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delightful examples of this english are the of europe i knew a very worthy man a m b i believe he was in the town of who went to the opera to see in one scene the was to rush across a ruined bridge mr b arose and mildly yet firmly called the attention of the audience and the to the fact that in his judgment th bridge was this english with french wit and tact the french it is commonly said have greatly more influence in europe than the english what influence the english have is by brute force of wealth and power that of the french by and talent the italian is the i it was said could never from an egyptian the confession of a secret none of these traits belong to the englishman his and conceit force every thing out who knew his countrymen well says of them in close their faculty s but weak for generally er they know they speak and often their own counsels by mere infirmity without design from whence the learned say it doth proceed that english never can succeed for they re so open hearted you may know their own most secret thoughts and others too chapter viii the english race are i do not know that they have brows than their neighbours of northern they are sad by comparison with the singing and dancing nations not but slow and english staid as finding their joys at home they too believe that where there is no enjoyment of life there can be n y vigour and art in speech or thought that your merry heart goes all the way your sad one in a mile this trait of gloom has been fixed on them by french travellers who from le sage down to the lively of the have spent their wit fan the solemnity of their neighbours the french say gay is unknown in their island the finds no relief from reflection except in reflection when he wishes for amusement he goes to work his is like an attack of fever religion the theatre and the reading the books of his country all feed and increase his natural melancholy the police does not interfere with public it thinks itself bound in duty to respect the pleasures and rare gaiety of this nation and their well known courage is entirely to their disgust of life i suppose their gravity of and their few words have obtained this reputation as compared the americans i think them cheerful and contented young in this country are much more prone to melancholy the english have a mild aspect and a ringing cheerful voice they are large natured and not so easily amused as the s and are among them as grown people among children requiring war or trade or or science instead of frivolous games they are proud and private and even if disposed to will avoid an open garden they sadly ih s la ds said and i suppose never nation built their party walls so thick or their garden fences so high meat and wine produce no effect on them they are just as cold quiet and composed at the end as at the dinner the reputation of they have enjoyed for six or seven hundred years and a kind of pride in bad public speaking is noted in the house of as if they were willing to show that they did not live by their tongues or thought they spoke well enough if they had the tone of gentlemen in mixed company they shut mouths a told mo he had ridden more than once all the way from london to in the first class carriage with the same persons and no word exchanged the houses were established to cultivate social habits and it is rare that than two eat together and one eats alone was lit then a ke of humour in the serious or was it only his pitiless logic that made him shut up the english souls in a heaven by themselves they are described as sour and stubborn and as mild sweet and sensible the truth is they have great range and variety of er com sends abroad multitudes of different classes the the the resident in the east or west indies are wide of the perfect behaviour of the educated and dignified man of family so is the so is the country squire with his narrow and violent life in every inn is the commercial in travellers or who carry patterns and t orders for the are wont to be it easily happens that this class should e england to the foreigner who meets them on the road and at every public house whilst the gentry avoid the or themselves whilst in them but these classes are the right english stock and may fairly show the national qualities before yet art and education have dealt with them they are good lovers good hat s slow but obstinate admirers and in all things very much in their temperament like men hardly from deep sleep which they enjoy their habits and instincts to nature they are of the earth and of the sea as the sea kinds attached to it for what it them and not from any sentiment they are full of coarse strength rude exercise butcher s meat and sound sleep and suspect any poetic r any hint for the conduct of life which on this animal existence as if somebody were at the cord and might stop their i i hey doubt a man s judgment if he does not eat with appetite and shake their heads if he is particularly take them as they come you shall find in the common people a surly indifference sometimes and ill temper and in minds of more power magazines of war the hour that time and spite dare bring to frown upon the enraged	37
they are and of their opinion and not less resolute in maintaining their whim and wrote a book against the lord s prayer and one can believe that the of melancholy having predicted from the stars the hour of his death slipped the knot himself round his own neck not to his their looks an invincible they have extreme to run away and will die game said of the young of the life delicately brought up but the fight well and said of his sailors they really mind shot no more than peas of absolute no nation has more or better examples they are good at at boarding at dying in the last ditch or any desperate service which has daylight and honour in it but not i think at enduring the rack or any passive like jumping off a castle roof at the word of a being both and highly organized so as to be sensible of pain and intellectual so as to see reason and glory in a matter of that constitutional force which the supplies of the day they have the more than enough the excess which courage on fortitude genius in poetry invention in enterprise in trade magnificence in wealth splendour in ceremonies and projects in youth the young men have a rude health which runs into they drink brandy like water cannot their quantities of waste strength on riding hunting swimming and and run into absurd with the gravity of the they stoutly carry into every nook and comer of the earth their turbulent sense leaving no lie no sion they cut f ith poisoned swing their in the boughs of the taste every poison buy every secret at they put st s blood in an they saw a hole into the head of the virgin to know why she measure with an english every cell of the every every holy of and send to the af and away from shuddering and measure their own strength by the terror they cause these travellers are of every class the best and the worst and it may easily happen that those of behaviour are taken notice of and remembered the saxon melancholy in the vulgar rich and poor appears as of which every check into sarcasm and there are multitudes of rude young who have the self and of their and who with their disdain of the rest of mankind and with this and have made the traveller a proverb for uncomfortable and offensive manners it was no bad description of the what was said two hundred years ago of one pair oxford scholar he was a very bold man uttered anything that came into his mind not only among his companions but in public coffee houses and would often speak his mind of particular persons then accidentally present without examining the company he was in for which he was often and several times threatened to be kicked and beaten the common englishman is prone to forget a cardinal article in the bill of social rights that every man has a right to his own ears no man can claim to more than a few feet of the of a public room or to put upon the company with the loud statement of his or but it is in the deep traits of race that the fortunes of nations are written and however derived whether a happier tribe or mixture of tribes the air or what circumstance that mixed for them the golden mean of temperament here exists the best stock in the world broad broad best for depth range and men of and great range and many moods strong instincts yet apt for culture war as well as clerks and wise as well as foolish majority temperament hiding wells of wrath and on which no sunshine settles with a common sense and humanity which hold them fast to every piece of cheerful duty making this temperament a sea to which all storms are superficial a race to which their fortunes flow as if they alone had the elastic organization at once and robust enough for dominion as if the now mute and now fierce and sharp which once made the island light with his fiery breath had his ferocity to his conqueror they hide virtues under vices or the semblance of them it is the hairy r again who lifts the cart out of the mire or the corn that ten day could not end but it is done in the dark and with muttered he is a with a soft place in his heart whose speech is a of bitter waters but who loves to help you at a pinch he says no and serves you and your thanks disgust him here was lately a cross odd and ugly resembling in countenance the portrait of punch with the laugh left out rich by his own industry in a lonely house who never gave a dinner to any man and all yet as true a of beauty in form and colour as ever existed and pouring over the cold mind of his countrymen of grace and truth removing the reproach of from english art catching from their savage climate every fine hint and into their galleries every tint and trait of cities and skies making an era in painting and when he saw tliat the splendour of one of his pictures in the exhibition his rival s that hung next it secretly took a brush and blackened his own they do not wear their heart in their sleeve for to at they have that or which it is a compliment to disturb great men said are always of a nature originally melancholy tis the of a mind which to with a which gives vast results they dare to they do not speak to expectation they like the of mo better than the of yes each of them has an opinion which he feels it becomes him	37
to express all the more that it from yours they are meditating opposition this gravity is from minds of eat resources there is an english hero superior to the french the german the italian or the greek when he is to the strife with fate he sacrifices a richer material possession and on more purely grounds he is there with his own consent face to face with fortune which he on deliberate choice and from grounds of character he has elected his part to live and die for dies with grandeur this race has added new elements to humanity and has a deeper root in the world they have great range of scale from ferocity to exquisite refinement with larger scale they have great power after running each tendency to an extreme they try another tack with equal heat more intellectual than other races when they live with other races they do not take their language but bestow their own they other nations and are not they and are not they other races to themselves and are not the english did not calculate the conquest of the indies it fell to their character so they administer in different parts of the world the of every empire and race in canada old french law in the the code napoleon in the west indies the of the spanish in the east indies the laws of in the isle of man of the thing at the cape of good hope of the old and in the islands the of they are very conscious of their advantageous position in history england is the the patron the the ally compare the tone of the french and of the english press the first sensitive about english opinion the english press is never l about opinion but and contemptuous they are and through an of will and bias as men sometimes please to be who do not forget a debt who ask no and who will do what they like with their own with education and intercourse these wear and leave the pure if is according to national tendencies i suppose the will hereafter be in the englishman not found in the american and the one from the other i anticipate another discovery that this organ will be found to be and that they are but at last tender hearted from rome and the latin nations nothing savage nothing mean in the english heart they are subject to of and of rage but the temper of the nation however disturbed settles itself soon and easily as in this temperate the sky whatever storms again and serenity is its normal condition a saving stupidity and their perception as the curtain of the eagle s eye our americans when they first deal with english pronounce them stupid but later do them justice as people who wear well or hide their strength to understand the power of performance that is in their finest wits in the patient or in the poets or in the and one should see how english day hold out high and low they are of an texture there is an in their constitution as if they had oil also for their mental wheels and could perform vast of work without themselves even the scale of expense on which people live and to which scholars and professional men proves the of their muscle when vast numbers are found who can each lift this enormous load i might even add their daily argue a savage vigour of body no nation was ever bo rich in able men gentlemen charles i bald of whose might make a prince rather afraid than ashamed in the greatest of state men of such temper that like baron had one seen him returning from a victory he would by his silence have suspected that he had lost the day and had he beheld him in a retreat he would have collected him a conqueror by the cheerfulness of his spirit the following passage from the might almost stand as a portrait of the modern englishman was very stout and strong and remarkably handsome in appearances king gave him this testimony that he among all his men cared least about doubtful circumstances whether they danger or pleasure for whatever turned up he was never in higher nor in lower spirits never slept less nor more on account of them nor ate nor drank but according to his custom was not a man of many words but short in conversation told his opinion and was obstinate and hard and this could not please the king who had many clever people about him zealous in his service remained a short time with the king and then came to where he took up his abode in and dwelt in that farm to a very advanced age t the national temper in the civil history is not or the slow deep english mass with fire which at last sets all its borders in flame the wrath of london is not french wrath but has a long memory and in its heat a register and rule half their strength they put not forth they are capable of a sublime resolution and if hereafter the war of races often predicted and making itself a war of opinions also a question of and liberty coming from eastern europe should menace the english civilization these sea kings may take once again to their floating castles and find a new home and a second of power in their colonies the of england is the security of the modern world if the english race were as as the french fuller of england f s translation vol ill p what reliance but the english stand for liberty the money loving lord loving english are yet liberty loving and so freedom is safe for they have more personal force than any other people the nation always resist the action of their government they	37
forefathers for his eloquence and majestic air the english have a steady courage that fits them for great attempts and endurance they have also a petty courage through which every man in showing himself for what he is and in doing hat he can so that in all companies each of them has too good an opinion of himself to imitate anybody he hides bo defect of his form features dress or for he thinks every circumstance belonging to him comes recommended to you if one of them have a bald or a red or a green head or bow legs or a or mark or a or a or a voice he has persuaded himself that there is something and becoming in it and that it sits well on him but nature makes nothing in vain and this little of self regard in the english brain is one of the secrets of their power and history for it sets every man on being and doing what he really is and can it takes away a secondary air and a frank and manly bearing so that each man makes the most of himself and loses no opportunity for want of pushing a man s personal defects will commonly have with the rest of the world precisely that importance which they to himself if he makes light of them so will other we all find in these a convenient of character since a little man would be ruined by the vexation i a shrewd in one of our western cities told me that he had known several successful made by their and another an ex governor of o to me if a man knew anything lie would sit in a corner and be modest but he is such an ignorant that he goes bustling up and down and on extraordinary discoveries there is also this benefit in that the speaker is unconsciously expressing his own ideal humour him by all means draw it all out and hold him to it their culture generally the travelled english to avoid any ridiculous extremes of this self pleasing and to give it an agreeable air then the natural disposition is by the respect which they find entertained in the world for english ability it was said of louis xiv that his gait and air were becoming enough in so great a monarch yet would have been ridiculous in another man so the of the english name a certain confident bearing which a frenchman or could not carry at all events they feel themselves at liberty to assume the most extraordinary tone on the subject of english merits an english lady on the hearing a german speaking of her party as foreigners exclaimed no we are not foreigners we are english it is you that are foreigners they tell you daily in london the story of the frenchman and englishman who quarrelled both were un willing to fight but their companions put them up to it at last it was agreed that they should fight alone in the dark and with pistols the candles were put out and the englishman to make sure not ix hit anybody fired up the chimney and brought down the frenchman they have no curiosity about foreigners and answer any information you may with oh oh until the makes up his mind that they shall die in their ignorance for any help he will there are really no limits to this conceit though brighter n en among them make painful efforts to be candid the habit of runs through all classes from the times newspaper through and poets through mill and smith down to the boys of in the on political economy in a philosophical essay in books of one is surprised by the most innocent of un in a tract on corn a most ami able and accomplished gentleman writes thus though britain according to bishop s idea were surrounded by a wall of brass ten thousand in height still she would as far the rest of the globe in riches as she now does both in this secondary quality and in the more important ones of freedom virtue and science the english dislike the american structure of society whilst yet trade mills public education and are doing what they can to create in england the same social condition america is the paradise of the is the favourable exception invariably quoted to the rules of ruin i but when he speaks directly of the americans the forgets his philosophy and remembers his raging anecdotes but this childish patriotism costs something like all the english sway of their colonies has no root of kindness they govern by their arts and ability they are more just than kind and whenever an of their power is felt they have not the affection on which to rely coarse local distinctions as those of nation province or town are useful in the absence of real ones but we not insist on these accidental lines individual traits are always over national ones there is no fence in greek or english or spanish science and and are men of the world and to wave our own flag at the dinner table or in the university is to carry the boisterous of a fire into a polite circle nature and destiny are always on the watch for our follies nature us up when we and there are curious examples in history on this very point of national pride of bom at in was q low who got a contract to supply the with bacon a rogue and he got rich and was forced to run from justice he saved his money william embraced collected a library and got promoted by a to the throne of when came a d george was dragged to prison the prison was burst open by the mob and george was as he deserved and this precious became in good time saint	37
george of england patron of chivalry emblem of victory and civility and the pride of the best blood of the modern world strange that the solid truth speaking should derive from an strange that the new world should have no better luck that broad america must wear the name of a thief the dealer at who went out in a with and whose highest naval rank was s mate in an expedition that never sailed managed in this lying world to and half the earth with his own name thus nobody can throw stones are equally badly off in our and the false dealer is an to the false bacon chapter x wealth is no country in which so absolute a homage is paid to wealth in america there is a touch of shame when a man the evidences of large property as if after all it needed apology but the englishman has pure pride in his wealth and it a final a coarse logic rules throughout all english souls if you have merit can you not show it by your good clothes and coach and horses how can a man be a gentleman without a pipe of wine says there is a fierce resolution to make every man live according to the means he possesses there is a mixture of religion in it they are under the law and read with emphasis that their days shall be long in the land they shall have sons and daughters flocks and herds wine and oil in proportion is the reproach of poverty they do not wish to be represented except by men an englishman who has lost his fortune is said to have died of a broken heart the last term of insult is a beggar said the want of fortune is a crime which i can never get over smith said poverty is infamous in england and one of their recent writers speaks in reference to a private and life of the grave moral which follows an empty you shall find this sentiment if not so frankly put yet deeply implied novels and of the present century and not only in these but in biography and in the of public in the tone of the preaching and in the table talk i was lately turning over wood s nd looking naturally for another standard in a chronicle of the scholars of oxford for two hundred years but i found the two in that as in most english books are first to church and state and second to be born poor or to come to poverty a natural fruit of england is the brutal political economy finds no cover laid at nature s table for the s son in the majority in parliament expressed itself by the language of mr fuller in the house of if you do not like the country damn you you can leave it when sir s proposed his bill forbidding parish officers to bind children at a greater distance than forty miles from their home opposed and mr said though in the higher ranks to cultivate family affections was a good thing twas not so among the lower orders better take them away from those who might them and it was highly injurious to trade to stop binding to as it must raise the price of labour and of goods the respect for truth of facts in england is equalled only by the respect for wealth it is at once the pride of art of the saxon as he is a wealth maker and his passion for independence the englishman believes that every man must take care of himself and has himself to if he do not mend his condition to pay their debts i their national point of honour from the ex and the east india house to the s shop everything because it is the british armies are and pay for what they take the british empire is for in spite of the huge national debt the during the war from to whilst they complained that they were within an inch of their lives and by dint of enormous taxes were all the continent against france the english were growing rich every year faster than any people ever grew before it is their that the weight of taxes must be calculated not by what is taken but by what is is in the ideas and of an englishman the crystal palace is not considered honest until it pays no matter how much convenience beauty or it must be self supporting they are contented with slower as long as they know that boats lose money they proceed by the double method of labour and every household an exact economy and nothing of that headlong expenditure which families use in america if they cannot pay do not buy for they have no presumption of better fortunes next year as our people have and they say without shame i cannot it g do not hesitate to ride in the second class oars or in the second cabin an or a man who proportion his means and his ambition or bring the year round with expenditure which expresses his character without embarrassing one day of his future is already a master of life and a lord writes to his son that one ought never to devote more than of his income to the ordinary expenses of life since the extraordinary will be certain to the other third the ambition to create value every kind of ability government becomes a and every house a mill the headlong bias to utility will let no talent lie in a if possible will teach to silk stockings an englishman while he eats and drinks no more or not much more than another man three times as many hours in the course of a year as any other european or his life as a workman is three lives he	37
works fast everything in england is at a quick pace they have their own by the creation of that marvellous machinery which fences this age from any other age tis a curious chapter in modern history the growth of the machine shop six hundred years ago bacon explained the of the the consequent necessity of the reform of the measured the length of the year invented and announced as if looking from his lofty cell over five centuries into ours that machines can be constructed to drive ships more rapidly than a whole of could do nor would they need anything but a pilot to steer them carriages also might be constructed to move with an incredible speed without the aid of any animal finally it would be impossible to make machines which by means of a suit of wings should fly in the air in the manner of but the secret slept with bacon the six hundred years have not yet fulfilled his words two centuries ago the of timber was done by hand the carriage wheels ran on wooden the land was by wooden and it was to little purpose that they bad pit coal or that were improved unless and had taught them to work and power by steam the great strides were all taken within the last hundred years the life of sir robert who died the other da the model englishman very properly has for a a drawing of the spinning which the web of his fortunes invented the spinning and died in a improved the invention and the machine with the work of ninety nine men that is one could do as much work as one hundred had done before the loom was improved further but the men would sometimes strike for wages and combine against the masters and about much fear was felt lest the trade would be drawn away by these and the of the to and the united states iron and steel are very obedient whether it were not possible to make a that would not rebel nor nor nor strike for wages nor at the of the masters after a mob and riot at mr of undertook to create this peaceful fellow instead of the fellow god had made after a few trials he succeeded and in procured a patent for his mule a creation the delight of mill owners and destined they said to restore order among the industrious classes a machine requiring only a child s hand to piece the broken as had destroyed domestic spinning so destroyed the factory the power of machinery in great britain in mills has been to be equal to men one man being able by the aid of steam tp do the work which required two hundred and fifty men to accomplish fifty years ago the production has been england already had this laborious race rich soil water wood coal iron and favourable climate eight hundred years ago commerce had made it rich and it was recorded england is the richest of all the northern nations the that in william carried with him into from england more gold and silver than had ever before been seen in but when to this labour and trade and these native resources was added this of steam with his arms never tired working night and day the of property has run out of all figures it makes the of the last ninety years the has added to her population and wealth the equivalent of four or five forty thousand ships are entered in s lists the yield of wheat has gone on from quarters in the time of the to in a thousand million of are said to compose the floating money of commerce in lord john stated that the people of this country had laid out of capital in in the last four years but a better measure than these sounding figures is the estimate that there is wealth enough wealth in england to support the entire population in idleness for one year the wise all giving machinery makes a to a of an inch steam huge cannon into wreaths as easily as it straw and with the forces which twisted the it can clothe mountains with ship oaks make sword blades that will cut gun barrels in two in egypt it can plant forests and bring rain after three thousand years already it is the and the next war will be fought in the air but another machine more potent in england than steam is the bank it an issue of bills population is stimulated and cities rise it refuses loan and the trade sinks break out kings are by these new agents our social system is by dint of steam and of money war and commerce are changed nations have lost their old the patriotic tie does not hold nations are getting we go and live where we will steam enabled men to choose what law they will live under money makes place for them the telegraph is a limp band that will hold the wolf of war for now that a telegraph line runs through france and europe from london every message it makes stronger by one thread the band which war will have to cut the introduction of these elements gives new resources to existing a sporting duke may fancy that the state depends on the house of lords but the engineer sees that every stroke of the steam gives value to the duke s land fills it with tenants the duke s capital and new measures and new necessities for the culture of his children of course it draws the nobility into the competition as in the mine the canal the railway in the application of steam to and sometimes into trade but it also large classes into the same competition the old energy of the race arms itself with these magnificent powers new men prove an for the	37
and the mill out the castle who once his in icy and built by lonely in england has advanced with the times has his enters parliament sits down at a desk in the india house and to for a the creation of wealth in england in the last years is a main fact in modem history the wealth of london prices all over the globe all things precious or useful or amusing or are sucked into this commerce and floated to london some english private fortunes reach and some exceed a million of dollars a year a hundred thousand palaces adorn the island all that can feed the senses and passions all that can the talent or arm the hands of the intelligent middle class who never spare in what they buy for their own consumption all that can aid science gratify taste or soothe comfort is in open market whatever is excellent and beautiful in civil rural or architecture in fountain garden or grounds the english noble crosses sea and land to see and to copy at home the taste and science of thirty peaceful generations the gardens which planted the temples and which jones and built the wood that carved the taste of foreign and domestic artists pope brown are in the vast and the hereditary principle heaps on the owner of to day the benefit of ages of owners the present are to the full as absolute as any of their fathers in choosing and what they like this comfort and splendour the breadth of lake and mountain pasture and park castle and modern villa all consist with perfect order they have no no horse guards to the crown no and no mob but drowsy daily dress dinners wine and ale and beer and gin and sleep with this power of creation and this passion for independence property has reached an ideal perfection it is felt and treated as the national life blood the laws are framed to give property the possible basis and the provisions to lock and it have exercised the heads in a profession which never admits a fool the rights of property nothing but and treason can the house is a castle which the king cannot enter the bank is a strong box to which the king has no key whatever surly sweetness possession can give is tested in england to the rights are awful things and absolute possession gives the smallest free identity of interest with the duke high stone fences and garden gates announce the absolute will of the owner to be alone every whim of exaggerated is put into stone and iron into silver and gold with costly deliberation and detail an hears that the queen wishes to establish some claim to put her park a rod forward into his grounds so as to get a and save her a mile to the avenue instantly he his into stone solid as the walls of and all europe cannot prevail on him to sell or compound for an inch of the land they delight in a as the proof of their sovereign freedom sir edward at park at on a precipice of prospect built a house like a long bam which had not a window on the prospect side hill of abbey of mr were and abbey became one in the hands of lord but the result of this creation has been the great and refined forces it has put at the disposal of the private citizen in the social world an englishman today has the best lot he is a king in a plain coat he goes with the most powerful protection keeps the best company is armed by the best education is by wealth and his english name and accidents are like a flourish of trumpets announcing him this with his quiet style of manners gives him the power of a sovereign without the which belong to that rank i much prefer the condition of an english gentleman of the better class to that of any in europe english whether for travel or for opportunity of society or for access to means of science or study or for mere comfort and easy healthy relation to people at home such as we have seen is the wealth of england a mighty mass and made good in whatever details we care to explore the cause and spring of it is the wealth of temperament in the people the wonder of britain is this nature her are ever surrounded by as good men as themselves each is a captain a hundred and that wealth of men is represented again in the faculty of each individual that he has waste strength power to spare the english are so rich and seem to have a tap root in the of the planet because they are fertile and but a man must keep an eye on his servants if he would not have them rule him man is a shrewd in and is ever taking the hint of a new machine from his own structure some secret of his in iron wood and leather to some required tion in the work of the world but it is found that the machine the what he gains in making cloth he loses in general power there should be in making cloth as well as in eating a man should not be a nor a nation a tent of the robust rural saxon in the mills to the to the far on the way to be and needles the incessant repetition of the same hand work the man him of his strength wit and to make a pin a maker or any other and presently in a change of industry whole towns are sacrificed like ant hills when the fashion of shoe strings when cotton takes the place of linen or of or when are by then society is of the mischief of	37
the division of labour and that the best political economy is care and culture of men for in these all are ruined except such as are proper individuals capable of thought and of new choice and the application of their talent to new labour then again come in new wealth d england is aghast at the disclosure of her fraud in the of food of and of almost every fabric in her mills and shops finding that milk will not nor sugar nor bread satisfy nor bite the tongue nor stick in true england all is false and this too is the reaction of machinery but of the larger machinery of commerce tis not i suppose want of so much as the tyranny of trade which a perpetual competition of and that again a perpetual of the fabric the machinery has proved like the and flies away with the steam from the first and screamed to warn him it was dreadful with its explosion and crushed the engineer the has wrought and watched and without number have been sacrificed in learning to tame and guide the monster but harder still it has proved to resist and rule the money with his paper wings and boards of trade and and their and their whole generation adopted false principles and went to their graves in the belief that they were the country which they were they congratulated each other on it is rare to find a merchant who knows why a crisis occurs in trade why prices rise or fall or who knows the mischief of paper money in the of national prosperity in the of countries building of ships towns in the of tons of gold and silver amid the chuckle of and it was found that bread rose to famine prices that the was forced to sell his cow and pig his tools and his acre of land and the dreadful of the poor was touching the point of ruin the poor rate was in the classes forcing an of farmers and what from the violence of financial daily in the violence of artificial such a wealth has england earned ever new and but the question does she take the step beyond namely to the wise use in view of the supreme wealth of nations we estimate the wisdom of nations by seeing what they did with their capital and in view of these injuries some com has been attempted in england a part of th money earned returns to the brain to buy schools and artists with and a part to repair the wrongs of this ing by banks public grounds and other and but the are inadequate and the evil requires a deeper cure which time and a social organization must supply at present she does not her wealth she is simply a good england but no or wise and instructed soul she too is in the stream of fate one victim more in a common but being in the fault she has the misfortune of great ness to be held as the chief england most be held responsible for the of expense her the splendour which so much manhood and and perseverance has thrown upon vulgar aims is the very argument of her success th hands of base wealth who can propose to youth poverty and wisdom when mean gain has arrived at the conquest of letters and arts when english success has grown out of the very r of principles and the to a civility of trifles of money and expense an of sensation takes place and the putting as many as we can between the man and hit objects hardly the among them have the to resist it successfully hence it has come that not the aims of a manly life but the means of meeting a certain ponderous expense is that which is to be con by a youth in england emerging from his a large family is reckoned a misfortune and it is a consolation in the death of the young that a source of expense is closed m xl thb of the english state now that it is getting a little in contrast with the tendencies the j of power and proper t nerves palaces halls walled all over england rival the splendour of seats many of the halls like or are beautiful the proprietor never saw them or never lived in them built these piles and i suppose it is the sentiment of every traveller as it was mine twas well to come ere these were gone is a cardinal rule of english property and institutions laws customs manners the very persons and faces a it the frame of society is aristocratic the taste of the people is loyal the estates names and manners of the the of the people and the support in spite of broken faith stolen and the of society by the of the we take sides as we read for the loyal and king charles s return to his right with his ers knowing what a heartless he is and what a crew god forsaken robbers they are the people of england knew as much but the fair idea of a settled government connecting itself with names the written and history of europe and at last with the religion and the oldest traditions of the world was too pleasing a vision to be shattered by a few offensive realities and politics of and the hopes of the take the same with the interest of the every man who becomes rich land and does what he can to the nobility into which he hopes to rise the an are identified with the aristocracy time and law have the joining and perfect in every port the the the english music the popular to the which the current politics of the day are the taste of the people is they are proud of the castles and	37
of the language and of chivalry even the word lord is the style that is used in any language to a the superior education and manners recommend them to the country the got what he could and held it for his eldest son the noble who was the nor did likewise there was this advantage of western over oriental nobility that this was from below english history is aristocracy with the doors open who has courage and faculty let him come in of course the terms of admission to this are hard and high the selfishness comes in aid of the interest of the nation to require signal merit and war gave place to trade politics and letters the war lord to the law lord the law lord to the merchant and the mill owner but the privilege was kept whilst the means of obtaining it were changed the foundations of these families lie deep in exploits by sea and saxon on land ail nobility in its was somebody s natural superiority the things these english have done were not done without peril of life nor without wisdom and conduct and the first hands it may be presumed were often to show their right to their honours or yield them to better men he that will be a head let him be a bridge said the chief when he carried all his men over the river on his back he shall have the book said the mother of alfred who can read it and alfred won it by that title and i make no doubt that was no but baron knight and tenant had their memories refreshed in regard to the service by which they held their lands de and were not to contemplation the middle age adorned itself with proofs of manhood and devotion of earl of the emperor told henry v that no christian king had such another knight for wisdom ture and manhood and caused him to be named father of our success in france says the historian lived and died with him the war lord earned his honours and no of land was large as long as it brought the duty of protecting it hour by hour against a terrible enemy in france and in england the were down to a late day born and bred to war and the which in peace still held them to the risks of war diminished the envy that in trading and nations would else have into their title they were looked on as men who played high for a great stake great estates are not if they are to be kept great a economy is the fuel of magnificence in the same line of the successor next but one to was the stout earl of henry vi and edward iv few esteemed themselves in the mode whose heads were not adorned with the black ragged staff his at his house in london six oxen were daily eaten at a breakfast and every tavern was full of his meat and who had any acquaintance in his family should have as much boiled and roast as he could carry on a long dagger the new age brings new qualities into request the virtues of gave way to those of merchants and scholars social talent and fine manners no doubt have had their part also i have met somewhere with a which whether more or less true in its particulars carries a general truth how came the duke of by his great landed estates his having travelled on the continent a lively pleasant man became the companion of a foreign prince wrecked on the coast where mr lived the prince recommended him to henry viii who liking his company gave him a large share of the church lands the pretence is that the noble is of unbroken descent from the and has never worked for eight hundred fuller s ii p years but the fact is otherwise where is where is de the lawyer the farmer the silk lies under the and to the to say nothing especially skilful lawyers s sons who did some piece of work at a nice moment for government and were rewarded with the national tastes of the english do not lead them to the life of the but to secure the comfort and independence of their homes the aristocracy are marked by their for country life they are called the county families they have often no residence in london and only go thither a short time during the season to see the opera but they the love and labour of many on the building planting and of their some of them are too old and too proud to wear titles or as said of disdain to hide their head in a and some curious examples are to show the of english families their proverb is that fifty miles from london a family will last a hundred years at a hundred miles t vo hundred years and so on but i doubt that steam the enemy of time as well as of space will disturb these ancient rules sir henry says of the first of he was bom at in where his ancestors had chiefly continued about the space of four hundred years rather without obscurity than with any great lustre says that in lord afterwards of told him that when the year should arrive he meant to give a grand festival to all the descendants of the body of of to mark the day when the should have remained three hundred years in their house since its creation by iii tells us in writing of an earl oxford in that the honour had now remained in that name and blood six hundred years this long descent of families and this through ages to the same spot of ground the p tion it has too a with tho names of the towns and districts	37
of the country the names are excellent an atmosphere of spread over the land older than all and histories which clothe a nation this sits close to the body what history too and what stores of primitive and savage observation it cambridge is the bridge of the the field of the river the or camp of the or now of the or the of the ex the mouths of the dart and rivers is strong town e ia red cliff and so on a sincerity and use in very striking to an american whose country is all over by names the cast off clothes of the country from which its came or named at a pinch from a tune but the english are those of who are stable in their manners and firmly continue to employ the same words which also are dear to the gods tis an old sneer that the irish drew names from the english lords do not call their lands after their own names but call themselves after their lands as if the man represented the country that bred him and they rightly wear the token of the that gave them birth suggesting that the tie is not cut but that there in london the of the of the downs of the iron of wales the of are neither forgetting nor forgotten but know the man who was bom by them and who like the long line of his fathers has carried that that shore or in his blood and manners it has too the advantage of suggesting re a susceptible man could not wear a name which represented in a strict sense a city or a county of england without hearing in it a challenge to duty and honour the of the for residence in the country combined with the degree of liberty possessed by english the peasant makes the safety of the english hall wrote from england in if revolution out in france i tremble for the aristocracy their will be reduced to ashes and their blood in torrents the english tenant would defend his lord to the last extremity the english go to their estates for grandeur the live at court and exile themselves to their estates for economy as they do not mean to live with their tenants they do not them but from them the last writes from in the wolves are here in such numbers that they often come and take children out of the streets yet will not the duke who is sovereign here permit them to be destroyed in evidence of the wealth by ancient families the traveller is shown the palaces in house house house in square and lower down in the city a few noble houses which still withstand in all their the of streets the duke of or in r a mile square in the heart of london where the british museum once house now stands and the land occupied by square square square the of westminster built within a few years the series of squares called house is the noblest palace in london house holds its place by cross house remains in street sion house and holland house are in the but most of the historical houses are or lost in the modem uses to which trade or charity has converted them a multitude of town palaces contain galleries of art in the country the size of private estates is more impressive from castle i rode on the highway twenty three miles from high force a fall of the towards past baby castle through the estate of the duke of the of rides out of his house a hundred miles in a straight line to the sea on his own property the duke of ns the county of stretching across scotland from sea to sea the duke of besides his other estates owns acres in the county of the duke of has acres at and at castle the duke of s park in is fifteen miles in circuit an bought lately the island of in containing acres the possessions of the earl of gave him eight seats in parliament this is the again and before the reform of one hundred and fifty four persons sent three hundred and seven members to parliament the governed england these large are growing larger the great estates are absorbing the small in the soil of england was owned by and and in by these broad estates find room in this narrow island all over england scattered at short intervals among ship yards mills mines and are the of the where the repose and refinement are heightened by the contrast with the roar of industry and necessity out of which you have stepped aside i was surprised to observe the very small attendance usually in the house of lords out of on ordinary days only twenty or thirty where are they i asked at home on their estates devoured by or in the or up the in the mountains or in egypt or in india on the but with such interests at stake how can these men afford to neglect them o replied my friend why should they work for themselves when every man in england works for them aad will suffer before they come to harm the hardest radical instantly and changes his tone to a lord it was remarked on the th april the day of the demonstration that the upper classes were for the first time interesting themselves in their own defence and men of rank were worn special with the rest besides why they sit out the debate has not the duke of log english traits jealousy of every class to guard itself is a testimony to the reality they have found in life when a man knows that he has done justice to himself let him dismiss all terrors of aristocracy as so far as he is concerned he who	37
keeps the door of a mine whether of or or or securely knows that the world cannot do without him everybody who is real is open and ready for that which is also real besides these are they who make england that strong box and museum it is who gather and protect works of art dragged from amidst burning cities and countries and brought hither out of all the world i look with respect at houses six seven eight hundred or like castle nine hundred years old i high park fences when i saw that besides does and these have preserved galleries and and saxon trees and of cattle elsewhere extinct in these after the frenzy of war and destruction a little the finds the jar or crumbling egyptian case without so much as a new of dust keeping the series of history unbroken and waiting for its who is sure to arrive these lords are the and of mankind engaged by their pride and wealth to this function yet there other works for british to do george had taught them to make gardens arthur young and have made them agricultural scotland was a camp until the day of the of and the of have introduced the the sheep farm wheat the plantation of forests the artificial of lakes and with fish the of game preserves against tne cry of the old and the sympathetic cry of the english press they have rooted out and planted anew and now six millions of people live and live better on the same land that fed three millions the english in every period have been brave id great the estimate and opinion of their times grand old halls scattered up and down in england are dumb to the state and broad hospitality of their ancient lords shakespeare s portraits of good duke of of of were drawn in strict with the traditions a sketch of the earl of from the pen of queen elizabeth s lord of s the letters and essays of sir the anecdotes preserved by the fuller and some at the of noble houses which we owe to and the details which ben s performed at and other noble houses record or suggest down to s passages of the life of in the house of the earl of are favourable pictures of a romantic style of manners still shines us and its christmas where logs not bum but men at house the was written t conversations with lord a man of no vulgar mind as his own poems declare him i hold castle an honest house for which milton s was written and the company nobly bred which performed it with knowledge ai d sympathy in the roll of are found poets philosophers also men of solid virtues and of lofty sentiments often they have been the friends and of genius and learning and especially of the fine arts and at this moment almost every great house has its picture gallery of course there is another side to this gorgeous show every victory was the defeat of a party only less worthy castles are proud things but tis safest to be outside of them war is a foul game and yet war is not the worst part of aristocratic history in later times when the baron educated only for war with his brains par by his stomach fo und himself idle at home he grew fat and wanton and a sorry brute and show the to which the king and court went in quest of pleasure taken from the theatres s literary reminiscences vol i english were made their and the young men sat uppermost the old serious were out of favour the discourse that the s f had with him was poor and no who his head might do what these pot familiarly did with the king in logical of these dignified can tell the to which the king was reduced who could not find paper at his council table and no in his wardrobe and but three bands to his neck and the linen and the were out of pocket and refusing to trust him and the baker will not bring bread any longer meantime the english channel was swept and london threatened by the dutch fleet by english sailors who having been cheated of their pay for years by the king with the enemy the correspondence in the reign of george iii a in the aristocracy which threatened to the state the and sale of and honour for place and title and the sneer at the ii discretion of quarrelling with ten thousand a year the want of ideas the splendour of the titles and the of the nation are instructive and make the reader pause and explore the firm bounds which confined these vices to a handful of rich men in the reign of the fourth george things do not seem to have mended and the rotten let down from a window by an inclined plane into his coach to take the air was a scandal to europe which the ill fame of his queen and of his family did nothing to under the present reign the perfect decorum of the court is thought to have put a check on the gross vices of the aristocracy yet racing drinking and bring them down and the can still gather if he will dismal anecdotes abound the gossip of the last generation of served by with all their plate in of great lords living by the showing of their houses and of an old man wheeled in bis chair from room to room whilst his loo h b are exhibited to the visitor for money of ruined and living in exile for debt the historic names of the and have gained no new lustre and now and then break out ominous as the new chapters added under the to the causes in france even who are men of	37
worth and public q are overtaken and embarrassed by their vast expense the respectable duke of willing to be the and of his island is reported to have said that he cannot live at but one month in the year their many houses eat them up they cannot them because they are they will not let them for pride s sake but keep them empty and the grounds and dressed at the cost of four or five thousand pounds a year the spending is for a great part in servants in many houses exceeding a hundred most of them ai only with idleness which because it such vast power of benefit has the mischief of crime they might be little on earth said my friend and they are for the most part and says acquaintance with the nobility i could never keep up it requires a life of idleness dressing and attendance on their parties i suppose too that a feeling of self respect is driving cultivated men out of this society as if the noble were slow to receive the lessons of the times and had not learned to disguise his pride of place a man of wit who is also one of the of wealth and fashion confessed to his friend that he could not enter their houses without being made to feel that they were great lords and he a low with the tribe of including the musical tribe the e keeps no terms but them when sang at the houses of the duke of and other a cord was stretched between the singer and the company when every noble was a soldier they were carefully bred to great personal the education of a soldier is a affair than of an earl in the century and this was very seriously pursued they were expert in every species of to the most dangerous and this down to the accession of william of orange but graver men appear to have trained their sons for civil elizabeth extended her thought to the future and sir philip in his letter to his brother and milton and gave plain and hearty counsel already too the english noble and squire were preparing for the career of the country gentleman and his expense they went from city to city learning to make sweet gathering seeds gems and divers preparing for a private life thereafter in which they should take pleasure in these all advantages given to the young from intellectual labour are of course mistaken in the university are from the public for the degree c by which they attain a degree called at the same time the they have to pay for and on all other occasions are much higher fuller records the observation of foreigners that englishmen by making their children gentlemen before they are men cause they are so seldom wise men this dr johnson s bitter apology for that it makes but one fool in a family the revolution in society has reached this class the great powers of art have no of name or blood the tools of our time namely steam ships money and popular education belong to those who can handle them and their effect has been that advantages once confined to men of family are now open to the whole middle class the road that grandeur for his coach toil can travel in his cart this is more manifest every day but i think it is true throughout english history english history wisely read is the of the brain of that people here at last were climate and condition friendly to the working faculty who now will work and dare shall rule this of ill h the or the which and seas and rains proclaimed that intellect and personal force should make the law that industry and talent should administer that work should wear the crown i know that not this but something else is pretended the fiction with which the noble and the equally please themselves is that the former is of unbroken descent from the and so has never worked for eight hundred years all the families are new but the name is old and they have made a with their memories not to disturb it but the analysis of the and gentry shows the rapid decay and of old families the continual of these from new blood the doors though guarded are really open and hence the power of the bribe all the to rank only the thirst and the prize now said when clearing for battle a or westminster abbey i have no illusion said smith but the of the lawyers said are only birds of passage in this house of and then added with a new figure they have th ir best bower anchor in the house of lords another stride that has been taken appears in the of whilst the privileges of nobility are passing to the middle class the is and the of are getting and i wonder that sensible men have not been already impatient of them they belong with powder and scarlet coats to an earlier age and may be consigned with paint and to the of and a multitude of english educated at the bred into their society with manners ability and the gifts of fortune are every day the on a footing of equality and them as often in the race of honour and influence that cultivated class is large and ever it is that with titles and without there are seventy thousand of these people coming and going in london who make up what is called high society they cannot shut their eyes to the fact that an nobility possess ail the power without the that belong to rank and the rich englishman goes over the world at the present day drawing more than all the advantages which the strongest of his kings could command chapter ul of british cambridge has the most names	37
on its list at the present day too it has the advantage of oxford counting in its a greater number of distinguished scholars i regret that i had but a single day wherein to see king s college chapel the beautiful and gardens of the and a few of but i availed myself of some repeated invitations to oxford where i had io dr professor of and to the professor of divinity as well as to a valued friend a of and went thither on the last day of march i was the guest of my friend in was close upon that college and i lived on college my new friends showed me their the library the gallery hall and the rest i saw several faithful high minded young men some of them in the mood of making sacrifices for peace of mind a topic of course on which i had no counsel to offer their affectionate and ways reminded me at once of the habits of cambridge men though i to these english an advantage in their secure and polished manners the halls are rich with and ceiling the pictures of the hang from the walls the tables glitter with plate a youth came forward to the upper table and pronounced the ancient form of grace before meals i suppose has been in use here for ages it is a curious proof of the english use and wont or of their good nature that these young men are locked up every night at nine o clock and the porter at each hall is required to give the name of any student who is admitted after that hour still more descriptive is the fact that out of twelve hundred young men the most spirited of the aristocracy a has never occurred oxford is old even in england and its foundations date from alfred and even from arthur if as is alleged the of the had a here in the reign of edward i it is pretended here were thirty thousand students and nineteen most noble foundations were then established found it as firm as if it had always stood and it is in british story rich with great names the school of the island and the link of england to the learned of europe hither came with delight in in was relieved and maintained by the university a noble prince of who visited england to admire the wisdom of queen elizabeth was entertained with stage plays in the of christ church in coming from of france by invitation of james i was admitted to christ s college in july i saw the museum whither in sent twelve cart loads of here indeed was the of all wood s and s games and heroes and every inch of ground has its lustre for wood s or of the writers of oxford for two hundred years is a lively record of english manners and merits and as much a national monument as purchases or s register on every side oxford is of age and authority its gates shut of themselves against modem it is still governed by the of the books in library are still chained to the ll here on august john milton s fm i were committed to the i saw the school court or where in the caused the of thomas to he publicly burnt i do not know whether this learned body have yet heard of the declaration of american independence or whether the does not still hold its ground against the of as many sons almost so many it is usual for a nobleman or indeed for almost every wealthy student ou college to leave behind him some article of plate and gifts of all from a hall or library down to a picture or a spoon are continually in the course of a century my friend doctor j gave me the following anecdote in sir thomas s collection at london were the of and this prize was offered to oxford university for seven thousand pounds the offer was accepted and the committee charged with the had collected three thousand pounds when among other friends they called on lord instead of a hundred pounds he surprised them by putting down his name for three thousand pounds they told him they should now very easily raise the remainder no he said your men have probably already contributed all they can spare i can as well give the rest and he withdrew his for three thousand and wrote four thousand pounds i saw the whole tion in april in the dr showed me the manuscript of the date of a d brought by from egypt a manuscript of the same century the first bible printed at i believe in and a of the same which had been deficient ih about twenty leaves at the end but one day in he bought a of books and every scrap and fragment for four thousand louis d and had the doors locked and sealed by the oil proceeding wards to examine his purchase hfe found the twenty deficient pages of his bible in perfect brought td with the rest of big and placed in the but too awe for the providence that appears in also to the re united parts to be re bound the oldest building here is two hundred years younger than the frail manuscript brought by dr from egypt no or fire is ever lighted in the its catalogue is the standard catalogue on the desk of every library in oxford in each several college they in red ink on this catalogue the titles of books contained in the library of that college the theory being that the has all books this rich library spent during the last year for the purchase of books the logical english train a scholar as they train an engineer oxford is a greek factory as mills carpet and steel	37
they know the use of a as they know the use of a horse and they draw the greatest amount of benefit out of both the reading men are kept by hard walking hard riding and eating and drinking at the top of their condition and two days before the examination do no work but ride or run to be fresh on the college seven years residence is the period for a master s degree in point of fact it has long been three years residence and four years more of standing this three years is about twenty one months in all the whole expense says professor of college at oxford is about sixteen guineas a year but this plausible statement may deceive a reader with the fact that the principal teaching relied on is private and the expenses of private are reckoned at from to a year or for the whole course of three years and a half at cambridge a year is and not extravagant f the number of students and of the dignity of the authorities the value of the foundations the history and the architecture the known sympathy of entire britain ii p t five years at an i english in what is done there justify a to study m the under such as cannot easily be in america where his college is half suspected by the to be in the scale beside trade and politics oxford is a little aristocracy in itself numerous and dignified enough to rank with other estates in the realm and where fame and promotion are to be had for study and in a direction which has the unanimous respect of all cultivated nations this aristocracy of course its own losses fills places as they fall vacant from the body of students the number of at oxford is a year with lodging and diet at the college if a young american loving learning and by poverty were offered a home a table the walks and the library in one of these palaces and a thousand dollars a year as long as he chose to remain a bachelor he would dance for joy yet these young men thus happily placed and paid to read are impatient of their few and many of them preparing to resign their they shuddered at the prospect of dying a fellow and they pointed out to me a old man who was assisted into the hall as the number of at oxford is only about or and many of these are never the chance of a fellowship is very great the income of the nineteen is at a year the effect of this is the radical knowledge of greek and latin and of and the and taste of english criticism whatever luck there may be in this or that an captain can write latin and can turn the court guide into and it is certain that a senior classic can quote correctly from the and is learned in all the greek exists on the and whether the man or the brazen nose man be properly or not the atmosphere is loaded with greek learning tlie whole river has reached a certain height and all that growth of weeds which this water the english nature takes culture kindly so milton thought it the access to the mind lifts his standard of te he has enough to think of and unless of an impulsive nature is from writing or speaking by the fulness of his mind and the new severity of his taste the great silent crowd of thorough bred always known to be around him the english writer cannot they his and point his pen hence the style and tone of english the men have learned accuracy and comprehension logic and pace or speed of working they have bottom endurance wind when bom with good they make those the cast iron men the whose powers of performance compare with ours as the steam hammer with the music box and and when it happens that a superior brain puts a rider on admirable horse we obtain those masters of the world who combine the highest energy in affairs with a supreme culture it is by those who have been bred at and westminster that the public sentiment within each of those schools is high toned and manly that in their courage is universally admired meanness despised manly feelings and generous conduct are encouraged that an code of honour to the spoiled child of rank and to the child of wealth an even handed justice their nonsense out of both and does all that can be done to make them gentlemen again at the it is urged that all goes to form what england as the flower of its national life a well educated gentleman the german in describing to his countrymen the attributes of an english gentleman frankly admits that in germany we have nothing of the kind a gentleman must possess a political character an independent and public position or at least the right of assuming it he must have average either of his own or in his family he should also have bodily activity and strength by our life in public offices the race of english gentlemen presents an of vigour and form elsewhere to be found among an equal number of persons iso other nation produces the stock and in england it has the university is a decided tion in any man s favour and so e are the that a glance at the will show that in all the world one cannot be in better company than on the books of one of the larger oxford or cambridge col these are finishing schools for the upper classes and not for the poor the useful is exploded the definition of a public school is a school which r all that could fit a man for standing behind a	37
counter t no doubt the foundations have been oxford which equals in wealth several of the smaller european states up the which were made public for all men to have mis the bestowed for such youths as should be meet for poverty and there is gross many chairs and many are made beds of ease and it is likely that the university will know how to resist and make the terrors of inquiry no doubt their learning is grown but oxford also has its merits and i found here also proof of the national fidelity and such knowledge s they prize they possess and impart whether in course or by whether by a or by with and foundation education according to the english notion of it is arrived at i looked over the examination papers of the year for the various and the the the dean ireland and the university copies of which were kindly given me by a greek professor containing the tasks which many had performed and i believed they history of the english s translation see five years ii an york would pr v too for the ei for a bachelor s degree in or and in general here was proof of a searching study in the appointed directions and the knowledge pretended to he conveyed was conveyed oxford sends out yearly twenty or thirty very men and e or four hundred well educated men the diet and rough exercise secure a certain amount of old power a will fight and in will play the part in seeing these youths i i saw already an advantage in vigour and colour and general over their in the american no doubt much of the power and brilliancy of the reading men is merely constitutional or with a habit and resolute with five miles more walking or five less eating or with a saddle and gallop of twenty miles a day with and matches the american would arrive at as robust and cheery and ton i should readily these advantages which it would be easy to acquire if i did not find also that they read better than we and better english wealth falling on their school and university training makes a reading of the best authors and to the end of a knowledge bow the things whereof they treat really stand whilst or reading for an argument for a party or reading to write or at all events for some by end imposed on them must read and charles i said that he understood english law as well as a gentleman ought to understand it then they have access to books the rich collected at every one of many thousands of houses give an advantage not to be attained by a youth in this country when one thinks how much more and better may be learned by a scholar who immediately on hearing of a book can consult it than by one who is on the quest for years and reads inferior books because he cannot find the best again the great number of cultivated men keep each other up to a high standard the habit of meeting well read and knowing men teaches the art of and selection are of course hostile to which seeing and using ways of their own the routine as churches and youthful saints yet we all send our sons to college and though he be s genius he must take his chance the university must be the gale that gives direction to the on all its towers blows out of antiquity oxford is a library and the professors be and i should as soon think of quarrelling with the for not his office by hostile into the street like the governor of or as of quarrelling with the professors for not admiring the young who pluck the of and or for not attempting themselves to fill their vacant shelves as original writers it is easy to at and the college if we will wait for it will have its own turn genius exists there also but will not answer a call of a committee of the house of it is rare precarious eccentric and england is the land of mixture and surprise and when you have settled it that the are out comes a poetic influence from ihe heart of oxford to mould the opinions of cities to build their houses as simply as birds nests to give to art and charm mankind as an appeal to moral order always must but besides this genius the best poetry of england of this age in the old forms comes from two of cambridge xiii no people at the present day can be explained by their national religion they do not feel responsible for it it lies far outside of them their loyalty to truth and their labour and expenditure rest on real foundations and not cm a national church and english life it is evident does not grow out of the creed or the articles or the it is with religion as with marriage a youth in haste afterwards when his mind is ned to the reason of the conduct of life he is asked what he thinks of the institution of marriage and of the right relations of the sexes i should have much to say he might reply if the question were open but i have a wife and children and all question is closed for me in the barbarous days of a nation some is formed or imported are built are paid priests ordained the education and expenditure of the country take that direction and when wealth refinement great men and ties to the world its prudent men say why fight against fate or lift these which are now better find some or in this mountain of stone which religious ages have and carved wherein to bestow yourself than attempt thing and above your strength removing it in seeing old	37
castles and i sometimes say as to day in front of church tower which is eight hundred years old this was built by another and a better race than any that now look on it and plainly there has been great power of sentiment at work in this island of which these buildings are the proofs as show the work of fire which has been extinguished for ages england felt the full heat of the christianity which europe and drew like the of fire a firm line between and culture the power of the religious sentiment put an end to human sacrifices checked appetite inspired the inspired resistance to inspired self respect set bounds to and slavery founded liberty created the religious architecture york westminster fountains abbey and works to which the key is lost with the sentiment which created them inspired the english bible the the histories the chronicle of richard of the priest translated the and translated the of old t into english virtues on english li was a tain affirmative or state of the races man awoke refreshed by the sleep of ages the violence of the northern savages exasperated christianity into power it lived by the love of the people bishop two hundred and fifty whom he found attached to the soil the clergy obtained from labour for the on the sabbath and on church the lord who compelled his to labour between sunset on saturday and sunset on sunday him altogether the priest came out of the people and with his class the church was the check and principle in europe sir harry george fox are the as well as the saints of their times the catholic church thrown on this toiling serious people has made in fourteen centuries a massive system close fitted to the s and genius of the country at i and stately in the long time it has blended with everything in heaven above and the earth beneath it moves through a and names of the year every town and market and and monument and has coupled itself with the that no court can be held no field no horse shod with out some leave from the church ah of prudence or shop or farm are fixed and dated by the church its strength in the agricultural districts the distribution of land into a church sanction to every civil privilege and the of the clergy for the rich and for the poor with the fact that a classical education has been secured to the clergyman makes them the link which the with the intellectual advancement of the age the english church has many to show of humble effective service in the people in cheering and men healing and it has the seal of and the noblest a a mar ed by same merits nothing cheap or from this slow church important proceed much for culture much for giving a direction to the nation s affection and will to day the carved and pictured chapel entire surface animated with image and emblem made the parish church a sort of book and bible to the people s eye then when the saxon instinct had secured a service in the tongue it was the and university of the people in york on the day of the of the new i heard the service of evening prayer read and in the choir it was strange to hear the pretty pastoral of the of and in the morning of the world read with in york on the th january to the english audience just fresh from the times newspaper and their wine and listening with all the devotion of national pride that was binding old and new to some purpose the reverence for the is an element of civilization for thus has the history of the world been preserved and is preserved here in england every day a chapter of and a leader in the times another part of the same service on this occasion was not insignificant save the was played by dr on the organ with sublime effect the and the music were made for each other it was a hint of the part the church plays as a political engine his infancy every is accustomed to hear daily prayers for the queen for the royal family and the parliament by name and this of these personages cannot be without influence on his opinions the also are parcel of the system and their first design is to form the thus the clergy for a thousand years have been the scholars of the nation the national temperament deeply the unbroken order and tradition of its church the ceremony architecture the sober grace the good company the with the throne and with history which adorn it and whilst it itself thus to men of more taste than activity the of the english nation is passionately to its support from its with the cause of public order with politics and the funds good churches are not built by bad men at least there must be and enthusiasm somewhere in the society these were neither built nor filled by no church has had more learned industrious or devoted men plenty of clerks and who out of their gowns would turn their backs on no man their architecture still with faith in immortality and genial periods arrive in history or shall we say of divine presence by which high tides are caused in the human spirit and great virtues and talents appear as in the twelfth and again in the sixteenth and centuries when the nation was full of genius and piety j but the age of the of the of the of the and is gone silent in opinion have made it impossible that men like these should return or find a place in their once sacred the spirit that dwelt in this church has away to other and they who come	37
condition of a religion to religion for its prophet and can only be rightly understood by prophet and the knows that the element will not fail any more than the supply of and but it is in its nature and will a church as it wants the wise will spend on temples but will the of priests if in any manner he can leave the election and paying of the priest to the people he will do well like the he may resist the separation of a class of priests and create ot and expectation in the society to run to meet natural in this kind but when wealth to a ot it requires men its who will give it another direction than to the of their day of o money will do after its kind and will steadily work li ii to and the people to whom it was the class to be excluded from am are the religious and driven to other churches which is nature s the are ill paid and the are this abuse draws into the church the children of the nobility and other unfit persons who have a taste for expense thus a bishop is only a merchant through his lawn i can see the bright buttons of the s coat glitter a wealth like that of makes almost a on in a speech in the house of on the irish said how will the reverend of the other house be able to express their due of the of who solemnly declare in the presence of god that when they are called upon to accept a perhaps of a year at that very instant they are moved by the holy ghost to accept the and thereof and for no other reason whatever r the modes of are more than house oaths the bishop is elected by the dean and pre of the cathedral the queen sends these gentlemen a or leave to elect but also sends them the name of the person whom they are to elect they go into the cathedral chant and pray and the holy ghost to assist them in their choice and after these invariably find that the of the holy ghost agree with the of the queen but you must pay for all goes well as long as you run with but you who are honest man in other particulars know that there is alive somewhere a man whose honesty reaches to this point also that he shall not kneel to false gods and on the day when you meet him you sink into the class of besides this has grave if you take in a lie you must take in all that belongs to it england this ornamented national church and it the eyes the flesh gives the voice a and clouds the understanding of the the english church by german left but tradition and was led back to but that was an element which only hot heads could breathe in view of the educated class generally it was not a fact to front the sun and the f such men from the church became complete nature to be sure had her remedy religious persons are driven out of the established church into which instantly rise to credit and hold the establishment in check nature has also the english change in all things it most in matters of religion cling to the last rag of form and are dreadfully given to cant the english and i wish it were confined to them but tis a taint in the saxon blood in both the english and the americans cant beyond all other nations the french all that industry to them what is so odious as the polite bows to god in our books and newspapers the popular press is in the exact measure of its and the religion of the day is a theatrical where the are supplied by the property man the and create satire finds an inexhaustible material writes novels on hall humanity the heartless high life e herself more by the of the lower classes lord calls the poor thieves together and reads sermons to them and they call it gas george borrow summons the to hear his discourse on the in egypt and reads to them the creed in when i had concluded he says i looked around me the features of the assembly were twisted and the eyes of all turned upon me with a frightful not an individual present but the genteel the the all the worst of all the church at this moment is much to be pitied she has nothing left but possession if a bishop meets an intelligent gentleman and reads fatal in his eyes he has no resource but to take wine with him false position cant and ever a lower of mind and character into the clergy and when the is afraid of science and education afraid of piety afraid of tradition and afraid of there is nothing hut to quit a church which is no longer one but the religion of england is it the church no is it the no they are only of some private man s and are to the church as are to a coach and more convenient hut really the same thing where dwells the religion tell me first where dwells or motion or thought or gesture they do not dwell or stay at all be made fast up and ended like london monument or the tower so that you shall know where to find it and keep it fixed as the english do with their things for it is passing glancing it is a traveller a a a secret which them and puts them out yet if religion be the doing of all good and for its sake i e suffering of all evil de le et that divine secret has existed in england from	37
the days of alfred to those of of and of and in thousands who have no fame chapter xiv a common sense which it is not easy to or disturb marks the english mind for a thousand years a rude strength newly applied to thought as of sailors and soldiers who had lately learned to read they have no fancy and never are surprised into a covert or witty word such as pleased the and and was into a fable not long after but they delight in strong expression not true to the human body and though spoken among princes equally fit and welcome to the mob this and plain style appear in the earliest works and in the latest it into songs and the smell of the earth the breath of cattle and like a dutch painter seeks a household charm though by and they ask their constitutional utility in verse the and are never out of sight the poet himself from every sally of the imagination the english muse loves the the lane and market she says with de i tramp in the mire with wooden shoes whenever they would force me into the clouds for the englishman has accurate takes hold of things by the right end and there is no in his grasp he loves the axe the the oar the gun the steam pipe he has built the engine he uses he is economical he must be treated with sincerity and reality with and not the promise of and prefers his hot chop with perfect security and convenience in the eating of it to the chances of the and bill of fare engraved on paper when he is intellectual and a poet or a philosopher he carries the same hard truth and the same keen machinery into the mental sphere his mind must stand on a fact he will not be baffled or catch at clouds but the mind must have a symbol palpable and resisting what he in is the vice like with which he holds a mental image before the eyes as if it were a painted on a shield liked something to break his mind upon a taste for plain strong speech what is called a style marks the english it is in alfred and the saxon chronicle and in the of the was homely was perfect in the noble vulgar speech milton cotton and the wrote it how or in treatment of his subject is swift he describes his persons as if for the police has no or choice has the same hard keeping the truth at once to the senses and to the intellect it is not less seen in poetry s hard s of his the senses and milton in their have this national grip and of mind this mental makes the value of english genius in these writers and in henry more and sir thomas the saxon and exalted into the sphere of intellect make the very genius of and milton when it reaches the pure element it the clouds as securely as the even in its its poetry is common sense inspired or iron raised to white heat the marriage of the two qualities is in their speech it is a rule of the language to make the frame or skeleton of saxon words and when elevation or ornament is sought to but nor is a sentence made of roman words alone without loss pf strength the children and use the the latin is abandoned to the and mixture is a secret of the english island and in their dialect the male principle is the saxon the female the latin and they are combined in every discourse a good writer if he has indulged in a roman makes haste to and nerve his period by english the nations came into europe they found it lighted with the sun and moon of hebrew and of greek genius the of their brain long kept in the dark were finely sensible to the double glory to the images from this twin source of christianity and art the mind became fruitful as by the of the holy ghost the english mind in every faculty the common sense was surprised and inspired for two centuries england was philosophic religious poetic the mental furniture seemed of larger scale the memory like the of the rains the and endurance of study the boldness and facility of their mental construction their fancy and imagination and easy of vast distances of thought the enterprise or of new subjects and generally the easy exertion of power astonish like the of of the union of saxon precision and oriental soaring which is the perfect example is shared in less degree hy the writers of two centuries i find not only the great masters out of all and reach but the whole writing of the time charged with a masculine force of freedom there is a rough vigour and to the matter in hand even in the second and third class of writers and i think in the common style of the people as one finds it in the of wills letters and public documents in and forms of speech the more hearty and sturdy expression may indicate that the of the was not all gone their brains hurled off their words as the revolving stone off scraps of i could from the century sentences and phrases of edge not to be matched in the nineteenth their poets by simple force of mind themselves with the accumulated science of ours the country gentlemen had a or drink they called october and the poets as if by this hint knew how to the whole season into their verses and as nature to the more sometimes works up into beauty in some rare or and as the greek art wrought many a or column in which too long or too or or and are made a beauty of so these	37
were so quick and vital that they could charm and by mean and vulgar objects a man must think that age well taught and thoughtful by which and poems like those of ben full of heroic sentiment in a manly style were received with favour the unique fact in literary history the reception of the reception proved by his making his fortune and the proved by the absence of all contemporary seems to an elevation in the mind of the people judge of the splendour of a nation by the of great individuals in it the manner in which they learned greek and latin before our modem w ere yet ready without or by lectures of a professor followed by their own required a more robust memory and co operation of all the faculties and their scholars acquired the and method of the influence of the british genius their minds loved were of and on the staircase of unity it is a very old strife between those who elect to see identity and those who elect to see and it itself in britain the poets of course are of one part the men of the world of the other but britain had many of more bacon lord milton lord bacon has the english his centuries ci observations on useful science and his experiments i suppose were worth nothing one hint of or or or or any one who had a talent for ment was worth all his lifetime of exquisite trifles but he drinks of a stream and marks the of into england where that goes is poetry health and progress the rules of its or its are not known that knowledge if we had it would all that we call science of the mind it seems an affair of race or of the vital point being how far the sense of unity or instinct of seeking for wherever the mind takes a step it is to put itself at one with a larger class discerned beyond the lesser class with which it has been hence all poetry and all affirmative action comes bacon in the structure of his mind held of the of the or as we say from the best example whoever and requires heaps of facts before any theories can be attempted has no poetic power and nothing original or beautiful will be produced by him is as surely the of and of prose as bacon and the of growth the is the poetic tendency the so called scientific is the negative and poisonous it is quite certain that burns and will be and that the dull men will be then politics and commerce will from the educated class men of talents without genius precisely because such have no resistance bacon capable of ideas yet devoted to ends required in his map of the mind first of all or the for all such profitable observations and as fall not within the compass of any of the special parts of philosophy but are more common and of a higher stage he held this element essential it is never out of mind he never for such ab neglect it believing that no perfect discovery can be in a flat or level but you must ascend to a higher science if any man philosophy and to be idle studies he doth not consider that all professions e from thence served and supplied and this i take to be a great cause that has the of learning because these have been studied but in passage he explained himself by giving various quaint examples of the summary or common laws of which each science has its own he that he finds this part of learning very deficient the sort of wits drawing a bucket now and then for their own use but the spring head this was the dry light which did and offend most men s watery natures had signified the same sense when be said all the great arts require a subtle and into the law of nature since of thought and perfect mastery over every subject seem to be derived from some such source as this this had in addition to a great natural genius for meeting with who was a person of this kind he attached himself to him and nourished himself with sublime speculations on the absolute intelligence and imported thence into the art whatever could be useful to it a few always in the world whose authors we do not rightly know which astonish and appear to be avenues to vast of thought and these are in the world like the and theories in in england these i maybe traced usually to bacon milton or even to van and and do al have a kind of filial to and the i a of this kind is lord bacon s sentence that nature by obeying her his doctrine of poetry which the shows of things to the desires of the mind or the definition of poetry yet apparent pictures of natures s creed that soul is form and doth the body make the theory of that we have no certain assurance of the existence of matter doctor samuel s argument for from the nature of i space and time s political rule that power must rest on land a rule which requires to be i interpreted the theory of so applied by him that the man makes his heaven and hell s study of civil history as the conflict of ideas and the victory of the deeper thought the of in the statement that all difference is so the very announcement of the theory of of s three laws and even of s doctrine of definite proportions finds a sudden response in the mind which remains a superior evidence to i these some of which are more recent merely to indicate a class not these particulars but the mental plane or	37
the atmosphere from which they was the home and element of the writers and readers in what we loosely call the age say in literary history the period from to yet a period almost short enough to justify ben s remark on lord bacon about his time and within his view were born all the wits that could honour a nation or help study such richness of genius had not existed more than once before these heights could not be maintained as we find of vast trees in our exhausted soil and have received traditions of their ancient to so history in which the intellect of races became so it with english genius these heights were followed by a meanness and a descent of the into lower the loss of wings no high ion to whom the meaning of ideas was unknown became the type of philosophy and his understanding the measure in all nations of the english intellect his countrymen the lofty sides of on which they had once walked with echoing steps and the studies once so beloved the powers of thought fell into neglect the later english want the faculty of and of men in natural classes by an insight of general laws so deep that the rule is with equal precision from few subjects or from one as from multitudes of is supreme in that as in all the great mental energies the the english cannot interpret the german mind g science the english the absence of the faculty in england is shown by the timidity which mountains of facts as a bad general wants of men and miles of to the of courage and conduct the english shrink from a they do not look abroad into or they draw only a bucket full at the fountain of the first philosophy for their occasion and do not go to the spring head bacon who said this is almost unique among his countrymen in that faculty at least among the prose writers milton who was the stair or high table land to let down the english genius from the of used this privilege sometimes in poetry more rarely in prose for a long interval afterwards it is not found was to but his was a shorter line as his thoughts have less depth they have less compass s are not deep or wise he owes his fame to one keen observation that no had been detected between any cause and effect either in or in thought that the term cause and effect was loosely or applied to what we know only as its not at all as doctor johnson s written tions have little value the tone of feeling in them makes their chief worth mr a learned and elegant scholar ha written the history of european literature for three centuries performance of great ambition inasmuch as a judgment was to be attempted on every book but his eye does not reach to the ideal standards the are all dated from london all new thought must be cast into the old the element which literature is steadily denied is resisted and his school is uniformly polite but with deficient sympathy writes with resolute generosity but is unconscious of the deep worth which lies in the and which often as a seed of power and a source of revolution all the correct writers and shining of their day ho passes in silence or with a kind of contempt the masters a lover rf ideas is not only but unintelligible respect by his knowledge and fidelity by hb manifest love of good books and he lifts himself to own better almost any the greatness of and better than johnson he milton but in or in the firmer intellectual nerve of one still finds the same type of english genius it is wise and rich but it lives on its capital it is how can it discern and hail the new forms that are up on the horizon new and gigantic thoughts which cannot dress themselves out of any old wardrobe of the past the essays the fiction and the poetry of the day have the like limits with apprehension of the language of manners and the varieties of street life with pathos and laughter with patriotic and still generosity writes london tracts he is a painter of english details like local and in his tints and style and local in his aim an industrious writer with occasional ability if distinguished for his reverence of intellect as a and appeals to the worldly ambition of the student hi tend to fan these low flames their despair of the heart finds that god has made no for the poor thing in his universe more s tbe pity he thinks but tis not for us to be wiser we must and accept london the brilliant who expresses the tone of the english governing classes of the day teaches that good means good to eat good to wear material that the glory of modern philosophy is its direction on fruit to yield economical inventions and that its merit is to avoid ideas and avoid morals he thinks it the merit of the philosophy in its triumph over the old its the intellect from theories of the all fair and all good and it down to the making a better sick chair and a better wine for an invalid this not but in good faith that solid advantage as he calls it always benefit is the only good the eminent benefit of is the better it to enable the fruit ships to bring home their and wine to the london it was a curious result in which the civility and religion of england for a thousand years ends in denying morals and the intellect to a the critic hides his imder the english cant of practical to convince the reason to touch the conscience is romantic the	37
fine arts fall to the ground beauty except as luxurious does not exist it is very certain i may say in passing that if lord bacon had been only the his critic he would never have acquired the fame which now him to this patronage it is because he had imagination the of the spirit and in an element of contemplation out of all modem english that he is impressive to the of men and has become a not to be ignored sir david sees the high place of bacon without finding indebted to him and thinks it a mistake bacon it by gravity or levity not by any feat he did or by any more or less of c y but au effect of english traits the same cause which showed itself more pronounce afterwards in and a catholic mind with a hunger for ideas eyes looking before and after to the highest and who wrote and spoke the only high in his time is one of those who save england from reproach of no longer possessing the capacity to appreciate what wit the island has yielded yet the misfortune of his life his vast attempts but most inadequate failing to accomplish any one seems to mark the closing of an era even in him the englishman was too strong for the philosopher and he fell into and as had to the english state so his mind in the attempt to reconcile the rule and of the church with ideas but for and a lurking uttering itself in occasional criticism oftener in i e discourse one would say that in germany and in am is the best mind in england rightly respected r is the sign of national decay when the can no longer read or understand the philosophy in the and that followed all this was driven by his disgust at the and the cant into the preaching of fate in comparison with all this any check any though by fire seemed desirable and l he saw little difference in the or the causes for which they the one comfort was that they were all going speedily into the abyss together and his imagination finding no in any creation itself by the majestic beauty of the laws of decay the necessities of mental structure force all minds into a few and where impatience of the tricks of men makes amiable and to the negative deity the inevitable is to heroism or the gallantry of the private heart which decks its with glory in the unequal combat of will against fate the editor of the of and the champion of has brought to and to a native vigour with a perception of relations equal to the highest attempts and a like the of the invincible of old there is in the action of his mind a long atlantic roll not known except in deepest waters and only lacking what ought to accompany such powers a if his mind does not rest in immovable perhaps the is larger and the return is not yet but a master should inspire a confidence that he will to his convictions and give his present studies always the same high place it would be easy to add exceptions t the tone of english thought and much more easy to examples of excellence in particular veins and if going out of the region of we pass into that of general culture there is no end to the graces and wit sensibility aid of the learned class but the artificial which marks all english performance appears in also much of their production is and and literary have been achieved by forcible men whose relation to literature was purely accidental but who were driven by tastes and modes they found in into their several so at this moment every ambitious young man studies so members of parliament are made and the bias of englishmen to practical skill has on the national mind they are incapable of an and respect the five powers even in their song the voice of their modern muse has a slight hint of the steam whistle and the poem is created as an ornament and finish of their and by no means as the bird of a new morning which forgets the past world in the full enjoyment of that which is forming they are with ideal they are the most men as if having the best conditions they could not bring themselves to them every one of them is a thousand years old and lives by his memory and when you say this they accept it as praise nothing comes to the book shops but politics travels and and even what is called philosophy and letters is mechanical in its structure as if inspiration had ceased as if no vast hope no religion no song of joy no wisdom no existed any more the tone of and of scholars and of literary society has this mortal air i seem to walk oa a marble floor where nothing will grow they exert every variety of talent on a lower ground and may be said to live and act in a sub they have lost all commanding views in philosophy and science a good englishman himself out of three of his mind and himself to one fourth he has learning good sense power of labour and logic but a faith in the laws of the mind like that of a belief like that of and that experience must and not lead the laws of the mind a devotion theory of politics like that of and a d the modern english mind i fear the same fault lies in their science since they have known how to make it repulsive and of its charm though perhaps the complaint flies r and the vice to many more than to british the eye of the must have a scope like nature itself a to	37
all impressions alive to the heart as well as to the logic of creation but english science puts humanity to the door it wants the which is the test of genius the science is false by not being poetic it the or it to explain whilst or only exists in system in relation the poet only sees it as an inevitable step in the path of the creator but in england one finds this fact and another finds that and lives and dies ignorant of its value there are great exceptions of john hunter a man of ideas perhaps of brown the and of richard who has imported into britain the german and enriched science with of his own adding sometimes the of the old to the unbroken power of labour in the english mind but for the part the natural science in england is out of its loyal alliance with morals and is as void of imagination and free play of thought as it stands in contrast with the genius of the those who love and by means of their height of view preserve their enthusiasm and think for no hope no sublime cheers the student no secure from experiment onward to a foreseen law but only a casual dipping here and there like in for a that will pay a horizon of brass of the of his umbrella down around his senses contentment with satire at the names of philosophy and religion i and shop till politics and of usage betray the ebb of life and spirit as they on to london and in and asia so they fear the hostility of ideas of poetry of religion ghosts which they cannot lay and having attempted to and dress the blessed ul itself in english and they are tormented with fear that a force that will sweep their system away the artists say nature puts them out the scholars have become un ideal they earnest speech with and levity they laugh you down or they change the subject the fact is say they over their wine all that about liberty and so forth is gone by it wont do any longer the practical and comfortable them with inexorable claims and the smallest of power remains for heroism and poetry no poet dares murmur of beauty out of the of his no priest dares hint at a providence which does not respect english utility the island is a roaring of fate of material of and laws of and low prices in the absence of the highest aims of the pure love of knowledge and the surrender to nature there is the of the imagination the of the senses and the understanding we have the instead of the natural expense arts of comfort and the as an illustrious will con ii i one more to between and his objects thus poetry is degraded and made ornamental pope and his school wrote poetry fit to put round cake what did walter scott write a traveller s guide to scotland and the of they print have this character how many volumes of well bred we must through before we can be filled taught renewed we want the miraculous the beauty which we can manufacture at no mill can give no account of the beauty of which and had the secret the poetry of course is low and only now and then as in conscientious or in or in son but if i should count the poets who have contributed to the bible of existing england sentences of guidance and consolation which are still glowing and effective how few shall i find my heavenly bread aft the poets where is great design in english poetry the english have lost sight of the foi k that poetry exists to speak the spiritual law and that no wealth of description or of fancy is yet essentially new and out of the limits of prose this condition is reached therefore the grave old poets like the greek artists their designs and less considered the finish it was their office to lead to the divine sources out of which all this and much more readily springs and if this religion is in the poetry it raises us to some purpose and we can well afford some or hardness or want of popular tune in the verses the exceptional fact of the period is the genius of he had no master but nature and solitude he wrote a poem says without the aid of war his verse is the voice of in a worldly and ambitious age one regrets that his temperament was not more liquid and musical he has written longer than he was inspired but for the rest he has no is endowed precisely in points where wanted there is no finer ear nor more of the keys of language colour like the dawn flows over the horizon from his pencil in waves so rich that we do not miss the central form through all his too he has reached the public a of good sense and general power since he who to be the english must be as large as london not in the same kind as but in his own kind but he wants a subject no mount of vision to bring its secrets to the he contents himself with describing the englishman as he is and no better there are all degrees in poetry and we must be thankful for every beautiful talent but it is only a first success when the ear is gained the best office of the best poets has been to show how low and was their general style and that only once or twice they have struck the high v that which is the essence of the poetic d ment they have not it was no but said let us be crowned with roses let us drink and break up the	37
organs of the courts and sometimes the ground of complaint what would the times say is a terror iq paris in in in and in its discretion and success exhibit the e g f skill of combination the daily paper is the work of many hands chiefly it is said of young men recently from the university and perhaps reading law in chambers in london hence the elegance and classic allusion which adorn its columns hence too the heat and gallantry of its but the of the aim suggests the belief that this fire is directed and fed by older as if persons of exact information and with settled views of policy supplied the writers with the basis of fact and the object to be attained and availed themselves of their younger energy and eloquence to plead the cause both the council and the gain by this division of two men of equal ability the one who does not write but keeps his eye on the course of public affairs will have the higher wisdom the parts are kept in concert all the articles appear to proceed from a single will the times never of what itself has said pr itself by apology for the absence of the editor or the of him who he pen it speaks out bluff and bold and sticks to what the times it says it draws from any number of learned and skilful but a more learned and skilful person and co of this closet the secret does not no writer is suffered to claim the of any paper everything good from whatever quarter comes out and thus by making ihe paper everything and those who write it nothing ihe character and the awe of the journal gain the english like it for its complete information a statement of fact in the times is as as a from then they like its independence they do not know when they take it up what their paper is going to say but above all for the and confidence of its tone it thinks for them all it is their understanding and day s ideal when i see them reading they seem to me becoming every moment more british it has the national courage not rash and but considerate and determined no dignity or health is a shield from its assault it attacks a duke as readily as a policeman and with the most provoking airs of condescension it makes rude work with the beard of the bench of is still less safe one bishop badly for his and another for his and a third for his it addresses occasionally a hint to majesty itself and sometimes a hint which is taken there is an air of freedom even in their columns which speaks well for england to a foreigner on the days when i arrived in london in read among the daily one offering a reward of fifty pounds to any person who would put a nobleman described by name and title late a member of parliament into any county in england he having been convicted of obtaining money under false was never such as the tone of this paper every slip of an or who writes his first leader that we subdued the earth before we eat down to write this particular times one would think the world was on its knees to the times office for its daily breakfast but this is calculated who would care for it if it or dared to con k or ventured to c no ii is and so it shall be the morality and patriotism of the times claims only to be representative and bv no means ideal it gives the ai not of the majority but of the commanding class its know better than to defend oat or english rights on abstract but they give a voice to the class who at the take the lead and they have an instinct for finding wh re the power now lies which is shifting its banks with and speaking for the class that rules the hour yet being of every ground swell every resolution every every strike in the mills they detect the first of change they watch the hard and bitter struggles of the authors of each liberal movement year by year watching them only to and them until at last when see that these have established their fact that power is m the point of passing to them they strike in with the of a monarch astonish those whom they as much as those whom they desert aiid make victory sure of course the see that the times is one of the goods of fortune not to be won but by winning their cause is equally an expression of english good sense as the london times it is the comic version of the same sense many of its are equal to the best and will convey to the eye in an instant the view which was taken of each turn of public affairs its sketches are usually made by hands and sometimes with genius the delight of every class because uniformly guided by that taste which is in england it is a new trait of the nineteenth century that the wit and humour of england as in so in the hood have taken the direction of humanity and freedom the times like every important institution shows the way to a better it is a living index of the colossal british power its existence honours the people who dare to print all they know dare to know all the facts ae and do not wish to be flattered by hiding the extent of the public disaster there is always safety in i i could add that this journal to deserve the power it by guidance of the public sentiment to the it is usually pretended in parliament and elsewhere that the english	37
press has a high tone which it not it has an imperial tone as of a powerful and independent nation but as with other its tone is prone to be official and even the times shares all the of the governing classes and wishes never to be in a if only it dared to to the right to show the right to be the only expedient and feed its from the central heart of humanity it might not have so many men of rank among its but genius would be its cordial and invincible ally it might now and then bear the of formidable but no journal is ruined by wise it would be the natural leader of british reform its proud function that of being the voice of europe the of the exile and against would be more effectually discharged it would have the authority which claimed for that dream of good men not yet come to pass an and the least of its would be to give to england a new of beneficent power chapter xvi it had been agreed between my friend mr c and me that before i left england we should make an excursion together to which neither of us had seen and the project pleased my fancy with the double attraction of the monument and the companion it seemed a bringing together of extreme points to visit the oldest religious monument in britain in company with her latest and one whose influence may be traced in every contemporary book i was glad to sum up a little my experiences and to exchange a few reasonable words on the aspects of england with a man on whose genius t set a very high value and who had as much f and as severe a theory of duty as any person in it off friday th july we took the south western railway through to where we found a carriage to convey us to the fine weather and my friend s local knowledge of in which b is wont to spend a part of every summer made the way short there was much to say too of the travelling americans and their usual objects in london i thought it natural that they give some time to works of art collected here which they cannot find at home and a little to scientific clubs and which at this mo ment make very attractive but my philosopher was not contented art and high art is a favourite for his wit yes is a t delusion and wasted a great deal of good time on it and he thinks he that old found this out and in his later writings changed his tone as soon as men begin to talk of art architecture and nothing good comes of it he wishes to go through the british museum in silence and thinks a sincere man will see something and say nothing in these days he thought it would become an to consult only the grim necessity and say i can build you a coffin for such dead persons as you are and for such dead purposes as you have but you shall have no ornament for the science he had if possible even less and compared the of house to the boy who asked how many stars in the sky replied he minded things near him then said the boy how many hairs are there in your eyebrows said he didn t know and didn t care still speaking of the americans c complained that they dislike the coldness and of the english and run away to france and go with their countrymen and are amused instead of staying in london and englishmen and acquiring their culture who really have much to teach them i told c that i was easily dazzled and was accustomed readily all that an englishman would ask i saw everywhere in the country proofs of sense and spirit and success of every sort i like the people they are as good as they are handsome they have everything and can do everything but meantime i surely know that as i return to i shall lapse at once into the feeling which the geography of america inevitably that we play the game with immense advantage that there and not here is the seat and centre of the british race and that no skill or activity can long with the prodigious natural advantages of that country in the hands of the same race and that england an old and exhausted island must one day be contented like other parents to be strong only in her children but this was a proposition which no englishman of whatever condition dan easily entertain j we left the train at and took a carriage to passing by old a bare hill containing the town which sent two members to parliament now not a hut and arriving at stopped at the george inn after dinner we walked to plain on the broad downs under the gray sky not a house was visible nothing but which looked like a group of brown in the wide expanse and the which rose like green about the plain and a few on the top of a the old temple would not be more impressive far and wide a few with their flocks sprinkled the plain and a drove along the road it looked as if the wide margin given in this crowded isle to this temple were accorded by the veneration of the british race to the old egg out of which all their and history had proceeded is a circular with a of a hundred feet and a second and a third within we walked round the stones and over them to wont ourselves with their strange aspect and and found a nook sheltered from the wind among them where c lighted his cigar it was pleasant to see that just	37
are an avenue and a the avenue is a narrow road of raised earth extending yards in a straight line from the grand entrance then dividing into two branches which lead to a row of and to the formed tract of ground this is half a mile north east from bounded by banks and yards long by broad the bad the laid their courses by it their cardinal points in and elsewhere which vary a little from true east and west followed the variations of the compass the were i the name of the is and was the god of the l the legend drew his bow at the sun and the sun god ve him a golden cup with which be sailed over the ocean what was this but a compass box this cup or little boat in which the was made to float on water and so show the north was probably its first form before it was suspended on a pin but science was an and as britain was a secret so they kept their compass a secret and it was lost with the commerce the golden again of was the compass a bit of easily supposed to be the only one in the world and therefore naturally awakening the and ambition of the young heroes of a nation to join in an expedition to obtain possession this wise stone hence the fable that the ship if as and there is also some curious coincidence in the names makes the son of u who married i on hints like these again the grand into historic harmony and backward by the known variations of the compass bravely the year before christ for the date of the temple for the difficulty of and carrying stones of this size the like is done in all cities every day with no other aid than horse power i chanced to see a year ago men at work on the of a house in square in boston swinging a block of granite of the size of the largest of the columns with an ordinary the men were common with to help nor did they think they were doing anything remarkable i suppose there were as good men a thousand years ago and we wonder how was built and forgotten after spending half an hour on the spot we set forth in our dog cart over the downs for c not some threats and evil on the for keeping these broad plains a wretched sheep walk when so many thousands of englishmen hungry and wanted labour but i heard afterwards th it is not an economy to cultivate this land which only one crop on being broken up and is then spoiled we came to and to hall the renowned seat of the of a house known to and the frequent home of sir philip where he wrote the where he conversed with lord a man of deep thought and a poet who caused to be engraved on his here lord the friend of sir philip it is now the property of the earl of and the residence of his brother esq and is esteemed a noble specimen of the english my friend had a letter from to housekeeper and the house was shown the state drawing room is a double feet high by feet wide by feet long the adjoining room is a single of feet every way although these apartments and the long library were full of good family portraits and other and though there were some good pictures and a full of antique and modem to which c catalogue in hand did all too much justice yet the eye was still drawn to the windows to a magnificent lawn on which grew the finest in england i had not seen more charming grounds we went out and walked over the estate we crossed a bridge built by jones over a stream of which the gardener did not know the name watched the deer climbed to the lonely summer house on a hill backed by a wood came down into the italian garden and into a french with french and so again to the house where we found a table laid for us with bread grapes and wine on leaving house we took the coach for the cathedral which was finished years ago has even a and modern air and its spire is the highest in england i know not why but i had been more struck with one of no fame at which rises feet from the ground with the lightness of a plant and not at all with the church is now esteemed the of the art in england as the are fully and honestly detailed from the sides of the pile the interior of the cathedral is by the organ in the middle acting like a screen i know not why in real architecture the hunger of the eye for length of line is so rarely gratified the rule of art is that a is more beautiful the longer it is and that ad and the of a church is seldom so long that it need be divided by a screen we in the church outside the choir whilst was said whilst we listened to the organ my friend remarked the music is good and yet not quite ous but somewhat as if a were panting to some ne queen of heaven c was unwilling and we did not to have the choir shown us but returned to our inn after seeing another old church of the place we passed in the train park but could see little but the edge of a wood though c had wished to pay closer attention to the of the of at we stopped and found mr h who received us in his carriage and took us to his house at on sunday we had much discourse on	37
a very rainy day my friends asked whether there were any americans any with an american idea any theory of the right future of that country thus i myself neither of nor neither of nor of cabinet ministers nor of such ad would make of america another europe i thought only of the and purest minds i said certainly yes but those who hold it are of a dream which i should hardly care to relate to your english ears to which it might be only ridiculous and yet it is the only true so i opened the of no government and non resistance and anticipated the objections and the fun and procured a kind of hearing for it i said it is true that i have never seen in any country a man of sufficient to stand for this and yet it is plain to me that lu less than this my respect i ca easily see the of the vulgar great men be and tis certain as god the gun that does not need another gun the law of love and justice alone can effect a dean revolution i fancied that one or two of my anecdotes made some impression on c and i insisted that the manifest absurdity of the view to english make no difference to a gentleman that as to our secure of our mutton chop and in london or in boston the soul might quote je n en la as i had thus taken in the conversation the saint s part when dinner was announced c refused to go out before me he was altogether too wicked i planted my back against the wall and our host rescued us from the by saying he was the and would walk out first then c and i went last i on the way to whither our host accompanied us in the afternoon my friends asked many q respecting american landscape forests houses my house for example it is not easy to answer these well there i thought in america lies nature sleeping almost conscious too much by half for man in the picture and so giving a certain like the rank vegetation of and forests seen at night in and rains which it loves and on it man seems not able to make much impression there in that great continent in high pastures in the sea wide sky skirted still sleeps and murmurs and hides the great mother long since driven away from the trim hedge rows and over cultivated garden of england and in england i am quite too sensible of this is on his good behaviour and must be dressed for dinner at six so i put off my friends with very inadequate details as best i could just before entering we stopped at the s of saint cross and after looking the quaint antiquity we demanded a piece of bread and a of beer which the founder henry de in commanded should be given to every one who should ask it at the gate we had both from the old couple who take care of the church some twenty people every day they said make the same demand this of seven hundred years standing did not hinder o from a on the priest who receives a year that were meant for the poor and a on this small beer and in the cathedral i was gratified at least by the ample dimensions the length of line that of any other english church being feet by in breadth of i think i prefer this church to all i have seen except westminster and york here was and here ed the great was crowned and buried and here the saxon kings and later in his own church william of it is very old part of the into we went down and saw the saxon and of the old church on which the present ds was built fourteen or fifteen hundred years ago says alfred was buried at in the abbey he had founded there but his remains were removed by henry i to the new abbey in the meadows at on the northern quarter of the city and laid imder the high altar the building was destroyed at the and what is left of alfred s body now lies covered by modern buildings or buried in the ruins of the old of s shrine tomb was for us and c took hold of the statue s marble hands and patted them affectionately for he rightly the brave man who built and this cathedral and the school here and new college at oxford but it was growing late in the afternoon slowly we the old house and ting with our host we took the train for london history of the i m t xvii in these comments on an old journey now after seven busy years have much changed men and things in england i have from reference to persons ex in the last chapter and in one or two cases where the fame of the parties seemed to have given the public a property in all that concerned them i must further allow myself a few notices if only as an acknowledgment of debts that cannot be paid my journeys were cheered by so much kindness from new friends that my impression of the island is bright with agreeable memories both of public societies and of and what is nowhere found than in england a cultivated person surrounded by a happy home with honour love obedience troops of friends is of all institutions the best at the landing in liverpool i found my correspondent awaiting me a gentleman whose kind reception was followed by a train of friendly and effective attentions which never rested whilst i remained in the country a man of sense and of letters the editor of a powerful local journal he	37
added to solid virtues an infinite sweetness and there seemed a pool of honey about his heart which all his speech and action with fine of an equal good fortune attended many later accidents of my journey until the sincerity of english kindness ceased to surprise my visit fell in the fortunate days when mr was the american minister in london and at his house or through his good offices i had easy access to excellent persons and to privileged places at the house of mr i met persons eminent in society and in letters the privileges of the and of the clubs were opened to me and i found much advantage in the circles of the the and the royal societies every day in london gave me new opportunities of meeting men and women who give splendour to society i saw hunt helps and the younger poets and and among the men of science robert brown de la carpenter and edward it was my privilege also to converse with miss with lady with mrs and mrs a finer hospitality made many private houses not less known and dear it is not in distinguished circles that wisdom and elevated characters are usually found or if found not confined and my recollections of the best hours go back to private conversations in different parts of the kingdom with persons little known am i insensible to the courtesy which frankly opened to me some if i do not adorn my page with their names among the privileges of london i with pleasure two or three signal days one at where sir william showed me all the riches of the vast garden one at the museum where sir charles explained in detail the history of his monument and still another on which mr accompanied my mr h and myself through the museum the like frank hospitality bent on real service i found among the great and the humble wherever i went in in oxford in in in in in liverpool at through the kindness of dr samuel brown i made the acquaintance of de of lord of of mrs of the messrs chambers and of a man of high character and genius the short lived painter david scott at in march i was for a couple of days the guest of miss then newly returned from her egyptian tour on sunday afternoon i accompanied her to mount and as i have recorded a visit to many years before i must not forget its this second interview we found mr asleep on the sofa he was at first silent and as an old man suddenly before he had ended his nap but soon became full of talk on the french news he was bitter on the french bitter on too no he said can write english he the two models on one or the other of which all the sentences of the historian are framed nor could nor the write english nor can who is a to the english tongue incidentally he added cannot write english the review wrote what would tell and what would sell it had however changed the tone of its literary criticism from the time when a certain letter was written to the editor by mrs w had the editor s answer in her possession he thinks a right poetic genius though with some affectation h had thought an elder brother of at first th better poet but must now reckon alfred the true one in speaking of i know not what style he said sure it was the manner but then you know the matter always comes out of the manner he thought the best place in the world for a great capital city we talked of english national character i told him it was not creditable that no one in all the country knew anything of thomas the whilst in every american library his are found i said if s republic were published in england as anew book to day do you think it would find any readers he confessed it would not and yet he added a pause with that complacency which never deserts a englishman and yet we have embodied it au his opinions of french english irish and scotch seemed from little anecdotes of what had befallen himself and members of his family in a diligence or stage coach his face sometimes lighted up but his conversation was not marked by special force or elevation yet perhaps it is a high compliment to the cultivation of the english generally when we find such a mm not he had a healthy look with a weather face his face especially the large nose miss who lived near him praised him to me for his poetry but for and economy for having afforded to his country neighbours an example of a modest household where comfort and culture were secured any display she said that in his early housekeeping at the cottage where he first lived he was accustomed to offer his friends bread and fare if they wanted anything more they must pay him for their board it was the rule of the house i replied that it evinced english pluck more than any anecdote i knew a gentleman in the told the story of walter scott s staying once for a week with and slipping out every day under pretence of a walk to the swan inn r a cold cut and porter and one day passing with the inn he was betrayed by the landlord s asking him if he had come for his porter of course this trait would have another look in london and there you will hear from different literary men that bad no personal friend that he was not amiable that he was c always generous says that he never praised anybody a gentleman in london showed me a watch that once belonged to milton whose are engraved on its face	37
he said he once showed this to who took it in one hand then drew out his own watch and held it up with the other before the company but no one making the expected remark he put back his own in silence i do not attach much importance to the of among london scholars who reads him well will know that in following the strong bent of his genius he was careless of the many careless also of the w self assured that he should create the taste by which he is to be enjoyed he lived long enough to witness the revolution he had wrought and to see what he foresaw there are places in his mind there is something hard and in his poetry want of grace and variety want of due and scope he had to english politics and traditions he had in the and treatment of his subjects but let us say of him that alone in his time he treated the mind well and with an absolute trust his to his poetic creed rested on real the on immortality is the high water mark which the has reached in this age new means were employed new added to the empire of the muse by hia con rage chapter xviii i is the best of actual nations it is no ideal it is an old pile built in different ages with additions and but you see the ii best you have got london is the of our and the rome of to day broad broad they stand in solid to th points of compass they constitute the modem world they have earned their ground and held it through ages of adverse possession they are well marked and from other leading races england is tender hearted rome was not england is not so public in its bias private life is its place of honour truth in private life in public marks these home loving men their political conduct is not decided by views but by internal and personal and family interest they cannot readily see beyond england the history of rome and greece when written by their scholars d into english party they cannot see beyond england nor in england can they the interests of the governing classes english principles mean a regard to the interests of property england scotland and ireland combine to check the colonies england and scotland combine to check irish and trade england at home to check scotland in england the strong classes check the weaker in the home population of near thirty millions there are but one million the church education down to a late day marriages performed by were a bitter class gives power to those who are rich enough to buy a law the game laws are a of oppression and the state and in hard times becomes hideous in bad seasons the was multitudes lived miserably by shell fish and sea ware in cities the children are trained to beg until they shall be old enough to rob men and women were convicted of scores of children for burial in irish districts men in size and shape the nose sunk the g were exposed with diminished brain and brutal form during the multitudes were rejected by the as being too for useful during the war few of those that as were found up to the medical standard though it had been reduced the foreign policy of england though ambitious and lavish of money has not been generous or just it has a principal regard to the interest of trade checked however by the aristocratic bias of the which usually puts him in sympathy with the continental courts it the of it betrayed greece turkey rome and some public regards they have they have slavery in the west indies and put an end to human sacrifices in the east at home they have a certain hospitality england keeps open doors as a trading country must to all nations it is one of their fixed ideas and supported by their laws in unbroken for a thousand years in it was ordained that all merchants shall have safe and secure conduct to go out and come into england and to stay there and to pass as well by land as by water to buy and sell by the ancient allowed customs without any evil toll except in time of war or when they shall be of any nation at war with us it is a and obliged hospitality and maintained but english this shop rule had one magnificent effect it extends its cold courtesy to political of y and is a fact which might give additional light jt that portion of the planet seen from the farthest st but this hospitality puts no sweetness manners no check on that which makes their existence b with all that is not english what we must say about a nation is a dealing with symptoms we cannot go deep enough into the biography of the spirit who never throws himself entire into one hero but his energy in parts or to vicious and individuals but the wealth of the source is seen in the of english nature what variety of power and talent what facility and of loyalty what a proud chivalry is indicated through eight hundred years wh dignity resting on what reality and courage in war what in labour what g workmen what and what what clerks and scholars no one man and no few men can represent them it is a people of their many is owing to the advantageous position of the middle class who are always i the source of letters and science hence the vast plenty of j their production as they are many headed so they are many their and and their speech seems destined to be the universal language of men i have noted the reserve of power in the english in the island they	37
never let out all the length of all the reins there is no rage no of ecstasy of will or intellect hke that of the in the time of or like that which france in but who would see the of that tremendous spring the explosion of their well forces must follow the which pouring now for two hundred years from the british islands have and and and planted through all climate following the belt of empire the temperate carrying the saxon seed with its instinct for liberty and for arts and for thought acquiring under some a more electric energy than the native air allows to the conquest of the globe their policy the necessities of a vast empire has become canada and have been contented with substantial independence they are the wrongs of india by benefits first in works for the of the and roads and and secondly in the instruction of the people to them for when the british power shall be finally called home their mind is in a state of arrested development a divine like a blind like and they do not occupy themselves on matters of and lasting import but on a civilization goods that perish in the using but they read with od intent and what they learn they the s mind turns every abstraction it can receive into a p or a working institution such is their and such their practical turn that they hold a they gain hence we say that only the english race can be trusted with freedom freedom which is and dangerous to any but the wise and robust the english the of free institutions as the sentimental nations their culture is not an outside but is thorough and in families and the race they are oppressive with their temperament and all the more that they are refined i have sometimes seen them walk with my countrymen when i was forced to allow them every advantage and their companions seemed bags of bones there is in their habit of thought sleepy routine and a s instinct to hold hard to the with his claws lest he should be thrown on his back there is a drag of which reform ih every shape law reform army reform extension of catholic the f of slavery of code and en english tails they praise this drag under the that it ii the excellence of the british constitution that no law en anticipate the public opinion these poor must hold hard for they feel no wings at shoulders yet somewhat divine at their and waits a happier hour it hides in their sturdy will will said the old philosophy is the measure power and personality is the token of this race what they do they do with a will you cannot account for their success by their christianity commerce common law parliament or letters but by the sharp energy of ng with a impossible to disturb which makes all these its instruments they are slow and and are like a dull good horse which lets every pass him but with whip and spur will run down every in field they are right in their feeling though wrongs in their speculation the system sm in the steep of property and privilege in the limited in th social which confine patronage and promotion to a caste and still more in the ideas these people the of the schools is repeated in the social classes an englishman shows no mercy to those below him in the social scale as he looks for none from those above him any forbearance from his surprises him and they suffer in his good opinion but the system can be seen with less pain on e historical grounds it was pleaded in of the rotten that it worked well that substantial justice was done fox or whatever national man were by this means sent to parliament when their return by large would have been doubtful so now we say that the right measures of england are the men it bred that it has yielded more able men in five hundred years than any other nation and though we must not play providence and balance the chances of producing ten great men against the comfort of ten thousand mean men yet we may strike the balance and pre ar alfred one one milton one one one to a million foolish the american system is more more humane yet the american people do not yield better or more able or more inventions or books or benefits than the english is not wiser or better than france has its old but is not recently marked by any more wisdom or virtue the power of performance has not been exceeded the creation of value the english have given importance to individuals a principal end and fruit of every society every man is allowed and encouraged to be what he is and is guarded in the indulgence of his whim said is such a fellow that he will have no sovereign by this general activity and by this of individuals they have in seven hundred years the principles of freedom it is the land of and and if the ocean out of which it emerged should wash it away it will be ted as an island famous for immortal laws for the of original right which make the stone tables of liberty chapter xix speech at a few days after my arrival at in november the gave its annual banquet in the free trade hall with other guests i was invited to be present and to address the company in looking over recently a newspaper report of my remarks i incline to it as expressing the feeling with which i entered england and which well enough with the more deliberate results of better acquaintance l in the foregoing pages sir the historian presided and opened the	37
meeting with a speech he was followed by mr lord and others among whom was mr one of the english to punch mr s letter of for his absence was read mr who had be announced did not appear on being introduced to i said mr and gentlemen it is pleasant ta p to meet this great and brilliant company and pleasant to see the faces of so many distinguished p on this platform but i have known au these persons already when i was at home they were as near to me as they are to you the of the league and its leader are known to all the friends of free trade the and genius the political the social the wit of punch go duly every fortnight to every boy and girl in boston and new york sir when i came to i found the history of europe on the ship s table the property of the captain a sort of fr play bill to tell the new what j shall find on his landing here and as for there is no land where paper exists to print on where i j not found no man who can read that does not read it and if he cannot he finds some charitable pair of eyes that can and hears it but these things are not for me to say these compliments though true would better come from one who felt and understood these merits more i am not here to exchange with you but rather to speak of that which i am sure interests these gentlemen more than their own praises of that which is good in holidays and working days the same in one century and in another century that which a solitary american in the woods with a wish to see england is the moral of the saxon race its commanding sense of right and wrong the love and devotion to that this is the imperial trait which arms them with the of the globe it is this which lies at the foundation of that aristocratic character which certainly into strange so that its origin is often lost sight of but which by sir a ii this would find itself and in trade in the s shop gives that honesty in per that and of work which is a national characteristic this conscience is one element and the other is that loyal that of that homage of man to man running through till classes the of worthy persons to a certain to acts of kindness and warm and sup port from year to year from youth to age which is alike lovely and honourable to those who render and those who receive it which stands in strong contrast with the superficial of other races their excessive courtesy and short lived you will think me very gentlemen hut holiday though it he i have not the smallest interest in any i except as it real and not pretended and i think it just in this time of gloom and commercial disaster of affliction and in these districts that on these very accounts i speak of you should not to keep your literary i seem to hear you that for all that is come and gone yet we will not reduce by one or one oak leaf the of our annual feast for i must tell you i was given to understand in my childhood that the british island from which my forefathers came was no no paradise of serene sky and roses and music and merriment all the year round no but a cold mournful where nothing grew well in the open air but robust men and virtuous women and these of a wonderful fibre and endurance that their best parts were slowly revealed their virtues did not come out until they quarrelled they did not strike twelve the first time good lovers good and you could know little about them till you had seen them long and little good of them till you had seen them in action that in prosperity they were moody and but in they were grand is it not true sir that the wise did not praise the ship parting with flying colours from the port but only that brave which came back with torn sheets and battered sides of her but having ridden out english the storm p and so gentlemen i feel in regard to aged england with the possessions honours and and also with the of a thousand years gathering around her committed as she now is to many old customs which cannot be suddenly changed pressed upon by the of trade and new and all modes arts machines and i see her not not weak but well remembering that she has seen dark days before indeed with a kind of that she sees a little better i cloudy day and that in storm of battle and calamity she has a secret vigour and a pulse like a cannon i see her in her old age not but young and still daring to believe in her power of endurance and seeing this i say all hail mother of nations mother of heroes with still equal to the time still to entertain and swift to execute the policy which tm mind and heart of mankind requires in the hour and thus only hospitable to the foreigner aod truly a home to the thoughtful and generous who are b rt in the soil so be it so let it be if it be not so if t s courage of england goes with the chances of a commercial crisis i will go back to the of and my own indian stream and say to my countrymen the old race are all gone and the and hope of mankind must henceforth remain on the or nowhere i he london september george co	37
the waves in difference sweet play glad with the breezes old meet the firmly draw firmly drive by their poles the sea earth air sound silence plant bird by one music enchanted one deity stirred each the other accompany still night the morning the the hill the babe by its mother lies bathed in joy glide its hours the sun is its toy shines the peace of all being without cloud in its eyes and the sum of the world in soil miniature lies but man and and he and he and the melancholy jealous glancing around an an he the ground out spoke the great mother beholding his fear at the sound of her accents cold shuddered the sphere who has my boy s cup who has mixed my boy s bread who with sadness and madness has turned the man child s head i heard a poet answer aloud and cheerfully say on sweet thy are pleasant songs to me deep love under these pictures of time they fade in the light of their meaning sublime the the that man is love of the best the pit of the lit by rays from the the of nature can t trance him again whose soul sees the perfect which his eyes seek in vain man s spirit must to his aye rolling no goal will arrive the heavens that now draw him with sweetness once found for new heavens he the old pride ruined the angels their shame them and the joy that is sweetest in of remorse the have i a lover who ia noble and free i would he were nobler than to love me now follows now flies and under pain pleasure under pleasure pain lies love works at the centre heart heaving forth speed the strong to the borders of day dull jove keep thy five wits thy sight is growing and for the her muddy eyes to clear the old bit her thick lip said who taught thee me to name i am thy spirit yoke fellow of thine eye i am the thou art the question see thy proper eye it and each answer is a lie so take thy quest through nature it through thousand natures ask on thou clothed eternity time is the false reply the merry and crouched no more in stone she melted into purple cloud she in the moon she into a yellow flame she in blossoms red she flowed into a foaming wave she stood s head thorough a thousand voices spoke the universal dame who one of my is master of all i am each and all little thinks in the field yon red of thee from the hill top looking down the that in the farm far heard not thine ear to charm the his bell at noon not that great napoleon stops his horse and lists with delight whilst his sweep round yon height nor thou what argument thy life to thy neighbor s creed has lent all are needed by each one nothing is fair or good alone i thought the s note from heaven singing at dawn on the bough i brought him home in his nest at even he sings the song but it pleases not now each and all for i did not bring home the river and sky he sang to my ear they sang to my eye the delicate shells lay on the shore the of the latest wave fresh pearls to their gave and the of the savage sea greeted their safe escape to me i wiped away the weeds and foam i fetched my sea born treasures home but the poor things had left their beauty on the shore with the sun and the sand and the wild uproar the lover watched his graceful maid as mid the virgin train she strayed nor knew her beauty s best attire was woven still by the snow white choir at last she came to his like the bird from the to the cage the gay enchantment was undone a gentle wife but fairy none then i said i truth beauty is childhood s cheat each and all i leave it behind with the games of youth as i spoke beneath my feet the ground pine curled its pretty wreath running over the club moss i the violet s breath around me stood the oaks and pine and lay on the ground over me the eternal sky full of light and of deity again i saw again i heard the rolling river the morning bird beauty through my senses stole i yielded myself to the perfect whole the problem i like a church i like a i love a prophet of the soul and on my heart fall like sweet strains or pensive smiles yet not for all his faith can see would i that be why should the on him which i could not on me endure not from a vain or shallow thought his awful jove young brought never from lips of cunning fell the thrilling out from the heart of nature rolled the burdens of the bible old the problem the of nations came like the s tongue of flame up from the burning core below the of love and woe the hand that rounded peter s dome and the of christian rome wrought in a sad sincerity himself from god he could not free he better than he knew the conscious stone to beauty grew know st thou what yon s nest of leaves and feathers from her breast or how the fish her shell painting with each annual cell or how the sacred pine tree adds to her old leaves new such and so grew these holy piles whilst love and terror laid the earth proudly wears the as the best upon her the problem and morning with	37
haste her to gaze upon the o er england s the sky as on its friends with kindred eye for out of thought s interior sphere these wonders rose to upper air and nature gladly gave them place adopted them into her race and granted them an equal date with and with these temples grew as grows the grass art might obey but not the passive master lent his hand to the vast soul that o er him planned and the same power reared the shrine the tribes that knelt within ever the fiery with one flame the countless host the heart through and through the priest the mind tiie problem the word unto the prophet spoken was writ on tables yet unbroken the word by or told in groves of oak or of gold still upon the morning wind still whispers to the willing mind one accent of the holy ghost the heedless world hath never lost i know what say the fathers wise the book itself before me lies old best and he who both in his line the younger golden lips or mines the of his words are music in my ear i see his portrait dear and yet for all his faith could see i would not the good bishop be to thee dear friend brother not with but truths which not but to light which the morning s eye i have come from the spring woods from the fragrant listen what the tree and murmuring waters me if with love thy heart has burned if thy love is hide thy grief within thy breast though it tear thee for when love has once departed from the eyes of the false hearted to and one by one has torn off quite the of purple light though thou the loveliest form the soul had ever dressed thou shalt seem in each reply a to his altered eye thy seem too bold thy praying will seem to though thou kept the road yet thou far and broad but thou shalt do as do the gods in their periods for of this lore be thou sure though thou forget the gods secure forget never their command but make the of this land as they lead so follow all ever have done ever shall warning to the blind and deaf tis written on the iron leaf to who drinks of s cup downward and not up therefore who loves of gods or men shall not by the same be loved again his sweetheart s falls in turn a new degree when a god is once by beauty of a mortal child and by her radiant youth delighted he is not but his love shall never be and thus the wise immortal tis his study and delight to bless that creature day and night from all evils to defend her in her lap to pour all splendor to earth for riches rare and fetch her stars to deck her hair he music with her thoughts and her with heavenly doubts all grace all good his great heart knows in love the king to saying earth sea air this monument of my despair build i to the all good all fair not for a private good but i from my scorned as none was scorned adorn her as was none adorned i make this maiden an to nature through her ample whereby to model races forms and fairer faces to carry man to new degrees of power and of these presents be the which i for my release see to o universe thou art better and not worse and the god having given all is freed forever from his the visit how thou shalt stay of the day i know each substance and relation thorough nature s operation hath its bound and and every new compound is some product and product of the earlier found but the of the visit the encounter of the wise say what other is it than the meeting of the eyes nature into nature through the channels of that feature riding on the ray of sight more fleet than waves or go the visit or for service or delight hearts to hearts their meaning show sum their long experience and import intelligence single look has drained the breast single moment years confessed the duration of a glance is the term of and though thy be church or state of that cannot halt linger thou shalt the fault if love his moment hatred s swift play it fell in the ancient periods which the brooding soul or ever the wild time itself into months and days this was the lapse of which in paradise once among the walking said overheard the young gods talking and the treason too long pent to his ears was evident the young discussed laws of form and just and what and what seems l one with low tones that decide and doubt and reverend use defied with a look that solved the sphere and stirred the devils everywhere gave his sentiment divine against the being of a line line in nature is not found and universe are round in vain produced all rays return evil will bless and will burn as spoke with piercing eye a shudder ran around the sky the stern old war gods shook their heads the frowned front beds seemed to the holy festival the rash word ill to au the balance beam of fate was bent the bounds of good and ill were rent strong could not keep his own but all slid to confusion a sad acknowledge withering fell on the beauty of ur e in heaven once eminent the god withdrew that hour into his cloud whether doomed to long in the sea of generation or by knowledge grown too bright to hit the nerve of sight straightway a forgetting wind stole over the celestial kind and	37
their the secret kept if in ashes the fire seed slept but now and then truth speaking things the angels wings and from the course or from fruit of force of a soul in matter or the change of water or out of the good of evil born came s voice of scorn and a blush tinged the upper sky and the gods shook they knew not why the world soul thanks to the morning light thanks to the foaming sea to the of new to the green haired forest free thanks to each man of courage to the maids of holy mind to the boy with his games who never looks behind cities of proud hotels houses of rich and great vice in your chambers beneath your roofs of slate the world soul it cannot conquer folly time and space conquering steam and the light telegraph bears nothing on its beam the politics are base the letters do not cheer and tis far in the of history the voice that clear trade and the streets us our bodies are weak and worn we plot and corrupt each other and we the yet there in the parlor sits some figure of noble guise our angel in a stranger s form or woman s pleading eyes or only a flashing in at the window pane or music on mortals its beautiful disdain the world soul the inevitable morning finds them who in he and be sure the all loving nature will smile in a factory yon ridge of purple landscape yon sky between the walls hold all the hidden wonders in scanty intervals alas the that haunts us our rash desire it whispers of the glorious gods and leaves ud in the mire we cannot learn the that s writ upon our stars help us by a mystery which we could never spell if but one hero knew it the world would blush in flame the sage till he hit the secret would hang his head for shame the but our brothers hate not read it not one has found the key and henceforth we are comforted we are but such as they still still the secret presses the hearing clouds draw down the crimson morning flames into the of the town within without the idle earth stars eternal rings the sun himself shines heartily and shares the joy he brings and what if trade sow cities like shells along the shore and with towns the broad with o er they are but sailing foam bells along thought s causing stream and take their shape and sun color from him that sends the dream the soul for destiny does not like to yield to men the and shoots his thought by hidden nerves throughout the solid realm the patient sits with roses and a he has his way and his gifts but ours is not allowed he is no nor and his is none love without weakness of genius and son and his will is not the seeds of land and sea are the of his body bright and his obey he the servant the brave he loves he the and the sick and straight begins again the soul for gods delight in gods and thrust the weak aside to him who their their arms fly open wide when the old world is and the ages are he will from and the fairer world complete he to despair his cheeks mantle with mirth and the good of men is at the birth spring still makes spring in the mind when sixty years are told love wakes anew this throbbing heart and we are never old over the winter i see the summer glow and through the wild piled the warm below op i live and learn seeing nature go things in kind run to leaves and meagre crop of and shorter days and harder times april and dies in the insufficient skies at high blot half the sun s with a spot not now avail to tan orange cheek or skin of man roses the are dry the people cry ton pale fools gaunt as in the pools of are no brothers of my blood they eyes of gods ye must have seen o er your as ye lean the general of genius the mighty projects rash ambition man and rose pan to double the dose or ruin either fill of vital force the wasted or tumble all again in heap to chaos and to sleep say are the old dry which fed the veins of earth and sky that mortals miss the loyal which drove them to social now to a savage grown think nature barely serves for one of with science poorly mask their hurt and vex the gods with question immensely curious whether still are rulers or masters i m in pain with you masters til be plain with you in my palace of i a king for kings can feel there my thoughts the matter roll and solve and oft resolve the whole and for i m the wise ye shall not fail for sound advice before ye want a drop of rain hear the sentiment of spain you have tried famine no more try it us now with a full diet teach your pupils now with plenty for one sun supply us twenty i have thought it thoroughly over state of state of lover op we must have society we cannot spare variety hear you then celestial fellows fits not to be not to work on the clean jump nor wine nor brains perpetual pump men and gods are too could you and your rank reduce till your kinds abound with earth crowded cries too many men my counsel is kill nine in ten and bestow the shares of all on the remnant add their nine lives to this cat stuff their nine brains in his hat make	37
his frame and forces square with the labors he must dare his flesh and even his years with the marble which he there growing slowly old at ease no faster than his planted trees of he may by warrant of his age in schemes of broader scope engage so shall ye have a man of the sphere fit to grace the year i cannot spare water or wine tobacco leaf or or rose from the earth poles to the line all between that works or grows every thing is kin of mine give me for my meat give me to eat from air and ocean bring me from all and from all natures sharp and salt and wild and tame tree and sea lion bird and be my game ivy for my band blinding dog wood in my hand for my me and the to lull me swing me in the boughs when i too long shut in strait and few on dew i will use the world and it to a thousand shift it as you spin a cherry o ghosts and merry o all you virtues methods means delights wrongs and rights routine and things allowed things under cloud hither take me use me fill me vein and though ye kill me god i will not be an owl but sun me in the to j w set not thy foot on graves hear what wine and roses say the mountain chase the summer waves the crowded town thy feet may well delay set not thy foot on graves nor seek to the which charitable time and nature have allowed to wrap the errors of a sage sublime set not thy foot on graves care not to strip the dead of his sad ornament his and wine and rings to j w his sheet of lead and buried go get them where he earned them when alive as resolutely dig or life is too short to waste in critic peep or bark quarrel or soon be dark up mind thine own aim and god speed the mark that you are fair or wise is vain or strong or rich or generous you must have also the strain that sheds beauty on the rose there is a melody born of melody which the world into a sea toil could never compass it art its height could never hit it came never out of wit but a music music born well may jove and scorn thy beauty if it lack the fire which drives me mad with sweet desire what boots it what the soldier s mail unless he conquer and prevail fate what all the goods thy pride which lift if thou pine for another s gift alas i that one is born in victim of perpetual slight when thou on his face thy heart brother go thy ways none shall ask thee what thou or care a rush for what thou or listen when thou or remember where thou or how thy supper is and another is born to make the sun forgotten surely he carries a under his tongue broad are his shoulders and strong and his eye is scornful threatening and young i hold it of little matter whether your jewel be of pure water a rose diamond or a white but whether it me with light fate i care not how you are dressed in the or in the best nor whether your name is base or brave nor for the fashion of your behavior but whether you charm me bid my bread feed and my fire warm me and dress up nature in your favor one thing is forever good that one thing is success dear to the and to all the heavenly brood who at home nor looks abroad carries the and masters the sword mortal mixed of middle clay to the night and day with things needs no nor rings possessed the that all things from him began and as of old chained the sunshine and the breeze so did discover fortune was his guard and lover in strange felt with awe his own with law that no mixture could withstand the virtue of his lucky hand he gold or jewel could not lose nor not receive his ample in the street if he turned round his eye the eye twas seeking found it seemed his genius discreet worked on the maker s own receipt and made each tide and element of and of rent so that the common waters fell as costly wine into his well he had so sped his wise affairs that he caught nature in his early or late the falling rain arrived in time to swell his grain stream could not so wind but corn of s was there to grind the found it on its way to speed his sails to dry his hay and the world s sun seemed to rise to all day for the wise in his rich skill strong with nobler blood did fill the in his garden rolled from trees vegetable gold and all the hours of the year with their own harvest honored were there was no frost but welcome came nor nor flame belonged to wind and world the toil and venture and to the oil tact what boots it thy virtue what profit thy parts while one thing thou the art of all arts the only to success opens castle and parlor address man address the maiden in danger was saved by the his stout arm restored her to again tact the maid would reward him gay company come they laugh she laughs with them he is and dumb this the bargain sails out of the bay gets the vote in the spite of and clay has for genius no mercy for speeches no heed it in the it leaps to its deed church market and tavern bed and board it will	37
makes ridiculous may be true what i had heard earth s a howling wilderness with fraud and force said i strolling through the pastures and along the river side caught among the vines feeding on the sweet pleasant fancies overtook me i said what influence me preferred elect to dreams thus beautiful the vines replied and thou deem no wisdom to our went the snow storm announced by all the trumpets of the sky arrives the snow and driving o er the fields seems nowhere to alight the air hides hills and woods the river and the heaven and the farm house at the garden s end the and traveller stopped the s feet delayed all friends shut out the sit around the radiant fireplace enclosed in a tumultuous privacy of storm come see the north wind s out of an unseen furnished with tile the fierce curves his white with projected roof round every stake or tree or door the handed his wild work the snow storm so fanciful so savage cares he for number or proportion on or he hangs wreaths a swan like form the hidden thorn fills up the farmer s lane from wall to wall the farmer s sighs and at the gate a the work and when his hours are and the world is all his own retiring as he were not leaves when the sun appears astonished art to in slow stone by stone built in an age the mad wind s night work the architecture of the snow i for this present hard is the fortune of the bard born out of time all his accomplishment from nature s utmost treasure spent not him when the pine its to the song of its tones he to the walks to birds and trees he talks caesar of his leafy rome there the poet is at home he goes to the river side not hook nor line hath he c he stands in the meadows wide nor gun nor to see with none has he to do and none seek him nor men below nor spirits dim sure some god his eye what he knows nobody wants in the wood he travels glad without better fortune had melancholy without bad of celestial plants what he knows nobody wants what he knows he hides not knowledge this man best seems fantastic to the rest pondering shadows colors clouds grass and boughs on which the wild bees settle tints that spot the why nature loves the number five and why the star form she lover of all things alive at all he meets chiefly at himself who can tell him what he is or how meet in human coming and past and such i knew a forest a of the natural year of the wise of and tides a lover true who knew by heart each joy the mountain impart it seemed that nature could not raise a plant in any secret place in on snowy hill beneath the grass that shades the under the snow between the rocks in damp fields known to bird and fox but he would come in the very hour it opened in its virgin bower as if a showed the place and tell its long descended race it seemed as if the breezes brought him it seemed as if the taught him as if by secret sight he knew where in far fields the grew many fall in the field seldom seen by eyes but all her shows did nature yield to please and win this pilgrim wise he saw the drum in the woods he heard the s evening hymn he found the s and the shy hawk did wait for him what others did at distance hear and guessed within the thicket s gloom was showed to this philosopher and at his bidding seemed to come in he sought the gang where from a hundred lakes young rivers sprang he the forest floor whereon the all seeing sun for ages hath not shone where the and walks the surly bear and up the tall mast runs the he saw beneath dim in beds the slight hang its twin born heads and blessed the monument of the man of flowers which breathes his sweet fame through the northern he heard when in the grove at intervals with sudden roar the aged pine tree falls one crash the death hymn of the perfect tree declares the close of its green century low lies the plant to whose creation went sweet influence from every element whose living towers the years to build whose giddy top the morning loved to through these green tents by eldest nature dressed he content alike with man and beast where darkness found him he lay glad at night there the red morning touched him with its light three his great heart him a made so long he at will the boundless shade w tes the timid it concerns to ask their way and fear what foe in and can stray to make no step until the event is known and ills to come as evils past not so the wise no coward watch he keeps to spy what danger on his pathway go where he will the wise man is at home his hearth the earth his hall the dome where his clear spirit leads him there s his road by god s own light and twas one of the charmed days when the genius of god doth flow the wind may alter twenty ways a tempest cannot blow it may blow north it still is warm or south it still is clear or east it smells like a farm or west no thunder fear the musing peasant lowly great beside the forest water the rope like pine roots grown composed the of his throne the wide lake edged with sand and grass was to a floor of glass painted	37
with shadows green and proud of the tree and of the cloud he was the heart of all the scene on him the sun looked more serene to hill and cloud his face was known it seemed the likeness of their own they knew by secret sympathy the public child of earth and sky you ask he said what guide me through led through thick rough and wide i found the water s bed the were my guide i travelled grateful by their side or through their channel dry they led me through the thicket damp through and the camp through beds of granite cut my road and their friendship showed the falling waters led me the waters fed me and brought me to the lowest land to the ocean sand the moss upon the forest bark was when the night was dark the purple in the wood supplied me necessary food for nature ever faithful is to such as trust her when the forest shall me when the night and morning lie when sea and land refuse to feed me be time enough to die then will yet my mother yield a pillow in her field nor the june flowers scorn to cover the clay of their departed lover ii as stream through liberal space and nothing or so waved the pine tree through my thought and the dreams it never brought whether is better the gift or the come to me the pine tree i am the of honor my garden is the rock and my the snow and drifting sand heaps feed my stock in summer s glow ancient or curious who aught of us old as jove old as love who of me tells the only the mountains old only the waters cold only moon and star my are ere the first fowl sung my boughs among ere adam ere adam lived ere the duck ere the bees ere the lion roared ere the eagle light and heat land and sea unto the oldest tree glad in the sweet and secret aid which matter unto matter paid the water flowed the breezes the tree confined the sand w tes the gave me to the sight the tree adorned the light and once again o er the grave of men we shall talk to each other again of the old age behind of the time out of mind which shall come again whether is better the gift or the come to me the pine tree i am the of honor he is great who can live by me the rough and bearded is better than the lord god fills the and sin piles the loaded board the lord is the peasant that was the peasant the lord that shall be the lord is hay the peasant grass one dry and one the living tree w tes genius with my boughs shall flourish want and cold our roots shall who by the ragged pine a heroic line who in the palace hall fast and all he goes to my savage haunts with his chariot and his care my twilight realm he and finds his prison there what the town and the tower only what the pine tree that subdued the fields the wild eyed boy who in the woods his hymn to hills and floods whom the city s made not pale or fat or lean whom the rain and the wind whom the dawn and the day star in whose cheek the rose leaf tn whose feet the lion iron arms and iron mould that know not fear fatigue or cold i give my to his boat my to his s throat and i will swim the ancient sea to float my child to victory and grant to with the pine dominion o er the palm and vine westward i the forest gates the train along the railroad it leaves the land behind like ages past the flows to it in river fast i have made a i teach saxon art who leaves the pine tree leaves his friend his strength his end cut a bough from my parent stem and dip it in thy a little while each will swell and rise with grace but when it seeks enlarged supplies the orphan of the forest dies in solitude and the wood choosing light wave rock and bird before the money loving herd into that shall pass from these companions power and grace clean shall he be without within from the old sin love shall he but not the all fair the all embracing fate all ill in the light of his triumphant piercing sight not vain sour nor frivolous not mad nor grave contented though retired and of all other men desired on him the light of star and moon shall fall with purer radiance down all of the sky shed their virtue through his eye him nature for defence his formidable innocence the mounting sap the shells the sea all all stones his be he shall never be old nor his fate shall be foretold he shall see the year without wailing without fear he shall be happy in his love like to like shall joyful prove he shall be happy whilst he muse born a daughter of the muse but if with gold she bind her hair and deck her breast with diamond take off thine eyes thy heart forbear though thou lie alone on the ground the robe of silk in which she shines it was woven of many sins and the which she sheds in the wearing of the same shall be grief on grief and shame on shame heed the old my song wakes in my when the wind the prophetic wind the shadows shake on the rock behind and the countless leaves of the pine are strings to the lay the wood god sings if thou know the mystic song when the sphere was young j aloft abroad the	37
o wise man hear st thou half it tells o wise man hear st thou the least part i tis the chronicle of art to the open ear it sings sweet the of things of tendency through endless ages of star dust and star of rounded worlds of space and time of the old flood s of matter force and form of poles and powers cold wet and warm the rushing all that is things that be to things that seem and solid nature to a dream o listen to the the ever old the ever young and far within those pauses the chorus of the ancient causes delights the dreadful destiny to fling his voice into the tree and shock thy weak ear with a note breathed from the everlasting throat in music he the pang whence the fair flock of nature sprang o mortal thy ears are stones these echoes are laden with tones which only the pure can hear thou not catch what they of fate and will of want and right of man to come of human life of death and fortune growth and strife once again the pine tree sung speak not thy speech my among put off thy years wash in the breeze my hours are peaceful centuries talk no more with feeble tongue no more the fool of space and time come with mine a nobler rhyme only thy americans can read thy line can meet thy glance but the that i understands the universe the least breath my boughs which tossed brings again the to every soul it clear in a voice of solemn cheer am i not thine are not these thine and they reply forever mine my branches speak italian english german mountain speech to ocean tongues to to fin and lap and to each his bosom secret say come learn with me the fatal song which the world in music strong every bosom dances kindled with courageous fancies lift thine eyes to lofty of things with things of times with times of sun and shade of sound and echo man and maid the land reflected in the flood body with shadow still pursued for nature beats in perfect tune and rounds with rhyme her every whether she work in land or sea or hide her thou not wave thy staff in air or dip thy in the lake but it the bow of beauty there and the in the oar the wood is wiser far than thou the wood and wave each other know not but to each thought and thing allied is perfect nature s every part rooted in the mighty heart but thou poor child whence earnest thou whence o thou orphan and is thy land thy realm who thee deceived and left thee of thy faith who hath and torn the from thy brow and sunk the immortal eye so low thy cheek too white thy form too slender thy gait too slow thy habits tender for royal man they thee confess an exile from the wilderness the hills where health with health and the wise soul disease hark in thy ear i will tell the sign by which thy hurt thou may st divine when thou shalt climb the mountain cliff or see the wide shore from thy to thee the horizon shall express only and there is no man of nature s worth in the circle of the earth and to thine eye the vast skies fall dire and on and fools on thieves on and on and thou shalt say to the most high all this and fate and practice and invention strong art and beautiful this radiant pomp of sun and star that were and worlds that are behold were in vain and in vain it cannot be i will look again surely now will the curtain rise and earth s fit tenant me surprise but the curtain doth not rise and nature has wholly into failure into folly alas thine is the blessed nature so to see come lay thee in my soothing shade and heal the hurts which sin has made i will teach the bright older than time things visions sublime i see thee in the crowd alone i will be thy companion let thy friends be as the dead in doom and build to them a final tomb let the shade that nightly falls still their and the bell of and of bee their melodious memory behind thee leave thy thy churches and thy w tes and leave thy wit behind enough for thee the mind that flows in streams that breathes in wind leave all thy lore apart god hid the whole world in thy heart love the sage the child it crowns and gives them all who all the rain comes when the wind calls the river knows the way to the sea without a pilot it runs and falls blessing all lands with its charity the sea and to find its way up to the cloud and wind the shadow sits close to the flying ball the date fails not on the palm tree tall and thou go burn thy pages shalt and oft thou thread the woods in vain to find what bird had the strain seek not and the little flies forth and sings in sight once more i will tell thee the lore older am i than thy numbers change i may but i pass not hitherto all things fast abide and in the tempest ride time to hurry all to and all to bury all the forms are fugitive but the survive ever fresh the broad creation a divine from the heart of god proceeds a single will a million deeds once slept the world an egg of stone and pulse and sound and light was none and god said throb and there was motion and the vast mass	37
became vast ocean onward and on the eternal pan who the world s incessant plan never in one shape but forever doth escape like wave or flame into new forms of and air of plants and worms i that to day am a pine yesterday was a bundle of grass he is free and pouring of his power the wine to every age to every race unto every race and age he the unto each and unto all maker and original the world is the ring of his and the play of his miracles as he to all to drink thus or thus they are and think he little or much to make them several or such with one drop sheds form and feature with the second a special nature the third adds heat s indulgent spark the fourth gives light which eats the dark into the fifth himself he and conscious law is king of kings him the eternal child to play his sweet will glad and wild as the bee through the garden from world to world the changes as the sheep go feeding in the waste from form to form he haste this vault which immense with light is the inn where he for a night what such traveller if the which bloom and fade like meadow flowers a bunch of fragrant lilies be or the stars of eternity alike to him the better the worse the glowing angel the outcast thou him by centuries and lo he passes like the breeze thou seek st in globe and he hides in pure thou in fountains and in fires he is the essence that he is the of the star he is the sparkle of the he is the heart of every creature he is the of each feature and his mind is the sky than all it holds more deep more high thousand woke within me our music s in the hills pictures rose to win me colored up if thou knew st who calls to twilight of and pine high over the river intervals above the s highest line over the owner s farthest walls up where the airy o the landscape s swell let not unto the stones the day her lily and rose her sea and land display read the celestial sign lo the south answers to the north break this m c a greater spirit bids thee forth than the gray dreams which thee detain mark how the climbing thee to their youth for a moment free as they teach thy feet to feel the ground ere yet arrives the wintry day when time thy feet has bound take the of thy birth taste the of the earth i heard and i obeyed assured that he who made the claim well known but loving not a name was not to be ere yet the voice was still i turned to s haughty hill from the fixed the cloud rack flowed like ample banner flung abroad to all the in the plains about a hundred miles with salutation to the sea and to the in his own loom s garment dressed by his proper blessed fast this constant pouring many a cheerful river to far eyes an isle which finer spirits pile which and crimson evening paint for bard for lover and for saint the people s pride the country s core prophet pillar which god aloft had set so that men might it not forget it should be their life s ornament and mix itself with each event this their and dial and garden of perch of birds pasture of pool haunting herds by each change of sum earth beat stone cold the his sky affairs rich rents and wide alliance shares mysteries of color daily laid by the sun in light and shade and sweet varieties of chance and the mystic seasons dance and thief like step of liberal hours snow drift into flowers o wondrous craft of plant and stone by eldest science done and shown happy i said whose home js here fair fortunes to the boon nature to his poorest shed has royal pleasure grounds intent i searched the region round and in low hut my monarch found wo is me for my hope s is yonder peasant all that this proud nursery could breed for god s and stead time out of mind this of of in mountain old cradle hunting ground and of wolf and bear and deer well built abode of many a race tower of searching space factory of river and of rain link in the globe chain by million changes skilled to tell what in the eternal well and what obedient nature can is this colossal kindly to creature blood and kind yet speechless to the master s mind i thought to find the in whom the stock of freedom roots to myself i oft tales of many a famous mount wales scotland s and tells here nature shall her powers her music and her and lifting man to the blue deep where stars their perfect courses keep like wise his eye to sound the science of the sky and carry learning to its height of power and sane delight the indian cheer the frosty skies rear purer wits eyes eyes that frame cities where none be and hands that what these see and by the moral of his place hint of heroic grace man in these a find to fight of the mind in the wide and of wrong like this foundation strong b the insanity of towns to stem with for but if the brave old mould is broke and end in the mountain foil in tavern cheer and tavern joke sink o mountain in the swamp i hide in thy skies o sovereign lamp i perish like leaves the breed no survive no son succeed soft let not the offended muse toil	37
s hard hap with scorn accuse many sought i then many farms of mountain men found t not a seed but men of bone and good at need round a parish warm the people coarse and boisterous yet mild strong as giant slow as child smoking in a room where yet the breezes come m c close hid in those rough western here they work sweat and season are their arts their are and carts and well the youngest can command honey from the frozen land with sweet hay the wild swamp adorn change the running sand to corn for wolves and herds and for cold cream and wood to and drain sweet in rats no bird is safe that cuts the air from their rifle or their no fish in river or in lake but their long hands it thence will take and the country s face like wax their skill to fill the hollows sink the hills bridge drain build and mills and fit the bleak and howling place for gardens of a finer race the world sou knows his own affair when he would prepare for the next ages men of mould well embodied well he the present s fiery glow sets the life pulse strong but slow bitter winds and austere his and where he slowly flesh and brings it and fresh these exercises are the toys and games to breathe his boys they bide their time and well can prove if need were their line from jove of the same stuff and so as that whereof the sun is made and of the fibre quick and strong whose are love whose are song now in sordid weeds they sleep in now their secret keep j yet will you learn our ancient speech these the masters who can teach or a hundred words all their muse affords but they turn them in a fashion past clerks or s art or passion i can spare the college bell and the learned lecture well spare the clergy and and for that hardy english root here rude poets of the tavern hearth your mirth which keeps the ground and never while and of strong and goes like bullet to its mark while the solid curse and never the waiting ear to student ears keen jokes on and stock and farming folks m c the mountain thereof but savage health and tough on the summit as i stood o er the floor of plain and flood seemed to me the towering hill was not altogether still but a quiet sense conveyed if i not thus it said many feet in summer seek my far appearing peak in the dreaded winter time none save shadows climb under clouds my lonely head old as the sun old almost as the shade and thou to see strange forests and new snow and tread uplifted land and thou thy race here amid clouds to stand and be my companion where i gaze and still shall gaze nights and flashing days when forests fall and man is gone over tribes and over times at the burning me with its stars ot northern fire in many a thousand years ah welcome if thou bring my secret in thy brain to mountain top may muse s wing with good allowance strain gentle pilgrim if thou know the old of pan and how the hills began the frank blessings of the hill fall on thee as fall they will tis the law of bush and stone each can only take his own let him heed who can and will enchantment fixed me here to stand the hurts of time until in chant i disappear if thou how the play pole to pole and what they say and that these gray not on are hung but beads are of a on prayer and music strung and through the granite seeming the smile of reason beaming can thy style eye the hidden working spy who yet makes no no din with hammer soft as s flight thou this o pilgrim wandering not amiss already my rocks lie light and soon my will spin for the world was built in order and the march in tune rhyme the pipe and time the cannot forget the sun the moon and forth they when they hear from far the none so backward in the troop when the music and the dance reach his place and circumstance but knows the sun creating sound and though a will bound is a mountain strong tall and good my kind among but well i know no mountain can measure with a perfect man for it is on writ is soft to wit and when the greater comes again with my secret in his brain i shall pass as my shadow daily over hill and meadow through all time in light in gloom well i hear the approaching feet on the pathway beat of him that and shall come of him who shall as lightly bear my daily load of woods and streams as doth this round sky boat which never strains its rocky beams whose as they silent float and and the long here and all town sprinkled lands that be sailing through stars with all their history every i lift my head gaze o er new england south from saint to the sound from east to the sea bound fast for many an age i await the bard and sage who in large thoughts like fair pearl seed shall string like a bead come that cheerful this shall throb his face before as when with inward fires and pain it rose a from the plain when ie i shall shed from this in my fountain drop of than all of the earth there s fruit upon barren soil far than wine pr oil there s a blue and gold autumn ripe its hold s s heart asia s art britain s	37
intimate stranger thou latest and first to beauty thy dangerous glances make women of men new born we are melting into nature again lavish lavish nigh persuading gods to guest of million painted forms which in turn thy glory the leaf the bark the s cup the s arc the swinging spider s silver line the of the drop of wine the shining of the pond thou with a bond in thy momentary play would nature to repay ah what it to hide or to whom the infinite one hath granted his throne to the heaven high ever is the deep s lover the sun and sea informed by thee before me run and draw me on yet fly me still as fate refuses to me the heart fate for me chooses is it that my soul was mingled from the generous whole sea valleys and the deep of skies furnished several supplies and the sands whereof i m made draw me to them self betrayed i turn the proud which hold the grand designs of of and s lines i hear the lofty of the masters of the shell who heard the music tt and the numbers well who sung divine ideas below which always find us young and always keep us so oft in streets or places i detect far wandered graces which from wide astray in lowly homes have lost their way thee gliding through the sea of form like the lightning through the storm somewhat not to be possessed somewhat not to be no feet so fleet could ever find no perfect form could ever bind thou eternal fugitive hovering over all that live quick and skilful to inspire sweet extravagant desire space and lily bell filling with thy smell to beauty wilt not give the lips to taste of the which thou hast all that s good and great with thee works in close conspiracy thou hast the dark and lonely to report thy features only and the cold and purple morning itself with thoughts of thee the leafy the city equal of thine art e en the flowing air thou hast touched for my despair and if i into dreams again i meet the ardent beams queen of things i dare not die in being s past ear and eye lest there i find the same and be the sport of fate forever dread power but dear if god thou be me quite or give to me give all to love give all to lore obey thy heart friends kindred days estate good fame plans credit and the muse nothing refuse tis a brave master let it have scope follow it utterly hope beyond hope high and more high it into noon with wing intent give all to love bat it is a god knows its own path and the of the sky it was not for the mean it courage stout souls above doubt such reward they shall return more than they were and ever ascending leave all for love yet hear me yet one word more thy heart one pulse more of firm endeavor keep thee to day to morrow forever free as an of thy beloved give all to love cling with life to the maid but when the surprise first vague shadow of across her bosom young of a joy apart from thee free be she fancy free nor thou detain her s hem nor the rose she flung from her summer though thou loved her as as a self of purer clay though her parting the day stealing grace from all alive heartily know when half gods go the gods arrive to at the south the green grass is bowing the morning wind is in it tis a tune worth thy knowing though it change every minute tis a tune of the spring every year plays it over to the robin on the wing and to the pausing lover o er ten thousand thousand acres goes light the the flowers tiny of worship him ever to hark to the winning sound they summon thee dearest saying we have dressed for thee the ground nor yet thou o hasten tis our time ere yet the red summer our delicate prime loved of bee the o pride of thy race sad in it were to ours if our brief tribe miss thy face we poor new england flowers fairest choose the fairest members of our society june s glories and september s show our love and piety thou shalt command us all april s summer s to to the in the fall blue eyed pet of blue eyed o come then quickly we are we are blowing and the wind that we perfume sings a tune worth the knowing to o fair and stately maid whose eyes were kindled in the upper skies at the same torch that lighted mine for so i must interpret still thy sweet dominion o er my will a sympathy divine ah let me gaze upon features that seem at heart my own nor fear those watchful who charm the more their glance glowing underneath their with fire that draws while it the your picture smiles as first it smiled the ring you gave is still the same your letter tells o changing child no tidings since it came give me an that keeps intelligence with you red when you love and red and when you love not pale and blue that neither bonds nor vows can possession me still the fear that love died in its last expression thine eyes still thine eyes still for me though far i lonely the land or sea as i behold yon evening star which yet not me this i climbed the misty hill the pastures through how danced thy form before my path amidst the deep eyed dew when the spread his wing and showed his side of flame when the	37
to the rose in both i read thy name the sense of the world is short long and various the report to love and be beloved men and gods have not it and how oft er they ve turned it tis not to be improved on a mound an lay and sung his sweet regrets and told his the summer bird his sorrow heard and when he heaved a sigh profound the sympathetic swallow swept the ground if it be as they said she was not fair beauty s not beautiful to me but genius aye in her sphere this absorbed the lustre of the land and ocean hills and islands cloud and tree in her form and motion i ask no miniature nor dead from her comely head now that morning not mountains and the misty plains her colossal they her be in her quality and singers of her fame who is their muse and dame higher dear mind not what i say ah heedless how the weak are strong say was it just in thee to frame in me to trust thou to the belong i am of a that each for each doth fast engage in old s schools i seemed vowed to books and gloom for gay bridegroom i was by thy touch when thy glances came we talked at large of worldly fate and drew truly every trait once i dwelt apart now i live with all as shepherd s lamp on far hill side seems by the traveller a door into the mountain heart so thou and for me through the rock now deceived thou in strange lands and my kindred come to soothe me is my next of blood he is come through fragrant wood with from warm and in every twinkling he and twilight nook thy form out of the forest way forth paced it yesterday and when i sat by the watching the daylight fade it up from the brook river and rose and and bird frost and sun and eldest night to me their aid preferred to me their comfort plight courage we are thine and with this hint be wise the chains of kind the distant bind deed thou she must do above her will be true and in her strict resort to winds and and autumn s to music and to music s thought bound she shall find thee and be found follow not her flying feet to us herself to meet and celestial love the love when her son was lost cried him up and down the coast in palaces and and told the by his marks golden curls and quiver and bow this long ago time and tide are strangely changed men and manners much none will now find latent by this foolish antique patent he came late along the waste shod like a traveller for haste the love with malice dared me to proclaim him that the maids and boys might name him boy no more he wears all coats and he bears no bow or quiver or nor on his head or hand leave his weeds and heed his eyes all the rest he can disguise in the pit of his eye s a spark would bring back day if it were dark and if i tell you all my thought though i comprehend it not in those every function he he doth eat and drink and fish and shoot and write and reason and and ride and run and have and hold and and flatter and regret and kiss and couple and by those bold the love are their right in their they than any creature they are his and not his feature inquisitive and fierce and restless and they on other eyes as lions on their prey and round their circles is writ than the day underneath within above love love love love he lives in his eyes there doth and work and spin and buy and sell and lose and win he rolls them with delighted motion joy tides swell their ocean yet holds he them with rein that they may seize and entertain the glance that to their glance like fiery honey sucked from roses the love he can understand virtue by his hand as if it were a living root the pulse of hands will make him mute with all his force he into those wise thrilling palms is a a mystic and a can your lurking thought surprise and interpret your device he is in science in magic and in oft he keeps his fine ear strained and reason on her pained for intelligence and for strange coincidence but it touches his quick heart when fate by takes his part and chance dropped hints from nature s sphere deeply soothe his anxious ear the love high before him run he has many a one he his welcome where he goes and touches all things with his rose all things wait for and divine him how shall i dare to him or accuse the god of sport i must end my true report painting him from head to foot in as far as i took note trusting well the power of this young eyed emperor will clear his fame from every cloud with the and with the crowd he is wilful shy inscrutable fashioned than the substance mixed of pure his vice some elder virtue s token and his good is evil spoken the love failing sometimes of his own he is and alone he affects the wood and wild like a flower hunting child himself in summer waves in trees with beasts in mines and loves nature like a cow bird or deer or him on the fleet horses he has a total world of wit o how wise are his but he is the arch and through all science and all art	37
seeks alone his he is a of the east he is an and a priest and his soul will melt in prayer but word and wisdom is a by the present toy he follows joy and only joy the love there is no mask but he will wear he invented oaths to swear he he he he and holds all stars in his embrace but tis for his fine the social of self well said i he is and folly the end of his subtle wit he takes a privilege not allowed to any for he does go behind all law and right into himself does draw for he is allied heaven s oldest blood flows in his side and at one with every king on every throne that no god dare say him nay or see the fault or seen betray he has the by the heart and the all are of his part the love his many signs cannot be told he has not one mode but manifold many fashions and addresses reproaches hurts caresses arguments lore poetry action service he will preach like a and jump like he will read like a and fight like a boundless is his memory plans immense his term he is not of counted age meaning always to be young and his wish is intimacy intimacy and a privacy the impossible shall yet be done and being two shall still be one as the wave breaks to foam on shelves then runs into a wave again g the and so lovers melt selves yet melted would be twain ii the and the celestial love man was made of social earth child and brother from his birth by a liquid cord of blood through veins of kindred poured next his heart the fireside band of mother father sister stand names from awful childhood heard of a wild religion stirred virtue to love to hate them vice till dangerous beauty came at last till beauty came to snap all ties the maid the past the celestial love with wine dear memory s stone traits and by herself alone friends year by year more known when her calm eyes opened bright all were foreign in their light it was ever the self same tale the first experience will not fail only two in the garden walked and with snake and talked but god said i will have a purer gift there is smoke in the flame new bring new prayers and love without a name fond children ye desire to please each other well another round a higher ye shall climb on the heavenly stair and selfish preference forbear the and and in right deserving and without a each from your proper state roses for your mate deep deep are loving eyes flowed with fiery sweet and the point is paradise where their glances meet their reach shall yet be more profound and a vision without bound the of those eyes sun clear be the of the sphere so shall the lights ye pour go without check or intervals through from the walls unto the same again close close to men like of air right above their heads the potent plain of the celestial love stands to each human soul its own for watch and ward and in the of nature s dance and the lustre and the grace to each youthful heart beaming from its through the mortal covers is the s form and face to and fro the genius a gleam which plays and over the maiden s head and sometimes as low as to her eyes unknown lying near to men the path to the sphere and they that swiftly come and go leave no track on the heavenly snow sometimes the airy and the mighty choir and the brains of men in crowded and in still with unwonted thoughts the and as when a shower of cross the of the earth and lit by air blaze near and far mortals deem the bright have slipped their sacred bars and the lone seaman all the night sails astonished amid stars beauty of a richer vein graces of a strain unto men these lend and our shrinking sky extend so is man s narrow path by strength and terror skirted also from the song the wrath of the be averted the muse the truth speaking the are self seeking their fierce and will draws men to their likeness still the celestial love the painter made love blind highest love who shines on all him radiant sighted god none can whose eyes pierce the universe path road royal rightly seeing rightly seen of joyful and transparent mien tis a sparkle passing from each to each from thee to me to and fro perpetually sharing all daring all each it equals remote and seeming and ever and forever love delights to build a road danger near him strides love laughs and on a lion rides the and but wears another face born into less divine his roses his of wine the demon ever a wall himself and solitude in in like sort his love doth fall he is an he wonder fame and mark he crowns he he doth elect the beautiful and fortunate and the sons of intellect and the souls of ample fate who the future s gates of the morning star in his he and the multitude his impatient looks oft the humble and the poor the celestial love and seeing his eye glare they drop their few pale flowers gathered with hope to please along the mountain towers lose courage and despair he will never be pitiless will not be stayed his hot tyranny burns up every other tie therefore comes an hour from jove which his will and the dogs of fate shiver the palaces of glass the rainbow colored walls where in bright art each god and dwelt secure as	37
in weak unhappy times wait his returning strength bird that from the s floor to the s top can the soaring of the muse that journey s length nor profane affect to hit or compass that by wit which only the mind when tis inclined there are open hours when the god s will free and the dull idiot might see the flowing fortunes of a thousand years at unawares self moved fly to the doors nor sword of angels could reveal what they conceal ii the rhyme of the poet the king s affairs balance loving nature made all things in pairs to every foot its each color with its counter glowed to every tone beat answering tones higher or graver flavor gladly with flavor leaf answers leaf upon the bough and match the hands to hands and feet to feet in one body and eldest two married sides in every mortal meet light s far furnace shines balls and bars double stars glittering and the animals are sick with love with rhyme each with all time into chorus like the dancers ordered band thoughts come also hand in hand in equal couples or else adding by their mutual one to other health and age solitary fancies go short lived wandering to and fro most like to or an maid not ancestors with no posterity to make the lie afraid or keep truth perfect as eagle s wings justice is the rhyme of things trade and counting use the self same muse and who with even matches odd who space the partial wrong fills the just period and the song subtle with ruin murmur in the house of life sung by the sisters as they spin in perfect time and measure they build and our echoing clay as the two of the day fold us music drunken in bring me wine but wine which never grew in the belly of the or grew on vine whose tap roots reaching through under the to the cape suffered no of the earth to let its grapes the salute from a root which feels the of and and turns the woe of night by its own craft to a more rich delight we buy ashes for bread we buy wine give me of the true whose ample leaves and curled among the silver hills of heaven draw everlasting dew wine of wine blood of the world form of forms and mould of that i and by the draught may float at pleasure through all natures the bird language rightly spell and that which roses say so well wine that is shed like the torrents of the sun up the horizon walls or like the atlantic streams which run when the south sea calls water and bread food which needs no rainbow wisdom wine which is already man food which teach and reason can wine which music is music and wine are one that i drinking this shall hear far chaos talk with me kings shall walk with me and the poor grass shall plot and plan what it will do when it is man quickened so will i every of every rock i thank the joyful for all i know winds of remembering of the ancient being blow and seeming solid walls of use open and flow pour the remembering wine the loss of me and mine vine for vine be and the the haste to cure the old despair reason in nature s the memory of ages give them again to shine let wine repair what this and where the slid a dazzling memory revive refresh the faded tints the aged prints and write my old adventures with the pen which on the first day drew upon the blue the dancing and eternal men loss and gain virtue runs before the muse and her skill she is and doth refuse to wait a painter s will star occupied virtue cannot bend her just to please a poet s pride to parade her splendor the bard must be with good intent no more his but hers must throw away his pen and paint kneel with loss and gain then perchance a sunny ray from the heaven of fire his lost tools may and better his desire what care i so they stand the same things of the heavenly mind how long the power to give them name yet behind thus far to day your reach o fair ye taught my lips a single speech and a thousand space beyond his fated road no inch to the god of day and copious language still bestowed one word no more to say the house there is no can build as the muse can she is skilful to select materials for her plan slow and to choose of immortal pine or worthy her design she threads dark forests or valleys by the sea in many lands with painful steps ere she can find a tree th house she mines and and every rock to the famous for each eternal block she lays her beams in music in music every one to the of the whirling world which dances round the sun that so they shall not be by or by wars but for the lore of happy souls the stars trees in groves in in ocean sport the herds like the air the birds to northern lakes fly wind borne ducks the mountain sheep in flocks men in camp and town but the poet dwells alone god who gave to him the of all mortals the desire for all breathing men s charged him sit aloof a warning poets say to the bright ever when twain together play shall the harp be dumb many may come but one shall sing two touch the string the harp is dumb though there come a million wise dwells alone yet loved the race of men no in cave	37
or den in bower and hall he wants them all nor can dispense with for his audience they must give ear grow red with joy and white with fear but he has no companion come ten or come a million good dwells alone be thou ware dwells wisdom of the gods is he entertain it reverently gladly round that golden lamp and simple maids and noble youth are welcome to the man of truth most welcome they who need him most they feed the spring which they for greater need draws better deed but critic spare thy vanity nor show thy parts to vex with odious the of men s hearts sad eyed swiftly say endless to decay never in the blaze of light lose the shudder of midnight pale at overflowing noon hear wolves barking at the moon in the bower of sweet hear the far s feet and shake before those awful powers who in their pride forgive not ours thus the sad eyed preach bard when thee would teach and lift thee to his holy mount he sends thee from his bitter saying go thy ways drink not the of praise but do the deed thy fellows hate and compromise thy peaceful state the white breasts which thee fed stuff sharp thorns beneath the head of them thou have comforted for out of woe and out of crime draws the heart a lore sublime and yet it not to me that the high gods love tragedy for sat in the sun and thanks was his for and for bloody had active hands and smiling lips and yet his he rightly read and to his folk his message sped sunshine in his heart transferred lighted each transparent word and well could learn what wished to say for s nightly stars did burn brighter than s day whispered the muse in s cot o gentle listen not tempted by thy praise of wit or by thirst and appetite for the talents not thine own to sons of contradiction never son of eastern morning follow falsehood follow who will who will deny and pile the hills to scale the sky let define and how they list fierce fierce but thou joy and war crime gentle mind thy rhyme heed not what the say heed thou only s lay let the great world bustle on with war and trade with camp and town a thousand men shall dig and eat at and furnace thousands sweat and thousands sail the purple sea and give or take the stroke of war or crowd the market and oft shall war end and peace return and cities rise where cities burn ere one man my hill shall climb who can turn the golden rhyme let them manage how they may heed thou only s lay seek the living among the dead man in man is imprisoned is not poor if fate his bosom s door so that what his eye hath seen his tongue can paint as bright as keen and what his tender heart hath felt with equal fire thy heart shall melt for whom the smile upon and touch with soft persuasion his words like a storm wind can bring terror and beauty on their wing in his every syllable nature veritable and though he speak in midnight dark in heaven no star on earth no spark yet before the listener s eye the world in ecstasy the forest waves the morning breaks the pastures sleep ripple the lakes leaves twinkle flowers like persons be and life in rock or tree so far thy words shall reach rise and set in s speech and thus to said the muse eat thou the bread which men refuse flee from the goods which from thee flee seek nothing fortune thee nor mount nor all good things keep the of the eternal deep wish not to the with eyes to fetch thee birds of paradise on thine orchard s edge belong all the of and song wise s sayings pass for in the market place through mountains bored by art toil as he drives his cart nor the seas nor mankind a poet or a friend to find behold he watches at the door behold his shadow on the floor open innumerable doors the heaven where the flood of truth the flood of good the s and the s food those doors are men the hind admits thee to the perfect mind seek not beyond thy cottage wall that can yield thee all while thou at thy door on the desert s yellow floor listening to the gray haired foolish ancient see they rise in stature to the height of mighty nature and the secret stands revealed time in vain concealed that blessed gods in plied for thee thy household tasks holidays from fall to spring the fruit beloved of maid and boy lent itself beneath the forest to be the children s toy pluck it now in vain thou not its root has pierced yon shady mound toy no longer it has duties it is in the ground tear by year the rose maiden of young and old was sunshine dear to all men more dear to one than mines of gold holidays whither went the lovely disappeared in blessed wife servant to a wooden cradle living in a baby s life still thou short fate each to stand aside now most thou be man and artist tis the turning of the tide painting and the sinful painter his goddess warm because she still is naked being dressed the will not so beauty which limbs and flesh enough invest from the of the poems of are held by the to be and his german editor von hammer remarks on the following poem that though in appearance it may be regarded as one of the best of those which earned for the honorable title	37
of tongue of the secret butler fetch the wine which with sudden greatness fills us pour for me who in my spirit fail in courage and performance bring this philosophic stone s treasure s age haste that by thy means i open all the doors of luck and life bring to me the liquid fire sought in dust from the of to tis allowed to pray to matter and to fire bring the wine of s glass which glowed ere time was in the bring it me that through its force i as see through worlds wisely said the the world s not worth a let and speak of wine crowns bring me boy the veiled beauty who in ill houses sits bring her forth my honest name freely i for wine bring me boy the fire water drinks the lion the woods burn give it me that i storm heaven and tear the net from the wine wherewith the teach souls the ways of paradise on the living coals i ll set it and my brain perfume from the of bring me wine through whose jam and yielded light wine that to the i sing where is jam and where is bring the blessing of old times bless the old departed bring me wine which wine whose hearts bring it me the of hearts give me wine to wash me clean of the weather of cares see the countenance of luck whilst i dwell in spirit gardens wherefore stand i here lo this mirror shows me all drunk i speak of purity beggar i of speak when in his sings in her sphere fear the changes of a day bring wine which life from the of since the world is all let the trumpets thee remind how the crown of vanished be not certain of the world not spare to shed thy blood desperate of the world s affair came i running to the wine house bring me wine which glad that i may my through the course career with gallop to my heart s content that i reason quite and plant on the worlds let us make our glasses kiss let us the sorrow to day let us drink together now and then will never agree has arranged a banquet is with glad mind satisfied from the of woe for youth tis gone in the wind happy he who spent it well the of bring wine that i both worlds at a single leap stole at dawn from glowing call of to my sense o lovely bird delicious soul spread thy break thy cage sit on the roof of seven where the spirits take their rest in the time of s beauty on the of wrote they once in elder times hear the counsel learn from us of the course of things the earth it is a place of sorrow scanty joys are here below who has nothing has no sorrow where is jam and where his cup solomon and his mirror where which of the wise masters knows what time and jam existed from the of when those heroes left this world they left nothing but their names bind thy heart not to the earth when thou come not back fools spend on the world their hearts league with it is with heaven never gives it what thou a cup of wine the sight of the five heaven with nine steps can himself without support shall walk who discreet is is not wise give me boy the cup which heart and soul under wine and under cup signify we purest love youth like lightning life goes by us as the wind leave the dwelling with six doors and the serpent with nine heads the of life and silver spend thou freely if thou the soul haste into the other life all is vain save god alone give me boy this toy of when the cup of jam was lost him availed the world no more fetch the made of ice wake the heart with wine every of beneath us is a skull of alexander are the blood of princes desert sands the dust of beauties more than one was there who the whole world overcame but since these gave up the ghost thou they never were boy go from me to the say to him crowned as jam win thou first the poor man s heart then the glass so know the world the of empty sorrows from the earth thou drive away with wine now in thy throne s recent beauty in the flowing tide of power moon of fortune mighty king whose lustre peace secure to fish and fowl heart and eye sparkle to saints is the sea of praise i content me with a prayer from page fairest ornament of speech here a verse will i verse more beautiful than pearls more wait thy than are known to thee by name thee may destiny lead to victory day by day from the of of paradise o wise let us the thought of old therein our names of sin recorded not who dear to god on earthly sod no corn grain plants the same is glad that life is had though corn he wants o just with brow austere forbid me not the vine on the first day poor clay was up with wine thy mind the and cool spare fast and mine me allows the drinking house and sweet chase of the he is no heaven his service who shall refuse there in the banquet to his blanket for who his friend s skirt or hem of his shirt shall spare to pledge to him s bliss and angel s kiss shall want their edge up grace from high god s face beams on thee pure shy thou not hell and trust thou well heaven is secure by fate not nature gave one scent to	37
and to wall flower one sound to pine groves and to one aspect to the desert and the lake it was her stern necessity all things are of one pattern made bird beast and flower song picture form space thought and character deceive us seeming to be many things and are but one beheld far off they part as god and devil bring them to the mind they dull its edge with their monotony to know one element explore another and in the second the first the of a year but the image of a day a belt of round a s flame and universal nature through her vast and crowded whole an infinite one note the day s when i was born from all the seas of strength fate filled a saying this be thy portion child this less than a lily s thou shalt daily draw from my great nor less nor more all the cunning time down into that liquor of my life friends foes joys fortunes beauty and disgust and whether i am angry or content indebted or insulted loved or hurt all he into wine and my little cup heedless alas of all he sheds how little it will hold how much runs over on the desert sands if a new muse draw me with splendid ray and i myself into its heaven the day s the needs of the first sight my blood and all the following hours of the day drag a ridiculous age to day when friends approach and every hour brings book or of genius the little cup will hold not a bead more and all the costly liquor runs to waste nor gives the jealous lord one diamond drop i so to be for poorer days why need i volumes if one word suffice why need i galleries when a pupil s draught after the master s sketch fills and o my apprehension why seek italy who cannot the sea of thoughts and things at home but still the nearest matters for a thousand days i i give me truths for i am weary of the and die of if i knew only the and of the wood and blue and and quaint pipes and and rare and virtuous roots which in these woods draw from the common earth unknown and i could surely spell their fragrance and their apply by sweet to human flesh driving the foe and the friend o that were much and i could be a part of the round day related to the sun and planted world and full of their imperfect functions but these young scholars who our hills bold as the engineer who the wood and travelling often in the cut he makes love not the flower they pluck and know it not and all their is latin names the old men studied magic in the flowers and human fortunes in and an in preferring things to names for these were men were of the united world and their clear eye beams fell they caught the footsteps of the same our eyes are armed but we are strangers to the stars and strangers to the mystic beast and bird and strangers to the plant and to the mine the injured elements say not in us and night and day ocean and continent fire plant and say not in us and return us stare for stare for we them for gain we them and coldly ask their not their love therefore they us from them yield to us only what to our toil is due but the sweet of love and song the rich results of the divine of man and earth of world beloved and lover the and are withheld and in the midst of spoils and slaves we thieves and of the universe shut out daily to a more thin and outward turn pale and starve therefore to our sick eyes the trees look sick the summer short clouds shade the sun which will not tan our hay and nothing to reach its natural term and life of its venerable length even at its greatest space is a defeat and dies in anger that it was a and in its highest noon and is early like a beggar s child even in the hot pursuit of the best aims and of ambition its hand like frozen as they leaped chilled with a comparison of the toy s purchase with the length of life because i was content with these poor fields low open slender and streams and found a home in haunts which others scorned the partial wood gods my love and granted me the freedom of their state and in their secret have prevailed with the dear dangerous lords that rule our life made moon and parties to their bond and through my rock like solitary wont shot million rays of thought and tenderness for me in showers in sweeping showers the spring visits the valley break away the clouds i in the s soft and air and willing by yon stream far off and nearer april s bird blue flying before from tree to tree courageous sing a delicate to lead the concert of the year onward and nearer rides the sun of may and wide around the marriage of the plants is sweetly then flows the of summer s beauty and hollow and lake hill side and pine are touched with genius yonder ragged cliff has thousand faces in a thousand hours beneath low hills in the broad interval through which at will our indian winds still of and of whose pipe and arrow oft the plough here in pine houses built of new fallen trees of the tribe the farmers dwell traveller to thee perchance a tedious road or it may be a picture to these men the landscape is an of powers which one by one they know to draw	37
and use they harness beast bird insect to their work they prove the virtues of each bed of rock and like the mid his loaded draw from each its adapted use to their crops or weapon their arts withal they turn the frost upon their heap they set the wind to pulse and grain they thank the spring flood for its fertile and on cheap summit of the snow slide with the to inaccessible woods o er meadows so year by year they fight the elements with elements that one would say meadow and forest walked in these men to rule their like and by the order in the field disclose the order in the s brain what these strong masters wrote at large in miles i followed in small copy in my acre for there s no has not a star above it the cordial quality of or as gladly in a single tree as in broad with bees and every for itself and for the whole the gentle showed me the lore of colors and of sounds the innumerable of beauty the miracle of force far reaching of felt in the plants and in the punctual birds better the linked purpose of the whole and prize found i true liberty in the glad home plain dealing nature gave the polite found me the great would me but in vain for still i am a willow of the wilderness loving the wind that bent me all my hurts my garden can heal a walk a quest of river grapes a mocking a wild rose or rock loving my worst wounds for thus the wood gods murmured in my ear dost love our manners thou silent lie thou thy pride forgot like nature pass into the winter night s extinguished mood thou shine now then and being latent feel no less as when the all u the eye the river hill stems foliage are obscure yet none none are knows he who this lonely field to reap its scanty corn what mystic fruit his acres yield at midnight and at in the long sunny afternoon the plain was full of ghosts i wandered up i wandered down beset by pensive hosts the winding gleamed below pouring as wide a flood as when my brothers long ago game with me to the wood but they are gone the holy ones who trod with me this lovely the strong star bright companions are silent low and pale my good my noble in their prime who made this world the feast it was who learned with me the lore of time who loved this dwelling place they took this valley for their toy they played with it in every mood a cell for prayer a hall for joy they treated nature as they would they colored the horizon round stars and faded as they bade all echoes for their sound they made the glad or mad i touch this flower of silken leaf which once our childhood knew its soft leaves wound me with a grief whose never grew to yon pine singing aloft in the tree thou o traveller what he to me not unless god made sharp thine ear with sorrow such as mine out of that delicate lay could st thou its heavy tale divine go lonely man it they loved thee from their birth their hands were pure and pure their faith there are no such hearts on earth ye drew one mother s milk one chamber held ye all a very tender history did in your childhood fall ye cannot your heart the key is gone with them the silent organ the master s the south wind brings life sunshine and desire and on every mount and meadow breathes fire but over the dead he has no power the lost the lost he cannot restore and looking over the hills i mourn the darling who shall not return i see my empty house i see my trees repair their boughs and he the wondrous child whose silver wild every sound within the air s round the boy for whom well might break and april bloom the gracious boy who did adorn the world he was born and by his countenance repay the favor of the loving day has disappeared from the day s eye far and wide she cannot find him my hopes pursue they cannot bind him returned this day the south wind and finds young pines and but finds not the man nature who lost cannot him fate let him fall fate can t him nature fate men him seek in vain and whither now my wise and sweet o whither tend thy feet i had the right few days ago thy steps to watch thy place to know how have i the right hast thou forgot me in a new delight i for thy household cheer o eloquent child whose voice an equal messenger conveyed thy meaning mild what though the pains and joys whereof it spoke were toys fitting his age and ken yet fairest and bearded men who heard the sweet request so gentle wise and grave with joy to his and let the world s affairs go by awhile to share his cordial game or mend his wagon frame still how their hungry ear that voice again might hear for his lips could well pronounce words that were marked serene his early hope his liberal mien took counsel from his guiding eyes to make this wisdom earthly wise ah vainly do these eyes recall the school march each day s festival when every my bosom glowed to watch the on the road the babe in willow wagon closed with rolling eyes and face composed with children forward and behind like inclined and he the paced beside the centre of the troop allied with sunny face of sweet repose to guard the babe from fancied foes the	37
little captain innocent took the eye with him as he went each village senior paused to and speak the lovely from the window i look out to mark thy beautiful parade stately marching in cap and coat to some tune by played a music heard by thee alone to works as noble led thee on now love and pride alas in vain up and down their glances strain the painted stands where it stood the by the wood the gathered sticks to the wall of the snow tower when snow should fall the ominous hole he dug in the sand and childhood s castles or planned his daily haunts i well discern the poultry yard the shed the barn and every inch of garden ground paced by the blessed feet around from the roadside to the brook he loved to look step the meek birds where they ranged the wintry garden lies unchanged the brook into the stream runs on but the deep eyed boy is gone on that shaded day dark with more clouds than are when thou yield thy innocent breath in unto death night came and nature had not thee i said we are mates in misery the morrow dawned with needless glow each each fowl must crow each started but the feet of the most beautiful and sweet of human youth had left the hill and garden they were bound and still there s not a or a there s not a blade of autumn grain which the four seasons do not tend and tides of life and increase lend and every of every bird and weed and rock moss is preferred o like forgetfulness o loss of larger in the less i was there no star that could be sent no in the no angel from the countless host that round the crystal coast could stoop to heal that only child nature s sweet marvel and keep the blossom of the earth which all her were not worth not mine i never called thee mine but nature s heir if i and seeing torn and moved not what i made but what i loved grow early old with grief that thou must to the of nature go tis because a general hope was and all must doubt and for flattering seemed to say this child should ills of ages stay by wondrous tongue and guided pen bring the flown back to men perchance not he but nature the world and not the infant failed it was not ripe yet to sustain a genius of so fine a strain who gazed upon the sun and moon as if he came unto his own and with his thought brought the old order into doubt his beauty once their beauty tried they could not feed him and he died and wandered backward as in scorn to wait an to be born el day which made this beauty waste plight broken this high face some went and came about the dead and some in books of solace read some to their friends the tidings say some went to write some went to pray one here there hurried one but their heart abode with none death us all to one funeral the eager fate which carried thee took the largest part of me for this losing is true dying this is man s down lying this his slow but sure star by star his world child of paradise boy who made dear his father s home in whose deep eyes men read the welfare of the times to come am too much the world thou hast left o truth s and nature s costly lie i o trusted broken prophecy o richest fortune crossed born for the future to the future lost the deep heart answered thou cause for passion wild if i had not taken the child and thou as those who pore with aged eyes short way before think st beauty vanished from the coast of matter and thy darling lost taught he not thee the man of whose eyes within his eyes beheld heaven s numerous span the mystic gulf from god to man to be alone wilt thou begin when worlds of lovers hem thee in to morrow when the shall fall that nature s the pure shall see by their own will which overflowing love shall fill tis not within the force of fate the fate to separate but thou my thou i gave thee sight where is it now i taught thy heart beyond the reach of bible or of speech wrote in thy mind s transparent table as far as the taught thee each private sign to raise lit by the blaze past utterance and past belief and past the of grief the mysteries of nature s heart and though no muse can these impart throb thine with nature s throbbing breast and all is clear from east to west i came to thee as to a friend dearest to thee i did not send but a joyful eye innocence that matched the sky lovely locks a form of wonder laughter rich as thunder that thou might st entertain apart the richest of all art and as the great all loving day through smallest chambers takes its way that thou might st break thy daily bread with prophet and head that thou might st cherish for thine own the riches of sweet mary s son boy s and thou such guest would in thy hall take up his rest would rushing life forget her laws fate s glowing revolution pause high ask guess not to be to and know my higher gifts the that the mind when the scanty shores are full with thought s perilous whirling pool when frail nature can no more then the spirit strikes the hour my servant death with into infinite wilt thou love s flow whose streams	37
n american artist from the tower up through and the strand to a house in square whither we had been recommended to good chambers for the first time for many months we were forced to check the habit of travellers criticism as we could no longer speak aloud in the streets without being understood the shop signs spoke our language our country names were on the door plates english traits and the public and private buildings wore a more native and front like most young men at that time i was much indebted to the men of and of the review to and to scott and de and my narrow and reading had inspired the wish to see the faces of three or four writers de and the latest and strongest to the critical journals and i suppose if i had the reasons that led me to europe when i was ill and was advised to travel it was mainly the attraction of these persons k had been still living i might have wandered into germany also besides those i have named for scott was dead there was not in britain the man living whom i cared to behold unless it were the duke of whom i afterwards saw at westminster abbey at the funeral of the young scholar fancies it happiness enough to live with people who can give an inside to the world without reflecting that they are prisoners too of their own thought and cannot apply themselves to yours the conditions of literary success are almost destructive of the best social power as they do not leave that liberty which only can visit to encounter a companion on the best terms it is probable you left some obscure comrade at a tavern or in the farms with right mother wit and equality to ufe when you crossed sea and land to play bo peep with celebrated i have however found writers superior to their books and i cling to my first belief that a strong head will dispose st enough of these and give one the satisfaction of reality the sense of having been met and a larger horizon on looking over the of my journey in i find nothing to publish in my of visits to places but i have copied the few notes i made of visits to persons as they respect parties quite too good and too transparent to the whole world to make it needful to affect any of about a few hints of those bright at chief among artists i found the american his ce was so handsome and his person so well formed that he might be if as was alleged the face of his and the figure of a colossal in clay were of his own was a superior man ardent and eloquent and all his opinions had elevation and he believed that the had english traits wrought in schools or the genius of the master his design to his friends and them with it and when his strength was spent a new hand with equal heat continued the work and so by until it was finished in every with equal fire this was necessary in so a material as stone and he thought art would never prosper until ve left our shy jealous ways and worked in society as they all his thoughts breathed the same generosity he was an accurate and a deep man he was a of the and impatient of art his paper on architecture published in announced in advance the leading thoughts of mr on the morality in architecture notwithstanding the in their views of the history of art i have a private letter from him later but respecting the same period in which he roughly sketches his own theory here is my theory of structure a scientific arrangement of spaces and forms to functions and to site an emphasis of features to their importance in function color and ornament to be decided and arranged and varied by strictly laws having a distinct reason for each decision the entire and immediate of all make shift and visit to england brought me through a common friend an invitation from mr who lived at san di on the th may i dined with mr i found him noble and courteous living in a cloud of pictures at his villa a fine house commanding a beautiful landscape i had inferred from his books or from some anecdotes an impression of wrath an i do not know whether the were just or not but certainly on this may day his courtesy veiled that haughty mind and he was the most patient and gentle of hosts he praised the beautiful which grows all about he admired washington talked of and to be sure he is decided in his opinions likes to surprise and is well content to impress if possible his english whim upon the past no great man ever had a great son if philip and alexander be not an exception and philip he calls the greater man in art he loves the and in them only he prefers the to every thing else and after that the head of alexander in the gallery here he prefers john of to michael in painting and shares the english traits growing taste for and the early masters the greek histories he thought the only good and after them s i could not make him praise nor my more recent friends very cordially and also which seemed he thought indebted to on happiness and on he me with but who is he invited me to breakfast on friday on friday i did not fail to go and this time with he entertained us at once with half a dozen lines of caesar s from he said he lord more than was necessary and and as three of the greatest of men washington and much	37
as our in their lists select the three or the six best for a small orchard and did not even omit to remark the similar termination of their names a great man he said should make great sacrifices and kill his hundred oxen without knowing whether they would be consumed by gods and heroes or whether the flies would eat them i had visited professor who had shown me his it was two thousand di to england and i spoke of the uses to which they were applied despised yet in the same breath said the sublime was in a grain of dust i suppose i him about recent writers but he professed never to have heard of not even by name one room was full of pictures which he likes to show especially one piece standing before which he said he would give fifty guineas to the man that would swear it was a i was more curious to see his library but mr h one of the guests told me that mr gives away his books and has never more than a dozen at a time in his house mr carries to its height the love of which the english delight to indulge as if to their commanding freedom he has a wonderful brain violent and inexhaustible meant for a soldier by what chance converted to letters in which there is not a style nor a tint not known to him yet with an english appetite for action and heroes the thing done and not what is said about it an original sentence a step forward is worth more than all the is strangely in england usually ignored and sometimes savagely attacked in the the criticism may english traits be right or wrong and is quickly forgotten but year after year the scholar must still go back to for a multitude of elegant sentences for wisdom wit and indignation that are from london on the th august i went to and wrote a note to mr leave to pay my respects to him it was near noon mr sent a verbal message that he was in bed but if i would call after one o clock he would see me i returned at one and he appeared a short thick old man with bright blue eyes and fine clear complexion leaning on his cane he took snuff freely which presently soiled his and neat black suit he asked whether i knew and spoke warmly of his merits and doings when he knew him in rome what a master of the he was c c he spoke of dr it was an unspeakable misfortune that he should have turned out a after all on this he burst into a on the folly and ignorance of its high and taking up bishop s book which lay on the table he read with vehemence two or three pages written by himself in the fly leaves passages too which i believe are visit to england printed in the to when he stopped to take breath i interposed that whilst i highly valued all his explanations i was bound to tell him that i was born and bred a yes he said i supposed so and continued as before it was a wonder that after so many ages of acquiescence in the of st paul the doctrine of the which was also according to the doctrine of the jews before christ this handful of should take on themselves to deny it c c he was very sorry that dr a man to whom he looked up no to say that he looked up to him would be to speak but a man whom he looked at with so much interest should embrace such views when he saw dr he had hinted to him that he was afraid he loved christianity for what was lovely and excellent he loved the good in it and not the true and i tell you sir that have known ten persons who loved the good for one person who loved the true but it is a far greater virtue to love the true for itself alone than to love the good for itself alone he knew all about perfectly well because he had once been a and knew what it was he had been called the rising star of english he went on or rather the doctrine was the idea of god was not essential but essential talked of and and much more of which i only caught this that the will was that by which a person is a person because if one should push me in the street and so i should force the man next me into the i should at once exclaim i did not do it sir meaning it was not my will and this also that if you should insist on your faith here in england and i on mine mine would be the side of the i took advantage of a pause to say that he had many readers of all religious opinions in america and i proceeded to inquire if the extract from the independent s in the third volume of the friend were a veritable quotation he replied that it was really taken from a in his possession entitled a protest of one of the or something to that i told him how excellent i thought it and how much i wished to see the entire work yes he said the man was a chaos of truths but lacked the knowledge that god was a god of order yet the passage would no doubt strike you more in the quotation than in the original for i have it visit to england when i rose to go he said i do not know whether you care about poetry but i will repeat some verses i lately made on my and he	37
was not s fault that we talked on that topic for he had the natural of every spirit to itself against walls and did not like to place himself where no step can be taken but he was honest and true and of the english links that bind ages together and saw how every event affects all the future christ died on the tree that built yonder that brought you and me together time has only a relative existence he was already turning his eyes towards london with a scholar s appreciation london is the heart of the world he said wonderful only from the mass of human beings he liked the huge machine each keeps its own round the baker s boy brings to the window at a fixed hour every day and that is all the knows or wishes to know on the subject but it turned out good men he named certain individuals especially one man of letters his friend the best mind he knew whom london had well served on the th august i went to mount to pay my respects to mr his daughters called in their father a plain elderly white haired man not and by green he sat down and talked with great simplicity he had just returned from a journey his health was good but be had broken a tooth by a fall when walking with two lawyers and had said that he was glad it di not happen pie t visit to england forty years ago whereupon they had praised his philosophy he had much to say of america the more that it gave occasion for his favorite topic that society is being enlightened by a superficial out of all proportion to its being restrained by moral culture schools do no good is not education he thinks more of the education of circumstances than of tis not question whether there are of which the law takes but whether there are of which the law does not take sin is what he fears and how society is to escape without from this source he has even said what seemed a that they needed a civil war in america to teach the necessity of knitting the social ties stronger there may be he said in america some vulgarity in manner but that s not important that comes of the state of things but i fear they are too much given to the making of money and sec to politics that they make political tion the end and not the means and i fear they lack a class of men of leisure in short of gen to give a tone of honor to the i am told that things are boasted of in the second class of society there which in england a english god knows are done in england every day but would never be spoken of in america i wish to know not how many churches or schools but what newspapers my friend colonel at the foot of the hill who was a year in america me that the newspapers are and accuse members of of stealing i he was against taking off the tax on newspapers in england which the represent as a tax upon knowledge for this reason that they would be with base prints he said he talked on political aspects for he wished to impress on me and all good americans to cultivate the moral the c c and never to call into action the physical strength of the people as had just now been done in england in the bill a thing by he alluded once or twice to his conversation with dr who had recently visited him laying his hand on a particular chair in which the doctor had sat the conversation turned on books he a far higher poet than not in his system which is nothing but in his power of illustration faith is necessary to explain any thing and to reconcile the of god with human evil of cousin whose lectures we to england had all been reading in boston he knew only the name i inquired if he had read s critical articles and he said he thought him sometimes insane he proceeded to abuse s heartily it was full of all manner of it was like the crossing of flies in the air he had never gone farther than the first part so disgusted was he that he threw the book across the room i this wrath and said what i could for the better parts of the book and he courteously promised to look at it again he said wrote most he was clever and deep but he defied the sympathies of every body even mr wrote more clearly though he had always wished would write more to be understood he led me out into his garden and showed me the gravel walk in which thousands of his lines were composed his eyes are much this is no loss except for reading because he never writes prose and of poetry he carries even hundreds of lines in his head before writing them he had just returned from a visit to and within three days had made three on s cave and was a fourth when he was called in to see me he said if you are inter english t in my verses perhaps you will like to hear these lines i gladly assented and he recollected himself for a few moments and then stood forth and repeated one after the other the three entire with great animation i fancied the second and third more beautiful than his poems are wont to be the third is addressed to the flowers which he said especially the are very abundant on the top of the rock the second to the name of the cave which is cave of music the first to the circumstance of	37
every day which have their own chances of collision sea stroke cold and thunder hour for hour the risk on a is greater but the speed is safety or twelve days of danger instead of twenty four english traits our ship was tons and weighed perhaps with all her freight tons the from the deck to the top button measured feet the length of the deck from stem to stem it is impossible not to a ship every body does in every thing they say she well she minds her she like a duck she runs her nose into the water she looks into a port then that wonderful du corps by which we adopt into our self love every thing we touch makes us all of her sailing qualities the conscious ship hears all the praise in one week she has made miles and now at night seems to hear the steamer her which left boston to day af two has mended her speed and is flying before the gray south wind eleven and a half knots the hour the sea fire shines in her wake and far around wherever a wave breaks i read the hour h on my watch by this light near the you can read small print by it and the mate describes the insects when taken up in a as shaped like a i find the sea life an acquired taste like that for and the cold motion noise and are not to be with the floor of your room is at an angle of voyage to england twenty or thirty degrees and i every morning with the belief that some one was up my berth nobody likes to be treated upset against the side of the house rolled over with and oil we get used to these at last but the dread of the sea remains longer the sea is masculine the type of active strength look what egg shells are drifting all over it each one like ours filled with men in of terror with conceit as the sea is rough or smooth is this sad colored circle an eternal in our we a pit but this water opens mile wide and and makes a of a fleet to the the sea is the o the land is in perpetual and change now blown up like a now sunk in a chasm and the observations of a few hundred years find it in a perpetual rising and falling the sea keeps its old level and tis no wonder that the history of our race is so recent if the roar of the ocean is our traditions a rising of the sea such as has been observed say an inch in a century from east to west on the land will bury all the towns monuments bones and knowledge of mankind steadily and if it is english traits ble of these great and it is quite as ready at private and local damage and of this no seems so fearful as the seaman such discomfort and such danger as the of the captain and mate disclose are bad enough as the costly fee we pay for entrance to europe but the wonder is always new that any sane man can be a sailor and here on the second day of our voyage stepped out a little boy in his shirt sleeves who had hid himself whilst the ship was in port in the bread closet having no money and wishing to go to england the sailors have dressed him in frock with a knife in his belt and he is climbing about after them likes the work first rate and if the captain will take him means now to come back again in the ship the mate that this is the history of all sailors nine out of ten are boys and adds that all of them are sick of the sea but stay in it out of pride jack has a life of risks incessant abuse and the worst pay it is a little better with the mate and not very much better with the captain a hundred dollars a month is reckoned high pay if sailors were contented if they had not resolved again and again not to go to sea any more i should respect them of course the and terrors of the voyage to england sea are not of any account to those whose minds are the water laws frost the mountain the mine only every noble activity makes room for itself a great mind is a good sailor as a great heart is and the sea is not slow in secrets to a good tis a good rule in every journey to provide some piece of liberal study to rescue the hours which bad weather bad company and steal from the best which at home are read have a strange charm in a country inn or in the of a merchant i remember that some of the happiest and most valuable hours i have owed to books passed many years ago on the worst i have found at sea is the want of light in the cabin we found on board the usual cabin library hall and sand were our sea gods among the passengers there was some variety of talent and profession we exchanged our experiences and all learned something the talk with leisure and convenience at sea and sometimes a memorable fact turns up which you long had a vacant for and seize with the joy of a but under the best conditions a voyage is one of the english traits to try a man a college examination is nothing to it sea days are long these lack lustre days which whistled over us but they were few only fifteen as the captain counted sixteen according to me beckoned from the time when we left our speed was such that the captain drew	37
the line of his course in red ink on his for the encouragement or envy of future it has been said that the king of england would his dignity by giving audience to foreign in the cabin of a man of war and i think the white path of an atlantic ship the right avenue to the palace front of this people who for hundreds of years claimed the strict of the sea and toll and the striking sail from the ships of all other when their privilege was disputed by the dutch and other junior on the plea that you could never anchor on the same wave or hold property in what was always flowing the english did not stick to claim the channel or bottom of all the main as if said they we for the drops of the sea and not for its situation or the bed of those waters the sea is bounded by his majesty s empire as we the land its genius was felt this voyage to england was inevitably the british side in every man s thought arises now a new system english sentiments english loves and fears english history and social modes yesterday every passenger had measured the speed of the ship by watching the over the ship s to day instead of we measure by cork and there lay the green shore of ireland like some coast of plenty we could see towns towers churches but the curse of eight hundred years we could not discern iii land thought italy and england the only countries worth living in the former because there nature her rights and triumphs over the evils inflicted by the the latter because art nature and a rude land into a paradise of comfort and plenty england is a garden under an ash colored sky the fields have been and rolled till they appear to have been finished with a pencil instead of a plough the of the that compose the towns speaks the industry of ages nothing is left as it was made rivers hills valleys the sea itself feel the hand of a master the long habitation of a powerful and ingenious race has turned every of land to its best use has found all the the soil the rock the the the the waters and the new arts of intercourse meet you every where so that england is land a huge where all that man wants is provided within the and comforted in every manner the traveller rides as on a cannon ball high and low over rivers and towns through mountains in of three or four miles at near twice the speed of our trains and reads quietly the times newspaper which by its immense correspondence and seems to have the rest of the world for his occasion the problem of the traveller landing at liverpool is why england is england what are the elements of that power which the english hold over other nations if there be one test of national genius universally accepted it is success and if there be one successful country in the for the last that country is england a wise traveller will naturally choose to visit the best of actual nations and an american has more reasons than another to draw him to britain in all that is done or begun by the americans towards right thinking or practice we are met by a civilization already settled and overpowering the culture of the day the thoughts and aims of men are english thoughts and aims a nation le for a thousand years since it has in the english traits last centuries obtained the and stamped the knowledge activity and power of mankind with its impress those who resist it do not feel it or obey it less the russian in his is to be english the and chinese also are making awkward efforts to be english the practical common sense of modem society the direction which labor laws opinion religion take is the natural genius of the british mind the influence of france is a of modern civility but not enough opposed to the english for the most wholesome effect the american is only the of the genius into new conditions more or less see what books fill our every book we read every biography play romance in whatever form is still english history and manners so that a sensible englishman once said to me as long as you do not grant us we shall have the teaching of you but we have the same difficulty in making a social or moral estimate of england as the finds in drawing a jury to try some cause which has agitated the whole community and on which every body finds himself an interested party officers judges have all taken sides england has all nations with her civilization land intelligence and tastes and to resist the tyranny and of the british element a serious man must aid himself by comparing with it the of the east and west the old greek the oriental and much more the ideal standard if only by means of the very impatience which english forms are sure to awaken in independent minds besides if we will visit london the present time is the best time as some signs that it has reached its highest point it is observed that the english interest us a little less within a few years and hence the impression that the british power has is in or already declining as soon as you enter england which with wales is no larger than the state of this little land stretches by an illusion to the dimensions of an empire the innumerable details the crowded succession of towns cities castles and great and decorated estates the number and power of the trades and the military strength and splendor the multitudes of rich and of remarkable people the servants and all these catching	37
the eye and never allowing it to pause add south and you haye more than an equivalent for the area of scotland english hide all boundaries by the impression of and endless wealth i reply to all the that refer me to this and that object to be seen yes to see england well needs a hundred years for what they told me was the merit of sir john s museum in london that it was well packed and well saved is the merit of england it is stuffed full in all corners and with towns towers churches palaces and charity houses in the history of art it is a long way from a to york yet all the steps may still be traced in this island the territory has a singular perfection the climate is warmer by many degrees than it is entitled to by latitude neither hot nor cold there is no hour in the whole year when one cannot work here is no winter but such days as we have in in november a temperature which makes no demand on human strength but allows the of the largest stature charles the second said it invited men abroad more days in the and more hours in the day than another country then england has all the materials of a working country except wood the constant rain a rain with every tide in some land parts of the island keeps its multitude of rivers full and brings agricultural production up to the highest point it has plenty of water of stone of s clay of coal of salt and of iron the land naturally with game immense and downs are paved with and and the shores are animated by water birds the rivers and the surrounding sea with fish there are salmon for the rich and and for the poor in the northern the are in innumerable at one season the country people say the lakes contain one part water and two parts fish the only on this is the darkness of its sky the night and day are too nearly of a color it strains the eyes to read and to write add the coal smoke in the towns the fine or the day give white sheep the color of black sheep the human the air poison many plants and the monuments and buildings the london fog the of the sky and sometimes the on the climate by an english wit in a fine day looking up a chimney in a foul day looking down one a gentleman in liverpool told me that he found english traits he could do without a fire in his parlor about one day in the year it is however pretended that the enormous consumption of coal in the island is also felt in the general climate climate position england a ship in its shape and if it were one its best admiral could not have worked it or it in a more judicious or effective position sir john said london was the centre of the globe the nation to use a shop word has a good stand the old pleased themselves with the flattery that was in between the poles and the line as if that were an imperial long of old the fancied the of the earth in their favorite mode of the earth to be an animal the jews believed to be the centre i have seen a designed to show that the city of philadelphia was in the same belt and by in the same belt of empire as the cities of rome and london it was drawn by a patriotic and was examined with pleasure under his showing by the inhabitants of chestnut street but when carried to to new and to boston it somehow failed to convince the ingenious scholars of all those land but england is at the side of europe and right in the heart of the modern world the sea which according to s famous line divided the poor utterly from the world proved to be the ring of marriage with all nations it is not down in the books it is written only in the that fortunate day when a wave of the german ocean burst the old which joined and to france and gave to this fragment of europe its sea wall cutting off an island of eight hundred miles in length with an irregular breadth reaching to three hundred miles a territory large enough for independence enriched with every seed of national power so near that it can see the of the continent and so far that who would cross the strait must be an expert ready for as america europe and asia lie these have precisely the best commercial position in the whole planet and are sure of a market for all the goods they can manufacture and to make these advantages avail the river thames must dig its spacious outlet to the sea from the heart of the kingdom giving road and landing to innumerable ships and all the to trade that a people so skilful and sufficient in water front by and english traits required when james the first declared his purpose of london by removing his court the lord mayor replied that in removing his royal presence from his they hoped he would leave them the thames in the variety of surface britain is a miniature of europe having plain forest marsh river mines in in and delicious landscape in delicious sea view at tor bay in scotland in wales and in and a pocket in which the lakes and mountains are on a sufficient scale to fill the eye and touch the imagination it is a nation conveniently small thought that nature had sometimes a little affectation and there is such an artificial completeness in this nation of as if there were a design from the beginning	37
to elaborate a bigger nature held counsel with herself and said my are gone to build my new empire i will choose a rude race all masculine with strength i will not grudge a competition of the let and the pasture to the strongest for i have work that requires the best will and sharp and temperate northern breezes shall blow to keep that will alive land and alert the sea shall the people from others and knit them to a fierce it shall give them on every side long time i will keep them on their feet by poverty border wars sea risks and the of gain an island but not so large the people not so many as to the great and one another but to the size of europe and the with its fruits and wares and money must its civil influence it is a singular coincidence to this the spiritual which to the people for the english nation the best of them are in the centre of all christians because they have interior intellectual light this appears in the spiritual world this light they derive from the liberty of speaking and writing and thereby of thinking chapter iv rack an ingenious has written a book to prove that races are but nations are political easily changed or destroyed but this writer did not found his assumed races on any necessary law their ideal or necessity nor did he on the other hand count with precision the existing races and settle the true bounds a point of and the popular test of the theory the individuals at the extremes of in one race of men are as unlike as the wolf to the yet each variety shades down into the next and you cannot draw the line where a race begins or ends hence every writer makes a different count five races three and mr who lately in our exploring expedition thinks he saw all the kinds of men that can be on the planet makes eleven the races a fragment by robert london race the british empire is reckoned to contain souls perhaps a fifth of the population of the globe and to a territory of square miles so far have british people perhaps forty of these millions are of british stock add the united states of america which reckon exclusive of slaves of people on a territory of square miles and in which the foreign element however considerable is rapidly and you have a population of english descent and language of and governing a population of souls the british proper twenty seven and a half millions in the home countries what makes this important is the quality of the that compose it they are free forcible men in a y where life is safe and has reached the greatest value they give the bias to the current age and that not by chance or by mass but by their character and by the number of individuals among them of personal ability it has been denied that the english have genius be it as it may men of vast intellect have been born on their soil and they have made or applied the principal inventions they have sound bodies and supreme endurance in war and in labor the force of the race has to the english traits of great parts of the world yet it remains to be seen whether they can make good the of millions from great britain in to more than a thousand a day they have force since they are by their foreign subjects and they are still and the dominion of their arts and liberty their laws are hospitable and slavery does not exist under them what oppression exists is and temporary their success is not sudden or fortunate but they have maintained constancy and self equality for many ages is this power due to their race or to some other cause men hear gladly of the power of blood or race every body likes to know that his advantages cannot be attributed to air soil sea or to local wealth as mines and nor to laws and traditions nor to fortune but to superior brain as it makes the praise more personal to him we anticipate in the doctrine of race something like that law of that whatever bone muscle or essential organ is found in one healthy individual the same part or organ may be found in or near the same place in its and we look to find in the son every mental and moral property that existed in the in race it is not the broad shoulders or or stature that give advantage but a that reaches as far as to the w t then the miracle and renown begin then first we care to examine the and copy the training what food they ate what nursing school and exercises they had which resulted in this mother wit delicacy of thought and robust wisdom how came such men as king alfred and bacon william of walter philip william george francis bacon george henry to exist here what made these delicate natures was it the air was it the sea was it the for it is certain that these men are of their the hearing ear is always found close to the speaking tongue and no genius can long or often utter any thing which is not invited and gladly entertained by men around him it is race is it not that puts the hundred millions of india under the dominion of a remote island in the north of europe race much if that be true which is alleged that all are and all are that love unity of power and the representative principle race is a influence in the jew who for two under every english traits climate has preserved the same character and in the negro is of appalling importance the french in	37
canada cut off from all intercourse with the parent people have held their national traits i chanced to read on the manners of the not long since in and the heart of and i found abundant points of resemblance between the of the forest and our and of the american woods but whilst race works to keep its own it is resisted by other forces civilization is a re agent and eats away the old traits the of to day are the of but the of to day is a very different person from or each religious has its the have acquired a face the a face the a face an englishman will pick out a by his manners trades and professions their own lines on face and form certain circumstances of en life are not less effective as personal liberty plenty of food good ale and mutton open market or good wages for every kind of labor high to talent and skill the island life or the million opportunities and for and talent readiness of combination race among themselves for politics or for business strikes and sense of superiority founded on habit of victory in la and in war and the appetite for superiority grows by feeding it is easy to add to the forces to race is a main element tis said that the views of nature held by any people determine all their institutions whatever influences add to mental or moral faculty take men out of as out of other conditions and make the national life a compromise these of the formidable doctrine of race suggest others which threaten to it as not sufficiently based the or of races as we see them is a weak argument for the eternity of these frail boundaries since all our historical period is a point to the duration in which nature has wrought any the least and fact in our natural history such as the of fruits and of animal stocks has the worth of a power in the opportunity of periods moreover though we flatter the self love of men and nations by the legend of pure races all our experience is of the and resolution of races and strange meet us every where it need not puzzle us that and and roman saxon and tar u tar should mix when we see the of and in oar human form and know that the of races are not so firm but that some spray us from the seas the low are simplest a mere mouth a or a straight worm as the scale the become complex we are with pure descent but nature loves a child in his face the faces of both parents and some feature from every whose face hangs on the wall the best nations are those most widely related and as a world wide mixture is the most potent of nations the english character a mixed origin every thing english is a of distant and elements the language is mixed the names of men are of different nations three languages three or four nations the currents of are counter contemplation and practical skill active intellect and dead j world wide enterprise and devoted use and wont freedom and hospitable law with bitter a people scattered by their wars and over the of the whole earth and to a man a country of extremes and of and naked heathen nothing can be praised in it without exceptions and nothing without of cordial praise neither do this people appear to be of one stem but a better race than any from which they are derived nor is it easy to trace it home to its original seats who can call by right names what races are in britain who can trace them who can them or in the impossibility of arriving at satisfaction on the historical question of race and come of whatever the englishman before me himself very well marked and nowhere else to be found i fancied i could leave quite aside the choice of a tribe as his said in his wrath the englishman was the mud of all races i incline to the belief that as water lime and sand make mortar so certain marry well and by well managed develop as a character as the english on the whole it is not so much a history of one or of certain tribes of or coming from one place and identical as it is an of out of them all certain suit the sky and soil of england say eight english traits or ten or twenty varieties as out of a hundred trees eight or ten suit the of an orchard and whilst all the die out the english derive their from such a range of that there needs sea room and land room to the varieties of talent and character perhaps the ocean serves as a battery to at one pole and at the other so england to her in america and her at london the in her race still hear in every age the murmurs of their mother the ocean the in the blood the still again as if to the influences that are not of race what we think of when we talk of english traits really itself to a small district it ireland and scotland and wales and itself at last to london that is to those who come and go thither the portraits that hang on the walls in the academy exhibition at london the figures in punch s drawings of the public men or of the club houses the prints in the shop windows are english and not american no nor scotch nor irish but tis a very as you go north into the and agricultural districts and to race the population that never travels as you go into as enter scotland the world s englishman is no longer found	37
a poor king with many could be kept alive when he leaves his own farm to collect his through the kingdom these are excellent persons in the main with good sense wise speech and prompt action but they have a singular turn for their chief end of man is to murder or to be murdered oars knives and are tools valued by them all the more for their charming for a pair of kings after dinner will divert themselves by thrusting each his sword through the other s body as did and another pair ride out on a morning for a and finding no weapon near will take the bits out of their horses mouths and crush each other s heads with them as did and the sight of a tent cord or a cloak string puts them on hanging somebody a wife or a husband or best of all a king if a farmer has so much as a he sticks it into a king king finds it vastly amusing to burn up half a dozen kings in a hall after getting them drunk never was poor gentleman so with life so furious to be race rid of it as the if he cannot pick any other quarrel he will get himself by a bull s horns like or slain by a land slide like the agricultural king died in his bed in but it was a proverb of ill condition to die the death of old age king of cuts and in battle as long as he can stand then orders his war ship loaded with his dead men and their weapons to be taken out to sea the and the sails spread being left alone he sets fire to some tar wood and lies down contented on deck the wind blew off the land the ship flew burning in clear flame out between the into the ocean and there was the right end of king the early are and the later are of a noble strain history rarely us better passages than the conversation between king the and king his brother on their respective merits one the soldier and the other a lover of the arts of peace but the reader of the history must steel himself by holding fast the remote which result from animal vigor as the old world shows that the first steps of the chaos were confided to and other huge and horrible animals so the foundations of english traits the new civility were to be laid by the most savage men the came out of france into england worse men than they went into it one hundred and sixty years before they had lost their own language and learned the romance or barbarous latin of the and had acquired with the language all the vices it had names for the conquest has obtained in the the name of the memory of sorrow twenty thousand thieves landed at these of the house of lords were greedy and ferocious sons of greedy and ferocious they were all alike they took every thing they could carry they burned tortured and killed until every thing english was brought to the verge of ruin such however is the illusion of antiquity and wealth that decent and dignified men now existing boast their descent from these filthy thieves who showed a far conviction of their own merits by assuming for their types the swine goat wolf and snake which they resembled england yielded to the and in the tenth and centuries and was the into which all the of that population was poured the continued draught of race the best men in and to these exhausted those countries like a tree which bears much fruit when young and these have been second rate powers ever since the power of the race and left void king said when king my father went westward to england the chosen men in followed him but was so emptied then that such men have not since been to find in the country nor especially such a leader as king was for wisdom and bravery it was a of these when in the british government sent to the in the sound and in lord at the entire fleet as it lay in the and all the from the and carried them to england the town where the kings of and were wont to meet is now to a private english gentleman for a hunting ground it took many generations to trim and comb and perfume the first boat load of into royal and most noble knights of the but every sparkle of ornament dates back to the boat there will be time enough to english traits mellow this strength into civility and religion it is a medical fact that the children of the blind see the children of have a healthy conscience many a mean boy is at the age of transformed into a serious and generous youth the of the following ages has not quite these traits of as the of a structure in the tiger is said to be still found in the man the nation has a tough animal nature which centuries of and have not been able to said the crimes of italy were the proof of the superiority of the stock and one may say of england that this watch moves on a of the english are a brutal nation the crimes recorded in their leave nothing to be desired in the way of cold dear to the english heart is a fair stand up fight the of the manners in the lower class appears in the bear cock fighting love of and in the readiness for a set to in the streets delightful to the english of all classes the of london streets hold cowardice in we must work our fists well we are all handy with our fists the public schools are charged with being	37
bear gardens race of brutal strength and are liked by the people for that cause the is a trait of the same quality in the life of relates that at a military school they rolled up a young man in a and left him so in his room while the other went to church and crippled him for life they have retained army and school such is the ferocity of the army discipline that a soldier to sometimes that his sentence may be to death banished from the armies of western europe remains here by the sanction of the duke of the right of the husband to sell the wife has been retained down to our times the jews have been the favorite victims of royal and popular persecution henry hi all the jews in the kingdom to his brother the earl of as security for money which he borrowed the torture of and the rack for evidence were slowly of the criminal sir samuel said i have examined the of all nations and ours is the worst and worthy of the in the last the house of was listening to details of and torture practised in the english traits as soon as this land thus posted got a hardy people into it they could not help becoming the sailors and of the globe from childhood they in water they like fishes their were boats in the case of the ship money the judges delivered it for law that england being an island the very therein are all to be accounted and fuller adds the genius even of driving the natives with a dexterity as early as the conquest it is remarked in explanation of the wealth of england that its merchants trade to all countries the english at the present day have great vigor of body and endurance other countrymen look slight and beside them and they are bigger men than the americans i suppose a hundred english taken at random out of the street would weigh a fourth more than so many americans yet i am told the skeleton is not larger they are round ruddy and handsome at least the whole bust is well formed and there is a tendency to stout and powerful frames i remarked the on mv first landing at liverpool porter coachman guard what substantial respectable figures with costume and manners to race suit the has arrived at the old mansion house and finds himself among and the pictures on the chimney of his nursery were pictures of these people here they are in the identical and air which so took him it is the fault of their forms that they grow and the women have that disadvantage few tall slender figures of flowing shape but and persons the french say that the have two left hands but in all ages they ai a handsome race the bronze monuments of lying cross legged in the temple church at london and those in and in which are seven hundred years old are of the same type as the best youthful heads of men now in england please by beauty of the same character an expression and refinement and mainly by that youth in the face of manhood which is daily seen in the streets of london both branches of the race are distinguished for beauty the anecdote of the handsome which saint found at rome a d is matched by the testimony of the five centuries later who wondered at the beauty and long flowing hair of the english traits young english meantime the has frequent occasion to speak of the personal beauty of its heroes when it is considered what humanity what resources of mental and moral power the traits of the race its accession to empire marks a new and finer epoch wherein the old force shall be at last by humanity and shall plough in its it is not a final race once a always but a race with a future on the english face are combined decision and nerve with the fair complexion blue eyes and open and aspect hence the love of truth hence the sensibility the fine perception and poetic construction the fair saxon man with open front and honest meaning domestic is not the wood out of which or or is made but he is for law lawful trade civility marriage the of children for churches and colonies they are rather manly than warlike when the war is over the mask falls from the affectionate and domestic tastes which make them women in kindness this union of qualities is in their national legend of beauty and the beast or long before in the greek legend of the two sexes are co present in the mind i apply to queen of seas and colonies the words in which her latest his heroine she is as mild as she is game and as game as she is mild the english delight in the which in one person the extremes of courage and tenderness dying at sends his love to lord and like an innocent that goes to bed says kiss me hardy and turns to sleep lord his comrade was of a nature the most affectionate and domestic admiral s figure approached to delicacy and and he declared himself very sensible to fear which he surmounted only by considerations of honor and public duty says the duke of was so modest and gentle that some attempted to put oil him until they found that this modesty and was only a mask for the most terrible determination and sir edward said the other day of sir john that if he found sound open he it for he was a man who never turned his back on a danger yet of that tenderness that he would not brush away a even for their the same virtue is claimed and hood comes described to us as	37
does not allow us to fix the limits of the application of these names with any accuracy but from the residence of a portion of these people in france and from some effect of that powerful soil on their blood and manners the has come to represent in england the aristocratic and the saxon the principle and though i doubt not the are of both tribes and the workers of both yet we are forced to use the names a little one to represent the and the other the the island was a prize for the best race each of the dominant races tried its fortune in turn the the and the had already got in the roman came but in the very day when his fortune he looked in the eyes of a new people that was to his own english traits he his erected his and towers presently he heard bad news from italy and worse and worse every year at last he made a handsome compliment of roads and walls and departed but the saxon seriously settled in the land and with german truth and the came and divided with him last of all the or french arrived and formally conquered and ruled the kingdom a century later it came out that the saxon had the most bottom and had managed to make the victor speak the language and accept the law and usage of the victim forced the baron to dictate saxon terms to kings and step by step got all the essential of civil liberty invented and confirmed the genius of the race and the genius of the place to this the island is to fi ee labor but not worth possession on other terms the race was so intellectual that a or could not last longer than the war the power of the saxon so thoroughly beaten in the war that the name of english and were yet so as to from the kings stood on the strong personality of these people sense and economy must rule in a world which is made ability of sense and economy and the banker with his seven per cent drives the earl out of his castle a nobility of soldiers cannot keep down a of shrewd scientific persons what a of a hundred links against a cotton with steam in his mill or against a company of broad shouldered liverpool merchants for whom and are and a bridge these are the hands of mankind they have the taste for toil a for pleasure or repose and the appreciation of distant gain they are the wealth makers and by dint of mental faculty which has its own conditions the saxon works after liking or only for himself and to set him at work and to begin to draw his monstrous out of barren britain all fret and barrier must be removed and then his energies begin to play the fancied himself surrounded by a kind of men with vast power of work and skilful production divine and swift to reward every kindness done them with gifts of gold and silver in all english history this dream comes to pass certain or working brains under the names of alfred english traits ton dwell in the of britain and turn the sweat of their face to power and renown if the race is good so is the place nobody landed on this island with the of barren and rough weather transformed every adventurer into a each vagabond that arrived bent his neck to the yoke of gain or found the air too tense for him the strong survived the weaker went to the ground even the pleasure hunters and of england are of a texture a hard temperament had been formed by saxon and saxon and such of these french or as could reach it were in every sense all the admirable or means hit upon in england must be looked at as or irresistible of the mind of the race a man of that brain thinks and acts thus and his neighbor being afflicted with the same kind of brain though he is rich and called a baron or a duke thinks the same thing and is ready to allow the justice of the thought and act in his or tenant though sorely against his or will the island was renowned in antiquity for its ability breed of so fierce that when their teeth were set you must cut their heads off to part them the man was like his dog the people have that nervous temperament which is known by medical men to resist every means employed to make its possessor to the will of others the english game is main force to main force the planting of foot to foot fair play and open field a rough without trick or till one or both come to pieces king spoke the language of his race when he planted himself at and said he would do one of two things or there live or there lie they hate craft and they neither poison nor nor and when they have each other to a they will shake hands and be friends for the remainder of their lives you shall trace these touches at school at country at the and in parliament no no breach of truth and plain dealing not so much as secret is suffered in the island in parliament the of the opposition is to resist every step of the government by a pitiless attack and in a bargain no prospect of advantage is so dear to the merchant as the thought of being is sir a of charles and english james who won the sea fight of was a model englishman in his day his person was handsome and gigantic he had so graceful and noble address that had he been out of the clouds in any part of the	37
a suit of clothes which was wool on a sheep s back at sunrise you dine with a gentleman on poultry and pine apples all ability the growth of his estate they are neat husbands for ordering all their tools to house and field all are well kept there is no want and no waste they study use and fitness in their building in the order of their dwellings and in their dress the frenchman invented the the englishman added the shirt the englishman a sensible coat to the chin of rough but solid and lasting texture if he is a lord he dresses a little worse than a they have the taste for plain substantial hats shoes and coats through europe they think him the best dressed man whose dress is so fit for his use that you cannot notice or remember to describe it they secure the in their diet in their arts and every article of shows in its shape thought and long experience of workmen they put the expense in the right place as in sea in the of the machinery and the strength of the boat the admirable of their ships carries london to the pole they build roads warm and houses and they have impressed their and practical habit on modern civilization in trade the englishman believes that nobody breaks who ought not to break and that if he english traits do not make trade every thing it will make him nothing and acts on this belief the spirit of system attention to details and the of details or the not driving things too finely which is charged on the constitute that despatch of business which makes the power of england in war the englishman looks to his means he is of the opinion of his german whom reports as holding that the gods are on the side of the strongest a sentence which unconsciously translated when he said he had noticed that providence always favored the heaviest their military science that if the weight of the advancing column is greater than that of the resisting the latter is destroyed therefore when he came to the army in spain had every man weighed first with and then without believing that the force of an army depended on the weight and power of the individual soldiers in spite of cannon lord told the house of that more care is taken of the health and comfort of english troops than of any other troops in the world and that hence the english can put more men into the rank on the day of action on the field of battle ability than any other army before the of the in the spent day after day himself in the boats on the service of sounding the channel clerk of s celebrated of breaking the line of and s feat of or his ships one on the outer bow and another on the outer quarter of each of the enemy s were only into naval of s rule of lord was accustomed to tell his men that if they could fire three well directed in five minutes no vessel could resist them and from constant practice they came to do it in three minutes and a half but conscious that no race of better men exists they rely most on the simplest means and do not like ponderous and difficult but delight to bring the affair hand to hand where the victory lies with the strength courage and endurance of the individual they adopt every improvement in in in weapons but they believe that the best in naval war is to lay your ship close alongside of the enemy s and bring all your guns to bear on him until you or he go to the bottom this is the old fashion which never goes out of fashion neither in nor out of england english traits it is not usually a point of honor nor a religious sentiment and never any whim that they will shed their blood for but usually property and right measured by property that revolution they have no indian taste for a no french taste for a or a the englishman is his business and earning his day s wages but if you offer to lay hand on his day s wages on his cow or his right in common or his shop he will fight to the judgment jury trial star chamber ship money colony american revolution are all questions a s right to his dinner and except as touching that would not have lashed the british nation to rage and revolt whilst they are thus instinct with a spirit of order and of calculation it must be owned they are capable of larger views but the indulgence is expensive to them costs great or of mental power in common the horse works best with nothing is more in the line of english thought than our question pray sir how do you get your living when you are at home the questions of freedom of of privilege are money questions heavy fellows in beer and ability they are hard of hearing and dim of sight their drowsy minds need to be by war and trade and politics and persecution they cannot well read a principle except by the light of and of burning towns says of the powerful only in sudden efforts they are impatient of toil and labor this highly destined race if it had not somewhere added the chamber of patience to its brain would not have built london i know not from which of the tribes and that went to the composition of the people this was supplied but they every nail they drive they have no running for luck and no speed they spend largely on their fabric and await the slow return their leather lies seven years in the at s mills in where i was shown	37
the process of making a and a i was told there is no luck in making good steel that they make no mistakes every blade in the hundred and in the thousand is good and that is characteristic of all their work no more is attempted than is done when and his companions arrive at he is told that nobody is permitted to remain here unless he understand some art and in it all other men the same question is still put english traits to the posterity of a nation of every man is trained to some one art or detail and aims at perfection in that not content unless he has something in which he thinks he ail other men he would rather not do any thing at all than not do it well i suppose no people have such from the highest to the lowest every man meaning to be master of his art to show capacity a frenchman described as the end of a speech in debate no said an englishman but to set your shoulder at the wheel to advance the business sir samuel refused to speak in popular himself to the house of where a measure can be carried by a speech the business of the house of is conducted by a few persons but these are hard worked sir robert knew the blue books by heart his and rivals carry in their heads the high civil and legal offices are not beds of ease but posts which exact frightful of mental labor many of the great leaders like are soon worked to death they are excellent judges in england of a good and when they find one like sir philip sir william ability or there is nothing too good or too high for him they have a wonderful heat in the pursuit of a public aim private persons exhibit in scientific and the same as the nation showed in the in which it europe against the empire of one after the other defeated and still renewed until the sixth hurled him from his seat sir john in completion of the work of his father who had made the catalogue of the stars of the northern himself for years at the cape of good hope finished his of the southern heaven came home and it in eight years more a work whose value does not begin until thirty years have elapsed and a record to all ages of the highest import the sent out the year after year in search of sir john until at last they have their way through pack and s straits and solved the problem lord at saw the imminent ruin of the greek remains set up his in spite of and after five years labor to collect them got his on the ship struck a rock and went to the bottom he had them all oc english traits up by divers at a vast expense and brought to london not knowing that hay don and and all good heads in all the world were to be his in the same spirit were the and by sir charles for the monument and of for his the nation sits in the immense city they have a extended into every man s mind though he live in van s land or faithful performance of what is undertaken to be performed they honor in themselves and exact in others as of equality with themselves the modern world is theirs they have made and make it day by day the commercial relations of the world are so intimately drawn to london that every dollar on earth strength of the english government and if all the wealth in the planet should perish by war or they know themselves competent to replace it they have approved their saxon blood by their sea going qualities their descent from s by their hereditary skill in working in iron their british birth by and immense wheat and justified their of the centre of land by their supreme ability and spirit they ability have spun and woven they have made the island a and london a shop a law court a record office and scientific inviting to strangers a to of every political and religious opinion and such a that almost every active man in any nation finds himself at one time or other forced to visit it in every path of practical activity they have gone even with the best there is no secret of war in which they have not shown mastery the steam of the of the cotton mule of perform the labor of the world there is no department of literature of science or of useful art in which they have not produced a first rate book it is england whose opinion is waited for on the merit of a new invention an improved science and in the of the trade and politics of their vast empire they have been equal to very with counsel and with conduct is it their luck or is it in the chambers of their brain it is their commercial advantage that whatever light appears in better method or happy invention breaks out in their race they are a family to which a destiny and the has sworn that a male heir shall never be wanting english traits they have a wealth of men to fill important posts and the vigilance of party criticism the selection of a competent person a proof of the energy of the british people is the highly artificial construction of the whole fabric the climate and geography i said were as if the hands of man had arranged the conditions the same character the whole kingdom bacon said rome was a state not subject to but england by and the foundations of its greatness are the rolling waves and from first to last it is a museum of this and rainy country	37
the world with observations its short rivers do not but the land shakes under the thunder of the mills there is no gold mine of any importance but there is more gold in england than in all other countries it is too far north for the culture of the vine but the of all countries are in its the french de said no fruit in england but a baked apple but and pine apples are as cheap in london as in the the mark lane express or the custom house returns bear out to the letter the of pope let india boast her palms nor envy we the weeping nor the tree while by our oaks those precious loads are borne and commanded which those trees adorn the native cattle are extinct but the island is full of artificial the created sheep and cows and horses to order and in which every was omitted but what is economical the cow is sacrificed to her bag the ox to his stall feeding makes mills of the cattle and the stable to a factory the rivers lakes and too much or by are filled with the eggs of salmon and chat moss and the of and are and too barren to pay rent by and five millions of acres of bad land have been drained and put on equality with the best for culture and grass the climate too which was already believed to have become and by the enormous consumption of coal is so far reached by this new action that and storms are said to disappear in due course all england will be drained and rise a second time out of the waters the latest step was to call in the aid of steam to steam is almost an englishman i do i i english traits not know but they will send him to parliament next to make laws he pounds and now he must pump grind dig and plough for the farmer the created by the population have erected into a great and spending industry the value of the houses in britain is equal to the value of the soil artificial of all kinds are cheaper than the natural resources no man can to walk when the train carries him for a penny a mile gas are cheaper than daylight in floors in the cities all the houses in london buy their water the english trade does not exist for the of native but on its or the making well every thing which is ill made elsewhere they make for the for the for the chinese beads for the indian for the for for kings the board of trade caused the best models of greece and italy to be placed within the reach of every population they caused to be translated from foreign languages and illustrated by elaborate drawings the most approved works of and paris they have italy to find new forms to add a grace to the of their their and their the nearer we look the more artificial is their social system their law is a of their property a or of right to interest on money that no man ever saw their social classes are made by their of power and representation are historical and legal the last bill took away political power from a mound a ruin and a stone wall whilst and whose mills paid for the wars of europe had no representative purity in the parliament is secured by the purchase of seats f foreign power is kept by armed colonies power at home by a standing army of police the lives better than the free the thief better than the and the transported better than the one under imprisonment the crimes are as non and treason better they say in england kill a man than a hare the of the seas is maintained by the of the see memorial of h p new york t sir s purest of english decided that the only independent mode of entering parliament was to buy a seat and he bought english traits of said lord is the life of our navy is maintained by means of a national debt on the principle if you will not lend me the money how can i pay you for the administration of justice sir samuel s expedient for the of business in was the s away entirely from his court their system of education is the dead languages into a semblance of life their church is artificial the manners and customs of society are artificial made up men with made up manners and thus the whole is and we have a nation whose existence is a work of art a cold barren almost isle being made the most fruitful luxurious and imperial land in the whole earth man in england to be a product of political economy on a bleak a mill is built a house is opened and men come in as water in a way and towns and cities rise man is made as a button the rapid of the population dates from s a landlord who owns a province says the are let me have sheep he the houses and ships the population to america the nation is accustomed to the creation of wealth it is the of their that the greater part in value of the wealth now existing in england has been produced by human hands within the last twelve months meantime three or four days rain will reduce hundreds to starving in london one secret of their power is their mutual good understanding not only good minds are bom among them but all the people have good minds every nation has yielded some good wit if as has chanced to many tribes only one but the intellectual organization of the english admits a of knowledge and ideas among them all an electric touch by any of their	37
national ideas them into one family and brings the of power which their individuality is always into use and play for all is it the of the country or is it the pride and of race they have or and trust in each other their minds like wool admit of a which is more lasting than the cloth they embrace their cause with more than their life though not military yet every common subject by the is fit to make a soldier of these private reserved english mute family men can adopt a public end with all their heat and this strength of affection makes the romance of their heroes the difference of rank does not divide the national heart the poet that who writes in writes to two hundred readers in germany there is one speech for the learned and another for the masses to that extent that it is said no sentiment or phrase from the works of any great german writer is ever heard among the lower classes but in england the language of the noble is the language of the poor in parliament in in theatres when the rise to thought and passion the language becomes the people in the street best understand the best words and their language seems drawn from the bible the common law and the works of bacon milton pope young burns and scott the island has produced two or three of the greatest men that ever existed but they were not solitary in their own time men quickly embodied what found out in and practical the boys know all that knew of or of or of blood vessels and these studies once dangerous are in fashion so what is invented or known in or in trade or in war or in art or in literature and a great ability not on a few giants but poured into the general mind so that each of them could at a pinch stand in the shoes of the other and they are more bound in character than in ability or in rank the is a possible lord the lord is a possible basket maker every man carries the english system in his brain knows what is confided to him and does therein the best he can the carries england on his the at the point of his the smith on his hammer the cook in the bowl of his spoon the cracks his whip for england and the sailor times his oars to god save the the very have their pride in each other s english in politics and in war they hold together as by hooks of steel the charm in s history is the unselfish greatness the assurance of being supported to the by those whom he to the whilst they are some ages ahead of the rest of the world in the art of living whilst in some directions they do not represent the modem spirit but constitute it this of civility and power they coldly hold marching in foot after foot file after file of heroes ten thousand deep vi manners i find the englishman to be him of all men who stands in his shoes they have in themselves what they value in their horses and bottom on the day of my arrival at liverpool a gentleman in describing to me the lord lieutenant of ireland happened to say lord has pluck like a cock and will fight till he dies and what i heard first i heard last and the one thing the english value is pluck the have it the merchants have it the have it the women have it the journals have it the times newspaper they say is the thing in england and smith had made it a proverb that little lord john the minister would take the command of the channel fleet to morrow they require you to dare to be of your own opinion and they hate the practical who cannot in affairs answer directly yes or no they manners dare to nay they will let you break all the if you do it and with spirit you must be somebody then you may do this or that as you will machinery has been applied to all work and carried to such perfection that little is left for the men but to mind the engines and feed the but the machines require punctual service and as they never tire they prove too much for their mines mills of of police rule of court and shop rule have to give a mechanical regularity to all the habit and action of men a terrible machine has possessed itself of the ground the air the men and women and hardly even thought is free the mechanical might and organization requires in the people constitution and answering spirits and he who goes among them must have some weight of metal at last you take your hint from the fury of life you find and say one thing is plain this is no country for people don t creep about make up your mind take your own course and you shall find respect and it requires men say a good constitution to travel in i say as much of england for other english traits cause simply oh account of the vigor and of the people nothing but the most serious business could give one any to these though they were only to order eggs and for their breakfast the englishman speaks with all his body his is as the american s is the englishman is very and precise about his accommodation at and on the roads a about his toast and his chop and every species of convenience and loud and in his expressions of at any neglect his vivacity itself at all points in his manners in his and the inarticulate noises he makes in clearing the throat all significant of strength he	37
has he can take the in he has that which results from a good of the moral and physical nature and the obedience of all the powers to the will as if the of his eyes were united to his and only moved with the trunk this vigor appears in the and stony neglect each of every other each man walks eats drinks dresses and in every manner acts and suffers without reference to the in his own fashion only careful not to inter with them or annoy them not that he is trained to neglect the eyes of his neighbors he is really occupied with his own ir and does not think of them every man in this polished country only his convenience as much as a solitary in i know not where any personal is so freely allowed and no man gives himself any concern with it an englishman walks in a pouring rain swinging his closed umbrella like a walking stick wears a wig or a shawl or a saddle or stands on his head and no remark is made and as he has been doing this for several generations it is now in the blood in short every one of these is an island himself safe tranquil in a company of strangers you would think him deaf his eyes never wander from his table and newspaper he is never betrayed into any curiosity or emotion they have all been trained in one severe school of manners and never put os the harness he does not give his hand he does not let you meet his eye it is almost an to look a man in the face without being introduced in mixed or in select companies they do not introduce persons so that a is a circumstance as as a contract are he his name at english traits the hotel he is hardly willing to whisper it to the clerk at the book office if he give you his private address on a card it is like an of friendship and his bearing on being introduced is cold even though he is seeking your acquaintance and is studying how he shall serve you it was an odd proof of this impressive energy that in my lectures i hesitated to read and threw out for its impertinence many a phrase which i had been accustomed to spin about poor thin unable mortals so much had the fine and the personal vigor of this robust race worked on my imagination i happened to arrive in england at the of a commercial crisis but it was evident that let who fail england will not these people have sat here a thousand years and here will continue to sit they will not break up or arrive at any desperate revolution like their neighbors for they have as much energy as much of character as they ever had the power and possession which surround them are their own creation and they exert the same commanding industry at this moment they are positive and formal loving routine and conventional ways loving truth and religion to be sure but inexorable on manners ill points of form al the world praises the comfort and private of an english inn and of english you are sure of neatness and of personal decorum a frenchman may possibly be clean an englishman is clean a certain order and complete propriety is found in his dress and in his born in a harsh and wet climate which keeps him in doors whenever he is at rest and being of an affectionate and loyal temper he dearly loves his house if he is rich he a and a hall if he is in middle condition he no expense on his house without it is all planted within it is carved hung with pictures and filled with good furniture tis a passion which all others to deck and improve it hither he brings all that is rare and costly and with the national tendency to sit fast in the same spot for many generations it comes to be in the course of time a museum of gifts and of the adventures and exploits of the family he is very fond of silver plate and though he have no gallery of portraits of his ancestors he has of their punch and incredible of plate are found in good houses and the poorest have some spoon or gift of a saved out of better times an english family consists of a few persons who from youth to age are found revolving within a few feet of each other as if tied by some invisible tense as that which we have seen the two england produces under favorable conditions of ease and culture the finest women in the world and as the men are affectionate and true hearted the women inspire and them nothing can be more delicate without being nothing more firm and based in nature and sentiment than the courtship and mutual carriage of the sexes the song of says the wife of every englishman is counted the sentiment of in is copied from english nature and not less the of the and the the romance does not exceed the height of noble passion in mrs or in lady or even as one through the plain prose of s the sacred habit of an english wife sir samuel could not bear the death of his wife every class has its noble and tender examples is the which the nation to branch wide and high the motive and end of their trade and empire is to guard the independence and privacy of their homes nothing manners so much marks their manners as the on their household ties this is carried into court and camp governed india and spain and his own troops and fought battles like a good family man paid his debts and though general of an army in	37
spain could not stir abroad for fear of public this taste for house and parish merits has of course its and foolish side mr attributes the huge popularity of prime minister in to the fact that he was wont to go to church every sunday with a large gilt prayer book under one arm his wife hanging on the other and followed by a long brood of children they keep their old customs and their wig and and crown the middle ages still in the streets of london the knights of the bath take oath to defend injured ladies the gold stick in waiting they repeated the ceremonies of the century in the of the present queen a hereditary is natural to them offices farms trades and traditions descend so their run for a hundred and a thousand years terms of service and are or are inherited has with english traits me said lord eight and twenty years knows all my business and books antiquity of usage is sanction enough says of the small of many of these humble sons of the hills had a consciousness that the land which they had for more than five hundred years been possessed by men of the same name and blood the ship carpenter in the public yards my lord s gardener and porter have been there for more than a hundred years grandfather and son the english power also in their dislike of change they have difficulty in bringing their reason to act and on all occasions use their memory first as soon as they have rid themselves of some grievance and settled the better practice they make haste to fix it as a and never wish to hear of alteration more every englishman is an his instinct is to search for a precedent the favorite phrase of their law is a custom whereof the memory of man not back to the contrary the say and the the curiosity of the foreigner on the reason of any practice with lord sir it was always so they hate bacon told them time was the right that confidence was a plant of slow growth to advance with the times and that habit was ten times nature all their learn the of the tide of custom and have invented many fine phrases to cover this of perception and of tail a should be the crest of england not only because it represents a power built on the waves but also the hard finish of the men the englishman is finished like a or a after the spire and the are formed or with the formation a and a hard every part the keeping of the is as indispensable as clean linen no merit quite the want of this whilst this sometimes stands in of all tis in bad taste is the most formidable word an englishman can pronounce but this costs them dear there is a prose in certain englishmen which in wooden all with other countrymen there is a in the conceit and of their voice which seems to say leave all hope behind in this of propriety gets and and founded in an englishman of fashion is like one of those bound in english traits gold enriched with delicate on thick hot pressed paper fit for the hands of ladies and princes but with nothing in it worth reading or remembering a severe decorum rules the court and the cottage when the was one evening performing before the queen at in a private party the queen accompanied him with her voice the circumstance took air and all england shuddered from sea to sea the was never repeated cold manners prevail no enthusiasm is permitted except at the opera they avoid every thing marked they require a tone of voice that no attention in the room sir philip is one of the patron saints of england of whom said his wit was the measure of and are once for all distasteful they keep to the other extreme of low tone in dress and manners they avoid and go right to the heart of the thing they hate nonsense and expression they use a studied even their was marked by the simplicity in dress they value themselves on the absence of every thing theatrical in the public business and on and going to the point in private affairs manners n in an country like england not the trial by jury but the dinner is the capital institution it is the mode of doing honor to a stranger to invite him to eat and has been for many ed years and they think says the traveller of no greater honor can be conferred or received than to invite others to eat with them or to be invited themselves and they would sooner give five or six to provide an entertainment for a person than a to assist him in any distress it is reserved to the end of the day the family hour being generally six in london and if any company is expected one or two hours later every one dresses for dinner in his own house or in another man s the guests are expected to arrive within half an hour of the time fixed by card of invitation and nothing but death or is permitted to detain them the english dinner is precisely the model on which our own are constructed in the atlantic cities the company sit one or two hours before the ladies leave the table the gentlemen remain over their wine an hour longer and the ladies in the drawing room and take the dress dinner a talent of table talk relation of england printed by the society english traits which reaches great perfection the stories are so good that one is sure they must have been often told before to have got such happy turns hither come all manner of clever projects bits of popular science of	37
practical invention of miscellaneous humor political literary and personal news horses diamonds and wine english stories bon and the recorded table talk of their wits are as good as the best of the french in america we are apt scholars but have not yet attained the same perfection for the range of nations from which london draws and the steep of condition create the picturesque in society as broken country makes picturesque landscape whilst our prevailing equality makes a and secondly because the usage of a dress dinner every day at dark has a tendency to hive and produce to advantage every thing good much has worn every sentence into a bullet also one meets now and then with polished men who know every thing have tried every thing can do every thing and are quite superior to letters and science what could they not if only they would chapter vii truth the tribes have a national of hearty which with the latin races the german name has a significance of sincerity and honest meaning the arts bear testimony to it the faces of clergy and in old and illuminated are charged with earnest belief add to this hereditary the and precise dealing which commerce and you have the english truth and credit the government strictly its engagements the subjects do not understand trifling on its part when any breach of promise occurred in the old days of it was resented by the people as an intolerable grievance and in modem times any in the government in political faith or any or in matters of would bring the whole nation to a committee of inquiry and reform private men keep their promises never so trivial english traits down goes the flying word on the and is as book their practical power rests on their national sincerity from instinct and marks superiority in organization nature has endowed some animals with cunning as a compensation for strength withheld but it has provoked the malice of all others as if of public wrong in the nobler kinds where strength could be afforded her races are loyal to truth as truth is the foundation of the social state beasts that make no with man do not break faith with each other tis said that the wolf who makes a of his prey and brings his fellows with him to the spot if on digging it is not found is instantly and torn in pieces english seems to result on a animal structure as if they could afford it they are blunt in saying what they think of promises and they require of others we will not have to do with a man in a mask let us know the truth draw a straight line hit whom and where it will alfred whom the affection of the nation makes the type of their race is called bv a writer at the conquest the truth speaker of says of king undo of arthur that above all things he hated a lie truth the said to king it is royal work to fulfil royal words the of their families are as fare say do of the say and seal of the house of of the de to be king of their word is their pride when they cant they say the english of this is c and to give the lie is the extreme insult the phrase of the lowest of the people is honor bright and their vulgar praise his word is as good as his bond they hate shuffling and and the cause is in the public opinion on which any can be fixed even lord with his french breeding when he came to define a gentleman declared that truth made his distinction and nothing ever spoken by him would find so hearty a from his nation the duke of who had the best right to say so the french general that he may rely on the of an english officer the english of all classes value themselves on this trait as them from the french who in the popular belief are more polite than true an englishman the himself in compliments that in the french language one cannot speak without lying english traits they love reality in wealth power hospitality and do not easily learn to make a show and take the world as it goes they are not fond of ornaments and if they wear them they must be gems they read gladly in old fuller that a lady in the reign of elizabeth would have as patiently a lie as the wearing of false stones or of pearl they have the earth hunger or preference for property in land which is said to mark the nations they build of stone public and private buildings are massive and in comparing their ships houses and public offices with the american it is commonly said that they spend a pound where we spend a plain rich clothes plain rich plain rich finish throughout their house and mark the english truth they confide in each other english believes in english the french feel the superiority of this the englishman is not springing a trap for his admiration but is honestly his business the frenchman is vain madame de says that the english irritated napoleon mainly because they have found out how to unite success with honesty she was not aware how wide an application her foreign readers would give to the remark discovered the ruin truth of s affairs by his own he ill of the empire as soon as he saw that it was and lived by war if war do not bring in its new trade better and but only games and spectacles no prosperity could support it much less a nation for and out of pocket like france so he for years on his military works at and from this base at last extended his gigantic lines to believing	37
in his countrymen and their above all the of europe at a st george s festival in where i happened to be a guest since my return home i observed that the his by saying they confided that wherever they met an englishman they found a man who would speak the truth and one cannot think this festival fruitless if all over the world on the d of april wherever two or three english are found they meet to encourage each other in the of in the power of saying rude truth sometimes in the lion s mouth no men them on the king s birthday when each bishop was expected to the king a purse of gold gave viii a copy of the with a mark english traits at the passage and god will judge and they so honor in each other that the king passed it over they are of their belief and cannot easily change their opinions to suit the hour they are like ships with too much head on to come quickly about nor will prosperity or even be allowed to shake their habitual view of conduct whilst i was in london m arrived there on his escape from paris in february many private friends called on him his name was immediately proposed as an member of the m was certainly they knew the distinction of his name but the englishman is not he had really made up his mind now for years as he read his newspaper to hate and despise m and the altered position of the man as an illustrious exile and a guest in the country makes no to him as it would instantly to an american they require the same thorough conviction and reality in public men it is the want of character which makes the low reputation of the irish members see them they said one hundred and twenty seven all like sheep never any thing and all but four the income tax which was an ill judged truth sion of the government irish property from the burdens charged on english they have a horror of in or out of parliament the ruling passion of englishmen in these days is a terror of in the same proportion they value honesty and to your own they like a man committed to his objects they hate the french as frivolous they hate the irish as they hate the as professors in february they said look the french king and his party fell for want of a shot they had not conscience to shoot so entirely was the and heart of eaten out they attack their own every day on the same grounds as they love in standing for your right in declining money or promotion that costs any concession the refuses the silk gown of queen s counsel if his junior have it one day earlier lord would not accept his for victory on th february if he did not receive one for victory on st june and the long was accorded when lord from going to the king s until the business bad been explained he replied you furnish english traits me a reason for going i will go tp this or i will never go to a king s the radical mob at oxford cried after the tory lord there s old cheer him he never they have given the of to the whom english character does not love they are very liable in their politics to extraordinary thus to believe what stands recorded in the books that the movement of april was urged or assisted by foreigners which to be sure is by the in this country which i have noticed to be shared by men sane on other points that the english are at the bottom of the agitation of slavery in american politics and then again to the french popular legends on th subject of but suspicion will make fools of nations as of citizens it is an unlucky moment to remember these of solitary in the face of the honors lately paid in england to the emperor louis napoleon i am sure that no englishman whom i had the happiness to know consented when the aristocracy and the of london like a before a successful thief but how to resist one step though odious in a linked of state necessities must always learn too late that the use of agents is as for nations as for single men truth a slow t makes them less rapid and ready than other countrymen and has given occasion to the observation that english wit comes afterwards which the french as d this makes their attachment to home and their in all foreign countries to home habits the englishman who visits mount will carry his to the top the old italian author of the relation of england in f says i have it on the best information that when the war is actually raging most furiously they will seek for good eating and all their other comforts without thinking what harm might befall them then their eyes seem to be set at the bottom of a and they affirm the one small fact they know with the best faith in the world that nothing else exists and as their own belief in guineas is perfect they readily on all occasions apply the pecuniary argument as final thus when the began to be heard of in england a man deposited in a sealed box in the bank and then advertised in the newspapers to all and others that whoever could tell him the number of his note should have the money he let it lie there six months the newspapers now and then at his instance the attention english of the but none could him and he said now let me never be more with this lie it is told of a good sir john that	37
he heard a case stated by counsel and mt de up his mind then the counsel for the other side taking their turn to speak he found himself so and perplexed that he exclaimed so help me god i will never listen to evidence again any number of delightful examples of this english are the anecdotes of europe i knew a very worthy man a magistrate i believe he was in the town of who went to the opera to see in one scene the heroine was to rush across a ruined bridge mr b arose and mildly yet firmly called the attention of the audience and the to the fact that in his judgment the bridge was this english with french wit and tact the french it is commonly said have greatly more influence in europe than the english what influence the english have is by brute force of wealth and power that of the french by and talent the italian is subtle the treacherous it was said could never from an egyptian the confession of a secret none of these traits belong to the englishman his and conceit force every thing truth out who knew his countrymen well says of them in their faculty s but weak for generally er they know they speak and often their own counsels by mere infirmity without design from whence the learned say it doth proceed that english can succeed for they re so open hearted you may know their own most secret thoughts and others too chapter viii the english race are i do not know that they have brows than their neighbors of northern they are sad by comparison with the singing and dancing nations not but slow and staid as finding their joys at home they too that where there is no enjoyment of life there can be no vigor and art in speech or thought that your merry heart goes all the way your sad one in a mile this trait of gloom has been fixed on them by french travellers who from le sage down to the lively of the have spent their wit on the solemnity of their neighbors the french say gay conversation is unknown in their island the englishman finds no relief from reflection except in reflection when he wishes for amusement he goes to work his is like an attack of fever the theatre and the reading the books of his country all feed and increase his natural melancholy the police does not interfere with public it thinks itself bound in duty to respect the pleasures and rare of this nation and their well known courage is entirely to their disgust of life i suppose their gravity of and their few words have obtained this reputation as compared with the americans i think them cheerful and contented young people in this country are much more prone to melancholy the english have a mild aspect and a ringing cheerful voice they are large natured and not so easily amused as the and are among them as grown people among children requiring war or trade or or science instead of frivolous games they are proud and private and even if disposed to will avoid an open garden they sadly us s la de pays said and i suppose never nation built their party walls so thick or their garden fences so high meat and wine produce no effect on them they are just as cold quiet and composed at the end as at the beginning of dinner the reputation of they have enjoyed for six or seven hundred years and a kind of english traits pride in bad public speaking is noted in the house of as if they were to show that they did not live by their tongues or thought they spoke well enough if they had the tone of gentlemen in mixed company they shut their mouths a mill owner told me he had ridden more than once all the way from london to in the first class carriage with the same persons and no word exchanged the club houses were established to cultivate social habits and it is rare that more than two eat together and one eats alone was it then a stroke of humor in the serious or was it only his pitiless logic that made him shut up the english souls in a heaven by themselves they are described as sour and stubborn and as mild sweet and sensible the truth is they have great range and variety of character commerce sends abroad multitudes of classes the the the resident in the east or west indies are wide of the perfect behavior of the educated and dignified man of family so is the farmer so is the country squire with his narrow and violent life in every inn is the commercial in which travellers or who carry patterns and character orders for the are wont to be entertained it easily happens that this class should england to the foreigner who meets them on the road and at every public house whilst the gentry avoid the or themselves whilst in them but these classes are the right english stock and may fairly show the national qualities before yet art and education have dealt with them they are good lovers good slow but obstinate admirers and in all things very much in their temperament like men hardly from deep sleep which they enjoy their habits and instincts to nature they are of the earth and of the sea as the sea kinds attached to it for what it them and not from any sentiment they are full of coarse strength rude exercise butcher s meat and sound sleep and suspect any poetic or any hint for the conduct of life which on this animal existence as if were at the cord and might stop their supplies they doubt a man s sound judgment if he does not	37
eat with appetite and shake their heads if he is particularly take them as they come you shall find in the common people a surly indifference sometimes and ill temper and in minds of more english traits power magazines of inexhaustible war the hour that time and spite dare bring to frown upon the enraged they are and of their opinion and not less resolute in maintaining their whim and wrote a book against the lord s prayer and one can believe that the of melancholy having predicted from the stars the hour of his death slipped the knot himself round his own neck not to his their looks an invincible they have extreme difficulty to run away and will die game said of the young of the life guards delicately brought up but the fight well and said of his sailors they really mind shot no more than peas of absolute no nation has more or better examples they are good at at boarding at dying iu the last ditch or any desperate service which has daylight and honor in it but not i think at enduring the rack or any passive obedience like jumping off a castle roof at the word of a being both and highly organized so as to be very character sensible of pain and intellectual so as to see reason and glory in a matter of that constitutional force which the supplies of the day they have the more than enough the excess which courage on fortitude genius in poetry invention in enterprise in trade magnificence in wealth splendor in ceremonies and projects in youth the young men have a rude health which runs into they drink brandy like water cannot their quantities of waste strength on riding hunting swimming and and run into absurd with the gravity of the they stoutly carry into every nook and corner of the earth their turbulent sense leaving no lie no they cut themselves with poisoned swing their in the boughs of the taste every poison buy every secret at they put st s blood in an they saw a hole into the head of the virgin to know why she measure with an english every cell of the every every holy of and send to the and away from shuddering and measure their own strength by the english traits terror they cause these travellers are of every class the best and the worst and it may easily happen that those of behavior are taken notice of and remembered the saxon melancholy in the vulgar rich and poor appears as of ill humor which eveiy check into sarcasm and there are multitudes of rude young english who have the self and of their nation and who with their disdain of the rest of mankind and with this and have made the english traveller a proverb for uncomfortable and offensive manners it was no bad description of the what was said two hundred years ago of one particular oxford scholar he was a very bold man uttered any thing that came into his mind not only among his companions but in public coffee houses and would often speak his mind of particular persons then accidentally present without examining the company he was in for which he was often and several times threatened to be kicked and beaten the common englishman is prone to forget a cardinal article in the bill of social rights that every man has a right to his own ears no mai can claim to more than a few feet of the of a public room or to put upon character the company with the loud statement of his or but it is in the deep traits of race that the fortunes of nations are written and however derived whether a happier tribe or mixture of tribes the air or what circumstance that mixed for them the golden mean of temperament here exists the best stock in the world broad best for depth range and men of and great range and many moods strong instincts yet apt for culture as well as clerks and wise as well as foolish majority temperament hiding wells of wrath and on which no sunshine settles with a common sense and humanity which hold them fast to every piece of cheerful duty making this temperament a sea to which all storms are superficial a race to which their fortunes flow as if they alone had the elastic organization at once fine and robust enough for dominion as if the now mute and now fierce and sharp which once made the island light with his fiery breath had his ferocity to his conqueror they hide virtues under vices or the semblance of them it is the hairy again who traits lifts the cart out of the mire or the corn that ten day could not end but it is done in the dark and with muttered he is a with a soft place in his heart whose speech is a of bitter waters but who loves to help you at a pinch he says no and serves you and your thanks disgust him here was lately a cross odd and ugly resembling in countenance the portrait of punch with the laugh left out rich by his own industry in a lonely house who never gave a dinner to any man and all yet as true a of beauty in form and color as ever existed and pouring over the cold mind of his countrymen of grace and truth removing the reproach of from english art catching from their savage climate every fine hint and into their galleries every tint and trait of cities and skies making an era in painting and when he saw that the splendor of one of his pictures in the exhibition his rival s that hung next it secretly took a brush and blackened his own they do not wear their heart in their	37
sleeve for to at they have that or which it is a compliment to disturb great men said are always of a nature originally melancholy tis the habit of a mind which to with a passion which gives vast results they dare to they do not speak to expectation they like the of no better than the of yes each of them has an opinion which he feels it becomes him to express all the more that it from yours they are meditating opposition this gravity is inseparable from minds of great resources there is an english hero superior to the french the german the italian or the greek when be is brought to the strife with fate he sacrifices a richer material possession and on more purely grounds he is there with his own consent face to face with fortune which he on deliberate choice and from grounds of character he has elected his part to live and die for and dies with grandeur this race has added new elements to humanity and has a deeper root in the world they have great range of scale from ferocity to exquisite refinement with larger scale they have great power after running each tendency to an extreme they try another tack with equal heat more intellectual than other races when they live with other races they do not take their language but bestow their own they other nations and are not they english traits and are not they other races to themselves and are not the english did not calculate the conquest of the indies it fell to their character so they administer in different parts of the world the of every empire and race in canada old french law in the the code napoleon in the west indies the of the spanish in the east indies the laws of in the isle of man of the thing at the cape of good hope of the old and in the islands the of they are very conscious of their advantageous position in history england is the the patron the the ally compare the tone of the french and of the english press the first sensitive about english opinion the english press is never about french opinion but and contemptuous they are and through an excess of will and bias as men sometimes please to be who do not forget a debt who ask no and who will do what they like with their own with education and intercourse these wear off and leave the good will pure if is according to national tendencies i suppose the will hereafter be found in the englishman not found in the american and the one from the other i anticipate another discovery that this organ will be found to be and that they are but at last tender hearted from rome and the latin nations nothing savage nothing mean in the english heart they are subject to of and of rage but the temper of the nation however disturbed settles itself soon and easily as in this temperate the sky after whatever storms again and serenity is its normal condition a saving stupidity and their perception as the curtain of the eagle s eye our americans when they first deal with english pronounce them stupid but later do them justice as people who wear well or hide their strength to understand the power of performance that is in their finest wits in the patient or in the poets or in the and one should see how english day hold out high and low they are of an texture there is an in their constitution as if they had oil also for their mental wheels and could perform vast of work without themselves english even the scale of expense on which people live and to which scholars and professional men proves the of their muscle when vast numbers are found who can each lift this enormous load i might even add their daily argue a savage vigor of body no nation was ever so rich in able men gentlemen as charles i said of whose abilities might make a prince rather afraid than ashamed in the greatest affairs of state men of such temper that like baron had one seen him returning from a victory he would by his silence have suspected that he had lost the day and had he beheld him in a retreat be would have collected him a conqueror by the cheerfulness of his spirit the following passage from the almost stand as a portrait of the modern englishman was very stout and strong and remarkably handsome in appearances king gave him this testimony that he among all his men cared least about doubtful circumstances whether they danger or pleasure for whatever turned up he was never in higher nor in lower spirits never slept less nor more on account of them nor ate nor drank but fuller of england according to his custom was not a man of many words but short in conversation told his opinion and was obstinate and hard and this could not please the king who had many clever people about him zealous in his service remained a with the king and then came to where he took up his abode in and dwelt in that farm to a very advanced age the national temper in the civil history is not or the slow deep english mass with fire which at last sets all its in flame the wrath of london is not french wrath but has a long memory and in its heat a register and rule half their strength they put not forth they are capable of a sublime resolution and if hereafter the war of races often predicted and making itself a war of opinions also a question of and liberty coming from eastern europe should menace the english these may take once again to their floating castles and find	37
a new home and a second of power in their colonies the of england is the security of the modem world if the english race were as mu s vol iii p english table as the french what reliance but the english stand for liberty the lord loving english are yet liberty loving and so freedom is safe for they have more personal force than any other people the nation always resist the of their government they think on the affairs of france of turkey of of of though by the of the rulers at last does the early history of each tribe show the permanent bias which though not less potent is as the tribe its activity into colonies commerce arts letters the early history shows it as the plays the air which he proceeds to conceal in a tempest of variations in alfred in the one may read the genius of the english society namely that private life is the place of honor glory a career and ambition words familiar to the of paris are seldom heard in english speech wrote from their hearts his homely telegraph england expects every man to do his duty for actual service for the dignity of a profession or to or talent the army and navy may be entered the worst boys doing well in the navy and the civil service in character where serious official work is done and they hold in esteem the engaged in the studies of the law but the calm sound and most british from public life as and respects an economy founded on coal mines or trade which an independence through the creation of real they wish neither to command or obey but to be kings in their own houses they are intellectual and deeply enjoy literature they like well to have the world served up to them in books maps models and every mode of exact information and though not in art they value its refinement they are ready for leisure can direct and fill their own day nor need so as others the of a necessity but the history of the nation at every turn this original for private independence and however this inclination may have been disturbed by the with which their vast power has men out of the inclination and forms and the laws letters manners and occupations they choose that welfare which is with the knowing that such alone is stable as wise merchants prefer in the three per cents chapter ix the english are a nation of individual right is pushed to the bound with public order property is so perfect that it seems the craft of that race and not to exist elsewhere the king cannot step on an acre which the peasant refuses to sell a a dog or a and europe cannot interfere with his absurdity every individual has his particular way of living which he to folly and the decided sympathy of his is engaged to back up mr s whim by and and horse guards there is no so ridiculous but some englishman has attempted to by money and law british is as as roman was mr is very sensible of this the man means by freedom the right to do as he pleases and does wrong in order to feel his freedom and makes a conscience of in it he is intensely patriotic for his country is so small his confidence in the power and performance of his nation makes him about other nations he foreigners who lived much in england notes the of minds among the english in consequence of which they contract familiarity with friends who are of that nation and seldom with others and they regard foreigners as one looking through a from the top of a palace regards those who dwell or wander about out of the city a much older traveller the who wrote the relation of england in says the english are great lovers of themselves and of every thing belonging to them they think that there are no other men than themselves and no other world but england and whenever they see a handsome foreigner they say that he looks like an englishman and it is a great pity he should not be an englishman and whenever they partake of any delicacy with a foreigner they ask him whether such a thing is made in his country when he adds of praise his climax is english and when he wishes to pay you the highest compliment he says i should not printed by the society english traits know you from an englishman france is by its natural contrast a kind of on which english character draws its own traits in chalk this habitually itself in allusions to the french i suppose that all men of english blood in america europe or asia have a secret feeling of joy that they are not french natives mr is said to have given public thanks to god at the close of a lecture that he had defended him from being able to utter a single sentence in the french language i have found that englishmen have such a good opinion of england that the ordinary phrases in all good society of or one s own things in talking with a stranger are seriously mistaken by them for an homage to the merits of their nation and the new or who modestly the disadvantage of a new country log huts and savages is surprised by the instant and of the whole company who plainly account all the world out of england a heap of rubbish the same his foreign politics he sticks to his traditions and and so help him god he will force his island down the throat of great countries like india china canada and not only so but impose on the of and down all with his boots lord goes for liberty and no without representation	37
for that is british law but not a shall they dare make in america but buy their nails in england for that also is british law and the fact that british commerce was to be re created by the independence of america took them all by surprise in short i am afraid that english nature is so rank and as to be a little with every other the world is not wide enough for two but beyond this it must be admitted the island offers a daily worship to the old god celebrated among our forefathers for his eloquence and majestic air the english have a steady courage that fits them for great attempts and endurance they have also a petty courage through which every man delights in showing himself for what he is and in doing what he can so that in all companies each of them has too good an opinion of himself to imitate any body he hides no defect of his form features dress connection or for he thinks every circumstance belonging to him english comes recommended to you if one of them have a bald or a red or a green head or bow legs or a or mark or a or a or a voice he has persuaded himself that there is something and becoming in it and that it sits well on him but nature makes nothing in vain and this little of self regard in the english brain is one of the secrets of their power and history for it sets every man on being and doing what he really is and can it takes away a secondary air and a frank and manly bearing so that each man makes the most of himself and loses no opportunity for want of pushing a man s personal defects will commonly have with the rest of the world precisely that importance which they have to himself if he makes light of them so will other men all find in these a convenient of character since a little man would be ruined by the vexation i remember a shrewd in one of our western cities told me that he had known several successful made by their and another an ex governor of said to me if a man knew any thing he would sit in a corner and be modest but he is such an ignorant that he goes bustling up and down and on extraordinary discoveries there is also this benefit in that the speaker is unconsciously expressing his own ideal him by all means draw it all out and hold him to it their culture generally the travelled english to avoid any ridiculous extremes of this self pleasing and to give it an agreeable air then the natural disposition is by the respect which they find entertained in the world for english ability it was said of louis xiv that his gait and air were becoming enough in so great a monarch yet would have been ridiculous in another man so the of the english name a certain confident bearing which a frenchman or could not carry at all events they feel themselves at liberty to assume the most extraordinary tone on the subject of english merits an english lady on the hearing a german speaking of her party as foreigners exclaimed no we are not foreigners we are english it is you that are foreigners they tell you daily in london the story of the frenchman and englishman who quarrelled both were unwilling to fight but their companions put them up to it at last it was agreed that they should fight alone in english traits the dark and with pistols the candles were put out and the englishman to make sure not to hit any body fired up the chimney and brought down the frenchman they have no curiosity about foreigners and answer any information you may with oh oh until the makes up his mind that they shall die in their ignorance for any help he will offer there are really no limits to this conceit though brighter men among them make painful efforts to be candid the habit of runs through all classes from the times newspaper through and poets through mill and smith down to the boys of in the on political economy in a philosophical essay in books of science one is surprised by the most innocent exhibition of in a tract on corn a most amiable and accomplished gentleman writes thus though britain according to bishop s idea were surrounded by a wall of brass ten thousand in height still she would as far the rest of the globe in riches as she now does both in this secondary quality and in the more important ones of freedom virtue and science william the english dislike the american structure of society whilst yet trade mills public education and are doing what they can to create in england the same social condition america is the paradise of the is the favorable exception invariably quoted to the rules of ruin but when he speaks directly of the americans the forgets his philosophy and remembers his anecdotes ut this childish patriotism costs something like all the english sway of their colonies has no of they govern by their arts and ability they are more just than kind and whenever an of their power is felt they have not the affection on which to coarse local distinctions as those of nation province or town are useful in the absence of real ones but we must not insist on these accidental individual traits are always over national ones there is no fence in greek or english or spanish science and and are men of the world and to wave our own flag at the dinner table or in the university is to carry the boisterous of a fire club into a circle nature and destiny english traits are always	37
on the watch for our follies nature us up when we and there are curious examples in history on this very point of national pride george of bom at in was a low who got a contract to supply the army with bacon a rogue and he got rich an twas forced to run from justice he saved his money embraced collected a and got d by a to the throne of when came a o i george was dragged to prison the prison was burst open by the mob and george was as he deserved and this precious became in good time saint george of england patron of chivalry em of victory and civility and the pride of the best blood of the modern world strange that the solid truth speaking should derive from an that the new world should have no better luck that broad america must wear the name of a thief the at who went out in a with and whose highest naval rank was s mate in an expedition that never sailed managed in this lying world to and half the earth with his own name thus nobody can throw stones we are equally badly off in our and the false is an to the false bacon i i chapter x wealth there is no country in which so absolute a homage is paid to wealth in america there is a touch of shame when a man the evidences of large property as if after all it needed apology but the englishman has pure in hi wealth and it a final a coarse logic rules throughout all english souls if you have merit can you not show it by your good clothes and coach and horses how can a man be a gentleman without a pipe of wine says there is a fierce resolution to make every man live according to the means he possesses there is a mixture of religion in it they are under the law and read with emphasis that their days shall be long in the land they shall have sons and daughters flocks and herds wine and oil in exact proportion is the reproach of poverty they do not wish to be represented except by men an englishman who has wealth lost his fortune is said to have died of a broken heart the last term of insult is a beggar said the want of fortune is a crime which i can never get over smith said poverty is infamous in england and one of their recent writers speaks in reference to a private and life of the grave moral which follows an empty you shall find this sentiment if not so frankly put yet deeply implied in the novels and of the present century and not only in these but in biography and in t of public in the tone of the preaching and in the table talk i was lately turning over wood s and looking naturally for another standard in a chronicle of the scholars of oxford for two hundred years but i found the two in that as in most english books are first to church and state and second to be born poor or to come to poverty a natural fruit of england is the brutal political economy finds no cover laid at nature s table for the s son in the majority in parliament expressed itself by the language of mr fuller in the house of if you do not like the country damn you you can leave it when sir s proposed his bill forbidding english parish officers to bind children at a greater distance than forty miles from their home opposed and mr said though in the higher ranks to cultivate family affections if as a good thing twas not so among the lower orders better take them away from those who might them and it was highly injurious to trade to stop binding to as it must raise the price of labor and of goods the respect for truth of facts in england is equalled only by the respect for wealth it is at once the pride of art of the saxon as he is a wealth maker and his passion for independence the englishman believes that every man must take care of himself and has himself to thank if he do not mend his condition to pay their debts is their national point of honor from the and the east india house to the s shop every thing because it is the british armies are and pay for what they take the british empire is for in spite of the huge national debt the during the war from to whilst they complained that they were within an inch of their lives and by dint of enormous taxes were all the continent against france the english were growing rich every year faster than any people wealth ever grew before it is their that the weight of taxes must be calculated not by what is taken but by what is left is in the ideas and of an englishman the crystal palace is not considered honest until it pays no matter how much convenience beauty or it must be self supporting they are contented with slower as long as they know that boats lose money they proceed by the double method of labor and every household an exact economy and nothing of that headlong expenditure which families use in america if they cannot pay they do not buy for they have no presumption of better fortunes next year as our people have and they say without shame i cannot afford it gentlemen do not hesitate to ride in the second class cars or in the second cabin an or a man who can proportion his means and his ambition or bring the year round with expenditure which expresses his character without embarrassing one day of his future is already	37
a master of life and a lord writes to his son that one ought never to devote more than two thirds of his income to the ordinary expenses of life since the extraordinary will be certain to the other third english traits the ambition to create value every kind of ability becomes a and every house a mill the headlong bias to utility will let no talent lie in a if possible will teach to silk stockings an englishman while he eats and drinks no more or not much more than another man labors three times as many hours in the course of a year as any other european or his life as a workman is three lives he works fast eveiy thing in england is at a quick pace they have their own by the creation of that marvellous machinery which differences this age from any other age tis a curious chapter in modem history the growth of the machine shop six hundred years ago bacon explained the of the the consequent necessity of the reform of the measured the length of the year invented and announced as if looking from his lofty cell over five centuries into ours that machines can be constructed to drive ships more rapidly than a whole of could do nor would they need anything but a pilot to steer them carriages also might be constructed to move with an incredible speed without the aid of any animal finally it would not be wealth impossible to make machines which by means of a suit of wings should fly in the air in the manner of birds but the secret slept with bacon the six hundred years have not yet fulfilled his words two centuries ago the of timber was done by hand the carriage wheels ran on wooden the land was by wooden and it was to little purpose that they had pit coal or that were improved unless and had taught them to work force and by steam the great strides were all taken within the last hundred years the life of sir robert who died the other day the model englishman very properly has for a a drawing of the spinning which the web of his fortunes invented the spinning and died in a improved the invention and the machine with the work of ninety nine men that is one could do as much work as one hundred had done before the loom was improved further but the men would sometimes strike for wages and combine against the masters and about much fear was felt lest the trade would be drawn away by these and the of the to and the united states iron and steel are very obedient v english traits whether it were not possible to make a that would not rebel nor nor nor strike for wages nor at the of the masters after a mob and riot at bridge mr of undertook to create this peaceful fellow instead of the fellow god had made after a few trials he succeeded and in procured a patent for his self acting mule a creation the delight of mill owners and destined they said to restore order among the industrious classes a machine only a child s hand to piece the broken as had destroyed domestic spinning so destroyed the factory the power of machinery in great britain in mills has been to be equal to men one man being able by the aid of steam to do the work which required two hundred and fifty men to accomplish fifty years ago the production has been england already had this laborious race rich soil water wood coal iron and favorable climate eight hundred years ago commerce had made it rich and it was recorded england is the richest of all the northern nations the that in william carried with him into from england more gold and silver than had ever wealth before been seen in but when to this labor and trade and these native resources was added this of steam with his arms never tired working night and day the of property has run out of all figures it makes the of the last ninety years the has added to her population and wealth the equivalent of four or five forty thousand ships are entered in s lists the yield of wheat has gone on from quarters in the time of the to in a thousand million of pounds sterling are said to compose the floating money of commerce in lord john stated that the people of this country had laid out of capital in in the last four years but a better measure than these sounding figures is the estimate that there is wealth enough in england to support the entire population in idleness for one year the wise all giving machinery makes roads a bar to a of an inch steam huge cannon into wreaths as easily as it straw and with the forces which twisted the it can clothe mountains with ship oaks make sword blades english traits will cut gun barrels in two in egypt it can plant forests and bring rain after three thousand years already it is the and the next wai will be fought in the air but another machine more potent in england than steam is the bank it an issue of bills population is stimulated and cities rise it refuses and the country trade sinks break out kings are by these new agents our social system is by dint of steam and of money war and commerce are changed nations have lost their old the patriotic tie does not hold nations are getting we go and live where we will steam has enabled men to choose what law they will live under money makes place for them the telegraph is a limp band that will hold the wolf of war for now that a telegraph line runs through france	37
and europe from london every message it makes stronger by one thread the band which war will have to cut the introduction of these elements gives new resources to a sporting duke may fancy that the state depends on the house of lords but the engineer sees that every stroke of the steam gives value to the duke s land fills it with tenants wealth the duke s capital and new measures and new necessities for the culture of his children of course it draws the nobility into the competition as in the mine the canal the railway in the application of steam to an sometimes into trade but it also large classes into the same competition the old energy of the race arms itself with these magnificent powers new men prove an for the land owner and the mill out the castle who once his in icy and built by lonely in england has advanced with the times has his beard enters parliament sits down at a desk in the india house and to for a steam hammer the creation of wealth in england in the last ninety years is a main fact in modem history the wealth of london prices all over the globe all things precious or useful or amusing or are sucked into this commerce and floated to london some english private fortunes reach and some exceed a million of dollars a year a hundred thousand palaces adorn the island all that can feed the senses and passions all that can the talent or arm the hands of the intelligent middle class who english traits spare in what they buy for their own consumption all that can aid science gratify taste or soothe comfort is in open market whatever is excellent and beautiful in civil rural or architecture in fountain garden or grounds the english noble crosses sea and land to see and to copy at home the taste and science of thirty peaceful generations the gardens which planted the temples and pleasure houses which jones and built the wood that carved the taste of foreign and domestic artists pope brown are in the vast and the hereditary principle heaps on the owner of to day the benefit of ages of owners the present are to the full as absolute as any of their fathers in choosing and what they like this comfort and splendor the breadth of lake and mountain pasture and park castle and modern villa all consist with perfect order they have no no horse guards to the crown no and no mob but drowsy daily dress dinners wine and ale and beer and gin and sleep with this power of creation and this passion for independence property has reached an ideal per wealth it is felt and treated as the national life blood the laws are framed to give property the possible basis and the provisions to lock and it have exercised the heads in a profession which never admits a fool the rights of property nothing but and treason can the house is a castle which the king cannot enter the bank in a strong box to which the king has no key whatever surly sweetness possession can give is tasted in england to the rights are awful things and absolute possession gives the smallest identity of interest with the duke high stone fences and garden gates announce the absolute will of the owner to be alone every whim of exaggerated is put into stone and iron into silver and gold with costly deliberation and detail an englishman hears that the queen wishes to establish some claim to put her park a rod forward into his grounds so as to get a and save her a mile to the avenue instantly he his into stone solid as the walls of and all europe cannot prevail on him to sell or compound for an inch of the land they delight in a as the proof of their sovereign freedom sir edward english at park at on a precipice of prospect built a house like a long which had not a window on the prospect side hill of abbey of mr were and abbey became one in the hands of lord but the result of this creation has been the great and refined forces it has put at the of the private citizen in the social world an englishman to day has the best lot he is a king in a plain coat he goes with the most powerful protection keeps the best company is armed by the best education is by wealth and his english name and accidents are like a flourish of trumpets announcing him this with his quiet style of manners gives him the power of a sovereign without the which belong to that rank i much prefer the condition of au english gentleman of the better class to that of any in europe whether for travel or for opportunity of society or for access to means of science or study or for mere comfort and easy healthy relation to people at home such as we have seen is the wealth of england a mighty mass and made good in whatever details we care to explore the cause and spring of it is wealth the wealth of temperament in the people the wonder of britain is this nature her are ever surrounded by as good men as themselves each is a captain a hundred strong and that wealth of men is represented again in the faculty of each individual that he has waste strength power to spare the english are so rich and seem to have established a tap root in the of the planet because they are fertile and but a man must keep an eye on his servants if he would not have them rule him man is a shrewd and is ever taking the hint of a new machine from his own structure some	37
secret of his own in iron wood and leather to some required function in the work of the world but it is found that the machine the what he gains in making cloth he loses in general power there should be in making cloth as well as in eating a man should not be a silk worm nor a nation a tent of the robust rural saxon in the mills to the to the far on the way to be and needles the incessant repetition of the same hand work the man him of his strength wit and to english traits make a pin a maker or any other and presently in a change of industry whole towns are sacrificed like ant hills when the fashion of shoe strings when cotton takes the place of linen or of or when are by then society is of the mischief of the division of labor and that the best political economy is care and culture of men for in these all are ruined except such as are proper individuals capable of thought and of new choice and the application of their talent to new labor then again come in new england is aghast at the disclosure of her fraud in the of food of and of almost every fabric in her mills and shops finding that milk will not nor sugar nor bread satisfy nor bite the tongue nor stick in true england all is false and this too is the reaction of machinery but of the larger machinery of commerce tis not i suppose want of so much as the tyranny of trade which a perpetual competition of and that again a perpetual of the fabric the machinery has proved like the and flies away with the steam from the first and screamed to warn wealth him it was dreadful with its explosion and crushed the engineer the has wrought and watched and without number have been sacrificed in learning to tame and guide the monster but harder still it has proved to resist and rule the money with his paper wings and boards of trade and robinson and their and their whole generation adopted false principles and went to their graves in the belief that they were the country which they were they congratulated each other on it is rare to find a merchant who knows why a crisis occurs in trade why prices rise or fall or who knows the mischief of paper money in the of national prosperity in the of countries building of ships towns in the of tons of gold and silver amid the chuckle of and it was found that bread rose to famine prices that the was forced to sell his cow and pig his tools and his acre of land and the dreadful of the poor was touching the point of ruin the poor rate was in the classes and forcing an of farmers and what from the violence of financial daily in the violence of artificial english traits such a wealth has england earned ever new and but the question does she take the step beyond namely to the wise use in view of the supreme wealth of nations we estimate the wisdom of nations by seeing what they did with their capital and in view of these injuries some compensation has been attempted in england a part of the money earned returns to the brain to buy schools and artists with and a part to repair the wrongs of this weaving by banks public grounds and other and but the are inadequate and the evil requires a deeper cure which time and a social organization must supply at present she does not rule her wealth she is simply a good england but no divinity or wise and instructed soul she too is in stream of fate one victim more in a common catastrophe but being in the fault she has the misfortune of greatness to be held as the chief england must be held responsible for the of expense prosperity the splendor which so wealth much manhood and talent and perseverance has thrown upon vulgar aims is the very argument of her success the hands of base wealth who can propose to youth poverty and wisdom when mean gain has arrived at the conquest of letters and arts when english success has grown out of the very of principles and the to a civility of trifles of money and expense an of sensation takes place and the putting as many as we can between the man and his objects hardly the among them have the to resist it successfully hence it has come that not the aims of a manly life but the means of meeting a certain ponderous expense is that which is to be considered by a youth in england emerging from his a large family is reckoned a misfortune and it is a consolation in the death of the young that a source of expense is closed chapter xi aristocracy the character of the english state now that it is getting a little in contrast with the tendencies the of power and property republican nerves palaces halls walled all over england rival the splendor of royal seats many of the halls like or are beautiful the proprietor never saw them or never lived in them built these piles and i suppose it is the sentiment of every traveller as it was mine twas to come ere these were gone e is a rule of english property and institutions laws customs manners the very persons and faces affirm it the frame of society is aristocratic the taste of the people is loyal the estates names and manners of the flatter the fancy of the people and the necessary support in spite of broken faith stolen and the of society by the of the court we take sides as we read for the loyal england and king charles s	37
return to his right with his knowing what a heartless he is and what a crew of god forsaken robbers they are the people of england knew as much but the fair idea of a settled government connecting itself with names with the written and history of europe and at last with the hebrew religion and the oldest traditions of the world was too pleasing a vision to be shattered by a few offensive realities and the politics of the hopes of the take the same direction with the interest of the every man who becomes rich land and does what he can to the nobility into which he hopes to rise the clergy are identified with the aristocracy time and law have made the joining and perfect in every part the the the national music the popular to the which the current politics of the day are the taste of the people is they are proud of the castles and of the language and symbol of chivalry even the word lord is the luck english style that is used in any language to a the superior education and manners of the recommend them to the country the got what he could and held it for his eldest son the noble who was the did likewise there was this advantage of western over oriental nobility that this was from below english history is aristocracy with the doors open who has courage and faculty let him come in of course the terms of admission to this club are hard and high the selfishness of the comes in aid of the interest of the nation to require signal merit and wai gave place to trade politics and letters the war lord to the the law lord to the merchant and the but the privilege was kept whilst the means of obtaining it were changed the foundations of these families lie deep in exploits by sea and saxon on land all nobility in its was somebody s natural superiority the things these english have done were not done without peril of life nor without wisdom and conduct and the first hands it may be presumed were often to show their right to their honors or yield them to better men he that will be a head aristocracy let him be a bridge said the chief when he carried all his men over the river on his back he shall have the book said the mother of alfred who can read it and alfred won it by that title and i make no doubt that was no but baron knight and tenant often had their memories refreshed in regard to the service by which they held their lands the de and were not to contemplation the middle age adorned itself with proofs of manhood and devotion of richard earl of the emperor told henry v that no christian king had such another knight for wisdom and manhood and caused him to be named father of our success in france says the historian lived and died with him the war lord earned his honors and no of land was large as long as it brought the duty of protecting it hour by hour against a terrible enemy in france and in england the were down to a late day bom and bred to war and the which in peace still held them to the risks of war diminished the envy that in trading u p traits and nations would else hare their title they were looked on as men who played high for a great stake great estates are not if they are to be kept great a economy is th fuel of magnificence in the same line of the successor next but one to as the stout earl of vi and edward iv few esteemed themselves in the mode whose heads were not adorned with the black ragged staff his at his house in london six oxen were daily eaten at a breakfast and every tavern was full of his meat and who had any acquaintance in his family should have as much boiled and roast as he could carry on a long dagger the new age brings new qualities into request the virtues of gave way to those of merchants and scholars social talent and fine manners no doubt have had their part also i have met somewhere with a which whether more or less true in its particulars carries a general truth how came the duke of by his great landed estates his having travelled on the continent a lively pleasant man became the companion of a foreign prince wrecked on the coast where mr lived the prince recommend ed him to henry viii who liking his company gave him a large share of the church lands the pretence is that the noble is of unbroken descent from the and has never worked for eight hundred years but the fact is otherwise where is where is de the lawyer the farmer the lies under the and to the to say nothing especially skilful lawyers nobody s sons who did some piece of work at a nice moment for government and were rewarded with the national tastes of the english do not lead them to the life of the but to secure the comfort and independence of their homes the aristocracy are marked by their for country life they are called the county families they have often no residence in london and only go thither a short time during the season to see the opera but they the love and labor of many generations on the building planting and of their some of them are too old and too proud to wear titles or as said of disdain to hide their head in a and some curious examples are to show the of english families their proverb is that fifty miles from london a english traits family will last a hundred	37
years at a hundred miles two hundred years and so on but i doubt that steam the enemy of time as well as of space will disturb these ancient rules sir henry says of the first duke of he was bom at in where his ancestors had chiefly continued about the space of four hundred years rather without obscurity than with any great lustre says that in lord afterwards duke of nor folk told him that when the year should arrive he meant to give a grand festival to all the descendants of the body of of to mark the day when the should have remained three hundred years in their house since creation by richard ih tells us in writing of an earl oxford in that the honor had now remained in that name and blood six hundred years this long descent of families and this through ages to the same spot of ground the imagination it has too a connection with the names of the towns and districts of the country the names are excellent an atmosphere of melody spread over the land older than all and histories which clothe a nation p this sits close to the what history too and what stores of primitive and savage observation it cambridge is the bridge of the the field of the river the or camp of the or now of the or the of the ex the mouths of the ex dart and rivers is strong town is red cliff and so on a sincerity and use in very striking to an american whose country is all over by names the cast off clothes of the country from which its came or named at a pinch from a tune but the english are those of who are stable in their manners and firmly continue to employ the same words which also are dear to the gods tis an old sneer that the irish drew their names from the english lords do not call their lands after their own names but call themselves after their lands as if the man represented the country that bred him and they rightly wear the token of the that gave them birth suggesting that the tie is not cut but that there in london the of the english traits of the downs of the iron of wales the of are neither forgetting nor forgotten but know the man who was born by them and who like the long line of his fathers has carried that that shore or in his blood and manners it has too the advantage of suggesting a susceptible man could not wear a name which represented in a strict sense a city or a county of england without hearing in it a challenge to duty and honor the of the for residence in the country combined with the degree of liberty possessed by the peasant makes the safety of the english hall wrote from england in if revolution break out in france i tremble for the aristocracy their will be reduced to ashes and their blood in torrents the english tenant would defend his lord to the last extremity the english go to their estates for grandeur the french live at court and exile themselves to their estates for economy as they do not mean to live with their tenants they do not them but from them the last writes from ill the are here in such numbers that they often come and take children aristocracy out of the streets yet will not the duke who is sovereign here permit them to be destroyed in evidence of the wealth by ancient families the traveller is shown the palaces in house house house in square and lower down in the city a few noble houses which still withstand in all their the of streets the duke of or included a mile square in the heart of london where the british museum once house now stands and the land occupied by square e square the of westminster built within a few years the series of squares called house is the noblest palace in london house holds its place by cross house remains in street sion house and holland house in the but most of the historical houses are or lost in the modem uses to which trade or charity has converted them a multitude of town palaces contain galleries of art in the country the size of private estates is more impressive from castle i rode on the highway twenty three miles from high force a fall of the towards past english traits baby castle through the estate of the duke of the of rides out of his house a hundred miles in a straight line to the sea on his own property the duke of owns the county of stretching across scotland from sea to sea the duke of besides his other estates owns acres in the county of the duke of has acres at and at castle the duke of s park in is fifteen miles in circuit an bought lately the island of in containing acres the possessions of the earl of gave him eight seats in parliament this is the again and before the reform of one hundred and fifty four persons sent three hundred and seven members to parliament the governed england these large are growing larger the great estates are absorbing the small in the soil of england was owned by and and in by these broad estates find room in this narrow island all over england scattered at short intervals among ship yards mills mines and are the of the where the repose and refinement are heightened by the contrast with the roar of industry and necessity out of which you have stepped aside i was surprised to observe the very small attendance usually in the house of lords out of on ordinary days only twenty or thirty where are they	37
i asked at home on their estates devoured by or in the or up the in the mountains or in egypt or in india on the but with such interests at stake how can these men afford to neglect them o replied my friend why should they work for themselves when every man in england works for them and will suffer before they come to the hardest radical instantly and changes his tone to a lord it was remarked on the th april the day of the demonstration that the upper classes were for the first time interesting themselves in their own defence and men of rank were sworn special with the rest besides why need they sit out the debate has not the duke of at this moment their the of fifty in his pocket to vote for them if there be an emergency english traits it however true that the existence of the house of as a branch of the government them to fill half the cabinet and their weight of property and station give them a of the other half whilst they have their share in the subordinate offices as a school of training this of political power has given them their intellectual and social eminence in europe a few law lords and a few political lords take the of public business in the army the nobility fill a large part of the high and give to these a tone of expense and splendor and also of they have borne their full share of duty and danger in this service and there are few noble families which have not paid in some of their members the debt of life or limb in the sacrifices of the russian war for the rest the nobility have the lead in matters of state and of expense in questions of taste in social in and domestic in general all that is required of them is to sit to at public meetings to countenance and to give the example of that decorum so dear to the british h t if one asks in the critical spirit of the day what service this class have rendered uses ap aristocracy or they would have perished long ago some of these are easily others more subtle make a part of unconscious history their institution is one step in the progress of society for a race a nobility in some form however we name the lords as surely as it women the english are high spirited active educated men born to wealth and power who have run through every country and kept in every country the best company have seen every secret of art and nature and when men of any ability or ambition have been consulted in the conduct of every important action you cannot great without yourself to them and when it happens that the spirit of the earl meets his rank and duties we have the best examples of behavior power of any kind readily appears in the manners and beneficent power le talent de men gives a majesty which cannot be concealed or resisted these people seem to gain as much as they lose by their position they survey society as from the top of st paul s and if they never hear plain truth from men they see the best of every thing in every kind and they see things so and as to infer easily the sum and genius english instead of tedious their good behavior deserves all its fame and they have that simplicity and that air of repose which are the finest ornament of greatness the upper classes have only birth say the people here and not thoughts yes but they have manners and tis wonderful how much talent runs into manners nowhere and never so much as in england they have the sense of superiority the absence of all the ambitious effort which in the classes a pure tone of thought and feeling and the power to command among their other luxuries the presence of the most accomplished men in their meetings loyalty is in the english a sub religion they wear the laws as ornaments and walk by their faith in their painted may fair as if among the forms of gods the of who asks of what use are the lords may learn of to ask of what use is a baby they have been a social church proper to inspire sentiments the lover and the loved politeness is the of society as prayers are of the church a school of manners and a gentle blessing to the age in which it grew tis a romance english life with a larger horizon a heaven to their sense their fairy tales aristocracy and poetry this just as far as the breeding of the nobleman really made him brave handsome accomplished and great hearted on general grounds whatever to form manners or to finish men has a great value every one who has tasted the delight of friendship will respect every social guard which our manners can establish tending to secure from the intrusion of frivolous and distasteful people the jealousy of every class to guard itself is a testimony to the reality they have found in life when a man once knows that he has done justice to him self let him dismiss all terrors of aristocracy as so far as he is concerned he who keeps the door of a mine whether of or or or securely knows that the world cannot do without him every body who is real is open and ready for that which is also real besides these are they who make england that and museum it is who gather and protect works of art dragged from burning cities and countries and brought hither out of all the world i look with respect at houses six seven eight hundred or like castle nine hundred years old i high	37
park fences when i saw that besides does english and these have preserved galleries and and saxon trees and of cattle elsewhere extinct in these after the frenzy of war and destruction a little the finds the jar or crumbling egyptian case without so much as a new of dust keeping the series of history unbroken and waiting for its who is sure to arrive these lords are the and of mankind engaged by their pride and wealth to this function yet there were other works for british to do george had taught them to make gardens arthur young and have made them agricultural scotland was a camp until the day of the of and the of have introduced the culture the sheep farm wheat the plantation of forests the artificial of lakes and with fish the of game preserves against the of the old and the sympathetic cry of the english press they have rooted out and planted anew and now six millions of people live and live better on the same land that fed three millions the english in every period have been brave and great after the estimate and opinion of their times the grand old halls scattered up and down in england are dumb to the state and broad hospitality of their ancient lords s portraits of good duke of of of were drawn in strict with the traditions a sketch of the earl of from the pen of queen elizabeth s lord of s the letters and essays of sir philip the anecdotes preserved by the fuller and some glimpses at the of noble houses which we owe to and the details which ben s performed at and other noble houses record or suggest down to s passages of the life of in the house of the earl of are favorable pictures of a romantic style of manners still shines for us and its christmas where logs not burn but men at house the was written amidst conversations with lord a man of no vulgar mind as his own poems declare him i must hold castle an honest s literary reminiscences vol english house for which milton s was written and the company nobly bred which it with knowledge and sympathy in the roll of are found poets philosophers also men of solid virtues and of lofty sentiments often they have been the friends and of genius and learning and especially of the fine arts and at this moment almost every great house has its picture gallery of course there is another side to this gorgeous show every victory was the defeat of a party only less worthy castles are proud things but tis safest to be outside of them war is a foul game and yet war is not the worst part of aristocratic history in later times when the baron educated only for war with his brains by his stomach found himself idle at home he grew fat and wanton and a sorry brute and show the to which the king and court went in quest of pleasure taken from the theatres were made their and the young men sat uppermost the old serious lords were out of favor the discourse that the king s companions had with him was poor and no man who valued his head might do what these pot companions familiarly did with the king in logical of these dignified can tell the to which the king was reduced who could not find paper at his council table and no in his wardrobe and but three bands to his neck and the linen and the were out of pocket and refusing to trust him and the baker will not bring bread any longer meantime the english channel was swept and london threatened by the dutch fleet too by english sailors who having been cheated of their pay for years by the king with the enemy the correspondence in the reign of george iii a in the aristocracy which threatened to the state the and sale of and honor for place and title and the sneer at the childish of quarrelling with ten thousand a year the want of ideas the splendor of the titles and the of the nation are instructive and make the reader pause and explore the firm bounds which confined these vices to a handful of rich men in the reign of the fourth george things do not seem to have mended and the rotten let down from a window by an inclined plane into his coach to take the air was a scandal to europe which the english traits ill fame of his queen and of his family did nothing to under the present reign the perfect decorum of the court is thought to have put a check on the gross vices of the aristocracy yet racing drinking and bring them down and the can still gather if he will dismal anecdotes abound the gossip of the last generation of served by with all their plate in of great lords living by the showing of their houses and of an old man wheeled in his chair from room to room whilst his chambers are exhibited to the visitor for money of ruined and living in exile for debt the historic names of the and have gained no new lustre and now and then darker break out ominous as the new chapters added under the to the causes in france even who are men of worth and public spirit are overtaken and embarrassed by their vast expense the respectable duke of willing to be the and of his island is reported to have said that he cannot live at but one month in the year their many houses eat them up they cannot sell them because they are they will not let aristocracy them for pride s sake but keep them empty and the grounds and dressed at a cost of four or five thousand	37
the professor of divinity as well as to a valued friend a fellow of and went thither on the last day of march i was the guest of my friend in was close upon that college and i lived on college my new friends showed me their the library the gallery hall and the rest i saw several faithful young men some of them in the mood of making sacrifices for peace of mind a topic of course on which i had no counsel to offer their affectionate and ways reminded me at once of the habits of our cambridge men though i to these english an advantage in their secure and polished manners the halls axe rich with and ceiling the pictures of the hang from the walls the tables glitter with plate a youth came forward to the upper table and pronounced the ancient form of grace before meals which i suppose has been in use here for ages it is a curious proof of the english use and wont or of their good nature that these young men are locked up every night at nine o clock and the porter at each hall is required to give the name of any student who is admitted after that hour still more descriptive is the fact that out of twelve hundred young men the most spirited of the aristocracy a has never occurred oxford is old even in england and its foundations date from alfred and even from arthur if as is alleged the of the had a here in the reign of edward l it is pretended here were thirty thousand english traits students and nineteen most noble foundations were then established found it as firm as if it had always stood and it is in british story rich with great names the school of the island and the link of england to the learned of europe hither came with delight in in was relieved and main by the university a noble prince of who visited england to admire the wisdom of queen elizabeth was entertained with stage plays in the of in coming from of france by invitation of james i was admitted to christ s college in july i saw the museum whither in sent twelve cart loads of here indeed was the of all wood s and s games and heroes and every inch of ground has its lustre for wood s or of the writers of oxford for two hundred years is a lively record of english manners and merits and as much a national monument as s or s register on every side oxford is of age and authority its gates shut of themselves against modem it is still governed by the of the books in ton library are still chained to the wall here on august john milton s pro and were committed to the flames i saw the school court or where in the caused the of thomas to be publicly burnt i do not know whether this learned body have yet heard of the declaration of american independence or whether the does not still hold its ground against the of as many sons almost so many it is usual for a nobleman or indeed for almost every wealthy student on college to leave behind him some article of plate and gifts of all from a hall or a fellowship or a library down to a picture or a spoon are continually in the course of a century my friend doctor j gave me the following anecdote in sir thomas s collection at london were the of and this prize was offered to oxford university for seven thousand pounds the offer was accepted and the committee charged with the affair had collected three thousand pounds when among other friends they called on lord instead of a hundred pounds he surprised them by putting english traits down his name for three thousand pounds they told him they should now very easily raise the remainder no he said your men have probably already contributed all they can spare i can as well give the rest and he withdrew his for three thousand and wrote four thousand pounds i saw the whole collection in april in the library dr showed me the manuscript of the date of a d brought by dr from egypt a manuscript of the same century the first bible printed at i believe in and a of the same which had been deficient in about twenty leaves at the end but one day being in he bought a room full of books and every scrap and fragment for four thousand louis d and had the doors locked and sealed by the on proceeding afterwards to examine his purchase he found the twenty deficient pages of his bible in perfect order brought them to oxford with the rest of his purchase and placed them in the volume but has too much awe for the providence that appears in also to the parts to be re bound the oldest building here is two hundred years younger than the frail manuscript brought by dr from egypt no candle or fire is ever lighted in the its catalogue is the standard catalogue on the desk of every library in oxford in each several college they in red ink on this catalogue the titles of books contained in the library of that college the theory being that the has all books this rich library spent during the last year for the purchase of books the logical english train a scholar as they train an engineer oxford is a greek factory as mills carpet and steel they know the use of a as they know the use of a horse and they draw the greatest amount of benefit out of both the reading men are kept by hard walking hard riding and measured eating and drinking at the top of	37
their condition and two days before the examination do no work but ride or run to be fresh on the college seven years residence is the period for a master s degree in point of fact it has long been three years residence and four years more of standing this three years is about twenty one months in all the whole expense says professor of ordinary college at oxford is about il p english traits sixteen guineas a year but this plausible statement may deceive a reader with the fact that the principal teaching relied on is private and the expenses of private are reckoned at from to a year or for the whole course of three years and a halt at cambridge a year is economical and not extravagant the number of students and of the dignity of the authorities the value of the foundations the history and the architecture the known sympathy of entire britain in what is done there justify a to study in the such as cannot easily be in america where his college is half suspected by the to be insignificant in the scale beside trade and politics oxford is a little aristocracy in itself numerous and dignified enough to rank with other estates in the realm and where fame and promotion are to be had for study and in a direction which has the unanimous respect of all cultivated nations this aristocracy of course its own losses fills places as they fall vacant from the body of students the number of at oxford five years at an english university is a year with lodging and diet at the college if a young american loving learning and by poverty were offered a home a table the walks and the library in one of these palaces and a thousand dollars a year as long as he chose to remain a bachelor he would dance for joy yet these young men thus happily placed and paid to read are impatient of their few and many of them preparing to resign their they shuddered at the prospect of dying a fellow and they pointed out to me a old man who was assisted into the hall as the number of at oxford is only about or and many of these are never the chance of a fellowship is very great the income of the nineteen is at a year the effect of this is the radical knowledge of greek and latin and of and the and taste of english criticism whatever luck there may be in this or that an captain can write latin and can turn the court guide into and it is certain that a senior classic can quote correctly from the and is learned in all the greek exists on the and whether the man or the english brazen nose man be properly or not the atmosphere is loaded with greek learning the whole river has reached a certain height and all that growth of weeds which this water the english nature takes culture kindly so milton thought it the access to the greek mind lifts his standard of taste he has enough to think of and unless of an impulsive nature is from writing or by the fulness of his mind and the new severity of his taste the great silent crowd of thorough bred always known to be around him the english writer cannot they his and point his pen hence the style and tone of english the men have learned accuracy and comprehension logic and pace or speed of working they have bottom endurance wind when born with good they make those the cast iron men the whose powers of performance compare with ours as the steam hammer with the music box and and when it happens that a superior brain puts a rider on this admirable horse we obtain those masters of the world who combine the highest energy in affairs with a supreme culture s it is by those who have been bred at and westminster that the public sentiment within each of those schools is high toned and manly that in their courage is universally admired meanness despised manly feelings and generous conduct are encouraged that an code of honor to the spoiled child of rank and to the child of wealth an even handed justice their nonsense out of both and does all that can be done to make them gentlemen again at the it is urged that all goes to form what england as the flower of its national life a well educated gentleman the german in describing to his countrymen the attributes of an english gentleman frankly admits that in germany we have nothing of the kind a gentleman must possess a political character an independent and public position or at least the right of assuming it he must have average either of his own or in his family he should also have bodily activity and strength by our life in public offices the race of english gentlemen presents an appearance of manly vigor and form not elsewhere to be found among an equal number of persons no other nation produces the english stock and in england it has the university is a decided presumption in any man s and so eminent are the members that a glance at the will show that in all the world one cannot be in better company than on the books of one of the larger oxford or cambridge these are finishing schools for the upper classes and not for the poor the useful is exploded the definition of a public school is a school which all that could fit a man for standing behind a counter f no doubt the foundations have been oxford which equals in wealth several of the smaller european states up the which were made public for all men to have mis the bestowed for such youths	37
as should be most meet for poverty and there is gross many chairs and many are made beds of ease and tis likely that the university will know how to resist and make the terrors of history of the english s translation t see years in an english university new york inquiry no doubt their learning is grown but oxford also has its merits and i found here also proof of the national fidelity and such knowledge as they prize they possess and impart whether in course or by whether by a or by with and foundation education according to the english notion of it is arrived at i looked over the examination papers of the year for the various and the the the dean ireland and the university copies of which were kindly given me by a greek professor containing the tasks which many had performed and i believed they would prove too severe for the for a bachelor s degree in or and in general here was proof of a more searching study in the appointed directions and the knowledge pretended to be conveyed was conveyed oxford sends out yearly twenty or thirty very able men and three or four hundred men the diet and rough exercise secure a certain amount of old power a will fight and in circumstances will play the manly part in seeing these youths i believed i saw english already an advantage in vigor and color and general habit over their in the american no doubt much of the power and brilliancy of the reading men is merely constitutional or with a habit and resolute with five miles more walking or five less eating or with a saddle and gallop of twenty miles a day with and the american would arrive at as robust and cheery and tone i should readily these advantages which it would be easy to acquire if i did not find also that they read better than we and write better english wealth falling on their school and university training makes a reading of the best authors and to the end of a knowledge how the things whereof they treat really stand whilst or reading for an argument for a party or reading to write or at all events for some by end imposed on them must read and charles i said that he understood english law as well as a gentleman ought to understand it then they have access to books the rich collected at every one of many thousands of houses give an advantage not to be attained by a youth in this country when one thinks how much more and better may be learned by a scholar who immediately on hearing of a book can consult it than by one who is on the quest for years and reads inferior books because he cannot find the best again the great number of cultivated men keep each other up to a high standard the habit of meeting well read and knowing men teaches the art of and selection are of course hostile to which seeing and using ways of their own the routine as churches and youthful saints yet we all send our sons to college and though he be a genius he must take his chance the university must be the gale that gives direction to the on all its towers blows out of antiquity oxford is a library and the professors must be and i should as soon think of quarrelling vith the for not his office by hostile into the street like the governor of or as of quarrelling with the professors for not admiring the young who pluck the of and or for not attempting themselves to fill their vacant shelves as original writers it is easy to at and the college if we will wait for it will have its own turn genius h traits exists there also but will not answer a call of a committee of the house of it is rare precarious eccentric and england is the land of mixture and surprise and when you have settled it that the are out comes a poetic influence from the heart of oxford to mould the opinions of cities to their houses a simply as birds their nests to give to art and charm mankind as an appeal to moral order always must but besides this genius the best poetry of england of this age in the old forms comes from two of cambridge xiii religion no people at the present day can be explained by their national religion they do not feel responsible for it it lies far outside of them their loyalty to truth and their labor and expenditure rest on real foundations and not on a national church and english life it is evident does not grow out of the creed or the articles or the it is with religion as with marriage a youth in haste afterwards when his mind is opened to the reason of the conduct of life he is asked what he thinks of the institution of marriage and of the right relations of the sexes i should have much to say he might reply if the question were open but i have a wife and children and all question is closed for me in the barbarous days of a nation some is formed or imported are built are paid priests ordained the education and expenditure of the country take that direction and when wealth english traits refinement great men and ties to the world its prudent men say why fight against fate or lift these which are now better find some or in this mountain of stone which religious ages have and carved wherein to bestow yourself than attempt any thing and above your strength like removing it in seeing old castles and i sometimes say as to day in front of church tower which is eight hundred old this was built	37
by another and a better race than any that now look on it and plainly there has been great power of sentiment at work in this island of which these buildings are the proofs as show the work of fire which has been extinguished for ages england felt the full heat of the christianity which europe and drew like the of fire a firm line between and culture the power of the religious sentiment put an end to human sacrifices checked appetite the inspired resistance to inspired self respect set bounds to and slavery founded liberty created the religious architecture york westminster fountains abbey and works to which the key is lost with the sentiment which religion created them inspired the english bible the the histories the chronicle of richard of the priest translated the and translated the of old into english virtues on english ground it was a certain affirmative or state of the races man awoke refreshed by the sleep of ages the violence of the northern savages exasperated christianity into power it lived by the love of the people bishop two hundred and fifty whom he found attached to the soil the clergy obtained from labor for the on the sabbath and on church the lord who compelled his to labor between sunset on saturday and sunset on sunday him altogether t he priest came out of the people and with his class the church was the check and principle in europe sir harry george fox are the as well as the saints of their times the catholic church thrown on this toiling serious people has made in fourteen centuries a massive close fitted to the manners and genius of the country at once and stately in the long time it has blended with english traits every thing in heaven above and the earth beneath it moves through a of and names every day of the year every town and market and and monument and has coupled itself with the that no court can be held no field no horse shod without some leave from the church all of prudence or shop or farm are fixed and dated by the church hence its strength in the agricultural districts the distribution of land into a church sanction to every civil privilege and the of the clergy for the rich and for the poor with the fact that a classical education has been secured to the clergyman makes them link which the with the intellectual advancement of the age the english church has many to show of humble effective service in the people in cheering and men feeding healing and it has the seal of and the noblest books a sublime architecture a marked by the same merits nothing cheap or from this slow grown church important religion tions proceed much for culture much for giving a direction to the nation s affection and will today the carved and pictured chapel its entire surface animated with image and emblem made the parish church a sort of book and bible to the people s eye then when the saxon instinct had secured a service in the tongue it was the and university of the people in york on the day of the of the new i heard the service of evening prayer read and in the choir it was strange to hear the pretty pastoral of the of and in the morning of the world read with in york on the th january to the english audience just fresh from the times newspaper and their wine and listening with all the devotion of national pride that was binding old and new to some purpose the reverence for the is an element of civilization for thus has the history of the world been preserved and is preserved here in england every day a chapter of and a leader in the times another part of the same service on this occasion was not insignificant s god save the king was played by dr li h traits on the organ with sublime effect the and the music were made for each other it was a hint of the part the church plays as a political engine from his infancy every englishman is accustomed to hear daily prayers for the queen for the royal family and the parliament by name and this of these personages cannot be without influence on his opinions the also are parcel of the system and their first design is to form the clergy thus the clergy for a thousand years haye been the scholars of the nation the national temperament deeply the unbroken order and tradition of its church the ceremony architecture the sober grace the good company the connection with the throne and with history which adorn it and whilst it itself thus to men of more taste than activity the of the english nation is passionately to its support from its connection with the cause of public order with politics and with the funds good churches are not built by bad men at least there must be and enthusiasm some religion where in the society these were neither built nor filled by no church has had more learned industrious or devoted men plenty of clerks and who out of their gowns would turn their backs on no man their architecture still with faith in immortality and genial periods arrive in history or shall we say of divine presence by which high tides are caused in the human spirit and great virtues and talents appear as in the twelfth and again in the sixteenth and centuries when the nation was full of genius and piety but the age of the of the of the of the and is gone silent in opinion have made it impossible that men like these should return or find a place in their once sacred the spirit that dwelt in this church has glided away	37
to other and they who come to the old find and players rustling the old garments the religion of england is part of good breeding when you see on the continent the well english traits dressed englishman come into his s chapel and put his face for silent prayer into his smooth brushed hat one cannot help feeling how much national pride with him and the religion of a gentleman so far is he from any meaning to the words that he believes himself to have done almost the generous thing and that it is very in him to pray to god a great duke said on the occasion of a victory in the house of lords that he thought the almighty god had not been well used by them and that it would become their after so great to take order that a proper acknowledgment be made it is the church of the gentry but it is not the church of the poor the do not own it and gentlemen lately in the house of that in their lives they never saw a poor man in a ragged coat inside a church the on the side of religion of the vigorous english understanding shows how much wit and folly can agree in one brain their religion is a quotation their church is a doll and any examination is with screams of terror in good company you expect them to laugh at the of the vulgar but they do not they are the vulgar religion the english in common perhaps with in the nineteenth century do not respect power but only performance value ideas only for an result a saint only as far as he can be an army mr by his admirable conduct and good sense got the better of which had appeared among the soldiers and once among the officers they value a philosopher as they value an who brings bark or a and inspiration is only some or a finer mechanical aid i suspect that there is in an englishman s brain a that can be closed at pleasure as an engineer off steam the most sensible and men possess the power of thinking just so far as the bishop in religious matters and as the of the in politics they talk with courage and logic and show you magnificent results but the same men who have brought free trade or to their present standing look grave and lofty and shut down their as soon as the conversation approaches the english church after that you talk with a box the action of the university both in what is taught and in the spirit of the place is directed more on producing an english gentleman than a saint or a it a bishop and t english traits a philosopher i do not know that there is more in the than in other churches but the clergy are identified with the aristocracy they say here that if you talk with a clergyman you are sure to find him well bred informed and candid he your thought or your project with sympathy and praise but if a second clergyman come in the sympathy is at an end two together are inaccessible to your thought and whenever it comes to action the clergyman invariably sides with his church the church is marked by the grace and good sense of its forms by the manly grace of its clergy the gospel it is by taste are ye saved it keeps the old in repair a world of money in music and building and in buying and literature it has a general good name for and it is not in ordinary a church it is not not even inquisitive is perfectly well bred and can shut its eyes on all proper occasions if you let it alone it will let you alone but its instinct is hostile to all change in politics literature or social arts the church has not been the founder of the london university f the of the free school or religion whatever aims at of knowledge the of oxford are as bitter against this as thomas the doctrine of the old testament is the religion of england the first leaf of the new testament it does not open it believes in a providence which does not treat with levity a pound sterling they are neither nor christians they put up no prayer much less any prayer for the queen s mind ask neither for light nor right but say grant her in health and wealth long to live and one traces this prayer in all english private history from the prayers of king richard in of chronicle to those in the of sir samuel and of the painter abroad with my wife writes the first time that ever i rode in my own coach which do make my heart rejoice and praise god and pray him to bless it to me and continue it the bill for the of the jews in was resisted by from all parts of the kingdom and by petition from the city of london this bill as tending extremely to the of the christian religion and extremely injurious to the interests and commerce of the kingdom in general and of the city of london in particular english traits but they have not been able to humanity by act of parliament the heavens journey still and not and arts wars discoveries and opinion go onward at their own pace the new age has new desires new enemies new trades new and reads the with new eyes the chatter of french politics the steam whistle the hum of the mill and the noise of had quite put most of the old legends out of mind so that when you to read the to a modern congregation it was almost absurd in its and suggested a of old no has in the attempt to a	37
religion it is like the skin and other vital organs a new statement every day the prophet and knew this and the the by quoting the they must allow it is the condition of a religion to require religion for its prophet and can only be rightly understood by prophet and the knows that the religious element will not fail any more than the supply of and but it is in its nature and will such a church as it wants the wise will spend on temples schools but will the of priests if in any manner he can leave the election and paying of the priest to the people he will do well like the he may resist the separation of a class of priests and create opportunity and expectation in the society to run to meet natural in this kind but when wealth to a a or it requires men for its who will give it another direction than to the of their day of course money do after its kind and will steadily work to and the people to whom it was the class certain to be excluded from all are the religious and driven to other churches which is nature s the are ill paid and the are this abuse draws into the church the children of the nobility and other unfit persons who have a taste for expense thus a bishop is only a merchant through his lawn i can see the bright buttons of the s coat glitter a wealth like that of makes almost a on in a speech iu the house of on the irish said how will the reverend of the other house be able to express their due ab english traits of the crime of who solemnly declare in the presence of god that when they are called upon to accept a living perhaps of a year at that very instant they moved by the holy ghost to accept the office and administration thereof and for no other reason whatever the modes of are more than custom house oaths the bishop is elected by the dean and of the cathedral the queen sends these gentlemen a d or leave to elect but also sends them the name of the person whom they are to elect they go into the cathedral chant and pray and the holy ghost to assist them in their choice and after these invariably find that the of the holy ghost agree with the of the queen but you must pay for all goes well as long as you run with but you who are honest man in other particulars know that there is alive somewhere a man whose honesty reaches to this point also that he shall not kneel to false gods and on the day when you meet him you sink into the class of besides this has grave if you take in a he you must take in all that belongs to it england this ornamented national church religion and it the eyes the flesh gives the voice a and clouds the understanding of the the english church by german criticism had nothing left but tradition and was led back to but that was an element which only hot heads could breathe in view of the educated class generally it was not a fact to front the sun and the of such men from the church became complete nature to be sure had her remedy persons are out of the established church into which instantly rise to credit and hold the establishment in check nature also the english change in all things it most in matters of religion cling to the last rag of form and are dreadfully given to cant the english and i wish it were confined to them but tis a taint in the saxon blood in both the english and the americans cant beyond all other nations the french all that industry to them what is so odious as the polite bows to god in our books and newspapers the popular press is in the exact measure of its and the religion of the day is a theatrical where the are supplied by the property english traits man the and create satire punch finds an inexhaustible material writes novels on hall humanity the heartless high life nature herself more by the of the lower classes lord s calls the poor thieves together and reads sermons to them and they call it gas borrow the to hear his discourse on the in egypt and reads to them the creed in when i had concluded he says i looked around me the features of the assembly were twisted and the eyes of all turned upon me with a frightful not an individual present but the genteel the the all the worst of all the church at this moment is much to be pitied she has nothing left but possession if a bishop meets an intelligent gentleman and reads fatal in his eyes he has no resource but to take wine with him false position cant and ever a lower class of mind and character into the clergy and when the is afraid of science and education afraid of piety afraid of tradition and afraid of there is nothing left but to quit a church which no one but the religion of england is it the established church no is it the no they are only of some private man s and are to the established church as are to a coach cheaper and more convenient but really the same thing where dwells the religion tell me first where dwells or motion or thought or gesture they do not dwell or stay at all cannot be made ist up and ended like london monument or the tower so that you shall know where to find it and keep it fixed as the english do with their things	37
it is passing glancing it is a traveller a a surprise a secret which them and puts them out yet if religion be the doing of all good and for its sake the suffering of all evil de le et per that divine secret has existed in england from the days of alfred to those of of and of and in thousands who have no fame chapter xiv literature a strong common sense which it is not easy to or disturb marks the english mind for a thousand years a rude strength newly applied to thought as of sailors and soldiers who had lately learned to read they have no fancy and never are surprised into a covert or witty word such as pleased the and and was into a fable not long after but they delight in strong expression not true to the human body and though spoken among princes equally fit and welcome to the mob this and plain style appear in the earliest works and in the latest it into songs and the smell of the earth the breath of cattle and like a dutch painter seeks a household charm though by and they ask their constitutional utility in verse the and are never out of sight the poet himself from every sally of the imagination the english muse loves the the lane and market she says with de i tramp in the mire with wooden shoes whenever they would force me into the for the englishman has accurate takes hold of things by the right end and there is no in his grasp he loves the axe the the oar the gun the he has built the engine he uses he is economical he must be treated with sincerity and reality with and not the promise of and prefers his hot chop with perfect security and convenience in the eating of it to the chances of the and bill of fare engraved on paper when he is intellectual and a poet or a philosopher he carries the same hard truth and the same keen machinery into the mental sphere his mind must stand on a fact he will not be or catch at clouds but the mind must have a symbol palpable and resisting what he in is the vice like with which he holds a mental image before the eyes as if it were a painted on a shield liked something to break his mind upon a taste for plain strong speech what is called a style marks the english it is in alfred and t english traits the saxon chronicle and in the of the was homely was perfect in the noble vulgar speech milton cotton and the wrote it how or in treatment of his subject is swift he describes his persons as if for the police has no or choice has the same hard keeping the truth at once to the senses and to the it is not less seen in poetry s hard painting of his the senses and milton in their have this national grip and of mind this mental makes the value of english genius in these writers and in henry more and sir thomas the saxon and exalted into the sphere of intellect makes the very genius of and milton when it reaches the pure element it the clouds as securely as the even in its its poetry is common sense inspired or iron raised to white heat the marriage of the two qualities is in their speech it is a rule of the language to make the frame or skeleton of saxon words and when elevation or ornament is sought to but nor is a sentence made of words alone without loss of strength the children and use the saxon the latin is abandoned to the and parliament mixture is a secret of the english island and in their dialect the male principle is the saxon the female the latin and they are combined in every discourse a good writer if he has indulged in a roman makes haste to and nerve his period by english when the nations came into europe they found it lighted with the sun and moon of hebrew and of greek genius the of their brain long kept in the dark were finely sensible to the double glory to the images from this twin source of christianity and art the mind became fruitful as by the of the holy ghost the english mind in every faculty the common sense was surprised and inspired for two centuries england was philosophic religious poetic the mental furniture seemed of larger scale the memory like the of the rains the and endurance of study the boldness and facility of their mental construction their fancy and imagination and english traits easy of vast distances of thought the enterprise or of new subjects and generally the easy exertion of power astonish like the of of the union of precision and oriental soaring of which is the perfect example is ed in less degree by the writers of two centuries i find not only the great masters out of all and reach but the whole writing of the time charged with a masculine force and freedom there is a rough vigor and to the matter in hand even in the second and third class of writers and i think in the common style of the people as one finds it in the of wills letters and public documents in and forms of speech the more hearty and sturdy expression may indicate that the of the was not all gone their brains hurled off their words as the revolving stone off scraps of i could from the cent sentences and phrases of edge not to be mat in the nineteenth their poets by simple of mind themselves with the accumulated science of ours the country gentlemen had a or drink they october and the poets as if by	37
this hint knew how to the whole season into their and as nature to the sometimes works up into beauty in some rare or and as the greek art wrought many a or column in which too long or too or or and are made a beauty of so these were so quick and vital that they could charm and by mean and vulgar objects a man must think that age well taught and thoughtful by which and poems like those of ben full of heroic sentiment in a manly style were received with favor the unique fact in literary history the reception of the reception proved by his making his fortune and the proved by the absence of all contemporary seems to an elevation in the mind of the people judge of the splendor of a nation by the of great individuals in it the manner in which they learned greek and latin before our modem were yet ready without or by lectures of a professor followed by their own required a more robust memory and of all the faculties and their scholars acquired the and method of s traits the influence of the british genius their minds loved were of and on the staircase of unity tis a very old strife between those who elect to see identity and those who elect to see and it itself in the poets of course are of one part the men of the worlds of the other bu britain had many of j more bacon lord milton lord bacon has the his centuries of observations on useful science and his experiments i suppose were worth nothing one hint of or or or or any one who had a talent for experiment was worth all his lifetime of exquisite trifles but he drinks of a stream and the of into england where that goes is poetry health and progress the rules of its or its are not known that knowledge if we had it would all that we call science of the mind it seems an of race or of the vital point being how far the sense of unity or instinct of seeking for wherever the w mind takes a step it is to put itself at one with a larger class discerned beyond the lesser class with which it has been hence all poetry and all affirmative action comes bacon in the structure of his mind held of the of the or as we say from the best example whoever and requires heaps of facts before any theories can be attempted has no poetic power and nothing original or beautiful will be produced by him is as surely the of and of prose as bacon and the of growth the is the poetic tendency the so called scientific is the negative and poisonous tis quite certain that burns and will be and that the dull men will be then politics and commerce will from the educated class men of talents without genius precisely because such have no resistance bacon capable of ideas yet devoted to ends required in his map of the mind first of all or the for all such profitable observations and as fall not within the compass of any of the special parts of philosophy but are more common and of a higher stage he held this element essential it english traits is never out of mind he never for such as neglect it believing that no perfect discovery can be made in a flat or level but you must ascend to a higher science if any man philosophy and to be idle studies he doth not consider that all professions are from thence served and supplied and this i take to be a great cause that has the of learning because these have been studied but in passage he explained himself by giving various quaint examples of the summary or common laws of which each science has its own illustration he that he finds this part of learning very deficient the sort of wits drawing a bucket now and then for their own use but the spring head this was the dry light which did and most men s watery natures had signified the same sense when he said all the great arts require a subtle and into the law of nature since of thought and perfect mastery over every subject seem to be derived from some such source as this this had in addition to a great natural genius for meeting with who was a person of this kind he attached himself to him and nourished himself with sublime speculations on literature the absolute intelligence and imported thence into the art whatever could be useful to it a few always in the world whose authors we do not rightly know which astonish and appear to be avenues to vast of thought and these are in the world like the and theories in in england these may be traced usually to bacon milton or even to van and and do all have a kind of filial to and the of this kind is lord bacon s sentence that nature is commanded by obeying her his doctrine of poetry which the shows of things to the desires of the mind or the definition of poetry yet exact apparent pictures of natures s creed that soul is form and doth the body make the theory of that we have no certain assurance of the existence of matter doctor samuel s argument for from the nature of space and time s political rule that power must rest on land a rule which requires to be liberally interpreted the theory of so applied by him that the man makes his heaven and hell s study of english trait civil history as the conflict of ideas and the tory of the deeper thought the identity of in the statement all difference is	37
so the very of the theory of of s three laws and even of doctrine of definite proportions finds a su response in the mind which remains a sup evidence to i t some of which are more re merely to indicate a class not these but the mental plane or the atmosphere from w they was the home and element of writers and readers in what we loosely call age say in literary history period from to yet a period all short enough to justify ben s lord bacon about his time and within view were born all the wits that could nation or help study such richness of genius had not existed i than once before these heights could not maintained as we find of vast tree our exhausted and have received of their ancient to so history r in which the intellect of i became so it with english literature these heights were followed by a meanness and a descent of the mind into lower the loss of wings no high speculation to whom the meaning of ideas was unknown became the type of philosophy and his understanding the measure in all nations of the english intellect his countrymen the sides of on which they had once walked with echoing steps and the studies once so beloved the powers of thought fell into neglect the later english want the faculty of and of men in natural classes by an insight of general so deep that the rule is with equal precision from few subjects or from one as from multitudes of lives is supreme in that as in all the great mental energies the the english cannot interpret the german mind german science the english the absence of the faculty in england is shown by the timidity which mountains of facts as a bad general wants of men and miles of to the of courage and conduct the english shrink from a they do not look abroad into or they draw only a bucket full at the fountain of the first philosophy for their occasion and do not go to the english traits spring head bacon who said this is aim unique among his countrymen in that faculty least among the prose writers milton who the stair or high table land to let down the genius from the of used t privilege sometimes in poetry more rarely in pr for a long interval it is not was to but his wa shorter line as his thoughts have less depth tl have less compass s are deep or wise he owes his fame to one keen that no had been detected any cause and either in in thought that the term cause and effect i loosely or applied to what we only as not at all as johnson s written have little the tone of feeling in them makes their ch worth mr a learned and elegant scholar written the history of european literature for th centuries a performance of great ambition as a judgment was to be attempted on ev book but his eye does not reach to the id standards the are all dated from all new thought must be cast into the old the element which literature literature steadily denied is resisted and his school is uniformly polite but with deficient sympathy writes with resolute generosity but is unconscious of the deep worth which lies in the and which often as a seed of power and a source of revolution all the correct writers and shining of their day he passes in silence or with a kind of contempt the masters a lover of ideas is not only but unintelligible respect by his knowledge and by his manifest love of good books and he lifts himself to own better than almost any the greatness of and better than johnson he milton but in or in the firmer intellectual nerve of one still finds the same type of english genius it is wise and rich but it lives on its capital it is how can it discern and hail the new forms that are up on the horizon new and gigantic thoughts which cannot dress themselves out of any old wardrobe of the past the essays the fiction and the poetry of the day have the uke limits with apprehension of the language of manners and the varieties of street life with pathos and laughter with patriotic and still english traits generosity writes london tracts he is a of english details like local and temporary in his tints and style and local in his aims an industrious writer with occasional ability is distinguished for his reverence of intellect as a and appeals to the worldly ambition of the student his tend to fan these low flames their despair of the heart finds that god has made no allowance for the poor thing in his universe more s the pity he thinks but tis not for us to be wiser we must and accept london the brilliant who expresses the tone of the english governing classes of the day teaches that good means good to eat good to wear material that the glory of modern philosophy is its direction on fruit to yield economical inventions and that its merit is to avoid ideas and avoid morals he thinks it the merit of the philosophy in its triumph over the old its the intellect from theories of the all fair and all good and it down to the making a better sick chair and a better w ine for an invalid this not but in good faith that solid advantage as he calls it meaning always benefit is the good the eminent benefit of is the better it to enable the fruit ships to bring home their and wine to the london it was a curious result in which the civility and religion of england for a thousand years ends in	37
denying morals and the intellect to a pan the critic hides his under the english cant of practical to convince the reason to touch the conscience is romantic the fine arts fall to the ground beauty except as luxurious does not exist it is very certain i may say in passing that if lord bacon had been only the his critic he would never have acquired the fame which now him to this patronage it is because he had imagination the of the spirit and in an element of contemplation out of all modern english that he is impressive to the of men and has become a not to be ignored sir david sees the high place of bacon without finding indebted to him and thinks it a mistake bacon it by specific gravity or levity not by any feat he did or by any more or less of c but an effect of the english traits same cause which showed itself more pronounced afterwards in and a catholic mind with a hunger for ideas with eyes looking before and after to the highest and and who wrote and spoke the only high criticism in his time is one of those who save england from the reproach of no longer possessing the capacity to appreciate what wit the island has yielded yet the misfortune of his life his vast attempts but most inadequate failing to accomplish any one seems to mark the closing of an era even in him the englishman was too strong for the philosopher and he fell into and as had to the english state so his mind in the attempt to reconcile the rule and of the church with eternal ideas but for and a lurking uttering itself in occasional criticism oftener in private discourse one would say that in germany and in america is the best mind in england rightly respected it is the sign of national decay when the can no longer read or understand the philosophy in the and that followed all this was driven by his gust at the and the cant into the preaching of fate in comparison with all this any check any though by fire seemed desirable and beautiful he saw little difference in the or the causes for which they the one comfort was that they were all going speedily into the abyss together and his imagination finding no in any creation itself by the majestic beauty of the laws of decay the necessities of mental structure force all minds into a few and where impatience of the tricks of men makes amiable and to the negative deity the inevitable is to heroism or the gallantry of the private heart which decks its with glory in the unequal combat of will against fate the editor of the of and the champion of has brought to and to a native vigor with a catholic perception of relations equal to the highest attempts and a like the of the invincible knights of old there is in the action of his mind a long atlantic roll not known except in deepest waters and only lacking what ought to accompany such powers a english manifest if his mind does not rest in immovable perhaps the is larger and the return is not yet but a master should inspire a confidence that he will to his convictions and give his present studies always the same high place it would be easy to add exceptions to the tone of english thought and much more easy to examples of excellence in particular veins and if going out of the region of we pass into that of general culture there is no end to the graces and wit sensibility and of the learned class but the artificial which marks all english performance appears in letters also much of their production is and and literary have been achieved by forcible men whose relation to literature was purely accidental but who were driven by tastes and modes they found in into their several so at this moment every ambitious young man studies so members of parliament are made and the bias of englishmen to practical skill has on the national mind they are incapable of an and respect the five powers even in their song the voice of their modern muse has a hint of the steam whistle and the poem is created as an ornament and finish of their and by no means as the bird of a new morning which forgets the past world in the full enjoyment of that which is forming they are with difficulty ideal they are the most men as if having the best conditions they could not bring themselves to them every one of them is a thousand years old and lives by his memory and when you say this they accept it as praise nothing comes to the book shops but politics travels and and even what is called philosophy and letters is mechanical in its structure as if inspiration had ceased as if no vast hope no religion no song of joy no wisdom no existed any more the tone of and of scholars and of literary society has this mortal air i seem to walk on a marble floor where nothing will grow they exert every variety of talent on a lower ground and may be said to live and act in a sub mind they have lost all commanding views in literature philosophy and science a good englishman himself out of three of his mind and himself to one fourth he has learning good sense power of labor and logic but a traits faith in the laws of the mind like that of a belief like that of and that experience must follow and not lead the laws of the mind a devotion to the theory of politics like that of and milton and the modern english mind i fear the same fault lies in their	37
science since they have known how to make it repulsive and nature of its charm though perhaps the complaint flies wider and the vice to many more than to british the eye of the must have a scope like nature itself a to all impressions alive to the heart as well as to the logic of creation but english science puts humanity to the door it wants the connection which is the test of genius the science is false by not being poetic it the or it to explain whilst or only exists in system in relation the poet only sees it as an inevitable step in the path of the creator but in england one finds this fact and another finds that and lives and dies ignorant of its value there are great exceptions of john hunter a man of ideas perhaps of robert brown the and of who has imported into britain the german and enriched science with literature of his own adding sometimes the of the old masters to the unbroken power of labor in the english mind but for the most part the natural science in england is out of its loyal alliance with morals and is as void of imagination and free play of thought as it stands in strong contrast with the genius of the those semi who love and by means of their height of view preserve their enthusiasm and think for europe no hope no sublime cheers the student no secure from experiment onward to a foreseen law but only a casual dipping here and there like in for a that will pay a horizon of brass of the of his umbrella down around his senses contentment with satire at the names of philosophy and religion and shop till politics and of usage betray the ebb of life and spirit as they on to london and in europe and asia so they fear the hostility of ideas of poetry of religion ghosts which they cannot lay and having attempted to and dress the blessed soul itself in english and they are tormented with fear that a force that will sweep their english traits system away the artists say nature puts them out the scholars have become un ideal they earnest speech with and levity they laugh you down or they change the subject the fact is say they over their wine all that about liberty and so forth is gone by it won t do any longer the practical and comfortable them with inexorable claims and the smallest of power remains for heroism and no poet dares murmur of beauty out of the of his no priest dares hint at a providence which does not respect english utility the island is a roaring of fate of material of and laws of and low prices in the absence of the highest aims of the pure love of knowledge and the surrender to nature there is the of the imagination the of the senses and the understanding we have the instead of the natural expense arts of comfort and the as an illustrious will contrive one more to between the man and his objects thus poetry is degraded and made ornamental pope and his school wrote poetry fit to put round cake what did walter scott write with out a traveller s guide to scotland and the of verses they print have this character how many volumes of well bred we must through before we can be filled taught renewed we want the miraculous the beauty which we can manufacture at no mill can give no account of the beauty of which and had the secret the poetry of course is low and only now and then as in conscientious or in or in but if i should count the poets who have contributed to the bible of existing england sentences of guidance and consolation which are still glowing and effective how few shall i find my heavenly bread in the poets where is great design in modem english poetry the english have lost sight of the fact that poetry exists to speak the spiritual law and that no wealth of description or of fancy is yet essentially new and out of the limits of prose until this condition is reached therefore the grave old poets like the greek artists their designs and less considered the finish it was their office to lead to the divine sources out of which all this and much more readily springs and if this religion is in the poetry it raises us to some purpose and we can well afford some or or want of popular tune in the verses english traits the exceptional fact of the period is the genius of he had no master but nature and solitude he wrote a poem says without the aid of war his verse is the voice of in a worldly and ambitious age one regrets that his temperament was not more liquid and musical he has written longer than he was inspired but for the rest he has no is endowed precisely in points where wanted there is no finer ear nor more command of the keys of language color like the dawn flows over the horizon from his pencil in waves so rich that we do not miss the central form through all his too he has reached the public a of good sense and general power since he who to be the english poet must be as large as london not in the same kind as london but in his own kind but he wants a subject and no mount of vision to bring its secrets to the people he contents himself with describing the englishman as he is and no better there are all degrees in poetry and we must be thankful for every beautiful talent but it is only a first success when the ear is gained the best	37
office of the best poets has been to show how low and was their general style and that only once or twice they have struck the high literature that which is the essence of the poetic element they have not it was no but who said let us be crowned with roses let us drink wine and break up the tiresome old roof of heaven into new forms a of the song of nature the has no ear for and he does not value the and influence of intellectual action of truth without a by end by the law of i look for an irresistible taste for in britain for a life made up of trifles clinging to a civilization ideas there is no remedy like the oriental that and english decorum for once there is thunder it never heard light it never saw and power which trifles with time and space i am not surprised then to find an englishman like who had been struck with the grand style of thinking in the indian writings the prejudices of his countrymen while offering them a translation of the might i an man venture to bounds to the latitude of criticism i should in the merit of such a production all rules drawn from the ancient or modern literature of europe all to such english traits or manners as are become the standards of propriety for opinion and action in our own modes and equally all appeals to our revealed of religion and moral duty he goes on to indulgence to ornaments of fancy to our taste and passages elevated to a tract of into which our habits of judgment will find it difficult to pursue them meantime i know that a power lies in the english race which seems to make any possible in other words there is at all times a of profound minds existing in the nation capable of every soaring of intellect and every hint of tendency while the talent seems and superficial the criticism is often in the noblest tone and suggests the presence of the invisible gods i can well believe what i have often heard that there are two nations in england but it is not the poor and the rich nor is it the and nor the and the these are each always becoming the other for robert does not the power of circumstance but the two or two of mind the class and the practical class preface to s translation of the are ever in one in hopeless the other in huge masses one the other the ungrateful pupil scornful of the source whilst itself of the knowledge for gain these two nations of genius and of animal force though the first consist of only a dozen souls and the second of twenty millions forever by their discord and their accord yield the power of the english state chapter xv ff the times the power of the newspaper is familiar in america and in accordance with our political system in england it stands in with the institutions and it is all the more beneficent against the tendencies of a the celebrated lord knew of no good law proposed and passed in his time to which the public papers had not directed his attention there is no corner and no night a every secret to the day turns the glare of this on every so as to make the public a more terrible spy than any foreigner and no weakness can be taken advantage of by an enemy since the whole people are already thus england herself of those which have been the ruin of old states of course this inspection is feared no antique privilege no comfortable but sees surely that its days the are counted the people are with the reason of reform and one by one take away every argument of the so your grace likes the comfort of reading the newspapers said lord to the duke of mark my words you and i shall not live to see it but this young gentleman lord may or it may be a little later but a little sooner or later these newspapers will most assuredly write the of out of their titles and possessions and the country out of its king the tendency in england towards social and political institutions like those of america is inevitable and the ability of its journals is the driving force england is full of manly clever well bred men who possess the talent of writing off hand expressing with clearness and courage their opinion on any person or performance valuable or not it is a skill that is rarely found out of the english journals the english do this as they write poetry as they ride and box by being educated to it hundreds of clever and and and and hooks and and mills and make poems or short essays for a journal as they make speeches in far and on the or as they shoot and english ride it is a quite accidental and arbitrary direction of their general ability rude health and spirits an oxford education and the habits of society are implied but not a ray of genius it comes of the crowded state of the professions the violent interest which all men take in politics the facility of in the journals and high pay the most conspicuous result of this talent is the times newspaper no power in england is more felt more feared or more obeyed what you read in the morning in that journal you shall hear in the evening in all society it has ears every where and its information is earliest and it has risen year by year and victory by victory to its present authority i asked one of its old whether it had once been than it is now never he said these are its days it has shown those qualities which	37
are dear to englishmen to its objects prodigal intellectual ability and a towering assurance backed by the perfect organization in its house and its world wide net work of correspondence and reports it has its own history and famous in it adopted the cause of queen and carried it against the king it adopted a poor the times law system and almost alone lifted it through when lord was in power it decided against him and pulled him down it declared war against ireland and conquered it it adopted the league against the com laws and when had begun to despair it announced his triumph it and the french republic of and checked every sympathy with it in england until it had special to watch the and make them ridiculous on the th april it first and then adopted the new french empire and urged the french alliance and its results it has entered into each literary and social question almost with a voice it has done bold and service in exposing which threatened the commercial community meantime it attacks its rivals by its machinery and will drive them out of circulation for the only limit to the circulation of the times is the impossibility of copies fast enough since a daily paper can only be new and for a few hours it will kill all but that paper which is in opposition since many papers first and last have lived by their attacks on the leading journal the late mr walter was of the times english and had gradually arranged the whole of it in perfect system it is told that when he demanded a small share in the and was refused he said as you please gentlemen and you may take away the times from this office when you will i shall publish the new times next monday morning the who had already complained that his charges for were excessive found that they were in his power and gave him whatever he wished i went one day with a good friend to the times office which was entered through a pretty in house square we walked with some as if we were entering a powder mill but the door was opened by a mild old woman and by dint of some of cards we were at last conducted into the parlor of mr a very gentle person with no hostile appearances the are now quite out of date but i remember he told us that the daily was then copies that on the ist march the greatest number ever printed were issued that since february the daily circulation had increased by copies the old press they were then using printed five or six thousand sheets per hour the new machine for which they were then building an engine thb times would print twelve thousand per hour our confided us to a courteous assistant to show us the establishment in which i think they employed a hundred and twenty men i remember i saw the room in which they their hasty but the editor s room and who is in it i did not see though i shared the curiosity of mankind respecting it the staff of the times has always been made up of able men old walter sterling bacon jones john mr mr have contributed to its renown in their special but it has never wanted the first pens for occasional assistance its private information is inexplicable and the stories of s police whose made it believed that the must be in his pay it has and political in every foreign city and its expresses the of the government one hears anecdotes of the rise of its servants as of the of the india house i was told of the dexterity of one of its who finding himself on one occasion where the had strictly forbidden put his hands into his coat pocket and with pencil in one hand and in the other did his work s g english traits the influence of this journal is a power in europe and of course none conscious of it than its the its articles has often been the occasion of c from the official organs of the continental and sometimes the ground of what would the times say is a terror i in in in and paul its discretion and sue the english skill of combination tl paper is the work of many hands chiefly it of young men recently from the perhaps reading law in chambers in hence the elegance and classic s which adorn its columns hence too t and gallantry of its but the the aim suggests the belief that this fire is and fed by older as if persons of e formation and with settled views of policy s the wi with the basis of fact and the c be attained and availed themselves of their energy and eloquence to plead the cause the council and the j this division of two men of equal one who does not write but keeps his eye course of public affairs will have the high wisdom but the parts are kept in c the all the articles appear to proceed from a single will the times never of what itself has said or itself by apology for the absence of the editor or the of him who held the pen it speaks out bluff and bold and sticks to what it says it draws from any number of learned and skilful but a more learned and skilful person and of this closet the secret does not no writer is suffered to claim the of any paper every thing good from whatever quarter comes out and thus by making the paper every thing and those who write it nothing the character and the awe of the journal gain the english like it for its complete information a statement of fact in the times is as as a from	37
then they like its independence they do not know when they take it up what their paper is going to say but above all for the and confidence of its tone it thinks for them all it is their understanding and day s ideal when i see them reading its columns they seem to me becoming every moment more british it has the national courage not rash and but considerate and determined no dignity or wealth is a shield from its assault it attacks a duke as readily as a police english traits man and with the most airs of condescension it makes rude work with the board of the bench of is still less safe one bishop badly for his and another for his and a third for his it addresses occasionally a hint to majesty itself and sometimes a hint which is taken there is an air of freedom even in their ing columns which speaks well for england to a foreigner on the days when i arrived in london in i read among the daily one offering a reward of fifty pounds to any person who would put a nobleman described by name and title late a member of parliament into any county jail in england he having been convicted of obtaining money under false was never such as the tone of this paper every slip of an or who writes his first leader that we subdued the earth before we sat down to write this particular times one would think the world was on its knees to the times office for its daily breakfast but this is calculated who would care for it if it or dared to confess or ventured to c no it is so and so it shall be the morality and patriotism of the times the claims only to be representative and by no means ideal it gives the argument not of the majority but of the commanding class its know better than to defend russia or ai or english rights on abstract grounds but they give a voice to the class who at the moment take the lead and they have an instinct for finding where the power now lies which is shifting its banks with and speaking for the class that rules the hour yet being of every ground swell every resolution every church every strike in the mills they detect the first of change they watch the hard and bitter struggles of the authors of each liberal movement year by year watching them only to and them until at last when they see that these have established their fact that power is on the point of passing to them they strike in with the voice of a monarch astonish those whom they as much as those whom they desert and make victory sure of course the see that the times is one of the goods of fortune not to be won but by winning their cause punch is equally an expression of english good sense as the london times it is the comic version of the same sense many of its are equal to the best and will convey to the eye in an instant the popular which was taken of each turn of public its sketches are usually made by hands and sometimes with genius the delight of every class because uniformly guided by that taste which is in england it is a new trait of the nineteenth century that the wit and humor of england as in punch so in the hood have taken the direction of humanity and the times like every important institution shows the way to a better it is a living index of the colossal british power its existence honors the people who dare to print all they know dare to know all the facts and do not wish to be flattered by hiding the extent of the public disaster there is always safety in i wish i could add that this journal to deserve the power it by guidance of the public sentiment to the right it is usually pretended in parliament and elsewhere that the english press has a high tone which it has not it has an imperial tone as of a powerful and independent nation but as vith other its tone is prone to be official and even the times shares all the of the governing classes and wishes thb times never to be in a if only it dared to to the right to show the right to be the only expedient and feed its from the central heart of humanity it might not have so many men of rank among its but genius would be its cordial and invincible ally it might now and then bear the of formidable but no journal is ruined by wise courage it would be the natural leader of british reform its proud function that of being the voice of europe the of the exile and against would be more effectually discharged it would have the authority which is claimed for that dream of good men not yet come to pas an and the least of its would be to give to england a new of beneficent power chapter xvi t k it had been agreed between my friend mr c and me that before i left england we should make an excursion together to which neither of us had seen and the project pleased my fancy with the double attraction of the monument and the companion it seemed a bringing together of extreme points to visit the oldest religious monument in britain in company with her latest and one whose influence may be traced in eveiy contemporary book i was glad to sum up a little my experiences and to exchange a few reasonable words on the aspects of england with a man on whose genius i set a very high value and who had as much	37
penetration and as severe a theory of duty as any person in it on friday th july we took the south western way through to where we found a carriage to convey us to the fine weather and my friend s local knowledge of in which he is wont to spend a part of every summer made the way short there was much to say too of the travelling americans and their usual objects in london i thought it natural that they should give some time to works of art collected here which they cannot find at home and a little to scientific clubs and which at this moment make london very attractive but my philosopher was not contented art and high art is a favorite for his wit yes is a great delusion and and wasted a great deal of good time on it and he thinks he that old found this out and in his later writings changed his tone as soon as men begin to talk of art architecture and nothing good comes of it he wishes to go through the british museum in silence and thinks a sincere man will see something and say nothing in these days he thought it would become an to consult only the grim necessity and say i can build you a coffin for such dead persons as you are and for such dead purposes as you have but you have no ornament for the science he had if possible even less and compared the of house to the boy who asked how many in the sky replied ha english minded things near him then said the boy how many hairs are there in your eyebrows said he didn t know and didn t care still speaking of the americans c complained that they dislike the coldness and of the english and run away to france and go with their countrymen and are amused instead of staying in london and englishmen and acquiring their culture who really have much to teach them i told c that i was easily dazzled and was accustomed to readily all that an englishman would ask i saw everywhere in the country proofs of sense and spirit and success of every sort i like the people they are as good as they are handsome they have everything and can do everything but meantime i surely know that as soon as i return to i shall lapse at once into the feeling which the geography of america inevitably that we play the game with immense advantage that there and not here is the seat and centre of the british race and that no skill or activity can long with the prodigious natural advantages of that country in the hands of the same race and that england an old and exhausted island must one day be contented like other parents to be strong only in her but this was a proposition which no englishman of whatever condition can easily entertain we left the train at and took a carriage to passing by old a bare hill once containing the town which sent two members to parliament now not a hut and arriving at stopped at the george inn after dinner we walked to plain on the broad downs under the gray sky not a house was visible nothing but which looked like a group of brown in the wide expanse and the which rose like green about the plain and a few on the top of a mountain the old temple would not be more impressive far and wide a few with their flocks sprinkled the plain and a drove along the road it looked as if the wide margin given in this crowded isle to this temple were accorded by the veneration of the british race to the old egg out of which all their and history had proceeded is a circular with a of a feet and a second and a third within we walked round the stones and over them to wont ourselves with their strange aspect and and found a nook sheltered om the wind among them where c lighted his s cigar it was pleasant to see that just this sim of all simple two upright stones and a laid across had long all later churches and all history and were like what is most permanent on the of the planet these and the mere of which there are a hundred and sixty within a circle of three miles about like the same mound on the plain of which still makes good to the passing on the of and the fame of within the grow and all around wild and the grass over us were soaring and singing as my friend said the which were last year and the wind which was many thousand years ago we counted and measured by paces the biggest stones and soon knew as much as any man can suddenly know of the inscrutable temple there are ninety four stones and there were once probably one hundred and sixty the temple is circular and uncovered and the situation fixed the grand here and at being placed exactly as all the gates of the old temples are how came the stones here for these or t are not found in this neighborhood the stone as it is called is the only one in all these blocks that can resist the action of fire and as i read in the books must have been brought one hundred and fifty miles on almost every stone we found the marks of the s hammer and the nineteen smaller stones of the inner circle are of granite i who had just come from professor s cambridge museum of and was ready to maintain that some or had borne off and laid these rocks one on another only the good beasts must	37
have known how to cut a well wrought and and to smooth the sur ce of some of the stones the mystery is that any mystery should have been allowed to settle on so remarkable a monument in a country on which all the have kept their eyes now for eighteen hundred years we are not yet too late to learn much more than is known of this structure some or will arrive stone by stone at the whole history by that sense and perseverance so in its choice of objects which leaves its own or choir to the whilst it opens and nine eh in traits of the simplicity of its plan and its good is as if new and recent and a thousand years hence men will thank this age for the accurate history it will yet we walked in and out and took again and again a fresh look at the stones the old put our petty differences of out of sight to these conscious stones we two were alike known and near we could equally well their old british meaning my philosopher was subdued and gentle in this quiet house of destiny he happened to say i plant wherever i go and if i am in search of pain i cannot go wrong the spot the gray blocks and their rude order which refuses to be disposed of suggested to him the flight of ages and the succession of the old times of england impress c much he reads little he says in these last years but the fifty three volumes of which are in the london library he finds all english history therein he can see as he reads the old saint of sitting there and writing a man to men the show plainly that the men of those times believed in god and in the immortality of the soul as their and testify now even the is all gone london is pagan t that greater men had in england than any of her writers and in ct about the time when those writers appeared the last of these were already gone we left the mound in the twilight with the design to return the next mornings and coming back two miles to our inn we were met by little showers and late as it was men and women were out attempting to protect their spread wind rows the grass grows rank and dark in the england at the inn there was only milk for one cup of tea when we called for more the girl brought us three drops my friend was annoyed who stood for the credit of an english inn and still more the next morning by the dog cart sole vehicle in which we were to be sent to i engaged the local mr brown to go with us to on our way and show us what he knew of the and stones i stood on the last and he pointed to the upright or rather inclined stone called the and bade me notice that its top ranged with the sky line yes very well now at the summer the sun rises exactly over the top of that stone and at the temple at there is also an stone in the same relative positions english in the silence of tradition this one relation to science becomes an important clue but we were content to leave the problem with the rocks was this the giants dance which brought from in ireland to be s monument to the british whom here as of relates or was it a roman work as jones explained to king james or identical in design and style with the east indian temples of the sun as da in the of all the writers is the best the heroic charmed with the of his ruin it with the oldest monuments and religion of the world and with the courage of his tribe does not stick to say the deity who made the world by the scheme of he finds that the on plain stretches across the downs like a line of latitude upon the globe and the line of stone connected with are an avenue and a the avenue is a narrow road of raised earth extending yards in a straight line from the grand entrance then dividing into two branches which lead to a row of and to the an formed flat tract of ground this is half a mile from bounded b banks and yards long by broad passes exactly through the middle of but here is the high point of the theory the had the laid their courses by it their cardinal points in and elsewhere which vary a little from true east and west followed the variations of the compass the were the name of the is and was the god of the in the legend drew his bow at the sun and the sun god gave him a golden cup with which he sailed over the ocean what was this but a compass box this cup or little boat in which the was made to float on water and so show the north was probably its first form before it was suspended on a pin but science was an and as britain was a secret so they kept their compass a secret and it was lost with the commerce the golden again of was the compass a bit of easily supposed to be the only one in the world and therefore naturally awakening the and ambition of the young heroes of a nation to join in an tion to obtain possession of this wise stone hence the fable that the ship was and oi there is also some curious coincidence in the names makes the son en lt h of married on hints like these again the grand into historic harmony and backward by the known of the compass bravely the year	37
before for the date of the temple for the difficulty of handling and carrying stones of this size the like is done in all cities day with no other aid than horse power i chanced to see a year ago men at work on the of a house in square in boston swinging a block of granite of the size of the largest of the columns with an ordinary the men were common with to help nor did they think they were doing anything remarkable i suppose there were as good men a thousand years ago and we wonder how was built and forgotten after spending half an hour on the spot we set forth in our dog cart over the downs for c not some threats and evil on the for keeping these broad plains a wi sheep walk when so many thousands of english men were hungry and wanted labor but i heard afterwards that it is not an economy to cultivate this land which only one crop on being broken up and is then spoiled we came to and to hall the st e renowned seat of the of a house known to and the frequent home of sir philip where he wrote the where he conversed with lord a man of deep thought and a poet who to be engraved on his here lies lord the friend of sir philip it is now the property of the earl of and the residence of his brother esq and is esteemed a noble specimen of the english hall my friend had a letter from mr to his housekeeper and the house was shown the state drawing room is a double feet high by feet wide by feet long the adjoining room is a single of feet every way although these apartments and the long library were full of good portraits and other and though there were some good pictures and a full of antique and modem to which c catalogue in hand did all too much justice yet the eye was still drawn to the windows to a magnificent lawn on which grew the finest in england i had not seen more charming grounds we went out and walked over the estate we crossed a bridge built by jones over a stream of which the gardener did not know h traits the name watched the deer climbed to the lonely summer house on a hill backed by a wood came down into the italian garden and into a french with french and so again to the house where we found a table laid for us with bread grapes and wine on leaving house we took the coach for the cathedral which was finished years ago has even a and modem air and its spire is the highest in england i know not why but i had been more struck with one of no fame at which rises feet from the ground with the lightness of a plant and not at all with the church is now esteemed the of the art in england as the are fully and honestly detailed from the sides of the pile the interior of the cathedral is by the organ in the middle acting like a screen i know not why in real architecture the hunger of the eye for length of line is so rarely gratified the rule of art is that a is more beautiful the longer it is and that ad and the of a church is seldom so long that it need be divided by a screen we in the church outside the choir whilst service was said whilst we listened to the organ my friend remarked the music is good and yet not quite religious but somewhat as if a were panting to some fine queen of heaven c was unwilling and we did not ask to have the choir shown us but returned to our inn after seeing another old church of the place we passed in the train park but could see little but the edge of a wood though c had wished to pay closer attention to the of the of at we stopped and found mr h who received us in his carriage and took us to his house at on sunday we had much discourse on a very rainy day my friends asked whether there were any americans any with an american idea any theory of the right future of that country thus i myself neither of nor neither of nor of nor of such as would make of america another europe i thought only of the simplest and purest minds i said certainly yes but those who hold it are of a dream which i should hardly care to relate to your english ears to which it might be only ridiculous and yet it is the only true so i opened the of and non resistance and anticipated the h traits objections and the fun and procured a kind of hearing for it i said it is true that i haye seen in any country a man of sufficient to stand for this truths and yet it is plain to me that no less than this can command my respect i can easily see the of the vulgar worship though great men be and tis certain as god the gun that does not need another gun the law of love and justice alone can effect a clean revolution i fancied that one or two of my anecdotes made some impression on c and i insisted that the manifest absurdity of the view to english could make no difference to a gentleman that as to our secure of our mutton chop and in london or in boston the soul might quote je pas la as i had thus taken in the conversation the saint s part when dinner was announced c refused to go	37
out before me he was altogether too wicked i planted my back against the wall and our host rescued us from the by saying he was the and would walk out first then c followed and i went last on the way to whither our host mm accompanied us in the afternoon my friends asked many questions respecting american landscape forests houses my house for example it is not easy to answer these well there i thought in america lies nature sleeping almost conscious too much by half for man in the picture and so giving a certain like the rank vegetation of and forests seen at night in and rains which it loves and on it man seems not able to make much impression there in that great continent in high pastures in the sea wide still sleeps and murmurs and hides the great mother long since driven away from the trim hedge rows and over cultivated garden of england and in england i am quite too sensible of this every one is on his good behavior and must be dressed for dinner at six so i put off my friends with very inadequate details as best i could just before entering we stopped at the church of saint cross and after looking through the quaint antiquity we demanded a piece of bread and a draught of beer which the founder henry de in commanded should be given to every one who should ask it at the gate we had both from the old couple who take care english traits of the church some twenty people day they said make the same demand this hospitality of seven hundred years standing did not hinder c from a on the priest who receives a year that were meant for the poor and a on this small beer and in the cathedral i was gratified at least by the ample dimensions the length of line that of any other english church being feet by in breadth of i think i prefer this church to all i have seen except westminster and york here was buried and here alfred the great was crowned and buried and here the saxon kings and later in his own church william of it is very old part of the into which we went down and saw the saxon and arches of the old church on which the present stands was built fourteen or fifteen hundred years ago says alfred was buried at in the abbey he had founded there but his remains were removed by henry i to the new abbey in the meadows at on the northern quarter of the city and laid under the high altar the building was destroyed at the and what is left of alfred s body now lies covered by em buildings or buried in the ruins of the old william of s shrine tomb was unlocked for us and c took hold of the statue s marble hands and patted them affectionately for he rightly the brave man who built and this cathedral and the school here and new college at oxford but it was growing late in the afternoon slowly we left the old house and parting with our host we took the train for london history of the chapter xvii personal in these comments on an old journey now after seven busy years have much changed men and things in england i have from reference to persons except in the last chapter and in one or two cases where the fame of the parties seemed to have given the public a property in all that concerned them i must further allow myself a few notices if only as an acknowledgment of debts that cannot be paid my journeys were cheered by so much kindness from new friends that my impression of the island is bright with agreeable memories both of public societies and of and what is nowhere better found than in england a cultivated person surrounded by a happy home with honor love obedience troops of friends is of all institutions the best at the landing in liverpool i found my correspondent awaiting me a gentleman whose kind reception was followed by a personal train of friendly and effective attentions which never rested whilst i remained in the country a man of sense and of letters the editor of a powerful local journal he added to solid virtues an infinite sweetness and there seemed a pool of honey about his heart which all his speech and action with fine of an equal good fortune attended many later accidents of my journey until the sincerity of english kindness ceased to surprise my visit fell in the fortunate days when mr was the american minister in london and at his house or through his good offices i had easy access to excellent persons and to privileged places at the house of mr i met persons eminent in society and in letters the privileges of the and of the reform clubs were opened to me and i found much advantage in the circles of the the and the royal societies every day in london gave me new opportunities of meeting men and women who give splendor to society i saw hunt d helps and the younger poets and and among the men of english science brown de la carpenter and edward it was my privilege also to converse witb miss with lady with mrs and mrs a finer hospitality made many private houses not less known and dear it is not in distinguished circles that wisdom and elevated characters are usually found or if not confined and my recollections of the best hours go back to private conversations in different parts of the kingdom with persons little known nor am i insensible to the courtesy which frankly opened to me some noble if i do not adorn my page with their names among the privileges	37
of london i recall with pleasure two or three signal days one at where sir william showed me all the riches of the vast garden one at the museum where sir charles explained in detail the history of his monument and still another on which mr accompanied my mr h and myself through the museum the like frank hospitality bent on real service i found among the great and the humble wherever i went in in oxford in id in in iu personal liverpool at through the kindness of dr samuel brown i made the acquaintance of de of lord of of mrs of the messrs chambers and of a man of high character and genius the short lived painter david scott at in march i was for a couple of days the guest of miss then newly returned from her egyptian tour on sunday i accompanied her to mount and as i have recorded a visit to many years before i must not forget this second interview we found mr asleep on the sofa he was at first silent and as an old man suddenly before he had ended his nap but soon became full of talk on the french news he was bitter on the french bitter on too no he said can write english he detailed the two models on one or the other of which all the sentences of the historian are framed nor could nor the write english nor can who is a to the english tongue incidentally he added cannot write english the wrote what would tell and what would sell it had however changed the tone of its literary criticism from the time when h a certain letter was written to the editor by mrs w had the editor s answer in her possession he thinks a right poetic genius though with some affectation he had thought an elder brother of at first the better poet but must now reckon alfred the true one in speaking of i know not what style he said to be sure it was the manner but then you know the matter always comes out of the manner he thought the best place in the world for a great capital city we talked of english national character i told him it was not creditable that no one in all the country knew anything of thomas the whilst in every american library his are found i said if s republic were published in england as a new book to day do you think it would find any readers he confessed it would not and yet he added after a pause with that complacency which never deserts a true bom englishman and yet we have embodied it all his opinions of french english irish and scotch seemed from anecdotes of what had befallen himself and members of his family in a diligence or stage coach his face sometimes lighted up but his conversation was not marked by special force or elevation yet p bs n x perhaps it is a high compliment to the cultivation of the english generally when we find such a man not distinguished he had a healthy look with a weather beaten face his face especially the large nose miss who lived near him praised him to me not for his poetry but for and economy for having to his an example of a modest household where comfort and culture were secured without any display she said that in his early housekeeping at the cottage where he first lived he was accustomed to offer his friends bread and fare if they wanted any thing more they must pay him for their board it was the rule of the house i replied that it evinced english pluck more than any anecdote i knew a gentleman in the neighborhood told the story of walter scott s staying once for a week with and slipping out every day under pretence of a walk to the swan inn for a cold cut and porter and one day passing with the inn he was betrayed by the landlord s asking him if he had come for his porter of course this trait would have another look in london and there you will hear from different literary men that had no personal friend that he was not amiable li h tr it that he was c always generous says that he never praised any body a gentleman in london showed me a watch that once belonged to milton whose are engraved on its face he said he once showed this to who took it in one hand then drew out his own watch and held it up with the other before the company but no one making the expected remark he put back his own in silence i do not attach much importance to the of among london scholars who reads him well will know that in following the strong bent of his genius he was careless of the many careless also of the few self assured that he should create the taste by which he is to be enjoyed he lived long enough to witness the revolution he had wrought and to see what he foresaw there are places in his mind there is something hard and in his poetry want of grace and variety want of due and scope he had to english politics and traditions he had in the choice and treatment of his subjects but let us say of him that alone in his time he treated the human mind well and with an absolute trust his to his poetic creed personal rested on real the on is the high water mark which the intellect has reached in this age new means were and new added to the empire of the muse by his courage chapter result is the best of actual nations it is no ideal it is an old pile built in different ages	37
with additions and but you see the poor best you have got london is the of our times and the rome of to day broad broad they stand in solid to the points of compass they constitute the modern world they have earned their ground and held it through ages of adverse possession they are well marked and from other leading races england is tender hearted rome was not england is not so public in its bias private life is its place of honor truth in private life in public marks these home loving men their political conduct is not decided by general views but by internal and personal and family interest they cannot readily see beyond england the history of rome and greece when written by result their scholars into english party they cannot see beyond england nor in england can they the interests of the governing classes english principles mean a regard to the interests of property england scotland and ireland combine to check the colonies england and scotland combine to check irish and trade england at home to check scotland in england the strong classes check the weaker in the home population of near thirty millions there are but one million the church education down to a late day marriages performed by were a bitter class gives power to those who are rich enough to buy a law the game laws are a proverb of oppression and the state and in hard times becomes hideous in bad seasons the was multitudes lived miserably by shell fish and in cities the children are trained to beg until they shall be old enough to rob men and women were convicted of scores of children for burial in irish districts men in size and shape the nose sunk the were exposed with diminished brain and brutal form during the h multitudes were rejected by the as being too for useful during the russian war few of those that offered as were found up to the medical standard though it had been reduced the foreign policy of england though ambitious and lavish of money has not often been generous or just it has a principal regard to the interest of trade checked however by the aristocratic bias of the which usually puts him in sympathy with the continental courts it the of it betrayed greece turkey rome and some public regards they have they have slavery in the west indies and put an end to human sacrifices in the east at home they have a certain hospitality england keeps open doors as a trading country must to all nations it is one of their fixed ideas and supported by their laws in unbroken for a thousand years in it was ordained that all merchants shall have safe and secure conduct to go out and come into england and to stay there and to pass as well by land as by water to buy and sell by the ancient allowed customs without any evil toll except in time of result war or when they shall be of any nation at war with us it is a and obliged hospitality aud maintained but this shop rule had one magnificent effect it extends its cold courtesy to political of every opinion and is a fact which might give additional light to that portion of the planet seen from the farthest star but this hospitality puts no sweetness into their manners no check on that which makes their existence with all that is not english what we must say about a nation is a superficial dealing with symptoms we cannot go deep enough into the biography of the spirit who never throws himself entire into one hero but his energy in parts or to vicious and individuals but the wealth of the source is seen in the of english nature what variety of power and talent what facility and of loyalty what a proud chivalry is indicated in s through eight hundred years what dignity resting on what reality and what courage in war what in labor what cunning workmen what and what and what clerks and scholars h no one man and no few men can represent them it is a people of their is owing to the advantageous position of the middle class who are always the source of letters and science hence the vast plenty of their production as they are many headed so they are many their and and their speech seems destined to he the universal language of men i have noted the reserve of power in the english temperament in the island they never let out all the length of all the reins there is no rage no or ecstasy of will or intellect like that of the in the time of or like that which france in but who would see the of that tremendous spring the explosion of their well forces must follow the which pouring now for two hundred years from the british islands have sailed and rode and and planted through all mainly following the belt of empire the temperate carrying the saxon seed with its instinct for liberty and law for arts and for thought acquiring under some skies a more electric energy than the native air allows to the conquest of the globe their policy obeying the necessities of rest lt d a empire has become liberal canada and have been contented with substantial independence they are the wrongs of india by benefits first in works for the of the and roads and and secondly in the instruction of the people to them for self government when the british power shall be finally called home their mind is in a state of arrested development a divine like a blind like and they do not occupy themselves on matters of general and lasting import but on a civilization on goods that perish in the using but they read with good intent	37

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