard problem.
Instead, the leakage can be bounded to only a few number of bits~\cite{leakage-hpca14}.
In this work, we show that Goldreich and Ostrovsky's ORAM appropriately interpreted for infinite length input access sequences not only implies the standard ORAM definition (\cite{GO96}) for finite length input access patterns, but also separates out termination channel leakage via ORAM access sequences.
The proposed definition bridges the gap between theory and practice in the ORAM paradigm for secure processor technology and also simplifies proving the security of practical ORAM constructions.
Specifically, for Path ORAM~\cite{PathORAM}, by leveraging the \emph{background eviction}~\cite{oram-isca13} technique, our definition relaxes the bounds on stash size and stash overflow probability while greatly simplifying the security proof presented in \cite{PathORAM} and yet offering similar security properties.
We also analyze a `strong' ORAM definition stating that two sequences $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_1)$ and $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_2)$ must be computationally indistinguishable if the lengths of the {\em input} sequences $A_1$ and $A_2$ are equal. This definition implicitly includes a form of termination channel obfuscation and is applicable for ORAMs used for remote disk storage. Path ORAM satisfies this stronger definition -- its security proof must now show that the stash over flow probability is negligible (a complex analysis).
The paper makes the following contributions:
\begin{enumerate}
\item A first rigorous study of the original ORAM definition presented by Goldreich and Ostrovsky, in view of modern practical ORAMs (e.g., Path ORAM),
demonstrating the gap between theoretical foundations and real implementations in secure processor architectures.
\item We show that the Goldreich and Ostrovsky ORAM definition interpreted for infinite length input sequences separates out leakage over the ORAM termination channel leakage. We show
how this definition implies the Goldreich and Ostrovsky ORAM definition for finite length input sequences, fits the modern practical ORAM implementations in secure processor architectures, and greatly simplifies the Path ORAM security analysis by relaxing the constraints around the stash size and overflow probability,
and essentially transforms the security argument into a performance consideration problem.
\item A generic framework for dynamic resource partitioning in secure processor architectures is proposed to control leakage via contention on shared resources, allowing
leakage vs. performance trade-offs. In particular, this can be used to reason analyse termination channel leakage.
\item We analyze a `strong' ORAM definition which implies the Goldreich and Ostrovsky ORAM definition interpreted for infinite length input sequence. The `strong' ORAM definition implicitly includes obfuscation of the ORAM termination channel and this is useful in ORAM for remote disk storage (in order to prove that Path ORAM satisfies this definition one now needs to show a negligible probability of stash overflow).
\end{enumerate}
\section{Proposed Definition} \label{sec:proposed}
In order to argue about indistinguishability of ORAM access sequences, we interpret Goldreich and Ostrovsky's ORAM definition to also incorporate infinite length input access sequences and this implicitly obfuscates termination channel leakage so that the termination channel cannot be used for leakage in the definition (this separates out the termination channel and invalidates our bogus ORAM as an ORAM).
\begin{definition}[Oblivious RAM for infinite access sequences] \label{def:proposed_def}
For every two logical access sequences $A_1$ and $A_2$ of infinite length, their corresponding (infinite length) probabilistic access sequences $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_1)$ and $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_2)$ are identically distributed in the following sense: For all positive integers $n$, if we truncate $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_1)$ and $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_2)$ to their first $n$ accesses, then the truncations $[\mathsf{ORAM}(A_1)]_n$ and $[\mathsf{ORAM}(A_2)]_n$ are identically distributed.
\end{definition}
Concrete ORAM constructions to-date have the property that future memory accesses in $A$ do not influence how the oblivious RAM interface accesses memory now:
\begin{definition}[Causality] For all $n$, $\mathsf{ORAM}(A)$ extends the access sequence $\mathsf{ORAM}([A]_n)$, where $[A]_n$ is the truncation of $A$ to the first $n$ accesses.
\end{definition}
Assuming causality, Definition \ref{def:proposed_def} implies Definition \ref{def:gold_def} for finite length input sequences $A_1$ and $A_2$: Suppose that lengths $|\mathsf{ORAM}(A_1)|$ and $|\mathsf{ORAM}(A_2)|$ are identically distributed. Since $A_1$ and $A_2$ are finite length, also $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_1)$ and $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_2)$ are finite length. Because they are identically distributed there exists a maximum possible length $n$, i.e., $|\mathsf{ORAM}(A_1)|$ and $|\mathsf{ORAM}(A_2)|$ will be $\leq n$. We may padd $A_1$ and $A_2$ to infinite length sequences $A'_1$ and $A'_2$. Assuming Definition \ref{def:proposed_def} teaches that $\mathsf{ORAM}(A'_1)$ and $\mathsf{ORAM}(A'_2)$ are identically distributed, in particular, $[\mathsf{ORAM}(A'_1)]_n$ and $[\mathsf{ORAM}(A'_2)]_n$ are identically distributed. Due to causality, $[\mathsf{ORAM}(A'_1)]_n$ and $[\mathsf{ORAM}(A'_2)]_n$ extend $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_1)$ and $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_2)$. This implies that $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_1)$ and $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_2)$ must be identically distributed, hence, Definition \ref{def:gold_def} holds for finite length input sequences $A_1$ and $A_2$.
If in Definition \ref{def:gold_def} we use the interpretation of `identically distributed for infinite length sequences $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_1)$ and $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_2)$' given in Definition \ref{def:proposed_def}, then we may conclude that Definition \ref{def:proposed_def} is equivalent to Definition \ref{def:gold_def} for unrestricted and possibly infinite length input sequences $A_1$ and $A_2$.
\subsection{A Stronger Definition}
We can strengthen Definition \ref{def:gold_def} by requiring that $|A_1|$ and $|A_2|$ are identically distributed instead of $|\mathsf{ORAM}(A_1)|$ and $|\mathsf{ORAM}(A_2)|$ being identically distributed:
\begin{definition}[`Strong' Oblivious RAM] \label{def:strong}
For every two logical access sequences $A_1$ and $A_2$ and their corresponding probabilistic access sequences $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_1)$ and $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_2)$, if $|A_1|$ and $|A_2|$ are
equal, then so are $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_1)$ and $\mathsf{ORAM}(A_2)$.
\end{definition}
Clearly, this strong definition for unrestricted and possibly infinite length input sequences $A_1$ and $A_2$ implies Definition~\ref{def:proposed_def} since it covers the case where $|A_1|=|A_2|=\infty$.
Assuming causality, it turns out that the strong Definition \ref{def:strong} restricted to finite length input sequences $A_1$ and $A_2$ also implies Definition~\ref{def:proposed_def}: Suppose that Definition~\ref{def:proposed_def} does not hold and there exist infinite length access sequences $A'_1$ and $A'_2$ and there exists an integer $n$ such that $[\mathsf{ORAM}(A'_1)]_n$ and $[\mathsf{ORAM}(A'_2)]_n$ are not identically distributed. Causality implies that $[\mathsf{ORAM}(A'_1)]_n=[\mathsf{ORAM}([A'_1]_i)]_n$ and $[\mathsf{ORAM}(A'_2)]_n=[\mathsf{ORAM}([A'_2]_j)]_n$ for some (finite) integers $i$ and $j$. Let $k=\max\{i,j\}$. Then (by using causality) $[\mathsf{ORAM}(A'_1)]_n=[\mathsf{ORAM}([A'_1]_k)]_n$ and $[\mathsf{ORAM}(A'_2)]_n=[\mathsf{ORAM}([A'_2]_k)]_n$. We conclude that $\mathsf{ORAM}([A'_1]_k)$ and $\mathsf{ORAM}([A'_2]_k)$ are not identically distributed. This contradicts Definition \ref{def:strong} for $A_1=[A'_1]_k$ and $A_2=[A'_2]_k$ which both have length $k$.
The next theorem enumerates our findings:
\begin{theorem} \label{theo} Suppose causality. Then, the `strong' ORAM Definition \ref{def:strong} for finite length input sequences implies Goldreich and Ostrovsky's ORAM Definition \ref{def:gold_def} phrased for infinite length input sequences (as in Definition \ref{def:proposed_def}) and this in turn implies Goldreich and Ostrovsky's ORAM Definition \ref{def:gold_def} restricted to finite length input sequences. Our bogus ORAM satisfies Goldreich and Ostrovsky's ORAM Definition \ref{def:gold_def} restricted to finite length input sequences.
\end{theorem}
Finally, we notice that the above definitions can also be adopted in a Universal Composability framework as in \cite{fletcher2016oblivious}.
\subsection{Application}
In the secure processor setting an input sequence $A$ represent the LLC misses sequence. In practice, we may think of the processor to continuously access memory (DRAM) and therefore produce an infinite length input access sequence $A$. This sequence is produced by several programs being contexed switched in and out, some programs terminating and new ones starting. This shows that
for an ORAM definition to be useful in the secure processor architecture setting we require Goldreich and Ostrovsky's ORAM Definition \ref{def:gold_def} phrased for infinite length input sequences. The termination channel is separated out as the ORAM interface does not terminate and keeps on executing. If a program (module) $P$ terminates it will communicate over a {\em different} I/O channel its computed result.\footnote{Or request input for continuing executing a next program module.} The moment at which this happens leaks information to an observing adversary -- in fact, the adversary can be another program running on the secure processor whose own termination channel leaks into what extent $P$ has slowed down the adversarial program by using shared resources. In Section \ref{ref:term} we propose a framework for analysing leakage over covert channels induced by shared resources.
In the secure processor architecture setting we do not need the `strong' ORAM definition. It turns out, see Sections \ref{sec:eviction}-\ref{sec:stash}, that PathORAM + background eviction (and other optimizations) satisfies Goldreich and Ostrovsky's ORAM Definition \ref{def:gold_def} phrased for infinite length input sequences and its security proof is straightforward. However, PathORAM + background eviction does not satisfy the `strong' ORAM definition. We notice that PathORAM without optimizations such as background eviction does satisfy the `strong' ORAM definition and proving this requires a much more complex analysis (as one needs to show that the stash only overflows with negligible probability).
The `strong' ORAM definition makes sense and is useful in the remote disk storage setting because we will access the remote storage in bursts of requests and we wish the ORAM interface to only reveal the length of the burst and nothing more -- in this way the `strong' ORAM implicitly provides a useful characterization of leakage through the timing channel (i.e., when accesses happen).
The above definitions translate to write-only ORAM: HIVE~\cite{hive-ccs14} and Li~{\em et al.} \cite{2013writeonly} essentially use the `strong' write-only ORAM definition since these papers discuss the remote disk storage setting. Flat ORAM~\cite{haider2016flat}, on the other hand, is designed and optimized for the secure processor setting and is secure under the Goldreich and Ostrovsky equivalent of a write-only ORAM definition for infinite length input sequences. Flat ORAM does not (and does not need to) satisfy the `strong' write-only ORAM.
\subsection{Adapting ORAM Optimizations} \label{sec:eviction}
An ORAM interface satisfying Definition~\ref{def:proposed_def} ``automatically'' caters for the arbitrary and dynamically changing rate of $\mathsf{ORAM}(A)$ accesses to memory per input access in $A$, and is therefore naturally a better fit for practical ORAM implementations (e.g., Path ORAM) in the secure processor setting when compared to Goldreich and Ostrovsky's ORAM Definition \ref{def:gold_def} for finite length input sequences:
The cumulative effect of various performance optimizations outlined in Section~\ref{sec:optimizations} on the termination channel can be incorporated in the proposed ORAM by definition.
E.g., the additional accesses added by the periodic ORAM schemes in order to hide the ORAM access timing, or ORAM prefetching resulting in a reduced number of accesses only results in an altered access sequence, which still remains infinite length.
\subsection{Simplified Stash Analysis} \label{sec:stash}
Another crucial advantage of the proposed definition is that it greatly simplifies the stash size analysis for Path ORAM.
As mentioned earlier, the stash must never overflow for the correctness or security of Path ORAM under the `strong' ORAM Definition \ref{def:strong}, which imposes certain restrictions on the minimum stash size and ORAM parameters, e.g., $Z \ge 6$.
Whereas, according to Definition \ref{def:proposed_def}, it is totally acceptable to have a substantial percentage of background eviction accesses among the overall ORAM accesses, if needed, in order to prevent stash overflow for arbitrary parameter settings.
However, the impact of this relaxed ORAM definition with any chosen parameter settings is reflected in the overall performance of the system.
The system performance can then essentially be benchmarked to tune the optimum settings for desired design points depending upon the application.
\section{Privacy Leakage Analysis} \label{ref:term}
Recall from Section~\ref{sec:gold_def} that a standard oblivious RAM protects only against leakage over the memory address channel.
In this section, we first discuss common mitigation techniques for other leakage sources, e.g., the ORAM timing channel and termination channel.
Later, we present a generic framework, called PRAXEN, that offers security vs. performance trade-offs against a wide range of hardware side channel attacks in a secure processing environment.
\subsection{Timing Channel}
\subsubsection{Static Periodic Behavior}
A straightforward approach to hide the ORAM timing behavior is to use a periodic ORAM scheme~\cite{ascend-stc12}, as introduced in Section~\ref{sec:oramtiming}.
An ORAM access is made strictly after predefined periods, whereas the access period is statically defined offline, i.e., before the program runs.
The security of this approach follows trivially as it completely trades off the timing channel leakage with the total runtime of the program, i.e., altering the termination channel behavior.
Notice that even if the periodic ORAM controller dynamically changes some internal performance parameters, such as prefetching rate and threshold to control background evictions rate, the resultant ORAM access sequence being strictly periodic only alters the termination time of a program.
\subsubsection{Dynamic Periodic Behavior}
While the static periodic approach discussed above is secure, studies have shown that this approach can potentially result in significant performance overheads across a range of programs~\cite{leakage-hpca14}.
On one hand, a \emph{constant} rate of ORAM accesses throughout the program execution is desirable for security, whereas on the other hand, a \emph{dynamically varying} access rate is desirable for performance.
In order to achieve a balance between the two extremes, \cite{leakage-hpca14} proposes a framework that splits the program execution into coarse grained (logical) time \emph{epochs}, and enforces, within each epoch, a strict ORAM access rate that is selected dynamically at the start of each epoch.
Let $L_{max}$ be the maximum program runtime in terms of the number of ORAM accesses such that \emph{all} programs can complete with $\le L_{max}$ ORAM accesses.
Let ${\mathcal E}$ denote the list of epochs of a program execution, or the \emph{epoch schedule}, where each epoch is characterized by its number of ORAM accesses, and let ${\mathcal R}$ denote the list of allowed ORAM access rates.
While running a program during a given epoch, the secure processor is restricted to use a single ORAM access rate, and picks a new rate configuration at the start of the next epoch.
Given $|{\mathcal E}|$ epochs and $|{\mathcal R}|$ rates, there are $|{\mathcal R}|^{|{\mathcal E}|}$ possible epoch schedules -- which can potentially reveal the dynamic behavior of the program.
Thus, the timing channel leakage alone can be upper bounded by $\log_2(|{\mathcal R}|^{|{\mathcal E}|}) = {|{\mathcal E}|} \log_2 {|{\mathcal R}|}$ bits.
To control the amount of leakage, ${|{\mathcal E}|}$ can be set to a small value, e.g., ${|{\mathcal E}|} = \log_2 L_{max}$, resulting in only $\log_2 L_{max} \cdot \log_2 |{\mathcal R}|$ bits leakage while achieving good performance.
\subsection{Termination Channel}\label{sec:term_leakage_analysis}
If the results of a program are sent back as soon as the application actually terminates, i.e., the actual termination time is visible to the adversary, sensitive information about the application's input can be leaked by this behavior.
Given the maximum number of ORAM accesses $L_{max}$ within which all programs can terminate, the maximum number of termination traces/lengths that any program can possibly have is upper bounded by $L_{max}$, i.e., one trace per termination point.
Therefore, applying the information theoretic argument from~\cite{smith_theory_information_flow_fossacs09, leakage-hpca14}, at most $\log_2 L_{max}$ bits about the inputs can leak through the termination time alone per execution.
In practice, due to the logarithmic dependence on $L_{max}$, termination time leakage is small.
For example, $\log_2 L_{max}=62$ should work for all programs, which is very small if the user's input is at least a few kilobytes.
Further, we can reduce this leakage through discretization of runtime.
For example, if we ``round up'' the termination time to the next $2^{30}$ accesses, the leakage is reduced to lg $2^{62} -30 = 32$ bits.
The overall leakage by both timing and termination channels can be given by $\log_2 L_{max} \cdot \log_2 |{\mathcal R}| + \log_2 L_{max}$ bits.
\subsection{Other Hardware Side Channels}
While an outside adversary can only monitor an ORAM's external side channels, such as timing/termination channels; in a modern multi-core secure processor, there also exist several internal hardware-based side channels due to the inevitable sharing of various structures.
SVF~\cite{svf_isca12} experimentally measured information leakage in a processor and showed that any ``shared structure'' can leak information.
In particular, privacy leakage over a shared cache has been explicitly demonstrated in \cite{cross-vm-attacks,ristenpart2012}
for two VMs sharing a cache (without TEE support) showing that secret key bits can leak from one VM to the other, even if the VMs are placed on different cores in the same machine.
Researchers have explored how to counter timing channel attacks due to cache interference~\cite{cache_sc_isca07, cache_sc_nomo} where solutions either rely on static or dynamic cache partitioning.
The static approach lowers processor efficiency but has a strong security guarantee: no information leakage.
Current solutions based on the dynamic cache partitioning approach improve processor efficiency but do not guarantee bounds on information leakage.
We note that efficient cache partitioning is important as it improves processor efficiency~\cite{cache_partitioning_srini_sc04, Qureshi:2006:UCP, pipp_isca09, cloud_cache_hpca11, vantage_micro12, jigsaw_pact13, ubik_asplos14}.
Researchers have also explored how to counter timing channel attacks due to network-on-chip interference in multi-cores~\cite{noc_sc_suh_nocs12, surf_noc_isca13}.
Both these schemes use static network partitioning to enable information-leak protection through the processor communication patterns.
Finally, the most important shared resource channel in the ORAM context that leaks information from the hardware layer is the shared ORAM controller that connects (via a traditional memory controller) the processor to the off-chip memory.
A recent work \cite{timing_attack_host} shows that, under Path ORAM, an adversary running a malicious thread at one of the cores of the multi-core system can learn sensitive information about the behavior of user thread(s) running on other core(s) by introducing contention at the shared ORAM controller and observing the service times of its own requests.
Again, a static partitioning scheme for this information leakage channel can be used at the cost of efficiency
We want to design a generic dynamic resource partitioning scheme, applicable to any shared resource(s), based on the insight that leakage can be quantified using information theory~\cite{smith_theory_information_flow_fossacs09, theory_predictive_bb_timing_channels_ccs10, theory_predictive_mitigation_timing_channels_ccs11}, in order for achieving a balance between security and performance.
\subsection{PRAXEN: A PRivacy Aware eXecution ENvironment}
\begin{algorithm*}[t!]
\caption{Resource Scheduling}
\label{alg:sch}
\begin{algorithmic}[1]
\Procedure{PrivacyAwareScheduler}{${\mathcal F}$}
\While {True}
\If {$Time \in [NextDecisionPoint, NextDecisionPoint +\delta]$} \Comment{$\delta$ makes the approach reliable}
\State Obtain $PerfInd_i$ for thread $i$ corresponding to NextDecisionPoint
\State $x\leftarrow {\mathcal F}(PastHist,NextDecisionPoint,PerfInd_i)$
\State $PastHist += \{x\}$
\State Change configuration $c_i$ to the one indicated in $x$ at time $NextDecisionPoint +\delta$
\State $NextDecisionPoint = Next(PastHist,Time)$
\EndIf
\EndWhile
\EndProcedure
\end{algorithmic}
\end{algorithm*}
In order to control privacy leakage while still dynamically sharing resources for efficiency, we propose a generic resource scheduling strategy which only takes a small, yet a sufficient, amount of information about the current and past execution of application threads into account.
Each application thread $i\in A$ is associated with a configuration $c_i$ which serves as input to the resource scheduler for allocating resources to each thread, i.e., the scheduler assigns resources to each thread according to some (probabilistic) algorithm
$$Alloc((c_i)_{i\in A}).$$
For example, based on the collection of configurations $(c_j)_{j\in A}$, the resource scheduler may first, by using interpolation and extrapolation, reconstruct a complete approximate picture of all performance indicators which measure how all resources are being used by each of the threads.
This rough picture is used to allocate the current resources to each thread -- this allocation will not change (it is static) until one of the application thread's configurations $c_i$ changes.
The reason not to use current measured performance indicators (as an input in $Alloc$) for scheduling is because these dynamically change with respect to execution decisions based on each application thread's state and this gives an uncontrolled amount of leakage.
As we will see, the above static allocation allows precise control of privacy leakage from one application to another.
We call a change of thread $i$'s configuration from a current configuration $c_i$ to a new configuration $c'_i$ a decision point for $i$.
Each decision point is associated with an actual time $t_i$.
At a decision point, the scheduler takes the real, i.e. actual measured, performance indicators of thread $i$ in combination with its history of resource allocations to select a new configuration $c'_i$ together with
\begin{itemize}
\item A future time $t'_i$ at which the next decision point for $i$ occurs, as well as
\item A set of future configurations $C'_i$ from which the next configuration for $i$ will be taken.
\end{itemize}
We record the tuples $(i, c_i, t_i, C_i, t'_i)$ in a history ordered by time $t_i$.
Notice that according to this ordering $(i,c_i,t_i,C_i,t'_i)<(i,c'_i,t'_i,C'_i,t''_i)$ and the above requirements state
\begin{equation} c'_i \in C_i. \label{eq:cond} \end{equation}
So, at time $t_i$ a decision has been made about \emph{what} configuration for $i$ can be selected at the next decision point, and \emph{when} this decision is applied.
For a current time $t$ we can extract from the past history $PastHist$ of decision points the most recent tuples $(i,c_i, t_i, C_i, t'_i)$ with $t_i<t$ for $i\in A$.
We compute the time of the next upcoming decision point $NextDecisionPoint$ as
$$ Next(PastHist,t) = \min_{i\in A, t'_i\geq t} t'_i.$$
Let $i$ be the application thread which corresponds to the upcoming decision point.
At this decision point the scheduler is allowed to only change $i$'s configuration:
The scheduler computes
\begin{equation}(i,c'_i,t'_i,C'_i,t''_i) \leftarrow {\mathcal F}(PastHist_i,NextDecisionPoint,PerfInd_i)\label{eqF}\end{equation}
where $PastHist_i$ represents the past history of decision points of thread $i$ and $PerfInd_i$ represent the (history of) {\em measured performance indicators of only thread $i$}.
Here ${\mathcal F}$ satisfies (\ref{eq:cond}) and $t'_i = NextDecisionPoint$.
If the scheduler decides not to change $i$'s configuration, then $c'_i=c_i$ in (\ref{eqF}).
Our approach is formalized in Algorithm \ref{alg:sch}.
\vspace{10pt} \noindent
\textbf{Leakage Analysis:} In the worst case all cores/threads, except for one, can collaborate (i.e., act as malicious threads) to observe one specific (victim) thread $i$ (and, in particular, observe its configuration changes).
Note that the collaborating threads can \emph{only} observe the victim thread $i$ through changes in resource allocation. We argue that this information is fully captured by $i$'s {\em configuration} changes and the times when these changes happened:
The reason is that each epoch has (1) a static resource allocation among threads -- e.g., DRAM bandwidth, ORAM access rate etc. -- preventing internal side channel leakages within an epoch, and (2) \emph{indistinguishability} of real vs. dummy ORAM accesses -- preventing external side channel leakages within an epoch.
Therefore, {\em accros time} the collaborating threads can only observe and use the output of $Alloc((c_j)_{j\in A})$ in order to extract information about thread $i$. Hence, the privacy leakage of thread $i$ is at most the information about thread $i$ contained in $PastHist$ which includes the history of configurations (that form the inputs to $Alloc$).
We notice that each decision point at time $t$ in $PastHist$ is the result of an algorithm ${\mathcal F}$ which $only$ takes as inputs a history $PastHist_j$ of past decision points before time $t$ together with the corresponding $NextDecisionPoint$ (which is also a function of past decision points before time $t$), and $PerfInd_j$. Therefore, by using induction on $t$, we can prove that only the decision points corresponding to thread $i$ in $PastHist$ contribute to leakage (through $PerfInd_i$) of thread $i$.
We conclude that privacy leakage of a specific thread $i$ is at most the information about thread $i$ given by the history of $i$'s decision points (i.e., configuration changes and the times at which these happen): The number of leaked bits is at most Shannon entropy
$$H(PastHist_i) = H(\{(i,c^{(j)}_i,t^{(j)}_i,C^{(j)}_i,t^{(j+1)}_i)\}\subset PastHist ) $$
and can be bounded as follows:
In order to compute (\ref{eqF}) assume that ${\mathcal F}$
\begin{itemize}
\item First computes the new configuration $c'_i$ based on inputs $PastHist_i$, $NextDecisionPoint$, and $PerfInd_i$ and
\item Next computes the new sets of possible future configurations $C'_i$ and possible future decision points $t''_i$ based on inputs $PastHist_i$, $NextDecisionPoint$, and $c'_i$ (but not $PerfInd_i$ otherwise an upper bound cannot be proven).
\end{itemize}
We may order the random variables $\{(i,c^{(j)}_i,t^{(j)}_i,C^{(j)}_i,t^{(j+1)}_i)\}$ in $PastHist$ as follows:
\begin{eqnarray*}
&& H(\{(i,c^{(j)}_i,t^{(j)}_i,C^{(j)}_i,t^{(j+1)}_i)\}\subset PastHist ) \\
&=& H\Big( (C^{(n)}_i,t^{(n+1)}_i), c^{(n)}, (C^{(n-1)}_i,t^{(n)}_i), c^{(n-1)}, \ldots, \\
&& \ldots, (C^{(0)}_i,t^{(1)}_i), c^{(0)} \Big) \\
&=& \sum_{j=0}^n H\Big((C^{(j)}_i,t^{(j+1)}_i) | c^{(j)}, (C^{(j-1)}_i,t^{(j)}_i), c^{(j-1)}, \ldots, \\
&& \ldots, (C^{(0)}_i,t^{(1)}_i), c^{(0)} \Big) + \\
&& \sum_{j=0}^n H\Big(c^{(j)} | (C^{(j-1)}_i,t^{(j)}_i), c^{(j-1)}, \ldots, (C^{(0)}_i,t^{(1)}_i), c^{(0)} \Big) \\
&\leq& 0 + \sum_{j=0}^n \log |C^{(j-1)}|
\end{eqnarray*}
where the first sum equals 0 because ${\mathcal F}$ computes $(C^{(j)}_i,t^{(j+1)}_i)$ as a function of $c^{(j)}$ and $PastHist_i$ (up to moment $t^{(j)}_i$); and the second sum is upper bounded by $\log |C^{(j-1)}|$ because $c^{(j)}\in C^{(j-1)}$.
Let $ \lambda_j = \log |C^{(j-1)}|$ then the $i_{th}$ thread leaks at most $\sum_j \lambda_j$ bits.
Given that algorithms ${\mathcal F}$ and $Alloc$ have enough freedom to reallocate resources, our framework offers a controlled leakage model while maintaining optimum performance.
This methodology can be used on almost all resource sharing paradigms.
It particularly has applications in settings where there is a finite bounded leakage budget.
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Q: Busy Task Thread Count reaches limit I have an application that process raw data and save it to database. It takes less than 100 ms to execute 1 thread. The application receives raw data from around 200 devices with in every 20 seconds.After a while application hangs and become not reachable. When looked at Busy Task Thread Count in wildfly, we found that Busy Task Thread Count reached the limit of 128 threads.
We couldn't figure out yet why this happens even if the processing time is very less. Can anyone help in solving this issue. Thanks in advance.
@Controller
@EnableAsync
public class DataController {
private final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this.getClass());
@Autowired
private IDataService dataService;
@Autowired
IDeviceService deviceService;
@Autowired
HttpServletResponse response;
@Autowired
HttpServletRequest request;
@Autowired
private IDeviceValidator deviceValidator;
@Autowired
private IJobService jobService;
@Autowired
private IDataAssembler dataAssembler;
@RequestMapping(value = { "/device_dat/auth/auth_tocken/imei/{imei_no}",
"/device_data/auth/auth_token/imei/{imei_no}" }, method = RequestMethod.POST, consumes = MediaType.APPLICATION_FORM_URLENCODED_VALUE)
@ResponseBody
public Object postDataText(@PathVariable(value = "imei_no") String imeiNo, @RequestBody String dataString) {
Long startTimeMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
DateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS");
log.error("PERF::" + request.getSession().getId().toString() + "::" + imeiNo + "::"
+ Thread.currentThread().getId() + "::postDataText::entry::"+ dataString+"::"+ sdf.format(startTimeMillis));
try {
Device device = (Device) deviceValidator.validateImeiNo(imeiNo);
if (device != null) {
DataVO dataVO = new DataVO();
dataVO.setImeiNo(imeiNo);
dataVO.setSerialNo(device.getSerialNo());
device.setLastUpdatedTime(new Date());
dataString = java.net.URLDecoder.decode(dataString, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
dataVO.setSensorDataList(dataString);
List<Data> datas = dataAssembler.assembleData(dataVO, device);
String prefix = dataString.substring(0, 11);
deviceService.updateLastUpdatedData(datas, null, request.getSession().getId(), imeiNo, device);
dataService.updateDeviceDataAndInsertToDB(datas, request.getSession().getId(), imeiNo, device);
} else {
Map<String, String> data = new HashMap<String, String>();
data.put("message", "Device not Registered");
ResponseVO responseVO = new ResponseVO(ResponseTypeEnum.FAILURE.toString(), 400, data);
return responseVO;
}
} catch (Exception e) {
log.error("Error occured on postDataText method:" + e.getMessage() + "\ndataString was :" + dataString);
}
// response.addHeader("Baeldung-Example-Header", "Value-HttpServletResponse");
Long endTimeMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
log.error(
"PERF::" + request.getSession().getId().toString() + "::" + imeiNo + "::" + Thread.currentThread().getId()
+ "::postDataText::exit::" + sdf.format(endTimeMillis) + "::" + (endTimeMillis - startTimeMillis));
return null;
}
}
---------------------------------------------------------------------
@Service
@EnableAsync
public class DataServiceImpl implements IDataService {
private final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this.getClass());
@Autowired
IDeviceService deviceService;
@Autowired
private DataDaoImpl dataDaoImpl;
@Autowired
private IDataRepository dataRepository;
@Autowired
private IApplicationService applicationService;
@Override
public Device updateDeviceDataAndInsertToDB(List<Data> datas, String prefix, String imeiNo, Device device) {
Long startTimeMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
DateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS");
log.error("PERF::" + prefix + "::" + imeiNo + "::" + Thread.currentThread().getId()
+ "::updateDeviceDataAndInsertToDB::entry::" + sdf.format(startTimeMillis));
try {
List<Data> upDatedList = new ArrayList<Data>();
datas.forEach(data -> {
if (data.getSourceDate() == null) {
data.setSourceDate(data.getCreatedDate());
}
deviceService.updateLastUpdatedTime(data.getSerialNo(),device);
data.setMetaData(device.getMetaData());
upDatedList.add(data);
});
dataRepository.insert(upDatedList);
} catch (Exception e) {
log.error("Method:save" + e.getMessage() + ", " + datas);
}
Long endTimeMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
log.error("PERF::" + prefix + "::" + imeiNo + "::" + Thread.currentThread().getId()
+ "::updateDeviceDataAndInsertToDB::exit::" + sdf.format(endTimeMillis) + "::"
+ (endTimeMillis - startTimeMillis));
return device;
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@Service
@EnableAsync
public class DeviceServiceImpl implements IDeviceService {
public final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this.getClass());
@Autowired
IDeviceDao deviceDao;
@Autowired
IDeviceRepository deviceRepository;
@Autowired
IApplicationService applicationService;
@Autowired
RestTemplate restTemplate;
@Autowired
IDataService dataService;
@Override
@Async
public void updateLastUpdatedData(List<Data> datas, Map<String, Object> metaData, String prefix, String imeiNo,
Device device) {
//sAsyncRestTemplate restTemplate = new AsyncRestTemplate();
/*
* WebClient client = WebClient.create(); Stream<Data> stringStream =
* datas.stream(); Flux<Data> fluxFromStream = Flux.fromStream(stringStream);
*/
Long startTimeMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
DateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS");
log.error("PERF::" + prefix + "::" + imeiNo + "::" + Thread.currentThread().getId()
+ "::updateLastUpdatedData::entry::" + sdf.format(startTimeMillis));
log.trace("Enter updateLastUpdatedData");
try {
Map<String, Object> response = new HashMap<String, Object>();
String applicationName = "gtest";
String urlString = "http://localhost:8080/" + applicationName + "/devices/";
String deviceSerialNo = device.getSerialNo();
String imei_no = imeiNo;
Map<String, Object> requestBody = new HashMap<String, Object>();
// For batch packet Device Follows LIFO
Data data = datas.get(0);
requestBody = (Map<String, Object>) data.getSensorDataList();
requestBody.put("source_date", data.getSourceDate());
if (metaData != null) {
requestBody.put("last_known_address", metaData.get("last_known_address"));
}
Map<String, Object> d = (Map<String, Object>) data.getSensorDataList();
Long count = 0L, emergencyCount = 0L;
for (Data datax : datas) {
Map<String, Object> x = (Map<String, Object>) datax.getSensorDataList();
try {
if (x.get("packet_type").toString().contains("Alert")) {
count = count + 1;
}
if (x.get("packet_type").toString().contains("Emergency button wire disconnect/wire-cut")) {
emergencyCount = emergencyCount + 1;
}
} catch (Exception e) {
// log.error("method:updateLastUpdatedData,"+e.getMessage()+"d"+d+"
// ,data:"+data);
}
}
requestBody.put("alert_count", count);
requestBody.put("emergency_alert_count", emergencyCount);
if (deviceSerialNo != null) {
urlString += deviceSerialNo;
restTemplate.postForObject(urlString, requestBody, Map.class);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
log.error("method:updateLastUpdatedData,"+e.getMessage()+", datas"+datas);
}
log.trace("Exit updateLastUpdatedData");
Long endTimeMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
log.error("PERF::" + prefix + "::" + imeiNo + "::" + Thread.currentThread().getId()
+ "::updateLastUpdatedData::exit::" + sdf.format(endTimeMillis) + "::" + (endTimeMillis - startTimeMillis));
}
}
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@Repository
public class DataRepository implements IDataRepository {
public final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this.getClass());
@Override
public void insert(List<Data> upDatedList) {
log.trace("Enter insert");
Query query = new Query();
query.maxTimeMsec(10);
MongoOperations mongoOperations = mongoTemplate;
mongoTemplate.insert(upDatedList, Data.class);
log.trace("Exit insert");
}
}
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
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Knight Carl visits the Jesuit House of 1730 in Cebu, Philippines, a Spanish colonial house that has seen nearly 300 years of history.
Dan at Archaeolog reasons why archaeologists should embrace the image of Indiana Jones, rather than be embarrased by it in Archaeology, Science Fiction and Pop Culture.
For those of you in Facebook, lend your support to the cause, Save the Majapahit Trowulan Site!, a site which has been damaged in large part due to the sheer incompetence of the government.
If you can't go to Angkor, then perhaps Le Grand Tour d'Angkor can bring the stunning temples to your desktop. This website gives you a preview of the virtual tours you can take through the CD. Pick up a CD for yourself and visit 120 sites from the Angkor Archaeological Park and beyond. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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You are here: Home / High School at Tri-Rivers Career Center / Industry Certifications
Tri-Rivers Career Center affirms that equal opportunities are offered without regard to race, color, religion, sex, military status, national origin disability, age, and ancestry of person.
Learn more about Certifications: Click here for the 2020-21 Certifications Catalog
There are now two components of graduation requirements: credits & assessments
1. The credit component requires all students to successfully complete a minimum of 20 high school credits—(local boards can increase this amount.)
2. The assessment component provides teens three ways to be eligible for a high school diploma. He or she must minimally meet one of the three pathways to earn an Ohio diploma:
PATHWAY 1:
At TRI-RIVERS—in-demand industry credential(s) & passing WorkKeys
At Tri-Rivers teens can earn their graduation points by attaining a state approved, industry-recognized credential or group of credentials in a single career field and a workforce readiness score on WorkKeys, a nationally recognized job skills assessment or
Points on Ohio State Tests
Earn 18 out of 35 points on seven end-of-course state tests. You can earn up to five points on each test. You need a minimum of four points in math, four points in English language arts and six points across science and social studies or
College and career readiness tests
Earn remediation-free scores* in math and English language arts on the ACT or SAT. Your district chooses either the ACT or SAT. You will take one-time statewide spring test in grade 11 for free. *Ohio' university presidents set these scores, which are subject to change.
Is Tri-Rivers Career Center For Me?
How can a student earn a high school diploma under the "credential" Option?
In order to qualify for a diploma under the credential option, a student needs to do two things:
• Earn a minimum score (to be determined by the Ohio Department of Education) on WorkKeys— A three-sections work readiness test that many employers use.
• Earn an ODE industry-recognized credential or a group of credentials totaling12 points.
Can a student mix and match credentials?
Yes, a student may choose any combination of credentials that total to 12 points within a single career field. Students can consult with a counselor, teacher, or other professional to aid in choosing the bundle of credentials that best suits their career aspirations.
Why can't a student mix and match credentials from different career fields?
The goal is for students to exit high school with a coherent bundle of credentials that leads to meaningful employment or post-secondary options. For example, obtaining a Taser certification (for law enforcement) along with a couple of IT certifications and the ServSafe (for food handlers) as a bundle would not have an obvious use or application in the workforce. | {
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← This Golden Retriever Dives Like A Pro!
Dogs set their territory. In fact, they only love themselves and their owners.
However, can we just consider him as the friendliest dog on earth? Everything is really possible for dogs, do you agree?
I suppose this golden retriever is turning vegan on EVERYONE.
Is it possible for dogs to be friends with hamsters and eagles? Some of you may doubt it, but this is real for this Golden Retriever dog.
You can really see that they love each other's presence. He loves snuggling down alongside fellow pets.
He also takes a nap together with the hamster and the birds. It is a good thing that this dog never craves to eat them. | {
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Recently the FCC has put their foot down on the fight over WiFi Blocking in hotels. They have ruled that commercial establishments cannot restrict consumers from using their personal Wi-Fi hotspots. With how important internet access is for travelers these days, hotels caught doing this are subject not only to fines, but also open themselves up to negative reviews and a tarnished public image. So why run this risk in the first place?
For those properties that are still charging for WiFi, guests bringing their own access could diminish a revenue stream, but how many reservations are they losing by not offering free WiFi? Many search sites have the ability to filter out any hotel that doesn't offer free WiFi, and this is quickly becoming a mandatory requirement for many travelers. A small rate increase across the board would not only cover the cost of the internet used, but generate more revenue from those not using it and offering internet access as a complimentary service can draw in more guests.
In the recent case where Marriott was blocking personal hotspots, they claimed it was an effort to protect their guest's privacy by removing any suspicious or fraudulent networks operating in the area. Whether or not WiFi security was their actual motive, the threat is a genuine one. With all the personal information stored in a hotel, they are often the targets of identity thieves. Because of this, hoteliers need to take proper precautions to secure their properties and their guest's information. Unfortunately, these thieves aren't always going after the hotel's computers. More often than not, they are targeting the guests' computers directly. A common tactic they use is to create an unencrypted public hotspot to try and capture personal data from unsuspecting guests who connect accidentally or think it's secure. Typically, they will name the networks something seemingly innocent, like "Free Public WiFi" or "Lobby WiFi" to try and trick guests. Due to the size of most hotels, multiple access points are required for property wide WiFi. Less sophisticated networks will show each of these points individually and a hacker could easily create their own and mimic the naming conventions. For any property that has a network similar to this, contact your installer and ask about creating a single network. This can help to create a more manageable network, and cut down on a lot of guest confusion.
It's important for every hotel to monitor what WiFi networks are available in the area and which ones can be trusted. If anything out of the ordinary does show up, it's better to inform the guests, which networks are safe and avoid any issues. If a guest does become the victim of identity theft while staying in a hotel they may end up blaming the property and leaving negative reviews. With how important a hotel's reputation, these reviews can be incredibly damaging and take a lot of time to repair. | {
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Aesthetics & Values
ART SOCIETY CONFLICT
An annual exhibition organized by the Honors College at FIU, Aesthetics & Values empowers 40 students from a range of disciplines to become curators as part of a year-long course that culminates in a showcase of acclaimed Miami artists. From the curatorial vision to installation design, students oversee all facets of the exhibition, fully immersing themselves in the art world (new to most) while exploring the connections between creativity and social dialogue. Since the inaugural course in 2006, the exhibition reception has evolved into one of the most highly attended events at the Frost Art Museum, attracting 1,000 people. The five-week exhibition attracted over 100,000 attendees during the first 5 years, making waves of impact as these students become engaged and informed lifelong connoisseurs – future leaders of South Florida who are fully aware of the power of art as a social language. Beyond our community, national recognition includes presentations to the Clinton Global Initiative, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, and annual representation at the National Collegiate Honors Council Conference.
Find out more about the different aspects of Aesthetics & Values.
Aesthetics & Values Art Service Learning
Aesthetics & Values Artists List
Aesthetics & Values History
Aesthetics & Values Special Projects
Aesthetics & Values Syllabus
EDITORS AND LAST UPDATE
Stephanie Sepúlveda & John William Bailly 27 November 2017 | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
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ACCEPTED
#### According to
Index Fungorum
#### Published in
Descr. List Ured. Simla 3: 107 (1891)
#### Original name
Puccinia nitida var. nitida Barclay
### Remarks
null | {
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Here we go! Concerts to be held at the Elbphilharmonie as part of ELBJAZZ 2019 can be reserved starting at 14.00 today.
The Elbphilharmonie's Grand Hall will host three ELBJAZZ concerts on each of the two festival days (Friday and Saturday, 31 May + 1 June 2019). And this means: A total of 11,000 ELBJAZZ ticket holders will be given the opportunity to attend a concert at the Elbphilharmonie during ELBJAZZ 2019.
Those who would like to attend a concert at the Elbphilharmonie during ELBJAZZ 2019 and have not yet bought an ELBJAZZ ticket can purchase an ELBJAZZ ticket and reserve an Elbphilharmonie concert at the same time. Those who already have an ELBJAZZ 2019 ticket were automatically emailed a personalised access link that they can use to reserve one Elbphilharmonie concert per ticket.
For more information about the reservation system, click here. | {
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Get married in style at a location that makes other jealous
By Abhijit Mitra
Published 29.11.19, 8:29 PM
Updated 29.11.19, 8:29 PM
Shore temple at Mamallapuram Picture: iStock
It's becoming increasingly popular to go to a picturesque place to tie the knot. A number of recent celebrity weddings — from Virat Kohli-Anushka Sharma, Ranveer Singh-Deepika Padukone to Nick Jonas-Priyanka Chopra — have helped make this something to aspire for. Anil Punjabi, chairman (east), Travel Agents Federation of India, tells The Telegraph which places are in demand for destination weddings
Mahabalipuram, now Mamallapuram, has always been famous for its Five Rathas, bas-relief and the Shore Temple. Now the shore is in focus for holding weddings in the backdrop of 1,000-plus years' history. Access is easy — about an hour away from Chennai down the East Coast Road — and resorts aplenty.
Macau, the casino city, is to Asia what Las Vegas is for America. Two hotels — Galaxy Macau and The Venetian Macao — are the sought-after wedding destinations, just a four-hour flight and a ferry ride or road trip away. If one takes the direct ferry from the airport, he bypasses Hong Kong immigration as well.
Santorini in Greece is a little more complicated than Asian destinations since there are no direct flights to Europe from Calcutta. Known for its picture-perfect setting with white buildings on the hillside overlooking the sea, it is as romantic as it gets — an ideal setting for a memorable wedding.
Tuscany in Italy came into the limelight in India with the Virat Kohli-Anushka Sharma wedding that fired everyone's imagination. The region is set with olive groves and vineyards. It doesn't get much more idyllic than this. And the costs can be managed around Rs 50,000 for a three-night stay for one person.
Bali, Indonesia, might be better known as a party place, but with its many resorts of all sorts, also offers a wide range of options for a destination wedding. If a buzzy and fun beach wedding is what one is looking for, this is it. There's much to see as well for guests who want a little 'sightseeing' too.
Hua Hin, Thailand, has been emerging as one of the most popular wedding destinations because it is easy to reach from Calcutta as it's just one flight and a three-hour or so coach ride away, making the logistics easy to manage. It also has a range of seven-star resorts that can host the wedding in style.
Udaipur, along with Jaipur, has been a favourite for those who want a wedding in an Indian heritage setting. If not a palace, one can certainly get a few palatial options. In fact, even the places around these cities are strewn with grand forts and places. And the groom can arrive on an elephant — Rajasthani style!
Langkawi is another Asian favourite and has been so for a while now. This group of about a hundred islands offers a wide array of beaches to choose from. Plus, since it's a duty-free port, prices of liquor and other things go down to a third of what it is in other places. It also allows all kinds of religious rituals, like havans, that may be restricted in other places.
Bhutan is emerging as a desirable place to wed in as the whole practice of travelling somewhere to tie the knot gathers momentum. And while it's quite close by, it's certainly not an inexpensive option although Indian citizens do not have the spending floor that applies to people of other nationalities.
Goa, particularly south of the Mandovi River, has numerous less-crowded beaches that are perfect places to host a wedding. In fact, some of the resorts have their own private ones. This is also the quintessential party place and there is always a fun mood in the air. It's an old favourite for good reason.
Kaleidoscope of colours and culture in the land of the royals | {
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This women's december swarovski birthstone pendant by the brand Beginnings is made from 925 silver and blue zircon swarovski stone and is showcased in blue. All the pendants come complete in a presentation box. The Beginnings December Swarovski Birthstone Pendant - Silver/Blue would make the ideal gift for someones birthday or a special occasion in general. This necklace features a shiny polished disc and a small birthstone to make it simplistically unique. Guaranteed not to disappoint, this would be perfect to add to any stylish womans collection. | {
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What is in store for 2019!
It has been a fabulous 2018-2019 school year in Speech Class! I have been trying to combine as many classroom exercises within my speech lessons as possible and I'm noticing nice, gradual progress already. For the first half of the 2019 school year, we have been working on several high interest projects together such as creating our own Super Social Heroes, role-playing our favorite Halloween stories, designing/creating seeds, and writing Thank You cards to Donors Choose for pur flexible seating options. It is my philosophy that a student's speech and language skills ultimately improves when being able to discuss highly motivating topics with others. There will be several photos and lesson summaries to follow throughout this school year. I'm excited to share more updates soon because Speech Class and all of my students truly rock!!!
Teamwork Effort To Create Volcanoes!
All of my second grade students did an excellent job problem solving and working together as a team to build their volcanoes. They first had to draft a plan, then construct their volcanoes using particular materials, and finally utilize a combination of baking soda, red food coloring dye, and vinegar to make their volcanoes erupt. I feel so proud of my students for making this project a huge success!!!
Creating Valentine Hearts For The Mary R. Fisher Elementary School's Kindness Tree!
My speech students recently made valentine hearts for their teachers and loved ones, while sharing a special message about how to be a thoughtful friend or family member on one side of the heart! All of these beautiful hearts are displayed within the Mary R. Fisher Kindness Tree in the front lobby!!
Fun With Verbs And Sentences!
In my professional experience, students often demonstrate more progress when utilizing tactile, hands-on activities. One example includes using the motivating iPad app. "Fun With Verbs and Sentences." Children have the opportunity to create complete sentences by tapping on the subjects, verbs, prepositional phrases, and/or direct objects of their choice. A video is then displayed that matches the sentence the student created and expressed. This is a whole learning, multisensory approach that helps students feel empowered while expressing language!
Children learn to articulate their target sounds while using this motivating iPad app that records their voice and allows them to change the words and pictures on each screen.
Practice with asking detailed questions.
In my professional experience, one of the best ways for children to practice asking specific "Wh" questions is to play a guessing game. During this time the student narrows down the possible answer choices by asking questions about the person, place, or item you have in mind. Perfect examples of these types of games include "20 questions", "Who Am I?", or "Guess Who?" During these games children need to ask really specific questions in order to figure out the final answer. Certain questions can range from "Does your person wear green glasses?", "Are you a type of transportation?", to "Where do you live?" You can modify the lesson by providing question sentence starters on flashcards or providing a box of answer choices, while gradually fading out these various prompts over time. By turning this language exercise into a fun game, it not only makes learning more motivating, but also makes it easier for a student to recall these types of question formats later. It's time to start being a great detective by investigating through the art of questioning!!!
Role-Playing scenes from students'written Halloween stories!
Combining Speech Class with Science Class!
Empowering Students With Flexible Seating Options!
I am thrilled to inform everyone that my project "Empowering Students With Flexible Seating Options" has just been funded through the DonorsChoose.org. I will now have several options available to suit each student's individual learning style. I am very grateful for all of the donors who generously contributed to this project. I will make sure to include pictures and updates on both this speech website and the Donors Choose website. This is already a wonderful start to the school year 2018-2019!
Visualizing Techniques When Following Directions.
Repeat and Picture Spoken Information.
When listening to directions and spoken short stories, it can sometimes be difficult for a student to recall all of the details. That is why I often implement various visual strategies. One technique is called "Repeat" and "Picture". By having the student slow down to imagine all of the details, it helps to cement the information within the memory. You can ask the student specfic questions about his/her image to ensure true visualization is taking place (e.g., "Is the dog you are picturing tall or short?). In my professional experience, most students perform better at processing verbal information when taking the time to use this important visualing strategy.
Fluency Strategies Are Effective Speech Tools!
These visual fluency picture cards serve as very effective tools! I have used these with several of my students who stutter. This helpful strategy reminds them about using their smooth speech techniques. These tools include taking breaths between phrases or natural pauses, speaking at a slow rate, streching out particular sounds, and using light articulatory contacts (light touching of the lip, tongue, and vocal folds when producing a sound). Parents can feel free to schedule a separate meeting with me, so that I can demonstrate these fluency strategies for home practice.
Practicing speech sounds can sometimes feel a bit monotonous when carrying out the same kinds of routine exercises. That's why it is so important to try to vary the activities for elementary school children as much as possible to keep them engaged and motivated. Try to make 2 copies of each picture that contain a targeted speech sound. In the example above you see speech words that start with the /K/ sound. You can play games like "Go Fish", "Memory", "UNO", "Hidden Pictures", and "Twister" with your speech words. It takes a little extra work for teachers and parents, but a lifetime of fun memories and mastered speech skills for each child!
Speech Driver and Learning to be Independent!
Sometimes just a simple visual cue is all a child needs in order to self correct. I created this simple visual chart to help my students self monitor their own speech skills. The main goal in the end is to have them in the driver's seat and in charge of their own speech goals. One way to do this is have your child tape record his or her own speech. When the student plays back the recording, he/she can rate each of the 3 main areas above (rate, loudness, clarity of sounds) on a scale of 1 to 5. Once the child starts obtaining consistent "5"s on their charts with your rating approval, then those great speech habits start carrying over into spontaneous conversation!
Keeping on track with a given activity can be very challenging, especially when a child is distracted. By having a type of token system and even rule cards in place, this helps the child follow a structured activity and lets him/her see there are only a certain number of items left to complete until theyo earn their reward. By seeing there is an "end to the means" and a motivating reward og game time is in sight, it can really help motivate the child to complete the activity.
"WH" questions during story time.
Pairing "wh" visual question cards that match your spoken question can really help students to gain a better understanding of each question. Try to gradually fade these cues over time when possible.
Students have been using "Braidy" the Story Braid Puppet and bookmark during my speech classes to help them organize and recall the events of a story. Significant progress has taken place when my students use graphic organizers and story puppets like these to help them recall the correct sequence of events. Progress has increased from 70 to 86% accuracy when using these visial aides before retelling the story. Copies of the the "Story Braid" bookmark will be included in the student's speech folder for home practice as well! | {
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Barsacq est un nom propre français qui peut faire référence à :
Patronyme
Une famille française du théâtre, du cinéma et des lettres
André Barsacq (1909-1973), metteur en scène, réalisateur, décorateur, scénographe, dramaturge et directeur de théâtre français
Léon Barsacq (1906-1969), décorateur et costumier français, frère d'André
Yves Barsacq (1931-2015), comédien français, fils de Léon
Alain Alexis Barsacq (né en 1936), metteur en scène, décorateur, scénographe et directeur de théâtre français, fils d'André
Élisabeth Alain (1937-1974), comédienne de théâtre, fille d'André
Stéphane Barsacq (né en 1972), écrivain et éditeur, petit-fils d'André
Autre personnalité
Claire Barsacq (née en 1980), journaliste et animatrice de télévision française
Patronyme français | {
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Q: Multiple IF Statements in SQL I am trying to write multiple IF conditions in a sql statement.
I want to know that IF SMB is 1, then check if ACT, REN or REP is 1, select QF column from resp table and I want a single answer as 'a' and 'b' as its sum.
Input :
@SMB = 1,@Dealer = 0, @Act = 1, @Ren = 1, @Rep = 1
tblACT:
QF
1
2
tblREP
QF
1
2
tblREN
QF
1
2
OUTPUT :
a b
6 0
@SMB bit = 1,
@Dealer bit = 1,
@Act bit = 1,
@Ren bit = 1,
@Rep bit = 1
Select SUM(tbl.a), SUM(tbl.b) from
(If @SMB ='1'
If @ACT ='1'
CASE WHEN QF IN (1,2) THEN 1 ELSE 0 as a
CASE WHEN QF IN (4,5) THEN 1 ELSE 0 as b from tblACT
union all
If @REN='1'
CASE WHEN QF IN (1,2) THEN 1 ELSE 0 as a
CASE WHEN QF IN (4,5) THEN 1 ELSE 0 as b from tblREN
union all
If @REP='1'
CASE WHEN QF IN (1,2) THEN 1 ELSE 0 as a
CASE WHEN QF IN (4,5) THEN 1 ELSE 0 as b from tblREP
union all
If @Dealer ='1'
If @ACT ='1'
CASE WHEN QF IN (1,2) THEN 1 ELSE 0 as a
CASE WHEN QF IN (4,5) THEN 1 ELSE 0 as b from tblACT
union all
If @REN='1'
CASE WHEN QF IN (1,2) THEN 1 ELSE 0 as a
CASE WHEN QF IN (4,5) THEN 1 ELSE 0 as b from tblREN
union all
If @REP='1'
CASE WHEN QF IN (1,2) THEN 1 ELSE 0 as a
CASE WHEN QF IN (4,5) THEN 1 ELSE 0 as b from tblREP) as tbl
A: Try This and let me know.
CREATE TABLE #tmp
(
QF INT
)
INSERT INTO #tmp VALUES (1)
INSERT INTO #tmp VALUES (2)
INSERT INTO #tmp VALUES (4)
INSERT INTO #tmp VALUES (4)
INSERT INTO #tmp VALUES (5)
DECLARE @SMB bit ,@Dealer BIT,@Act bit ,@Ren BIT,@Rep bit
SET @SMB = 1
SET @Dealer = 1
SET @Act = 1
SET @Ren = 1
SET @Rep = 1
SELECT SUM(( CASE WHEN ( @SMB = 1
OR @Dealer = 1
)
AND @ACT = 1
AND QF IN ( 1, 2 ) THEN 1
WHEN ( @SMB = 1
OR @Dealer = 1
)
AND @REN = 1
AND QF IN ( 1, 2 ) THEN 1
WHEN ( @SMB = 1
OR @Dealer = 1
)
AND @REP = 1
AND QF IN ( 1, 2 ) THEN 1
ELSE 0
END )) AS A ,
SUM(( CASE WHEN ( @SMB = 1
OR @Dealer = 1
)
AND @ACT = 1
AND QF IN ( 4, 5 ) THEN 1
WHEN ( @SMB = 1
OR @Dealer = 1
)
AND @REN = 1
AND QF IN ( 4, 5 ) THEN 1
WHEN ( @SMB = 1
OR @Dealer = 1
)
AND @REP = 1
AND QF IN ( 4, 5 ) THEN 1
ELSE 0
END )) AS B
FROM #tmp
| {
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A pretty wedding was solemnised by the Rev. P. E. Robson (Rector) at St Mary's Church, Rushden, on Whit Monday, the contracting parties being Mr. Frank Percival Toby, D.C.M., M.M., late of the Cheshire regiment, eldest son of Mrs. And the late Mr. W. Toby, of 11 Oswald-road, Rushden, and Miss Emma Holliday, youngest daughter of the late Mr. and Mrs. B. Holliday, of Manchester. The bride, who was given away by Mr. A. Wills (friend), wore a fawn gabardine coat frock, with a fawn and blue hat. She carried a bouquet of lilies and roses. The bridesmaids were Misses Winnie and Evelyn Percival, cousins of the bridegroom. The former wore a navy blue taffeta dress with Georgette sleeves, and the latter a navy blue gabardine coat frock, each with hat to match. They carried bouquets of white carnations. Mr. Harry Toby, brother of the bridegroom acted as best man. A reception was held at the B.W.T.A. Hall, congratulatory speeches being made by Mrs. Schofield, sister of the bride, and Mr. Perkins, uncle of the bridegroom. "Rushden Echo" readers will remember that the bridegroom won the Distinguished Conduct Medal in November 1917, at the battle of Cambrai for keeping up communication between his company when it was cut off, and Brigade Headquarters. Pte. Toby fought his way through the enemy lines and reached headquarters with messages, defending himself from attack by the use of a revolver and a few bombs. On February 3rd 1918, he went out on patrol unaccompanied, and got behind the enemy's lines into a village, where he kept himself for three days and nights. The valuable information with which he was able to return resulted in the British artillery getting range and blowing the place to pieces. It was for the latter brilliant work that he was awarded the Military Medal. | {
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Assam COVID-19 death toll climbs to 35 with 8 new casualties
TNM NewsDesk Jul 10, 2020
Eight persons died due to COVID-19 related complications in Assam on July 10. This was the highest number of single-day casualties due to the disease in the state so far.
With the deaths reported on July 10, the overall toll in Assam has climbed to 35, with the virus claiming its first non-symptomatic patient, who is also the first police personnel to die of COVID-19 in the state.
Health Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma informed through a tweet that Hareswar Nath (53), a non-symptomatic patient with no co-morbidities, succumbed to COVID-19 at IIT-G COVID Care Centre.
"His oxygen levels plummeted to 90 within hours and he collapsed," the minister added.
Nath was a havildar of the 16 IRBn and became the first police personnel to lose the battle against COVID-19 in the state.
The other seven deaths of the day were reported from the ICU of the Gauhati Medical College and Hospital (GMCH) in Guwahati.
Altogether 21 COVID-19 deaths have been reported in the state in the last four days, including on July 10, taking the overall toll to 35.
The overall COVID-19 tally in the state has climbed to 14,600 with detection of 568 new cases in the last 24 hours, out of which 355 were from Guwahati. The number of recovered patients increased to 9147.
As many as 19 inmates of Guwahati Central Jail have also tested positive for the virus, while peasant leader Akhil Gogoi, who is also held in the same prison, has tested negative twice for the virus.
Two of his associates, Bitu Sonowal and Dharjya Konwar, had tested positive for COVID-19 two days back and are already undergoing treatment.
Among the jail inmates testing positive is former Bodo militant leader Ranjan Daimary.
A number of COVID-19 cases have also been reported from different private hospitals in Guwahati, increasing the further spread of the virus in the city.
Meanwhile, the Kamrup Metro administration on July 10 held a meeting with citizen committees of the city to take their views on the ongoing lockdown, which ends on July 12.
Participants opined that extension of the lockdown could be needed to check the spread of the infection in the city.
They, however, requested the administration to ensure availability of essential commodities, medicines, fruits and vegetables.
They also urged the government for some form of assistance to the daily-wage earners and poorer sections of people.
Principal Secretary for Health, Sameer Sinha, who was present at the meeting along with other top officials, said the views will be conveyed to the chief minister and the health minister.
Mohun Bagan, ATK complete merger formalities
Arunachal Pradesh extends total lockdown in Itanagar Capital Region | {
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Can Alimony be Reduced Due to Financial Difficulty?
The next requirement is a "substantial change in circumstances" from the original order setting the amount of alimony payments. If the court finds that there has been a substantial change in your circumstances, the order may be modified or vacated completely. You must show evidence of that substantial change. This is why it is important to make sure the judge includes detailed "findings of fact" in the original order. These detailed facts will allow you more opportunity to distinguish your current situation from that at the time of the original order. | {
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Oklahoma businessman Ben Kimbro, a Tulsa City Council member, is director of public affairs for Harvest Inc., a national medical cannabis operator based in Arizona.
A representative for one of five companies awarded licenses to grow for Arkansas' fledgling medical marijuana industry says the business will be ready to start cultivating and supplying the product early next year. Oklahoma businessman Ben Kimbro, a Tulsa City Council member, is director of public affairs for Harvest Inc., a national medical cannabis operator based in Arizona.
Harvest holds medical cannabis licenses in seven states. The company's CEO, Steven White, has a small ownership stake in Natural State Wellness Enterprises, one of five Arkansas companies to be awarded a cultivation license.
Other license holders are Natural State Medicinals Cultivation, Bold Team LLC and Delta Medical Cannabis Co., all based in the state's Delta region. Osage Creek Cultivation is headquartered in Berryville (Carroll County) and registered to Jay Trulove, whose family owns Trulove Dirtworks. Messages left for Trulove and Osage Creek's attorney, David Nixon, were not returned.
Natural State Wellness Enterprises has assembled nearly 30 individuals to invest in the company — part of the application requirement was a $100,000 licensing fee and $500,000 performance bond — and the group plans to build its marijuana growing facility in Newport in Jackson County.
Among the investors are former Arkansas Attorney General Dustin McDaniel and Johnny Allison, chairman of Conway-based Home BancShares Inc.
A constitutional amendment legalizing medical marijuana for 17 qualifying conditions and creating a state medical marijuana commission, was approved by Arkansas voters 53% (585,030) to 47% (516,525) in November 2016. But because of numerous legal and regulatory delays, it is unclear when the state's newest industry will be fully up and running, and when sales of medical cannabis will actually begin.
Kimbro said the slow burn is "frustrating," but he respects the fact Arkansas lawmakers and policymakers are moving with caution when it comes to rolling out the new industry.
Despite the uncertainty, Kimbro said Natural State Wellness Enterprises is staying busy with its business preparation.
Kimbro said when construction is finished, Harvest employees will operate the facility and begin growing the product.
Kimbro said Harvest has approximately 1,200 strains of cannabis in its seed library. For the plant to grow to maturity depends on which strain is used. It ranges between five and six months.
The company's growing operation will be under one roof in a building secured not only from a security perspective, but from pests and molds that are very specific to growing cannabis.
Kimbro has been involved in licensing and policy implementation of medical cannabis in several states. Ironically, his professional background several years ago included doing a "considerable" amount of work in counter narcotics and combating narcotics-funded terror organizations.
"It's a pretty dramatic move across the spectrum for me in terms of my relationship and station in life working in medical cannabis," he said.
Before recently joining Harvest, Kimbro worked for Ross Group, a Tulsa-based construction, engineering and development company. He said a few years ago, the business decided to capitalize on the legalization of marijuana in other states by designing and building facilities for a partner with medical cannabis licenses.
It was a noble intention that did not pan out as planned.
"I've spent a lot of time out on the West Coast and meeting with folks in California, Washington and Oregon," he said. "I quickly came to realize that if we can accept the notion that Ben Kimbro is the least patient human being you have ever met, cannabis growers on the West Coast might move at a slightly different pace. And furthermore, if you have worked for two or three decades as an outlaw grower, you don't suddenly wake up one morning in a regulated environment and completely lose all your old habits.
Kimbro said when Arkansas approved its medical marijuana amendment in November 2016, he went back to Ross Group leaders with a renewed interest to get involved in the industry.
State officials have estimated sales of medical marijuana could be almost $40 million annually. Kimbro declined to say how much revenue a cultivation facility could generate, only that owners are going to get a very fair return.
"It's going to be some happy Arkansans," he said. "Markets do define themselves, but there are consistencies. There are patient consumer behaviors that are consistent across 31 regulated states now. | {
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This Tuesday Wishbone celebrates Mardi Gras with boogie piano legend ERWIN HELFRIN and a menu of Cajun and Creole dishes. Join in the big feast before Lent with crawfish dishes, etoufees, jambalaya, gumbo, Salmon en pappillot . . . and special sampler platters with heaping portions of the Big Easy.
If you have your own Carnival Costume, you can win a FREE DINNER at our judging at 8 PM. | {
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Upper-Right
MyAdventures
goEast
Author: Patrick Scanlan
Articles Posted by Patrick Scanlan
The Rescue Report: Falls On Ice in the High Peaks
Accidents happen and plans go awry—That's just part of what makes an adventure. But when they get really bad, oftentimes hikers need a little help. Thankfully, across the Northeast and the country, there are experienced professions in place to lend a hand when an adventure makes a bad turn. In New York State, that comes in the form of Forest Rangers from the Department of Environmental Conservation. But no matter how well they do their job, we would all probably prefer to not need their services and get out of the woods on our own. Luckily for us, the DEC is also a resource of information, regularly sharing the incidents that rangers respond to. Necessary reading for Adirondack explorers, we're taking them a step further and adding commentary from experienced rescuers, emergency personnel, and backwoods folk, so that you might know what not do to the next time you're outside, and how to avoid needing a rescue and being in the DEC report yourself.
Would you do something differently, have another suggestion for ways to avoid these situations, or a question about the best thing to do? Leave a comment!
View more incident reports from the DEC, here.
Falls On Ice in the High Peaks
Town of Keene, Essex County: On Oct. 23 at 1:22 p.m. DEC's Ray Brook Dispatch received a transferred 911 Essex County call from an injured hiker in the High Peaks. The hiker, a 42-year-old woman from Nederland, Texas, was descending the Algonquin trail just below MacIntyre Falls when she fell on ice and twisted her ankle. The injury was described as non-weight bearing. Seven Forest Rangers and two members of the Ray Brook DEC trail crew responded to assist with a possible carry out. The first Forest Ranger reached the injured hiker at 3:10 p.m. After applying first aid and warming the hiker, the Ranger assisted her walking to the junction where the old Algonquin trail meets the existing trail. Rangers Daniel Fox and Kevin Burns arrived with a UTV and evacuated the woman and her gear out to the Adirondack Loj by 4:40 p.m. The hiker declined further medical care.
Town of Keene, Essex County: On Oct. 28, a 19-year-old Mount Sinai man and a 20-year-old Syracuse man reported to DEC Ray Brook Dispatch that they were near the summit of Mount Marcy when one of the men injured his knee after falling on the slippery terrain. Six Forest Rangers and the Lake Colden interior caretaker were dispatched to evacuate the pair. A rescue by helicopter was prohibited because of cloudy, rainy weather. The pair met up with one Ranger during their descent and continued to slowly hike out to Marcy Dam. Within five hours of their call, the pair were transported by UTV to the Adirondack Loj parking lot, where both men said they would seek further medical attention on their own.
Analysis: These two scenarios are similar as they both involve a slip leading to a fall, a lower extremity injury, and the cold winter-like weather that we had been experiencing at the end of this October. In the case of the first rescue near MacIntyre Falls, the rescue effort was roughly 4-hours shorter because of easy access to a road. In more remote terrain on Mount Marcy, the injured person was much farther away from definitive medical care.
In both cases, weather is an important factor to consider. The Fall season in the mountains sees many accidents and injuries. The combination of a change in weather and the decisions of how to prepare for a late-fall hike in the mountains both seem to be significant factors. Often times the weather in the valleys can be quite pleasant at a lower, less exposed elevation, but in the High Peaks, conditions are much more winter-like with snow, ice, rain, cooler temps, and wind chill. One of the best ways to prevent slips and falls as the ground begins to freeze is to use a traction device on your boots such as Microspikes. Remember to look closely at the mountain-specific forecast for a more accurate depiction of expected weather to help guide your gear and route selection for a fun day out.
Waiting On A Rescue
Town of Newcomb, Essex County: At 5:36 p.m. on Sept. 30, DEC's Ray Brook Dispatch received a call from a hiker reporting his partner had injured his knee descending a steep, eroded section of the Mount Adams Trail. The 71-year-old hiker was located less than a quarter mile from the summit of the peak and was unable to put any weight on the leg. Under the authority of Lt. John Solan, several Forest Rangers and one assistant Forest Ranger were requested to assist with a night carry-out of the injured party. At 10:08 p.m., Forest Rangers arrived at the hiker's location and provided patient care. Once the patient was stabilized and secured in a litter, Rangers began the difficult carry out to a staged six-wheeler at the base of the mountain. With slippery, steep, and hazardous conditions, the rescue required low-angle rope rescue techniques. At 1:20 a.m. on Oct. 1, the man from Tolland, Conn., was out of the woods and Newcomb Volunteer Ambulance transported him for further medical treatment.
Analysis: This is an example of how a of a rescue in remote, rugged terrain can significantly affect the time it takes to evacuate an injured person. It took 5.5 hours for help to arrive to the location of the injured person. If this person had been ill prepared in inclement weather, a 5.5 hour wait without moving can easily lead to other injuries such as hypothermia. Additionally, had the party not had cell service, response time could double from going to get help rather than calling for help. Consider a GPS communicator for reliable communication and access to emergency help.
by Patrick Scanlan
The Rescue Report: A Broken Leg on Armstrong and Gothics
A Broken Leg on Armstrong and Gothics
Town of Keene, Essex County: On Sept. 17 at 1:50 p.m., Ray Brook Dispatch received a call from a hiker advising that her husband, a 68-year-old male from Hinesburg, Vt., had suffered a possible fracture to his femur while hiking between Armstrong and Gothics mountains. The male hiker's injury was non-ambulatory. Phone coordinates obtained by Essex County 911 placed the pair near the summit of Armstrong Mountain. Forest Rangers were dispatched to coordinate the rescue effort. Three Rangers were picked up by a New York State Police Aviation helicopter and two Rangers were inserted on the summit of Armstrong Mountain. The Keene Valley Rescue Ambulance staged at Marcy Field with an Advanced Life Support crew. One Ranger was staged at Keene Valley Fire Department with a ATV in the event a hoist extraction could not be performed. The Rangers inserted on Armstrong Mountain hiked down to the injured hiker, stabilized his injury, and outfitted him with a rescue harness. He was then hoisted out by the helicopter and airlifted to Marcy Field, where he was turned over to Keene Valley Rescue for transport to Elizabethtown Community Hospital. The Rangers that were inserted assisted the remainder of the hiking group out of the woods six miles with their gear, and the incident concluded at 4:30 p.m.
Analysis: This is a great example of a well-coordinated rescue for a serious injury that went relatively quickly. A 6-mile carryout in rough terrain could easily take 12 hours or more and require many rescuers. A helicopter evacuation can often be much faster and safer for everyone involved in the rescue. Unfortunately, mountain weather and terrain can often prevent a helicopter from accessing an injured person in the mountains. It is important for recreationists to remember that access to a helicopter is not always possible and it should not be considered a reliable option in a backcountry emergency. Dealing with a broken leg in the backcountry is never an easy situation, but having a responsible hiking partner with some Wilderness First Aid training and supplies, reliable communications, and a thorough trip plan, can help greatly during a backcountry emergency.
Splitting-Up on Allen Mountain
Town of Newcomb, Essex County: At 5:03 a.m. on Sept. 17, DEC's Central Dispatch received a call for Forest Ranger assistance from Essex County 911 for two hikers lost on Allen Mountain. The group of three from Rochester had planned to hike Marshall and Allen mountains, but one of the hikers suffered a minor knee injury while climbing Marshall. The subject stayed at the Calamity lean-to with his camping gear while the other two subjects decided to hike Allen Mountain. On the trail, the pair became lost and spent the night in the wilderness. The next morning, they hiked up Skylight Brook to try to obtain cell coverage and called 911 for help. Based on the coordinates provided, Rangers located the two hikers, who were cold but in good condition. They were escorted back to the Calamity Brook lean-to where they were reunited with their companion and hiked out. The incident concluded at 2:30 p.m.
Analysis: This situation is a near-miss after an unexpected injury changed the group's travel plans. The hikers decision to split up, put two group members over 5 miles from from the injured member without communication resulted in an additional hiccup in the groups outing. The sum of unexpected outcomes and mishaps in the backcountry often lead to serious incidents with undesirable outcomes. Had the weather been worse, in this case, spending a cold, wet night in the mountains can lead to hypothermia or other injuries and the hikers could have faced a much worse outcome. When unexpected mishaps happen in the backcountry, it's always best to default to conservative decision making and come up with a new plan.
5 Tips for Traveling Stress-Free With Your Outdoor Gear
When traveling abroad in search of adventure, packing duffel bags of gear to put on a plane can be one of the most stressful parts. Between over-packing, losing bags, breaking gear, or just not getting to your destination with everything you thought you needed, a lot can happen between point A and point B. But, there are ways to eliminate many of these issues. So, follow these tips to keep things as simple and stress free as possible.
Courtesy: Holidayextras
Watch for Extra Fees
You have to consider a few factors when you're flying with a lot of gear. First, make sure you are thorough in the flight planning process, so nothing gets damaged and you don't end up needing to pay more than you had anticipated.
Specifically, pay close attention to baggage policies. Is a checked bag included in the price of your super-cheap ticket to Iceland, or is the add-on charge going to run you another $100? Many airlines also don't include carry-on bags. If you plan on needing one, check the airline's policy before you book.
Protect the Pointy Objects
Climbing gear can be notoriously heavy and sharp—two characteristics that aren't the best for airline travel. But, with a little thought and planning, traveling with climbing gear can be a breeze.
Pack ice axes, crampons, ice-screws, and any other sharp gear in your checked bag, because you won't be able to carry it on the plane. Keep these items in stuff sacks or separate compartments away from clothing, climbing ropes, tents, and other soft materials to avoid any unwanted tears or core shots.
Check the Scale
Nobody likes showing up to the airport with an overweight bag. The fees are a pain, and re-sorting your gear in front of the check-in scale is an embarrassing waste of time when you're in a rush.
For starters, make sure your luggage stands up to the size requirements for both checked and carry-on baggage. Don't be the person trying to shove a full-size backpack into the overhead compartment.
At home, be sure you know the weight limit for your checked and carry-on baggage. Then, pick up a cheap baggage scale, or throw your bags onto the bathroom scale. As a tried-and-true technique, weight yourself first, and then, weight yourself again while holding your bags and wearing your backpack. Simply subtract your body weight to determine the weight of your baggage. Overall, it's a bit easier than trying to balance anything on a small bathroom scale.
Still overweight? When packing heavy gear, ask yourself, "Do I really need this?" Ahead of time, plan out climbing gear with your partners, so you don't bring more than necessary. Sharing a trad rack and distributing the group gear to even out the load can save a lot of weight.
As another option to offset the weight of a checked bag, put small but heavy items like cams and carabiners into a carry-on bag. And, if you are on a winter trip with lots of outerwear, try wearing some of your bulkier, heavy clothing in the airport to save space.
The TSA discourages camp fuel, and in taking it along, you could lose your stove for good. So, empty and thoroughly clean out your fuel bottles before flying. Giving your stove a cleaning isn't a bad idea, either.
Make sure to pack your pocket knife or multi-tool in your checked baggage, as knives are not allowed in carry-on luggage. When packing your camp lighters, however, put them in your carry-on. Interestingly enough, they are prohibited in checked baggage, unless they are in a DOT-approved container. Additionally, leave any aerosols at home, including bug spray in a can and bear spray. These cannot be brought along in your baggage.
When you're traveling internationally, you'll find that some countries take serious measures to keep out invasive plant species, as they can negatively affect the local ecosystems. New Zealand, for example, screens incoming travelers' luggage as they go through the customs process. If travelers failed to clean their gear, customs confiscates it upon your arrival at the airport.
To avoid losing all of your camping gear, clean everything thoroughly before packing it:
Remove the dried soil from your boots.
Hose-off all parts of your tent, including the stakes, which often hold a lot of soil.
Check your pole baskets for any caked-on dirt.
Then, let everything dry completely before you pack it up.
Courtesy: Doug Letterman
Keep It Safe
It's not uncommon to sweat bullets as you wait for your bags to come off the carousel. But, broken or missing gear is only one expensive problem. It's a far bigger issue to get to a distant location just in time for a trip, only to realize you're missing the essentials.
So, label all of your gear in a unique way, in a place where it can be read and where it won't be rubbed or broken off. As a tip, use something like Eagle Creek's Reflective Luggage ID Set. Paper gear tags, however, are not strong enough. Don't be afraid to use a permanent marker to put your contact information directly onto your bags.
If you paid for a budget flight, especially an international one, several airlines won't insure your bags. As a note, most non-budget American airlines usually include it. Gear is expensive, so it might be worth picking up temporary travel insurance, if you don't have it already.
In travel, hold onto your luggage tags and receipts. Have proof that you handed over your bags to an airline, especially when traveling with expensive items.
It's also not a bad idea, depending on where you're traveling, to use a TSA-safe luggage lock. Don't use a regular lock, however. It's almost guaranteed to be cut off during an inspection. TSA locks, instead, can be opened by officials and then placed back on once you leave the airport.
Alpha Guide: Skiing in Tuckerman Ravine
Who says the East doesn't have bigtime, open backcountry skiing? A classic not just among Northeast skiers, Tuckerman Ravine is a serious challenge for all skiers and boarders.
"Skiing Tucks" is a rite of passage for almost every East Coast skier. The glacial cirque offers some of the best terrain east of the Mississippi, with high alpine conditions, steep chutes, and cozy gullies. The birthplace of "extreme" skiing in the 1930s and '40s, it's now the East's most well-known and highly traveled backcountry skiing destination. Amongst its beautiful, rugged, and powerful terrain, its rich community, and addicting atmosphere, Tucks keeps the locals and the travelers alike coming back year after year.
The trip is easily done in a day, but staying multiple days allows for more skiing, earlier starts, and bigger weather windows.
Distance: 2.9 miles to Tuckerman Ravine Floor, one way.
Time to Complete: 1 day
Difficulty:★★★★★
Scenery:★★★★
Season: December through April; best February and later.
Fees/Permits: None
Contact: https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/whitemountain/recarea?recid=78538
Turn-By-Turn
Parking and trailhead access to the Tuckerman Ravine Trail are at the Appalachian Mountain Club's Pinkham Notch Visitor Center located on Route 16 between Gotham and Jackson. Weekend parking fills up quickly, but an overflow lot is located just south of the Visitor Center. Stop in the Visitor Center for last-minute supplies, trail conditions, and weather information before starting your ski up the trail.
Credit: Andrew Drummond
Follow the Tuckerman Ravine Trail from Pinkham Notch Visitor Center for 2.4 miles to the Caretaker Cabin at Hermit Lake Shelters (44.13269° N 74.85318° W). From the Visitor Center, the trail switchbacks before straightening out for a sustained climb to the intersection with the Huntington Ravine Trail. From there, you'll pass the Harvard Cabin Fire Road junction before climbing to the Hermit Lake Shelters, where you'll finally gain stunning views of the ravine. Chat with a Ranger or stop into the Caretaker Cabin for up-to-date weather, snow, and safety information before heading up into the ravine. From the Caretaker Cabin, continue up the Tuckerman Ravine Trail for just over a half-mile to reach the ravine's floor.
While skiers can hike or skin to the floor, once you choose your runs for the day, climbing on foot is necessary to get to the top of the steep slopes. It is strongly recommended to climb up what you intend to ski down to get an accurate view of the conditions and terrain. Remember that the runs are always changing due to the amount of snow and how the snow fills into each run.
After Your Ski
The fastest and most enjoyable way down is the Sherburne Ski Trail, which is accessible from the Caretaker Cabin at Hermit Lake. This trail is roughly three miles long, would equate to a "Blue Square" in difficulty at your local ski resort, and, at the end, drops you off at the south side of the Pinkham Notch Visitor Center parking lot. The "Sherbie" is also a great objective when avalanche danger is high for the day, or if you just want to go for a quick ski tour. As spring progresses, however, Sherburne's skiable area decreases. So, keep an eye out for a cross-cut back to the Tuckerman Ravine Trail when the coverage gets thin.
If you are looking to spend the night, check out the AMC Hermit Lake Shelters for a winter camping experience and quick access to the ravine; Harvard Cabin for a cozy, rustic night halfway up the trail; or Joe Dodge Lodge next to the trailhead for a bunk, a shower, and a meal.
The Runs
Courtesy: Colin Boyd
Hillman's Highway
Aspect: East-Northeast
Steepest Slope Angle: 40 degrees
Vertical Distance: 1200 feet
Hillman's is slightly removed from the main "bowl" and is located under the Boott Spur Buttresses. Get a great view of the run from Hermit Lake Shelters' visitor deck. Easy access is found by heading up the Sherburne Ski Trail from the Caretaker Cabin. Points of reference on Hillman's include "the dog leg," the skiers' left-hand curve near the bottom; the top of "the Christmas Tree," an area of vegetation to the climber's right of the slide path that, when filled with snow, looks like a Christmas tree from a distance; and the fork near the top of the run, where skiers have a choice of two different variations.
Credit: Jamie Walter
Left Gully
Vertical Distance: 850 feet
The ravine's left-most prominent run is Left Gully. In the ravine, this run is often the first and last to be skied over the course of the season, as its northeast orientation helps the slope hold snow a bit longer due to decreased sun exposure. The top offers two general entrances to get into the run. When climbing up the gully, look to the right for a steeper entrance, or continue straight up for a slightly more mellow one. About halfway down, the run narrows a bit before making a left turn to drop you back into the bowl.
Aspect: East
Chute is easily identified by the hour glass-shaped choke point near the center. The steep entry funnels skiers through this 30-foot-wide point into open skiing and lower slope angles below. Use caution when climbing through the choke point, as skiers (and their sluff) may be descending. A great spot for a rest on the way up or down, a natural bench is under the rock buttress to the climber's left of the choke point. It's ideal for taking a minute to decide whether to keep going, to have a snack, or to take in the great views across the ravine.
The Lip
Aspect: Southeast
The Lip is located on the climber's right-hand side of the headwall, where a gap in the steep wall of rock and ice lets skiers sneak through and make big, open turns into the bowl. When skiing into The Lip, trend to the left to avoid going over the icefall area. The Lip becomes progressively steeper as you ski into it; this decreases the visibility of the run below you, until you reach the steepest pitch. As such, find visual landmarks as you climb up, and use them as a route-finding tool on the way down. All eyes are on you when you're skiing The Lip, so make it count!
Sluice
Aspect: South-Southeast
Sluice is found between The Lip and Right Gully. Its entrance is steep and has a tricky double fall-line, when the obvious ski run dictates one direction of travel, but gravity wants to take you in another. A good reference point for this climb is Sluice Ice, a cliff that holds vertical ice a few hundred feet up from Lunch Rocks. Use caution with your route-finding in the spring, as ice begins to shed as the temperatures rise. Skiers finish the run by skiing to the left side of Lunch Rocks.
Right Gully
Aspect: South
The most prominent gully on the south-facing wall is Right Gully. Because of their orientation, this run and Lobster Claw see the most sun in the ravine, so keep this in mind when searching for the perfect soft spring corn. Though it's a bit shorter than some of the others, the consistent slope angle and half-pipe-like feel make this a favorite. A great place to scope out the line, decide whether to keep climbing, or have a snack is on the natural bench that forms under the climber's right side of the slight choke point, just under halfway up the run.
Once you locate Right Gully, look a few hundred feet to the right to find Lobster Claw. This run is under the ravine's Lion Head area. Slightly narrower than Right Gully, the slope angle is a bit mellower and gets about the same amount of sunlight. Lobster Claw is home to quite a bit of vegetation and can often take longer to fill in enough to be skiable. When the ravine is crowded with skiers, however, Lobster Claw is often a less-crowded option. Use caution exiting the run, because plenty of rocks and trees sit below the main part of the gully.
Your avalanche rescue kit and the skills to use it are crucial when you're traveling into the ravine. A popular combo is the PIEPS DSP Sport beacon, Black Diamond Transfer 3 shovel, and Black Diamond QuickDraw 280 probe.
Though they are not a substitute for crampons on steep slopes, Kahtoola MICROspikes are useful on lower-angle trails, or if you have to hike with your ski boots on a slick surface.
The slope angles in Tuckerman are steep! Having a small, lightweight ice axe, like the Black Diamond Raven Ultra, and knowing how to use it are extremely valuable tools for steep skiing and can add a bit of extra security.
An ultra-portable sunscreen like the Beyond Coastal Natural Lip and Face Sun Protection will help protect your face from burning while skiing in the ravine. Remember that snow is highly reflective and can amplify the effects of your goggle tan to a very unpleasant point.
Keys to the Trip
Avalanches are real and happen very regularly in the ravine. Check out the Mount Washington Avalanche Center forecast online in the morning, before you head into the ravine, and then, check in with USFS Avalanche Rangers or the AMC Caretaker for up-to-date beta on the best spots of the day.
On the way through North Conway, stop by Frontside Grind Coffee Roasters for a hot brew and bagel before you start your climb.
For beers and burgers after the trip, check out Moat Mountain Smokehouse & Brewing Co. and Tuckerman Brewing Co.
For some early morning pre- or afternoon post-skiing yoga, check out the yoga classes at The Local Grocer. This is a great way to both warm your body up before a big day and recover after by stretching and keeping your body moving before the car ride home.
North Conway has many quirky shops that are unique to New Hampshire. Some of my favorites are the candy counter and hot sauce aisle at Zeb's General Store; Dondero's Rock Shop, where any geological nerds can find local and global samples of rocks and minerals; and Beef & Ski for truly bangin' sandwiches.
Safe to Climb: Reading Weather Reports for Mount Washington
White Mountain weather is notoriously dangerous. Thankfully, the Mount Washington Observatory (MWOBS) is up to the task, working every day to monitor these conditions and keep us safe. An invaluable resource, their reports help us make informed decisions for our backcountry trips and increase our margin of safety in the mountains.
Located at Mount Washington's summit, 6,288 feet above sea level, MWOBS sees some of the world's most intense weather events. There, six full-time weather observers and meteorologists work in shifts around the clock, delivering forecasts, collecting data, and maintaining weather instruments during extreme events.
Courtesy of: Mount Washington Observatory
"Our forecasts are the only forecasts produced by experts on the summit, who live and breathe this extreme weather every day, and hence are the most reliable forecasts by far," said MWOBS Senior Meteorologist Mike Carmon. "You can find plenty of other forecasts for the higher peaks of the White Mountains out there. But, those are purely automated by a computer model and very often underestimate the extreme weather above treeline in the Whites."
Since mountain weather constantly changes, don't expect to see a 10-day forecast on the Observatory site. "The biggest forecasting challenge is the extreme nature of Mount Washington's weather, and how inherently difficult it is to predict extremes in the world of meteorology," said Carmon. Instead, you can expect detailed, short-term forecasts with supplementary real-time data.
Through the Observatory website, you can quickly get information on current summit conditions and a summit and valley forecast. For experienced weather enthusiasts, it further provides more detailed data.
How do I read the forecast?
The Higher Summits Forecast particularly benefits local recreationists, such as hikers, skiers, mountaineers, and backcountry campers. Additionally, organizations like the U.S. Forest Service, New Hampshire Fish and Game, Appalachian Mountain Club, and Mount Washington State Park use it for critical decision making.
The forecast begins with a meteorologist's summary for at least the following two days and indicates what conditions to expect. This information provides important details about high- and low-pressure systems, temperature gradients, and precipitation potential. Ultimately, it lets you determine how the impending weather will affect your adventure.
To cut to the chase, look below the summary for the cloud cover, precipitation, temperature, wind, and wind chill. This data is broken up between day and night.
Aimed at helping visitors and tourists, the Mount Washington Valley Forecast offers more general information specific to the surrounding lower elevations. Oftentimes, it follows the Summits Forecast's trends but is substantially less intense. If the forecast calls for winter-like summit conditions, the Valley, however, might be hot and sunny. The main lesson in these circumstances is, never trust lower-elevation weather to represent the summits.
What's it like on Mount Washington right now?
As another resource, real-time weather data covers both Mount Washington's summit and various locations around the Whites. This type of information particularly assists those traveling to or near the reporting weather station.
The Current Summit Conditions page includes a vertical temperature profile, wind, temperature, humidity, pressure data, and current visibility. A graphical representation additionally displays trends from the last 24 hours. Incredibly valuable to winter climbers and skiers, this technical data helps anyone planning to travel to Mount Washington's summit.
The Mount Washington Regional Mesonet compiles real-time data from the White Mountains' other remote weather stations. While not as advanced, these unmanned stations have basic data on current temperature, wind, and humidity across a wider area.
How do they do it?
"The fact that our weather station is still manned 24/7 is probably what sets us apart the most from your typical weather station," explained Carmon. "Most weather stations, these days, use almost entirely automated instrumentation and are unmanned. However, the nature of our extreme weather still necessitates a manned presence on Mount Washington 24 hours per day and 365 days per year."
To make everything work, MWOBS relies on durable, state-of-the-art weather instrumentation, complex IT infrastructure, and vehicles to transport staff throughout the year. Over time, these costs add up.
"Seek the Peak is the Observatory's largest annual fundraiser. So, it is the single, biggest event that contributes directly to the work of the Observatory," Carmon said. "The contributions made through Seek the Peak go directly to keeping the station functioning and providing the most accurate weather forecasts possible."
What other weather resources do hikers have?
The Backcountry Weather page, run by the AMC, lets travelers look at weather data specific to their locations. Before visiting an AMC hut, lodge, or campsite or any nearby location, be sure to check the destination's specific weather.
The Mount Washington Avalanche Center's Avalanche Advisory critically assists anyone traveling on the mountain's east side from December through May. During the winter, the daily avalanche forecasts touch on snow and weather, trail and route conditions, and avalanche danger ratings.
The National Weather Service offers comprehensive forecasts, weather models, raw data, and radar pulling from numerous remote and unmanned stations. While it isn't usually able to match the MWOBS Higher Summits Forecast's accuracy, NWS is useful within your trip-planning toolbox.
Remember, you are responsible for your own safety while traveling in the mountains. Using these weather reports is just one way to help you make good decisions and be prepared for Mother Nature's most extreme days.
Against All Odds: 5 Common Alpine Flowers in the Northeast
Credit: Patrick Scanlan
When I first started venturing into the alpine zone, the obvious captivated me. The absence of large trees, the swaths of exposed rock, the strength of the wind, the view (or lack of one) around me, and the perspective that came with it kept me coming back for more.
Everything in those environments seems big and expansive. But, every time I came back, the closer I looked, and the more I found. And, the colorful alpine flowers that dot the summits exemplify nature's beauty and resiliency in such a harsh environment.
Alpine Adaptations
It is no easy feat to come back every spring after a winter of heavy snow, arctic temperatures, and hurricane-force winds. However, plants growing in an alpine ecosystem have adapted over time to survive.
For instance, growing close together in clumps or mats helps the plant retain heat and allows wind to pass over with minimal disturbance. As well, growing low to the ground protects the plant from deep, wind-packed snow. Some also have thick, wax-coated leaves, which retain water in shallow soils and aid in protecting the plant from high winds.
How to Spot Them
When you search for wildflowers, make sure to be environmentally conscious. Though these plants have evolved to withstand extreme conditions, they are fragile to human contact. So, when looking for these flowers, stay on the trail to avoid trampling other alpine plants and take only pictures.
If you are headed into the alpine zone, generally above 4,000 feet, you will be able to find many of these species. In New Hampshire, for instance, these flowers can be found in the Presidential Range, Franconia Ridge, Mount Chocorua, Mount Cardigan, Mount Monadnock, and on bald summits.
Over in Maine, they can be found in Baxter State Park, the Bigelow Range, the Mahoosuc Range, Sugarloaf Mountain, and Mount Abraham. When you're in Vermont, alpine zones exist on Mount Mansfield and Camel's Hump. As you venture into New York, you can find them on Whiteface Mountain, Algonquin, and Mount Marcy.
Alpine Flower Guide
Courtesy: Rebecca Huncilman
Diapensia lapponica, a.k.a. pincushion plant: This densely-growing plant has five-lobed white flowers extending no more than a few inches above the soil. These bloom from June through July.
Geum peckii, a.k.a mountain avens: The mountain avens' yellow flowers have five petals. Depending on the environment, the plant's height can be between six and 20 inches. Flowering from June through September, this species is only found in the White Mountains and Nova Scotia.
Courtesy: Sally Baldwin
Rhododendron lapponicum, a.k.a lapland rosebay: This low-growing plant that forms mat-like clusters has five-lobed pink-purple flowers with long stamens. Lapland rosebay is generally between four and 12 inches tall and flowers from May through July.
Credit: Caitlin McDonough
Loiseleuria procumbent, a.k.a alpine azalea: Alpine azalea forms short, bushy patches that only grow a few inches off the ground. Its crown-shaped flowers are bright pink and white and bloom from June through August.
Courtesy: Aaron Emerson
Potentilla robbinsiana, a.k.a. dwarf cinquefoil or Robbins cinquefoil: Forming small clusters in sheltered alpine areas, this plant's flowers are five-petaled and yellow. Flowering during a two-week window in June, dwarf cinquefoil is extremely rare and can only be found on Mount Washington and Franconia Ridge.
Lessons from a National Park Chief Ranger
The last time I saw Dan Pontbriand, he was preparing for a Maine-bound vacation, securing a couple of kayaks to the top of his truck with a healthy collection of bowlines, mules, and half-hitches. I knew he wasn't thinking about the kayaks coming off the truck at highway speeds, but rather about a scenario he's seen many times: tying a critically injured patient onto a backboard while hanging off the side of a cliff in one of our many National Parks.
Over Pontbriand's 31-year career with the National Park Service, he has officially been called a Protection Ranger, a District Ranger, and a Chief Ranger in nine different parks, including Grand Teton, Olympic, and Sequoia National Parks. He has held leadership roles within the Park Service pertaining to wild-land fire fighting, law enforcement, search and rescue, and even served as the Chief of Emergency Services at the National Park Service Headquarters in Washington, D.C.
Growing up in Auburn, Maine, Pontbriand became interested in the outdoors as a Boy Scout and through spending time in the woods with his father, an avid outdoorsman. He received a bachelor's degree in 1979 from the University of Maine at Machias. This helped him kick off his career with the National Park Service that year as a River Ranger, a job in which he spent his days paddling and patrolling the Snake River in Wyoming. But not long after, Dan began to experience the thrill of intense mountain rescues.
Pontbriand said the most difficult search and rescue missions were the ones without an ending. One of these cases happened when he was a ranger in Olympic National Park. Pontbriand received a call about a missing hiker from Germany who had split up from his partner when misinterpreting the map's distance calculations as kilometers instead of miles. Dan said that when he and the other rangers got the word, "the weather had already turned for the worse – typical Olympic Mountains winter weather: wet, cold, overcast, day after day after day." Pontbriand and other rangers, including a NPS-trained search dog, searched for over two weeks in the most remote regions of the park, but unfortunately, the hiker remains missing to this day.
After responding to countless other rescues and searches during his career, Pontbriand has learned many lessons about managing risk while exploring and adventuring. His insight and wisdom, like that of many rangers you may meet during your next park trip, are extremely beneficial for both staying safe and making the most out of your National Park experience.
"There are so many causes as to why people get into trouble while visiting a National Park. Most problems arise when people fail to plan properly and simply do not know what their physical abilities are."
Pontbriand briefing a ranger regarding the search area for a as the district ranger at Olympic National Park.
According to a 2009 study, there are on average 11 search and rescue events in National Parks on any given day. "There are so many causes as to why people get into trouble while visiting a National Park," Pontbriand said. "Most problems arise when people fail to plan properly and simply do not know what their physical abilities are." He added that sometimes it's as simple as visitors not taking advantage of the enormous amount of information the Park Service provides.
Assisting a capsized U.S. Coast Guard rescue team during a storm while they themselves responded to a small capsized sailboat off the coast of the Olympic Peninsula was one of the most intense rescues Pontbriand responded to.
"While en route, I heard the Coast Guard order a HH 60 helicopter to transport our rescue team to James Island to effect the rescue [of the Coast Guard team]. It was the only helicopter that had the power to fly in those conditions," Pontbriand remembered. "The lone surviving [Coast Guard] crew member was rescued from a cliff face just as the morning light was illuminating the island."
According a Pondbriand, another Coast Guard helicopter was able to pluck the sailors from the deck of the doomed sailboat. "If someone had asked me if it was possible to pluck two people off the deck of that boat in 50-foot seas, I would have said it was impossible. Yet, it happened."
Floating the Snake River as a River Ranger in a raft at Grand Teton National Park.
Dan's job isn't all exciting rescues. The amount of exploring he's been able to do in some of the lesser-known national areas has been another highlight of his career. Only around 50 of the nearly 400 units the National Park Service maintains are National Parks. The rest are made up of National Seashores, National Monuments, National Historic Parks, and more, many of which have historic, cultural, recreational, and scenic opportunities just as valuable as the ones we're so familiar with. According to Dan, "These 350 areas get far less notoriety and visitation [but] are all special places with secrets ready to be discovered."
Examples of these lesser-known national areas include El Malpais National Monument in New Mexico, Canyon de Chelly National Monument in Arizona, and Buck Island Reef National Monument in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Like National Parks, these smaller areas also offer a wide variety of recreational opportunities, including camping, hiking, climbing, and snorkeling.
The U.S. National Parks are undoubtedly special places with diverse natural features, wildlife, culture, and climates. Rangers like Dan are a wealth of information and experience and are a valuable resource at your fingertips whenever you visit a park. Talking with a ranger might help you find that pristine and uncrowded swimming hole or the perfect location for your time-lapse Milky Way photograph, and they might give you the advice you need to stay out of the next search and rescue report during your trip!
4 Tips for Improving Your Leadership in the Backcountry
Group dynamics in the backcountry change constantly, often as a result of the major variables involved in decision making: the members, the activity at hand, the collective skill level, the acceptable level of risk, and goals.
In most cases, any recreational outdoor group has a trip leader. Whether that person is a professional guide from the EMS Climbing School or an avid weekender with the most experience in a group of friends, he or she plays a vital role in managing those variables and, of course, having fun.
Whether you are a seasoned trip leader, or if you are ready to take the first step into such a role, these tried-and-true skills are essential in the backcountry.
1. Identify your leadership style, play to your strengths, and understand your weaknesses
There are numerous known leadership styles, all of which have their own strengths and weaknesses. Like the Adirondack High Peaks or the White Mountains, none are better or worse than the others – they are just different. Are you someone who is naturally vocal? Or, do you spend less time explaining, and lead the group by your own example? Do you work more effectively with a co-leader or by yourself? Do you help lead the group to a decision on their own? Or, do you tell them what the decision will be ahead of time?
All of these attributes, then, can be used effectively in different situations. While honing the skills that allow you to lead well, think critically about how you act and what tools you can use to continually improve.
2. Develop a keen sense of when to assume a dominant leadership role
Don't be afraid to be a dominant decision maker, especially if the trip plan includes a higher level of risk and safety is a concern, but realize that nobody likes a dictator. In a less risky situation, try observing what decisions happen naturally within the group without your input, and remember that subtle suggestions can go a long way.
Talking through a situation with others can open up multiple options and helps prevent overlooking vital information or observations. Along this line, while a high-performing group may not feel like it needs someone in charge, an experienced leader might notice this and then use it to facilitate good communication and discussion amongst all members.
3. Delegate tasks throughout the trip
As a leader, it is impossible to do everything yourself, and if attempted, this can make for a lousy trip. Many times, the toughest tasks aren't what's directly at hand but, rather, being able to complete them efficiently without losing the ability to stay on schedule.
A perfect example of this is the transition between breakfast cleanup, campsite breakdown, and hitting the trail. I have seen this process become slow and sloppy multiple times, especially with individuals who haven't spent time in the backcountry together before. Here, an effective leader might recognize this problem, visualize what needs to get done, and delegate accordingly.
4. Keep your goals realistic and open-ended
Nobody likes to go home after an outing without completing the one goal they set out to do. Even worse, your friends may not want to go on a trip with you ever again! Especially if you are planning a longer adventure, it can be extremely rewarding to set different stages of goals: one you will certainly achieve, one you will likely achieve, and one you may not achieve. Not only does this let everyone leave feeling satisfied, but it further builds excitement and drive for returning to complete anything you weren't able to accomplish the first time around.
Remember that if you aren't the designated leader, your role within the group is equally as important. Speak up, share opinions, and ask questions if something doesn't seem right or if you are making observations that no one else has made.
One of the most valuable ways to become an effective leader is to learn from and be led by one. Eastern Mountain Sports Schools offer trips and courses with some of the most experienced and knowledgeable leaders around. To book a course or find more information, visit http://www.emsoutdoors.com.
Skiing the Whiteface Auto Road | Whiteface Veterans' Memorial Highway - goEast on Alpha Guide: Skiing in Tuckerman Ravine
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How to Choose a Climbing Harness | Guide to Climbing Harnesses - goEast on Gear Checklist: Trad Climbing
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Pioneering Heart Surgeon Joins Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC to Establish Center for Valve Therapy
The Heart Institute at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC has recruited an internationally renowned cardiac surgeon, Jose Pedro da Silva, M.D., who will join the team to serve both children and adults with complex congenital heart issues.
Dr. da Silva, who developed a technique to repair defective heart valves that is now the standard of care around the world, is founding the Center for Valve Therapy at Children's and will serve as its surgical director.
In 1989, Dr. da Silva and his team developed a procedure for repair of Ebstein's anomaly, a congenital heart defect of one of the heart's valves. This surgical technique, known as the cone procedure, reconstructs the tricuspid valve and the right ventricle. In this procedure, the extra tissue on the overgrown right side of the heart is folded up, and the defective valve is then reshaped into a cone.
As part of the Heart Institute, the Center for Valve Therapy is dedicated to the care of children and adults with congenital heart defects that involve absent or poorly functioning heart valves.
"Dr. da Silva pioneered a novel way to repair Ebstein's anomaly that is now the worldwide surgical standard of care, and with his recruitment to Children's Hospital, he will educate our team and offer care for patients from around the world with the most complex cardiac conditions," said Victor Morell, M.D., co-director of the Heart Institute at Children's and chief of the Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery. "The Heart Institute has become one of the leading centers in the world for the diagnosis and treatment of patients of all ages with congenital heart disease, and we welcome Dr. da Silva to our team."
Dr. da Silva comes to Children's from Hospital Beneficencia Portuguesa de Sao Paulo, Brazil. He completed his residency training in general surgery and thoracic and cardiovascular surgery at Instituto de Assistência Médica ao Servidor Público Estadual, Sao Paulo, Brazil. He also completed a fellowship in cardiovascular surgery at Cleveland Clinic Foundation.
Dr. da Silva is a member of the Brazilian Society of Cardiovascular Surgery, the Society of Thoracic Surgeons, the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, and the Society for Cardiothoracic Surgery in Great Britain and Ireland.
The pediatric cardiovascular surgery program at Children's is tied with one other institution on having the lowest overall four-year surgical mortality rate among all high-volume programs with a rate of 1.5 percent, according to the latest data compiled by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (2011-2015). Nationally, the average mortality rate for all pediatric cardiovascular programs was 3.4 percent during the same reporting period.
For more information about Dr. da Silva and the Heart Institute, visit www.chp.edu/heart. | {
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This course will help students to understand and appreciate the world of a crime scene investigator. This course contains real-life scenarios that show students the "Real CSI". Diverse learning activities are incorporated throughout the course. These include videos, interactive presentations, and labs.
The purpose of this course is to give students an overview of the field of forensic science, including areas of trace evidence, DNA, firearms, drug analysis, etc. For students considering a career in forensic science, this course will provide useful information to help the student determine which particular area is of interest to him or her. | {
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Israeli Ambassador visits IFSU
By Daniel B. Codamon
LAMUT, Ifugao, March 17 (PIA)- – Israeli Ambassador to the Philippines Rafael Harpaz visited the Ifugao State University (IFSU) Main Campus here last March 12 to further strengthen partnership and collaboration, between his country and the only state university in the province .
Ambassador Harpaz representing Israel and IFSU President Dugyon, in behalf of the school. signed a memorandum of understanding to further promote scholastic and educational exchange between Israel and IFSU.
IFSU particularly its College of Agriculture and Home Sciences (CAHS) is a recipient of Agro Studies-On-the-Job Training Program in Israel where qualified CAHS students continue their learning with partner schools while working in Israeli farms for a duration of 10 to 11 months.
In October last year, 36 CAHS students came home after completing their internship in Israel amid the COVID pandemic.
During the visit, the Ambassador with his wife Shulimat, and his entourage also visited the IFSU Museum and International Innovation Center for Indigenous Studies which is the repository of cultural materials and research products of the Ifugao people are displayed.
They witnessed and experienced actual weaving, rice wine tasting, donning of Ifugao cultural attires and other cultural customs and traditions being demonstrated at the Museum.
Dugyon expressed gratitude to Ambassador Harpaz and his party for visiting IFSU that provided them the opportunity to showcase the unique programs and activities of the university, aside from forging a new and stronger partnership, collaboration and friendship with Israel. (JDP/DBC- PIA CAR, Ifugao)
One person died in an erosion incident in Kiangan, Ifugao
Grade 12 student and her minor cohort, busted for peddling illegal drugs
LOOK: Blessing and turn-over of new patrol cars | {
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Cook & Mineka had monkeys watch a video of another monkey reacting with fear to a snake.
When the observer-monkeys had a chance to get food, they would not if it involved approaching a snake or a snake-like object (toy snakes). | {
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Chamara Silva's wasted years
by Staff Writers March 25, 2012, 4:16 AM 355 Views 0 Comments
How Sanath Jayasuriya hindered the progress of a talented stroke-maker
By Rex Clementine | March 25, 2012
An injury to Angelo Mathews has given Chamara Silva another chance at the Test level . © AFP/File/Lakruwan WANNIARACHCHI
Tom Moody, who was one of Sri Lanka's most successful and committed coaches, decided to give domestic cricket a look in order to unearth new talent, following Sri Lanka's embarrassing 6-1 series defeat to India in 2005. After a couple of brief visits to Maitland Place grounds, he took off to Reid Avenue and saw a small-made batsman, who not only played all the shots, but made them look easy as well.
Moody immediately fired a call to the chairman of selectors and asked him, "why didn't you tell me about this chap Silva?"
"Which Silva?" came the reply.
"Well, the Bloomfield Silva!"
Chamara Silva was a victim of stupid politics in 2002 and had never played for Sri Lanka until Moody told the selectors, in no uncertain terms, that he wanted him on the plane the next time Sri Lanka played a cricket contest.
There are those who hold the view that although Silva is prolific in domestic cricket, he couldn't convert that success on the international stage and that view seemed to be correct when Silva made a pair in his Test debut in Christchurch.
Moody, together with captain Mahela Jayawardene resisted moves to drop Silva and their faith was repaid when Silva smashed a match winning 150 at the Basin Reserve. He remained on the scene for a few more years before going out of favour once again.
This domestic season he has been in terrific form, scoring over 1000 runs for Bloomfield. When there were injuries during the Commonwealth Bank Series in Australia, he should have been the replacement for Angelo Mathews. But, yet again the wrong Chamara was chosen.
Silva's chance then came when he was picked to play the three-day warm-up game against the visiting England team. Although he generally bats at number four or five, in the warm-up game he batted at number three and came up with a swashbuckling effort against the Ashes winning attack.
There were some powerful shots off the back foot, and against the spinners he used his feet expertly.
He welcomed Graeme Swann into the attack by sweeping his first ball for four. He never allowed Swann to settle down and the off-spinner finished day one without a wicket, having conceded 102 runs in his 21 overs.
The British press heaped praise on Silva and wondered why he was not in Bangladesh. The kindness the selectors have shown to some other players has not been shown to Chamara Silva. After two or three failures, he has been always under the scanner.
What happened to him in 2002 is nothing but a tragedy. Silva was all set to make his Test debut after Sri Lanka had taken a lead in the series against Zimbabwe in a three-match Test series. But the then captain Sanath Jayasuriya objected, as the player whose place Silva was to fill was one of his buddies.
The selectors didn't budge, as they insisted on pushing forward with their youth policy. Jayasuriya then took up the matter with the then minister of sports Johnston Fernando.
Fernando sacked the entire selection panel and appointed a new one and eventually Jayasuriya's wish was granted.
It was, without a shadow of doubt, a cruel blow to a promising player!
© Rex Clementine/The Island
Chamara SilvaSanath Jayasuriya
England vs Sri Lanka, Super 8 Match, World Cup, 2007 – Highlights
Sanath blasts Sri Lanka reserve players engaging in Card games during the match
Chamari Atapattu's dedication is greatly appreciated — Sanath Jayasuriya
Sanath Jayasuriya's two-year ban imposed by ICC ends
SANATH JAYASURIYA ICC BANNED OVER FROM TODAY – | {
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I agree, in a 10 teamer i just decided to say see ya later. screw this.
Will be doing the same on Monday morning once I can add players again. Such a joke.
Anyone trust him tonight and throwing him out there? I've got him benched for now. Haven't decided. Can see him being on a pitch count although he's lucky to ever get through 6 when he is "healthy".
I'm not starting him, but if he went bonkers I wouldn't be shocked. I fully expect a vintage Rich Hill dominance stretch, but I have no idea when it starts or when to jump off the ride.
You and everyone else! ???
I'm also leaving him benched tonight. Wait and see because, who knows, the air could be too humid for him and he might have to have another week off.
Watch the pollen count, if its too high he may be scratched with watery eyes.
3-4 more starts before he gets in groove.
Knowing Rich Hill, he will probably only pitch that many starts the rest of the season.
Pretty much what I expected in his first game back, and that's why I benched him despite a two-start week. He's definitely a "feel" guy who needs time to get in a groove. Hopefully he can stay on the mound for more than a couple weeks and get into one. I remember nearly dropping him around this time last year, and it would've been a mistake.
But last year started much worse that this and he was on shelf for longer period to start season.
It took him a month and 4,5 really bad starts, but once he was over that he was top pitcher with some video-game numbers.
Than he went on DL of course becouse thats what he does.
wasn't much more than that.
This guy is killing me. Every year he has finger issues he has no feel for the curves.
Hill should call it a career, donate his pitching hand to science and go into acting as one of those pirates with a hook for a hand.
Hey, he almost had a quality start.
Maybe the next time that he takes the hill, in 3 weeks or so.
Hill said he will be fine for his next start; which means he will be placed on the DL tomorrow.
Thus f'n guy has the weakest hands in history. Wtf, have your lady break out the moisturizer already. Maybe he has early onset leprosy, next year a finger is just going to fall off.
Retire Rich snd become a hand model. | {
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Bangkok's office market in the new normal
Bangkok's office demand adopts to the new normal as remote working reduces the need for fixed desks.
Nichakamol Horungruang
Given the renewed spread of the COVID-19 in Thailand in April 2021, it has become inevitable for corporates to switch back to work-from-home for the third time in a year. A number of office occupiers across Bangkok metropolitan areas have right-sized their spaces and withheld their expansion or relocation plans due to the uncertainty. On the bright side, e-commerce and other tech companies (e.g., ride-hailing and delivery services) are eagerly expanding after their demand has grown rapidly during the lockdown.
It has been a full year of work-from-home trial runs in Thailand. This short-term experiment has proved that many businesses still need collaboration spaces for certain tasks to aid in optimising performance. In other words, there still is and always will be a demand for office spaces. According to a JLL global survey in late-2020, 50% of respondents preferred to work both in the office and remotely, while 74% still wanted the ability to come to an office. Many businesses in Bangkok successfully adopted the 'split team' approach, which required only half the standard workstations. Some corporates let their employees work from anywhere permanently, yet come to the offices if needed. This has created a new way of work. Thus, demand for office spaces gradually shifts from fixed desks to having a desk for activities, collaborations and communal areas. As a result, we witnessed most office spaces shrinking in order to optimise spaces.
Figure 1: Office occupiers' movement by industry from Q2 2020 to Q1 2021
Source: JLL Thailand Research
Since the first outbreak of COVID-19 in early 2020, we have seen different business sectors reacting to the market in different ways. Domestic banks that expanded rapidly over the past three years surrendered most of their leased spaces (more than 17,000 sqm) and instead chose co-working spaces as an alternative while most employees worked from home. In contrast, insurance and tech companies grew further and expanded significantly. Other business sectors have had options to relocate to buildings at lower rents or potentially upgrade to newer buildings at similar rents, as vacant spaces increased and landlords lowered rents to secure their occupancy.
Figure 2: Bangkok office demand by the length of occupancy at end-2020
Over 2 million square metres of occupied space, or 38% of occupiers in the Bangkok metropolitan area, have been in the same place for over 15 years, and their capital expenditures on existing spaces have been paid off. One-third of those are located in the central business areas. About 500,000 square metres is with financial service businesses, which should make a significant impact on the market.
The ageing office spaces are no longer considered efficient, as young talents seek to work at places with wellness offerings and flexibility to work remotely. Businesses have the option to either relocate or inject their capital into office renovation or newly designed spaces. While the market is in a recovery stage, a million square metres of new office space for lease will come in the next three years. By then, tenants would have a variety of options to choose from and we look forward to seeing how landlords would come up with unique selling points or incentives in the near future.
Booming golf course market in Korea
Bangkok retail market's post-pandemic recovery
New Zealand's challenge of housing affordability
The changing role of supermarkets in Australia | {
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"There are many trees in Tanzania"
Does ''Tanzania'' need to be at the beginning of the sentence?
In my understanding, no. It depends on whether the context was stressing Tanzania as opposed to somewhere else, or whether is was merely stressing the number of trees. | {
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On the way to work today (though the snow) I saw a small convertible with a license plate reading "MARTINI". I was a little shaken, but wouldn't stir if it drove by me again.
Massachusetts Highways: Three Drink Minimum. | {
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Małgorzata Węgierska, również Małgorzata Młodsza (ur. 27 stycznia 1242 na zamku Klis koło Splitu, zm. 18 stycznia 1271) – córka króla Węgier Beli IV i cesarzówny Nikai Marii Laskaris, ofiarowana przez ojca Bogu z intencją uratowania Węgier z najazdu mongolskiego, dominikanka (OP), mistyczka, stygmatyczka, dziewica i święta Kościoła katolickiego.
Życiorys
Małgorzata w wieku trzech i pół lat została dominikanką w klasztorze św. Katarzyny w Veszprém. W wieku 10 lat zamieszkała w klasztorze dominikanek, który wzniósł jej ojciec na wyspie na Dunaju (dziś Wyspa Małgorzaty w Budapeszcie). Tam też złożyła w wieku 12 lat śluby zakonne na ręce generała dominikanów, Humberta z Romains. Z rąk prymasa Węgier otrzymała też konsekrację dziewic. Kilkakrotnie próbowano ją wydać za mąż, ale zawsze się skutecznie opierała. Czyniła starania o pokój, gdy jej brat Stefan V walczył z ojcem Belą IV. W zakonie dominikanek nie pełniła żadnych funkcji, była szeregową mniszką. Pracowała głównie z chorymi zakonnicami jako infirmerka. Oddawała się także ciężkiej pracy.
Małgorzata była mistyczką i stygmatyczką (jedną z pierwszych kobiet w Kościele). Jej życie upłynęło na ustawicznych modlitwach i wyjątkowo surowych pokutach (posty, upokarzanie się, ciężka praca, posługa zaraźliwie chorym czy biczowania dyscypliną). Jej siostrami były: św. Kinga, bł. Jolenta Helena i Konstancja.
Kult
Już za życia otaczano ją wielką czcią, która spotęgowała się jeszcze po jej śmierci 18 stycznia 1271 r. Beatyfikowana w 1789. W 1943 roku została kanonizowana przez papieża Piusa XII. Jej imieniem nazwana jest słynna wyspa Małgorzaty na Dunaju w Budapeszcie (Węgry). Na wyspie do dziś istnieje źródło św. Małgorzaty, którego woda posiada moc uzdrawiającą. W ikonografii przedstawiana jest jako mniszka, z lilią, czasem z koroną u stóp (odrzuciła bowiem wielu monarchów, starających się o jej rękę, m.in. Karola Andegaweńskiego i Bolesława Pobożnego), w płaszczu pokrytym gwiazdami. Na Wyspie Małgorzaty (w jęz. węgierskim: Margit sziget), w obrębie ruin dawnego klasztoru dominikanek znajduje się jej grób. Napis na marmurowej płycie (80x150 cm) jest dwujęzyczny (tj. sporządzony w jęz. więgierskim i łacińskim). W języku węgierskim jest on następujący: "ÁRPÁDHÁZI SZENT MARGIT/1242-1271/ IV. Béla leányának sírja/ezen a helyen volt a XVI. századig." Natomiast łacińskie brzmienie napisu, to: "Sancta Margarita 1242 – 1271. Hungariae regis Belae IV. filia. Hic jacuit usque ad saeculum XVI" ("Święta Małgorzata 1242-1272. Córka króla Węgier Beli IV. Tu spoczywała aż do XVI w."). Na terenie byłego klasztoru Dominikanek zlokalizowana jest również kapliczka poświęcona św. Małgorzacie. Można tam ujrzeć obraz Świętej, na którym widnieje ubrana w biały habit, piękna młoda kobieta ze złożonymi do modlitwy dłońmi, a od jej głowy rozchodzą się świetliste promienie.
Wspomnienie liturgiczne w Kościele katolickim obchodzone jest 18 stycznia.
Zobacz też
kult świętych
święci i błogosławieni rodziny dominikańskiej
wstawiennictwo świętych
Przypisy
Bibliografia
Vera Schauber, Hanns Michael Schindler; Ilustrowany leksykon świętych, Kielce 2002, s. 458-459
Linki zewnętrzne
Żywot Ś. Małgorzaty Królewny Węgierskiej w Żywotach świętych Piotra Skargi
Arpadowie
Mistycy chrześcijańscy
Stygmatycy
Węgierskie dominikanki
Węgierscy święci katoliccy
Urodzeni w 1242
Zmarli w 1271
Beatyfikowani przez Piusa VI
Kanonizowani przez Piusa XII
Święci poprzez kanonizację równoważną | {
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Microsoft recently announced that it will be moving into the classroom with its line of low priced partner laptops and the release of Windows 10 S. This directly challenges Google Chrome in school settings and highlights the importance of the right software for students. STEM was a highlight of the Microsoft presentation as well, but Microsoft isn't the only company out there making a STEM hardware push into the classroom.
While Microsoft might be the largest tech company allocating resources to STEM, there are many companies with STEM learning as a near-singular focus. One such company is robotics and open source hardware provider DFRobot. DFRobot's Boson Kit (which just launched on Kickstarter this week) is a coding-free set of modular electronic building blocks designed to encourage young minds to innovate and invent.
The focus on software in the classroom has been undeniable, yet hardware is where kids really get the opportunity to get their hands dirty, so to say. Neither is more or less effective than the other and must generally work in tandem to provide the greatest benefit to children. DFRobot CEO Ricky Ye believes that STEM learning with hardware at the center is paramount to students' ability to fully grasp STEM concepts.
"Microsoft and Google are depending on software to help them make an impact in U.S. classrooms," Ye tells me via email. "But even more companies are looking to hardware as the best way to further students' understanding of STEM – fundamentally changing the ways that STEM education is approached in schools and at home."
Aside from the Boson Kit, DFRobot supplies Arduino controllers, Raspberry Pi kits, Development boards, sensors, modules and everything one would need to get hands on with beginner to advanced robotics. There is even Antbo, an affordable, easy to assemble robot that teaches the basics of robotics and allows children to create their own.
This reinforces an idea of the future that puts robotics front and center in the classroom, as STEM education becomes even more crucial to helping future generations manage a future heavily reliant on technology.
"As STEM courses become part of the core curriculum in schools around the world, robots and robotics will begin to serve as the central force of STEM education," continues Ye. "We're seeing robotics set on a course to impact wide-ranging fields such as medicine, military and disaster relief. The impact of robotics is unavoidable, which makes STEM skills both essential and synonymous with the future of work."
With the big tech companies making a push into the classroom in both software and hardware, it's important to remember that there are a wealth of options when it comes to STEM education. DFRobot is just one company preparing children for a robotics heavy future, showing that children need more than cloud-based Minecraft to properly succeed and help drive humanity toward its inevitable technological advancements. Plus, kids really love to play with robots. | {
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Q: Reading local security policy I am trying to read a value from the Local security policies using C#. The value I am trying to read is the Debug Programs under the User Rights Assignment folder.
A: As far as I can tell, these settings don't get stored in registry. You might have some success using the secedit command line tool. cmd /c secedit /export /cfg myfile.inf /areas USER_RIGHTS will generate the inf file which you can then parse to fish out the information you need. Not a very elegant solution, unfortunately, perhaps someone else can offer a better one.
| {
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"Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric characterization of " by Yongquan Lai, Minghua Lu et al.
Bromobenzoquinones (BBQs) represent a class of reactive metabolites of various aromatic contaminants with bromine-containing substituents, including bromobenzene, bromophenols, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Recently, 2,6-dibromobenzoquinone also has been detected directly from drinking water. The alternation of the genome caused by covalent binding of chemicals or their metabolites to DNA provides a viable mechanism for carcinogenicity. In the present study, electrospray ionization coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS), triple quadrupole MS or quadrupole time-of-flight MS was applied for the analysis of DNA adducts formed by BBQs. The study demonstrated 2-monobromobenzoquinone and 2,6-dibromobenzoquinone could covalently bind to deoxyguanosine (dG) and DNA in vitro. The chemical structures of the DNA adducts were confirmed by accurate mass values, collision-induced fragmentation tandem mass spectra as well as isotopic patterns. Generally, the reaction mechanism for the DNA adduction involved Michael addition between the electron-deficient carbon from the quinone and the nucleophilic exocyclic nitrogen from the dG followed by reductive cyclization with loss of a small molecule such as H 2O, or HBrO. It was of particular interest to note that some adducts were generated from the reaction of one dG molecule with two BBQ molecules. The obtained results provided new information for assessing the potential cancer risk associated with bromobenzene, bromophenols, PBDEs and BBQs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | {
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require 'fog/openstack/models/collection'
require 'fog/shared_file_system/openstack/models/share_access_rule'
module Fog
module SharedFileSystem
class OpenStack
class ShareExportLocations < Fog::OpenStack::Collection
model Fog::SharedFileSystem::OpenStack::ShareExportLocation
attr_accessor :share
def all
requires :share
load_response(service.list_share_export_locations(@share.id), 'export_locations')
end
def find_by_id(id)
location_hash = service.get_share_export_location(@share.id,id).body['export_location']
new(location_hash.merge(:service => service))
end
alias get find_by_id
def new(attributes = {})
requires :share
super({:share => @share}.merge!(attributes))
end
end
end
end
end
| {
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Home » Films » Is 'Shazam!' the magic word for the DC cinematic universe?
It's been all doom and gloom in the DC cinematic universe so far, so an injection of fun and humour could be just what the doctor ordered.
Despite making hundreds of millions of dollars at the box office, both Justice League (2017) and Suicide Squad (2016) were largely criticised by cinemagoers, lambasted for being dark, unimaginative and dull, culminating in low Rotten Tomatoes scores.
It seems DC has struggled to bring its much-loved characters successfully to the big screen since director Christopher Nolan hung up the cape and cowl on his Batman movie trilogy in 2012.
So, how does the enigmatic publishing house turn its fortunes around while its decades-long rival Marvel produces hit after hit on the silver screen? One word: Shazam!
as Captain Marvel in the comic books, the seventh instalment in the DC cinematic universe seems to be something of a wildcard.
Forget brooding heroes fighting off an impending apocalypse. This film is bringing some childhood fun into the mix.
Early reviews have suggested the fantasy flick falls somewhere in between Superman and Big. It's a coming-of-age story intertwined with all the bulging muscles, catchphrases and action we associate with superheroes.
While the teenager comes to terms with his astonishing ability to transform and the implications of possessing so much power, his abilities are put to the test as he finds himself the only person who can stop Dr Thaddeus Sivana from harming the human race.
After the critical backlash from Justice League, the pressure was on for director David F Sandberg to offer a glimmer of hope and change the narrative surrounding DC films.
"It's very different from Justice League. It's still the same universe, but just has a very different tone," Sandberg explained in a recent interview with screenrant.com.
about the change of tone that Shazam! will bring to the table.
"It's a fun movie. It's not like a pure comedy, because you still have some pretty dark subjects and some pretty scary monsters. But I like to compare it to '80s movies, like The Goonies, Ghostbusters and Back to the Future.
SOLD. Get us to the cineplex. | {
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This is a guest post I wrote for Jana Schubert back in November - totally forgot to share it here too! I just have to mention that I really love her new site - Love Work Now. If you ever find yourself in the need of a career coach - I know from experience that Jana is your girl!
Have you ever done anything truly impulsive? Something big, like ordered plane tickets, quit your job or decided to move countries?
I'm willing to bet you probably haven't.
I'm here to tell you it's the most incredibly liberating, exciting and totally crazy thing to do ever. (surprise!) And for me, it's my most fail-proof approach at making dreams come true.
Now, don't go and do something stupid. Let me tell you the whole story first.
I'm a very responsible person. I honor my commitments, I pay my bills and my credit cards, I show up for work and I (usually) don't call in sick. In most cases, think through every choice, every change, every decision very closely. I weigh the pro's and con's. Ask for advice. This is all very good when you're making regular decisions in your daily life.
When it comes to following dreams, however, this is absolutely not the way you want to go. Because you already know what you want to do. You already know where your heart is. You may think you, don't but you do. If your mind is telling you otherwise, it's probably out of fear.
Let's say you want to move abroad. There may be a thousand reasons why you shouldn't do it. Now isn't the best time, you don't have the money, you don't know anyone there, you probably won't get a job... And still you want to do it, which means that underneath all the fear you have a dream. You can think this through for years, keep asking other people for advice, keep dreaming. But this approach probably won't get you anywhere.
Most of the dreams I've fulfilled are the results of moments of temporary insanity. Like when I ordered tickets for a 9 week long backpacking trip and maxed out my credit card in the process. 6 months later, I was drinking fresh coconut milk on a beach in Malaysia. Because when you take the first step, the rest will always work itself out.
When I moved to London and took a gap year from my law studies to study photography, I made the decision in May. Sent in the application on a whim, got accepted, and moved within 4 months of the initial, impulsive decision. It probably wasn't the smartest thing to do. And If I had thought it through, I might have stayed at home. And yet, here I am now, so so so happy I lived my dream and studied abroad for a year!
• If you have a dream you want to follow, ignore all the good reasons, all the advice, all the questioning, and just take the first step. Start with identifying the first step and then just take it.
• Take safe, baby steps in the beginning. Take a few steps while still keeping your options open. For example, when I sent the application for photography in London, I didn't commit to any changes right away.
• Practice by being more impulsive in your daily life: feel like drinking champagne for breakfast? Do it. Feel like eating out on a decadent restaurant? Do it. Feel like taking a day off? Do it!
• Apply the impulsive approach to all creative work. Whenever you get an idea - jump on it right away and finish it as soon as you can. Otherwise, most great ideas tend to end up in the «I'll do it someday»-folder, and you'll give yourself too much time to reject the idea.
• If you're not ready to commit fully to living your dream, consider to do it as an experiment, and do it now! For example, can you take 1-6 months of unpaid leave from work and experiment with being an entrepreneur? Can you take a semester off your studies to work in your dream job? Can you experiment with being location-independent by bringing your work when you're going on holiday? The key point is to make it into something you can set in motion sooner rather than later.
What is the most impulsive dream you have put into action? | {
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The Joke Is On You
Niki Watkins
iParty with Victorious
How Trina Got In
The Bad Roommate
"5 Fingaz to the Face" Next
"I Think You're Swell"
"The Joke Is On You" is a song by American singer-songwriter Niki Watkins. It has been played four times total, but is mostly just used as background music. This song has been used in Wok Star, iParty with Victorious, Tori & Jade's Play Date, How Trina Got In, and The Bad Roommate. It is usually, unless used as background music, sung by Trina; like when she auditions for Hollywood Arts or when she is singing along to it on her PearPad.
We can't stop, you know we'll never give it up
People talk but we just don't care
In this life you know you gotta live it up
So everybody put your hands in the air
(Repeat 2x):
It's an all night party that we're getting into
If you think it's all over then the joke is on you
It's a dream, It's a scene, and it's all brand new
If you think you can stop it then the joke is on you
We did it, we did it again (Ah, oh) | {
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This Spanish-style estate was originally designed by Paul Williams in 1931 and extensively remodeled and expanded in 2007. With approximately 1.8 acres of usable land, the house has an open floor plan surrounding the beautiful courtyard fountain and outdoor fireplace. Each room is authentically detailed with exquisite craftsmanship, creating a romantic, timeless feeling throughout. The downstairs master suite has its own private patio garden and a separate guest suite, also downstairs, has its own outside entry. Upstairs are six additional bedrooms plus a family room. For all exercise needs there is a gym, massage room, and off the pool house with its separate BBQ patio area, a tennis court which overlooks a stream and path to a secret tea house. In addition to a majestic living room, there is a two story family room, a state-of-the-art Chef"s kitchen, theater room, library, billiards room, and wine cellar. Two separate motor courts round out this exceptional offering. | {
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This story was gathered from David Snyder's visit to Kenya. David reports on CDC programs in action for the CDC Foundation.
Asman Sawo and his wife Miriam sit in the small front room of their home, bathed in mid-morning light from the open front door. While the breeze eases the gathering heat, Sawo knows open doors in the Nyanza Province of Kenya can literally be killers. In Africa, where a child dies from malaria every 45 seconds, a bed net can mean the difference between life and death.
Burdened with one of the highest malaria infection rates in Kenya, most families in Kenya's Nyanza Province live with mosquitoes, and the malaria they spread, as a fact of life. In fact, locals often treat the deadly parasite as little more than a nuisance. But malaria is anything but a simple inconvenience. Worldwide, more than 1 million people die every year from malaria, 90 percent of them in sub-Saharan Africa.
So when CDC staff came to Sawo's village of Usoma to distribute bed nets and mosquito curtains as part of a malaria study, he was eager to participate. Through the study, more than 1,700 people in Usoma now have bed nets and curtains over the open eaves beneath their roofs. The government of Kenya is also distributing bed nets in this mosquito-dense area on the shores of Lake Victoria. With six grown children and seven grandchildren, Sawo says the impact of the bed nets and curtains has been dramatic.
In addition to health risks, malaria can also cause serious financial hardship. Time lost from work due to illness impacts not only the affected individual, but entire families and communities.
Though CDC teams and government officials continue to distribute nets, Sawo worries about other families whose nets have become torn with age. As a village leader, he feels responsible for the health of his fellow villagers.
Bed nets have been shown to greatly reduce malaria morbidity and mortality, especially in children under 2. A study of bed net usage in western Kenya reports a 25 percent reduction in death among children. Numerous individuals, schools and youth groups have helped CDC purchase $5 bed nets through the CDC Foundation's Bed Nets for Children Program.
Terri Heyns, MA, is the associate vice president for communications for the CDC Foundation. | {
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212-751-5176 [email protected]
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Sealy the Inwood Seal
by Bashore Halow | Aug 12, 2019 | All | 0 comments
This is the second year in a row that a young male seal has been spotted swimming, feeding, and sunbathing in Inwood. Locals are smitten with his swimming antics and his adorable face and eyes.
Seal Living In Inwood Since 2018
The seal was first espied in June of 2018 and has been photographed and videotaped fairly regularly after that. Most recently the Gothamist shared a video of him in their headline feed.
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The Bronx's Muscota Marsh is Home To Sealy
At sunset, many residents of Inwood line the banks of the restored wetlands, Muscota Marsh, a brackish inlet off the Hudson that was restored by Columbia University in exchange for building rights for its sports center. According to the NY Times,
"Called Muscota Marsh, the park was built by Columbia University, in collaboration with the parks department, on an acre of land on the Harlem River near the university's Baker Field. Columbia agreed to create the park as part of the deal to build its new Campbell Sports Center, which opened nearby." NY Times, January 20th, 2014
Muscota Marsh is just south of historic and beautiful Wave Hill, another vantage point from which you can sometimes see Sealy. The park's waterway is unusual in that it is both a salt water marsh and fresh water wetlands.
Sealy, The Inwood Seal, Was Previously Rescued
Seals are protected under Federal law, so no one is permitted to get within 150 feet of one unless it is sick or injured, but enough photographs of Sealy have been taken to identify the he wears a tag on his hind fin indicating that he was rescued and rehabilitated once in his life. The tag is from the Mystic Aquarium in Connecticut, but we could not find out more about what his previous illness or injuries were.
You Can Also View Seals At Orchard Beach, The Bronx
A much better place to seal-watch is Orchard Beach on the east side of the Bronx about 4 miles north of the mouth of the East River. Orchard Beach is the Bronx's only oceanside park. It was built in the 1930s by Robert Moses and comprises 117 acres. Seals have been spotted at Orchard Beach at all times of the year.
The Pelham Bay Park Center sometimes has free seal watching excursions led by an Urban Parks Ranger. Use the link to open a new tab and see if one is scheduled. They typically occur in late winter/early spring.
Seal Watching In Brooklyn, Staten Island and Long Island
In addition to the Bronx, seals have been known to visit Brooklyn, Staten Island and Long Island. For more on where you can view seals in NYC, use the link provided.
#InwoodSeal paying tribute to the late, great #BurtReynolds pic.twitter.com/Zd1qOaFTzO
— Azi™ (@Azi) September 7, 2018
Seals and Dogs Share a Common Ancestor
Seals are classed in a suborder of Carnivora called Caniformia, which means dog like. Dogs, bears, skunks, raccoons, and pandas are all classed in this suborder. Seals, for their part, are grouped as a clade within Caniformia called the Pinnipeds. The clade is split into three families, seals without ear flaps (Family Phocidae), seals with ear flaps (Family Otariidae), and the walrus (Family Odobenidae). Sealy is a seal without ear flaps and is in Family Phocidae.
According to the New York Marine Rescue Center, New York's only marine mammal and sea turtle rehab facility, there are five kinds of pinnepeds that call NY waterways their home: grey seals, harp seals, harbor seals, ringed seals, and hooded seals.
Sealy is a harbor seal. It should be noted that he is not sick or in need of rehabilitation at this time. It is not uncommon for seals to sometimes be solitary in the wild. According to wildlife officials, Sealy appears to be well fed and has likely taken up residence in Inwood because he has found a good source of food, in this case, fresh fish, possibly herring.
Sealy May Be A Sign That NYC Waterway Quality Has Improved
According to an article published on AM NY, a NYC park ranger, Leanna Rodriguez, is quote as saying:
"I would consider the seal almost as a bioindicator, meaning that it's an organism that is representing the health of local waters. It means that healthy fish are moving through and they're thriving."
How Did Sealy the Seal Get His Name?
Despite my best efforts, I couldn't find out who's to blame for this young male's unimaginative name. Sealy the seal? That's the best you got? Yet, it appears to be a popular moniker. Seals sighted in Halifax and in Myrtle Beach have also been referred to as Sealy, but it is unlikely that all three are one in the same. If anyone out there knows the origins of 'Sealy' will you share it in the comments section?
New Yorkers can be quite creative when it comes to names. "Over the past month, other Inwood residents have spotted the seal. Some have apparently named it "Sealy." #sealytheseal https://t.co/atnzqQemKu
— Greg Jacob (@gregjacob01) August 20, 2018
Help Protect NYC Wildlife
As a reminder, Sealy is protected under Federal law. You may not come within 150 of Sealy, harass, or feed him. Please enjoy this marvel, but responsibly and respectfully.
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© 2017 East Side Animal Hospital All Rights Reserved. | {
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Princess Grace Kelly: A Royal Sweetheart
When I first saw Grace Kelly, beautiful and poised in the pages of a commemorative edition of LIFE Magazine, I was instantly hooked. I wanted to know everything about her; how she went from Hollywood princess to actual princess, and how she could make such a smooth transition. That is where it began, and it hasn't stopped since. I spent years reading biographies and watching documentaries on Grace, learning about how the shy young girl transformed into a supremely confident young woman, and started to see aspects of myself in her. I, too, was an incredibly shy girl who slowly became more confident as the years went on. Others see Grace Kelly as the ultimate example of a classy woman in a bygone era, but I beg to differ that Grace was very modern. Her modernity is what keeps her in the lexicon of pop culture today. Her sense of style, the way she carried herself, and her tranquility are examples to numerous celebrities today.
As an actress, I believe that Grace is underrated. She is unfairly viewed as a one-trick pony, only capable of playing Hitchcock blonde types that wear pretty clothes and have little substance below the surface. She was, and continues to be, viewed as cold both onscreen and off. The one time that she did get the chance to prove herself as a leading dramatic actress in The Country Girl is shrouded in controversy. Her Academy Award win for Best Actress at the 1955 Academy Awards continues to be a source of contention among film historians and fans alike, with many believing that Judy Garland should have won instead for her iconic role in the 1954 remake of A Star is Born. Despite the controversy, Grace was proud of the role, later telling biographer Donald Spoto, "…it was my chance to be more than a supporting character for the leading man. I had always worn beautiful clothes, or beautiful gowns or lingerie, or there were dramatic and colorful backgrounds. This was something completely different, and I worked very hard on it." Although her time as an actress was rather short – she only made eleven films – she is still cited as one of the most influential film stars in American cinematic history. She was hailed as the actress who brought about a change from the run of the sex symbols who ruled Hollywood at the time. In June 1999, The American Film Institute ranked her number thirteen on their list of top female stars of American cinema, ahead of other popular female actress like Shirley Temple, Vivien Leigh and Rita Hayworth.
Her time as Princess of Monaco served to forever mark her role as the "Hollywood Princess," and an icon of elegance and style. Her Serene Highness's humanitarian work during this time showed a different side, a woman concerned with the wellbeing of children around the world and the arts. She founded AMADE Mondiale, a Monaco-based non-profit that promotes and protects the moral, physical, and spiritual integrity of children everywhere. She was active in improving the arts institutions in Monaco, later forming the Princess Grace Foundation in 1964 to help support local artisans. When asked how she would like to be remembered, Grace responded: "I would like to be remembered as someone who accomplished useful deeds, and who was a kind and loving person. I would like to leave the memory of a human being with a correct attitude and who did her best to help others." I only wish that Grace could be here today to see the impact that she left on her country and abroad.
Article by Adanna Newby owner of Always Grace Kelly Instagram Page - Illustration by Madhav Sankar R Warrier
American Actress Culture Grace Kelly Monaco Royalty Princess Grace Princess Grace of Monaco غريس كيلي | {
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I can't believe it, but I've now been working as an OT for TWENTY YEARS. Yikes! In complete honesty, even though I did a better than average job in my first several years as a therapist, I was an emotional wreck on the inside. I was never satisfied, no matter how many people I helped, money I made, vacations I took, etc.
Please enjoy this little video for a little inspiration and guidance on how you can begin to discover a greater sense of personal and professional satisfaction.
The book is powerful, but it's really in the ongoing processing/discussing of how all the pieces fit together where the magic really happens. I'm in the process of creating something for this purpose. I am launching a new FREE online support community for healthcare professionals and will be getting the ball rolling with a webinar series called "The 6 Keys to Compassion & Well-Being." Please visit www.JoinZenCare.com for more information.
Dan Eisner, OTR/L, Certified Coach specializes in Mindfulness & Emotional Intelligence Development, and how these skills can improve both personal and professional outcomes. He is the author of The Clinical Success Formula, a practical, evidenced based guide designed to empower the reader and the service they provide. The newly released book has already become required reading in top OT programs including Tufts and Washington University. Dan speaks regularly at universities and healthcare conferences, and has received rave reviews around the topic of How to Support Yourself While Caring for Others. He also works as a Psychiatric OT at the University of MD Medical Center, and works with private clients at Dan Eisner Consulting. | {
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The Piscataqua River forms Newington�s eastern border with Maine. The Newington shoreline is heavily developed, with numerous industrial facilities in the Pease International Trade Port.
Peverly Brook flows out of a small forested area west of the landing strip at the former Pease Air Force Base. The brook is tidally influenced and its water is brackish. Peverly Brook flows through the Great Bay National Wildlife Refuge and flows into Great Bay.
Great Bay is a tidally influenced inlet that forms Newington�s western border. The water in the bay is brackish. Its shoreline is comprised of forest in the National Wildlife Refuge, and dozens of homes along Little Bay Road.
# Accts Serv: 797 pop.
Situated in New Hampshire's Seacoast Region, sixty miles northeast of Boston, Newington is bordered on three sides by the Piscataqua River and the Great Bay Estuary. Newington's relatively small land area of 8.5 square miles includes the 4-square miles of the former Pease Air Force Base that now includes commercial and light industry, educational facilities and the airport itself. Outside of Pease there are the largest deep water port in the state, over 3 million barrels of bulk storage facilities for oil, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas, asphalt, and other materials.
With its strategic proximity to limited access highways, Newington's commercial district is New Hampshire's third largest retail market. Newington's daytime population of shoppers and workers typically exceeds 30,000 and the town's overnight residential population is 900.
Newington's residential district features many historic homes, open fields, and sweeping vistas of Little Bay and Great Bay. Despite the town's small land area, Newington has more publicly owned conservation land than any other municipality in southeast New Hampshire. Protected tracts include the 120 acre Fox Point on Little Bay, and the 1,100-acre Great Bay National Wildlife Refuge which stretches 6 miles along the Great Bay Estuary.
Newington�s population actually decreased during the 1990�s, due mostly to the closing of the Pease Airforce Base. While the population is slowly growing now, the biggest pressures of development will likely come from increased commercial development.
This town was first named Bloody Point, in memory of a victory by the early colonists over an attacking band of Indians in the late 1600's. Early in the 1700's, it was renamed Newington Parish. Newington is surrounded on three sides by the Piscataqua River and Great Bay, and is home to the Pease International Trade Port, formerly Pease Air Force Base, and the NH Air National Guard. | {
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Premiere movies and series to watch this weekend on Netflix, Amazon, Disney + and more; El Cid season 2
MRT· July 16, 2021
After a last weekend marked by appointments of major football events, this weekend seems much calmer in this regard. Quiet even in the rhythm of premieres of the main VOD platforms, although there are still interesting things.
We are going to review the best Netflix premiere movies and series, Amazon, HBO Y Disney+ to watch this weekend:
And Netflix
On Netflix, the closing with the latest installment of Teen slasher trilogy The Street of Terror, which despite adapting a series of books by the juvenile author RL Stine -Pesadillas-, there are three films with the R for those over 18 years old due to their gore content. The best thing is that the three films have the same protagonists and setting, but each one changes the year, with this last installment being set at the height of the witch-burning in the most puritanical North America, in 1666. A triptych and a premiere rhythm -a movie per week- which has become one of the most pleasant surprises of the cinephile summer.
And also Ali & Queen QueensIndonesian comedy in which after the death of his father, a teenager leaves for New York in search of his estranged mother and soon finds love and connection in unexpected places. And the drawings of Johnny Test and his genetically modified dog.
In Movistar +
At Movistar + we only have one premiere for this weekend, and just today, Friday the 16th. Dreams of a writer in New York, with a cast that includes Sigourney Weaver and young Margaret Qualley star in this film based on the autobiography of the journalist and writer Joanna Rakoff "My Year with Salinger", in which she narrates her time at the literary agency with which JD Salinger, the mythical and eccentric author of "The Catcher in the Rye, worked ".
On Amazon Prime Video
The main course this weekend is Prime Video: After less than a year between one and another, we already have here the second season of El Cid, Prime Video's Spanish epic fiction in blockbuster format that according to its trailer seeks that Game of Thrones tone, but with the quintessential Spanish hero, in a series starring Jamie Lorente, who comes from the ultra-popular La Casa de Papel and Elite. This season, palace intrigues and fraternal rivalry will increase in pursuit of the Kingdom's throne after the death of King Ferdinand.
And the reality show Making the Cut, in which the (still supermodel) Heidi Klum and Tim Gunn, accompanied by another top model such as Winnie Harlow and Moschino's creative director, Jeremy Scott, will team up in search of the best international fashion designer.
On HBO Spain
If you like Spanish rom-coms, you have the fourth season of There Abajo, in which a young man who lives in the North with his traditional and controlling mother. Everything changes for Iñaki when suddenly, he is forced to accompany his mother on a Third Age trip to the South. After an accident, the mother falls into a coma and must remain in a hospital far from her homeland, where people are very different, especially Carmen, a jovial nurse who will make the boy from the North fall in love. Iñaki will have to take control of his life and, accompanied by a group of unique characters, will face his involuntary banishment.
And the 2011 version of the immortal drama Jane Eyre by Charlote Bronte, with some great Michael Fassbender and Mia Wasikowska in a version of the director Cary Joji Fukunaga very very careful on a visual level.
On Disney+
After a last weekend with a megaton like Black Widow, this weekend things are calmer at Disney +, with the only premiere of Rise of the Planet of the Apes, the first part of the stupendous trilogy that tells us how the Earth was taken over by the apes, in a canonical prequel to the iconic Charlton Heston saga. A film that the Academy did not dare to nominate for the Oscar for best actor to Andy Serkiss, who makes a brutal interpretation in MoCap of the ape who led the revolution – all his gestures being his, with the CGI used to simply 'dress' him as a monkey .
And Filmin
In Filmin we have the teenage story 'coming of age' with a curious title: Death of Nintendo -with a star cameo from a FamiCom and everything.
Death of Nintendo
Between the most hooligan and irreverent coming of age and a tender summer romance, the Filipino Raya Martin draws this picturesque fresco about a group of precocious children who obtained excellent recognition in the Generation KPlus section of the Berlin Film Festival. A summer of 1990 in Manila, with surprise appearances of consoles like Nintendo's FamiCom.
A "mind game film" about time travel starring Dylan O'Brien, who little by little unravels a hidden mystery about a missing girl, a drug called Mercury and a terrifying creature.
amazon prime videoCinema distributionCommunicationCommunication meansCommunicationsCompaniesDigital platformsDisney+economyHBOInternetIP televisionMoreMovistar +NetflixOf the moviePay per viewTelecommunicationsTelefónicaTelevision channelsThe film industryTVwho | {
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