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17995979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbert%20Das | Wilbert Das | Wilbert Das (born 2 December 1963) is a Dutch fashion designer.
Biography
Wilbert Das spent his formative years working on his parents dairy farm in the small village of Riethoven in the southern Netherlands. At age 19, he left Riethoven to study fashion design at the Academy of Fine Arts in Arnhem, where he received his diploma in 1988. Das was intrigued by the revolution that was taking place in Italian fashion; after graduating from Arnhem, Das travelled to Italy for an interview with clothing manufacturer Renzo Rosso, the owner of the fashion brand Diesel. Das was offered a job on the spot. In fact, he started working at Diesel that day in the role of assistant male designer on the Male, Accessories, Leather and Kids lines; he was soon directing the style office. In 1993, Das was recognized with the title of Creative Director.
Collection Design
During Das' early years with Diesel, the company became most famous for its denim collections. Throughout this time, Diesel used many techniques to age jeans and give them a more vintage feel; this included experimenting with dyes, destruction, movement of pockets, reshaping and introduction of curves.
In subsequent years, and under Das's creative direction, Diesel introduced collections of footwear, eyewear (Diesel Shades), jewellery (Diesel Jewellery), and watches (Diesel Timeframes).
Communications & Advertising
As well as being responsible for the development of all Diesel's fashion and accessories collection, in his role as Creative Director, Das also oversaw the creative aspects of every Diesel campaign from the time the company began advertising until 2009. The influence of Diesel's communications campaigns, published under the umbrella label “For Successful Living”, have won Diesel and Das the Grand Prix, Gold, and ‘Advertiser of the Year’ awards at the International Festival of Advertising at Cannes.
References
Related content
www.nypost.com NY Post
www.creativereview.co.uk Creative Review
www.washingtonpost.com Washing Post
www.stylefinder.com Style Finder
www.coolhunting.com Cool Hunting
www.vogue.co.uk Vogue
www.elleuk.com Elle
www.zimbio.com Zimbio
www.fashionwindows.com Fashion Windows
www.harpersbazaar.com Harpers Bazaar
www.finnexpo.fi Finnexpo
dieselfreak.blogspot.com Diesel Freak
www.drapersonline.com Drapers Online
stylelist.out.com Style LIst
1963 births
Living people
Dutch fashion designers
People from Bergeijk |
17996000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut%20IB%20Academy | Connecticut IB Academy | Connecticut IB Academy (CIBA) is an interdistrict magnet school located in East Hartford, Connecticut. It is next door to East Hartford High School; the two are connected by a bridge.
The Connecticut IB Academy is an International Baccalaureate World School, offering the Diploma Programme in Grades 11 and 12 and the Middle Years Programme in grades 9 and 10. The school is located on the campus of East Hartford High School and the two schools share the same bell schedule, allowing students to take classes in either building. CIBA students also participate in all athletics, band orchestra and drama programs at East Hartford High School. CIBA's current principal is Michelle Marion.
CIBA is part of the East Hartford Public School system and is under the jurisdiction of Mr. Tom Anderson, Superintendent of East Hartford Public Schools.
CIBA is a distinguished Blue Ribbon School, ranked among the best in America by the U.S. Department of Education. In 2009, CIBA was recognized by Magnet Schools of America as "the top secondary magnet school in the country." As of 2024, it is ranked #1 in Connecticut by U.S. News & World Report.
References
External links
Schools in Hartford County, Connecticut
Public high schools in Connecticut
Buildings and structures in East Hartford, Connecticut
Magnet schools in Connecticut |
17996008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.%20Anbazhagan | K. Anbazhagan | Kalyanasundaram Anbazhagan (19 December 1922 – 7 March 2020) was an Indian politician. He was a long-standing leader of the Dravidian movement and was the General Secretary of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party (DMK) for nine terms. He has held several cabinet ministerial portfolios in the Tamil Nadu government under M. Karunanidhi including Finance, Education and Health and Social Welfare. He was elected as a member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly on nine occasions. He was earlier elected to the Lok Sabha the lower house of India's Parliament from Tiruchengode and was also a member of the Madras Legislative Council. He served as the opposition leader of Tamil Nadu assembly from 2001 to 2006. He was popularly referred to as Perasiriyar (Professor) as he was a lecturer in Tamil in Pachaiyappa's College before resigning to contest elections in 1957.
Early life
Anbazhagan was born in Kattoor near Thiruvarur in Tanjore district (now Thiruvarur District) of Madras Presidency, British India on 19 December 1922 to M. Kalyanasundaranar and Swarnambal as Ramaiah. He changed his name to Anbazhagan and being influenced by the Pure Tamil Movement led by Tamil scholar Maraimalai Adigal. In 1942, he addressed a Justice Party meeting in Thiruvarur as a student after being requested by C. N. Annadurai and came into contact with M. Karunanidhi for the first time. He received his Master of Arts in Tamil from Annamalai University and joined Pachaiyappa's College as a lecturer in Tamil in 1944.
Political career
Anbazhagan resigned as a Lecturer at Pachaiyappa's College to contest elections and was elected from Egmore to the Madras Legislative Assembly in 1957. He was a member of the Madras legislative council between 1962–1967 and a close confidant of the DMK founder C. N. Annadurai. He was a member of Lok Sabha between 1967 and 1971. In 1971, he served as Social Welfare minister of Tamil Nadu. He had given up his M.L.A. position, representing Park Town constituency, in 1984 putting forward the Tamil Eelam issue. He was elected from Harbour constituency in 1996, 2001 and 2006. He served as the opposition leader of Tamil Nadu assembly from 2001 to 2006.
Personal life and death
Anbazhagan lived with his wife Santhakumari in Shanthi Colony, Anna Nagar, Chennai.
In his later years, Anbazhagan was in poor health, which minimized his political activities and public appearances, with the last one being on his 97th birthday on 19 December 2019.
On 24 February 2020, his health deteriorated and became "extremely critical and unstable", and he was admitted at Apollo Hospital in Chennai for treatment. He died there at 1:05 IST on 7 March 2020 due to complications of diabetes mellitus. The DMK declared a seven-day mourning after his death.
His grandson A. Vetriazhagan is the current MLA from Villivakkam constituency.
Literary works
Anbazhagan has sound knowledge of Tamil poetry. Some of his published works include:
Urimai vaazhvu
Viduthalaik kavignar
Pesum kalai valarpom
Thamizh kadal
Alai osai
Thamizhar thirumanamum inamaanamum
Elections Contested
Tamil Nadu Legislative Council Elections Contested
Lok Sabha Elections Contested
Tamilnadu State Legislative Assembly Elections Contested
References
External links
Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
1922 births
Dravidian movement
Indian atheists
2020 deaths
State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu
People from Tiruvarur district
India MPs 1967–1970
Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu
Annamalai University alumni
Leaders of the Opposition in Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001
Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Madras MLAs 1957–1962
Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989
Health ministers of Tamil Nadu |
17996021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Suomenlinna | Battle of Suomenlinna | The Battle of Suomenlinna (also known as the Battle of Viapori or the Bombardment of Sweaborg) was fought on 9–11 August 1855 between Russian defenders and a joint British/French fleet during the Åland War. It was a part of the Crimean War.
Background
Constructed during the Swedish rule of Finland in the 18th century, the fortress of Viapori (:sv:Sveaborg, renamed in Finnish in 1918 as :fi:Suomenlinna) was the main defensive installation in the Grand Duchy of Finland. After the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland was moved from Turku to Helsinki in 1812 the value of Viapori only increased. However, by the Crimean War the artillery of the fortress had already become obsolete. After the engagements of 1854 Russians (and Finns) expected an attack on Viapori in 1855. The small skirmishes that had been fought along the coast between Russian and British/French forces in the early summer of 1855 only worsened the fear while bulk of the Russian fleet had become isolated and surrounded in the port and fortress of Kronstadt off Saint Petersburg.
Battle
British and French naval forces consisting of 77 ships arrayed for the long-expected battle on 6 August 1855. They formed into a battle line more than 3 km off shore beyond the range of the defenders' obsolete artillery. Three days later the bombardment commenced. It continued for 47–48 hours, with 18,500 rounds fired. All the while, the attacker sat beyond the range of the defenders' guns. The British and French bombarded only the fortress of Viapori and avoided firing at the town of Helsinki directly. While the bombardment caused damage to the structures above ground, including to several gunpowder magazines which exploded, the bulk of the defending forces survived unscathed with their weaponry intact, leading to a stalemate with the attackers guns being unable to defeat the defender and defenders guns being unable to reach the attacker. Once the guns had become silenced, the ships remained in the same offshore position, leading to growing fears of a landing. However British and French forces landed troops neither at Viapori nor Helsinki, and eventually withdrew.
Citations
References
Naval battles involving Finland
Suomenlinna
Naval battles of the Crimean War
1855 in Europe
Conflicts in 1855
August 1855
Military history of Helsinki
Naval battles involving France
Naval battles involving the United Kingdom
Naval bombing operations and battles |
17996025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke%20of%20Sessa | Duke of Sessa | Duke of Sessa is a Spanish noble title awarded to Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba by Ferdinand II in 1507.
It was the fifth ducal title bestowed on Gonzalo, after the ducal titles of Santángelo (1497), Terranova (1502), Andría (1507) and Montalto (1507).
Its territorial designation refers to Sessa Aurunca, at the time in the Kingdom of Naples.
The title is one of the numerous duchies created by the Catholic Monarchs and never represented any territorial claim.
With the loss of the Kingdom of Naples in 1806, the designation has ceased to be located in Spanish-controlled territory. The 15th duke, Vicente Pío Osorio de Moscoso y Ponce de León (1801–1864), held a total of 109 titles of nobility, among them fourteen ducal titles, and is known as the most titled individual in the history of Spain.
Like all Spanish titles, it used to descend according to male-preference cognatic primogeniture. Therefore, it was held by several women (i.e. the 2nd, 4th, 11th and 19th holders of the title).
The surname of Fernández de Córdoba was retained by the 3rd duke and his sister, the 4th duchess, due being the offspring of a cousin marriage.
The 5th duke, Antonio Fernández de Córdoba y Cardona was the son of Beatriz de Figueroa, a daughter of the second duchess, Elvira Fernández de Córdoba y Manrique.
Beatriz de Figueroa would regularly have had the surname Fernández de Córdoba, but she preferred de Figueroa in honour of her maternal grandmother, but her son as the 5th duke nevertheless continued the regular surname of Fernández de Córdoba. The 12th duke had the surname Osorio de Moscoso from his father, Ventura Osorio de Moscoso y Guzmán Dávila y Aragón (1707–1734 himself the 6th duke of Sanlúcar la Mayor), and the 20th and 21st dukes (since 1955) have the surname Barón, after Leopoldo Barón y Torres (1890–1952), the 21st duke of Maqueda.
References
Juan Miguel Soler Salcedo, Nobleza española, Editorial Visión Libros (2008), p. 103, p. 142, p. 183, note cxxxviii (p. 512).
See also
List of dukes in the peerage of Spain
Grandee of Spain
Dukedoms of Spain
Lists of dukes |
17996033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapagua | Chapagua | Chapagua is a Honduran village of more than 700 inhabitants, located the banks of the Chapagua River in the department of Colón. The village is roughly halfway between Trujillo and Tocoa as one travels along the main highway. To reach Chapagua, one exits the highway at Aguas Amarillas and travels east along the pea gravel road for about four miles. The village consists of a grade school, a soccer field, two churches, several pulperias (micro stores), and scores of residences.
Chapagua is one of the least violent communities in Honduras, at the municipal level it is a very quiet community where there is no danger to its inhabitants, it is currently a community where it is stamped by the river Aguan that currently passes through the river Chapagua , besides the government of the republic of Honduras has forgotten to help this community, where the river year after year is eating it.
History
Chapagua was a Nahuatl settlement during the pre-Columbian period and was home to a community of English-speaking Blacks in the nineteenth century. Hurricane Mitch devastated the community in 1998, washing away the adobe and thatch houses and killing virtually all the livestock. The houses have since been rebuilt with concrete. Dozens of Chapaguenses migrated to the United States in the aftermath of Mitch. Many of the remaining residents are cattle ranchers and farmers.
Chapagua is one of the oldest communities in the entire municipality of Trujillo and the entire department of Colon. Even before the Spaniards arrived, it already existed as an indigenous community.
External links
(recovery after Mitch).
Populated places in Honduras |
17996055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Ricotti | Frank Ricotti | Frank E. Ricotti (born 31 January 1949) is an English jazz vibraphonist and percussionist.
Early life and education
Frank E. Ricotti was born in St Pancras, London, England; his father was a drummer. Bill Ashton, founder of the National Youth Jazz Orchestra (NYJO), was an early mentor. As a teenager, Ricotti played vibraphone and learned composition and arranging in the NYJO, and later attended Trinity College of Music between 1967 and 1970.
Career
Ricotti worked with Neil Ardley (1968–71), Dave Gelly, Graham Collier, Mike Gibbs (1969–72), Stan Tracey (1970), Harry Beckett (1970–72), Norma Winstone (1971), Gordon Beck (1973–74), and Hans Zimmer.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Ricotti led his own jazz quartet. A line-up of the band featuring the guitarist Chris Spedding, bassist Chris Laurence and drummer Bryan Spring recorded the album Our Point of View, released in July 1969. In 1971, in partnership with bassist Mike de Albuquerque, he released the album First Wind, as Ricotti and Albuquerque.
In the 1980s he played with Chris Laurence and John Taylor in the group Paragonne, and played with Beck again in 1984. After this he worked primarily as a studio musician.
Ricotti has recorded with artists such as Status Quo, Freddie Mercury, Pet Shop Boys, Swing Out Sister, Art of Noise, The Style Council, Belle and Sebastian, Clannad, Barclay James Harvest, Meat Loaf, Elkie Brooks, Rick Wakeman, Oasis, Tina Turner, Aztec Camera, Thomas Anders, Alphaville, and Mark Knopfler.
Between 1984 and 1987, Ricotti wrote the soundtrack music for Yorkshire Television's The Beiderbecke Trilogy, in the style of Bix Beiderbecke. The music was performed by his band, the Frank Ricotti All Stars, and featured Kenny Baker on cornet. A soundtrack album was released in 1988. Later, in June 1993, it peaked at No. 73 in the UK Albums Chart. Ricotti and his band made a cameo appearance in the final series, playing in a jazz club.
In 2007 Ricotti played vibes on Mark Knopfler's album, Kill to Get Crimson.
Discography
As leader
Our Point of View (CBS Realm Jazz: 52668, 1969)
First Wind (Ricotti & Albuquerque), with Mike de Albuquerque, (Pegasus: PEG 2, 1971)
As sideman
With Alphaville
Afternoons in Utopia (Atlantic, 1986)
With Thomas Anders
Different (Teldec, 1989)
With Aztec Camera
Knife (Sire, 1984)
With Madeline Bell
This is One Girl (Pyre Records, 1976)
Madeline (Four Corners, 1993)
With Blood, Sweat & Tears
No Sweat (Columbia, 1973)
With Bloodstone
Unreal (London, 1973)
I Need Time (London, 1974)
With Dee Dee Bridgewater
Dear Ella (Verve, 1997)
With Elkie Brooks
Pearls II (A&M Records, 1982)
With Emma Bunton
Free Me (19, 2004)
With Paul Carrack
One Good Reason (Chrysalis Records, 1987)
Blue Views (I.R.S. Records, 1995)
These Days (Carrack UK, 2018)
With Mary Chapin Carpenter
Songs from the Movie (Zoe, 2014)
With Tina Charles
Heart 'n' Soul (CBS, 1977)
With Charlotte Church
Enchantment (Columbia Records, 2001)
With Climie Fisher
Everything (EMI, 1988)
With Rosemary Clooney
Nice to be Around (United Artists Records, 1977)
With Stephen Dale Petit
The Crave (English Records, 2011)
With Roger Daltrey
McVicar (Polydor Records, 1980)
With Kiki Dee
Perfect Timing (RCA Victor, 1981)
With Terence Trent D'Arby
Introducing the Hardline According to Terence Trent D'Arby (Columbia Records, 1987)
With Sheena Easton
Take My Time (EMI, 1981)
You Could Have Been with Me (EMI, 1981)
Madness, Money & Music (EMI, 1982)
With Everything but the Girl
Baby, the Stars Shine Bright (Blanco y Negro, 1986)
With Bryan Ferry
As Time Goes By (Virgin Records, 1999)
Frantic (Virgin Records, 2002)
Dylanesque (Virgin Records, 2007)
Olympia (Virgin Records, 2010)
The Jazz Age (BMG Rights Management, 2012)
Avonmore (BMG Rights Management, 2014)
Bitter-Sweet (BMG Rights Management, 2018)
With Julia Fordham
Swept (Virgin Records, 1991)
With Peter Frampton
Wind of Change (A&M Records, 1972)
With Gabrielle
Always (Universal, 2007)
With Gareth Gates
What My Heart Wants to Say (RCA Records, 2002)
Go Your Own Way (RCA Records, 2003)
With Clive Griffin
Clive Griffin (Epic Records, 1993)
With Delta Goodrem
Mistaken Identity (Epic Records, 2004)
With David Gray
Life in Slow Motion (Atlantic Records, 2005)
With Josh Groban
Awake (Reprise Records, 2006)
Bridges (Reprise Records, 2018)
With Daryl Hall
Soul Alone (Epic, 1993)
With Geri Halliwell
Passion (EMI, 2005)
With Albert Hammond
Albert Louis Hammond (Epic Records, 1978)
With Debbie Harry
Debravation (Sire Records, 1993)
With Murray Head
Nigel Lived (Columbia Records, 1972)
With John Illsley
Glass (Vertigo, 1988)
With Yusuf Islam
King of a Land (Dark Horse, 2023)
With Elton John
Ice on Fire (Geffen, 1985)
Leather Jackets (Geffen, 1986)
With Grace Jones
Slave to the Rhythm (Island Records, 1985)
With Joshua Kadison
Painted Desert Serenade (Capitol Records, 1993)
With Nick Kamen
Us (WEA, 1988)
With Katrina and the Waves
Turnaround (Polydor Records, 1994)
With Beverley Knight
Affirmation (Parlophone, 2004)
With Mark Knopfler
Sailing to Philadelphia (Warner Bros. Records, 2000)
Kill to Get Crimson (Warner Bros. Records, 2007)
With Nick Lachey
SoulO (Universal, 2003)
With Lighthouse Family
Ocean Drive (Polydor, 1995)
With Meat Loaf
Bad Attitude (Arista, 1984)
With Freddie Mercury and Montserrat Caballé
Barcelona (Polydor Records, 1988)
With Mika
The Origin of Love (Casablanca Records, 2012)
With John Miles
Play On (EMI, 1983)
With Joni Mitchell
Both Sides Now (Reprise Records, 2000)
With Van Morrison
Enlightenment (Polydor, 1990)
With Oliver Nelson
Oliver Edward Nelson in London with Oily Rags (Flying Dutchman, 1974)
With Robbie Nevil
Robbie Nevil (Manhattan, 1986)
With Chris Norman
Different Shades (Hansa, 1987)
With Sally Oldfield
Water Bearer (Bronze Records, 1978)
Easy (Bronze Records, 1979)
Celebration (Bronze Records, 1980)
Playing in the Flame (Bronze Records, 1981)
Strange Day in Berlin (Bronze, 1983)
With Pet Shop Boys
Very (Parlophone, 1993)
Fundamental (Parlophone, 2006)
With Anthony Phillips
Sides (Arista, 1979)
With Michel Polnareff
Bulles (AZ, 1981)
With Gregory Porter
Nat King Cole & Me (Blue Note, 2017)
With Gerry Rafferty
Night Owl (United Artists Records, 1979)
Snakes and Ladders (United Artists Records, 1980)
Sleepwalking (Liberty Records, 1982)
With Chris Rea
Whatever Happened to Benny Santini? (Magnet, 1978)
With Cliff Richard
Every Face Tells a Story (EMI, 1977)
Together with Cliff Richard (EMI, 1991)
With Rumer
Boys Don't Cry (Atlantic, 2012)
With Leo Sayer
Have You Ever Been in Love (Chrysalis Records, 1983)
With Seal
Soul 2 (Reprise Records, 2011)
With Status Quo
Rockin' All Over the World (Vertigo, 1977)
If You Can't Stand the Heat... (Vertigo, 1978)
With Amii Stewart
Time for Fantasy (RCA Records, 1988)
With Rod Stewart
A Spanner in the Works (Warner Bros. Records, 1995)
With The Style Council
Confessions of a Pop Group (Polydor, 1988)
With Tina Turner
Private Dancer (Capitol Records, 1984)
Break Every Rule (Capitol Records, 1986)
With Uriah Heep
Head First (Bronze, 1983)
Raging Silence (Legacy, 1989)
With Rick Wakeman
The Six Wives of Henry VIII (A&M, 1973)
Rick Wakeman's Criminal Record (A&M, 1977)
1984 (Charisma, 1981)
With Was (Not Was)
What Up, Dog? (Chrysalis, 1988)
With Wet Wet Wet
10 (Mercury, 1997)
With Robbie Williams
Swing When You're Winning (Chrysalis Records, 2001)
Swings Both Ways (Island Records, 2013)
With Amy Winehouse
Back to Black (Universal, 2006)
References
Footnotes
General references
Simon Adams, "Frank Ricotti" at Grove Jazz.
John Chilton, Who's Who of British Jazz. 2004, Continuum International Publishing,
External links
Frank Ricotti at discogs.com
1949 births
Living people
British jazz vibraphonists
English male jazz musicians
Musicians from London
English session musicians
English people of Italian descent
British percussionists
Tabla players
English jazz drummers
Conga players
Timbaleros
Marimbists
Xylophonists
Bongo players
Tambourine players
Snare drummers
National Youth Jazz Orchestra members
New Jazz Orchestra members |
17996057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%20New%20Zealand%20rugby%20union%20tour%20of%20North%20America%20and%20Wales | 1980 New Zealand rugby union tour of North America and Wales | The 1980 New Zealand tour of Wales was a collection of friendly rugby union games undertaken by the New Zealand All Blacks against Wales that also took in two international games in North America en route to South Wales. This was a single test tour against each of the countries played, with four games against Welsh club opposition.
Although the games were played within a tight schedule, the All Blacks were victorious in all seven matches. New Zealand scored 32 tries for and only conceding 2 against, for a total points tally of 197 to 41 over the entire tour.
Results
Touring party
Manager: R.A. Harper
Assistant Manager: Eric Watson
Captain: Graham Mourie (Taranaki)
Full-backs
Brett Codlin (Counties)
Doug Rollerson (Manawatu)
Three-quarters
Bernie Fraser (Wellington)
Bruce Robertson (Counties)
Stu Wilson (Wellington)
Fred Woodman (North Auckland)
Five-eighths
Nicky Allen (Counties)
Bill Osborne (Wanganui)
Murray Taylor (Waikato)
Half-backs
Mark Donaldson (Manawatu)
Dave Loveridge (Taranaki)
Forwards
John Ashworth (Canterbury)
Andy Dalton (Counties)
Andy Haden (Auckland)
Graeme Higginson (Canterbury)
Geoff Hines (Waikato)
Rod Ketels (Counties)
Gary Knight (Manawatu)
Murray Mexted (Wellington)
Graham Mourie (Taranaki)
Geoff Old (Manawatu)
Frank Oliver (Manawatu)
Hika Reid (Bay of Plenty)
Mark Shaw (Manawatu)
John Spiers (Counties)
Matches
United States
Canada
Cardiff RFC
Llanelli RFC
Like the game played three days earlier against Cardiff, Llanelli proved tough opposition for the touring New Zealand side. Of the seven games played during the tour this was the closest in score, with only a six-point margin and at half time Llanelli were actually 10–3 ahead.
This match is often remembered for a controversial refereeing decision by Scottish referee Alan Hosie. Towards the end of the game, with the match still in the balance, Hosie appeared to send off the All Black lock, Graeme Higginson, only for a group of Llanelli players, led by Phil Bennett to challenge the referee over the action. Higginson was allowed to stay on the field with Hosie stating later that there was no sending off, and he had only giving Higginson a warning.
Swansea RFC
Newport RFC
Wales
The All Blacks returned to the Cardiff Arms Park in the final game of the tour and quickly showed a dominance of the game that
would continue until the final whistle. The fact that roughly 85% of the match was played in the Welsh half of the field correlates with the final score and the four tries from New Zealand that were without a Welsh reply. The defeat would have been far heavier, but Rollerson managed to convert only three of nine attempts at goal.
From this match only three Welsh players emerged with any credit. Full back J.P.R. Williams, scrum half Terry Holmes and on the wing 19-year-old Robert Ackerman, whose excellent covering play of Stu Wilson earned him a standing ovation when he left the field with an injury before the final whistle.
References
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980 in New Zealand rugby union
1980–81 in Welsh rugby union
1980–81 in European rugby union
1980 in Canadian rugby union |
17996064 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimazu%20Iehisa | Shimazu Iehisa | was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period, who was a member of the Shimazu clan of Satsuma Province. He was the fourth son of Shimazu Takahisa. He served in a command capacity during his family's campaign to conquer Kyūshū.
His sons were Shimazu Toyohisa, Shimazu Tadanao, and Shimazu Mitsuhisa. He was nephew of 'Ten'ei-in' (wife of Tokugawa Ienobu) from his mother side and later he married Kamehime and daughter of Shimazu Yoshitaka, Mitsuhime.
He participated in the Battle of Mimigawa (1578), Siege of Minamata Castle (1582), Battle of Okitanawate (1584), and in 1587 he fought against Toyotomi Hideyoshi forces at Battle of Hetsugigawa and Battle of Takajo.
In 1587, he suddenly died at Sadowara castle. There is a theory that he was poisoned when he visited Toyotomi Hidenaga's camp.
References
Samurai
1547 births
1587 deaths
Shimazu clan
16th-century Japanese people
People from Hioki, Kagoshima |
17996100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20lord%20mayoralties%20and%20lord%20provostships%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom | List of lord mayoralties and lord provostships in the United Kingdom | This is a list of lord mayoralties and lord provostships in the United Kingdom. The dignity of having a lord mayor as civic head is granted to 28 of the 68 districts enjoying city status in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. In Scotland the similar office of lord provost is reserved for the convener of the four largest of the eight Scottish cities. Four of the lord mayors and two of the lord provosts have the right to the style The Right Honourable.
Before 1863, only York, the City of London, and Dublin had lord mayors, and only Edinburgh and Glasgow had lord provosts. The first four were styled The Right Honourable.
Aberdeen was given a lord provost in 1863. In 1892, Dundee became the last city to be granted a lord provostship, and Belfast was granted a lord mayoralty, as was Cork in 1900. Cork and Dublin ceased to be part of the United Kingdom in 1922, but still have lord mayors. Cardiff was granted the first lord mayoralty in Wales in 1905. Between 1893 and 1935, fifteen cities in England were given a lord mayor: Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield, Bristol, Newcastle, Bradford, Norwich, Hull, Stoke-on-Trent, Nottingham, Leicester, Portsmouth, and Plymouth.
In the fifties and sixties, lord mayoralties were granted to the English cities of Coventry (1953), Oxford (1962), and Westminster (1966). In 1982, Swansea became the second Welsh city to be given a lord mayor. Three further cities in England were granted lord mayoralties in 1988 (Canterbury), 1992 (Chester), and 2002 (Exeter). In 2012, Armagh became the second city in Northern Ireland with a lord mayor. For Queen Elizabeth II's Platinum Jubilee in 2022, the English city of Southampton was granted a lord mayoralty.
The right to the style The Right Honourable was conferred upon the Lord Provost of Glasgow in 1912, the Lord Mayor of Belfast in 1923, and the Lord Mayor of Cardiff in 1956.
Lord mayoralties (England and Wales)
Lord provostships (Scotland)
The lord provostships of the cities of Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow were confirmed to the new local authorities formed by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 and Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994.
Lord mayoralties (Northern Ireland)
Use of prefix "The Right Honourable"
The lord mayors of the City of London, York, and Dublin and the Lord Provost of Edinburgh had established the right to the use of the honorific prefix "The Right Honourable" (The Rt Hon.) by the seventeenth century. When new lord mayoralties were created in the 1890s it was not clear if they also enjoyed this privilege. When the grant of a lord mayor was made to Liverpool and Manchester in 1893, Sir Albert William Woods, Garter Principal King of Arms, was of the opinion that
Ten years later his successor as Garter, Sir Alfred Scott-Gatty, decided that this was in error. However, the lord mayors of Liverpool, Manchester and Bristol continued to use the prefix. The matter came to a head in 1921, when King George V visited Liverpool, and the Home Office was forced to write to the council to inform that it could not be used without the express permission of the monarch. In the meantime, the prefix had been formally granted to the Lord Provost of Glasgow in 1912. In 1923 the Lord Mayor of Belfast was granted the honour in recognition of the city's new status as capital of Northern Ireland.
The controversy continued however. Professor John J. Clarke of the University of Liverpool (author of Outlines of Local Government), the Corporation of Manchester and Herbert Woodcock, MP for Liverpool Everton all pressed for the dignity to be applied to all lord mayors. The official position was set out in a parliamentary statement by the Home Secretary, William Joynson-Hicks in July 1927, and repeated in a Home Office document issued in July 1932:
The number of lord mayors or provosts in the United Kingdom entitled to the prefix now stands at six: in 1956 the dignity was allowed to the Lord Mayor of Cardiff, when the city was declared capital of Wales. The Lord Mayor of Bristol continues to use the prefix without official sanction.
Map
On the map below, the first year refers to the granting/confirmation of city status, while the second year refers to the conferral of the lord mayoralty or lord provostship. No years are given for the cities that had a lord mayor or lord provost before 1863. The six cities where the lord mayor or lord provost has the right to the style The Right Honourable are labelled in ALL CAPS: York, the City of London, Edinburgh, Glasgow (since 1912), Belfast (since 1923), and Cardiff (since 1956).
See also
City status in the United Kingdom
List of cities in the United Kingdom
City status in Ireland
Towns of the United Kingdom
Mayors in England
References
External links
Government list
Lists |
17996105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brawn%20%28disambiguation%29 | Brawn (disambiguation) | Brawn is a meat dish.
Brawn may also refer to:
Amadeus Cho, a fictional superhero from Marvel Comics
Brawn (Transformers), a fictional character from the various Transformers universes
Brawn (surname), a family name
Physical strength, the capacity for muscular force
An episode of the television series The Batman
Brawn GP, a former Formula One team
See also
Braun (disambiguation)
Brown (disambiguation) |
17996106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico%20Ruiz | Chico Ruiz | Hiraldo Sablón Ruiz (December 5, 1938 – February 9, 1972), known in the United States as Chico Ruiz, was a Cuban-American professional baseball player. An infielder, Ruiz played in Major League Baseball for the Cincinnati Reds and California Angels from 1964 through 1971. He was the only major-league player ever to pinch-hit for Johnny Bench. He is, however, best remembered for a play he made his rookie season. His steal of home against the Philadelphia Phillies on September 21, 1964 has entered baseball folklore. Viewed by most over the years as "mad" or "zany," the play received a revisionist defense that put it in perspective as a daring and worthwhile gamble. It is often viewed as the turning point of the Phillies late season standings collapse in 1964.
Early years
Ruiz was born in Santo Domingo, Cuba, on December 5, 1938. His father, who owned a cigar factory, wanted Giraldo to succeed him in running the business. However, Chico attended college, where he studied architecture. His brother, Julio, later headed the labor force of Cubatabaco, which absorbed the Sablón business and various other private-sector tobacco enterprises.
Ruiz signed with the Cincinnati Redlegs in at age 19. He was among the last of the Cuban players to make it out of Cuba before the borders were sealed. He batted .275 with 28 home runs over six seasons in their farm system before making the renamed Cincinnati Reds out of spring training in . Though he was a shortstop by trade, he made all 79 of his appearances on the field at either second or third base.
Ruiz married Isabel Suárez Navarro on October 4, 1961. They later had two daughters, Isis and Bárbara Isa.
"The Curse of Chico Ruiz"
On September 21, 1964, facing Art Mahaffey and the Philadelphia Phillies, Ruiz singled with one out in the sixth and the score 0–0. He advanced to third base on a single by Vada Pinson; however, Pinson made the second out of the inning trying to stretch it into a double. With two outs, Frank Robinson stepped to the plate.
Though in later years Mahaffey recalled he had gotten two strikes on Robinson, newspaper accounts at the time showed, in actuality, the count was 0–1. Ruiz, noting Mahaffey had used a long windup on the first pitch, broke for home on the next delivery. Seeing the runner, a rattled Mahaffey rushed and uncorked a pitch which Phillies catcher Clay Dalrymple could not handle. Ruiz stole home, accounting for the only run of the game. Then and later, Ruiz's decision was viewed as a bad one, considering that Robinson—Cincinnati's best hitter—was up. Sabermetric analysis, however, shows that it was not a bad percentage play.
At the start of that game, the Phillies had a -game hold on first place with 12 games to play. The Phillies then lost ten straight games to finish tied for second place. Phillies third baseman Dick Allen is quoted in Crash, The Life and Times of Dick Allen by Tim Whitaker as saying that the play "broke our humps". Chico Ruiz's steal of home has evolved into a popular culture legend. Some Philadelphia sports fans still refer to the "Curse of Chico Ruiz" as the reason for many of the misfortunes of the team over time. A novel by Gregory T. Glading entitled 64 Intruder centers on what might have happened had Ruiz been called out on the play.
"Bench me or trade me"
With Pete Rose at second, Deron Johnson at third and Leo Cárdenas at short, Ruiz was squeezed out of a very solid infield, and saw very little playing time over the next two seasons. He took it in stride, bringing a cushion to sit on the bench, a pair of special soft, comfortable alligator spiked shoes and a battery-driven fan the people in St. Louis gave him at their games to keep himself cool and comfortable on the bench.
His chance finally arrived in when Cárdenas broke his finger. He performed admirably in Cárdenas' absence, batting .283 with five runs scored and four runs batted in while providing solid defense at short. This was followed with a two-week stint at second while second baseman Tommy Helms shifted over to short. During the hot summer stretch, Ruiz said playing every day was killing him and jokingly demanded to Reds manager Dave Bristol, "Bench me or trade me."
Regardless of his "demand", Ruiz remained with the Reds for two more seasons. Following the season, he and outfielder Alex Johnson were traded to the California Angels for pitchers Pedro Borbón, Jim McGlothlin and Vern Geishert.
Angels and Alex Johnson
Despite Johnson having a reputation as a malcontent, he and Ruiz were good friends. In fact, Ruiz was the godfather of Johnson's adopted daughter. Johnson won the American League batting crown in , their first season together with the Angels. However, during spring training in several bouts of "indifferent play" landed him in the middle of Angels manager Lefty Phillips' crosshairs. The trend continued into the regular season as Johnson was benched three times in May for indifferent play. Meanwhile, the relationship between Ruiz and Johnson also began to sour. Johnson would scream obscenities at Ruiz whenever they were near each other, and Ruiz had reportedly challenged Johnson to a fight on more than one occasion, regardless of the fact that Ruiz was much smaller.
Tensions hit a climax when Johnson claimed that Ruiz pointed a gun at him while the two were in the clubhouse following a June 13 loss to the Washington Senators. Ruiz denied the claim but Angels GM Dick Walsh later admitted during Johnson's arbitration case over his suspension that the incident had indeed occurred. Shortly after the alleged incident, Ruiz was demoted to the Triple-A Salt Lake City Angels.
The Angels would clean house after the season. Phillips and Walsh were both fired, Johnson was traded to the Cleveland Indians, and Ruiz was released. Shortly afterwards, Ruiz signed with the Kansas City Royals.
Death
Ruiz became a United States citizen on January 7, 1972, something which made him very proud. Early in the morning of February 9, just before he was to join his new team, the Royals, in spring training, Ruiz was killed when he drove his car into a sign pole while driving alone outside of San Diego. Alex Johnson attended the funeral.
See also
List of baseball players who died during their careers
References
External links
Venezuelan Professional Baseball League statistics
1938 births
1972 deaths
People from Santo Domingo, Cuba
Baseball players from Villa Clara Province
California Angels players
Cincinnati Reds players
Columbia Reds players
Cuban emigrants to the United States
Geneva Redlegs players
Indianapolis Indians players
Industriales de Valencia players
Leones del Caracas players
Major League Baseball infielders
Major League Baseball players from Cuba
20th-century Cuban sportsmen
Cuban expatriate baseball players in the United States
Navegantes del Magallanes players
Cuban expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Road incident deaths in California
Salt Lake City Angels players
San Diego Padres (minor league) players
Tiburones de La Guaira players
Visalia Redlegs players |
17996159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texian%20Army | Texian Army | The Texian Army, also known as the Revolutionary Army and Army of the People, was the land warfare branch of the Texian armed forces during the Texas Revolution. It spontaneously formed from the Texian Militia in October 1835 following the Battle of Gonzales. Along with the Texian Navy, it helped the Republic of Texas win independence from the Centralist Republic of Mexico on May 14, 1836 at the Treaties of Velasco. Although the Texas Army was officially established by the Consultation of the Republic of Texas on November 13, 1835, it did not replace the Texian Army until after the Battle of San Jacinto.
Organization
When Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821, the former Spanish province of Texas became part of the Mexican state Coahuila y Tejas. Many of the people who lived in Texas, which had included the land north of the Medina and the Nueces Rivers, northeast of the Rio Grande, west of San Antonio de Bexar, and east of the Sabine River, wished to be a separate state again. For the first time, the government of Texas encouraged immigrants from the United States to settle its lands. By 1834, an estimated 30,000 English speakers lived in Texas, compared to only 7,800 of Spanish heritage. The bankrupt Mexican government was unable to offer Texas much military support. Many of the settlements had created small militias to protect themselves against raids by Indian tribes.
Under President Antonio López de Santa Anna the government of Mexico began to drift towards a more centralist form. In 1835 Santa Anna revoked the Constitution of 1824 and began reigning as a dictator. In various parts of the country federalists revolted.
In September 1835, Colonel Domingo Ugartechea, the military commander of the Mexican forces at San Antonio de Bexar set troops to recover a small cannon that had been given to the Texian Militia of Gonzales for protection. When the Mexican troops, under Lieutenant Francisco de Castañeda, reached Gonzales, Texian commander Captain Albert Martin convinced the troops to wait for several days. Martin then sent messengers to other English-speaking settlements, asking for reinforcements to help protect the cannon.
Within several days, militias from Fayette County and Columbus arrived. In Gonzales, the Texian Militias combined to form the Texian Army and chose John Henry Moore as their captain, Joseph Washington Elliot Wallace as a lieutenant colonel, and Edward Burleson as major. The first military action taken by the new army was the Battle of Gonzales on October 2, 1835. After a skirmish, the Mexican troops withdrew to San Antonio, leaving the cannon with the Texians. After the battle ended, disgruntled colonists continued to assemble in Gonzales, eager to put a decisive end to Mexican control over the area. The Committee of Safety at San Felipe named the gathering "The Army of the People."
Within a week, the men had taken the Mexican post at Goliad. On October 11, the disorganized volunteers elected Stephen F. Austin, who had settled Texas's first English-speaking colonists in 1821, as their commander-in-chief. Austin had only two months of military experience in the Missouri First Regiment of Mounted Militia under Colonel Alexander McNair, where he earned the rank of quartermaster sergeant, but he saw no combat.
Demographics
In 1836, Texas had a population of 40,000 people. Approximately 2,000 of the citizens, around 5% of the population, served in the army at some point between October 1835 and April 1846. Still, Historian Paul Lack argues that "for a people of such fabled militance, the Texians turned out for army duty in the period of crisis at a low rate of participation". The army was augmented with volunteers from the United States.
Overall, 3,685 men served in the Army of the People between October 1, 1835 and April 21, 1836. Forty percent of them had emigrated after October 1. Of the Texians, 57.8% were residents of the Department of the Brazos, 10.4% of the Department of Bexar, and 31.7% from the Department of Nacogdoches. Of the men who arrived in Texas after October 1, 1835, not all of these additions were American citizens; many were recent immigrants from Europe who were seeking adventure and potential riches in Texas. Through the course of the Texas Revolution, one in seven of the English-speaking settlers in Texas joined the army. One in three adult male Tejanos, that is, Spanish-speaking settlers in Texas, joined the army.
The composition of the army changed dramatically over time, with four distinct waves:
the army of OctoberDecember 1835, which participated in the battles of Gonzales, Goliad and the Siege of Bexar
the army from January through March 1836
the army of mid-March through April, 1836, which participated in the Battle of San Jacinto
the army of MaySeptember 1836
The early army was composed predominantly of Texas residents, with every municipality represented. Over 1,300 men volunteered for the army in October and November 1835. Of these, approximately 1,1001,500 were residents of Texas, with an average date of emigration of 1830. Half of the men were married. Roughly 51% of them came from the Department of the Brazos, an area in central Texas which consisted of the colonies established by Stephen F. Austin and Green DeWitt, as well as some of the area granted to Sterling C. Robertson. An additional 15% of the volunteers were from the Department of Bexar, where most citizens were Tejano, and which was partially occupied by Mexican troops. Thirty-four percent of the volunteers came from the Nacogdoches district of far East Texas, an area where homes and families were not under threat.
After the Texas victory in Bexar in early December, men began leaving the army and returning home. By the end of February 1836, fewer than 600 men remained in the army. A total of 917 men served in the army for varying lengths of time in JanuaryMarch 1836. In a sharp contrast from the army of a few months prior, these men were predominantly newcomers to Texas. The overwhelming majority—78%—had arrived from the United States since the outbreak of hostilities in October. They had an average age of 27, and almost two-thirds were single. Of the Texians who continued to participate, 57% were from the areas most at risk of Mexican attempts to reassert control over its national territory—Bexar, Gonzales, Matagorda and Jackson—despite the small population of these areas. When examined in the context of the political districts, 59% of the Texians were from the Brazos department and 23% from Bexar.
The army suffered significant losses at the battles of the Alamo and Coleto. The provisional government passed conscription laws, which should have resulted in about 4,000 men joining the army. The laws were impossible to enforce due to the fact that most citizens had fled as part of the Runaway Scrape. By the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, new commander Sam Houston had a total of 1,282 recruits in the army. Of these, about 250 were ill, at camp, or on scouting missions at the time of the battle.
The average date of emigration was 1835; 21% of the men had arrived in Texas after October 1, 1835, and almost 18% had arrived between January 1 and October 1, 1835. Approximately 60% of the soldiers were single, and their average age was 28. In many families, the younger sons joined the army while the fathers escorted the women and younger children east, away from the advancing Mexican army. 67% of the Texians who volunteered were from the Brazos Department, an impressive number considering the heavy losses many of these areas had sustained in the March fighting. 25% were from the Nacogdoches district, fewer than had served in 1835. Only 5% of the Texians were from the Bexar District. This number was low both because many of the volunteers had perished at the Alamo or Coleto and because the area was now occupied by the Mexican army. It was not only difficult for men to leave the area, but it was unwise to leave their families. The majority of the men from Bexar who served in April were cavalry officers under the command of Colonel Juan Seguin.
An additional 623 men served in April outside of Houston's army. Less is known about these men, who had no central command or location. It is estimated that 31% were recent arrivals from the United States. They were older, with an average age of 34, and over 41% of them came from the Nacogdoches district. Historian Paul Lack described these men as a home guard, a "last line of defense" for the Texians.
398 men served in both 1835 and April 1836. Of these, 58% were single, with an average age of 30, and 26% had arrived in Texas after the war began. Of the Texians, 63% were from the Brazos district, 11% from Bexar, and 26% from Nacogdoches. Lack posits that many of those who chose not to re-enlist in April 1836 believed that they had done their duty. For the most part, they were older and, as they had been in Texas longer, they had more to protect.
Believing the hostilities were over, by the end of May, most of the Texas residents had left the army, which shrank to 400 men. With fears of a Mexican counterattack spreading, more volunteers arrived from the United States. By June, the ranks had increased to 1300–1700 men, and by September to 2,500 men, spread across 53 companies. Of those in the army in September, 1,800 had come to Texas after the Battle of San Jacinto.
Formation and structure
The structure of the Texian Army was relatively fluid. Originally, it was composed entirely Texian Militia who came and went at will. To become an officer, a man must simply have had enough money or charisma to convince others to serve under him. In the first half of the Texas Revolution, many of the units and individual volunteers came from the United States. The United States volunteer units in the Army represented ten states; from New Orleans, Louisiana the New Orleans Greys, from Alabama the Red Rovers, Huntsville Rovers, and Mobile Greys, from
Mississippi the Mississippi Guards and Natchez Mustangs, from New York the 1st New York Battalion and 2nd New York Battalion and from other states the Georgia Volunteers, Kentucky Mustangs, Missouri Invincibles, North Carolina Volunteers, and Tennessee Mounted Volunteers, and Union Guards
By the end of the war, the army had grown to include three distinct divisions. Members of the regular army enlisted for two years and were subject to army discipline and the army's chain of command. A squad of permanent volunteers enlisted for the duration of the war. This group was permitted to elect its own officers, outside the oversight of the army commander-in-chief. Most of the men who joined the permanent volunteers had settled in Texas before the war had begun, both Tejano and Texians. The last unit was the volunteer auxiliary corps, comprising primarily recent arrivals from the United States who officially enlisted for a six-month term. On November 24, 1835, the Texas provisional government authorized the creation of ranging companies of rifleman. Robert "Three-legged Willie" Williamson was asked to raise three of these companies with 56 men each. Rangers were to be paid $1.25 per day.
Republic Army
Texian regular army and permanent volunteer units
Texas Rangers (paramilitary unit)
Infantry (militia)
Mounted Volunteers (militia)
Mounted Gunmen (militia)
Mounted Riflemen (militia)
Spies (militia)
Ranging Corps. (militia)
Mounted Rangers (militia)
Army
Minute Men (militia)
Juan Seguín's Mexican Tejano Volunteers (militia)
United States volunteer auxiliary corps units
Alabama Red Rovers (Alabama Volunteers) (Courtland, Alabama)
Georgia Battalion (Georgia Volunteers) (Macon, Georgia)
Huntsville Rovers (Huntsville, Alabama)
Kentucky Mustangs
Mississippi Guards
Missouri Invincibles
Mobile Greys (Alabama Volunteers) (Mobile, Alabama)
Natchez Mustangs (Natchez, Mississippi)
New Orleans Greys (New Orleans, Louisiana)
1st New York Battalion
2nd New York Battalion
North Carolina Volunteers
Tennessee Mounted Volunteers (Tennessee Volunteers)
Union Guards (?)
Texian Army flags
Notable Texian Army commanders and officers
Notable soldiers
John Melville Allen, first mayor of Galveston
Moseley Baker, member of Alabama Congress; member of the Republic of Texas Congress
Gail Borden, inventor of process for condensed milk and namesake of Borden's Milk
Andrew Briscoe, signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence, first judge of Harris County, Texas
Benjamin F. Bryant, founder of the Bryant Station frontier fort and Texas Ranger
Henry Eustace McCulloch, Texas Ranger; brigadier general Confederate States of America
Elijah Sterling Clack Robertson, empresario, postmaster of the Republic of Texas
Juan Seguín, signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence, namesake of Seguin, Texas
Deaf Smith, headed company of Texas Rangers, namesake of Deaf Smith County, Texas
George K. Teulon, editor of the Austin City Gazette and publisher of The Western Advocate
Martin Varner original settler of the Old Three Hundred
Uniforms, weapons, and equipment
Neither the regular nor volunteer components of the Texian Army were issued specific uniforms. Several of the companies that formed in the United States, including the New Orleans Greys, purchased U.S. Army surplus uniforms before they arrived. Other companies had more loosely defined "uniforms", such as wearing matching hunting shirts.
Texian volunteer Noah Smithwick wrote a description of the volunteer army as it looked in October 1835:
Words are inadequate to convey an impression of the appearance of the first Texas army as it formed in marching order. ... Buckskin breeches were the nearest approach to uniform and there was wide diversity even there, some of them being new and soft and yellow, while others, from long familiarity with rain and grease and dirt, had become hard and black and shiny. ... Boots being an unknown quantity, some wore shoes and some moccasins. Here a broad brimmed sombrero overshadowed the military cap at its side; there, a tall "beegum" rode familiarly beside a coonskin cap, with the tail hanging down behind, as all well regulated tails should do ... here a bulky roll of bed quilts jostled a pair of "store " blankets; there the shaggy brown buffalo robe contrasted with a gaily colored checkered counterpane on which the manufacturer had lavished all the skill of dye and weave known to art ... in lieu of a canteen, each man carried a Spanish gourd.... Here a big American horse loomed above the nimble Spanish pony, there a half-broke mustang pranced beside a sober methodical mule. A fantastic military array to a casual observer, but the one great purpose animating every heart clothed us in a uniform more perfect in our eyes than was ever donned by regulars on dress parade.
History
Offensive maneuvers (October – December 1835)
Several days after Austin took command, the army marched towards Bexar to confront General Martin Perfecto de Cos, who had recently arrived to command the remaining Mexican troops in Texas.
Restructuring (December 1835 – February 1836)
The regular division of the Army was officially established on December 12. Any man who enlisted in the regular division would receive $24 in cash, the rights to of land, and instant Texas citizenship. Those who joined the volunteer auxiliary corps would receive of land if they served two years, while those who served 1 year would receive . A month later the establishment of a Legion of Cavalry would be authorized.
The commander of the regular forces, Sam Houston, called for 5,000 men to enlist in the regular army but had difficulty convincing men to join. Many of the arrivals from the United States did not want to be under a more strict military control, and instead informally joined the volunteer units that had gathered in other parts of Texas. These volunteer soldiers were in many cases more impassioned than the Texas settlers. Although the provisional Texas government was still debating whether the troops were fighting for independence or for separate statehood, on December 20, 1835, the Texian garrison at Goliad voted unanimously to issue a proclamation of independence, stating "that the former province and department of Texas is, and of right ought to be, a free, sovereign and independent state".
The provisional government had originally placed Houston in charge of the regular forces, but in December the council gave secret orders to James Fannin, Frank W. Johnson, and Dr. James Grant to prepare forces to invade Mexico. Houston was then ordered to travel to East Texas to broker a treaty that would allow the Cherokee to remain neutral in the conflict. Johnson and Grant gathered 300 of the 400 men garrisoned in Bexar and left to prepare for the invasion.
The government was woefully short of funds. On January 6, 1836, Colonel James C. Neill, commander of the remaining 100 troops in Bexar, wrote to the council: " there has ever been a dollar here I have no knowledge of it. The clothing sent here by the aid and patriotic exertions of the honorable Council, was taken from us by arbitrary measures of Johnson and Grant, taken from men who endured all the hardships of winter and who were not even sufficiently clad for summer, many of them having but one blanket and one shirt, and what was intended for them given away to men some of whom had not been in the army more than four days, and many not exceeding two weeks."
For the next several months it was unclear who was in charge of the Texian army—Fannin, Johnson, Grant, or Houston. On January 10, Johnson issued a call to form a Federal Volunteer Army of Texas which would march on Matamoros during the Matamoros Expedition.
Defensive maneuvers (March – April 1836)
The Mexican army returned to Texas in February and initiated a siege of the garrison in San Antonio on February 23. The commander at the Alamo, William B. Travis, sent numerous letters to the Texas settlements, begging for reinforcements. Men began to gather in Gonzales to prepare to reinforce the garrison. Before they left, the Mexican army launched the Battle of the Alamo, and all of the Texian soldiers who had been stationed in Bexar were killed. This left two branches of the Texian Army: Fannin's 400 men at Goliad and Neill's 400 men at Gonzales, who soon reported to Houston. On hearing the news of the massacre at the Alamo, Houston ordered his army to retreat and burned the town of Gonzales as they left. He ordered Fannin to bring his men and join the rest of the army. Fannin's force was defeated at the Battle of Coleto Creek, and on March 27 Fannin and his men were executed at the Goliad Massacre. A few soldiers escaped, and 80 soldiers who had just arrived from the United States and had no weapons were spared.
As news spread of the defeats at the Alamo and Goliad, men flocked to the Texian army. By early April, Houston commanded about 800 men. The Texas Revolution essentially ended on April 21, when the Texian Army routed a Mexican force and captured Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto.
For six months David G. Burnet, ad interim President of the Republic, had diligently maintained the army laws set forth by the Consultation in December 1835. The 1835–36 Regular Army of Texas would never consist of more than 100 soldiers and would never approach the Consultation's number goal of 560 infantry, 560 artillery and 384 cavalry, in the permanent "Regular Army" of Texas. However, the goal of independence was achieved, nonetheless.
Retention as permanent defensive force for the Republic of Texas (1836–1845)
In media
1960: The Alamo, a feature film based on the Battle of the Alamo. Depicts Texas Rangers and Texian Army.
2004: The Alamo, a feature film based on the Battle of the Alamo. Depicts Texas Rangers and Texian Army.
2015: Texas Rising, a 10-hour miniseries based on the Texas Revolution. Depicts Texas Rangers and Texian Army.
2018: The Men Who Built America: Frontiersmen ("Empire or Liberty"), an episode based on the Battle of the Alamo. Depicts Texas Rangers and Texian Army.
See also
Texas Military Forces
Texas Military Department
List of conflicts involving the Texas Military
Awards and decorations of the Texas Military
Notes
References
Sources
External links
Flags of Texas Independence
Texas Army – Uniforms of the Republic of Texas (Texas Military Forces Museum.org)
Former armies by country
Disbanded armies
Military units and formations established in 1835
Texas Revolution
Republic of Texas
Texas Ranger Division
Texas Military Department
Texas Military Forces |
17996163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BClze | Sülze | is the German word for food in aspic.
Sülze may refer to:
Head cheese or brawn, when set in aspic
Sülze (Bergen), a part of Bergen on the Lüneburg Heath in Germany
Sülze Saltworks, on the Lüneburg Heath in Germany which was worked from the High Middle Ages to 1862
Bad Sülze, a town in the Vorpommern-Rügen district, in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany
Sülze (Elbe), a river of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, tributary of the Elbe
Sülze (Werra), a river of Thuringia, Germany, tributary of the Werra
Kleine Sülze, a river of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, tributary of the Schrote
Große Sülze, a river of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, tributary of the Schrote |
17996213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart%20in%20popular%20culture | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in popular culture | The composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) led a life that was dramatic in many respects, including his career as a child prodigy, his struggles to achieve personal independence and establish a career, his brushes with financial disaster, and his death in the course of attempting to complete his Requiem. Authors of fictional works have found his life a compelling source of raw material. Such works have included novels, plays, operas, and films.
Fiction
The first major works of literature inspired by Mozart were by the German writers E. T. A. Hoffmann and Eduard Mörike. Hoffmann published his Don Juan in 1812, Mörike his Mozart's Journey to Prague in 1856.
Mozart appears in Hermann Hesse's novels Der Steppenwolf and Die Morgenlandfahrt.
In 1968, David Weiss published Sacred and profane: a novel of the life and times of Mozart, a narrative account on the composer's life drawing heavily on the documented historical record, but with invented conversations and other details.
In modern fiction, the mystery surrounding the composer's death is explored within a popular thriller context in the 2008 novel The Mozart Conspiracy by British writer Scott Mariani, who departs from the established Salieri-poisoning theory to suggest a deeper political motive behind his death.
Mozart has also featured as a sleuth in detective fiction, in Dead, Mister Mozart and Too many notes, Mr. Mozart, both by Bernard Bastable (who also writes as Robert Barnard). Bastable's stories involve the conceit of an alternate history scenario in which the young Mozart remained on in London at the time of his childhood visit to England, where he has lived a long – though not very prosperous – life as a hack musician, rather than returning to his native Salzburg or Vienna to die young and celebrated. The stories are set in the 1820s and have Mozart interacting with King George IV and his immediate family including the young Victoria.
Charles Neider's Mozart and the Archbooby is an epistolary novel in which the young Mozart writes to his father about his new life in Vienna and his new problem, the Archbishop of Salzburg. Stephanie Cowell's Marrying Mozart: A Novel provides a fictionalised account of Mozart's relationship with Aloysia Weber before his marriage to her sister, Constanze.
Mirrorshades: The Cyberpunk Anthology (1986) is a defining cyberpunk short story collection, edited by Bruce Sterling. It contains a story, the "Mozart in Mirrorshades" by Bruce Sterling and Lewis Shiner, in which Mozart appears as a DJ wannabe instead of being the real Mozart after he met the people and culture of his future.
In The Amadeus Net, by Mark A. Rayner, Mozart is an immortal living in the world's first sentient city, Ipolis, where he supports himself by selling "lost" compositions and playing jazz piano in bars.
The alternate history novel Time for Patriots has a trio of time travelers cure Mozart's wife of an abscess on her ankle (historically documented), which allows them to treat him when he falls ill. In consequence he does an opera based on Benjamin Franklin and composes other works until his death in 1805.
Drama
Alexander Pushkin's play Mozart and Salieri is based on the supposed rivalry between Mozart and Antonio Salieri, particularly the idea that it was poison received from the latter that caused Mozart's death. This idea is not supported by modern scholarship.
Peter Shaffer's play Amadeus focuses on the difference between true and sublime genius (Mozart) and mere high-quality craftsmanship (Salieri). Shaffer seems to have been especially taken by the contrast between Mozart's enjoyment of vulgarity (for which historical evidence exists, in the form of his letters to his cousin) and the sublime character of his music.
In 2007, he was portrayed by John Sessions in the Doctor Who audio adventure 100 in a story that explored the ramifications of Mozart being granted immortality.
Film
Stephen Haggard portrays Mozart in the 1936 British film Whom the Gods Love.
Gino Cervi portrays Mozart in the 1940 Italian film Eternal Melodies.
Hans Holt portrays Mozart in the 1942 Austrian film Wen die Götter lieben.
Oskar Werner portrays Mozart in 1958 Austrian film Mozart.
Cristopher Davidson portrays 14-year-old Mozart in Bologna in the 1984 Italian film Noi tre.
Shaffer's play was subsequently made into a 1984 American film, Amadeus. Mozart was portrayed by actor Tom Hulce, who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor.
portrays Mozart in the 1991 Austrian film Wolfgang A. Mozart
In the 2010 French film Mozart's Sister, a biopic of his older sister Nannerl, a young Mozart is played by French child actor David Moreau.
Aneurin Barnard portrays Mozart in the 2017 film Interlude in Prague.
Daniel Dorr portrays Mozart in the 2020 film Bill & Ted Face the Music.
Mentioned during the "I've got a dream" song in the 2010 film Tangled.
Mozart's music has been used extensively in films since the silent era. In 1930, Buñuel used his Ave Verum Corpus in L'Age d'Or, Papageno's "Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen" from The Magic Flute features in The Blue Angel (1930), the "Rondo alla Turca" in the 1939 film Wuthering Heights, "Là ci darem la mano" in The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945), "Il mio tesoro" in Kind Hearts and Coronets, the Symphony No. 34 in Vertigo (1958), Eine kleine Nachtmusik in The Ipcress File (1965) and in Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975), the Piano Concerto No. 21 in Elvira Madigan, and in The Spy Who Loved Me (1977), the march from Idomeneo in Barry Lyndon (1975), the Jupiter Symphony in Annie Hall (1977), and many others.
Theater
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's opera Mozart and Salieri, based on Pushkin's play, treats the Salieri poisoning legend.
In Reynaldo Hahn's "comédie musicale" Mozart with words by Guitry, Mozart has amorous adventures in Paris in 1778.
Michael Kunze's and Sylvester Levay's musical, Mozart!, premiered in 1999 to portray an older, more sensually inclined Mozart as he struggles with the spectre of his chaste and productive "porcelain" boyhood. The musical was composed in German but is currently performed in Hungarian.
A Japanese musical Mademoiselle Mozart (マドモアゼル・モーツァルト) by Yoji Fukuyama. First performed in 2005 with Niizuma Seiko; in 2023 performed again, directed by Kaoru Kobayashi with Rio Asumi as Mozart / Eliza.
The 2009 French musical Mozart, l'opéra rock premiered 2009 in Paris.
Notable artist and filmmaker William Kentridge directed The Magic Flute at Theatre Royal de la Monnaie in 2005.
A Japanese musical Nigero! (『逃げろ！』～モーツァルトの台本作者 ロレンツォ・ダ・ポンテ～) performed in 2023 with Sato Ryuji as Mozart.
A Japanese musical Da Ponte (音楽劇『ダ・ポンテ』) performed in 2023; idea by Satomi Oshima, directed by Go Aoki, with Hirama Soichi as Mozart.
Popular music
"Rock Me Amadeus" is a 1985 song by Austrian musician Falco from his album Falco 3; it was inspired by the movie Amadeus.
The song "Travel" by The Gathering (on their album How to Measure a Planet?) was written for and about Mozart.
The Wombles' second album Remember You're a Womble features Minuetto Allegretto, based on the 3rd movement of the Jupiter Symphony.
Peter Schickele, in his P. D. Q. Bach persona, has paid 'tribute' to Mozart in several pieces, most notably "Ein Kleines Nachtsmusik" and "A Little Nightmare Music," the latter offering a rather humorous retelling of Mozart's conflicts with Salieri.
Evanescence wrote a song featuring many parts of Mozart's Lacrimosa. The song was named Lacrymosa and it was recorded for their 2006 album The Open Door.
Children's literature
Children's author Daniel Pinkwater has Mozart appear as a character in several of his books, including The Muffin Fiend, in which Mozart helps solve a crime involving an extraterrestrial creature who steals muffins from Vienna's bakeries.
Mozart (as well as his sister Nannerl) are a major component in the second The 39 Clues book, One False Note.
A young W. A. Mozart and Nannerl appear in the Magic Tree House book, Moonlight on the Magic Flute.
Comic strip
Mozart, his wife, associates, etc., appear in a story arc in the comic strip Pibgorn.
Television
In 1982, , a six-episode TV series by Marcel Bluwal debuted with Christoph Bantzer as adult W. A. Mozart and Michel Bouquet as Leopold Mozart.
The 13-part 1991 documentary series Mozart on Tour details Mozart's travels and how they influenced his music.
Mozart appears in the episode "Calliope Dreams" of the Disney TV series The Little Mermaid (1992–1994).
The Mozart Band is a 1995 animated television series produced by the BRB Internacional.
In 2004, the 11th episode of The Simpsons' fifteenth season, "Margical History Tour", features Mozart and Salieri in a mini-story with Bart (Nancy Cartwright) as Mozart and Lisa as Antonio Salieri.
Wunderkind Little Amadeus, a television show produced in Germany in 2006, focuses on Mozart's life as a child in Salzburg. It has aired in English in Australia (ABC) and North America (KQED Kids).
Mozart appears in the Genie in the House, episode "Rock Me Amadeus" (2006).
Mozart appears regularly in the TV series Mozart in the Jungle (2014–2018).
Mozart is one of the main characters in the 2016 comedy anime ClassicaLoid.
Video games
The early music game, Amadeus Revenge (1988, Commodore 64) has the player play as Mozart to defend the integrity of his Piano Concerto No. 25 from the corrupting influence of rival musicians.
The 1988 NES game The Adventures of Captain Comic features Sonata in A major, (K. 331) in the coast stage.
Mozart appears in Scribblenauts and its sequels as something the player is able to summon.
Mozart appears in the mobile game Fate/Grand Order as a Caster-class servant and an ally in the medieval France chapter.
In the videogame Luigi's Mansion 3, a Boss Ghost bears the name Amadeus Wolfgeist, a pianist ghost who is located in an auditorium of The Last Resort.
Footnotes
Citations
Works cited
Biographic
Mozart in fiction |
17996218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluin%27%20the%20Black%20Keys | Bluin' the Black Keys | "Bluin' the Black Keys" is a "piano novelty" composed by Arthur Schutt, an early jazz pianist and arranger. It was issued by Robbins-Engel in 1926, and was one of the few published novelties issued by Arthur Schutt. Featuring extreme chromaticism and unusual syncopation it is particularly difficult for a traditional ragtime arrangement. Though never recorded by its composer, it has been recorded in recent years by pianists such as Tony Caramia, George Hicks, and Brian Holland.
References
MIDI file (arranged by John Roache
Rags
Jazz compositions
1926 songs |
17996237 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ulc | Šulc | Šulc (feminine Šulcová) is a Czech and Slovak surname, a version of the German family name Schulz. Notable people with the surname include:
Alan Šulc (born 1990), world record–holding juggler
Brigita Šulcová (born 1937), Czech opera singer
František Šulc (born 1950), Czech former handball player
(born 1978), Slovak handball player, son of František Šulc (born 1950)
Jakub Šulc (born 1985), Czech professional ice hockey defenceman
Jan Šulc (canoeist) (1916–2001), Czechoslovak slalom canoer
Jan Šulc (footballer) (born 1998), Czech footballer
Jan Šulc (ice hockey) (born 1979), Czech former professional ice hockey centre
Jana Šulcová (1947–2023), Czech actress
(1903–1943), Czech paleontologist, executed by the Nazis
(1903–1977), Czech writer
Pavel Šulc, Czech footballer
See also
Czech-language surnames
Surnames of German origin |
17996242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence%20of%20absence | Evidence of absence | Evidence of absence is evidence of any kind that suggests something is missing or that it does not exist. What counts as evidence of absence has been a subject of debate between scientists and philosophers. It is often distinguished from absence of evidence.
Overview
Evidence of absence and absence of evidence are similar but distinct concepts. This distinction is captured in the aphorism "Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence." This antimetabole is often attributed to Martin Rees or Carl Sagan, but a version appeared as early as 1888 in a writing by William Wright. In Sagan's words, the expression is a critique of the "impatience with ambiguity" exhibited by appeals to ignorance. Despite what the expression may seem to imply, a lack of evidence can be informative. For example, when testing a new drug, if no harmful effects are observed then this suggests that the drug is safe. This is because, if the drug were harmful, evidence of that fact can be expected to turn up during testing. The expectation of evidence makes its absence significant.
As the previous example shows, the difference between evidence that something is absent (e.g., an observation that suggests there were no dragons here today) and simple absence of evidence (e.g., no careful research has been done) can be nuanced. Indeed, scientists will often debate whether an experiment's result should be considered evidence of absence, or if it remains absence of evidence. The debate regards whether the experiment would have detected the phenomenon of interest if it were there.
The argument from ignorance for "absence of evidence" is not necessarily fallacious, for example, that a potentially life-saving new drug poses no long-term health risk unless proved otherwise. On the other hand, were such an argument to rely imprudently on the lack of research to promote its conclusion, it would be considered an informal fallacy whereas the former can be a persuasive way to shift the burden of proof in an argument or debate.
Science
In carefully designed scientific experiments, null results can be interpreted as evidence of absence. Whether the scientific community will accept a null result as evidence of absence depends on many factors, including the detection power of the applied methods, the confidence of the inference, as well as confirmation bias within the community. For instance in amnesia studies, the absence of behavior indicative of memory is sometimes interpreted as the absence of the memory trace; however, certain researchers consider this interpretation flawed as the memory impairment may be temporary due to deficits in recall. Alternatively, the memory trace be latent and demonstrable via its indirect effects on new learning. Michael Davis, researcher at Emory University, argues that complete erasure can only be confidently inferred if all of the biological events that occurred when the memory was formed revert to their original status. Davis contends that because making these measurements in a complex organism is implausible, the concept of complete memory erasure (what he deems "strong form of forgetting") is not useful scientifically.
Law
In many legal systems, a lack of evidence for a defendant's guilt is sufficient for acquittal. This is because of the presumption of innocence and the belief that it is worse to convict an innocent person than to let a guilty one go free.
On the other hand, the absence of evidence in the defendant's favor (e.g. an alibi) can make their guilt seem more likely. A jury can be persuaded to convict because of "evidentiary lacunae", or a lack of evidence they expect to hear.
Proving a negative
A negative claim is a colloquialism for an affirmative claim that asserts the non-existence or exclusion of something. Proofs of negative claims are common in mathematics. Such claims include Euclid's theorem that there is no largest prime number, and Arrow's impossibility theorem. There can be multiple claims within a debate, nevertheless, whoever makes a claim usually carries the burden of proof regardless of positive or negative content in the claim.
A negative claim may or may not exist as a counterpoint to a previous claim. A proof of impossibility or an evidence of absence argument are typical methods to fulfill the burden of proof for a negative claim.
Philosopher Steven Hales argues that typically one can logically be as confident with the negation of an affirmation. Hales says that if one's standards of certainty leads them to say "there is never 'proof' of non-existence", then they must also say that "there is never 'proof' of existence either". Hales argues that there are many cases where we may be able to prove something does not exist with as much certainty as proving something does exist. A similar position is taken by philosopher Stephen Law who highlights that rather than focusing on the existence of "proof", a better question would be whether there is any reasonable doubt for existence or non-existence.
See also
Argument from ignorance
Argument from silence
Contraposition
Probatio diabolica
Proof by exhaustion
References
Relevance fallacies
Science experiments |
17996253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SULC | SULC | Sulc or SULC may refer to:
Šulc, a Czech surname
Southern University Law Center, a campus of the Southern University System
Sydney University Liberal Club, an Australian students' political club |
17996261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%207686 | NGC 7686 | {{Infobox open cluster
| name = NGC 7686
| image = File:NGC_7686.png
| caption = NGC 7686 (taken from Stellarium)
| credit = Roberto Mura
| epoch = J2000
| class = Open cluster
| ra =
| dec =
| dist_ly =
| dist_pc =
| appmag_v = 5.6
| size_v = 15′
| mass_kg =
| mass_msol =
| radius_ly =
| v_hb =
| age =
| constellation = Andromeda
| notes =
| names = Cr 456, C2327+488, Herschel VIII69
|- style="background-color: #A0B0FF;" colspan="3"
| Database References
|- bgcolor="#FFFAFA"
| Simbad'' || Simbad NGC 7686
}}NGC 7686''' is a moderately-sized open cluster in the constellation Andromeda, containing about 80 stars. At magnitude 5.6, it is an easy target for binoculars and small telescopes.
According to Johnson et al. (1961), the "color-magnitude diagram shows merely a uniform scatter with no significant tendency to show a cluster main sequence". They conclude that this is not actually a star cluster.
References
External links
http://seds.org
7686
Andromeda (constellation)
Open clusters |
17996265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcamenes%20%28disambiguation%29 | Alcamenes (disambiguation) | Alcamenes or Alcmenes may refer to:
Alcamenes, Athenian sculptor of the 5th century BC
Alcmenes, Agiad king of Sparta from the 8th century BC
Alcamenes, son of Sthenelaides, Spartan general in the 5th century BC |
17996305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyeonyuk | Pyeonyuk | Pyeonyuk () is a traditional Korean dish, which consists of thinly sliced meat that has been boiled and pressed. Either beef or pork may be used to make the dish.
It is eaten as anju (an accompaniment to alcoholic drinks), or used as a topping for other dishes such as naengmyeon (cold noodles) and seolleongtang (ox bone soup). In the past, pyeonyuk was made during the preparation of a large amount of beef stock or broth for various dishes served during feasts and banquets. Today, it is also used in non-traditional dishes, such as a cold cut in wrap sandwiches, and is considered to be a healthier alternative to deep-fried, stir-fried, or roasted meat.
Preparation and serving
Beef pyeonyuk mainly uses brisket, plate, foreshank, tongue, testicle, mammary, head, liver, spleen, and trotters, while pork pyeonyuk uses belly, head, and trotters.
The meat is always soaked in cold water to remove blood, and it is boiled as a whole chunk until tender. The broth for cooking the meat is flavored with salt and other seasonings that may vary from household to household, and can include doenjang (soybean paste), soju, cheongju (rice wine), black peppercorns, or coffee powder. Scallions and whole garlic cloves are a common addition in the broth when beef is used, and sliced ginger for pork.
After the meat is tender, it is wrapped in cloth and pressed with a weight. Then it is sliced thin and served with a dipping sauce: cho-ganjang (soy sauce–vinegar mixture) or gyeoja-chojang (soy sauce, vinegar, and mustard mixture) for the beef pyeonyuk, and saeu-jeot (salted shrimps) for the pork pyeonyuk. Pork pyeonyuk may also be eaten wrapped with baechu-kimchi (cabbage kimchi), or in lettuce or perilla leaves as ssam (wrap). Common side dishes for pyeonyuk include geotjeori (fresh kimchi), mu-mallaengi-muchim (spicy dried radish salad), and saengchae-muchim (spicy vegetable salad).
Pyeonyuk may also be used as a topping for other dishes such as naengmyeon (cold noodles), and seolleongtang (ox bone soup).
Gallery
See also
Head cheese
Jokpyeon
References
Korean beef dishes
Korean pork dishes
Funeral food and drink |
17996314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Treloar | Phil Treloar | Phillip Maurice Treloar (born 7 December 1946, Sydney) is an Australian jazz drummer, percussionist and composer. In an extensive career devoted to creative pursuit Treloar has addressed himself to the problems of relationship found at the intersection of notated music-composition and improvisation. In 1987 Treloar coined the term, Collective Autonomy, to signify his endeavor in this field of work. Fundamental in this has been composition- and performance-development projects, with these at times involving electronic media. Collaborations have, and continue to be, crucial.
Biography
Phil Treloar was born in Sydney on 7 December 1946. He commenced his musical career in the late 1960s, playing drums with various groups at local Sydney venues and in the early 1970s was very active in the Australian jazz scene, playing with musicians such as Alan Lee, with Roger Frampton and Barry Guy, Erroll Buddle, Judy Bailey, and Bernie McGann, then worked with Frampton again in the Intersection group in 1984, which toured Asia. During the first half of the 1970s he was also a member of the Jazz Co-Op, along with Roger Frampton (piano and saxes), Howie Smith (saxes), and Jack Thorncraft (bass). The Jazz Co-op was one of the most influential jazz units in Sydney during the 70s, and worked at major venues such as The Sydney Opera House, Sydney Town Hall and played to packed houses at over 30 engagements at Sydney's premier jazz club at that time, The Basement. In 1980 Treloar performed with the Bruce Cale Quartet with Bruce Cale (bass) Roger Frampton (piano and saxes) and Dale Barlow (saxes). Two live concerts by this group have been recorded, The Bruce Cale Quartet Live (Adelaide concert) and On Fire – The Sydney Concert.
Under the guidance of Dr. Graham Hair he received the B.Mus. degree, composition major, from the Sydney Conservatorium of Music, 1988. He has also studied in New York, USA, with renowned jazz drummer, Billy Hart, 1980; in Delhi, India, at Gandharva Mahavidyalaya with the Khayal vocalist, Madhup Mudgalaya, 1984; and in Colombo, Sri Lanka, at the Institute of Aesthetic Studies, with Piasara Silpadipathi, 1984.
Treloar held a lecturer's position at La Trobe University teaching composition, performance, and music theory, 1989–90. He has fulfilled composer residencies and guest lectureships at NSW State Conservatory of Music, Victoria College of the Arts (VCA), Perth Conservatory, Conservatorium of Tasmania, and Hobart College of the Arts.
In the areas of jazz and improvised music Treloar has shared in creative partnerships with musicians such as: Roger Frampton, Mark Simmonds, Steve Elphick, Jack Thorncraft, David Ades, Bruce Cale, Carl Dewhurst, Bernie McGann, Simone De Haan, Daryl Pratt, Hamish Stuart, Peter boothman, Chuck Yates, Bobbie Gebert, Mike Nock, Dale Barlow, Michele Morgan, Scott Tinkler, Errol Buddle, Judy Bailey, John Clare. International artists include Barry Guy, David Baker, Chico Freeman, Howie Smith, David Friesen, Ricky Ford, Chip Jackson, and The World Drum Ensemble. He led his own groups in the 1980s, including Expansions (1981–82) and Feeling to Thought (1987–89).
Among composer commissions and premiere performances are: Gabor Reeves, Ron Reaves, Steve Reaves, Ros Dunlop, David Miller, Julia Ryder, Simone DeHaan, Christian Wojtowicz, Michael Kieran Harvey, Geoff Dodd, Mardi McSullea, Mike Nock, Hamish Stuart, Graeme Leak, Daryl Pratt, Tom O'Kelly, Pipeline Contemporary Music Project, The Astra Choir, Synergy Percussion, Victorian College of the Arts, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, the University of Tasmania Conservatorium, Miki KIDO, Shunsuke Omura, Takashi Yamane, Hisae Kido, Junko Kamishima, Sotoko Hiramatsu, Eri Yoshimura, Kimiko Sunakawa.
In the 1988 Australian Bicentennial New Directions concert series a complete program was devoted to Treloar's work. Many of his compositions have been recorded and broadcast, particularly by the ABC. In addition to vinyl records and CDs his work has been featured in radio and film documentaries, the 4 x 1hr. Intersections (ABC radio) and Beyond El Rocco (film) are representative. In more recent years Treloar's work has been performed in the Sydney Opera House and at the international Wangaratta Festival of Jazz. Throughout his career Treloar's thoughts and concepts regarding creative musical expression have been accounted for in various publications: Nation Review, The Sydney Morning Herald, East West Arts, Jazz, Sounds Australian, The Mercury, 24 Hours, etc.
He moved to Kanazawa, Japan in 1992 where his two-hour work, Zen's Way: Through the Eye of Gogo-an – homage to Ryokan, received its world premiere performance in Kanazawa, 2004. Phil also presents solo percussion recitals and to date two of these have been published as CDs. On occasions he has been invited by the Japan Poets' Association to perform improvised music together with poetry readings. A major event inspired by the poetry of Matsuo Bashō, October 2005, and for which Treloar provided the music, is indicative of the creative interaction he shares with the Japanese tradition. Facing East, a performance initiative inaugurated by Phil in 2005 and based in Kanazawa, presents occasional concerts. These have premiered several new works written by Treloar and for which Australian, together with Japanese artists, have been invited to participate. Stemming from this initiative, Converging Paths, a collaboration with the Australian percussionist, Hamish Stuart, has, to date, generated a three-CD series. Phil's lifelong project, Collective Autonomy, continues to engage him with research. In a nutshell, Collective Autonomy explores the intersection between improvised and composed/notated music-making. It provides a space wherein individuals' concerns and abilities to enter into creative discourse might be enabled, and specifically, where the notion of interdependence is wholeheartedly embraced.
Selected discography
Pathways of the Mind: exploring sympathetic resonance – (second series) Phil Treloar solo percussion recital ( August 2005 ) (Feeling to Thought, FT-002, 2006)
Pathways of the Mind: exploring sympathetic resonance – (first series) Phil Treloar solo percussion recital ( August 2006 )(Feeling to Thought, FT-001, 2006)
On Fire – The Sydney Concert (Bruce Cale Quartet) (Tall Poppies Records)
Bruce Cale Quartet Live – Adelaide Festival 1980 (Tall Poppies Records, TP175, 2004)
In the Pipeline – Simone deHaan, Daryl Pratt, Phil Treloar (Tall Poppies Records, TP095, 1996)
(...and then) SUNRISE – Tom O'Kelly, solo percussion (Victor, vicc-80, 1992)
Jazz Co/Op (Philips (vinyl), 6641 225, 1974)
Pathways of the Mind – second series DVD (the complete concert)(Feeling to Thought)
References
John Shand, "Phil Treloar". Grove Jazz online.
Clare, John (1995) Bodgie Dada and the Cult of the Cool. University of NSW Press .
Further reading
Staintilian, Schultz, and Stanhope, Biographical Dictionary of Australian Composers. 1996.
External links
Music Australia, an online service developed by the National Library of Australia, has various resources re Phil Treloar
http://www.feeling-to-thought.com/index.html
1946 births
Living people
Australian jazz composers
Australian male jazz composers
Australian jazz drummers
Australian male drummers
Sydney Conservatorium of Music alumni |
17996335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s%20Your%20Raashee%3F | What's Your Raashee? | What's Your Raashee? () is a 2009 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy film written and directed by Ashutosh Gowariker and produced by Ronnie Screwvala and Sunita A. Gowariker. Based on the Gujarati novel Kimball Ravenswood by the playwright and novelist Madhu Rye, the film stars Harman Baweja and Priyanka Chopra, with Darshan Jariwala and Dilip Joshi in supporting roles, and follows the story of Yogesh Patel (Baweja), a Gujarati NRI, who must marry in ten days to save his brother from harm; Yogesh agrees to meet twelve potential brides (all played by Chopra), one from each zodiac sign.
Gowariker had always aspired to make a romantic comedy and was inspired to adapt Rye's novel into a feature film after watching a play based on the same source material. Later, he bought the rights and co-wrote the screenplay with playwright Naushil Mehta. In the process, several plot changes were made for the cinematic adaptation, notably the similarity between the twelve girls, and the ending. Since Gowariker was against using prosthetics to create the twelve characters, Chopra worked on her body language and her voice to make them distinct. Principal photography was extensively done at sixty-seven locations across Mumbai, and partly in Baroda and Chicago. The soundtrack, consisting of thirteen songs, each representing an astrological sign and one compilation, was composed by newcomer Sohail Sen replacing Gowariker's frequent collaborator A. R. Rahman, with lyrics by Javed Akhtar.
The film's master copy was stolen from Adlabs before its release, and a few days later was recovered by the police, who found and seized several pirated copies of the film created from the master copy. The film had its world premiere at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival and was released on 25 September 2009. With a box office gross 17 crore, it was unsuccessful and received mixed reviews, with criticism for its over three-and-a-half-hour run time and its screenplay. However, the film garnered acclaim for its soundtrack and Chopra's performance, which received a nomination for the Screen Award for Best Actress. She also became the first actress in history to portray twelve roles in one film, a feat considered for inclusion in the Guinness World Records.
Plot
Deep within a quaint rural village, an elderly man receives a card in the mail from his youngest grandson, Yogesh Patel (Harman Baweja). Over in Mumbai, Yogesh's family consults an astrologer to learn if their eldest son, Jitendra "Jitu" Patel (Dilip Joshi), a debtor, will go to jail, and also give him Yogesh's birthdate to learn his future. They are astonished to hear that Yogesh will inherit a fortune if he is married on the 20th of that month; the phone rings, and the family is overjoyed to hear that Yogesh's grandfather has made him his sole heir.
Yogesh is successful and living in Chicago. He gets a text message from Jitu that his father Bharat (Anjan Srivastav) had a heart attack, and rushes to Mumbai. When he arrives, Yogesh learns that Jitu had lied to him about Bharat, but that Jitu owes a rich man 25 million rupees for gambling debts; if Yogesh does not marry on the 20th of the month, Jitu will go to jail. At first Yogesh is adamant he will not marry, but Jitu tells him that he also borrowed 15 million rupees from a mob boss; his parents are unaware of this. Yogesh is annoyed, but agrees to marry after the gangster threatens them. Yogesh's uncle, Devu (Darshan Jariwala), subsequently posts a matrimonial ad with Yogesh's photo, and 176 girls reply. Yogesh decides that he will meet one girl from each zodiac sign. Meanwhile, Devu's wife Kanta asks Bharat to hire a detective – she suspects that Devu is cheating on her. When Bharat learns that the astrologer is also a detective, he hires him. The detective identifies Devu's mistress as a woman named Anila Kamdar.
After Yogesh has met most of the girls, one of them, Sanjana, asks to talk to him privately. She says to him that a boy has agreed to marry her, but she is reluctant. She asks Yogesh to give her time to decide what to do about her boyfriend. He agrees, telling her about his problems with Jitu. Sanjana, touched that Yogesh will help her despite his own problems, hugs him. Devu walks in, and thinks he has interrupted them; Sanjana chases him, trying to explain. Tailing Devu, the detective is unaware that he had been with Anila at a hotel and sees him with Sanjana. Sanjana shows Devu a picture; when he says something supposedly demeaning, she becomes angry and tries to leave. Devu stops her, holding her while she cries before they leave in his car. The detective convinces Yogesh and his father that Devu is having an affair with Sanjana. Anila then comes downstairs, looking for Devu. Yogesh shows her the photos, telling her that Devu and Sanjana went to Khandala, a hill station near Mumbai. The detective tells Kanta this story, and they find Devu at a hotel with Sanjana. Devu thinks Yogesh betrayed him, and Yogesh thinks Devu is having an affair with Sanjana.
After seeing the last girl, Yogesh's mother Shakuntala beseeches him to choose with his heart instead of his mind. Yogesh sees all of the girls in a dream, and in the morning decides who he will marry. He goes to Rajni's office because she offered a 50-million-rupee dowry, and is relieved to discover that she is marrying someone else. Yogesh goes to Devu's house to tell him he wants to marry Vishakha, but Devu calls her and rejects her. He says there is no need for Yogesh to marry her; he knows about Jitu's debt, and says he will choose Yogesh's bride himself.
Yogesh is impatient, but Devu keeps the bride a secret. When she enters, Yogesh cannot tell who she is. When the ceremony ends, Devu welcomes the father of the bride: Sanjana's father. Yogesh is stunned when his grandfather brings the money to pay Jitu's debts. He asks Devu how he arranged the marriage; Devu explains that when Sanjana followed him and showed him a picture of her boyfriend, he remembered seeing the boyfriend kissing another woman in Khandala. He brought Sanjana to a hotel in Khandala to confront her boyfriend. Sanjana told him she would marry Yogesh, having realised that she loves him. The film ends with the marriage attendants asking Sanjana's astrological sign. Sanjana asks Yogesh what her raashee is, to which he says he does not know, and smiles.
Cast
The cast is listed below:
Harman Baweja as Yogesh Patel
Anjan Srivastav as Bharatbhai Patel
Manju Singh as Shakuntala Patel
Dilip Joshi as Jitendra "Jitu" Patel
Ajita Kulkarni as Jyotsna Bhabhi
Visswa Badola as Pragji, Yogesh's Grandfather
Darshan Jariwala as Devendra "Devu" Patel
Bhairavi Vaidya as Kantaben Patel
Geeta Tyagi as Anila Kamdar
Rajesh Vivek as Bhautesh Joshi
Yuri Suri as Moolraj Bhai
Daya Shankar Pandey as Chaand
Marcell D'souza as Suraj
Pramod Moutho as Indravadan Zaveri
Terence Lewis as Stage Dancer
The character description for each of the characters played by Priyanka Chopra in a twelve roles is listed below:
Production
Development
Ashutosh Gowariker had always aspired to make a comedy; however, after making the historical drama Jodhaa Akbar (2008), he wanted to make a "frothy" romance or "something non-historical, light and fun". He had always wanted to make a romantic comedy along the lines of It's a Wonderful Life (1946), Roman Holiday (1953), Chupke Chupke (1975), Baaton Baaton Mein (1979), or When Harry Met Sally... (1989). Gowariker wanted to do a film that would require less research compared to his previous films as he felt he did not have "to go into historical details. But a good comedy is a challenge of its own. The process of arriving at the humour is extremely difficult."
After watching the play A Suitable Bride based on Madhu Rye's Gujarati novel Kimball Ravenswood, Gowariker decided to adapt it into a film. He read the source material to learn more about it and then bought the novel's film rights. In an interview, Rye revealed that he did not agree with Gowariker's description of the novel as a "frothy romance". Rye said that the novel can be considered a cunningly crafted sex thriller driven by devilish characters while also being both a "side-splitting tingly comic" story as well as "a profound study of human nature." Gowariker co-wrote the screenplay with playwright Naushil Mehta. When asked if he was worried that the writers would make drastic changes in the adaptation, Rye replied: "I hope they do." Due to the length of the novel, several changes were made with Rye's permission.
The ending was altered by the writers; the protagonist chooses a completely different girl in the film than the one he selects in the novel. Rye was concerned about the reactions of viewers who had read the novel, and it took Gowariker a while to convince him to agree. The writers were highly impressed and relieved by the characters' fine detailing in the novel, adding: "The written matter was very strong and we had to just get a few layers on that." While writing the screenplay, Mehta and Gowariker decided to have one song for each zodiac sign to bring out the personality of each sign and its related girl. They had to write each character with different nuances. The title of the film is taken from a fictional book, What's Your Raashee?, about the compatibility between the sun signs, which the protagonist reads in the film.
Casting
The casting of the lead pair was leaked well before the intended official announcements. Gowariker cast Harman Baweja after watching the trailer of his debut film, the science fiction romance Love Story 2050 (2008). He asked Harman's father, Harry Baweja, to show him the film's rushes and was impressed with his performance, calling him the best person for the part. Following this, Priyanka Chopra, who had worked with Baweja in Love Story 2050, was cast to play all twelve of the potential brides, each related to one of the twelve zodiac signs. On casting Chopra, Gowariker said: "I have always liked Priyanka's work, right from Hero: Love Story of a Spy. She's been fabulous in all her films. So when I thought of somebody doing twelve roles I thought about her, as I thought she had the potential." When Gowariker offered the film to her, Chopra instantly agreed to star in it.
Chopra became the first actress in cinematic history to portray twelve distinct characters in one film and was considered for inclusion in the Guinness World Records. On being asked about the decision of casting one actress to portray twelve characters, Gowariker said: "If we had taken twelve different actresses then the most beautiful one would have to be chosen. So beauty would get more importance. But by taking one girl to play all twelve roles, the importance shifts to the characters." Gowariker decided not to use prosthetics or makeup to create different looks for the characters but to make them distinctive using hair and costumes. He wanted to differentiate the characters through their mannerisms and traits.
Baweja, who is a Scorpio like his character Yogesh in the film, said that he could relate to the character. While reading the script, he told Gowariker that some of his character's dialogue was what he would usually say. At the time, Chopra described the film as the "most difficult and important" in her career. She found playing twelve characters equivalent to performing in twelve different films. She had to have a different look for each of them but had very little time to prepare and establish each character on screen, since each character had "one song and about two scenes". Since all the characters except one were between ages eighteen and twenty-four, Chopra found it difficult to make every character look distinct. She said that there were not many options other than changing her hair and the characters' outfits to portray them. As a result, she chose to work on her body language and experimented with her voice and accent to make the characters distinct from one another, describing it as "a real test".
In an interview with Bollywood Hungama, Chopra was quoted saying "when people play multiple characters, they have structures, they are from different parts of the world, sometimes they are a twenty-year-old and then become a forty-year-old in the same film, some with eyes small, etc. I have no clutches [sic]. All the girls I play in the film are in the age group of eighteen and twenty-four." Additionally, she found playing the Capricorn girl, a teenager, very tough, saying: "To play a 15-year-old girl without make-up or special effects to make me look younger was the most challenging role for me. I had to look fifteen years old just through my body language. I didn't want any of the twelve girls to be caricatures." Chopra also read Linda Goodman's Sun Signs and Love Signs to prepare for the parts. Initially, it was planned to film one character at a time, however, that did not happen.
Filming
Principal photography began in Mumbai on 6 December 2008. The art direction was handled by Nitin Chandrakant Desai, Piyush Shah did the cinematography, and Ballu Saluja edited the film. Before the filming began, several rehearsals were done to choose the right look for the characters. Neeta Lulla was brought in to design Chopra's clothes, while a non-film hair stylist named Asha Harirahan was chosen to design twelve different hair styles and the look of each character. It had a single start-to-finish schedule and was filmed at 65 different locations across Mumbai.
Gowariker remarked that shooting this film was more challenging than Jodhaa Akbar because of filming at so many locations. He found it more time-consuming and challenging but also called it an exciting experience. The second schedule started in January in Mumbai, with scenes also being filmed in Chicago and Baroda, and was scheduled to last until April 2009. The film was also shot at the Mehboob Studio and Film City. The musical numbers were choreographed by Terence Lewis, Rekha Chinni Prakash, Chinni Prakash, Raju Khan, and Rajeev Surti. The song "Aaja Lehraate" was filmed in a single continuous take using a five-camera setup. It was a draining process for Chopra and Baweja, since each mistake required returning to the beginning and filming all over again.
Chopra also had to learn jazz dance for one of the characters. For another song featuring all twelve characters, Chopra had to shoot for 22 hours to keep the continuity of the whole musical sequence. She had to change the costumes and makeup for each of the twelve characters while filming the song. At one point, Chopra fainted on the set and Gowariker wanted to postpone the filming, but she insisted on finishing the scenes. Her heavy workloadfilming for several productions, travelling for endorsements, and performing at live showstook its toll; she was admitted to hospital because of exhaustion and was kept under observation. After spending three days in hospital, she was discharged and immediately resumed filming to avoid delaying her other projects. Filming was completed by the first week of May 2009.
Soundtrack
Initially, Gowariker wanted to hire A. R. Rahman, who had composed the music for his earlier films. However, when Gowariker decided to start filming What's Your Raashee?, Rahman was busy with other projects including Slumdog Millionaire (2008). Gowariker wanted thirteen songs for the film, but Rahman did not have time to compose them, and they agreed not to work together on the film. The director revealed that he did not want another established composer because "he wanted someone to work full time on this film for several months." He later chose Sohail Sen, then a newcomer, to compose the soundtrack and the film's score.
The album contains thirteen original songs written by Javed Akhtar. Twelve songs represent the different zodiac signs, with an additional song being a compilation of the twelve songs. Twelve different themes were created, using a different instrument for each zodiac sign, depicting the traits and personality of each girl. Sen found composing "Chehra Jo Dekhe Hain" most difficult, as he had to merge all the themes of the other twelve songs into one. The vocals were performed by Alka Yagnik, Udit Narayan, Shaan, Madhushree, Bela Shende, Pamela Jain, Bhavya Pandit, and Tarannum Mallik, while Sen performs most of the songs. Gowariker and his sister Ashlesha also provided the vocals for two different songs on the album. The soundtrack was released by Sony Music on 18 August 2009.
The soundtrack received positive reviews from critics. Planet Bollywood gave it a rating of 8.5 out of 10 calling it "a musical extravaganza" and wrote: "Ashutosh Gowariker, Sohail Sen and Javed Akhtar give us one of the classiest, grandest and most eclectic musical extravaganzas to come in a long time." Joginger Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave it a rating of 4 out of 5, praising the compositions and wrote "Kudos to the film maker, Sohail Sen and Javed Akhtar for getting their thinking hats together and making something as innovative and fresh as What's Your Raashee?. Listen to this one for a unique experience. This one is not to be missed!" The Hindustan Times rated the album 3 out of 5, commending the composer and calling it a decent album. The BBC praised the album and wrote "Sohail Sen shows he can successfully compete with the best in Bollywood."
Release
The first-look poster of the film was released in January 2009. It resembled a book cover and was designed by Nabeel Abbas. The first teaser, featuring all twelve female characters along with the male protagonist, swaying to the title song, was released in July 2009. To promote the film, the makers teamed up with Facebook to develop an application for users to check their compatibility with their partners as well as to make new friends based on their sun sign. This required users to answer questions about their personal preferences; based on common characteristics with other signs, a list of users with whom they were compatible was shown and they were offered the opportunity to add those people as friends. According to the makers, the application was launched to tie the promotional activity with the theme of the film. Sunita A. Gowariker, the co-producer of the film, later said: "The entire idea ties in well with the theme of the film and yet is not restricted to being only about the film."
The master copy of the film was stolen from the Adlabs Processing at Film City before its release. When Gowariker learnt about the incident, he lodged a police complaint immediately. The case was taken over by the Mumbai Crime Branch. UTV Motion Pictures sent a legal notice to Adlabs Films and UFO Movies, the film's processing and digitising laboratories. It was later revealed that a top official of the lab had sold the master copy for 200,000 rupees to film pirates to make pirated copies of the film to sell in India and overseas. Several people were arrested, including the manager of Adlabs Processing, for allegedly stealing the master copy and producing pirated copies. The print was later recovered by the police, who also found and seized pirated CDs and DVDs produced from the master copy.
What's Your Raashee? was produced by Ronnie Screwvala at UTV Motion Pictures in collaboration with Ashutosh Gowariker Productions, with Gowariker's wife, Sunita, serving as the producer. The film had its world premiere at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival on 19 September 2009, with more than 2,000 attendees at Roy Thomson Hall. The film was released on 25 September 2009. It had a good opening at the multiplexes but poor attendance elsewhere. Following criticism of the film's excessive length, in mid-week, three songs were cut from the film's theatrical prints to reduce the length of the film. However, the new length was still over three hours, and it was not confirmed if the length was reduced on all of the prints across India. During its run, it grossed 160 million at the box office and was considered as a financial failure. Two weeks after the theatrical release, What's Your Raashee? was released for pay-per-view viewing on various DTH platforms such as Tata Sky, Airtel Digital TV, and Dish TV. Distributed by UTV Home Entertainment, the film was released on DVD on 10 December 2009 across all regions, with no bonus content. VCD versions were released at the same time. Blu-ray versions were released in 2011.
UTV Indiagames also released a mobile video game based on the film.
Critical reception
What's Your Raashee? received mixed reviews from critics who criticised the screenplay and its runtime of over three-and-a-half hours. However, Chopra's performance received widespread critical acclaim. Subhash K. Jha gave the film a positive review, calling it "a lovely uncluttered unassuming and transparent film". He also praised Baweja and Chopra's performances and the chemistry between the actors. Jha appreciated Chopra's portrayal of twelve characters, calling it "an amazing achievement", and wrote: "Priyanka gives soul to all the 12 characters she plays. In the climactic song, she brings all of them together, quirks and mannerisms all on display in one unified flow of feelings and body-language. The actress achieves individuality for all her characters while giving the plot a homogeneous flow." The Times of India rated the film 3 out of 5, noting that the film works because Gowariker maintains fluidity in the narrative and gets uniformly good work from his cast, especially Dilip Joshi and Darshan Jariwala, who bring subtlety to comedy.
Several critics had mixed feelings about the film. Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com praised the subtle and refreshing humour, noting that "Gowariker shows a flair for light scenes and creating atmospheric nuances" but criticising the loopy screenplay. She called it "ultimately a performance-oriented film", stating: "A terrific ensemble cast from the world of television and theatre collaborate to its feel-good believability which lasts as long as their screen time." She particularly praised Chopra's performance and wrote: "Priyanka Chopra transforms into 12 new skins with astonishing distinction, voice and spirit. The actress reinvents herself into this unique individual every single time ranging from batty, bashful and boisterous. This is simply her show." Sonia Chopra of Sify also gave a mixed review, noting that the film could have been hugely entertaining but was affected by "a repetitive layout and agonising length". She believed that the film was watchable because of Priyanka Chopra's "consistently stellar act"; she carried the film ably on her shoulders and gave "a fun and uninhibited performance." Namrata Joshi of Outlook gave the film 2 stars out of 4. She thought that Chopra played her characters "competently, confidently but a bit unevenly" and wrote: "The one trump card for the film is the new queen bee Priyanka Chopra. The film is out-and-out a Priyanka show as she hogs screen time and audience attention with her 12 roles."
Shubhra Gupra of The Indian Express was particularly critical of the length of the film and wrote: "Ashutosh Gowariker's latest, which stretches close to four hours running time, starts feeling like bargain-basement from the get go. It's much too long, and, despite Priyanka's valiant efforts, just not engaging enough." Taran Adarsh from Bollywood Hungama gave it a negative review, criticising the writing and the length and saying that "What's Your Raashee? has some wonderful moments and award-worthy performance[s] by Priyanka Chopra, but everything pales into insignificance when the written material is weak." Anupama Chopra of NDTV was highly disappointed with the film, terming it a "gargantuan misstep" for Gowariker: "This epic length simply doesn't work for romance. At nearly four hours, What's Your Raashee? is a marathon watch. And the rewards for enduring it are slim." Sudhish Kamath was also disappointed with the film, criticising the time taken (over 25 minutes) in the first act to reach the first episode: "Priyanka Chopra acquits each of these types with unique quirks associated with these signs and is quite charming in most of her avatars, but there is seriously, no other reason for you to watch this movie."
Accolades
References
External links
2000s Hindi-language films
2009 romantic comedy films
2009 films
Films directed by Ashutosh Gowariker
Films scored by Sohail Sen
Indian romantic comedy films
UTV Motion Pictures films
Films shot in Gujarat
Films shot in Chicago
Films shot in Mumbai
Films based on Indian novels
Films adapted for other media
Films about astrology
Films set in Mumbai
Films set in Chicago
Films set in Gujarat
Fiction about arranged marriage
World record holders |
17996353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip%20Wade | Rip Wade | Richard Frank "Rip" Wade (January 12, 1898 – June 15, 1957) was a baseball player for the Washington Senators in 1923 when he was 25 years of age. He batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He was 5' 11" in height and weighed 174 lb. He made his major league debut on April 19, 1923. His final game was on October 4, 1923.
External links
http://www.baseball-reference.com/w/waderi01.shtml Rip Wade's Statistics
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
20th-century American sportsmen
Baseball players from Duluth, Minnesota
1957 deaths
1898 births
Nashville Vols players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players |
17996361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofra%20Haza%20%28album%29 | Ofra Haza (album) | Ofra Haza is an eponymous 1997 album by Israeli singer Ofra Haza. The album was produced by Frank Peterson (of Enigma and Gregorian), recorded both in Hamburg as well as at legendary Abbey Road Studios in London, and includes the single release "Show Me", an updated version of "Im Nin' Alu", songs co-written by Peterson, Haza and manager Bezalel Aloni as well as a cover version of Carole King's "You've Got a Friend". Although Haza continued recording until 1999, mainly songs for movie soundtracks and collaborations with other artists, this was to be her final full-length studio album before her death in 2000.
Track listing
"Show Me" (Aloni, Haza, Peterson) - 4:12
"Amore" (Aloni, Haza) - 4:31
"Im Nin' Alu - 2000" (Traditional) - 3:38
"Sixth Sense" (Aloni, Haza, Peterson) - 4:12
"My Ethiopian Boy" (Aloni, Haza) - 4:38
"Ahava" (Aloni, Haza, Peterson) - 6:56
"No Time To Hate" (Aloni, Haza, Peterson) - 4:24
"You've Got A Friend" (King) - 5:17
"You" (Aloni, Haza, Peterson) - 5:06
"Give Me A Sign" (Aloni, Haza, Peterson) - 4:20
"One Day" (Aloni, Haza, Peterson) - 4:17
Personnel
Pino Palladino - bass guitar
Peter Weihe - guitar
Frank Peterson - keyboards & programming
Matthias Meissner - keyboards & programming
Thomas Schwarz - keyboards & programming
Tony Harrison - narrator trk 11
Sarah Brightman - vocalizing in the background /track 10/
Production
Frank Peterson - record producer, sound mix
Recorded January–August 1997 at Nemo Studios Hamburg and Abbey Road Studios London.
References
1997 albums
Ofra Haza albums
Albums produced by Frank Peterson |
17996366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcamenes%2C%20son%20of%20Sthenelaides | Alcamenes, son of Sthenelaides | Alcamenes (), son of Sthenelaidas, was appointed by Agis II as harmost of the Lesbians when they wished to revolt from the Athenians in 412 BC. When Alcamenes put to sea with twenty-one ships to sail to Chios, he was pursued by the Athenian fleet off the Isthmus of Corinth, and driven on shore. The Athenians attacked the ships when on shore, and Alcamenes was killed in the battle.
References
Ancient Spartan generals
5th-century BC Spartans
Ancient Greeks killed in battle
Ancient Lesbos
Spartans of the Peloponnesian War
Harmosts |
17996369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UScoCTIO%20108 | UScoCTIO 108 | UScoCTIO 108 is a binary system, approximately 470 light-years away in the Upper Scorpius (USco) OB association. The primary, UScoCTIO 108A, with mass around 0.06 solar masses, is a brown dwarf or low-mass red dwarf. The secondary, UScoCTIO 108B, with a mass around the deuterium burning limit of 13 Jupiter masses, would be classified as either a brown dwarf or an extrasolar planet.
The primary component of the system was discovered in 2000 as a possible member of the Upper Scorpius association, based on its position in a HR diagram, in a search for new member of the association by the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO), where it received the designation UScoCTIO 108. Later, spectroscopic and photometric observations confirmed that the object is a real member of the association, showing signs of low gravity and youth, and estimated a mass of 60 times the mass of Jupiter (MJ), an effective temperature of 2,800 K and a spectral type of M7. The low mass indicates that the object is not able to sustain hydrogen fusion, making it a brown dwarf.
The secondary member of the system was found in 2008 as an object located at a separation of 4.6 arcseconds, which corresponds to a physical separation of more than 670 AU, and is also a confirmed member of the Upper Scorpius association. Its spectrum shows it is also a cold substellar object, with an effective temperature of 2,300 K and a spectral type of M9.5. Its mass was originally estimated at 14 MJ, very close to the nominal boundary between planets and brown dwarf, but a recent revision of the age of the Upper Scorpius association to 11 million years increased this value to 16 MJ, indicating that the object is likely a low mass brown dwarf. The physical association between the two brown dwarfs has not been confirmed by observation of common proper motion, but is considered very likely given the proximity between them.
The minimum separation between the two brown dwarfs, 670 AU, is much larger than the mean of other similar mass systems, and indicates that the pair (if they really form a binary system) is very weakly bound, with an escape velocity for the secondary component of only 0.4 km/s. Considering the average stellar density in an association like Upper Scorpius, it is estimated that perturbations by passing stars will cause the rupture of the system in a few million years.
Observations by the infrared telescope WISE revealed excess emission at 12 and 22 μm, indicating the presence of a debris disk around the brown dwarf.
See also
SDSS J1416+1348
2M1101AB
Oph 162225-240515
Binary brown dwarfs
References
External links
Star: UScoCTIO 108, Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Accessed on line June 17, 2008.
Brown dwarfs
M-type main-sequence stars
Scorpius
Upper Scorpius |
17996379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20and%20Gnasher%20%281996%20TV%20series%29 | Dennis and Gnasher (1996 TV series) | Dennis and Gnasher (or Dennis the Menace and Dennis the Menace and Gnasher) is a British animated television series based on characters from The Beano comic, which was broadcast on BBC from 2 April 1996 until 7 May 1998. Reruns aired on CBBC until January 2009. The series was produced by Collingwood O'Hare Productions and D.C. Thomson & Co. in association with BBC Television, alongside Flextech and PolyGram Video for the first season only. It was distributed by HIT Entertainment worldwide and was directed and largely written by Tony Collingwood.
Characters
Main
Dennis (voiced by Richard Pearce) is the main character, a troublemaker and mischievous young boy. While most of it is for fun, his mischief can sometimes cause serious problems, or even help others. Dennis' antics have caused him to gain multiple enemies including his next-door neighbour Walter, the Colonel, and Sergeant Slipper. Dennis has saved the world on one occasion and appeared on Blue Peter after winning an art competition ("The Competition"). One of his favourite TV shows is "Nick Kelly" (a character who featured in another D.C. Thomson & Co. comic).
Gnasher (voiced by Kerry Shale) is Dennis's pet dog, an Abyssinian wire-haired tripe hound. He is Dennis's "partner in crime". Twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week together they are the proverbial "two peas in a pod". When he's not by Dennis's side, like during school hours (though he does follow Dennis to school in the mornings), Gnasher will have taken up his vigil, hiding in the front garden, ready and waiting to ambush the postman as he attempts to deliver the mail on Gnasher's watch. Gnasher's family still lives on the isle of Abyssinia, as revealed in "The Trial", when a company had accused Gnasher of being a rat. Gnasher possesses a set of teeth that are capable of chewing through almost anything, hence his name. His favourite food is bones, and his favourite dog toy is his squeaky bone. In "Summer Holiday", Gnasher went by the alias of 'Norman' – in order to pass himself off as a baby to help the family find lodgings at a hotel that forbids pets. In "Special Agent Dennis", it's revealed that Dennis feeds Gnasher his homework rather than actually do the homework.
Dennis' Dad (voiced by John Baddeley) is under a lot of stress due to Dennis' mischief; he often tries to discipline his son, with few results, and is forced to take extreme measures at times. He works in an office.
Dennis' Mum (voiced by Eve Karpf) seems to be able to cope more with Dennis' behaviour and on equal terms, Dennis listens to her when she tells him off. At times, she can be rather oblivious to events around her and silly, using household objects to help her when she takes driving lessons ("Menace Power").
Dennis's Granny, Gertrude (voiced by Sally Grace) Although she is eight decades old, Dennis's Granny is still very young at heart. Dennis loves his Granny, defends her when another speaks ill of her ("Dennis and the Beanstalk"), and will come to her for advice in times of need ("The Secret Diary"). In her youth, Dennis's Granny was every bit the Menace towards anything like a peaceful society in Beanotown that her grandson is today, as revealed in "The Secret Diary", and in her day there was a police officer, Sgt. Boot, who was the "Sgt. Slipper" to her "Dennis". According to information from the Beano comic, she is the mother of Dennis's Dad; in "The Secret Diary", when Dennis's Dad mentions more than once how well-behaved he was to his parents, he may have been referring particularly to his father because Dennis's Granny favours her grandson, Dennis, who takes after her. In "The Secret Diary", she was depicted as having black hair, like her son and grandson, but in "Gorilla Warfare", she was seen in a flashback with blond hair (so possibly she dyed it). She rides a motorcycle and eats pizza with "everything on them". She is perhaps the only adult, as mentioned by Dennis's Dad, "insane enough" to provide Dennis with any adult supervision and survive intact; she will even willingly come back for more of the fun and mayhem.
Curly (voiced by Jill Lidstone) is Dennis's best friend and fellow Menace. He is the loyal friend that will stand up for Dennis no matter what and can be considered his second-in-command.
Kevin "Pie-Face" (voiced by Gary Martin) is Dennis' other best friend and fellow Menace. He is portrayed as being dim-witted and at times cowardly, as well as being a fan of pies (hence his nickname).
Walter the Softy (voiced by Judy Bennett) is Dennis' next-door neighbour, rival and major enemy. He is always exasperated with Dennis' mischief and often tries to come up with ideas to humiliate and outshine him. But he is never successful as his plans tend to backfire.
Matilda (voiced by Eve Karpf) is Walter's best friend and girlfriend, often seen with him and swooning over him. Matilda will also give Walter cucumber sandwiches with the crust cut off on their picnics.
Sgt. Slipper (voiced by Colin McFarlane) is a local policeman and another enemy of Dennis, usually being the first one to deal with Dennis' antics outside his house, and often is seen with the Colonel. He is a bit clumsy at times and often overreacts to things. Seeing as there have been occasions where he and Dennis have encountered a common enemy, however, there have also been times when he proves himself to be extremely responsible, adept (enough to both take on the role of judge and pilot a police aircraft in 'The Trial') and effective at his job.
The Colonel, Godfrey; voiced by John Baddeley A neighbour of Dennis' family who lives across the road. He is a stereotypical military veteran who is never seen outside of his military uniform. His house resembles a military bunker and he even has a tank parked in his front garden. Likely, he is still in active (albeit limited) service, as he is occasionally seen conducting meetings at the nearby military base and is sometimes accompanied by a platoon of soldiers to tackle an opponent (usually Dennis). The Colonel often recalls memorable battles in his life and is considered an enemy of sorts by Dennis. However, there are occasions when the both of them join forces against a common enemy, such as in the episode 'The Trial', during which they, along with Sergeant Slipper and the Colonel's cousin Hugo, set off to find Gnasher (after the Colonel had made a false accusation against him).
Foo Foo is Walter's pet poodle and Gnasher's rival. She has been seen in a few episodes with Walter holding her while he's scolding Dennis. She tries to beat Gnasher at his own game but fails. Even though she does not appear as often as her master, Foo Foo is a minor antagonist.
Minor and guests
Mrs. Pie Face, Kevin Pie Face's Mum (voiced by Jill Lidstone)
Mr. Pie Face, Kevin Pie Face's Dad (voiced by Gary Martin)
The Postman (voiced by John Baddeley) Like in the comic, the Postman is mostly harassed by Gnasher whenever he tries to deliver the mail to Dennis' House.
Rasher is Dennis' pet pig that made a cameo in the episode Dennis and the Beanstalk.
Sidney is Dennis' spider based on the comic book spider Dasher that with his web saved the day. Seen in Secret Agent Dennis.
Walter's Dad (voiced by Gary Martin)
School Headmaster (voiced by Colin McFarlane)
Flossy Muggins (voiced by Sally Grace) is a wacky inventor who helped Dennis build some ingenious inventions. Seen in Revenge of the Robot.
Dirk Cool (voiced by Gary Martin) is a secret agent and a master of disguise. Seen in Special Agent Dennis.
Vilhemina Slop Bucket (voiced by Mollie Sugden) is a crazed, villainous dinner lady who seeks world domination which includes making everyone eat her revolting leftover school dinners. Seen in Secret Agent Dennis.
Aunt Beryl is Gran's sister.
Hugo (voiced by Simon Callow) is the Colonel's adventurer cousin who helped Dennis and the others save Gnasher and other Abyssinian tripe hounds from the rat catchers. Seen in The Trial.
Mr Smiley (voiced by Derek Nimmo) is a nutty psychiatrist, who tried Dennis like practical jokes on the parents during his course on "How to Understand Children", but couldn't get the better of Dennis even though the parents thought he was worse than him. Seen in Dennis and the Grown-Ups
Slasher Brown (voiced by Denis Quilley) is Walter's twisted uncle, who runs the barbershop. Seen in Hair Today, Gone Tomorrow as the main antagonist.
Reg Trademark (voiced by John Baddeley) is an eccentric inventor who makes insane and useless gadgets. He builds a shopping mall and uses subliminal messages to make the customers buy his on sale gadgets. Seen in Malled.
Bertie Blenkinsop is a fellow softy and friend of Walter. Seen in Snowbound.
Spotty Perkins is a fellow softy and friend of Walter. Seen in Snowbound.
Captain Trout (voiced by Billy Connolly) is a sailor who enlists Dennis and the gang as the crew aboard his ship, the S.S. Rustbucket. Despite managing to capture the boys' interest when he relates to them how he lost his father, Captain Prefab to a whale known as Dopey Mick (a parody of Moby Dick) Captain Trout is essentially a strict, no-nonsense person – which results in Dennis very quickly losing all respect for him when he discovers this! However, he is grateful to the gang for their role in helping him be reunited with his father, and when they help him escape from the whale. Both captains appear in Dennis Ahoy! Captain Prefab later appears in a non-speaking cameo role in Summer Holiday.
Episodes
During the series' credits, the guest stars were always at the top before the regular cast.
Series 1 (1996)
This series is animated in cel animation.
Series 2 (1998)
For this series, the animation team switched from traditional cel-animation to digital ink-and-paint, making the motions appear much smoother.
Revival series
A new television series has now been produced. The new series features the return of Dennis, Gnasher, Mum, Dad, Curly and Pie-Face and also features the introduction of Dennis' little sister Bea. The production shots also showed Dennis' treehouse with a more menacing design. Screenshots and an episode can be found at the production company Red Kite Animation's website.
The show used to be shown at 4.00 pm from Monday-Friday on CBBC.
Release
Broadcast
The series initially aired on BBC and CBBC, with the latter channel airing it until 2009 when it was replaced with a revival series, it also later started airing on TCC and Fox Kids. In the US, the series aired on Sprout from 2005–2006, when it was removed following the channel's desire to focus more on preschool programming. Internationally, it aired on RTL 7 in Poland, NCRV and NPO Zappelin in the Netherlands, Super RTL in Germany, Italia 1 in Italy, and SBT in Brazil.
Home Media
Episodes 1–4 of series one are available in two, separate volumes each containing two episodes. The further thirteen episodes are yet to be released. All 13 episodes of series two are available in three, separate volumes each containing four-five episodes. These were later re-released in a box-set alongside "The Beano Videostars" and "The Beano Allstars". All 26 episodes the complete 2 series was released 22 August 2011 in a DVD boxset titled Dennis & Gnasher: Special Agent Dennis & 25 More Crazy Adventures (8 Discs), it also contains "The Beano Videostars" and "The Beano Allstars" on 22 August 2011 which makes all episodes available on DVD.
Ratings (CBBC Channel)
Saturday 22 June 2002 – 40,000 (3rd most watched on CBBC that week)
Sunday 23 June 2002 – 30,000 (5th most watched on CBBC that week)
References
External links
1990s British children's television series
1996 British television series debuts
1998 British television series endings
1990s British animated television series
British children's animated comedy television series
British English-language television shows
The Beano
Fox Kids
BBC children's television shows
Television shows based on British comics
Television series by Mattel Television
Television series by Universal Television
Animated television series about children
Animated television series about dogs
Dennis the Menace and Gnasher television series
BBC animated television series |
17996380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Sadler | William Sadler | William Sadler may refer to:
William Sadler (painter) (c. 1782–1839), Irish landscape painter
William Sadler (Medal of Honor) (1854–?), American sailor and Medal of Honor recipient
William Sadler (actor) (born 1950), American film and television actor
William S. Sadler (1875–1969), American surgeon and psychiatrist
William Richard Sadler, American politician from Pennsylvania
Billy Sadler (born 1981), American baseball pitcher
Bubby Sadler (William Andrew Sadler, 1909–1987), American Negro league baseball player
Bill Sadler (engineer) (William George Sadler, born 1931), Canadian race car designer, electrical and electronics engineer, aviation designer |
17996385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud%20Sadik | Mahmud Sadik | Mahmud Sadik (born 1952) is a citizen of Afghanistan who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba.
His Guantanamo Internment Serial Number was 512.
McClatchy News Service interview
On June 15, 2008, the McClatchy News Service published a series of articles based on interviews with 66 former Guantanamo captives.
Mohammed Saduq was one of the former captives who had an article profiling him.
Mohammed Saduq reported he was captured in his home in Chaman, not on a battlefield.
His capture didn't surprise him because as the director of an orphanage, he was a civil servant appointed by the Taliban. The McClatchy article reported that the Tahia Maskan orphanage he directed:
...was, by most accounts, a place where children were malnourished and often beaten, another horrific corner of the Taliban world, but not an important post.
According to the first governor of Helmand Province appointed by Hamid Karzai, Shir Mohammed, stated Mohammed Saduq
...was not a military guy, he was not a minister, but he was someone the Taliban consulted with because he was seen as someone who understood politics.
Mohammed Saduq reported being beaten by guards in the Kandahar detention facility and the Bagram Theater internment facility, but not by his interrogators.
He described conditions in these camps as primitive.
Mohammed Saduq acknowledged to his interrogators that he had met Mullah Mohammed Omar, and much of his interrogations focussed around these brief meetings.
According to the McClatchy interviewer, Mohammed Saduq hopes the Taliban retake Afghanistan.
During the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan Mohammed Saduq commanded Abdul Salam Zaeef, who was later to rise be the Taliban's ambassador to Pakistan.
Saduq said that when he re-encountered Zaeef in Guantanamo his health seemed frail.
References
External links
The Guantánamo Files: Website Extras (9) – Seized in Pakistan (Part One) Andy Worthington
McClatchy News Service - video
Guantanamo detainees known to have been released
Afghan extrajudicial prisoners of the United States
Living people
1952 births |
17996396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Gilfeather | Frank Gilfeather | Frank Gilfeather (born 30 December 1945, Lochee, Dundee, Scotland) is a Scottish journalist and broadcaster.
Gilfeather, a former Scottish amateur boxing champion from Dundee, moved to Aberdeen in April 1969 and began work on the Press & Journal and the Evening Express as a general news reporter. Later, when personnel was allocated to each paper, he was a news reporter on the P&J for some years before moving to the evening newspaper's sports desk as chief sportswriter and deputy sports editor.
His broadcasting career began in 1980 with the launch of the Grampian Television (now STV North) regional news programme, North Tonight. Gilfeather joined the programme as a sports correspondent, although he later worked on news coverage. As well as reporting for North Tonight, Gilfeather fronted the North Tonight spin-off Summer at Six and local quiz show Top Club which ran for nine years. He also worked on general election coverage for ITN and has been featured in out-takes on LWT's It'll be Alright on the Night.
Gilfeather also fronted STV and Grampian TV's shinty highlights coverage between the mid-1980s and early-1990s, for which the shinty matches were simiculast on both channels throughout this time.
Gilfeather is a freelance journalist and broadcaster and writes for several national newspapers, including The Times, the Daily Record, The Herald and the Sunday Herald. He wrote a weekly current affairs column for the Evening Express from 2001. In October 2021 Gilfeather ceased to write for the Evening Express because he had refused to retract misogynistic comments made in his column; he had said that women did not take responsibility for preventing their drinks from being spiked and subsequently being assaulted.
He covers football for Soccer Saturday on Sky Sports.
His play The Harp and the Violet, based upon a real-life incident in Dundee in May 1941, was given its first performance at Dundee Repertory Theatre in November 1991. It was directed by Robert Robertson and designed by Monika Nisbet. The cast included Martin McCardie [Frank McGarrity], Carol Brannan [Bridget McGarrity], Frank Ellis [L/Cpl. Bert Leitch] and Martyn James [Gino Esposito].
In November 2009, his first book - Confessions of a Highland Hero - a ghost-written autobiography of Steve Paterson, the former Inverness Caledonian Thistle and Aberdeen football manager - was published by Birlinn.
In 2010, Birlinn published Gilfeather's second book - Ross County: From Highland League To Hampden''. The book charted the Highland League side's history and the Scottish Cup run of 2009-10, during which they dumped Celtic and Hibs out of the competition before falling to Dundee United in the final.
References
External links
Frank Gilfeather Associates official site
1945 births
Living people
STV News newsreaders and journalists
Scottish television presenters
Journalists from Dundee
People from Lochee |
17996405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabur%20%28Tigris%29 | Khabur (Tigris) | The Khabur or Little Khabur (, Ava Xabûr or Xabîr, , Khabir or Habur Suyu (Habur Water)) is a river that rises in Turkey and flows through Iraq to join the Tigris at the tripoint of Turkey, Iraq and Syria.
The river originates in the Uludere District in Turkey and emerges from a number of small rivers flowing off the Taurus Mountains, to the south-east of Hakkâri. From there, it generally flows south, crossing the Turkish-Iraqi border into Iraqi Kurdistan before turning west toward the Tigris. Zakho is an important town along the river, where the ancient Delal Bridge crosses the river. A few kilometres west of Zakho, the Little Khabur is joined by its main tributary the Hezil Suyu (or Nizil river or Hezil Çayı), which forms part of the border between Iraq and Turkey. From there onward the Little Khabur river forms the border for around 20 km to the Tigris and is also called (and often mistaken with) the Hezil Suyu.
It might have been the Zerbis mentioned by Pliny the Elder.
See also
List of international border rivers
References
Border rivers
Rivers of Iraq
Rivers of Kurdistan
Rivers of Turkey
Tributaries of the Tigris River
International rivers of Asia
Iraq–Turkey border
Geography of Iraqi Kurdistan
Landforms of Şırnak Province
Zakho |
17996426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny%20Williams%20%28rugby%20league%2C%20born%201986%29 | Danny Williams (rugby league, born 1986) | Danny Williams (born 1 October 1986) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who previously played for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs and the Sydney Roosters.
Early life
Williams was born in Ipswich, Queensland, Australia.
Williams attended highschool in Mackay and played juniors with Brothers Bulldogs JRLFC before playing a grade for Mackay Souths until he signed up with Sydney Roosters at the age of 16.
After attending an Australian school boys tour in England in November 2003, Williams moved to Bondi with partner Laura, to begin his first grade career.
Playing career
Williams made his debut for the Sydney Roosters in Round 13 2007 against North Queensland. Williams scored his first and only try in his NRL career for Canterbury in a Round 6 30–18 win over the St George Illawarra Dragons on 19 April 2008.
References
External links
Bulldogs profile
1986 births
Living people
Australian rugby league players
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs players
Newtown Jets NSW Cup players
Rugby league players from Ipswich, Queensland
Rugby league props
Rugby league second-rows
Sydney Roosters players
21st-century Australian sportsmen |
17996441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry%20Mansion%20Bridge | Strawberry Mansion Bridge | The Strawberry Mansion Bridge is a steel arch truss bridge across the Schuylkill River in Fairmount Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
It was built in 1896–1897 by the Phoenix Iron Company in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, under private ownership by the Fairmount Park Transportation Company, which operated trolleys over the bridge, with pedestrian and carriage lanes on the north side. Trolley service was discontinued in 1946.
The Philadelphia Historical Commission designated the bridge as a historic structure on September 7, 1978.
From 1991 to 1995, the bridge was closed to vehicular and pedestrian traffic while it was restored to its historical appearance. As of 2024, the bridge remains in use, carrying vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
The bridge was featured in season 9, episode 5 of the American sitcom It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, titled "Mac Day."
See also
Historic Strawberry Mansion, from which the bridge takes its name
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
List of crossings of the Schuylkill River
References
External links
West Fairmount Park
East Fairmount Park
Truss arch bridges in the United States
Bridges in Philadelphia
Bridges completed in 1897
Road bridges in Pennsylvania
Railroad bridges in Pennsylvania
Road-rail bridges in the United States
Bridges over the Schuylkill River
Historic American Engineering Record in Philadelphia
Historic American Buildings Survey in Philadelphia
Strawberry Mansion, Philadelphia
Steel bridges in the United States |
17996473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages%20of%20Wales | Languages of Wales | The languages of Wales include the Welsh language, which is an official language of Wales, and English, which is also considered an official language in Wales. The official languages of the Senedd (Welsh Parliament) are also Welsh and English. According to the 2021 census, the Welsh-speaking population of Wales aged three or older was 17.8% (538,300 people) and nearly three quarters of the population in Wales said they had no Welsh language skills.
Official languages
Welsh is an official language of Wales, and is treated "no less favourably than the English language" which is also considered an official language, as legislated in the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011. The official languages of the Senedd are Welsh and English.
The Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011 recognises that Welsh and English are official languages and established a legal framework for a statutory duty on public bodies in Wales to comply with Welsh standards. The legislation allows people to live through the medium of Welsh if they so wish. The legislation states "the Welsh language must not be treated less favourably than the English language". The 2011 measure also created the Welsh Language Commissioner post.
Main language
In Wales, as of 2021, 96.7% of usual residents (2.9 million) aged three and above spoke Welsh or English as their main language. This is compared to 97.1% in 2011.
Of the 101,000 people in Wales who did not speak Welsh or English as a main language in 2021, 78.0% said they could speak English well or very well, similar to 77.1% in 2011. 22.0% of people who did not speak English or Welsh as a main language could not speak English very well or at all.
In both 2011 and 2021, Polish was the most spoken main language after Welsh and English, accounting for 0.7% of the population (21,000), up from 0.6% in 2011. Arabic was the next most common main language in Wales at 0.3%, up from 0.2% in 2011.
British Sign Language (BSL) was the preferred language of 900 (0.03%), up from 800 in 2011. An additional 300 usual residents used another form of sign language or communication system other than BSL.
Welsh
Welsh is a Celtic language primarily spoken in Wales. It is the traditional language of Wales but was supplanted in large part by English, becoming a minority language in the early 20th century. For the year ending 30 June 2022, the Welsh Annual Population Survey showed that 29.7% (899,500) people aged three or older were able to speak Welsh. According to the 2021 census, 17.8% (538,300 people) of Wales' population, aged 3 or older, can speak Welsh, a decrease from 19% in 2011.
English
Welsh English
Welsh English or Anglo-Welsh is the distinct form of English used in Wales.
Aside from lexical borrowings from Welsh like bach (little, wee), eisteddfod, nain and taid (grandmother and grandfather respectively), there exist distinctive grammatical conventions in vernacular Welsh English. Examples of this include the use by some speakers of the tag question isn't it? regardless of the form of the preceding statement and the placement of the subject and the verb after the predicate for emphasis, e.g. Fed up, I am or Running on Friday, he is.
In South Wales, the word "where" may often be expanded to "where to", as in the question, "Where to is your Mam?". The word "butty" is used to mean "friend" or "mate".
There is no standard variety of English that is specific to Wales, but such features are readily recognised by Anglophones from the rest of the UK as being from Wales, including the (actually rarely used) phrase look you which is a translation of a Welsh language tag.
Welsh Romani
Welsh Romani (or Welsh Romany; sometimes also known as Kååle) is a variety of the Romani language which was spoken fluently in Wales until at least 1950. It was spoken by the Kale group of the Romani people who arrived in Britain during the 15th century. The first record of Roma in Wales comes from the 16th century. Welsh Romani is one of the many Northern Romani dialects.
Sign languages
In 2017, the British Deaf Association claimed there were about 6,000 British Sign Language (BSL) users in Wales. Ongoing training and courses in BSL are offered in Wales by the Wales Council for Deaf People (WCDP), a voluntary umbrella organisation.
Makaton has limited use in Wales. It is not a sign language but a system using signs and symbols to help people who find speaking difficult, such as people with Down's Syndrome.
Norman French and Latin
Latin is also used to a limited degree in certain official mottos, legal terminology (habeas corpus), and various ceremonial contexts. Latin abbreviations can also be seen on British coins. The use of Latin has declined greatly in recent years. At one time, Latin and Greek were commonly taught in British schools.
See also
Welsh toponymy
Welsh Romani language
References
External links
The history of the Welsh language
Heart of the nation
How English becomes the most spoken language in Wales |
17996502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington%20station | Barrington station | Barrington is a station on Metra's Union Pacific Northwest Line located in Barrington, Illinois. The station is located at 201 South Spring Street in Barrington, and is from Ogilvie Transportation Center, the southern terminus of the Union Pacific Northwest Line. In Metra's zone-based fare structure, Barrington is located in Zone 4. , Barrington is the 16th busiest of the 236 non-downtown stations on the Metra system, with an average of 1,725 weekday boardings. Barrington has two tracks and two side platforms; it is the southernmost station on the Union Pacific Northwest Line without a third express track, which begins about a quarter mile southeast of the station near Baker Lake. It is also the last station outbound within Cook County. A station house where tickets may be purchased is on the inbound platform. Parking is available at the station.
As of May 30, 2023, Barrington is served by 65 trains (34 inbound, 31 outbound) on weekdays, by 33 trains (16 inbound, all 17 outbound) on Saturdays, and by 20 trains (nine inbound, all 11 outbound) on Sundays.
On weekdays, four inbound trains originate, and three outbound trains terminate, at Barrington. On Saturdays, one inbound train originates, and two outbound trains terminate, at Barrington.
History
The current station moved from its previous location near the Ice House Mall in 1977, in order to reduce the amount of time traffic on Main Street would need to wait for trains to pass through. The old station had six staff across three shifts, whilst the new station had two staff and two shifts until 1995, when it reduced to just one staff member.
References
External links
Metra - Barrington Station
Metra stations in Illinois
Buildings and structures in Barrington, Illinois
Former Chicago and North Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Lake County, Illinois
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1977 |
17996509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20P.%20T.%20Acharya | M. P. T. Acharya | Mandayam Parthasarathi Tirumal Acharya (1887–1954) was an Indian nationalist, communist and anarchist who was among the founding members of the Communist Party of India (Tashkent group). Born to a Aiyangar brahmin family, Indian nationalism was part of his upbringing. Under threat of persecution, he left for Europe and became associated with London's India House and worked with V. D. Savarkar. He attempted to train as a revolutionary in the 1909 Second Melillan campaign and in Paris, where he became involved in the socialist movement. As a key functionary of the Berlin Committee in the World War I Hindu-German Conspiracy, Acharya attempted to rally German support for Indian revolutionaries. After the war, Acharya moved to the Soviet Union and helped found the Communist Party of India at Tashkent. Disappointed with the Communist International, he left for Europe, worked with the League against Imperialism, and developed anarcho-syndicalist views. After his ban was lifted in 1935, Acharya returned to India, where he worked as a journalist.
Early life
M.P.T. Acharya was born on 15 April 1887 in Madras to a family of Aiyangar brahmins. His father, M.P. Narasimha Aiyangar, was an employee in the Madras Public Works Department whose family had originally migrated from the state of Mysore. Young M.P.T. was exposed to nationalism from childhood, with his family playing a prominent role in the rise of Indian nationalism in South India. His close relatives included M.C. Alasinga Perumal, one of the co-founders of the Brahmavadin journal, as well as Prof. Rangachari of Madras Presidency College. Acharya himself was an admirer of Swami Vivekananda in his childhood.
By 1900, a young Acharya, along with Subramanya Bharathi, had begun publication of the weekly journal called India, and worked hard to popularise the publication within a short time. However, the journal's nationalist editorials and critical and satirical cartoons quickly drew the attention of The Raj, forcing the young editors to quietly shift to the French enclave of Pondicherry, following the trail of notable numbers who migrated to the enclave as refugees. The publication also acquired popularity in Pondicherry.
Work of the press continued unabated for M.P.T. Acharya, and was expanded to publications of revolutionary literature. The British government began to seek French assistance to ban the publications which were deemed "seditious literature". Under pressure from British colonial authorities, the French authorities in Pondicherry relented, allowing the Indian Imperial Police to establish surveillance centres to monitor the activities of the revolutionaries. Attempts were also made at this time to extradite the Indians to British custody. Subramania Bharaty, along with S.N.T. Acharya (owner of the India magazine) and the latter's cousin, were forced to flee to Europe.
Although some French officials did indeed harbour sympathies for the Indian revolutionaries, the latter also faced some resistance among the local Francophile and Europeanised Indians who saw the "new immigrants" somewhat contemptuously. The refugee cause was, however, taken up by a number of sympathetic French lawyers. Acharya found assistance from this group to help fight against his expulsion from Pondicherry.
England
Faced with the threat of persecution, M.P.T. Acharya made up his mind to leave India. He left for Britain. Acharya visited his ailing father at Shiyali and, although an orthodox Brahmin, shaved off his long hair (Juttoo). At this time, Acharya was still unable to decide whether he wished to move to somewhere in Asia or to Europe, finally deciding to head for Colombo, a city he had visited earlier. His savings was a sum of three hundred Rupees, which allowed him money for travel but not any luggage.
From Colombo, Acharya proceeded to Marseilles, for which he was able to acquire a third class ticket for eleven pounds, nearly half his savings. It is said that during the voyage to Marseilles, as an orthodox Brahmin he was unable to bring himself to eat non-Indian food – he was forbidden from taking even coffee or bread by his orthodox beliefs – and decided to observe a fast for the twenty-two days the voyage lasted.
From Marseilles, short of money, Acharya proceeded to Paris where he hoped to find Indian expatriates who might have been able to help him both financially and with jobs. He had, while editing Anglo-Tamil newspaper and journals in India, been in touch with Indians living in France and in Paris. In Paris, he established contact with Professor Moniers Vinson and a few Indian expatriates. He was able to support himself with help from this circle for some time. In his reminiscences, Acharya mentions an unnamed Parisian Indian acquaintance who, having invited him home one afternoon and being told by a penniless Acharya that he would have to walk to his house, handed him the money for his train fare.
India House
While in Paris, urged by his friends, Acharya wrote to V.V.S. Iyer, an Indian barrister originally from Truchi who practiced in London. Iyer was actively involved with the India House, which was established in London in 1905 ostensibly to support Indian students and offer scholarships. India House was also a fertile ground for the exchange of nationalist opinions among students. It promoted nationalistic work and had the support of notable Indian nationalists such as Dadabhai Naoroji, Lala Lajpat Rai and Madame Bhikaji Cama. Iyer responded promptly, inviting Acharya to London. It was here in London that Acharya was introduced to the nationalism of India House.
In London, the India House settled Acharya's short-term worries of food and shelter. With financial support from the organisation, Acharya was able to enroll to learn photoengraving at the trade school of the London County Council. However, India House, by this time, was considered "The most dangerous organisation outside India" and had attracted enough attention for its nationalist opinions to be discussed in the British Parliament. Prominent London newspapers including The Times demanded that Shyamji Krishna Varma, the founder of India House, be prosecuted for preaching "disloyal sentiments" to Indian students. By September 1907, The Indian Sociologist, published by the India House, was deemed "seditious literature" and was banned in India. It was at India House that Acharya was introduced to V.D. Savarkar.
Acharya was quick to realise that the residents of India House were shadowed by detectives from Scotland Yard. A fear of repercussions due to an association with India House built an invisible barrier that prevented other Indian students from visiting or receiving residents of the house. This careerist and self-critical attitude of his fellow Indians, compared to the polite and helpful nature of Englishmen, is believed to have disappointed Acharya deeply. At one point, Acharya described Indian students treating the India House as a "Leper's Home".
With Savarkar
Through his prolonged stay in India House, however, Acharya gradually became deeply involved in its activities. Scotland Yard had at one point been able to infiltrate the organisation with an Indian student by the name of Kritikar, who had arrived at the organisation with a story similar to that of Acharya, and had for some time been able to report to Scotland Yard about its activities before he was uncovered and forced by Savarkar to confess at gunpoint. After this, Kirtikar's reports are believed to have been regularly screened by Savarkar before they were passed on to Scotland Yard. For some time, Acharya himself had been under suspicion of being a Scotland Yard mole before he was able to convince his fellow residents of his integrity and commitment to the nationalist cause. It is believed that Acharya was instructed by V.V.S. Iyer and V.D. Savarkar to set himself up as an informer to Scotland Yard, which they reasoned would allow them to carefully feed information to the police and also help them provide a corroboration to the version of reports that were being sent by Kritikar. For his reports, Acharya took five pounds (later doubled) which also eased from his fellow house-mates the financial strain of supporting him.
V.D. Savarkar had by this time developed a reputation of an avid orator and a staunch nationalist. In London, Savarkar researched through the India Office library and archives. Even those who did not dare attend the Sunday night meetings at the India House were of the opinion that he was an erudite orator and a learned scholar.
Acharya became deeply involved in the activities of the house, working with Savarkar and others in the house to produce nationalist pamphlets and publications including The Indian Sociologist, Bande Mataram and Talvar, which called for India's freedom and voiced what at the time were seen as "inflammatory and seditious" nationalist sentiments. The celebrations in Britain marking the 50th anniversary of the Indian Rebellion of 1847 were met by India House with the publication of a nationalist history of the revolt, The Indian War of Independence, penned by Savarkar with records from the India Office archives. The project received support from Indian nationalists in Britain including the likes of Madame Cama, Iyer, as well as Indian students who had dare not show their support or sympathy for India House openly. Publishers in Britain refused to publish the book, which was ultimately published from the Netherlands. The book was rejected for publication from publishers. Acharya was, with a number of other residents of the India House, involved in raising funds, organising and in other ways helped with the project. Clandestinely, the residents also trained for organising revolutions in India. Acharya, along with Madan Lal Dhingra, V.V.S. Iyer and others, practiced shooting at a range in Tottenham Court Road and acquired considerable skills with the revolver.
End of India House
By 1909, India House was under strong surveillance from Scotland Yard. Savarkar's elder brother Ganesh Savarkar was arrested in India in June that year, and was subsequently tried and transported for life for publication of seditious literature. Savarkar's speeches grew increasingly virulent and called for revolution, widespread violence, and murder of all Englishmen in India. The culmination of these events was the assassination of William Hutt Curzon Wyllie, the political ADC to the Secretary of State for India, by Madanlal Dhingra on the evening of 1 July 1909 at a meeting of Indian students in the Imperial Institute in London. Dhingra was arrested and later tried and executed. In the aftermath of the assassination, the India House was rapidly liquidated. The investigations in the aftermath of the assassination were expanded to look for broader conspiracies originating from the India house, and Scotland Yard brought pressure on the inmates to leave England. While some of its leaders, like Krishna Varma, fled to Europe, others like Chattopadhyaya, moved to Germany and many others moved to Paris. It was suggested to Acharya at this time by one Syed Hyder Reza, probably on instructions from Scotland Yard, that Acharya move to the United States.
However, Acharya remained in London for sometime, lodging at Bipin Pal's boarding house. He attended along with Savarkar, Iyer and other ex-residents of the house a meeting of Indians called by the Aga Khan to demonstrate their loyalty to the empire and offer condolences to the Wyllie family, where they opposed the unanimous acceptance of a resolution of condemnation against Dhingra. In a scuffle that ensued between Savarkar and a London barrister by the name of Palmer, Acharya is known to have come to Savarkar's aid, hitting Palmer with a stick and apparently not shooting Palmer with his revolver only under indications from Savarkar not to do so.
Interviewed repeatedly in the investigations following the Wyillie murder, it became clear to Acharya that staying in Britain was not safe for him. Neither could he return to India, for he was sure to be picked up by Indian police. He did not wish to waste the experiences he had gained studying and training for revolution at the India House. He also wanted first-hand experiences of the battlefield. Indian revolutionaries in Europe at this time used to send recruits to work with Irish, Egyptian and Turkish groups for training and experience.
Acharya's attention was turned towards the Spanish-Moroccan war, where he believed the Rifian people fighting the white imperialist Spain would welcome him and allow exposure to guerrilla warfare. After consulting with V.V.S. Iyer, Acharya and another Indian revolutionary by the name of Sukhsagar Dutt were selected to be sent to train with the Rifians. Guns, uniforms and funds were obtained by the remnants of the India House, and the two were given a hearty farewell from Savarkar and Iyer.
The Moroccan mission was, however, a dismal failure. Neither the Rifians nor the Spanish troops were willing to recruit the two Indians for suspicion of being spies from the opposing camp. Penniless and emaciated, Dutt and Acharya were left with no option but to leave the country. Writing to London, Acharya asked for help to be moved to a different country, and if possible, to India. The two were sent enough money to reach Portugal, where they were instructed to meet an Indian contact. Dutt returned to London, later joining the Paris Indian Society. Acharya, meanwhile, proceeded to Lisbon. He had wished to settle in Portugal, but the terms of residency offered by Portuguese Interior affairs minister instructed him to place himself under police supervision, not change residences without police permission and a number of other conditions which to Acharya meant he could not live as a free man. Broke and depressed, Acharya returned to London. The whole affair had cost nearly three hundred pounds.
Europe
A large number of Indian nationalists had (as explained above) moved to Europe in the aftermath of Curzon Wyllie's assassination. Among them were Shyamji Krishna Varma, Virendranath Chattopadhyaya, Har Dayal, Bhikhaji Cama. Madame Cama founded the Bande Mataram in Paris in September 1909. From Paris, Madame Cama arranged for Indian students to be supported in Russia, Germany, Japan and other countries where they could train in explosives, military tactics, arrange for arms shipments to India and also facilitate continental connections.
After Savarkar's arrest in 1910 Acharya and V.V.S. Iyer took the prudent decision of leaving for Paris, where Acharya worked for Madame Cama's publication. He continued to maintain contacts with revolutionaries in India, including Subramanya Bharathi with whom he had worked in Pondicherry, and with M.S. Acharya. Significantly, at this time, in addition to his works in promoting and clandestine distribution of the Bande Mataram, Acharya, in a train of thought that arose among Indian revolutionaries at this time, began efforts to spread nationalist sentiments amongst the British Indian Army. The influx of seditious literature from Europe was quickly noted by the British colonial authorities. A report by the Director of Criminal intelligence bureau described the effects and sentiments that these literature were promoting amongst the "ignorant peasantry", urging the ban on such publications emanating in Europe from entering India. The result was the Indian Press Act, 1910 which restricted publication of sedtious material in India and the entry of such literature from outside. A number of newspaper proprietors, journalists and editors within India were imported or transported under the act. The publication found their way in nonetheless. Among Acharya's ploys was to send these literature from different countries and use different secret code numbers to prevent Indian postal authorities from deciphering or tracing them.
Socialism
It was also in Paris that Acharya's thoughts were first turned towards socialism. This was similar to the lines of thought that appeared in the Indian revolutionary circles in Europe, especially in France, at this time. He was introduced to the Socialist circle in Paris in 1910, and enjoyed the congenial atmosphere and the thoughts and ideas that he shared. It was also with the help of the Paris Socialist circle, notably Jean Longuet, that the Paris Indian Society- which included Acharya, Har Dayal, Madam Cama and other notable names- brought pressure on the French Government when Savarkar was rearrested at Marseilles after escaping from a ship that was deporting him to India. Acharya made the most of the available press freedom and the socialist platform to press for the re-extradition of his erstwhile leader to France and build French public opinion in support of such moves. Under public pressure at home, the French Government conceded to make such a request to Britain. The matter was ultimately settled in the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague, which ruled in favour of Britain. Acharya became extensively involved in the socialist movement. The Paris Indian Society at this time grew to be one of the most powerful Indian organisations outside India at the time, and grew to initiate contacts with not only French Socialists, but also those in continental Europe. It sent delegates at this time to the International Socialist Congress in August 1910, where Shyamji Krishna Varma and V.V.S. Iyer succeeded in having a resolution passed demanding Savarkar's release and his extradition to France. It also succeeded in bringing to the attention of the organisation the state of affairs in India.
In Paris, the Indian Society also held regular meetings and sought to train its members in skills necessary for revolution, which included training in firearms, learning military tactics, as well as organising the publication of revolutionary literature. It also sent recruits other countries and, after training, some were sent back to India to carry on propaganda work Acharya himself at this time learnt printing and engraving, and after sometime, was sent to Berlin along with V.V.S Iyer, where they were met by Champakaraman Pillai, who headed and Indian revolutionary group there. Observing Pillai's work, Acharya and Iyer suggested to the Paris Indian Society that their work by expanded beyond the work of the Paris publication. Accordingly, with funds from Madam Cama, Virendranath Chattopadhyaya was sent to Berlin to begin publication of the Talvar. The National fund scheme was initiated of which Madam Cama was the biggest contributor with (then) 5,000 Francs. The funds were strictly regulated to fund revolutionary activities in India, as well as fund Savarkar's trial.
First World War
In the meantime, work on Bande Mataram and other publications continued unabated. These were shipped by Acharya to India through contacts in Pondicherry, and at times under false covers including those of The Pickwick Papers. V.V.S. Iyer later returned to India, where he began training the Indian underground movement on explosives and bombs. On 17 June 1911, a young Indian revolutionary by the name of Vanchi Iyer fatally shot Robert D'escourt Ashe at Tirunelveli. Ashe had been a district collector who had earned notoriety for himself for his role in suppression of nationalist agitation and Swadeshi movement in 1908. Vanchi himself had learnt to shoot from Iyer in Pondicherry. The 1918 sedition committee report blamed Acharya for instigating, organising and planning the assassination.
In 1911, Acharya arrived in Istanbul on the Paris Indian society's directions to seek Turkish help for Indian movement. Turkey and Persia had already been a centre for revolutionary activities by groups led by Sardar Ajit Singh and Sufi Amba Prasad who had worked there since 1909. The recruits to these groups included young nationalists of the likes of Rhishikesh Letha, Zia-ul-Haq, and Thakur Das. By 1910, the activities of these groups and their publication, the Hayat, had been noticed by British intelligence. Reports as early as 1910 indicated German efforts to unite Turkey and Persia and proceed to Afghanistan to threaten British India. However, Ajit Singh's departure in 1911 brought the Indian revolutionary activities to a grinding halt, while British representations to Persia successfully curbed whatever activity that remained in the country. In this situation, Acharya's mission was without much success. A similar effort by Barkatullah a year later also would experience a similar fate.
With the beginning of the war, the Indian efforts began in earnest to subverting the sepoys of the British Indian Army and to fund and arm a revolution in India in a massive conspiracy that spanned the globe. The German intelligence agency for the East was formed at this time and actively sought to destabilize British possessions in India and the Middle East. In this, they allied with the Indian revolutionaries and also sought Har Dayal's aid.
At the time that the First World War broke out, Acharya had reached Berlin and was one of the founding members of the Berlin Committee that reorganised the liaison's and terms of German help for revolution in India, which had initially faltered on account of differences between Har Dayal and German Foreign office. Following Har Dayal's work United States promoting nationalist sentiments in Indian groups in North America before his deportation to Switzerland in 1913, as well as from the links of the committee members with other revolutionary groups around the globe, the Berlin committee had strong links with Indian revolutionary groups in India, Europe, Far-east as well as nationalist groups in the US and Canada, most notably the Ghadar Party. It sent members including Herambalal Gupta and Chandra Kanta Chakraverty to the United States to begin arrangements for arms shipment (which culminated in the Annie Larsen fiasco). Acharya himself sought to focus on organising recruits for the intended revolution. A prime target was Turkey, which had a substantial Indian presence, both Hajj pilgrims and as Indian residents.
With the efforts of the Berlin Committee and the Paris Indian Society, Har Dayal reached Istanbul following another Indian revolutionary by the name of P.N. Dutta. In Istanbul, Har Dayal was joined by Pandurang Khankoje. However, Har Dayal's efforts were short-lived due to his apprehensions of Turkish Pan-Islamic ambitions and interference from the German Foreign office. In 1915, Acharya had reached Istanbul on the committee's initiative. Here, Har Dayal had begun work earlier but left due to apprehensions on the issues of conflict of Hindu and Muslim interests, Turkey's pan-Islamic ambitions and interference from the German foreign office. The Berlin committee reorganised and negotiated the terms of their liaison, and after assurances from the Germans, rededicated itself to the same task. Acharya's efforts were directed at forming the Indian National Volunteer Corps with the help of Indian civilians in Turkey, in addition to recruiting Indian Prisoners of War. He is known to have worked in Bushire amongst Indian troops with Wilhelm Wassmuss, while one story describes Acharya and a fellow revolutionary by the name of Birendranth Dasgupta as having swum across the Suez Canal at one point to contact troops of the British Indian Army.
Communism
Acharya later returned to Berlin and over the course of the war, was in Stockholm briefly along with Virendranath Chattopadhyaya. In Stockholm in May 1917, Acharya and Chattopadhyaya formed a Propaganda Bureau and later joined by Har Dayal. This bureau worked independently of the Berlin Committee and the German foreign office. The duo are known to have met with the Bolshevik ideologist Konstantin Troyonovsky at this time and explained the Indian situation, winning approval from the latter for the Indian cause. The Paris Indian society had been in touch with Russian communists before the Russian revolution. Nicholas Safransky, a Russian bomb expert, is known to have been involved in training the Indian revolutionaries in bomb manufacture and explosives. and Acharya was greatly impressed by the revolution itself, hailed at the time as a watershed in the struggle of colonial people against imperialism. The publication of a manifesto by the Soviet Union declaring support for colonies against imperialism was attractive to the Indian nationalists, who saw Soviet Russia as a future centre for coordinating activities, and also intended Russia to be a channel for Indian nationalists in any peace negotiations. This was also the time that the Swedish government under diplomatic pressure from Britain, gradually was leaning on the Indian propaganda bureau, while relationship of the Berlin committee with the German foreign office was also strained on apprehensions of German imperial designs and over allocation of funds. Chatto and Acharya arranged for Troionovsky to be provided with a large amount of the committee's literature to acquaint the Soviets with the Indian situation when the latter left Stockholm for Petrograd. However, Acharya was ultimately disappointed with the Socialist conference in Stockholm, which in his opinion entirely skirted the issue of the colonies. Towards the end of 1918, Acharya returned to Berlin along with Chatto.
Russia
At Berlin at the time was also Mahendra Pratap, who had in 1915 travelled to Kabul at the head of a Turco-German-Indian expedition through Persia with the aim to try and rally the Afghan Emir into the war on the Entente side. Although mostly unsuccessful in their aim, the Indian nationalists established in Kabul the Provisional Government of India, as the head of which Pratap attempted to garner support from Soviet Russia through Trotsky and Joffe. In 1918, Pratap was in Berlin, where he was reunited with Acharya and Chatto and the rest of the Berlin committee. In December 1918, Chatto, Acharya and Pratap left for Petrograd, where they worked with Russian Propaganda centre with Troionovsky. Other Indians at this centre at the time included Hussein Shahid Suhrawardy, Abdul Jabbar, Abdul Sattar, Dalip Singh Gill as well as a number of others. In 1918 Acharya moved to Kabul to join Mahendra Pratap's mission to the Emir to declare war against British India. Acharya was a member of Mahendra Pratap's delegation when they met Lenin in Moscow in May 1919.
Communist Party of India
The time of Acharya's meeting with Lenin in 1919 was also when the war in Europe was coming to an end. The Berlin committee was dissolved and a large number of the Indian revolutionaries were turning towards communism and the Soviet Union. Acharya was one of the key functionaries of the group that included Abdur Rab, Virendranath, Agnes Smedley, C.R. Pillai, Bhupendranath Dutta, Shafiq Ahmad, Amin Faruqui, Nalini Gupta, M.N. Roy. These members were the amongst the first active members and founding fathers of the Indian communism. Abdul Rab and Acharya worked avidly in Soviet Turkestan, founding the Indian revolutionary association. Acharya was constantly on the move between Kabul and Tashkent, and attended the second congress of the Communist International. In October 1920 in Tashkent, Acharya was one of the founding members and a member of the executive of the Communist Party of India (Tashkent group) However, Acharya differed from M.N. Roy, and differences emerged between the two from quite early on. In 1921 a split in the CPI emerged, between factions siding with M.N. Roy, and those who favoured the approaches of Chatto. Acharya was in the latter group. This was the beginning of the end of Acharya's associations with the international Communist movement.
In 1922 Acharya returned to Berlin, working with the Indian independence committee and subsequently with the League against Imperialism. He remained deeply critical of the Communist International, and some have described his political views at the time as anarcho-syndicalist. He remained in Berlin till the early days of Hitler's rise to power, and leaders of the Indian movement who visited Europe at various times, Including Nehru and Subhas Bose, are believed to have met with him. By the early 1920s, Acharya had begun exploring Anarchism. He took an active role in promoting Anarchist works in and was contributed at this time to the Russian Anarchist publication Rabotchi Put. In 1931, he lived in Amsterdam working with the school of Anarcho-syndicalism. Acharya came to be acquainted in early 1930s acquainted with Marxist-leaning Indian industrialist from Bombay, Ranchoddas Bhavan Lotvala. Lotvala had financed The Socialist, one of the first Marxist periodicals in India. Lotvala also financed the translation and publication of many leftist literature including the Communist manifesto.
Return to India
The British-Indian ban on Acharya was lifted in 1935 and he returned to Bombay that same year, where he managed a living as a journalist. During this time, Acharya wrote eight articles which would later be collated to be published as a book called Reminiscences of an Indian revolutionary. From Bombay, Acharya established correspondence with Japanese anarchist Taiji Yamaga and Chinese anarchist Ba Jin. The result of the correspondences led to the three establishing contacts with Commission de Relations de l’Internationale Anarchiste (Liaison Commission of the Anarchist International). In the following years, Acharya contributed to anarchist publications such as Freedom in London, Tierra y Libertad in Mexico and an anarchist publication called Contre Courant in Paris. He also remained in correspondence with Albert Meltzer for more than fifteen years.
In the following years Acharya was appointed secretary of the Indian Institute of Sociology, established under Lotvala's patronage in the 1930s. In later years, Acharya's influence on the institute saw it adopt a number of statutes in 1947 and subsequently the institute adopted the name of Libertarian Socialist Institute. His views on economic matters were profound and in 1951, Free Society Group of Chicago published his work How Long Can Capitalism Survive? in 1951. Acharya also contributed essays and critiques on capitalism, colonialism, communism as well as nationalism to the journal Harijan, commissioned by its editor K.G. Mashruwala, and later M.P. Desai. His contributions to Harijan, accumulating to nearly thirty essays, were his primary source of income before his death in March 1954.
Personal life
Acharya married the artist Magda Nachman in 1921 in Moscow.
References
Literature
External links
The activist Acharya, The Hindu
1887 births
1954 deaths
20th-century Indian politicians
Communist Party of India politicians from Tamil Nadu
Hindu–German Conspiracy
India House
Indian anarchists
Indian anti-capitalists
Indian revolutionaries
Politicians from Chennai |
17996548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sthenelaidas | Sthenelaidas | Sthenelaidas () was a Spartan who held the office of ephor in 432 BC. He is best known for having spoken in favour of initiating the Peloponnesian War against Athens.
Life
Sthenelaidas was either elected ephor for the year 433/432 perhaps as eponymous ephor or in 432/431, when the eponymous was Aenesias. The majority of modern scholars incline for the latter date.
In late 432, Sthenelaidas presided over a session of the apella, during which the issue of war against Athens was debated. The king Archidamus II wanted to temporise, saying that Sparta was not ready for war, but Sthenelaidas made an aggressive speech calling for war immediately. The events are developed in details by Thucydides in a famous passage of his History of the Peloponnesian War, where he invented a series of speeches summarising the position of each protagonist. Thucydides wrote a long speech for Archidamus, implicitly compared to Pericles for his statesman's qualities, but makes Sthenelaidas pronounce a few laconic sentences insisting on the need for Sparta to rapidly support its allies against Athens.
A first vote took place on whether Athens had broken peace, but its result where inconclusive, because the Spartans voted by shouting. Sthenelaidas then asked for a division. As most of the Spartans were afraid to appear weak by favouring peace, they moved to the group in favour of the war. Sthenelaidas therefore won the vote by a large majority. Sparta then sent an embassy to the Pythia in Delphi to obtain Apollo's support for a war against Athens. A congress of the Peloponnesian League was subsequently called and formally declared war.
Ernst Badian has nevertheless suggested that Thucydides distorted the events. Sthenelaidas' motion put to vote was not for or against war, but on whether Athens had broken the Thirty Years' Peace, which had been concluded in 445 between Athens and Sparta. The motion is likely authentic as Athenian ambassadors present in Sparta this day reported it to their city, from where Thucydides learnt about it, but it contradicts Sthenelaidas' invented speech, which called for immediate intervention. Badian adds that the motion did not make war inevitable, as several Spartan embassies to Athens are recorded the following year.
Sthenelaidas is the first known Spartan outside the royal families to play a decisive role in shaping Sparta's foreign policy since Hetoimaridas, geronte in 475, and Chilon, ephor . He was the father of the Spartan general Alcamenes, who probably inherited his hawkish stance against Athens.
References
Bibliography
Modern sources
Ernst Badian, From Plataea to Potidaea, Studies in the History and Historiography of the Pentecontaetia, Baltimore/London, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.
Cinzia Bearzot & Franca Landucci Gattinoni (editors), Contro le "leggi immutabili" : gli Spartani fra tradizione e innovazione, Contributi di storia antica 2, Milano, V & P università, 2004.
Giovanni Parmeggiani, "How Sparta and Its Allies Went to War: Votes and Diplomacy in 432–1 B. C.", Historia, 67, 2018/2, pp. 244–255.
Françoise Ruzé & Jacqueline Christien, Sparte, Histoire, mythe, géographie, Malakoff, Armand Colin, 2017.
G. E. M. de Ste. Croix, The Origins of the Peloponnesian War, London, Duckworth, 1972.
Ancient sources
5th-century BC Spartans
Spartans of the Peloponnesian War
Ephors |
17996581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel%20Casson | Mel Casson | Mel Casson (July 25, 1920 – May 21, 2008) was an American cartoonist with a 50-year career. He is primarily remembered for his work on the daily comic strips Sparky, Angel, Mixed Singles/Boomer and Redeye, plus numerous magazine cartoons.
Early life and education
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Casson was encouraged by his father to pursue a career in art. He received a scholarship to the Art Students League of New York. Casson signed a cartooning contract with The Saturday Evening Post at age 17, and his artwork began to appear regularly in The Saturday Evening Post, Esquire, The New York Times, Ladies' Home Journal and other major magazines.
He enlisted in the infantry for World War II service and made the Normandy Landing on D-Day. His commander was killed instantly upon reaching Omaha Beach, leaving Casson to lead the attack. He successfully led his men through the assault without further casualties and went on to participate in other battles, earning the rank of captain and decorated with five battle stars: two Bronze Stars, the Croix de Guerre and two Purple Hearts.
Comic strips
After World War II, he returned to cartooning, drawing the comic strip Jeff Crockett from March 8, 1948 to March 5th, 1949 for the New York Herald Tribune Syndicate. He was recalled to active military duty in 1952 for service in the Korean War. After a 1953 honorable discharge, he was back at the drawing board for the Publisher/Chicago Sun-Times Syndicate (1953–66) with the children’s strips Sparky and Angel.
He co-created It’s Me, Dilly with Alfred James (pseudonym for Alfred Andriola of Kerry Drake) and worked on the strip from 1958 to 1962. In the 1970s, Casson collaborated with William F. Brown on the comic strip Mixed Singles, later renamed Boomer. It was marketed by United Feature Syndicate until 1981. In 1988, when cartoonist Gordon Bess found himself unable to continue his internationally known Redeye daily comic for King Features Syndicate, he handed it over to a collaboration of Casson as illustrator and Bill Yates as writer. When Yates himself became ill in 1999, Casson took over both writing and art for the strip, a role he continued until his death in 2008.
Casson was married to Mary Lee Culver Casson, an opera singer and actress, from 1965 to his death. He had one daughter, Culver. He lived in Westport, Connecticut nearly all of his married life.
Books
Casson had five cartoon books published, including the anthology Ever Since Adam and Eve for McGraw-Hill, the Whole Kids Catalogue and the Guinness Record Keeper. He did occasional television work, notably writing and producing the shows Draw Me a Laugh and You Be the Judge.
Exhibitions
Casson’s work was twice exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. His drawings are in the collection of the Evansville, Indiana, Fine Arts Museum and the Albert T. Reid collection (University of Kansas). His personal papers and original drawings are in the collection of the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum.
Awards
Casson served on the Board of Governors of the Newspaper Comics Council, where he was chairman of the 1964-65 World’s Fair Committee. He was also on the board of the National Cartoonists Society, whose Connecticut chapter honored him with its Legend Award in November 2003.
References
External links
Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum Art Database
1920 births
2008 deaths
American comics artists
American comic strip cartoonists
Artists from Boston
Artists from Westport, Connecticut |
17996586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy%20Bonilla | Davy Bonilla | Davy Bonilla (born 29 September 1973) is a horse racing jockey based in France.
Major wins
France
Prix de l'Abbaye de Longchamp - (1) - Marchand d'Or (2008)
Prix du Cadran - (1) - San Sebastian (2000)
Prix d'Ispahan - (1) - Laverock (2006)
Prix Jacques Le Marois - (1) - Tamayuz (2008)
Prix Jean-Luc Lagardère - (1) - Naaqoos (2008)
Prix Jean Prat - (1) - Tamayuz (2008)
Prix Maurice de Gheest - (3) - Marchand d'Or (2006, 2007, 2008)
Germany
Deutsches Derby - (1) - Nicaron (2005)
Preis von Europa - (1) - Golden Snake (2000)
Great Britain
July Cup - (1) - Marchand d'Or (2008)
Italy
Gran Premio del Jockey Club - (1) - Laverock (2006)
References
hkjc.com – Hong Kong International Races jockey profiles
ntra.com – Marchand d'Or repeats in Prix Maurice de Gheest
thoroughbredtimes.com – Bonilla granted short-term riding license in Japan
1973 births
Living people
French jockeys |
17996609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viti%20Levu%20snipe | Viti Levu snipe | The Viti Levu snipe (Coenocorypha miratropica) is an extinct species of austral snipe endemic to Fiji. A species of the mostly New Zealand genus Coenocorypha, it became extinct after the arrival of humans in Fiji.
References
Coenocorypha
Holocene extinctions
Birds described in 2003
Extinct birds of Oceania
Taxa named by Trevor H. Worthy |
17996648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Jordan | Grace Jordan | Grace Edgington Jordan (April 16, 1892 – September 20, 1985) was an American writer and journalist who wrote primarily about her adopted home state of Idaho. She was the wife of former Idaho governor and United States Senator Leonard B. Jordan.
Biography
Born Grace Hartley Edgington in Wasco, Oregon in 1892 to a doctor and a schoolteacher, she graduated with an honors degree in English from the University of Oregon. Following graduation, she worked as a journalist in Eugene and Lewiston, Idaho. In 1923, she became a member of Pi Beta Phi fraternity for Women when she was initiated as a convention Honor Initiate.
On December 30, 1924, she married Len Jordan (1899–1983). In 1933, the Jordans and their three children moved to a ranch in Hells Canyon along the Snake River in Idaho and later to Grangeville. In 1946, Len was elected to the state senate and in 1950, he was elected governor. The family moved to Boise where she served as First Lady of Idaho for four years.
Jordan's first book, Home Below Hells Canyon was published in 1954. A memoir of her time along the Snake River, it has since been translated into several languages and remains her best-known work. Several other books about Idaho life followed and Jordan wrote poetry and taught creative writing at several Idaho universities. In August 1962, Len was appointed to the U. S. Senate seat vacated by the death of Henry Dworshak. Three months later, Len was elected to complete the remaining four years of the term and the Jordans relocated to Washington D.C. He was re-elected in 1966, but chose not to run in 1972 and they retired from public service. Grace Jordan's book The Unintentional Senator describes this time in their life.
Death and legacy
The Jordans returned to Boise, where she died in 1985, two years after her husband. They are buried in the Cloverdale Cemetery in west Boise.
Grace Jordan School in the Boise School District is named in her honor.
Selected works
Home Below Hells Canyon (1954) ()
Canyon Boy (1960)
Idaho Reader (1963)
The King's Pines of Idaho (1961)
The Unintentional Senator (1972)
The Country Editor (1976)
References
External links
Boise State University: Fine Arts – Grace Edgington Jordan
1892 births
1985 deaths
20th-century American memoirists
People from Sherman County, Oregon
University of Oregon alumni
Writers from Boise, Idaho
People from Lewiston, Idaho
First ladies and gentlemen of Idaho
American women memoirists
American women journalists
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
Memoirists from Oregon
Memoirists from Idaho |
17996659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace%20Admiral | Ace Admiral | Ace Admiral (foaled in 1945) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse.
Background
His sire, Heliopolis, was the leading sire in North America in 1950 and 1954. His grandsire, Hyperion, was a six-time leading sire in Great Britain & Ireland. His dam, War Flower, was a daughter of Man o' War.
Racing career
Ace Admiral was born in the same year as the great Calumet Farm colts Citation and Coaltown. In his two-year-old season, Ace Admiral ran third to Citation in the Pimlico Futurity. Citation went on to dominate U.S. racing in 1947 and in the spring of 1948 leading up to the U.S. Triple Crown races. As such, like many other owners at the time, Maine Chance Farm felt it was in their best interest not to enter Ace Admiral in the Triple Crown races. Under trainer Jimmy Smith and jockey Ted Atkinson, Ace Admiral won a number of important races that year in New York, including the Lawrence Realization Stakes at Aqueduct Racetrack and the prestigious Travers Stakes at Saratoga Race Course.
Sent to compete in California in 1949, Ace Admiral was trained by William Molter. At Santa Anita Park, the four-year-old horse won the Santa Anita Maturity. At Hollywood Park Racetrack, he won the Sunset Handicap, Argonaut Handicap, and Inglewood Handicap.
Breeding record
Ace Admiral was retired to stud at Spendthrift Farm in Lexington, Kentucky, where he sired:
Ace Marine (1952 - Mazarine), Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame, Canadian Horse of the Year (1955), won the three races that four years later, in 1959, formally became the Canadian Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing
Inside Tract (1954 - Mary Terry), won Jockey Club Gold Cup, 3rd Preakness Stakes, 2nd Belmont Stakes
Frosty Admiral (1961 - Tickly Bender), Puerto Rico Horse of the Year and Puerto Rico Horse Racing Hall of Fame
References
Pedigree for Ace Admiral
Time magazine, February 7, 1949
Thoroughbred Heritage website, Travers Stakes
1945 racehorse births
Thoroughbred family 4-f
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States |
17996662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy%20M.%20Younglove%20Octagon%20House | Timothy M. Younglove Octagon House | The Timothy M. Younglove Octagon House built in 1859 is an historic octagonal house located at 8329 Pleasant Valley Road in the town of Urbana near Hammondsport, New York. It was built by land surveyor Timothy Meigs Younglove, who surveyed Hammondport when it was incorporated.
In 2002, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is now the Black Sheep Inn.
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Octagon houses in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1859
Houses in Steuben County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Steuben County, New York
https://www.stayblacksheepinn.com/ |
17996664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge%20of%20the%20Americas%20%28El%20Paso%E2%80%93Ciudad%20Ju%C3%A1rez%29 | Bridge of the Americas (El Paso–Ciudad Juárez) | The Bridge of the Americas (BOTA) is a group of international bridges which cross the Rio Grande (Río Bravo) and Texas State Highway Loop 375, connecting the Mexico–United States border cities of Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, and El Paso, Texas, via the MX 45 (known as Avenida de las Américas in its Ciudad Juárez section) from the south and the I-110 from the north, crossing the El Paso BOTA Port of Entry. The bridge is known colloquially as "Puente Libre" ("Free Bridge") in Ciudad Juárez, officially as "Puente Internacional Córdova-Las Américas" ("Córdova-The Americas International Bridge") or "Puente Internacional Córdova de las Américas" ("Córdova of the Americas International Bridge"), and also as "Puente Río Bravo" ("Rio Bravo Bridge"), "Cordova Bridge", and "Free Bridge".
Description
The Bridge of the Americas consists of two bridges comprising four separate structures: two two-lane bridges for truck traffic, northbound and southbound; and two four-lane bridges for passenger vehicles, with two sidewalks for pedestrians. The bridge is one of four international points of entry connecting Ciudad Juárez and El Paso, forming the binational metropolitan area of El Paso–Juárez, alongside the Ysleta–Zaragoza International Bridge, Paso del Norte Bridge, and Stanton Street Bridge.
History
The bridges were constructed from 1996 to 1998. The bridge is owned by the International Boundary and Water Commission, and operated in its American section by U.S. Customs and Border Protection and its Mexican section by Mexican Customs. It is one of just five bridges connecting Mexico and the United States from Ciudad Juárez. As of 2015, it is the only one that is toll free (hence the name "Puente Libre" meaning "Free Bridge").
Border crossing
The El Paso BOTA Port of Entry is El Paso's highest volume border crossing, carrying more than half the vehicles (trucks and passenger cars) entering El Paso, Texas, from Mexico.
In popular culture
The American drama television series The Bridge (2013) is set on the Bridge of the Americas and in surrounding areas.
The bridge is featured in the Denis Villeneuve film Sicario (2015).
See also
List of crossings of the Rio Grande
References
External links
International bridges in Texas
International bridges in Chihuahua (state)
Bridges completed in 1998
Transportation buildings and structures in El Paso County, Texas
Road bridges in Texas
Bridges on the Interstate Highway System
Interstate 10 |
17996726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Steicke | David Steicke | David Paul Steicke (born 28 October 1962 in Murray Bridge, South Australia) is a poker player based in Hong Kong. When the Asia Pacific Poker Tour brought poker to nearby Macau for the first time in November 2007, he placed third in the US$15,000 High Roller no limit Texas hold 'em event, winning US$110,592.
Steicke has gained a reputation as an expert at high roller no limit events. At the 2009 Aussie Millions A$100,000 no limit hold 'em Challenge (Event #8) Steicke earned his biggest career prize of A$1.2 million (US$807,780). David credited his win to a good run of cards but reporters at the event praised his impressive reads and aggressive play, which included a pivotal bluff against Tony Bloom.
In the hand, the flop came . Steicke's $100,000 bet into a $60,000 pot was called by Bloom. The came on the turn. Steicke bet $150,000 and was again called by Bloom. When the came on the river, putting 4 diamonds on board, Steicke fired once more with a $200,00 bet. A call was pondered by Bloom, but eventually he folded. Immedlately, Steicke turned over and showed Bloom the bluff. The hand left Steicke in control with $1.4 million in chips, while Bloom was left crippled, having only $400,000 chips remaining. When later asked about the hand, David explained, "Tony Bloom was getting control of the table and in the end it was a bluff … at the time I wasn't really sure. I thought I had the jack of diamonds at first. I guess he laid down top pair, but I've laid down top pair before when there was four to a flush on board."
Steicke had his second biggest win (US$506,260) at the 2011 Epic Poker Main Event, where he finished second in a field of 97. He began heads-up play against Michael McDonald with a small chip lead and one point, had his opponent all-in. However, David's did not improve against McDonald's pocket sixes.
As of 2020, Steicke has amassed $659,293 in winnings at the WSOP. Steicke's live tournament winnings of over $3.8 million place him tenth on the all-time Australia money list.
References
External links
Poker Pages profile
ESPN360 interview
Poker News interview
Poker Listings interview
Card Player profile
Hendon Mob profile
WPT profile
WSOP profile
Chinese poker players
Australian poker players
People from Murray Bridge, South Australia
1962 births
Living people |
17996733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphinium%20grandiflorum | Delphinium grandiflorum | Delphinium grandiflorum is a species of Delphinium known by the common names Siberian larkspur and Chinese delphinium. It is native to Russia and China. There are several popular cultivars in several colours which are grown as ornamental plants, including 'Blue Butterfly', 'Summer Morning', 'Blue Mirror', and 'Summer Stars'. Like many other larkspurs, this plant is poisonous. It is much shorter and more compact than the more familiar tall D. elatum, with dispersed flowers, rather than single spikes.
It is a short-lived perennial that is suggested to be treated like an annual in many cases due to its unpredictability in terms of returning the next season. It readily provides seed pods for reseeding, although allowing it to go to seed hastens the end of its flowering. This species is commonly considered to have the most intense blue flowers of all species in its genus, although that depends on the particular variety, the particular plant, the freshness of the blossom, and the growing conditions. In sunlight the flowers can appear to glow or look fluorescent due to the intensity of the blue pigment.
Plants are available with the following colors: deep blue, medium blue, pale blue, white, and light pale pink. There are no lavender varieties, unlike with rocket larkspur (D. ajacis or consolida) and elatum plants. Unlike those two species, this one is typically purchased by gardeners from nurseries rather than grown from seed, unless the gardener already has plants and collects seed or lets the plant reseed. Rocket larkspur seed is much less expensive and spike-type delphinium seed is more widespread for purchase. Nursery-grown grandiflorum plants are readily available in the United States and can be found at stores such as Walmart and Lowe's. Dwarf and normal height varieties are available but even the normal height plants are short when compared to the cultivated spike-type delphiniums.
References
External links
Kemper Garden Center
Perennial Resources
grandiflorum
Garden plants
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
17996741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredy%20Peccerelli | Fredy Peccerelli | Fredy Peccerelli (born 1971), a forensic anthropologist, is the director and one of the founding members of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation in Guatemala City, a nongovernmental organization that exhumes mass graves of victims of Guatemala's civil war. Peccerelli, along with members of his immediate family, has been the subject of repeated death threats as a result of his work.
In 1999, he was chosen by CNN and Time magazine as one of the "50 Latin American Leaders for the New Millennium".
In addition to his ongoing work in Guatemala, Peccerelli has conducted exhumations of mass graves in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina. He testified about this work at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia on 13 March 2007.
References
External links
A Guatemalan Returns to Help Find the 'Disappeared', summary of radio interview by Michele Kelemen on National Public Radio (full audio interview available). Original air date 15 June 2006, accessed 16 June 2008.
Brief biography from the American Association for the Advancement of Science, accessed 16 June 2008.
A Conversation with: Fredy Peccerelli; 'The Bones Tell the Story': Revealing History's Darker Days interview in The New York Times by Claudia Dreifus on 30 March 2004, accessed 16 June 2008.
1971 births
Living people
Guatemalan human rights activists
Guatemalan anthropologists
Forensic anthropologists |
17996752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Brunet | Pierre Brunet | Pierre Brunet may refer to:
Pierre Brunet (figure skater) (1902–1991), French figure skater
Pierre Brunet (musician), French 17th century mandola player and teacher
Pierre Brunet (rowing) (1908–1979), French rowing coxswain
Pierre Gustave Brunet (1805–1896), French bibliographer
Pierre Nicolas Brunet (1733–1771), French writer and playwright |
17996757 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton%20Street%20Bridge | Stanton Street Bridge | The Good Neighbor International Bridge, commonly known as the Stanton Street Bridge, is an international bridge connecting the United States–Mexico border cities of El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, across the Rio Grande (Río Bravo). The bridge is also known as "Friendship Bridge", "Puente Río Bravo" and "Puente Ciudad Juárez-Stanton El Paso". The Good Neighbor International Bridge is a five lane bridge with 3 lanes for south bound traffic and one for Secure Electronic Network for Travelers Rapid Inspection northbound traffic. The bridge was completed in 1967 and is long. The U.S. side of the bridge is owned by the City of El Paso. From January 26, 1999 through at least August 24, 2022, a designated commuter lane on the bridge was co-leased and operated by the United States General Services Administration and the El Paso Chamber.
Border crossing
The El Paso Stanton Street Port of Entry is limited to processing passenger vehicles that are enrolled in the SENTRI program.
References
International bridges in Texas
International bridges in Chihuahua (state)
Toll bridges in Texas
Bridges completed in 1998
Buildings and structures in El Paso, Texas
Transportation in El Paso, Texas
Road bridges in Texas
Toll bridges in Mexico
Transportation buildings and structures in El Paso County, Texas |
17996765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance%20or%20Die%20%28EP%29 | Dance or Die (EP) | Dance or Die EP is an EP by the crunk rock band Family Force 5 to give fans a preview of their next album which was released on August 19, 2008.
Track listing
Credits
Soul Glow Activatur – vocals, guitar
Jacob Olds – drums, vocals
Joshua Olds – bass, vocals
Nathan Currin – keytar, drum machine, turntables, vocals, tambourine, percussion
Derek Mount – lead guitar
References
2008 EPs
Family Force 5 albums |
17996784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Exeter%20%281068%29 | Siege of Exeter (1068) | The siege of Exeter occurred early in 1068 when King William I of England marched a combined army of Normans and loyal Englishmen westwards to force the submission of the city of Exeter in Devon, a stronghold of Anglo-Saxon resistance against Norman rule following the Norman conquest of England. After a siege lasting eighteen days, the city surrendered to William under generous terms and allowed the Normans to consolidate their hold over the West Country.
Background
Exeter originated as a Roman civitas called Isca Dumnoniorum, which was provided with town walls in about 200 AD. It later became an Anglo-Saxon burh or fortified settlement and the Roman walls were said to have been repaired and improved by King Æthelstan in the 10th century.
After the Battle of Hastings in October 1066, Duke William of Normandy marched on London and accepted the surrender of the leading English nobles at Berkhamsted and was subsequently crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day. After the death of Harold Godwinson, his mother, Gytha Thorkelsdóttir, took refuge in Exeter, which then became the main focus in the West Country of resistance to Norman rule. Gytha had considerable wealth and hoped for the arrival of Harold's three sons, Godwin, Edmund and Magnus, who had gone to Ireland to raise an army. Orderic Vitalis states that she sent messages to other towns and cities in the region asking for support and was in contact her nephew, Sweyn II of Denmark.
In March 1067, William had returned to Normandy in triumph, but there news arrived of events in Exeter. According to Orderic, some Norman soldiers that William had sent across to England ended up in Exeter where they were badly treated; they were stated to have been blown off course by bad weather, but were possibly on a reconnaissance mission. This, together with evidence that Exeter was soliciting support for an uprising, caused William to issue a demand of fealty from the city. When the reply came from Exeter, it was made clear that the citizens not only declined to swear allegiance to William or to allow him to enter their city, but also refused to pay any taxes beyond those that were customary, probably in reference to the severe taxes imposed after the Conquest that are described in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Orderic relates that William said that he would not accept subjects under those conditions and he returned to England in December 1067. Other threats to Norman rule at that time included the revolt of Edric the Wild in Herefordshire and a failed attack on Dover Castle, but the defiance of Exeter with the connected threats of the Danes and Harold's sons was the most pressing matter.
William's march west
King William celebrated Christmas in London and then began his move towards Exeter. The fact that he took the unusual step of campaigning in the depths of winter is indicative of William's determination to deliver a pre-emptive strike against the Godwinsons. For the first time, William supplemented his Norman cavalry by calling out the fyrd, the traditional force of English militia infantry, which besides increasing the size of his force, would have been a test of loyalty for his new subjects. On William's march through Dorset, he took the opportunity to pillage the towns which he perceived were supporting Exeter; the damage inflicted at Dorchester, Shaftesbury and Bridport was still evident at the time of the Domesday survey some 18 years later.
The siege
When William arrived in Exeter's environs, he made camp, probably at the village of Clyst Honiton. Here, William was met by a delegation of prominent Exeter citizens, who pledged their submission to William and handed over hostages as surety. There are two interpretations of this encounter; firstly that two parties had emerged in Exeter, one hoping for a peaceful settlement, and the other, led by Gytha, being determined to resist, while the second possibility was that this was a bluff by Gytha who was playing for time, hoping for the timely arrival of her grandsons with an Anglo-Irish army. Whatever the intention, when William and his army arrived at the East Gate of Exeter, he found it closed against him and the walls crowded with armed men. In response to this afront, he had one of the hostages blinded in full view of the city's defenders, although this did not diminish their resolve; according to William of Malmesbury, one of the men on the battlements responded by lowering his breeches and farting towards the Normans.
The various accounts of the details of the siege are divergent on some points and difficult to reconcile. According to the D Version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle attributed to John of Worcester, the siege lasted for eighteen days and William's army suffered large losses, presumably in direct assaults At some stage in the battle, Gytha escaped from city by boat along the River Exe, together with some of her supporters, indicating that William's army was not supported by ships. Orderic states that William eventually managed to breach the walls by mining, the first record of this technique being used in England. However, the siege ended by negotiation rather than conquest; according to Orderic, the gates were opened and the townspeople, preceded by their clergy carrying sacred books and relics, pleaded for clemency. All the sources agree that William's terms were generous, in return for the city's fealty, with the Chronicle adding that he agreed to their previous request to pay tax only at pre-Conquest levels. William also prevented his soldiers from claiming their traditional right of looting the surrendered city, posting reliable guards at the gates to ensure its safety.
Aftermath
William ordered the construction of a stone castle to dominate Exeter and Rougemont Castle was built inside the northeast of the city wall. William's unusual generosity of terms at Exeter may have been due to the need to bring the West Country under his control. Antiquary William Hals speculated that Condor, the pre-Conquest Earl of Cornwall who had sworn fealty to William for his earldom, may have supported the rebels at Exeter, and was deprived of his earldom for this. In any case, William subsequently marched his army into Cornwall in a show of strength, before returning to Winchester to celebrate Easter. The garrison of Exeter was initially commanded by William de Vauville but soon passed to Baldwin FitzGilbert (or de Meulles), while Brian of Brittany was made earl of the West Country.
Gytha and her entourage sailed from the siege at Exeter to the Bristol Channel where she established a base on the island of Flat Holm, possibly in the hope of a rendez-vous with her grandsons' expedition from Ireland. Eventually, she went to Saint-Omer in Flanders, where she had earlier been exiled with her husband Godwin, Earl of Wessex in 1051. She never returned to England. The sons of Harold did not arrive until later in the year; the citizens of Bristol closed their gates to them and they were later defeated at Bleadon by the English earl Eadnoth the Staller, who was killed in the action. A second incursion into Devon was mounted by Harold's sons in 1069, this time from the south coast, but Exeter remained loyal to William and refused to support them.
References
Sources
Exeter
Exeter
Military history of Devon
Conflicts in 1068
History of Exeter
1068 in England
11th century in Devon
Norman conquest of England |
17996788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia%20farinacea | Salvia farinacea | Salvia farinacea, the mealycup sage, or mealy sage, is a herbaceous perennial native to Nuevo León, Mexico and parts of the United States including Texas and Oklahoma. Violet-blue spikes rest on a compact plant of typically narrow salvia-like leaves; however, the shiny leaves are what set this species apart from most other Salvia, which bear velvety-dull leaves.
Description
The mealycup sage reaches stature heights of 60 to 90 cm. The shape of the leaf blade varies from ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate. The inflorescence axis forms a blue, rarely a white hair. The truncated calyx has very short calyx teeth. They are dense blue or white hairy, so that the individual enamel teeth are barely recognisable. The bright blue-white flowers are slim and gleaming. The crown will be about 2.5 inches long. Inside the crown there is no ring-shaped hair strip.
The first description of S. farinacea was made in 1833 by George Bentham in Labiatarum Genera et Species, p. 274. Synonyms for S. farinacea Benth. include Salvia linearis Sessé & Moc. and S. virgata Ortega.
Cultivation
This plant requires full or partial sun and will grow to 18 inches or more with good soil and will attract butterflies and hummingbirds. The plant is hardy to USDA Hardiness Zones 8–10. The plant flowers from June to frost. In the temperate latitudes, it is cultivated as an annual plant and used as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens, especially in summer discounts. It can also be used as a cut flower.
Several cultivars are cultivated, such as 'Blue Bedder', 'Victoria' with intense violet-blue flowers and 'Strata' with white and blue flowers. Crosses between S. farinacea and S. longispicata (S. longispicata × S. farinacea) are widely sold as ornamental plants, such as 'Indigo Spires' and 'Mystic Spires Blue'.
Cultivars
S. farinacea 'Blue Bedder'
S. farinacea 'Strata'
S. farinacea 'Victoria'
Salvia Indigo Spires (S. longispicata × S. farinacea)
Salvia Mystic Spires Blue (S. longispicata × S. farinacea)
Gallery
References
External links
USDA Plants Profile
farinacea
Plants described in 1833
Flora of Oklahoma
Flora of Texas
Flora of Nuevo León
Flora without expected TNC conservation status |
17996790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paso%20del%20Norte%20International%20Bridge | Paso del Norte International Bridge | The Paso del Norte International Bridge is an international bridge which crosses the Rio Grande (Río Bravo) connecting the United States-Mexico border cities of El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. The bridge is also known as "Paso del Norte Bridge", "Santa Fe Street Bridge", "Puente Benito Juárez", "Puente Paso del Norte" and "Puente Juárez-Santa Fe". The Paso del Norte International Bridge is a four-lane bridge for northbound non-commercial traffic only. The bridge was constructed in 1967. The American side of the bridge is owned and operated by the City of El Paso.
On March 26, 2019, dozens of illegal immigrants were captured by United States Customs and Border Protection agents, who had insufficient space for them in local holding facilities. So they erected chainlink fencing and concertina wire under the bridge to construct a "transitional shelter" to detain them. As of March 30, hundreds of immigrants were sleeping on dirt and rocks, with mylar blankets, portable toilets and plastic portable sinks.
By mid-June, conditions had worsened, with between 100 and 150 detainees reporting most have been held for over a month, without being allowed to bathe or change clothing, in temperatures exceeding .
Border crossing
The El Paso Paso del Norte (PDN) Port of Entry is among the United States' busiest border crossings. More than 10 million people enter the US from Mexico each year at this location. Upon arrival, the admissibility of each person is determined by an officer of Customs and Border Protection (CBP). Frequently the vehicle and/or possessions of those entering the US are inspected by CBP in an effort to prevent contraband from being brought into the US.
References
International bridges in Texas
International bridges in Chihuahua (state)
Toll bridges in Texas
Bridges completed in 1998
Buildings and structures in El Paso, Texas
Transportation in El Paso, Texas
Road bridges in Texas
Toll bridges in Mexico
Transportation buildings and structures in El Paso County, Texas |
17996808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNMTV | FNMTV | FNMTV (officially Feedback New MTV; informally Friday Night MTV) is a music video program on MTV focused on premiering new music videos and airing viewers' instantaneous feedback from its website. F N was branded to stand for "Friday Night" to signify when the premiere block airs.
The Friday night premiere block, FNMTV Premieres, taped at Ren-Mar Studios in Hollywood, was hosted by Pete Wentz and aired in encore for the remainder of the week. Music video blocks with viewer feedback and artist commentary aired weekdays 8 to 11:00 AM ET/PT and Tuesday through Friday at 4:00 PM – 5:00 PM ET/PT on MTV.
A new early morning block of the same name was introduced alongside FNMTV. It composed of abbreviated clips of music videos, approximately 60 seconds each.
MTV confirmed that a new season would air December 5, 2008 following the ending of TRL, but the new "season" consisted of one holiday themed episode. An unrelated Spring Break 90 minute special of the same name aired Friday, March 27, 2009.
The early morning block ended in January 2009, leaving the channel virtually devoid of music related programming for more than two months, until the introduction of AMTV.
Notes and references
External links
About FNMTV
FNMTV on MTV.com
2000s American music television series
2008 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
MTV original programming |
17996810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LS9%2C%20Inc | LS9, Inc | LS-9 Inc was a venture-funded company focused on producing diesel fuel from transgenic organisms. It launched in 2005, took in $81 million in investment, and in 2013 was sold to Renewable Energy Group for $40 million in cash and stock, and an additional $21.5 million if technology and production milestones were met.
Process
Life Sustain 9-Billion uses a one step consolidated method to engineer biofuels, using microbial metabolism. Their technology allows the selection of carbon chain length, branching, saturation, and chemical functionality of each product. LS9 microbial catalysts carryout all chemical conversions in a single step fermentation and produce an immiscible product that is naturally secreted from the cell. Centrifugation or simple settling recovers the final product from the fermentation medium. No distillation is required, making the process very cost and energy efficient. This process is what distinguishes them from competitors. Their platform is to be able to design a microbial catalyst to produce a purified desired compound in a single step conversion, then using the same equipment to make a different product with a different catalyst.
Feedstocks
LS9 utilizes sugar cane, corn syrup, sweet sorghum syrup, molasses, glycerin and biomass hydrolysate as potential feedstocks for their fuel production. They obtain these feedstocks through numerous partnerships in various countries including the US, Brazil, Australia, and India. Their catalysts enable them to assimilate both pentose and hexose sugars. The ability to leverage multiple feedstocks provides strategic advantages including the option to change feedstock based on economics and availability, the option to scale in diverse geographies local raw materials, and an ability to avoid competition with food.
Products
LS9 has a wide array of products that all stem from their specialty ester product family, which pairs a fatty acid (C8-C18) with a series of alcohols (C1-C14). These currently are added to the fermentation vessel, but ultimately will be made in situ. The modifications to their bacteria fermenters will allow the alteration of chain length, branch points and saturation/unsaturation. Their products currently include LS Diesel (Made from fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters (FAME/FAEE) or alkanes), LS Kerosene (made from low chain length FAME) and LS jet fuel. In the future they plan on engineering long chain molecules for personal care markets, as well as amines/amides for agricultural chemicals and adhesives. Overall, their goal is to create a family of fuel products targeted at the very large diesel market. One particular product towards this endeavour is their UltraClean Diesel
LS9 UltraClean Diesel
One of LS9’s premier products is its UltraClean diesel. This diesel product offers numerous benefits in comparison to both regular diesel fuel, as well as traditional biodiesel. LS9 diesel is above the competition in many varying facets including cetane number, sulphur content, aromatic compound content, cloud point and oxidative stability. In 2010, LS9 UltraClean Diesel was awarded status as an officially registered fuel by the United States Environment Protection Agency (EPA). This fuel contributes to a reduction in carbon footprint by 85% in comparison to other fuels. As a registered fuel, LS9's UltraClean Diesel can be sold commercially in the United States.
Cetane Number (CN)
A fuel’s cetane number is measurement of the combustion quality of diesel fuel during compression ignition. Fuels with higher cetane number have shorter ignition delays, providing more time for the fuel combustion process to be completed. Generally, diesel engines operate well with a CN from 40 to 55, whereas LS9 UltraClean has a CN of 70.
In North America, most states adopt ASTM D975 as their diesel fuel standard and the minimum cetane number is set at 40, with typical values in the 42-45 range. In Europe, with a minimum cetane index of 46 and a minimum cetane number of 51. Premium diesel fuel can have a cetane number as high as 60
Sulfur
Sulfur is a major contributor to the greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), a potent greenhouse gas that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, has evaluated, with a global warming potential of 22,800 times that of carbon dioxide when compared over a 100-year period Sulfur hexafluoride is also extremely long-lived due to being inert in the troposphere and stratosphere, and has an estimated atmospheric lifetime of 800–3200 years. Due to these facts, it is very beneficial to contain low sulfur levels in fuel. LS9 diesel contains just over half (8 vs 15) of the sulfur
Aromatic Compounds
Aromatic compounds in fuel contribute to soot production. Therefore, they have been under investigation and restrictions. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) and the EU will have limits at 10% and 14% respectively, while the U.S. federal specifications limit aromatics to 35% Soot production plays a major role in smog and environmental concerns, causing for these restrictions to be put in place. LS9 UltraClean diesel has been shown to have no aromatic compounds, whereas fossil fuel diesel contains approximately 10% by volume aromatics.
Cloud Point
The cloud point of a fuel is the temperature at which solids dissolved within form precipitates, giving the fuel a cloudy appearance. When a fuel is below its cloud point waxes or biowaxes form within the fuel, clogging fuel filters and injectors. The lower the cloud point, the colder temperatures the fuel can be exposed to without fear of waxy build up. Of the biodiesel alternatives pictured, LS9 biodiesel offers the lowest cloud point, increasing its uses within cold climates.
Oxidative Stability
One of the major technical issue facing biodiesel is its susceptibility to oxidation upon exposure to oxygen in ambient air. This becomes a major issue when stored for extended periods of time. This susceptibility is due to its content of unsaturated fatty acid chains. Besides the presence of air, various other factors influence the oxidation process of biodiesel including presence of light, elevated temperature. Where most commercial biofuels only are stable for 3–5 hours, LS9 biodiesel is stable for greater than 6 hours when exposed to oxygen.
LS9 Inc. Patents
To date, LS9 has published 29 patents related to the biofuel industry. These patents range from processes detailing the generation of aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, alkenes, alkynes, and fatty acid derivatives. It is critical to note that many of the patents published are built upon previous patents and shows a continued commitment by LS9 in the biofuel industry.
Of particular importance to LS9’s potential for success may lie in its diversity in patent publications. This concept is illustrated below through the systematic review of LS9’s most pivotal patent as they relate to the main components of biofuel generation.
In line with LS9's main initiatives of using synthetic microorganisms for the production of biofuel components, LS9 has been, for a period of years (2008–2013) been pushing patents for specific enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis and metabolism. This is of particular importance since enzymes are key regulators in metabolic pathways and the opportunity to successfully patent such an enzyme may prove of extreme value to a company vested in economic interests being generated in that area of research.
PPTase
One particular component, which LS9 has been successful in patenting is a key regulator in the initiation of fatty acid biosynthesis known as phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase). This enzyme is responsible for transferring 4`-phosphopantetheine (4`-PP) from coenzyme A to a conserved serine residue on acyl carrier protein (ACP), which is responsible for shuttling around 4`-PP. This pathway is essential for the functioning of the Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) enzyme and allows LS9 a certain degree of monopoly in fatty acid generation from microorganisms since it has patented such an integral component.
Legal Implications
Another intriguing aspect of this patent is that for LS9 to employ it, they cannot continue using FAS proteins which have been patented by other companies. Therefore, LS9 must be careful in how they implement this patent. Thus far, no conflict-of-interest claims have been filed against this patent.
Overview of Patent Specifications
The initial patent application contained 43 components which LS9 endeavoured to have covered under this patent. Of these 43 components, 5 are protected under this patent. These include the use of a protein with 80% homology to PPTase for the purposes of generation of fatty acids or aldehydes, culturing a cell expressing such a PPTase under conditions permissive for production of fatty acids or aldehydes, overexpressing PPTase in growth medium selective for fatty acid production, and also delineates a means of overcoming iron-induced inhibition of PPTase. These specifications address pretreatment conditions detailing decreasing iron-inhibition present in the microbes used for this research (See Above).
Submission
Submitted in 2011, this patent was published under the USPA, under application number 20130035513 on February 7, 2013 under the title of Methods and Compositions for Enhanced Production of Fatty Aldehydes and Fatty Alcohols.
Gene Cassette and Culture Medium for Commercial Purposes
This patent builds upon several other patents filed by LS9 and forms a gene cassette plasmid which has the potential to be taken up by target microorganism and used to generate fatty acids. One of the main components of this patent is that the target microorganism will use the fermentation of carbohydrates for a direct route for the production of fatty esters without producing undesired side-products like glycerin characteristic of conventional fatty ester production. To achieve this, the pathway and enzymes have been engineered from pCLTFW.atfA1, pLoxPcat2, pCLTFWcat, R6K1, and POpAm. These were not the intellectual property of the LS9 before this point. However, after acceptance of this patent, the combination of these plasmids, the final product has achieved a distinction significant enough to warrant the allowance of a patent to this process.
Legal Implications
There does not exist any legal implications implicit in the application. The assortment of genes encoded on the cassette appear to be a unique cluster engineered from several organisms. At this time, there exists no conflict-of-interest claims filed against this patent.
Submission
Submitted on April 11, 2010, this patent was published under the USPA, under application number 20100257777 on October 14, 2010 under the title of Production of Commercial Biodiesel from Genetically Modified Organisms.
Investment
LS9 has been a company very sought after by investors, both at the corporate and governmental level. Numerous firms have invested into their company, realizing the potential of their one-step process. BlackRock, an investment firm, donated 30 million dollars, much of which was used as capital start-up. In 2011, they were recognized by the US Department of Energy and given 9 million dollars in order for them to improve their integrated process to convert biomass feedstocks into fermentable sugars and then into diesel and other fuel and chemical products. In 2012, with the opening of the Florida product testing plant, LS9 was given 4.5 million dollars from the Florida Opportunity fund. This fund invests millions of dollars each year into clean, renewable energy in the state of Florida.
Economic Feasibility
There exist many biofuel companies which face the harsh challenge of reducing capital investment while trying to increase energy yield generated from their products. To overcome this challenge, LS9 uses microbial fatty acid metabolism pathways in many of its reaction chambers to increase hydrocarbon yields. The rationale behind LS9's commitment to the use of microbial species lies in their resilient nature to have undergone many selective pressures thus having the potential to be used in conditions necessary for biofuel generation. It is these attributes of microbes and leading technologies in genome sequencing and synthetic biology which LS9 has harnessed to yield biofuels which do not suffer from many of the economical pressures that conventional reaction chamber biofuel generation methods suffer from. These are discussed below.
Separation of Compounds
In many current biofuel generation endeavours, the processes of differentiating and separating desired components from undesired ones leads to losses in both net energy yield and capital loss. Due to this, LS9 has developed a process where in their reaction chambers, shown above, utilize the natural properties of their desired components. Using both solvent composition and the realization that most desired components in biofuel generation possess a certain degree of hydrophobicity, LS9 has engineered their microbes to carry out their reactions in the aqueous-like phase, which is of lower hydrophobic character, and their desired components are secreted and float to the top forming a hydrophobic phase. This phase is easily accessible to collection apparatuses and requires little energy to collect.
Lack of Heat Generation
Due to the isolated nature of the microbial metabolism in cell culture, wherein the biofuel components are produced there is no need to increase temperatures to make reactions run at appreciable rates. Rather substrate availability and growth conditions govern the reaction rate of the desired component. This is of critical importance when this principle is juxtaposed with the energy-intensive processes of most biofuel companies.
References
External links
Company homepage in March 2013
Biofuel in the United States
2013 mergers and acquisitions |
17996827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practical%20Photography | Practical Photography | Practical Photography was a UK monthly photography magazine published by the Bauer Media Group since it was acquired from EMAP in 2008. Established in 1959, It ceased publishing on 2 June 2020 following Bauer Publishing's decision to stop printing many of its magazines due to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The magazine included subject guides, camera and editing tutorials, interviews, Q&As and product reviews, as well as how-to videos. It also featured Camera School, an annual camera skills course for beginners. When it ceased publication, the group editor was Ben Hawkins.
Alongside a monthly magazine, Practical Photography could also be found on social media, including the popular Practical Photography Talk Facebook group and its YouTube channel Practical Photography Magazine.
Staff
Staff members for the magazine (as of last publication):
Group Editor, Ben Hawkins
Deputy Editor, Chris Parker
Features Editor, Adam Atkins
Gear and Technique Editor, Kirk Schwarz
Senior Art Editor, Chris Robinson
Videographer, Jake Kindred
Production Editor, Marie Marsh
Editorial Assistant, Beth Mackman
References
External links
1959 establishments in the United Kingdom
Bauer Group (UK)
Defunct photography magazines published in the United Kingdom
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1959
2020 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Magazines disestablished in 2020 |
17996843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20executive | Music executive | A music executive or record executive is a person within a music company, in particular, a record label who works in senior management and makes executive decisions over the label's artists. Their role varies greatly but in essence, they can oversee one, or many, aspects of a record label, including A&R, contracts, management, publishing, production, manufacture, marketing/promotion, distribution, copyright, and touring. Although music executives work in senior management, a number of them have gone on to establish record labels of their own. Some of these owners start their careers in the music industry as artists, A&Rs, or producers establishing their reputation as they make connections and, or hone their craft.
Music executives work in a variety of settings for major record labels such as Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment, or Warner Music Group. However, many choose to work with, or start their own independent record labels such as Sub Pop, Block Starz Music, Ironworks, Jagjaguwar, Perry Music Group, 50/50innertainment, and 419 Records.
See also
Record producer
Electronic music
Audio engineer
Musician
Hip hop production
References
Business occupations
executive
Music production |
17996864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twaddle | Twaddle | As a common noun, twaddle means "idle talk, nonsense".
Twaddle is also a Scottish surname, and as such may refer to:
Kevin Twaddle (born 1971), Scottish former professional footballer
Marc Twaddle (born 1986), Scottish professional footballer
Nathan Twaddle (born 1976), a rower from New Zealand and Olympic medallist
See also
Twaddell (disambiguation), a variant on the surname Twaddle
Twaddle Mansion, built for rancher Ebenezer "Eben" Twaddle in Reno, Nevada
Twaddle-Pedroli Ranch, purchased by John Twaddle in 1869 for $5,000 |
17996885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadthausbr%C3%BCcke%20station | Stadthausbrücke station | Stadthausbrücke is an underground railway station, on the City S-Bahn line of the Hamburg S-Bahn. The station is located in New Town quarter of the Hamburg borough of Mitte (centre), Germany. The station is managed by DB Station&Service.
History
In October 1967, the work the city tunnel line from central station to Altona station started. On — at the start of the summer schedule — the Hamburg S-Bahn opened Stadthausbrücke station, within the line from central station to Landungsbrücken station.
Layout
The station is an underground island platform with 2 tracks and two exits. The station is now accessible for handicapped persons, because a lift has been installed, however there is no special floor layout for blind persons. In case of war it also has its function as a fallout-shelter for 4,500 persons like the Reeperbahn and Harburg-Rathaus stations, too.
Services
Trains
The rapid transit trains of the lines S1 and S3 of the Hamburg S-Bahn are calling the station. Direction of the trains on track 1 is Wedel (S1) and Pinneberg (S3). On track 2 the trains are traveling in the direction Poppenbüttel (S1) and Neugraben (S3) via Hamburg central station.
Facilities
No personnel is attending the station, but there are SOS and information telephones, and ticket machines.
See also
Hamburger Verkehrsverbund (HVV)
List of Hamburg S-Bahn stations
References
External links
Line and route network plans by hvv.de
Hamburg S-Bahn stations in Hamburg
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1975
Railway stations located underground in Hamburg
Buildings and structures in Hamburg-Mitte
1975 establishments in West Germany |
17996888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysleta%E2%80%93Zaragoza%20International%20Bridge | Ysleta–Zaragoza International Bridge | The Ysleta–Zaragoza International Bridge is an international crossing over the Rio Grande, connecting the United States-Mexico border cities of El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. The bridge is also known as "Zaragoza Bridge", "Puente Zaragoza" and "Puente Ysleta-Zaragoza".
Description
The Ysleta–Zaragoza International Bridge consists of two four-lane bridges. One is for commercial traffic only and the other, also bearing two pedestrian walkways, is for private vehicles. The bridge was built in 1938 and reconstructed in 1955. The present bridge was completed in 1990. The American side of the bridge is owned and operated by the City of El Paso.
Border crossing
The El Paso Ysleta Port of Entry was established in 1938 when the first bridge was built at this location. The current border inspection station was constructed along with the 1990 bridge reconstruction.
References
International bridges in Texas
International bridges in Chihuahua (state)
Toll bridges in Texas
Bridges completed in 1998
Buildings and structures in El Paso, Texas
Transportation in El Paso, Texas
Road bridges in Texas
Toll bridges in Mexico
Transportation buildings and structures in El Paso County, Texas |
17996922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcander | Alcander | Alcander (Gr. ) was a young man of Sparta who attacked Lycurgus and stabbed out one of his eyes when his fellow-citizens were discontented with the laws he proposed. Lycurgus' mangled face, however, produced shame and repentance in his enemies, and they delivered up Alcander to him to be punished as he thought fit. Lycurgus pardoned his outrage, and thus converted him into one of his warmest friends. He died of hunger after being banished.
References
7th-century BC Spartans |
17996959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable%20consumption | Sustainable consumption | Sustainable consumption (sometimes abbreviated to "SC") is the use of products and services in ways that minimizes impacts on the environment.
Sustainable consumption can be undertaken in such a way that needs are met for present-day humans and also for future generations. Sustainable consumption is often paralleled with sustainable production; consumption refers to use and disposal (or recycling) not just by individuals and households, but also by governments, businesses, and other organizations. Sustainable consumption is closely related to sustainable production and sustainable lifestyles. "A sustainable lifestyle minimizes ecological impacts while enabling a flourishing life for individuals, households, communities, and beyond. It is the product of individual and collective decisions about aspirations and about satisfying needs and adopting practices, which are in turn conditioned, facilitated, and constrained by societal norms, political institutions, public policies, infrastructures, markets, and culture."
The United Nations includes analyses of efficiency, infrastructure, and waste, as well as access to basic services, green and decent jobs, and a better quality of life for all within the concept of sustainable consumption. Sustainable consumption shares a number of common features and is closely linked to sustainable production and sustainable development. Sustainable consumption, as part of sustainable development, is part of the worldwide struggle against sustainability challenges such as climate change, resource depletion, famines, and environmental pollution.
Sustainable development as well as sustainable consumption rely on certain premises such as:
Effective use of resources, and minimization of waste and pollution
Use of renewable resources within their capacity for renewal
The reuse and upcycling of product life-cycles so that consumer items are utilized to maximum potential
Intergenerational and intragenerational equity
Goal 12 of the Sustainable Development Goals seeks to "ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns".
Consumption shifting
Studies found that systemic change for "decarbonization" of humanity's economic structures or root-cause system changes above politics are required for a substantial impact on global warming. Such changes may result in more sustainable lifestyles, along with associated products, services and expenditures, being structurally supported and becoming sufficiently prevalent and effective in terms of collective greenhouse gas emission reductions.
Nevertheless, ethical consumerism usually only refers to individual choices, and not the consumption behavior and/or import and consumption policies by the decision-making of nation-states. These have however been compared for road vehicles, emissions (albeit without considering emissions embedded in imports) and meat consumption per capita as well as by overconsumption.
Life-cycle assessments could assess the comparative sustainability and overall environmental impacts of products – including (but not limited to): "raw materials, extraction, processing and transport; manufacturing; delivery and installation; customer use; and end of life (such as disposal or recycling)".
Sustainable food consumption
The environmental impacts of meat production (and dairy) are large: raising animals for human consumption accounts for approximately 40% of the total amount of agricultural output in industrialized countries. Grazing occupies 26% of the Earth's ice-free terrestrial surface, and feed crop production uses about one third of all arable land. A global food emissions database shows that food systems are responsible for one third of the global anthropogenic GHG emissions. Moreover, there can be competition for resources, such as land, between growing crops for human consumption and growing crops for animals, also referred to as "food vs. feed" (see also: food security).
Therefore, sustainable consumption also includes food consumption – shifting to more sustainable diets.
Novel foods such as under-development cultured meat and dairy, existing small-scale microbial foods and ground-up insects (see also: pet food and animal feed) are shown to have the potential to reduce environmental impacts by over 80% in a study. Many studies such as a 2019 IPCC report and a 2022 review about meat and sustainability of food systems, animal welfare, and healthy nutrition concluded that meat consumption has to be reduced substantially for sustainable consumption. The review names broad potential measures such as "restrictions or fiscal mechanisms". In , science advisors in the European Commission's Scientific Advice Mechanism came to the identical conclusion, finding that "our diets need to shift towards more plant-based ingredients, rich in vegetables, fruits, wholegrains and pulses. Our diets should be limited in red meat, processed meat, salt, added sugar, and high-fat animal products, while fish and seafood should be sourced from sustainably managed stocks".
A considerable proportion of consumers of food produced by the food system may be non-livestock animals such as pet-dogs: the global dog population is estimated to be 900 million, of which around 20% are regarded as owned pets. Sustainable consumption may also involve their feed. Beyond reduction of meat consumption, the composition of livestock feed and fish feed may also be subject of sustainable consumption shifts.
Product labels
The app CodeCheck gives versed smartphone users some capability to scan ingredients in food, drinks and cosmetics for filtering out some of the products that are legal but nevertheless unhealthy or unsustainable from their consumption/purchases. A similar "personal shopping assistant" has been investigated in a study. Studies indicated a low level of use of sustainability labels on food. Moreover, existing labels have been intensely criticized for invalidity or unreliability, often amounting to greenwashing or being ineffective.
In one study, individuals were given a set budget, "which could be spent once a week on a wide range of food and drink products", then data "on each item's carbon footprint was clearly presented, and individuals could view the [unlimited] carbon footprint of their supermarket basket on their shopping bill."
The processes of consumption
Not only selection, quantity and quality of consumed products may be of relevance to sustainable consumption, the process of consumption, including how selected products are distributed or gathered could be considered a component of it as well: for instance, ordering from a local store online could substantially reduce emissions (in terms of transportation emissions and when not considering which options are available). Bundling items could reduce carbon emissions of deliveries and carbon footprints of in-person shopping-trips can be eliminated e.g. by biking to the shop instead of driving.
Product information transparency and trade control
If information is linked to products e.g. via a digital product passport, along with proper architecture and governance for data sharing and data protection, it could help achieve climate neutrality and foster dematerialization. In the EU, a Digital Product Passport is being developed. When there is an increase in greenhouse gas emissions in one country as a result of an emissions reduction by a second country with a strict climate policy this is referred to as carbon leakage. In the EU, the proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism could help mitigate this problem, and possibly increase the capacity to account for imported pollution/harm/death-footprints. Footprints of nondomestic production are significant: for instance, a study concluded that PM2.5 air pollution induced by the contemporary free trade and consumption by the G20 nations causes two million premature deaths annually, suggesting that the average lifetime consumption of about ~28 people in these countries causes at least one premature death (average age ~67) while developing countries "cannot be expected" to implement or be able to implement countermeasures without external support or internationally coordinated efforts.
Transparency of supply chains is important for global goals such as ending net-deforestation. Policy-options for reducing imported deforestation also include "Lower/raise import tariffs for sustainably/unsustainably produced commodities" and "Regulate imports, e.g., through quotas, bans, or preferential access agreements". However, several theories of change of policy options rely on (true / reliable) information being available/provided to "shift demand—both intermediate and final—either away from imported [forest-risk commodities (FRC)] completely, e.g., through diet shifts (IC1), or to sustainably produced FRCs, e.g., through voluntary or mandatory supply-chain transparency (IS1, RS2)."
As of 2021, one approach under development is binary "labelling" of investments as "green" according to an EU governmental body-created "taxonomy" for voluntarily financial investment redirection/guidance based on this categorization. The company Dayrize is one organization that attempts to accurately assess environmental and social impacts of consumer products.
Reliable evaluations and categorizations of products may enable measures such as policy-combinations that include transparent criteria-based eco-tariffs, bans (import control), support of selected production and subsidies which shifts, rather than mainly reduces, consumption. International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine included restrictions on Russian fossil fuel imports while supporting alternatives, albeit these sanctions were not based
on environment-related qualitative criteria of the products.
Fairness and income/spending freedoms
The bottom half of the population is directly responsible for less than 20% of energy footprints and consume less than the top 5% in terms of trade-corrected energy. High-income individuals usually have higher energy footprints as they disproportionally use their larger financial resourceswhich they can usually spend freely in their entirety for any purpose as long as the end user purchase is legalfor energy-intensive goods. In particular, the largest disproportionality was identified to be in the domain of transport, where e.g. the top 10% consume 56% of vehicle fuel and conduct 70% of vehicle purchases.
Techniques and approaches
Choice editing refers to the active process of controlling or limiting the choices available to consumers.
Personal Carbon Allowances (PCAs) refers to technology-based schemes to ration GHG emissions.
Degrowth
Degrowth refers to economic paradigms that address the need to reduce global consumption and production whereby metrics and mechanisms like GDP are replaced by more reality-attached measures such as of health, social and environmental well-being and more needs-based structures. Broadly, degrowth would or does aim to address overconsumption "by addressing real need, reducing wants, ensuring greater distributive equality and ultimately by suppressing production", or "downscaling of production and consumption that increases human wellbeing and enhances [i.e. "grows"] ecological conditions and equity on the planet".
A common denominator of degrowth is a decline in the metric GDP. More concrete degrowth proposals are diverse, dispersed throughout the growing body of literature and include:
"reducing and redistributing income alone" along with GHG-pricing and wealth redistribution into a global food systems transformation
One tool that could possibly be used in large-scale policies is an app that "will guide users to prioritize reduction in high-footprint categories".
Another broad proposal suggests that "different roles of labour, work, and action should be acknowledged and scrutinized in detail" which could prompt or be necessary for an "organization of an alternative society" (see also: green job, life-cycle assessment, certification and job evaluation)
Consumption such as "domestic water consumption" could be [made to be] considered as a collectively ordered activity especially when such data and contextual education is available the respective collective.
Demonetized activities [as well as currently financially unrewarded and unprofitable activities] are important for degrowth.
Degrowth also emphasizes the need to 'degrow' various sectors of the economy without a negative connotation usually associated with such measures such as at least temporary job-loss. If no immediate retraining occurs, leisure time may increase at least temporarily. There are some suggestions that in general, increases in leisure time do not per se translate to increased sustainability – in particular that some time saved did not decrease total distance of car travel.
Degrowth-related economic concepts
A study suggests that the concepts of sharing economy and circular economy on their own, while useful as broad components, are insufficient and ineffective.
Economic concepts by which scholarly literature approaches problems such as overconsumption, using this terminology to characterize broad, typically conceptual-stage, solution-proposals include:
Doughnut economy (see also: planetary boundaries)
Community economy and commons (see also: Commons#Economic theories and Gemeinwohl-Ökonomie)
Strong and weak sustainable consumption
Some writers make a distinction between "strong" and "weak" sustainability.
Strong sustainable consumption refers to participating in viable environmental activities, such as consuming renewable and efficient goods and services (such as electric locomotive, cycling, renewable energy). Strong sustainable consumption also refers to an urgency to reduce individual living space and consumption rate.
Weak sustainable consumption is the failure to adhere to strong sustainable consumption. In other words, consumption of highly pollutant activities, such as frequent car use and consumption of non-biodegradable goods (such as plastic items, metals, and mixed fabrics).
In 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also referred to as the Earth Summit, recognized sustainable consumption as a concept. It also recognized the difference between strong and weak sustainable consumption but set efforts away from strong sustainable consumption.
The 1992 Earth Summit found that sustainable consumption rather than sustainable development was . Currently, strong sustainable consumption is only present in of discussion and research. International government organizations’ (IGOs) prerogatives have kept away from strong sustainable consumption. To avoid scrutiny, IGOs have deemed their influences as limited, often aligning its interests with consumer wants and needs. In doing so, they advocate for minimal eco-efficient improvements, resulting in government skepticism and minimal commitments to strong sustainable consumption efforts.
In order to achieve sustainable consumption, two developments have to take place: an increase in the efficiency of consumption, and a change in consumption patterns and reductions in consumption levels in industrialized countries and rich social classes in developing countries which have a large ecological footprint and set an example for increasing middle classes in developing countries. The first prerequisite is not sufficient on its own and qualifies as weak sustainable consumption. Technological improvements and eco-efficiency support a reduction in resource consumption. Once this aim has been met, the second prerequisite, the change in patterns and reduction of levels of consumption is indispensable. Strong sustainable consumption approaches also pay attention to the social dimension of well-being and assess the need for changes based on a risk-averse perspective. In order to achieve strong sustainable consumption, changes in infrastructures as well as the choices customers have are required. In the political arena, weak sustainable consumption is more discussed.
The so-called attitude-behaviour or values-action gap describes an obstacle to changes in individual customer behavior. Many consumers are aware of the importance of their consumption choices and care about environmental issues, however most do not translate their concerns into their consumption patterns. This is because the purchase decision process is complicated and relies on e.g. social, political, and psychological factors. Young et al. identified a lack of time for research, high prices, a lack of information, and the cognitive effort needed as the main barriers when it comes to green consumption choices.
Historical related behaviors
In the early twentieth century, especially during the interwar period, families turned to sustainable consumption. When unemployment began to stretch resources, American working-class families increasingly became dependent on secondhand goods, such as clothing, tools, and furniture. Used items offered entry into consumer culture, and they also provided investment value and enhancements to wage-earning capabilities. The Great Depression saw increases in the number of families forced to turn to cast-off clothing. When wages became desperate, employers offered clothing replacements as a substitute for earnings. In response, fashion trends as high-end clothing became a luxury.
During the rapid expansion of post-war suburbia, families turned to new levels of mass consumption. Following the conference of 1956, plastic corporations were quick to enter the mass consumption market of post-war America. During this period companies like Dixie began to replace reusable products with disposable containers (plastic items and metals). Unaware of how to dispose of containers, consumers began to throw waste across public spaces and national parks. Following a Vermont State Legislature ban on disposable glass products, plastic corporations banded together to form the Keep America Beautiful organization in order to encourage individual actions and discourage regulation. The organization teamed with schools and government agencies to spread the anti-litter message. Running public service announcements like "Susan Spotless," the organization encouraged consumers to dispose waste in designated areas.
Culture shifts
Ecological awareness
There is a growing recognition that human well-being is interwoven with the natural environment, as well as an interest to change human activities that cause environmental harm. This is evident in the United Nations Paris Agreement goal of maintaining average global warming to optimistically 1.5 °C, and at least below a threshold of 2.0 °C. Western culture tends to celebrate consumer sovereignty and free market solutions to political economy problems. Yet climate change, and the associated tragedy of the global atmospheric commons, represent a large market failure. There are at least three options for achieving cultural shifts and greater ecological awareness. Private solutions labeled as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strive to incorporate sustainability concerns into market supply and demand forces by increasing the transparency of productive processes, as well as awareness of ecological footprints of consumption. Public solutions apply regulatory frameworks such as the cap and trade system to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. An alternative approach adopts polycentric governance strategies across governmental institutions and non-governmental organizations to achieve greater citizen engagement and self-governance systems. Increasing levels of sustainable consumption to contribute to United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 12 will likely require supportive educational resources.
Surveys and trends
Surveys ranking consumer values such as environmental, social, and sustainability, showed sustainable consumption values to be particularly low. Surveys on environmental awareness saw an increase in perceived “eco-friendly” behavior. When tasked to reduce energy consumption, empirical research found that individuals are only willing to make minimal sacrifices and fail to reach strong sustainable consumption requirements. IGOs are not motivated to adopt sustainable policy decisions, since consumer demands may not meet the requirements of sustainable consumption.
Ethnographic research across Europe concluded that post-Financial crisis of 2007–2008 Ireland saw an increase in secondhand shopping and communal gardening. Following a series of financial scandals, Anti-Austerity became a cultural movement. Irish consumer confidence fell, sparking a cultural shift in second-hand markets and charities, stressing sustainability and drawing on .
Sustainable Development Goals
The Sustainable Development Goals were established by the United Nations in 2015. SDG 12 is meant to "ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns". Specifically, targets 12.1 and 12.A of SDG 12 aim to implement frameworks and support developing countries in order to "move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production".
Notable conferences and programs
1992—At the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) the concept of sustainable consumption was established in chapter 4 of the Agenda 21.
1995—Sustainable consumption was requested to be incorporated by UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) into the UN Guidelines on Consumer Protection.
1997—A major report on SC was produced by the OECD.
1998—United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) started a SC program and SC is discussed in the Human Development Report of the UN Development Program (UNDP).
2002—A ten-year program on sustainable consumption and production (SCP) was created in the Plan of Implementation at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg.
2003—The "Marrakesh Process" was developed by co-ordination of a series of meetings and other "multi-stakeholder" processes by UNEP and UNDESA following the WSSD.
2018—Third International Conference of the Sustainable Consumption Research and Action Initiative (SCORAI) in collaboration with the Copenhagen Business School.
2022–Bologna, Italy conducts the first or one of the first trials of rewards for sustainable behavior that is not implemented via product prices or subsidy-like financial mechanisms in the EU: with a "Smart Citizen Wallet", described as a supermarket points-like system, citizens will have benefits if they for example use public transport and manage energy well.
See also
Choice editing
Collaborative consumption
Sustainable consumer behavior
Durable goods
Group decision-making
Product design
Overconsumption
References
External links
Consumption
Ethical consumerism
Environmental mitigation
Environmental social science concepts |
17996962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polichinelle | Polichinelle | Polichinelle is French for the Commedia dell'arte character Pulcinella.
It may also refer to:
Polichinelle (album), 2001 The Prayer Boat album
"Polichinelle", 1962 Edith Piaf song from album Les Amants De Teruel
"Polichinelle", a 1967 song by the French singer France Gall
Polichinelle, a band whose members include Bubu and Serafina Ouistiti
"Polichinelle", a piece for solo piano by Sergei Rachmaninoff, Morceaux de fantaisie (1892) Op. 3, No. 4.
Polichinelle, the little children or clowns in The Nutcracker ballet who emerge from Mother Ginger's enormous hoop skirt to do a short dance
Polichinelle Couloir near La Grave, France where the American extreme skier Doug Coombs died in a fall.
"Polichinelle", a 2012 cover by the Symphonic Metal band Therion |
17996977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20breweries%2C%20wineries%2C%20and%20distilleries%20in%20Utah | List of breweries, wineries, and distilleries in Utah | This is a list of breweries, wineries, and distilleries in the state of Utah.
As of 2013, eighteen breweries were operating in the state. As of September 2022, this number had increased to 40, ranking 42nd in the total number of breweries and 48th in per capita number of breweries, with 1.4 per 100,000 people of age 21 and over. However, Utah is 32nd in the total number of craft beer barrels produced, and 28th in gallons per capita.
There are also 23 distilleries and 15 wineries currently operating in Utah.
Breweries
An updated list of breweries is maintained by the Utah Ale Trail and the following list is current as of April 2024.
Distilleries
Wineries
See also
Beer in the United States
List of breweries in the United States
List of microbreweries
Alcohol laws of Utah
References
External links
https://www.beeradvocate.com/place/city/82/
Utah
Utah
Utah
Utah
Utah
American cuisine-related lists
Food and drink companies based in Utah
Breweries |
17996987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A9gtaba-Foulb%C3%A9 | Manégtaba-Foulbé | Manégtaba-Foulbé is a village in the Tikare Department of Bam Province in northern Burkina Faso. It has a population of 229.
References
Populated places in the Centre-Nord Region
Bam Province |
17996998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A9gtaba-Mossi | Manégtaba-Mossi | Manégtaba-Mossi is a town in the Tikare Department of Bam Province in northern Burkina Faso. It has a population of 2227.
References
Populated places in the Centre-Nord Region
Bam Province |
17997010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma%20Hunt%20%28Baptist%20leader%29 | Alma Hunt (Baptist leader) | Alma Hunt (October 5, 1909 – June 14, 2008) was executive secretary of the Southern Baptist Convention Woman's Missionary Union from 1948 to 1974.
Hunt was born in Roanoke, Virginia. She was an ordained minister of the Rosalind Hills Baptist Church where she vocally opposed the Southern Baptist Convention's prohibition of women in the role of church pastors or military and prison chaplains.
Hunt graduated in 1941 from State Teacher's College (now Longwood University) in Farmville, Virginia; in 1947, she earned a master's degree in administration at Columbia University. William Jewell College, where she served as dean of women in 1945–48, awarded her an honorary doctorate of humanities, and in 1999 the University of Richmond awarded her an honorary doctorate of divinity.
One of Hunt's first initiatives after being chosen to head the WMU was to support the formation of the women's department of the Baptist World Alliance, and also the BWA's interdenominational North American Baptist Women's Union. She served as president of the latter in 1964–67, and vice president of the former in 1970–75.
From 1976 to 1985, Hunt served as consultant on women's mission work for the Baptist Foreign Mission Board which named her an honorary emeritus missionary in 1987.
Legacy
In 1998, the WMU of Virginia and the Baptist General Association of Virginia named the Alma Hunt Offering for Virginia Missions in her honor. In 2023 the Alma Hunt Offering distributed £500,000 to WMUV, mainly to missions and ministry.
Several facilities have been named in her honor, including: the Alma Hunt Museum at WMU headquarters in Birmingham, Alabama, which houses her personal missions archives; the Alma Hunt Library at the John Leland Center for Theological Studies in Northern Virginia; the Hunt Hall at CrossRoads Camp & Conference Center in Lowesville, Virginia; and the Alma Hunt Cottage at Hope Tree Family Services (formerly known as the Virginia Baptist Children's Home) in Salem, Virginia.
References
1909 births
2008 deaths
Baptist missionaries from the United States
Women Protestant religious leaders
Female Christian missionaries
Longwood University alumni
People from Roanoke, Virginia
Southern Baptists
20th-century Baptists
Baptist missionaries in the United States
Baptists from Virginia |
17997051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars%20in%20Their%20Eyes%20%28New%20Zealand%20TV%20series%29 | Stars in Their Eyes (New Zealand TV series) | Stars in Their Eyes is a TVNZ talent show, based on the original British version. It was hosted by Simon Barnett.
2008 season
The finalists were:
Episode 1 (22 April 2008)
Episode 2 (29 April 2008)
Episode 3 (6 May 2008)
Episode 4 (13 May 2008)
Episode 5 (20 May 2008)
Episode 6 (27 May 2008)
Episode 7 (3 June 2008)
Episode 8 (10 June 2008)
Episode 9 (17 June 2008)
2009 season
The finalists were:
Episode 1 (28 April 2009)
Episode 2 (5 May 2009)
Episode 3 (12 May 2009)
Episode 4 (19 May 2009)
Episode 5 (26 May 2009)
Episode 6 (2 June 2009)
Episode 7 (9 June 2009)
Episode 8 (16 June 2009)
Episode 9 (23 June 2009)
Reception
Taranaki Daily News television critic Gordon Brown wrote, "Unusually, Mrs Brown and I agreed on several key findings. We both thought Simon was an excellent host. We both thought that generally the singers were somewhat less than excellent and, most significantly, we felt the wrong person won." The New Zealand Herald criticised the show, stating, "Aside from the cheap set, the naff format, the wince-making band, the unconvincing impersonations, the boring songs, there's nothing much else wrong - except Barnett. He needs to broaden his vocab, which ranges from the afore-mentioned brilliant to stunning, legendary, unreal, unbelievable. Those words do not match the reality."
In a negative review, Nick Ward of The Nelson Mail said, "Perhaps naively, I keep expecting this show to unearth a few potential Susan Boyles - ordinary Kiwis who've had a good night or two at karaoke and let their friends and workmates talk them into going on TV. Instead, a parade of professional and semi-professional musicians belt out their favourites after a quick dash through TVNZ's makeup department. ... Host Simon Barnett's gushingly positive assessments ('Stunning!', 'Extraordinary!', 'You took me back to my form two social!') are as unconvincing as his arguments in favour of the divinely-sanctioned clouting of children."
References
Singing talent shows
2008 New Zealand television series debuts
2009 New Zealand television series endings
New Zealand reality television series
New Zealand music television series
New Zealand English-language television shows
TVNZ 1 original programming |
17997062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%20the%20Dickens%21 | What the Dickens! | What the Dickens! is a 1963 recording by Johnny Dankworth, accompanied by his orchestra and guests, some of the leading UK jazz musicians of the day. It is a suite based on characters and scenarios associated with Charles Dickens. It was recorded in London on 29 and 31 July, 7 August and 4 October 1963, and released as a vinyl album. What the Dickens! was bundled with Off Duty in a 2012 reissue.
Track listing
"Prologue" (2:26)
"Weller Never Did" Pickwick Papers (1:58)
"Little Nell" The Old Curiosity Shop (2:51)
"The Infant Phenomenon" Nicholas Nickleby (2:12)
"Demdest Little Fascinator" Nicholas Nickleby (3:09)
"Dotheboys Hall" Oliver Twist (4:24)
"Ghosts" A Christmas Carol (2:23)
"David and the Bloaters" David Copperfield (2:57)
"Please Sir, I Want Some More" Oliver Twist (2:01)
"The Artful Dodger" Oliver Twist (1:39)
"Waiting for Something to Turn Up" David Copperfield (2:46)
"Dodson and Fogg" Pickwick Papers (1:55)
"The Pickwick Club" Pickwick Papers (3:15)
"Serjeant Buzfuz" Pickwick Papers (2:15)
"Finale" (2:29)
Personnel
Guests
Tubby Hayes – tenor saxophone
Ronnie Ross - baritone saxophone
Ronnie Scott - tenor saxophone
Dick Morrissey – tenor saxophone
Jimmy Deuchar - trumpet
Ron Stephenson – drums
Bobby Wellins – tenor saxophone
Ken Napper – bass
Tony Coe - tenor saxophone, clarinet
Peter King - tenor saxophone
David Snell - harp
Orchestra
Leader: John Dankworth
Gus Galbraith - trumpet
Leon Calvert - trumpet, flugelhorn
Dickie Hawdon - trumpet, tenor horn
Kenny Wheeler - trumpet, tenor horn
Tony Russell - trombone
Eddie Harvey - valve trombone
Ron Snyder - tuba
Roy East - alto saxophone, flute, clarinet
John Dankworth - alto saxophone, clarinet
Vic Ash - tenor saxophone, clarinet
Art Ellefson - tenor saxophone, bass clarinet
Alan Branscombe - vibraphone, xylophone, piano
Spike Heatley - basses
Johnny Butts - drums
Roy Webster - percussion
References
1963 albums
John Dankworth albums
Fontana Records albums |
17997068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foveolar%20cell | Foveolar cell | Foveolar cells or surface mucous cells are mucus-producing cells which cover the inside of the stomach, protecting it from the corrosive nature of gastric acid. These cells line the gastric mucosa and the gastric pits. Mucous neck cells are found in the necks of the gastric glands. The mucus-secreting cells of the stomach can be distinguished histologically from the intestinal goblet cells, another type of mucus-secreting cell.
Structure
The gastric mucosa that lines the inner wall of the stomach has a set of microscopic features called gastric glands which, depending on the location within the stomach, secrete different substances into the lumen of the organ. The openings of these glands into the stomach are called gastric pits which foveolar cells line in order to provide a protective alkaline secretion against the corrosive gastric acid.
Microanatomy
Foveolar cells line the surface of the stomach and the gastric pits. They constitute a simple columnar epithelium, as they form a single layer of cells and are taller than their width. Other mucus-secreting cells are the mucous neck cells in the necks of the gastric glands.
Surface mucous cells have large quantities of mucin granules in their apical (top) surface and project short microvilli into the lumen of the stomach. Mucins are large glycoproteins that give the mucus its gel-like properties. As mucins are lost during routine histology preparation, they stain pale, but if preserved correctly the cells stain strongly with special techniques like PAS or toluidine blue, the last representing the anionic nature of foveolar cell secretions. Below the mucin granules, surface mucous cells have a Golgi apparatus, the nucleus, and small amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Mucous neck cells are located within gastric glands. These are shorter than their surface counterpart and contain lesser quantities of mucin granules in their apical surface.
Function
The mucus produced by these cells is extremely important, as it prevents the stomach from digesting itself. Parietal cells produce potent hydrochloric acid, which damages cells. Gastric chief cells produce pepsinogen, which is activated by the acid to form pepsin. Pepsin is a protease that can digest and damage stomach cells. To prevent these disastrous effects, mucus and bicarbonate ions (HCO3−) are secreted by the foveolar cells.
The mucus allows the acid at pH above 4 to penetrate lining, but below pH 4 (i.e. when acid is more concentrated) the acid cannot penetrate the mucus. This is called viscous fingering. Thus the foveolar cells can pump out a lot of acid, but acid once in the lumen of the stomach is prevented from returning.
See also
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
Notes
References
External links
- "Digestive System: Alimentary Canal: fundic stomach, gastric glands, base"
– see slide #41
Mucus secreting cells
Human cells
Stomach |
17997076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Pilgrim | Gary Pilgrim | Gary Pilgrim (born in Nowata, Oklahoma) is a retired investment manager and a founding partner of Pilgrim, Baxter, Hoyt & Greig, later known as Pilgrim Baxter & Associates. He is best known for his management of the PBHG Growth Fund, one of the most popular growth-style mutual funds of the mid- to late-1990s,and the market-timing scandal associated with that firm's downfall.
Investing style
Pilgrim is considered an innovator in growth stock investing. Early in his career, he developed an aggressive style which utilized an unusually systematic method of identifying small, rapidly growing companies with the potential to beat quarterly earnings expectations, which would result in sharp upward movement of their stock price. He also exhibited little concern over high P/E ratios, and very little tolerance for companies that missed earnings estimates, resulting in relatively high portfolio turnover. This style, sometimes referred to as "earnings momentum", is characterized by high volatility, with a tendency toward dramatic gains or losses.
Pilgrim, Baxter & Associates
Pilgrim started work as a loan officer at Philadelphia National Bank in 1967. He soon moved to the trust department, and over the next decade rose to the position of Senior Vice President. It was at PNB that he met Harold Baxter, Stephen Hoyt, and George Greig, with whom he left in 1982 to establish Pilgrim, Baxter, Hoyt & Greig. (With the departures of Hoyt and later Greig, the company was renamed Pilgrim Baxter & Associates.)
PBH&G was initially dedicated entirely to managing money for institutional pension funds, and as a result was virtually unknown to the general public. In 1985, they entered the mutual fund market with the PBHG Growth Fund. For its first eight years, the fund went largely undiscovered due to the fact that it was a load fund and was not marketed to the public. Its performance was impressive, however. The fund returned 46.6% in 1993, and rose 225% over the three years ending November 1993. This performance came to light in late 1993 when the fund went no-load and received a torrent of media attention, beginning with the August edition of Money magazine in which it was declared that "few people other than his clients recognize the name of today's hottest fund manager: Gary Pilgrim." At a time when public awareness of mutual funds was rapidly increasing, Pilgrim quickly became one of the industry's most famous names. The fund continued to deliver very strong performance over the next three years - in the beginning of 1996, it had a three-year annualized return of nearly 30%. At the end of June 1996, it was the #1 performer among all equity funds over the previous 10 years, according to Lipper Analytical Services. Meanwhile, the fund's assets under management had increased from about US$8 million in 1993 to US$5 billion in mid-1996. During Pilgrim's peak popularity in 1996, Sheldon Jacobs, the editor in chief of the No-Load Fund Investor, stated, "I have never seen a group that has done so consistently well." The October 1996 Kiplinger's Personal Finance Magazine gave Pilgrim the following review: "Forget Peter Lynch: Gary Pilgrim is the best stock picker of the past five years and the past ten."
Unfortunately for many investors who, in response to massive media attention, bought into the fund at this time, late-1996 to early-1999 was a difficult period for PBHG Growth as market trends turned against small growth stocks, even as the economy at large flourished. During this 10-quarter period, the fund struggled to break even, while the S&P 500 returned 95%.
As the internet technology boom took off, however, PBHG Growth's performance skyrocketed, returning 93% in 1999. But with the economic downturn which began in early 2000, the fund, true to its volatile nature, began to fall precipitously, losing 34% in 2001 and 30% in 2002.
Pilgrim appeared in the 1998 and 2004 editions of Jason Kelly's book The Neatest Little Guide to Stock Market Investing as a "master" investor whose strategy should be studied, though probably not strictly emulated, by individuals seeking success in stock market investing.
Quotes
"Anyone who sticks with a particular investment approach will be frustrated by the market occasionally. Our history suggests that we're usually in the top quartile or bottom quartile of returns and don't spend much time in the middle."
"I'm very confident that as long as I can put together a portfolio of companies growing 40% a year, these stocks can be leaders. In my mind, this is the natural state of affairs."
"As growth managers go, we're among the most aggressive because we always look for companies in the early to middle stages of maturity."
"I focus on companies that are doing well, not ones that have stumbled, or missed by just a little bit. I like to be in a good mood, and every stinker I don't get rid of just irritates me. I like to like my portfolio."
Market timing
On November 20, 2003, both the Securities and Exchange Commission and New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer filed charges against Pilgrim, Harold J. Baxter, and PBA for civil securities fraud and breach of fiduciary duties. Pilgrim was accused of allowing one of his friends, Michael Christiani, the manager of a hedge fund called Appalachian Trails L.P., to use a market timing strategy which rapidly traded shares of, among other funds, the PBHG Growth Fund. Though market timing is not illegal, it had begun to be considered potentially deleterious to buy-and-hold investors. In fact, at the time charges were brought in 2003, PBA had already expelled all market timers from its funds and had allowed no such activity since December 2001. There were no accusations or evidence of the illegal late trading which factored in several other cases of the 2003 mutual fund scandal.
On November 17, 2004, the S.E.C. announced a settlement which forbade Pilgrim and Baxter from publicly denying wrongdoing, and required each to personally pay US$80 million while PBA would pay US$90 million, for a total of US$250 million. In addition, both Pilgrim and Baxter were permanently forbidden from employment in an investment-advisory capacity.
Despite attempts to recover, the PBHG Funds brand was too badly damaged by the incident to remain viable. In 2004, PBA was renamed Liberty Ridge Capital by parent company Old Mutual. The PBHG Funds were absorbed into the Old Mutual Funds group, and Liberty Ridge Capital ceased operating in 2009.
Philanthropy
In 1998, Pilgrim established the Pilgrim Foundation, with the purpose of benefiting vulnerable women and children in Chester County, Pennsylvania. The foundation has since expanded its mission to support non-profit work nationally and internationally.
Notes
1940 births
Living people
American money managers
People from Nowata, Oklahoma |
17997081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadmoor%20High%20School | Broadmoor High School | Broadmoor Senior High School (Broadmoor High School or BHS) is an accredited high school in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States. It is a part of the East Baton Rouge Parish School System.
History
Broadmoor High School was founded in 1960 and resides on a 30-acre campus centrally located in the historic Broadmoor Neighborhood of south Baton Rouge. BHS offers an array of traditional and honors level courses, including several AP courses and College Dual Enrollment opportunities with Baton Rouge area colleges (BRCC, SU, LSU) for eligible upperclassmen in good academic standing. The school traditionally primarily serves students in the Broadmoor and Sherwood Forest subdivisions and within an eight-mile radius of the school.
The school originally served grades 7-11, with its first graduating class in 1962.
Broadmoor High School is home of the annual well-attended and highly publicized Broadmoor Arts & Crafts Festival held on campus every mid-November. At this event, people from across the country come to sell and buy various arts and foods. There are several venues facilitated by student organizations to raise funds for them. Overall, this event is a significant source of revenue for the school.
The most notable of the many student organizations on campus is the John Lay Chapter of the National Honor Society, the National Beta Club, the Student Government Association (SGA), the Presidents' Round Table, Denims-N-Diamonds (Choir), Broadmoor Band of Pride, Broadmoor Blade (School Newspaper), Buccaneer Log (Yearbook), FFA, and Broadmoor Young Life.
All students are required to wear uniforms which include a plain white or Columbia blue polo-style shirt with khakis.
In 2012, Broadmoor High School was given the Bronze Award by the U.S. News & World Report magazine, ranking them among the top high schools in the nation.
Athletics
Broadmoor competes in the LHSAA 4A athletic class all home sporting events are held on campus (field and gym sports).
The athletic programs include:
Boys Basketball (Varsity, JV, Freshmen)
Football (Varsity, JV, Freshmen)
Baseball (Varsity, JV)
Girls Basketball (Varsity, JV)
Volleyball (Varsity, JV)
Boys and Girls Track & Field (Varsity, JV)
Boys and Girls Bowling (Varsity)
Boys Soccer (Varsity)
Softball (Varsity)
Boys and Girls Tennis (Varsity)
Boys and Girls Cross Country (Varsity)
Wrestling (Varsity)
Coed Cheerleading (Varsity, JV)
Athletics history
Since 1969, Broadmoor's biggest rival has been the neighboring Tara High School Trojans. Prior to Tara's opening, Broadmoor's bigger rivals included Baton Rouge High, Catholic High and Istrouma High.
Championships
Football championships
(1) State Championship: 1966
Boys' basketball championships
(2) State Championships: 1985, 1987
Championship history
Broadmoor won its only state football title in 1966 as a 3A school defeating South Lafourche High School completing a 11-1-1 season under head coach Jerry Epperson.
Broadmoor also claims two 4A state basketball titles winning their first in 1985, defeating Monroe Carroll High School, 72-65. In 1987, the Buccaneers won their second title defeating New Orleans Carver High School, 72-56.
In addition to boys' basketball and football, the school holds state titles in golf, gymnastics, and cross country.
Notable people
Alumni
Larry S. Bankston, former state senator
Billy Cannon Jr., former NFL Player
John Davis, Millionaire CEO of BirchStreet Systems, Inc.
Ledell Eackles, former NBA Player
Dean Edward Johnson, attorney and TV personality
Bucky Richardson, former NFL Player
Ryan Theriot, MLB Player for the 2012 World Series Champions San Francisco Giants, the 2011 World Series Champions St. Louis Cardinals, and the NCAA 2000 College World Series Champions LSU Tigers
Faculty
Former State Representative and Louisiana Board of Regents member Vic Stelly taught and coached at Broadmoor during the 1960s.
References
External links
Public high schools in Louisiana
High schools in Baton Rouge, Louisiana
1960 establishments in Louisiana
Educational institutions established in 1960 |
17997094 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill%20Bay | Mill Bay | Mill Bay may refer to:
Mill Bay, Alaska, United States
Mill Bay, British Columbia, Canada
Mill Bay, Northern Ireland
Millbay, Plymouth, England
Nanjizal, Cornwall, England
a ferry in British Columbia |
17997104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20surviving%20Consolidated%20PBY%20Catalinas | List of surviving Consolidated PBY Catalinas | PBY Catalina Survivors identifies Catalinas on display, and includes aircraft designations, status, serial numbers, locations and additional information. The Consolidated PBY Catalina was a twin-engined American flying boat of the 1930s and 1940s, designed by Consolidated Aircraft Co. Several variants were built at five US and Canadian manufacturing plants.
Surviving aircraft
These complete examples of Catalinas have been preserved or restored to various levels including markings, nose art, original or representative paint schemes, and are on display at museums or at military bases, or are active aircraft potentially viewable at air events.
By default, 5-digit numeric serials known as Bureau Numbers (BuNo) are as issued by the US Navy Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer), presented here without the imaginary "BuNo" prefix. 4-digit serials in the form 9xxx, and 5-digit serials in the form 1xxxx are as issued to Royal Canadian Air Force aircraft.
Status Codes:
D = Display
A = Airworthy
S = Stored
R = Under restoration
References
Notes
Bibliography
Andrade, John. "US Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909. Leicestershire UK: Midland Counties Publications. 1979. .
Legg, David. "Consolidated PBY Catalina: The Peacetime Record". Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 2002. .
Ogden, Bob. "Aviation Museums and Collections of North America". UK. Air-Britain. 2007.
Petit, Jean-Jacques. Consolidated PBY-5A Catalina en France. 2013 – 56 p
External links
Catalina Aircraft Trust
Australian civil aircraft register
The Catalina Society (Plane Sailing) UK
The New Zealand Catalina Preservation Society
Consolidated PBY Catalinas
PB1Y survivors |
17997106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Shelter%20%28New%20York%20City%29 | The Shelter (New York City) | The Shelter, also known as Club Shelter, is a New York City Dance Music and House music nightclub started during the 1990s. The club was at multiple locations including 6 Hubert Street, 157 Hudson Street, and 150 Varick Street in Manhattan depending on the date. The Shelter was established by resident DJs Timmy Regisford, Merlin Bobb, and Freddy Sanon. The club is closely associated with record label 157 Shelter Records.
History
In 1991, The Shelter opened its doors following the closing of Paradise Garage. The Shelter became a sanctuary for people to express themselves in which race and sexual orientation did not matter.
The Shelter's most active promoters and DJs were collectively known as "N.A.S.A." (Nocturnal Audio + Sensory Awakening), who hosted parties at the club on Friday night. The dance floor had an incredibly loud 37,000 watt sound system, installed by Garage-era DJ legend Timmy Regisford. The speaker cabinets were larger than the dancers.
DJs
Resident and Guest DJs include:
Timmy Regisford
Merlin Bobb
Freddy Sanon
Larry Levan
Louie Vega
Tony Humphries
DJ Clark Kent
718 Sessions
Tee Scott
David Morales
Frankie Knuckles
Tony Touch
Moby
Dmitry (Deee-Lite)
Keoki (Disco 2000)
Michele Sainte
Scotto (Scott Osman)
Jason Jinx
On-E
DB (originally from London)
Guy DMC
Jacyln Christie
Dante
Soul Slinger
Timmy Regisford
Mr. Kleen
Orbital
See also
The Limelight
Webster Hall
Twilo (formerly The Sound Factory; closed in 2001)
Roxy NYC
Paradise Garage
References
External links
Official website
Nightclubs in Manhattan |
17997117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20global%20sustainability%20statistics | List of global sustainability statistics | Global sustainability statistics are benchmarks for measuring the status of sustainability parameters. The following agencies provide baseline data for sustainability governance. They are just one form of data used for sustainability accounting and are valuable for assessing trends and measuring progress.
This list provides sources of statistics at the global level of governance only.
General lists
Meadows, D.H., Randers, J. & Meadows, D.L. 2004. Limits to growth: the 30-year update. Chelsea Green Publishing Company, White River Junction, USA.
The CIAs World Fact Book
World Data Center
United Nations Environmental Indicators Also publications on environmental statistics and statistical methods.
Water (water resources, water supply industry, waste water)
Air pollution (SO2 & NOx),
Climate change (greenhouse gas emissions; by sector(absolute & percentage); CO2 emissions; CH4 & N2O emissions)
Waste (municipal waste collection, treatment, hazardous waste)
Land use (total land area by country, forest area by country, agricultural area by country).
European Commission (Eurostat)
Biodiversity
Groombridge, B & Jenkins, M.D. 2002. World Atlas of Biodiversity. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Energy
BP Statistical Review of World Energy
The International Energy Agency. Key World Energy Statistics
UN Energy Statistics Database
Fisheries
UN Food and Agriculture Organization
Forests
UN Food and Agriculture Organization
Fertilizer
International Fertilizer Industry Association
Food and agriculture
UN Food and Agriculture Organization. FAOSTAT
Population
United Nations Population Division
United Nations Database
Population Reference Bureau
American Association for Advancement of Science
Water
International Water Management Institute
Stockholm International Water Institute
United Nations Environmental Program
Global Runoff Data Centre
See also
Sustainability accounting
Sustainability science
Sustainability governance
Sustainability
Sustainable development
References
Statistics, global
Statistics, global
Statistics-related lists
Sustainability statistics |
17997162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCno | Brüno | Brüno is a 2009 mockumentary comedy film directed by Larry Charles and starring Sacha Baron Cohen, who produced, co-wrote, and played the gay Austrian fashion journalist Brüno. It is the third film based on one of Cohen's characters from Da Ali G Show, following Ali G Indahouse and Borat. The film was released on July 10, 2009, to mostly positive reviews from critics and grossed $138 million worldwide.
Title
An alternative title for the film is Brüno: Delicious Journeys Through America for the Purpose of Making Heterosexual Males Visibly Uncomfortable in the Presence of a Gay Foreigner in a Mesh T-Shirt. It was initially a mock title proposed by Hollywood news and gossip blog Defamer and mistakenly reported as genuine by a number of sources of film information, including MovieTome, where it was still being used in the search results as late as 2011, The Irish Times, The Boston Globe, and (although no longer) the Internet Movie Database.
Plot
Gay Austrian fashion reporter Brüno Gehard is fired from his own television show, Funkyzeit mit Brüno after disrupting a Milan Fashion Week catwalk, and his lover Diesel leaves him for another man. Accompanied by his assistant's assistant, Lutz Schulz, he travels to the United States to become a famous Hollywood celebrity.
Brüno unsuccessfully attempts an acting career as an extra on Medium. He then interviews Paula Abdul, until he scares her off when he serves her sushi on the body of a totally naked Mexican man, even though she had no problem in sitting on a fully-clothed Mexican man beforehand. He then produces a celebrity interview pilot, showing him dancing erotically, criticizing Jamie Lynn Spears' fetus with reality TV star Brittny Gastineau, unsuccessfully attempting to interview actor Harrison Ford, (who angrily tells Brüno to “Fuck Off” while walking from a parallel-parked car into a building) and closing with a close-up of his penis being swung around by pelvic gyrations followed by the urethera closing and opening appearing to say Brüno. A focus group reviewing the pilot hate it. Brüno then attempts and fails to make a sex tape by seducing politician Ron Paul, claiming to have mistaken him for drag queen RuPaul. Paul angrily storms from the hotel room after Brüno drops his pants and dances around the room, muttering about Brüno’s homosexuality.
Brüno consults a spiritualist to contact the deceased Rob Pilatus of Milli Vanilli (a former lover) for advice, miming various sex acts on the "invisible" Pilatus. He consults charity consultants to select a world problem to maximize his fame, choosing the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. He flies to Jerusalem to interview former Mossad agent Yossi Alpher and Palestinian politician Ghassan Khatib and confuses hummus and Hamas. He sings his own "Dove of Peace" while cajoling the two to caress each other's hands. He also meets with Ayman Abu Aita, a militant group leader of al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades in a Palestinian refugee camp in Lebanon, where he hopes to be kidnapped. Brüno insults him and he is ordered to leave.
Brüno interviews parents of child models, asking if their toddlers would undergo liposuction and perform dangerous stunts. On a talk show hosted by Richard Bey, he initially draws sympathy from the African American audience by describing his "difficulties" in raising a child as a single parent, but then disapproval when he reveals he's looking for "Mr. Right". Brüno shows off the baby he named O.J., whom he acquired in Africa by trading him for a U2 Product Red iPod. He shows photographs of the boy in dangerous and provocative situations and the audience is appalled. Social services take O.J. from Brüno, driving him to depression. He goes to a diner to gorge on high-carb junk food. Lutz carries him back to a hotel room. After a night of sex, they awake to find themselves trapped in a bondage mechanism, unable to find the key. They call a hotel engineer for help and are asked to leave. After accosting a group of anti-gay protesters from the Westboro Baptist Church while still in bondage gear and boarding a bus, Brüno and Lutz remove their equipment in Huntsville, Alabama. After being arrested, Lutz says he loves Brüno, but Brüno does not reciprocate, stating he was influenced by "carb goggles". Lutz leaves Brüno.
After realizing the biggest names in Hollywood are heterosexual, Brüno consults two gay converters to help him become heterosexual. He attempts other "masculine" activities, such as learning karate, joining the National Guard, going hunting, and attending a swingers' party (during which he is whipped by a dominatrix).
Eight months later, Brüno, under the alias "Straight Dave", hosts a cage-fight match in Arkansas, "Straight Dave's Man Slammin' Maxout". Lutz appears at the event and insults Brüno, leading to them fighting in the cage. During the confrontation, they begin to kiss and strip in front of shocked spectators who throw objects into the cage. The moment gets international press, and the now-famous Brüno attempts to marry Lutz, getting O.J. back in exchange for a MacBook Pro. At Abbey Road Studios Brüno records a charity song, "Dove of Peace", featuring Bono, Elton John, Chris Martin, Snoop Dogg, Sting, and Slash.
Cast
Sacha Baron Cohen as Brüno Gehard
Gustaf Hammarsten as Lutz "Garry" Schulz
Clifford Bañagale as Diesel Ramirez
Chibundu & Chigozie Orukwowu as O.J. Gehard
Josh Meyers as Kookus Mansfield
Gary Williams as the spiritualist
Michelle McLaren as the dominatrix
Vic Henley as the ring announcer
Cameos as themselves
Paula Abdul
Ayman Abu Aita
Yossi Alpher
Richard Bey
Bono
Harrison Ford
Brittny Gastineau
Elton John
Ghassan Khatib
Chris Martin
Paul McCartney
Ron Paul
Miguel Sandoval
Avraham Sela
Slash
Snoop Dogg
Sting
Production
Baron Cohen was cognizant of his increased fame following the success of Borat, which led him to retire the character for a number of years, and realized it would be much harder to conduct his interviews as Brüno without being recognized. As a solution, Baron Cohen wore a wig that lowered the size of his forehead (easily recognizable on the Borat character), which to his amazement succeeded in hiding his identity for most of his interviews. Nevertheless, the flimsy nature of the disguise made Baron Cohen fearful that he would be recognized, to the point that he chose to live inside his trailer for almost the entirety of the six-month shoot.
During Baron Cohen's Middle East interview of Alpher and Khatib, he repeatedly conflated Hamas and hummus and feigned belief that the conflict was between Jews and Hindus. The two interviewees (who had received a fee to appear on camera), convinced by the elaborate production, were confused by the questions but generally went along, even when asked by Baron Cohen to hold hands.
On June 6, 2008, a riot ensued at a stunt orchestrated by Baron Cohen and the producers of the film as they staged a "Blue Collar Brawlin'" in Fort Smith, Arkansas. Patrons were lured to an event billed as cage fighting, held at a convention center, by print and Craigslist advertisements, promoting "hot girls", $1 beer, and $5 admission. Approximately 1,500 people attended the event and were greeted by signs that informed them that they were being filmed. No mobile phones, video, or cameras were allowed inside. The acts taking place became homosexual in nature, with Brüno inviting a man up to fight him, who turned out to be Lutz. Celine Dion's "My Heart Will Go On" started to play as both men began kissing and stripping. The audience reacted violently and threw chairs and beer at the performers. The performers were Brüno (Baron Cohen) under the ironic gimmick, "Straight Dave", and Gustaf Hammarsten portraying his opponent, Lutz.
In July 2008, Tyler, Texas television station KETK-TV was approached by a "documentary filmmaker" who was allowed to bring a crew to interview a few members of the staff, including news director Neal Barton and sports director Danny Elzner. They signed releases and expected to be talking about small-town news in the United States. Instead, the interviews conducted by the flamboyant Brüno character drifted towards the topic of homosexuality.
On November 2, 2008, Baron Cohen, dressed as Brüno, and his film crew were spotted at a Los Angeles rally that was in support of California's Proposition 8.
On November 7, 2008, while appearing as an extra in a scene for the NBC TV series Medium, Baron Cohen interrupted a scene in character and was removed from the set. Production on the episode was shut down temporarily, though actor Miguel Sandoval, who was told that a cousin of NBC executive Ben Silverman would appear as an extra in the jury, has stated that he recognized Baron Cohen and played along, commenting, "It's one thing for Borat to go into an antique store in Georgia or Alabama. For Brüno to go on a TV show, he's among insiders. Most people knew who he was."
The production team also deceived presidential candidate Ron Paul into being interviewed by Brüno by posing as an Austrian television reporter looking to question the congressman about economic issues. As soon as Brüno drops his trousers, the congressman storms out of the room. A spokeswoman for Paul commented on the incident. She said Baron Cohen's people were very deceptive in their tactics. At the time, he thought they were "legitimate" but later confessed to some concern. "I'm familiar with his work, so you can imagine how I feel about it," he said. Jesse Benton, senior vice-president of Ron Paul's Campaign for Liberty organization and former campaign spokesman for Paul, said Paul was not familiar with Baron Cohen's programme, Da Ali G Show. "If it's not on hard-core financial news, he doesn't follow it," Benton said. But, he added, "It sounds like it's going to be pretty funny."
The scene filmed during a taping of The Richard Bey Show, however, was staged, and Bey was in on the joke, as his daytime show went off the air in 1996. The audience, however, was not made aware of the truth of the production. Similarly unaware of the true nature of the production was Paula Abdul, who, during her interview scene in the film, sat atop a Mexican landscaper and was presented with food adorned upon a man lying down on a cart wearing nothing but a "sock" over his penis. Abdul told a radio interviewer that she was "scarred" by the incident.
Release
Brüno had its premiere at the Grauman's Chinese Theatre on June 25, 2009. The premiere is notable for taking place on the same day as the death of pop singer Michael Jackson, in which his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame was covered by the red carpet, causing fans of the singer to access the star of another Michael Jackson (a radio host) for tributes. It was later released on July 10, 2009, in the United States. The film received an early release in Australia, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Iceland on July 8 and in Germany, Greece, Ireland, Serbia, Slovenia, Israel, and Bosnia and Herzegovina on July 9, 2009. The film was then released internationally on July 10.
Promotion
In a staged publicity stunt at the 2009 MTV Movie Awards, Baron Cohen appeared as Brüno to present the award for Best Male Performer. Dressed as a winged angel wearing a jockstrap and white go-go boots, he was suspended on wires and flew over the audience towards the stage, but fell and landed on rapper Eminem, with his head in Eminem's lap and his buttocks in front of Eminem's face. Eminem shouted, "Are you fucking serious?" and, "Get this motherfucker off me!" Eminem and his entourage then walked out of the show and did not return. It was later revealed that Eminem and Baron Cohen had staged the incident, rehearsing it beforehand to make sure it went off without a hitch, leaving Eminem laughing to himself in his hotel room about how the crowd was easily fooled.
Deleted scenes
The trailers for the film shown in the U.S. included a scene in which Brüno shops for clothing at Sears, telling the sales clerk "You might find this very hard to believe, but I'm gay" to which the clerk responds "Okay", while maintaining an awkward posture.
Michael Jackson scene
Following the sudden death of Michael Jackson on June 25, 2009, a scene from Brüno was hastily removed from the US theatrical version of the film before its Hollywood premiere later that evening. The scene involved Brüno tricking La Toya Jackson into an interview in which he asked her to take a seat on hunched over Mexican workers substituting for chairs and invited her to eat sushi from the torso of an overweight and hairy naked man. In a ploy to get Michael's phone number, Brüno asked La Toya to let him look at her mobile phone, which she did.
The latter part of this scene was later confirmed to be removed from the film permanently (about the phone number, but "the Mexicans as furniture scene" was included until the food is served on a naked man, at a SVT Swedish television broadcast of the film, February 2014), but is included in the DVD and Blu-ray release's special features.
Home media
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 17, 2009. Special features include deleted, alternative, and extended scenes and an audio commentary by Baron Cohen and Larry Charles.
Reception
Box office
Brüno opened with $30,619,130, ranking number one in its first weekend. At the end of its run on August 20, it had grossed $60,054,530 in the United States and Canada and $78,751,301 overseas for a worldwide total of $138,805,831. For its opening weekend, it narrowly beat Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (in its second week of release) for the highest gross, in the lowest attended second-weekend-in-July in 18 years.
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 67% based on 224 reviews, and an average rating of 6.18/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Crude and offensive, but with ample cultural insights and gut-busting laughs, Bruno is another outlandish and entertaining mockumentary from Sacha Baron Cohen." Metacritic gives Brüno an average score of 54 out of 100 based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "C" on a scale of A+ to F.
Nick Curtis of the Evening Standard wrote that Brüno is "funnier, more offensive, and more outrageous than Borat". The Telegraph gave the film four stars out of four, saying "impossible not to laugh and also praising Brüno's controversial style of comedy." The BBC also gave the film a positive review, saying "Brüno pushes the boundaries further than Borat ever did." However, they also said that "It's not going to be everyone's cup of tea" due to the offensive nature of the film. Roger Ebert awarded the film three and a half out of four stars, and said "Here is a film that is 82 minutes long and doesn't contain 30 boring seconds", although he noted that the film's R rating was "very, very hard".
Andy Lowe from Total Film gave it a lower review, giving it three stars out of five and calling it "as phony and frustrating as it is funny... The clothes may be new and more fabulous, but the emperor seriously needs to go shopping." Others felt it was not as good, feeling it would insult and offend the gay community: A. O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that the film shows "that lampooning homophobia has become an acceptable, almost unavoidable form of homophobic humor," and called the film "a lazy piece of work that panders more than it provokes." At the Movies critic Ben Mankiewicz criticized the film for being too demeaning and playing on homosexual stereotypes. He later named Brüno the worst film at the halfway point of 2009.
Motion Picture Association of America
On October 11, 2010, it was revealed that the Motion Picture Association of America's Classification and Rating Administration would specifically note in the future which films contained "male nudity". A spokesman said this was in direct response to parental concerns about the content of Brüno.
Reception in Austria
While Borat was criticised in Kazakhstan, Austrians were generally positive about Brüno. Others regarded the humour as "pretty average" and "inoffensive to Austria". Within the Austrian press, reactions were generally mild and positive, although the film was also labelled "repetitive". Christian Fuchs, from the Austrian radio station FM4, wrote that "hidden beneath the hard-as-nails satirist Cohen, lies a humanist who enlightens." However, the film also met some opposition in Austria, due to its portrayal of homosexuality, and basing the portrayal of Austria on motifs such as Josef Fritzl and Adolf Hitler, even going as far as calling Mel Gibson "der Führer" as he pointed at the actor/director's photo in the film.
Ban in Ukraine
In Ukraine, the film was scheduled to premiere on July 23, but on July 14, the Minister of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine decided to ban the distribution and demonstration of the film in the country. The reason for the prohibition was that nine out of fourteen members of a commission of experts said the film contained "obscene language, homosexual scenes, and other scenes of offensive nature never shown in Ukraine." The "Vinnytsia Human Rights Group" immediately expressed its anger with the ban. Journalist Yevhen Minko accused the Ministry of moral censorship that missed the point of the film. An unofficial premiere of the film in Kyiv on July 22, 2009, was disrupted by a smoke bomb.
Lawsuit and death threats
On 2 December 2009, it was reported that Ayman Abu Aita, who stated he was falsely portrayed as a terrorist in the film, was filing a lawsuit of $110 million in libel damages for defamation. Ayman Abu Aita was identified in the film as a member of the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. Abu Aita says that he was never a member of al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades and was tricked into appearing in the film. In an interview with Time, Abu Aita stated, "It is true that I was jailed in 2003...I was active in resisting the occupation, in non-violent ways."
Baron Cohen claims he set up a meeting with Aita in the West Bank with the help of a CIA agent. According to the lawsuit, however, the interview with Abu Aita took place at a hotel chosen by Baron Cohen and located in a part of the West Bank that was under Israeli military control. The filing of the lawsuit was confirmed at a press conference on 2 December 2009. Included in the lawsuit are David Letterman, NBC Universal, CBS, Worldwide Pants, Gannett Company, and Larry Charles.
In November 2010, the lawsuit was dismissed in Washington D.C. Court so as to be refiled in the Supreme Court of New York. In July 2012, the lawsuit was reported to have been settled under undisclosed terms.
Baron Cohen has said he had to increase his security detail following death threats from the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades after the release of the film. The group was angered by the interview with Abu Aita in which he was linked with the group, an armed wing of the Fatah movement. In a statement to the media, al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades denied that Abu Aita was a member and threatened that they "reserve the right to respond in the way we find suitable against this man (Baron Cohen)" and that they feel the segment was "a dirty use of our brother Ayman".
References
External links
Et Tu, Brüno? by Richard Kim, The Nation, 10 July 2009
2009 films
2009 controversies in the United States
2009 comedy films
2009 LGBTQ-related films
2000s American films
2000s English-language films
2000s satirical films
American LGBTQ-related films
American mockumentary films
American satirical films
British LGBTQ-related films
British mockumentary films
British satirical films
Censored films
Da Ali G Show
Film censorship in Ukraine
Film spin-offs
Films about conversion therapy
Films about fashion
Films about narcissism
Films directed by Larry Charles
Films scored by Erran Baron Cohen
Films set in Alabama
Films set in Fort Smith, Arkansas
Films set in Austria
Films set in Dallas
Films set in Israel
Films set in Italy
Films set in Lebanon
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in Arkansas
Films shot in Dallas
Films shot in Germany
Films shot in Israel
Films shot in Italy
Films shot in Jordan
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Missouri
Films shot in Texas
Films shot in Washington, D.C.
Films with screenplays by Dan Mazer
Films with screenplays by Jeff Schaffer
Films with screenplays by Peter Baynham
Films with screenplays by Sacha Baron Cohen
Gay-related films
LGBTQ-related comedy films
LGBTQ-related controversies in Austria
LGBTQ-related controversies in film
LGBTQ-related controversies in Ukraine
LGBTQ-related controversies in the United States
LGBTQ-related satirical films
Media Rights Capital films
Obscenity controversies in film
Universal Pictures films
Columbia Pictures films
2000s British films |
17997181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%20Sandys | Lord Sandys | Lord Sandys may refer to:
Baron Sandys, a British title that has been created three times, currently held by the Marquess of Downshire
Duncan Sandys (1908–1987), British government minister, created Baron Duncan-Sandys for life in 1974 |
17997182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PriceSCAN | PriceSCAN | PriceSCAN.com was a US-based price comparison website, founded in 1997 by David Cost and Jeffrey Trester, alumni of the Wharton School. A privately held company based in Malvern, Pennsylvania, PriceSCAN was one of the first generation of "shopping bots" which included Dealtime, mySimon and BottomDollar.
History
From the outset PriceSCAN attempted to distinguish itself as serious instrument which consumers could use to achieve price transparency. Economists theorized that the internet, then in its infancy, might provide consumers with an unprecedented opportunity to see through the screen of retail prices to a seller's underlying cost. They could then use this information to judge whether the two are reasonably in line. "They can log on to price-comparison sites like PriceSCAN.com . . . to readily compare the prices and features . . . And every time a customer takes advantage of a cheaper price from an on-line discounter . . . she unlearns her long-held rules of thumb about how price and cost are related for the product she just purchased."
To this end, PriceSCAN set itself up as an "unbiased" price comparison engine. The website's FAQ stated "At PriceSCAN, we believe that consumers should have access to unbiased reporting on products and prices. It seems obvious to us that if a price guide restricts its listings to those vendors who have paid to be included, then its database more accurately reflects the source of its revenue, not necessarily the best products at the lowest price."
PriceSCAN has been both criticized and praised for this strategy; criticized for the potential loss of advertising revenue ("But PriceScan won't accept payment from merchants for a higher ranking in the search results. In fact, PriceScan plays up its policy of not doing that.")
and praised for the integrity of the strategy itself ("'They've always had more purity in search results,' says [Rob Leathern of Jupiter Media Metrix]. 'They have a very consumer-friendly offer.'")
Since April 2011, the comparison service has been inactive; the company's Web page now reads simply "PriceSCAN.com, Inc. is a consumer and financial data technology company."
See also
Price Comparison Service
References
External links
PriceSCAN Official Website
Comparison shopping websites |
17997200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Aym%C3%A9 | Paul Aymé | Paul Aymé (29 July 1869 in Marseille – 25 July 1962 in Madrid) was a French tennis player
Tennis career
Paul Aymé is best remembered for winning the French Championship four straight years; 1897, 1898, 1899, and 1900.
References
Bud Collins: Total Tennis – The Ultimate Tennis Encyclopedia (2003 Edition, ).
External links
19th-century French people
19th-century male tennis players
French Championships (tennis) champions
French male tennis players
Tennis players from Marseille
1869 births
1962 deaths |
17997228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick%27s%20Caf%C3%A9%20Casablanca | Rick's Café Casablanca | Rick's Café Casablanca is a restaurant, bar and café located in the city of Casablanca, Morocco. Opened March 1, 2004, the place was designed to recreate in reality the set of the bar made famous by Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman in the movie classic Casablanca. It is owned by The Usual Suspects company.
Architecture and décor
Rick's Café Casablanca was developed by Kathy Kriger (1946–2018), a former American diplomat and commercial attaché in Morocco. The restaurant is housed in a traditional Moroccan grand mansion with a central courtyard (riad), built in 1930. Two palm trees flank its front door, and the land placement allows for three facades: a distinctive streetfront entrance with heavy wooden doors that depict that of the film; a port-oriented façade that looks to the Atlantic; and a narrow dead-end access which was the former main entrance but is now the service entrance.
Due to the age of the structure and proximity to the sea, the mansion was completely restored and renovated. American architect and interior designer Bill Willis conceived the decorative and architectural details reminiscent of the film: curved arches, a sculpted bar, balconies, balustrades as well as beaded and stencilled brass lighting and plants that cast luminous shadows on white walls. There is an authentic 1930s Pleyel piano and As Time Goes By is a common request to the in-house pianist.
Rick's Café is also full of tile and wood work representing Morocco's craft industry. Fireplaces are of carved marble or painted tadelakt with intricate zellij tile patterns accenting the fireplaces and the risers of the central stairway. Tadelakt in muted colors cover walls throughout the restaurant, and the floors are set in hand made terra cotta tile.
Food
Food selections at Rick's Café takes advantage of Morocco's abundance in seafood. The menu offers a wide selection of fish from the traditional Sole meunière to John Dory crusted with black pepper, white wine and thyme. Steaks, foie gras, goat cheese salad with fresh figs and an American Crab Louie are among the dinner selections. Rick's Cheesecake and Brownies figure on the dessert menu, along with more exotic presentations highlighting local fresh fruit.
They also specialize in fromaged seafood.
Music
Issam Chabaa plays piano nightly Tuesday through Sunday, a repertoire of standards reminiscent of the 1940s and 1950s, including classic French, Spanish and Brazilian songs along with American favorites such as Summertime, The Lady is a Tramp, Blue Moon and the inevitable As Time Goes By (several times a night). Sunday night is programmed for a jam session where musicians passing through town, and local amateurs join Issam for jazz improvisation. Between sets and at lunch a soundtrack of compiled standards and big band sounds provides background music.
References
External links
Rick's Café Website
Further reading
The New York Times. Travel Advisory A Casablanca Landmark Is Ready for Its Debut Feb 22, 2004
Reuters. Gin joint of film fame lives on in Casablanca Feb 29, 2008
ABC TV. Foreign Correspondent Postcard series 15 Episode 39
Frommer's. Travel guide Frommer's review June 16, 2008
The Independent. Travel 48 Hours In - Casablanca, Morocco Saturday, 5 May 2007
BBC NEWS. World News Tuesday, 20 July 2004
Bloomberg.com Muse Arts. Review Rick's Cafe Lures Bogart Fans With Steaks in Casablanca June 16, 2008
Film-themed restaurants
Buildings and structures in Casablanca
Tourist attractions in Casablanca
Casablanca (film)
Moroccan cuisine |
17997230 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Vacherot | André Vacherot | André Pierre Aurèle Gaston Vacherot (5 June 1877 in Paris, France – 22 February 1924 in Rouen, France) was a French male tennis player. He is best remembered for having won the men's singles event of the French Championships on four occasions: 1894, 1895, 1896, and 1901.
His younger brother Michel Vacherot was also a tennis player. Together they won the men's doubles in 1901. For André this was his second doubles victory, as he had already won this title back in 1895 together with the German Christian Winzer.
The two brothers André and Marcel Vacherot were grandsons of the French philosopher Étienne Vacherot.
References
Bud Collins: Total Tennis – The Ultimate Tennis Encyclopedia (2003 Edition, ).
19th-century French people
19th-century male tennis players
French Championships (tennis) champions
French male tennis players
1877 births
1924 deaths
Tennis players from Paris |
17997233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other%20Channels | Other Channels | Other Channels is the debut album by Cate Brooks, under the pseudonym of The Advisory Circle. It was preceded by the mini-album Mind How You Go. The album was released on 10 March 2008 on the Ghost Box label.
Track listing
External links
Ghost Box page
References
The Advisory Circle albums
Ghost Box Music albums
2008 debut albums |
17997245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93China%20relations | Cambodia–China relations | The bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Cambodia and the People's Republic of China have strengthened considerably after the end of the Cambodian–Vietnamese War, during which China had supported the Khmer Rouge against Vietnam.
History
Although the countries share no common border, China has had a historic cultural and commercial relationship with Cambodia. The 950,000 Chinese in Cambodia constitute 3-5% of Cambodia's population, and although they were discriminated against by the Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese, they have re-emerged as a prominent business community.
The first contacts between China and the Khmer Empire of Cambodia occurred in the Tang period, and for centuries onward the two countries shared a strong trading relationship. A Chola-Song-Khmer trade axis dominated trade in the east for much of the 11th and 12th centuries. Yuan Chinese accounts of the Cambodian kingdom proved to be crucial to uncovering the history of the region. Cambodia maintained relations with Ming China as early as 1421 AD during the final years of the Khmer Empire when Ponhea Yat dispatched a minister to establish formal diplomatic ties.
China has used Cambodia as a counterweight to Vietnam. In the mid-20th century, the People's Republic of China supported the Maoist Khmer Rouge against Lon Nol's regime, who Nationalist China had ties with, during the Cambodian Civil War and then its takeover of Cambodia in 1975. Also, Mao Zedong had fostered good relations with Prince Norodom Sihanouk, who also fought against Lon Nol and backed the Khmer Rouge. When the Vietnamese military invaded Cambodia in 1978, China provided extensive political and military support for the Khmer Rouge. In 1979, China waged a brief border war against Vietnam, partly to threaten it into pulling out of Cambodia. The Paris Peace Conference on Cambodia, from July 1989 to October 1991, resolved Cambodia–China relations.
Since 1997, China began developing closer relations with the regime of Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen, once a pro-Vietnamese leader and a defector from the Khmer Rouge during Vietnam's occupation of Cambodia. Although initially backing Hun Sen's political opponent Prince Norodom Ranariddh and his FUNCINPEC, China was disenchanted with Ranariddh's efforts to build a closer relationship with Taiwan, which is claimed by China. Facing international isolation after the 1997 coup that brought him to power, Hun Sen cultivated close ties with China, which opposed efforts by Western countries to impose economic sanctions on Cambodia. China filled the gap in grants, aids, and investments formerly filled by Western countries. China's close ties with Cambodia have also served to gain leverage against Vietnamese influence in the region.
In 2000, Chinese President Jiang Zemin became the first Chinese Head of State to visit Cambodia.
In July 2019, Cambodia was among 37 countries which signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's treatment of Uyghurs and other Muslim minority groups in the Xinjiang region. In June 2020, Cambodia was one of 53 countries that backed the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations.
In November 2022, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang visited Cambodia for the ASEAN Summit and stated that China would continue to support and provide aid for infrastructure projects and industrialization efforts in Cambodia.
Cooperation
Generally, Cambodia and China have had significant strategic cooperation since Cambodia's 1958 independence. From the Cambodian perspective, strong relations with China help Cambodia to pushback against Cambodia's larger neighbors, Vietnam and Thailand.
During the visit of Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao between April 7-April 8, 2006 both nations signed several bilateral agreements and a treaty of "Comprehensive Partnership of Cooperation." China diversified its aid and investments in Cambodia and promised to provide US$600 million in loans and grants. China has canceled much of Cambodia's debt and granted a fresh loan of US$12.4 million for the construction of the building housing the Cambodian government's council of ministers and the restoration of the Angkor Wat temple and heritage site. About $200 million has been earmarked as a low-interest loan for the construction of bridges spanning the Mekong and Tonle Sap rivers. China has cultivated strong ties with Cambodia, gaining access to its sea ports that can allow China to exploit oil reserves in the Gulf of Tonkin. During the visit, Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen described China as Cambodia's "most trustworthy friend."
China has also funded Chinese language schools in Cambodia. Immigration of Chinese workers to Cambodia has also stepped up in recent years and is estimated between 50,000 and 300,000.
From 2000 to 2014, Cambodia received 132 projects financed by Chinese aid, a greater number of projects than any other recipient of Chinese aid. In 2014, Prime Minister Hun Sen requested that China help construct a stadium for Cambodia in advance of the 2023 Southeast Asian Games. China began building Morodok Techo National Stadium in 2017 at a cost of US$169 million and completed it for Cambodia in December 2021.
Within ASEAN, Cambodia is often supportive of China. In 2016, Cambodia took a China-favorable position at an ASEAN meeting which addressed sovereignty disputes in the South China Sea. Observers generally expected the meeting to produce a statement critical of China's positions, but through Cambodia's objection the meeting resulted in a more general statement not referencing China and speaking generally of concern over on-going developments in the South China Sea. Chinese leaders expressed their appreciation for Cambodia and China's foreign minister stated, "History will prove that the Cambodian side's maintained position is correct."
Defense
In the aftermath of the 1997 coup, China provided US$2.8 million in military aid and has since supplied wide range of military equipment, training of military and police cadre and naval vessels to combat drug trafficking and piracy. In May 2014, Cambodia and China entered into an agreement to increase their defense ties. As part of the agreement, China increased the number of scholarships it offered to Cambodian military personnel to study in China. In 2018, China provided $100 million to Cambodia for defense spending. In 2022, Cambodia and China signed a memorandum of understanding on defense cooperation.
Health
During the COVID-19 pandemic, China provided major assistance to the Hun Sen government's vaccination campaign. As of early November 2021, China had sent more than 35 million vaccines to Cambodia. China provided many of them free of charge. Vaccines provided by China accounted for more than 90% of total vaccines provided to Cambodia from other countries. China also provided other health care supplies as well as medical professionals to Cambodia during the pandemic. In part thanks to Chinese contributions, Cambodia had the second-highest vaccination rate in Southeast Asia, despite having the second lowest per capita GDP in the region.
Commerce
Through the Belt and Road Initiative, China has a major role in infrastructure development in Cambodia. In 2017, China financed approximately 70% of Cambodia's road and bridge development. China built a major expressway between Sihanoukville and Phnom Penh, which began operating in 2023.
Trade between Cambodia and China totaled US$4.8 billion in 2016, compared to $732 million in 2006 and has increased by an average of 26% for the last 10 years. However, Cambodia has a significant trade deficit with China, importing over $3.9 billion (raw fabrics being the largest constituent) compared to its exports of $830 million. It was estimated that 60% of products in Cambodian markets were Chinese-made on 2006, and 24% of Cambodian imports were from China in 2015. There are multiple large-scale Chinese investment projects in Cambodia such as the 400 MW Lower Se San 2 Dam worth $781 million and a US$3.8 billion deep-water port project on a 90-km stretch of Cambodian coastline. According to the Cambodian Center for Human Rights, the Cambodian government gave over 4.6 million hectares in concessions to 107 Chinese-owned firms between 1994 and 2012.
In 2010, Cambodia and China signed cooperation agreements on bridge and road infrastructure. Cambodia and China signed a free trade agreement in 2020.
Effective 1 December 2024, China eliminated tariffs for goods imported from all of the countries that the United Nations categorizes as least developed and with which China has diplomatic relations, including Cambodia.
Concerns
The Cambodian government's suppression of the Falun Gong, a new religious movement (considered by China and other critics to be a cult) banned by China, and extradition of two Falun Gong activists to China was criticized by human rights activities and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Suspected preferential treatment for Cambodia-based Chinese firms and the National Assembly's guarantee of profits for the Chinese investors in the Kamchay power plant has also provoked criticism from opposition politicians of China's growing political clout in Cambodia.
From 1994 to 2012 China invested a total of US$9.17 billion in Cambodia. However, illegal logging and shady deals involving members of Cambodia's government and Chinese firms were reported to be increasing. Mining projects and government land concessions to foreign and local firms, resulted in people being displaced from their land. According to The Cambodia Daily in 2006, Phong hill tribes in Mondulkiri province "claim that the Chinese company has colluded with the Cambodian government to illegally force them from their ancestral homeland". The Boeung Kak and Borei Keila evictions in Phnom Penh were seen by many observers as the Cambodian Government's increasing drift away from the adherence to human rights. The Chinese funded Sesan Dam project in the northeastern part of Cambodia, threaten to lower the fish stocks, and affect the livelihood of many Khmer. "By one estimate, the project will result in a 9 percent drop in fish stocks in the entire Mekong Basin".
See also
String of Pearls
Communist Party of China (CPC)
Cambodian People's Party (CPP)
References
Cambodia
China |
17997255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV%20Governor | MV Governor | The MV Governor is a passenger ferry that operates in Massachusetts. She was formerly the MV Crown City between 1954 and 1970, and the MV Kulshan between 1970 and 1982.
Currently operated by the Steamship Authority, she was built in 1954 to operate the ferry service from San Diego to Coronado, California. After the San Diego-Coronado Bridge was built, spanning her original route, she was sold to Washington State Ferries where she was christened the MV Kulshan and served in Puget Sound waters from 1970 to 1982. Along with the distinction of being the most despised ferry in the WSF fleet, the Kulshan was featured as the ferry ridden by Lisa Blount and Debra Winger in the 1982 film, An Officer and a Gentleman.
After her stint with the Washington State Ferries system, the Kulshan was declared surplus to requirements and sold to the United States Coast Guard to provide service for their large Atlantic Area headquarters base on Governors Island in New York Harbor, an island community and workplace for 5000 people. The ferry was towed south and through the Panama Canal in making its way to the east coast. Once in New York City, the ferry was renamed Governor and as part of a fleet of two other ferries, the Samuel L. Coursen and the Minue, shuttled passengers and vehicles from the Battery Maritime Building in Lower Manhattan to Governors Island.
The closure of the Governors Island Coast Guard base in 1996 made her surplus for a third time whereupon she was purchased by SSA in 1998. The double-ended Governor is the widest and second-longest vessel in the SSA fleet, with a beam of 65 feet and a length of 242 ft, and is the only vessel with diesel-electric propulsion. Three Caterpillar diesel engines power two electric propulsion motors giving her a speed of .
In October 2007, the MV Governor was involved in a minor collision with the ferry MV Island Home as Governor was beginning a hazardous cargo trip to the Vineyard. No passengers were on board or injured in the incident. Coast Guard marine safety inspectors examined both ships and permitted the Island Home to return to service about one hour after her scheduled departure time with only a dent in the hull, above the waterline. The MV Governor required slightly more repair, but was back in service by the end of the day. Petty Officer Lauren Downs of the Coast Guard stated "Results of standard drug and alcohol tests on Governor's crew, after the accident, were negative".
References
Ferries of California
Ferries of Massachusetts
Ferries of New York (state)
Washington State Ferries vessels
1954 ships |
17997272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer%20Creek%20State%20Park%20%28Utah%29 | Deer Creek State Park (Utah) | Deer Creek State Park a state park in south western Wasatch County, Utah, United States, featuring large Deer Creek Dam and Reservoir. The park is located near the town of Charleston in the southwest corner of the Heber Valley.
Description
Established as a state park in 1971, the Deer Creek State Park features the large Deer Creek Reservoir, which is popular for fishing and sun tanning, along with other surface water sports such as boating, sailing, swimming, and windsurfing. The park is at an elevation of .
Park facilities include two concrete ramps for boat-launching, a summer-only 75-unit campground (58 sites for RVs and the remainder for tents), rest rooms, showers, and sewage-disposal, two group-use areas, picnic areas, and fish cleaning stations. There is also a restaurant and gas station, and boat rentals are available. The park recorded 338,865 visitors for the fiscal year 2017.
Most of the multiple areas of the park are accessible directly from U.S. Route 189 (US-189), which runs near the eastern and southern shores of the reservoir. However, Utah State Route 314 provides additional access from US-189 to the facilities on the southern shore.
History
In the 1930s the Salt Lake City area and surrounding farmland were suffering from water shortages. Creation of a reservoir was approved by the United States Congress in 1935 to help alleviate this problem, and Deer Creek Reservoir became a significant part of the Provo River Project.
The Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) began construction of the reservoir in the spring of 1938. Water was available for use in 1941, and the project was completed in 1955. The Provo River Water Users Association, under contract with the BOR, repaid construction costs, and operated and maintained the facilities until the area became a state park in 1971. During this time, fishing was the chief recreational activity, as other water sports were prohibited.
The Division of Parks and Recreation became responsible for the administration, development, and operation of the park in January, 1971, and maintains it today.
See also
List of Utah State Parks
References
External links
Protected areas established in 1971
State parks of Utah
Protected areas of Wasatch County, Utah |
17997286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel%20Bernard | Marcel Bernard | Marcel Bernard (; 18 May 1914 – 29 April 1994) was a French tennis player. He is best remembered for having won the French Championships in 1946 (reaching the semifinals a further three times). Bernard initially intended to play only in the doubles event but was persuaded to enter the singles competition as well. He defeated Jaroslav Drobný in the final in five sets.
In the same 1946 French Championships Bernard also won the Men's Doubles with Yvon Petra. In the 1935 French Open, he won the Mixed Doubles with Lolette Payot. In the following French Open (1936), he also won the Mixed Doubles with Billie Yorke and the Men's Doubles with Jean Borotra. Bernard's Grand Slam singles career spanned 25 years from 1931 to 1956. He played Davis Cup for France over a period spanning 21 years, from 1935 to 1956. Bernard was ranked world No. 5 for 1946 by A. Wallis Myers and world No. 9 for 1947 by Harry Hopman.
Bernard became president of the national French tennis association, Fédération Française de Tennis (FFT), in 1968 and held the position until 1973. The trophy for the winners of the mixed doubles competition at the French Open is now known as the "Coupe Marcel Bernard". His name is also commemorated at the Roland-Garros Stadium by the walkway "Allée Marcel Bernard" which leads to the Suzanne Lenglen Court.
Grand Slam finals
Singles : 1 title
Doubles : 2 titles, 1 runner-up
Mixed doubles : 2 titles
References
External links
1914 births
1994 deaths
French Championships (tennis) champions
French male tennis players
People from La Madeleine, Nord
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doubles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Sportspeople from Nord (French department)
Presidents of the French Tennis Federation
20th-century French sportsmen |
17997296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Baudry%20de%20Lamarche | Jacques Baudry de Lamarche | Jacques Baudry de Lamarche (baptized 13 September 1676 – ca. 1738) was the son of a Canadian craftsman from Trois-Rivières who moved to France at some point in his youth.
There is little information about Jacques Baudry de Lamarche. He returned to North America about 1723 and acquired the rights to certain properties in Detroit. These were in the name of Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac and consisted of several buildings and various other land. An attorney, Étienne Véron de Grandmesnil, from Trois-Rivières took the appointment to carry out the legalities of this extensive acquisition. Opposing major aspects of the transaction were Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil and Alphonse de Tonty.
In 1738, Baudry's name appears in New France in connection with a position as general and special attorney for the Frères Hospitaliers de la Croix, a charitable order in Montreal.
References
External links
People of New France
1676 births
1730s deaths |
17997312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OP%20Andromedae | OP Andromedae | OP Andromedae is a variable star in the constellation Andromeda. Varying between magnitudes 6.27 and 6.41 over 2.36 days, it has been classified as an RS Canum Venaticorum variable, but there has not been any proof of binarity, yet. It is a red giant star with a spectral classification of K1III.
OP Andromedae is one of the few red giant stars where it was detected an overabundance of 7Li. The mechanism that enhances lithium in red giants is still unknown. It was proposed that those stars engulfed planets in the recent past; however, this theory was discarded since there is an overabundance of just one lithium isotope.
References
Andromeda (constellation)
009746
Andromedae, OP
K-type giants
RS Canum Venaticorum variables
0454
007493
Durchmusterung objects |
17997340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%20Bergman | Bo Bergman | Bo Hjalmar Bergman (6 October 1869 – 17 November 1967) was a Swedish writer, literary critic and member of the Swedish Academy, sitting in Seat 12 from 1925 until his death. His works form the inspiration for works by several major Swedish composers, including: Wilhelm Stenhammar, Ture Rangström, and Karin Rehnqvist.
Bergman was born and died in Stockholm, where he spent his entire working life as a postal official, retiring in 1933. He started writing poetry whilst working for the Swedish postal service, his first poetry anthology, Marionettema, was published in 1903. In addition to his postal duties, Bergman also worked as a literary critic for Ord och Bild from 1900 until 1904. He worked for the major newspaper, Dagens Nyheter, and he also served as a theatre critic from 1905 until 1939.
Bergman was a close friend of the pre-eminent Swedish novelist of his day, Hjalmar Söderberg, with whom he maintained an extensive correspondence extending from 1891 until Söderberg's death in 1941. Like Söderberg, Bergman's writing was heavily influenced by the decadent movement, in particular the flâneur writings of Charles Baudelaire. Bergman's early poetry is typically decadent and disillusioned, being informed by a determinist view of a changing world in which all value systems and all scientific and metaphysical processes of understanding the universe are meaningless. Marionetterna, which translates as The Marionettes, supposes that the destinies of men are in the hands of a bearded old man in control of their every move. Like Söderberg, Bergman's worldview gave way to a militant brand of humanism in his later works, a reaction against the growing threat of Nazism.
Bergman is buried at the Norra begravningsplatsen.
Bibliography
Source:
Anthologies
1903 - Marionetterna (The Marionettes)
1908 - En människa (One Man)
1917 - Elden (The Fire)
1922 - Livets ögon (The Eyes of Life)
1939 - Gamla gudar (Old Gods)
1944 - Riket (The Country)
1952 - Stunder (Moments)
1969 - Äventyret (The Adventure)
Novels
1904 - Drömmen och andra noveller (The Dream, and Other Stories)
1915 - Skeppet (The Ship)
Play
1963 - Det eviga spelet (The Eternal Game)
Autobiography
1964 - Trasmattan (The Rag Carpet)
Letters
1969 - Kära Hjalle – Kära Bo (Brevväxling med Hjalmar Söderberg) (Dear Hjalle, Dear Bo. Correspondence with Hjalmar Söderberg)
References
1869 births
1967 deaths
Writers from Stockholm
Swedish poets
Swedish male writers
Swedish-language poets
Members of the Swedish Academy
Postmasters
Swedish autobiographers
Swedish male poets
Burials at Norra begravningsplatsen |
17997346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20O%27Hara%20Wood | Arthur O'Hara Wood | Major Arthur Holroyd O'Hara Wood (10 January 1890 – 6 October 1918) was an Australian male tennis player and Royal Air Force pilot who was killed during the First World War.
O'Hara Wood was educated at Melbourne Grammar School and attended Trinity College, Melbourne University in 1908.
O'Hara Wood won the men's singles tennis championship of NSW in 1913 and of Victoria in 1914. In 1914 he reached the final of the Australasian Championships, played in Melbourne, where he faced his compatriot Gerald Patterson. O'Hara Wood used a variety of pace and spins to beat Patterson in four sets. Arthur's brother Pat O'Hara Wood was also a tennis player and won the Australasian Championships in 1920 and 1923.
In 1915, after the outbreak of the First World War, O'Hara Wood joined the Royal Flying Corps. He saw service in France and did instructional work in England in 1916. He was temporarily transferred to the Australian Flying Corps in France, then on 17 July 1918, when he celebrated his third anniversary at the war, he was appointed to an important post at flying school in England.
In 1918, Major O'Hara Wood was in command of 46 Squadron when during a patrol over Saint-Quentin on 4 October 1918, another aircraft flew into his. He died on 6 October 1918, at the 37th Casualty Clearing Station from multiple injuries. He is buried at the Bronfay Farm Military Cemetery in Bray-sur-Somme.
Grand Slam finals
Singles (1 title)
Doubles (1 runner-up)
References
External links
1890 births
1918 deaths
Australasian Championships (tennis) champions
Australian male tennis players
Tennis players from Melbourne
People educated at Melbourne Grammar School
People educated at Trinity College (University of Melbourne)
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles
Australian military personnel killed in World War I
Military personnel from Melbourne
Royal Flying Corps officers
Sportsmen from Victoria (state)
20th-century Australian sportsmen |
17997359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister%20for%20Local%20Government%20%28Victoria%29 | Minister for Local Government (Victoria) | The Minister for Local Government in the Government of the Australian state of Victoria is the Minister responsible for supervising the activities of local government councils in the state, recommending allocation of grants to local governments for projects, assessing processes for redistributing municipal boundaries according to population, overseeing tendering processes for council services, airing any concerns of local governments at Cabinet meetings and co-ordinating council community and infrastructure work at a state level. The Minister achieves the Government's objectives through oversight of Local Government Victoria of the Department of Government Services.
All ministers responsible for local government since 1964 have been known as the Minister for Local Government, apart from Caroline Hogg (1991-1992), whose title was Minister for Ethnic, Municipal and Community Affairs.
Since June 2022, the Minister for Local Government has been Melissa Horne in the Labor Andrews ministry and the Labor Allan ministry.
List of ministers for local government
References
External links
Local Government Victoria
List of Ministers of the Government of Victoria
Local Government
1958 establishments in Australia
Ministries established in 1958 |
17997366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20Super%20Tourenwagen%20Cup | 1996 Super Tourenwagen Cup | The 1996 D1 ADAC Super Tourenwagen Cup was the third season of the Super Tourenwagen Cup (STW).
Season summary
The 1996 STW season was dominated by works Audi driver Emanuele Pirro, who won the majority of the races during the year. Briton Steve Soper was the only man to challenge him for the title, but a slow start to his championship hampered his title chase, and Pirro won the title at the penultimate racing weekend at the AVUS track. This was also Laurent Aïello and Peugeot's first season in the German championship, and while the Frenchman won several races he was too inconsistent to finish any higher than third.
Teams and drivers
Race calendar and results
Championship Standings
Drivers' Championship
Manufacturers' Trophy
Teams' Trophy
References
Footnotes
External links
Super Tourenwagen Cup
Super Tourenwagen Cup Season |
17997367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang%20Peng-chien | Chiang Peng-chien | Chiang Peng-chien (; 25 April 1940 – 15 December 2000) was a Taiwanese politician who was a co-founder and the first chairperson of the Democratic Progressive Party. Chiang was elected a member of the Legislative Yuan in 1983 and became a member of the Control Yuan in 1996.
Early life
Chiang Peng-chien was born April 25, 1940, in Daitōtei, Taihoku Prefecture, Japanese-era Taiwan. His father was a shoemaker from Fujian, China.
In 1955, Chiang entered the Taipei Municipal Jianguo High School. He was then accepted to National Taiwan University, majoring in law. After graduation, he passed the bar examination in 1964. Chiang began practicing law after earning his master's degree.
Chiang founded the Taiwan Association for Human Rights. On Human Rights Day in 1979, members of the Formosa Magazine and other Tangwai pro-democracy advocates went on a demonstration. Many of the participants were arrested by the government and tried in military court. Chiang defended Lin Yi-hsiung, one of the Kaohsiung Eight.
Political career
Chiang became involved in politics and supported the Tangwai movement. He was elected a member of the Legislative Yuan in 1983. In September 1986, about 130 pro-democracy advocates, including Chiang, gathered at the Grand Hotel in Taipei to establish the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP). On November 10, 1986, he was elected the first chairperson of the party.
In 1994, Chiang was a candidate for the DPP's nomination in the 1994 Taipei mayoral election. He competed against legislators Chen Shui-bian and Frank Hsieh and lost. He returned to the Legislative Yuan in January 1995, replacing David Hou as an at-large legislator on the DPP party list. In 1996, Chiang became a member of the Control Yuan. He worked to prevent any activities associated with black gold and actively investigated sensitive cases involved with former political oppression.
Death and legacy
Chiang died in December 2000 of pancreatic cancer. His widow Peng Feng-mei donated his writings and books to the Academia Historia for display.
References
1940 births
2000 deaths
Democratic Progressive Party chairpersons
Taipei Members of the Legislative Yuan
National Taiwan University alumni
Taiwanese democracy activists
Taiwanese human rights activists
Taiwanese people of Hoklo descent
Democratic Progressive Party Members of the Legislative Yuan
Members of the 1st Legislative Yuan in Taiwan
Deaths from pancreatic cancer in Taiwan
Party List Members of the Legislative Yuan
Taiwanese political party founders
Taiwanese Members of the Control Yuan
Members of the 2nd Legislative Yuan |
17997373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurylenko | Kurylenko | Kurylenko or Kurilenko () is a Ukrainian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Gennady Kurilenko ( 1944–2013), Ukrainian speedway rider
Olga Kurylenko (born 1979), Ukrainian-French actress
Vasyl Kurylenko (1890–1921), Ukrainian military commander
Ukrainian-language surnames |
17997376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Hawkes%20%28tennis%29 | John Hawkes (tennis) | John Bailey Hawkes (7 June 1899 – 31 March 1990) was an Australian tennis player who won the singles title at the 1926 Australasian Championships and was ranked No. 10 in the world in 1928.
Biography
Hawkes was raised and lived his life in and around Geelong, Victoria. Educated at The Geelong College from 1909 to 1919, he showed enormous potential as a young sportsman, having won the Victorian School Boys U19 tennis title for 5 years in a row – described by historian Graeme Kinross Smith as the "nursery for tennis talent". Hawkes had also been touted as a future test cricketer for Australia and was made a member of the MCC at the age of 13. He was captain of the first Cricket team for the last 4 years of his school life at The Geelong College and according to school website, "In a legendary day of bowling in 1916, Jack Hawkes was to claim 10 wickets in a match against Wesley College." Tennis, however, was to create a more powerful pull than cricket. Taught on the lawn court at the family home "Llanberis", overlooking Corio Bay by family friend Russell Keays and influenced by tennis legend and family friend, Norman Brookes, Jack's career blossomed in the 1920s. The left-hander won a clean sweep at the Australasian Championships of 1926, winning the men's singles, men's doubles and mixed doubles in the same year. Hawkes had five championship points in a marathon singles final against his doubles partner Gerald Patterson in the Australian Championships in 1927, but went on to lose the match in five sets. Hawkes also won two US mixed doubles titles, won a total of three Australian doubles titles with Gerald Patterson and was runner-up with Gerald Patterson in Wimbledon doubles and US doubles of 1928. Hawkes also won a total of three mixed doubles Australian championships.
Hawkes was a three-times Davis Cup representative in 1921, 1923, 1925 and was controversially omitted from the team in the year of his Australian Open crown in 1926 and successful overseas tour of 1928. After his retirement from tennis, Hawkes was actively involved in tennis administration and ran the family business Hawkes Brothers, in Geelong until his retirement in the early 1970s. Jack Hawkes retired to Ocean Grove (where he had holidayed as a child at the family's beachside home "Imbool"), and later to Barwon Heads before his death in Geelong, at the age of 90 after a short illness, on 31 March 1990. He was survived by his wife Mickey and their four children; Ann, Sally, Sue and John.
Grand Slam finals
Singles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)
Doubles: 7 (3 titles, 4 runners-up)
Mixed doubles: 7 (5 titles, 2 runners-up)
References
External links
Bud Collins: Total Tennis – The Ultimate Tennis Encyclopedia (2003 Edition, ).
1899 births
1990 deaths
Australasian Championships (tennis) champions
Australian male tennis players
Sportspeople from Geelong
Tennis players from Victoria (state)
United States National champions (tennis)
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doubles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Sportsmen from Victoria (state)
20th-century Australian sportsmen |
17997377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larkin%20Skylark | Larkin Skylark | The Larkin Skylark is single-engine amphibious homebuilt aircraft. Only one aircraft was built and flown in 1973.
Design
The Skylark is a pusher-style design with a single Volkswagen air-cooled engine above and behind the fully enclosed cockpit. The cockpit seats two occupants in side-by-side configuration, with a large Plexiglas canopy curving around both occupants. The tail is a twin-boom arrangement attached at the trailing edge of the wings, allowing clearance for the pusher propeller above and within the booms. The landing gear is a tricycle arrangement with the nose gear positioned at the foremost point of the nose and the two main gear semi-recessed into teardrop-shaped fairings on the lower sides. The fuselage and landing gear are internally supported with an aluminum tube keel.
The Skylark is capable of amphibious operation when fitted with an optional V-shaped lower hull made out of fiberglass.
Specifications
See also
References
International Aircraft Directory, 3rd edition ()
1970s United States civil utility aircraft
Flying boats
Homebuilt aircraft
Skylark
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Twin-boom aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1973 |
17997402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsanullah%20%28Guantanamo%20detainee%29 | Ehsanullah (Guantanamo detainee) | Ehsanullah (born 1977) is a citizen of Afghanistan who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba.
His Guantanamo Internment Serial Number was 523. He worked as a farmer before he was recruited as a guard for the Taliban and served as such in Nahreen. After three months of working as a guard, the Northern Alliance took over the facility and he was handed over to US forces. Eventually he was sent to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba on June 12, 2002, for his supposed knowledge of leadership of the Taliban in the area. He was recommended for release on September 27, 2002, by Michael Dunlavey, because he was not a threat to the United States, nor could provide information of terrorist activity.
McClatchy News Service interview
On June 15, 2008, the McClatchy News Service published a series of articles based on interviews with 66 former Guantanamo captives.
Ehsanullah
was one of the former captives who had an article profiling him.
Ehsanullah acknowledged having once served as a Taliban foot-soldier, but stated he was an involuntary conscript.
He said he abandoned his post as soon as he learned that the Taliban government had collapsed, and was trying to make his way home, when he was captured by Northern Alliance soldiers. He said he and other captives, taken at the same time, were sold to the Americans for a bounty. "The commander told the Americans that he had arrested high-ranking Taliban and got $5,000 for each of us."
According to Ehsanullah: "There was no training. They said, 'This is the trigger; pull it.'"
Ehsanullah was interviewed by telephone because he feared local Taliban sympathizers learning he had met with a foreigner. The McClatchy reporters found that local security officials had never heard of him.
Ehsanullah was held in both the Bagram Theater Internment Facility and the Kandahar detention facility, prior to being transferred to Guantanamo. He reported being physically abused in American custody in Afghanistan, and he reported witnessing an American GI throwing a Koran into a bucket of excrement.
Ehsanullah said conditions were better in Guantanamo, no one beat him, he was interrogated infrequently, and when he was: "They kept asking me why I was arrested?" He said: "They told me that the (Northern Alliance) commander had sold me to them, and they were trying to figure out what the truth was."
Ehsanullah was held for less than a year.
Height and weight records
On March 16, 2007, the Department of Defense published limited height and weight records for the captives.
See also
Ehsanullah, a Guantanamo captive with a similar name, released on March 23, 2003, six weeks earlier.
References
External links
The Guantánamo Files: Website Extras (8) – Captured in Afghanistan Andy Worthington
McClatchy News Service - video
Prisoner File from Department of Defense
Guantanamo detainees known to have been released
Afghan extrajudicial prisoners of the United States
Living people
1977 births |
Subsets and Splits