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2f9xoj | why is the speed limit set at a speed that most people will surpass by 5-10 mph and not get pulled over? Is there a reason they don't set the limit 5-10 mph faster and actually enforce it strictly? | I think the practice exists because that 5-10 mph helps compensate for normal fluctuations in speed (up/down hills) and precision in instrumentation (worn tires, viewing angle of the speedometer, variations in the radar gun) and the police generally don't want to issue contestable tickets.
That's not really a reason why people shouldn't manage their speed to not exceed the limit by building that buffer in to their cruising speed. But since it's ultimately the officers decision if they will issue the ticket, it's technically their decision to grant that buffer. | 91d48f44-45bf-4bc8-b05f-ca855f5d1a68 |
1ixl44 | I just don't understand Citizens United. | First of all, Corporate Personhood was established in the late 1800s, way before Citizens United.
And secondly, your question has nothing to do with your example. The issue with Citizens United had to do with Campaign Finance. Before the case, there were limits on what an entity could do in terms of Broadcasting political ads before an election, they were limited within 30 days of a primary, 60 for a general election. The SCOTUS overturned previous cases, which essentially allowed entities like SuperPACs to broadcast political ads like anyone else.
It is still illegal for them to donate directly to a campaign fund, but that point is moot, since the major point of campaign funds is to raise funds for ads, so by simply being able to pay, produce and broadcast political ads on their own, there is no really need for the SuperPACs to donate directly anyway.
The other problem is accountability, before the case, political ads had to run a disclaimer telling you which candidate's campaign was supporting the ad, but with the new ruling, SuperPACs need only say that the ad is from them, and do not have to mention the candidate they support at all. This is an issue because the SCs are allowed to raise nearly unlimited amounts of cash from anonymous sources, so you cold have some Mobil Executive donating millions to a SC that runs an ad against a candidate who is against Oil drilling. | 4b455669-72d5-4e16-9327-8416b878e839 |
1m71no | I can read a sentence like "I bluit my husoe in Eanngld" due to cognitive ability but I can't understand it verbally, why? | Because verbal and visual patterns are recognized differently. Visually, you can recognize "Eanngld" as "England," but verbally "Ean" has little relation to "Eng" and "ngld" has almost no relation to "land," assuming you can pronounce them properly. "Bluit" ("blewt"?) sounds nothing like "built" ("bilt"), so it's difficult to make that leap. "Husoe" ("Who-so") has an extra syllable in there compared to "house" ("hows"), so that won't make the translation at all. | 7ce25748-32cd-48a8-93f6-1d918ae8fd2b |
3o6ng1 | Tor vs VPN vs Zenmate, and can/should we use all of them at the same time? | Think of the Internet as a mail service...
Tor would be like putting your mail in a very strong safe, sending it to a random guy, which takes off the "from" address and replaces it with his own, then securing the rest of the address information (e.g your (figurative) fingerprints) and gives it to another random guy, and so on until it gets sent to the recipient.
VPNs, however, would be more like sending your mail to a super-secure mailing system, then arriving at the system's HQ, before sending the information to the recipient.
Zenmate is a VPN.
Combining both of them is a BAD idea, unless you want to step off legal boundaries... [Source](_URL_0_) | 5962c00b-9b7d-45df-8306-8a4fc9173c2d |
4x7sx0 | Why is it that during the weekday, I have a hard time waking up at 6am and want to sleep forever, when on weekends, I am naturally up at 6am and ready to start the day? | because it's your own choice to get up on weekends, not a forced one. you can either sleep longer or get up, and you enjoy that possibility of choice, therefore you feel okay with your decision. during the work week, you have no nice choice: either you go to work or you might have problems. | 72a4e571-3e05-437e-b812-b435c4cec4bd |
3r2r0m | Please tell me the difference between effects and affect? I searched on Google but that isn't helping. Please give examples | A lot of people have told you that effect is a noun and affect is a verb. Unfortunately it's not that simple. Both words can be used as both nouns and verbs. Affect as a noun is pretty rare nowadays, and it's fine in an ELI5 answer to basically ignore it, but effect as a verb is somewhat common.
**Effect as a noun:** Asking her for a kiss didn't have the effect I wanted. *An effect is a result*
**Affect as a verb:** You affect the bees when you destroy the flowers. *To affect something is to cause an effect on that thing*
**Effect as a verb:** The candidate says that he wants to effect change in Washington. *To effect something is to cause that thing to result*
**Affect as a noun:** Juliet's affects towards Romeo were generally positive. *An affect towards (or for) something is a feeling brought about by that thing* | 04a87bc9-0af7-4554-bc62-c15e31b695c8 |
40kjcn | Why are we told to ice injuries? | I can't be 100% sure without my resources in front of me, but I believe it is to help reduce blood flow, which would be carrying proteins that stimulate inflammation (a part of healing). Also, overloading nerves with sensations of cold help lower the amount of pain recognised by the brain.
That being said, I have heard/read that ice does not penetrate as deep as once thought, and therefore outside of superficial changes, it does little to help reduce inflammation and pain in joints and muscles.
*please feel free to correct any of my mistakes! | 7b9e17af-0c14-4c46-b1b4-f7f7dd47ca81 |
8x148b | homelessness and Skid Row in LA | Mental illness. Persistently homeless people tend to have mental illnesses and there aren't enough places to treat them, so they end up congregating together on the streets. | 6676e8d1-582e-40fa-9c71-0042e114f266 |
48wskx | When someone gets hit by a speeding car, what actually kills them? Is it the impact itself? The part where they fly high and snap in circles? Impact from hitting the ground? | (My apologies to physics folks)
So take a minute and imagine yourself tripping and falling in a way that breaks your wrist. You were walking along, tripped on a rock, and tried to catch yourself on your way down. All of the energy of your falling (your weight, moving at speed) had to go somewhere. Your reaction focused it on your wrist, and it was just too much. So your wrist broke.
It's not hard to imagine a car moving at 40mph has a -lot- of energy. That's a lot of weight, moving at a decent clip. Think about having to slam on the brakes at 40mph, and how hard you and your brakes are working to stop that car.
So put all of that energy into your body all at once. If you put it into your legs, your legs will probably break, with energy to spare. The remaining energy is dissipated as you land somewhere and bruise a lot of your body. That's probably survivable.
But what if that remaining energy went into your head, because that was the next thing to impact? Or all of that energy went directly into your torso where so many of your soft vital tissues are? This starts to sound like really bad news.
That's why it's so complicated. All of that energy is going -somewhere-, and some subtle changes will make the difference between bruises and fatal wounds.
PSA, as the wife of a volunteer firefighter: Wear your seatbelts and helmets, folks. Take it easy in shitty weather. Don't drive when you really shouldn't (drunk, tired, distracted, or whatever) Accidents are going to happen, but they're a whole lot easier on everyone if they end up being low-energy. | 3ff4c694-6afa-4962-a53f-6ac75a17d868 |
1h421a | The difference between psychologist, psychiatrist, and therapist | it's levels of training, and what the training focused on.
therapist is a general term for anybody who gives therapy. This can be a pastor who only graduated from high school, a psychologist, or a psychiatrist.
a psychologist is someone who got a master's or a PhD in psychology, counseling, or therapy- in other words, a college degree + extra training. They focus on talk and behavior therapy and go in-dept on more theoretical aspects of mental illness and treatment.
a psychiatrist is a medical doctor- just like a pediatrician specializes in kids, an oncologist specializes in cancer, a psychiatrist specializes in mental illness. Like all doctors, they went to college, then 4 years of the same kind of medical school, where they learned all about what can go wrong with the human body. After med school, they did a psychiatry residency and learned how to be a psychiatrist.
whether or not you see a psychologist or a psychiatrist for your mental illness depends on what you want. The #1 difference is that as MDs, psychiatrists can prescribe medication, psychologists cannot (except in New Mexico*), mainly because they didn't go to 4 years of med school to learn everything about the human body, so they don't have the background to understand exactly what the drugs do. Alternatively, psychiatrists give therapy, but their therapy training is not nearly as extensive and intense, and they don't have time to see every patient for hours of therapy. So the two professions are not in competition with each other- they are a partnership that work together to help the patient.
*edit- I might add that only PhD level psychologists can prescribe, they can only prescribe psychiatric meds (so, not, like, antibiotics) and the training to do so takes about 4 years to complete, keeping in mind that getting a PhD in psychology takes at least 6 years after college. | a6c83a3f-b40c-4e36-b987-3a97e37ff708 |
1fy5jo | How do sites like Groupon and LivingSocial work? | Their basic model is they call up a business, say "hey, if you give 50% off coupons, and give us 50% of your revenue whenever someone uses that coupon, we'll advertise you on our site". That's right, the deal for the business is they will make 1/4 the amount of money they would usually make for each sale with that coupon. Given that a lot of businesses operate at a 5% margin, this is a huge loss for that business.
Groupon, however, is making the same amount of money as the business each time a coupon is used, but their costs are virtually zero. So groupon's profit margin on a coupon is something like 95%.
Why would a business take such a terrible deal? Usually it's a business that wants to get a bigger customer base and traditional advertising hasn't worked. They figure that, even just giving away their product, will generate enough return customers that it's worth it. Of course, if too many people get the coupons and not enough of them come back, it can be financial suicide for the business.
This is the problem for Groupon - they got famous for these amazing deals, but a lot of businesses that used Groupon suffered huge losses from tons of people getting the coupons and none of them coming back later. (For example, you might try a cupcake place if the cupcakes are $2, but you won't come back if they are $4. So you get the groupon, try the cupcake, the business LOSES $2 on you, and then you never come back for them to recoup that loss). A lot of places have wised up to this and Groupon is having a harder time convincing companies to sign up.
I believe LivingSocial has a similar model but I do not know for sure. | bbd69f49-8b05-4b05-82b5-7ff750a9bd03 |
26rei1 | Why do photographs sell for millions of dollars when the photographer could just release a duplicate at any time? | When artists sell pieces for this much, part of the sale includes a guarantee about how many copies of the work they will reproduce. If the artist were to go on and make more, presumably the first purchaser could take the artist to court and null the sale, forcing them to return the money. | 2d043742-88af-485e-a28c-9b57cb12db0b |
2v15fr | Why is the range from boiling to "absolute hot" much, much longer than the range from freezing to absolute cold? | How many banana peels could you have in your front lawn?
It is pretty clear there is a minimum number, namely zero. But what is the maximum number? Is a tower of banana peels one mile high still *in* your front yard? Do they still count as banana peels if the ones on the bottom are crushed into sludge? Is there any point where adding one more banana peel will put the pile beyond the definition of *in*?
Temperature works the same way. It represents the average amount of kinetic energy an object's molecules have, essentially how fast are they be-bopping around. It is pretty clear there is a minimum speed, zero (more or less), achieved at absolute zero.
But there is no clear cut absolute hot, it all comes done to how your define temperature. If an substance's average kinetic energy is too high for molecules to hold together, does temperature still mean anything? What if it is too high for atoms to exist? Subatomic particles?
If you really needed an upper bound, take all the energy in the entire universe, put it all in one place, and recreate The Big Bang. The first 10^-43 seconds after the Big Bang is known as the Planck Epoch, and is the smallest amount of time the modern physics can represent in any meaningful way. During that brief epoch, the temperature of the fledgling universe would have been over 10^32 C.
You really can't get any hotter than that. | e157fa80-f229-4cbc-b69a-2c0af14e435a |
469rh7 | the value of USD vs the euro. If the dollar is worth more than the euro, does that mean I have more money if I go over to Europe? | I have lived all over the world while still getting paid in dollars so I think I can answer this.
In short yes, if you convert your dollars to the local currency you will have more than you would in dollars.
The longer answer is that even if you have more Euro doesn't mean that you could buy the same amount of stuff as you could with the relatively smaller amount of dollars.
There is something called purchasing power parity, and it is used to describe the "worth" of a currency in what can be bought with it. There is something called the "big mac index" and it basically illustrates how many hours you would have to work in a day to purchase a big mac.
So if I have 3 dollars, got to Europe and exchange that for 5 euro. but a big mac is 3 dollars in the US and 5 Euro in Germany, then my 3 dollars are "worth" the same as the 5 euros.
This is a massive oversimplification but this is ELI5 and I think it illustrates the point fairly well, if not at exactly a 5 year old level. | 4a5ccf0d-8a3f-4cf9-a641-0de5d103e76c |
1sw7pi | What is Pantheism? | From what I understand [a little], the Universe equals divinity. There is no personal God that is seperate from the Universe // nature // the material.
Some other religions have God as some seperate being who created the Universe... and/or is personal and cares about *you*, as an individual.
A starting point: _URL_0_ | 05c0ccac-d137-4e76-a6ca-084eac702174 |
4c1g68 | how do trees know when to grow leaves? | Generally it has to do with the change in daylight, not with the change in temperature...although that may have some small effect in some species. | 2b077ad3-5093-4fd8-8a04-cef5cc1998ec |
3d6hwo | Suicide Squad movie. Is is some kind of alternate universe? Who are they? | The suicide squad are a group of villains who have been held by the government an are given the option to fight for there country. They mainly do it so they can get reduced prison time or to get some freedom.
The reason there called the suicide squad is because the missions are suicide missions a lot of the time and they have bombs implanted in there body incase they try to escape.
Hope that helps. I don't read the comics so that's what I know | 30374488-687e-4737-9fa9-12ae9b8b9f09 |
63es0h | Why does Zalgo text seem to display everywhere regardless of localization? | Zalgo text takes advantage of tricks built into unicode.
Unicode is a standard for how text in all the world's major languages should be handled. It includes support not just for the latin alphabet but quite a few writing systems, including ones where text goes in other directions than left-to-right. On modern computers and technology, supporting unicode is pretty much required if you want your device to be usable globally.
Unicode has some characters built into it that aren't "real" letters, but indicate "this next symbol goes above/below the previous one" or "this next stretch of text is vertical, not horizontal." It's intended for languages where that happens... but if you cram a bunch of those characters together you can get weird effects like the zalgo text.
Because unicode just changes how characters are arranged, it can't really be used for glitches or code exploits, so nobody loses sleep over "if I try really hard I can make this messaging app look weird." | 3c73cab0-b687-4b37-9e43-90d706d50154 |
6xscb9 | Why do some people get dizzy/feel uneasy while reading or using an electronic device while in a car | My LI5 explanation - You work out where you are and how you are moving from both your eyes, and the motion detection organs in your ears. When you are in a car, your eyes see the device in front of you, and it does not appear to be moving. But your ears pick up all the movement of the car.
So your eyes are saying 'You are still', your ears are telling you 'You are moving,', and your brain looks at your eyes, and looks at your ears, and says, "You're sick!". And so you are. | 6de151ab-fe7e-4306-b742-b4eecb1de7c5 |
3gg787 | Why has Botswana done so well compared to the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa? | Tiny country with giant diamond reserves and made a deal with DeBeers early on where Botswana gets 70% of the money and DeBeers runs the diamond mines for them.
A lot of African countries kicked all the whites out after independence and that hurt their economies. That wasn't likely to happen in Botswana as their first leader was married to a white woman.
The Tswana tribe that dominates the country is known for having their act together. Most Tswana live in South Africa and their Homelands were the most successful ones during Apartheid. | 8a90ef8a-2df2-4979-9cb8-a9604b5b2d54 |
25z0t9 | What happens when the breath gets knocked out of you? | This happens when you are punched in the center of your belly, around the navel area. Two things happen:
1: Your diaphragm gets forcibly compressed (assuming you don't have absurdly powerful abs to protect it from the impact), forcing air out of your lungs. The diaphragm is a large muscle in your belly used to breathe, so striking it forces air out of the lungs, such as in the Heimlich maneuver.
2: You are also being struck in what's called your solar plexus, a large collection of nerves centered in your belly. The shock causes a tremor of energy to pass through your entire nervous system. Similar to taking a blow to the spine (such as falling on your ass and hitting your coccyx - your tailbone), this causes a short period of minor paralysis as your nervous system is temporarily overloaded, causing you to not be able to breathe in again to replace the breathe that was forced out when your diaphragm was struck. | 15ec3866-1b55-4d2f-847f-14d53bcc77d0 |
22uu47 | Why does your throat hurt when you chug down carbonated drinks repetitively? | Our bodies have sensory receptors that allow us to feel and respond to things like pressure, changes in temperature, light, and pain. "Nociceptor" is the specific type of sensory receptor that allows us to experience pain.
Carbonated drinks have a high content of carbon dioxide (CO2) that our body isn't used to. Nociceptors perceive that CO2 as an excess of stimuli (just like how thermoreceptors in your body react to excess heat, when you burn yourself on the stove), and transmit the feeling as pain to your brain.
(I learned this from my Human Anatomy and Physiology textbook by Elaine Marieb and Katja Hoehn).
This article might help: _URL_0_ | 6aa7b07a-dbd2-4f4d-974c-d304cde8f09f |
27wsse | How is Grand Theft Auto allowed to use cars that are almost exactly like real cars? | because they aren't selling cars. There is nothing proprietary about an image of a car. Just the car itself and the name. | 3141c026-77be-45c7-8801-8710b99e9043 |
4yt11a | How do we know the visible universe is 4% and not more or less? | The visible universe and the observable universe are two different things. The thing that is 4% is the collective mass of things in the observable universe comprised of ordinary (visible) matter. The other 96% is dark matter and dark energy, which are invisible but whose presence can be roughly detected via gravitational effects. From these gravitational effects, we have determined roughly how much dark matter and dark energy there are in the observable universe, and there's a lot.
Specifically, dark matter impacts rotational velocities of galaxies, and dark matter impacts the rate of expansion of space. Measuring those allowed us to learn how much there is. | 17168688-abaa-43ce-bdfa-b7f593deee1d |
kksqs | - The Euro Crisis | In simple terms, when an economy is doing bad, governments tend to make the currency worth less so that people will buy the goods. Then they can get the economy going again. But in the eurozone, the governments that are in trouble can not make the money worth less because it is a international currency and they do not have control over it. So they have no way to really get the economy moving easily, causing periods of unemployment to last longer, and causing the public debt to increase. That is why countries like Greece and Spain are not doing well, they can not devalue the currency, so they can not get the economy moving again easily, so unemployment stays high, causing government revenues to stay low, causing public debt to increase. If these economies do not pick up soon, they will have to default or severely cut public services, which could send them into a deeper recession, which would put them back to square one, but in a worse situation. If the country defaults, it would hurt the euro, and that would affect all countries in the eurozone, that is why there is such a push to prevent them from defaulting.
TLDR: Countries cant manage the value of the money, which makes it harder to get out of a recession, which could cause default if it lasts a long time, which would hurt every country in the eurozone. | 8df15ca4-2aca-4be3-9950-0837a0095353 |
5yg5z8 | Why does music trigger vivid memories? | The hippocampus and the frontal cortex are two large ares in the brain associated with memory and the take in a great deal of imformation every minute. Retrieving it is not always easy. It doesn't simply come when you ask it to. Music helps because it provides a rhythm and rhyme and sometimes alliteration which helps to unlock that information with cues. It is the structure of the song that helps us to remember it, as well as the melody and the image the words provoke. | 9e94d06f-d4ba-4fd7-b439-189b0a56bb74 |
3d8e2k | Why does a four cylinder Harley motorcycle have a low rumble exhaust note like an american V8, but inline four cylinder engines (Honda, Toyota, Volkswagen) have a raspy high exhaust note? | Harleys have twins, not fours. V twins traditionally have a low, rumbling sound to them compared to the higher revving inline fours. Mainly this is down to the size of the explosion and the frequency. A 1000cc inline four has four, small explosions every revolution, and these combine to form a very high pitched whine when combined with the typical 4-2-1 exhaust. A 1600cc twin has two, large explosions every revolution, giving it that rumble especially with open pipes, one per cylinder.
A classic V8 has that deep rumble due to low restrictions in the exhaust pipes, large pistons, and a low idling speed. Inline fours have a higher pitch due to their comparatively smaller pistons, differently designed exhausts, and faster engine speed.
The biggest deciding factor of how an engine sounds is the exhaust. A modern V8 sounds very similar to an inline four, as their exhausts are a much more efficient design. With the right exhaust, an engine can sound quiet, loud and raspy, or loud and low, all depending on the tuning. | cd6cc3d2-0763-4d60-a093-bceb7ce70c08 |
1nnxoq | What is the purpose of the "rough" pavement outside of grocery stores? | I know that this type of thing is used in other places (like on a subway, they have rough paving like that so it can be felt) as a way of warning blind people that they are near a street or something else dangerous. I'm not sure if that is the purpose at grocery stores, though. | a3a37bf6-4cbc-47d6-b5eb-1449a9276362 |
57y1vr | Why do some people have permanent small red veins in their eyes? | > I'm assuming that that's normal. How is this called and what's this all about?
Yes, they are normal. Our eyes are flesh and need blood, they are called "blood vessels" or "capillaries" and they get the blood to keep our cells alive to and from where it needs to be. | f6dd4ca5-b4f9-4c56-a0e4-a973c16c5258 |
2bkyei | What does "senpai" mean and what does it mean for Anime fans? | Senpai roughly translates to "upperclassman." Basically, a senpai is an older student, possibly a mentor, and a "kohai" would be the yonger student, or mentee. The senpai is expected to guide the younger student, while the kohai is expected to do menial tasks for the senpai. It's sort of like a traditional English boarding school hirearchy.
The m/n thing I think is just a translation issue. | 0eac374e-1464-461f-aed3-145d565e420d |
3gb0fv | why do we picture the earth as the northern hemisphere facing upwards rather than downwards? | Generally, the most powerful nations in the world have been in the northern hemisphere. They made the maps so they put themselves at the top. | 2249e528-6150-47bf-8e4f-eddd40234e8c |
29r3as | How come alcoholism is considered a disease but being addicted to smokes or other substances isn't? | Technically they are diseases... But if you're talking about public perception, it's probably because of how much it affects the person - a chronic smoker can still go about their day-to-day life with fairly little impact. They may take an extra break here and there, and spend lots of cash on cigarettes, but other than that they're fairly normal. Nicotine gives you a buzz, but it doesn't completely shut you down...
But a chronic drunk? They can't go about their normal day to day life while drunk off their ass, so it has a more immediate impact on them. If they're always drinking, they're likely to lose their job, and from there things spiral downwards. Yes, there are functioning drunks, but even those are still noticeable if you actually interact with them. | e694d5c1-4410-4d21-b830-70e20583acc6 |
4u4pae | why is Scrabble more popular in English than other languages? | One possible reason is that while in English-speaking countries, especially the US, Scrabble tournaments were widely played, increasing awareness of the game: this didn't happen so often in other countries.
There are sometimes also problems with other languages that make a game made for the English language a bit difficult. Obviously, the number of each letter had to be different and each letter could score differently in different languages, but there were other difficulties as well.
In the German game, for example, the rules had to be changed in 1987 because the game was so difficult to play. Not only the rules, but the distribution and scoring of letters.
In the original rules, players drew 8 tiles, but only uninflected forms of words were allowed.
What this is means is this: in German, a verb like "machen" ("to make", "to do") can have many different forms: "mache", "machst", "macht", "machet", "gemacht", "machte", "machten" and so on, but only "machen" was allowed. An adjective like "rot" ("red") can have many different forms: "roter", "rote", "rotes", "roten", "rotem" and so on, but only "rot" was allowed.
Under the new rules, each player gets only seven tiles, but all inflections are now allowed. Purists dislike the new rules, though, because it makes it harder to make really long words but everything else is, for them, *too* easy. So you now have disagreements between those people with new sets who just want to play the game, and those with old sets who insist on the "classic" rules. That's not especially good PR for the game. | 81b24efc-c57a-4a09-9bf3-cb24840fc0c6 |
2irfyo | If cats are lactose-intolerant, how did we come to the belief that giving cats milk = good? Or asked differently; how is it that cats (seemingly) enjoy - to the level of demanding it - milk? | Cats are carnivores, meaning they depend entirely on meat and fat for sustenance. We add non-meat products to their food, such as grain/corn, but with enough protein and fat to nourish them properly, as well as a special chemical called "taurine," which is vital to a lot of different functions in the body. Cats cannot digest the sugar (lactose), but they go bananas over the fat. They enjoy the milk for the fat alone, but a cat doesn't know what "lactose intolerance" is. This then gives them the squirty poops, as it does with some people. Most people can see is that the cat loves it, so give it more. We do the same thing with our human children and candy. Terrible side effects, but they like the taste and cry for it, so give them more!
Edit: All to Most
Edit 2: I've been getting a lot of questions regarding if different varieties of dairy are safe to feed to your cats, and comments about taurine. For all of you-
*Cat's are lactose intolerant- they cannot digest lactose. Lactose is a carbohydrate. Check the nutritional facts on your dairy products. If it reads 0g carbs, it should be fine, but it is still advisable to not feed your pets dairy.
*Taurine is a naturally occurring compound that is vital for Na/K pump of cells. That is why it is added to energy drinks. They add electrolytes, so they also add something to help your body make the most use of those electrolytes. Cat's do not produce any of their own, so they need it from the food they eat. The only substantial source of taurine is from other animals, cats are carnivores and NEED meat. DO NOT GIVE YOUR CAT RED BULL (I hope that is the last time in my life I ever have to say that). | b0a503eb-ced2-49bd-b2d4-d5ead127039d |
2basyu | How would the internet work on an interstellar scale? | That is correct. No information can travel faster than the speed of light, and so any "universal internet" would only update that fast.
In other news, aliens on the planet Kepler 9b just updated space-Reddit to find that Jesus has just been crucified.
Edit: Due to the amount of people responding to this with "quantum entanglement", let me just remind you that, as far as we can tell, quantum entanglement does not allow for communication of information. Please see "No-Communication Theorem" for more information. | 00150d5d-8dec-41d4-9b35-1f2e403c31e0 |
511ibu | Apple has deep pockets and is shoving huge amounts of money to artists to make music temporarily exclusive to their service.Smaller Services like Spotify, who don't have a trillion dollars to throw at people can't do this. Is this Anti-Competitive? | It is certainly an attempt to beat the competition. But since they are only booking a small percentage of the available musicians, it is not making it hard for the competition to do business. | 6f15feae-95fb-487b-9f85-415a0bccd0fb |
7nc2v1 | Why does a propane fire have that last "blow" when the gas supply is turned off? | The proper ratio of air and propane causes it to burn nicely, like when you are cooking on your bbq. But when close off the gas supply you decrease the propane to air ratio and it makes a less stable. This causes a more volatile ratio of the two gasses and it explodes. Research stoichiometric ratios and upper and lower explosive limits. | defc0188-492a-42c5-963c-95528d3a16e9 |
5jirxm | Why does birth control make some women depressed? | Incase you wanted more information, let me give it a shot. Birth control works by increasing and decreasing hormones in the body. There are several different things going on, but the main thing is changing estrogen and progestin in the body. The change in estrogen levels is linked to several problems, weight gain, lack on energy, increase in acne, mood swings.. so although there's no definitive proof birth control can cause depression, there are many things birth control is linked to. However, taking the pill every day at the same time is a HUGE factor (not just in preventing pregnancy). By taking it regularly every day your body will regulate the hormones in the body, leveling them out and lowering risk of possible side effects. Some women take longer than others to adjust, and others may have to stop taking the pill all together due to complications (it can cause swelling in the joints in sever cases). So if a women is feeling down after starting birth control, reminding her to stay strict on the time she takes it, and maybe encourage her to talk to her doctor about a different kind of pill (I believe there are two, estrogen and progestin and ones with only progestin). It can also take as long as 7 weeks for your body to adjust and regulate itself. | 54d78011-ab54-4807-b8a5-57e203ba1d08 |
6sf511 | Why do microwaves make my fish sticks mushy? | Microwaves heat food mostly by exciting the water molecules in it. Water can only be heated to 100C before it becomes water vapor. So, microwaves generally don't heat your food beyond that temperature. But, ovens get much hotter and so can really create a crisp texture by evaporating the water out of the food. | db42b3d7-8b4f-4b91-9cf5-3206e9589da0 |
o83ux | Leibnizian monads | I don't think I can explain it to five year old.
Here's the higher level explanation: unlike atoms, which are only physical entities, monads are little minds. Leibniz sees the universe as a collection of simple (indivisible) minds. The minds don't perceive each other by casually affecting each other (they are "windowless"), but rather by having all of their thoughts and perceptions sync up. So, if one monad is conscious of something, the others will have a corresponding thought or perception from a different perspective. The physical world is constructed out of the thoughts of all these little monads. Thus, Leibniz is an idealist, someone who believes that fundamental reality is mental.
My best 5 year old explanation: you know how a Lego building block looks different when you look at it from different places. Now most people think the block is made of the little pieces of plastic in the block, but Leibniz thinks it's made of all those different "looks". These "looks" belong to things he calls "monads" and he thinks there isn't anything else in the world besides these monads. | 8d0de3e5-8756-4c87-ade4-72320f101442 |
6it1o7 | Why do people prefer kiosks over cashiers? | This is in response to the news about McDonalds yes?
Mostly for me it's less stressful in a way. I can just flip through the menu without feeling like I'm making anyone wait on me, but that's a very personal and subjective thing.
What I do notice is that with McDonald's there's usually more kiosks available in a store compared to the old amount of cashiers.
For example, a local Mickey D's here had 4 cashiers. There's now only two and 8 kiosks, and this has reduced the amount of time I need to wait for my turn to order siginificantly. | 4bbb2061-ea70-4946-85e5-9849beaace82 |
380kvx | Why does the Russian goverment still dislike the United States? | This is just me but the U.S. has a very arrogant position on WW2 and how we saved the day once we joined in the war. In reality Russia suffered millions of more casualties with America being around 500 thousand I think, the Nazis ravished half of Russia and the only reason they didn't completely annihilate them was because of the unfamiliar cold terrain and Russian citizen began to fight back in terrible battles. The battle for Stalingrad being the first I think, I might be wrong. Also most countries governments don't get along with the U.S. because we're an asshole of a country sad to say. Just my personal thoughts and opinions, I'm sure their are plenty of other reasons I don't know of. | ae048506-d411-4fd7-a87e-4fcd9fe2977c |
j2qr7 | Ok, so im still confused about stocks. Explain Li5 | You buy a stock at $5 and then a year later when the company is doing better, the price of the stock increases to $8 and then you sell it! so you make $3! | d9f2fe4e-a918-4068-b1ec-5b03f98f76c1 |
3snfg7 | How did television in North-America evolve to a situation where people are paying 50 dollars a month to watch little 15 minutes segments interrupted by ads. | That's why cable is dying. They used to have monopolies, more or less, but that changed with the internet. | 84e0aa88-1f3a-4adc-b02a-917de5b18ad1 |
2see1g | If botox is the most lethal substance known to man, how and why do we use it for cosmetic surgery? | its all about controlled dosage. understanding how long it remains active in the system. Spacing injections both by time and location to stay within safe margins.
The concentration of Botox injected in patients is around 0.75 ng per 100 units, or roughly 1/5 of the estimated lethal dose in humans. Typical injection of 4 units. 20-30 units per session. 360 units per 36 month period is the recommended limit. | 749b3167-3e07-450f-be30-1c80930eadae |
5z7vhy | How does purple shampoo work? | Hair stylist for 10 years here. The purple pigment is not a bleach or a magic chemical or marketing plot. Think about This in terms of light reflection. If the hair has warm undertones, the hair will look yellow/orange depending on the lightness level of the blonde. If you cancel out the warm undertone by using purple pigment, the light reflection will be more of a neutral to cool undertone. This making the hair appear more "white" or neutral. | 22946d45-48b0-488a-8947-74306cbee832 |
2qmob4 | How does Winamp generate its visualisations? | With the raw audio data, you will only get the loudness of the audio at a specific point in time (or for a range)
If you analyze/convert the raw data using [Fourier Transform](_URL_0_), you can calculate which frequencies are used and how strong (power) those frequencies are. This can be done in real-time using a method known as Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
You then use this data to build your visuals, for example low frequencies can be darker colours as opposed to mid to higher frequencies.
I wrote a [web demo](_URL_1_) a while back. Unfortunately, it requires Microsoft Silverlight to work (I was experimenting with Silverlight audio) | 06a36ec9-8c5d-40f5-9d38-3593b873180a |
10wjsp | Why a doctor would prescribe the name brand for a drug over the generic. | I am going to go ahead and say that while the other two posted answers are partially correct, they are not the most correct answer. It is very true that the pharmacists are the ones giving you the drug and you could ask them if a generic is available, but that is not all that goes into it.
So now we come to the part where I get to show that I actually know something. Lets talk about tablets. Any drug that is compressed into tablet for will work and I don't want to throw around any brand names here so lets go with ibuprofen. In a typical tablet of ibuprofen, there are 200 mg of the actual drug product, called the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API). This tablet however weighs significantly more than 200 mg. The reasons for this are many and typically have to do with the manufacturing process.
The manufacturing process that goes into making a tablet is pretty intense. For a short version you first take all of the extra ingredients, called excipients, plus the API and mix them together. Then you have to press them into tablets. Sometimes they are then coated with something. So why does any of this matter? Excipients ideally do not affect the drug after you take it but in actuality they can. There are many types as I alluded to earlier. A typical drug may have lubricants, binding agents, and then some things that expand upon getting wet to break the tablet in your stomach. The list of possible excipients is extremely long.
Again we come to why does this matter? As you may or may not know, all drugs have to go through approvals by the FDA. For new drugs (brand name) this means a lot of money needs to be spent. First some chemists makes the drug, then they begin making it and go through three phases of clinical trials, then submit their data to the FDA for approval. This is what drives the cost of drugs so high. Then the patent expires and the generic counterpart can be made. The interesting thing here is that for the generic drug, the company does not need to provide any efficacy (if the drug actually works) data. All that they need to prove is that it is absorbed at the same rate as the brand name drug, and that they have the same amount of API. So then we could ask how could they be different if they are absorbed at the same rate?
As you may have guessed the excipients are what comes in to play here. Since there are so many different options of excipients to choose from, and one might be cheaper than the other, a generic drug company may pick a different one than the brand name used. This could have some kind of effect where the drug is not actually effective in doing what you are paying for it to do. So while it may be cheaper, you may not be getting the same benefit from it. There are some pretty famous situations where this has happened and the drug was basically a sugar tablet, but I don't have my textbook with me anymore to point you to them.
That was really long winded, but I really like pharmaceuticals and pharma manufacturing. | cc3eeed0-d2af-4fd0-9e19-f9c688187c22 |
3w6aa3 | How does Data capping effect Gamers? | The data required to play video games is quite small compared to the amount of data needed to stream video.
The bigger issue that data download caps have on gamers is for downloading the digital versions of games and the resulting patches. Games nowadays are approaching the limits of Bluray disks (50 GB). Star Citizen supposedly will have a [100 GB client](_URL_1_).
Even if you do not download the digital version of games, video game patches are getting quite large as well. [The Witcher 3's 1.1 patch came in at 15 GB](_URL_0_). If you have a library of many games, just downloading the patches over the span of a month will push you towards your download cap.
Lastly, in terms of live-streams, you are generally uploading data rather than downloading. I'm not sure if it counts against the download cap but it should be at roughly the same data rate as someone viewing the stream. | 8521d384-1505-4b27-97f3-e7e644cc58fd |
59t2vv | Why, after a certain point of being tired, do we switch and get energized instead? | The longer you stay awake the more stressed your body gets. Now to counter the effects of sleep deprevation your body is flooded with adrennaline to keep you awake. At some point you are practically so flooded with adrennaline that you can't sleep. Thats also why you sometimes can have a racing heartbeat while trying to sleep. | 174d7bc4-e259-490a-9bd7-151ea625e3ad |
6oarls | How are skyscrapers or tall buildings demolished? | 'Twas oft asked here. Ye may enjoy these:
1. [ELI5:What's the end of life plan for skyscrapers? ](_URL_6_)
1. [ELI5: How do big cities demolish old skyscrapers without damaging buildings around it? ](_URL_0_)
1. [ELI5:How will they tear down skyscrapers like the Freedom Tower or Sears tower in a heavily populated area? ](_URL_3_)
1. [ELI5: How do skyscrapers get demolished? ](_URL_2_)
1. [ELI5: What happens when its time to demolish a skyscraper? ](_URL_1_)
1. [ELI5: How would the controlled demolition of an extremely tall skyscraper in a dense urban environment work? ](_URL_5_)
1. [ELI5: How do they take skyscrapers down in new york city ](_URL_4_) | f154911a-7552-40dd-b6f9-0b2065f9a6c8 |
22vvli | Why do we swallow? | Saliva is basically a lubricant for your mouth and throat. If you chose to spit your saliva out instead of swallowing it you would be spitting all day everyday. As far as feeling the need to produce saliva or not... it is your body's natural reaction to the situation you find yourself in, much like having to sweat when you over heat. | 56da20df-fcfd-456b-ad89-b03947ea3b54 |
4hp6lk | Why are Uber and Lyft fighting regulations they put in place (i.e. fingerprinting in Houston and Austin)? | Because all these regulations being proposed increase costs and make it more of a hassle to get drivers and passengers.
Uber and Lyft are mostly successful due to lack of regulation on services like theirs... once regulation starts to catch up they'll be no better off than Taxis and they lose their competitive pricing edge.
So they're going to want to fight any regulations people try to put on them | d8d28a05-df35-4973-9a20-1cc1b555c7f8 |
2nldlx | How come unknown amateur rappers get charged and convicted over "crime" lyrics, but rich famous rappers like 50 Cent, the Game, lil' Wayne and Snoop Dogg don't? | lol well the mainstream artists you named generally don't really get themselves into trouble. accepted as fiction. | ebf77672-e1cc-4bae-a2a4-b456b8093f31 |
6bvrda | Why do we dress the way we dress? | Culturally relative aesthetics combined with personal preference. People tend to dress in a way that they feel makes them look good or attractive or simply dress for physical comfort. | 486c9bdf-b745-4872-8c33-c00e0b74526c |
6p5ap7 | bone marrow transplants | You kill all of the bone marrow that someone has with a combination of drugs and/or drugs and radiation. You can in some cases be your own donor, and in other cases a family member or lucky match can donate. In either case after the original marrow has totally died (leaving you very vulnerable to infection, so you're kept isolated) it's replaced, and grows to function as your bone marrow. | c7bf0d23-ca07-4129-bc37-43829ff2c6c1 |
3cahc3 | Why can't people withdraw their money from a bank that goes bankrupt? Specifically those regular savings accounts? That supposedly have no such risk as it's a saving, not an investment. | Any money you put into a bank they use to lend to others. If they go bankrupt then they have absolutely nothing left and your money is gone | 43521e99-2c81-4d60-8394-61fdfc4d0796 |
77mfud | overtime | Someone pays you to work hours that you wouldn’t normally work? | b5d844a1-20e1-4bdb-be85-2b9775c7d1dd |
4gq882 | Reverse Entropy | imagine you have a jar of marbles that you tip over. The marbles all go out in different directions, ricochet off of eachother, and settle. Now, you must put them back how they were before. How? That's impossible, that's so much data to somehow learn, which way each marble went and what it hit and how at what angle and so on to reach it's final resting spot.
imagine if you could look through time, though. You'd see the path that every single marble took and the way they scattered would look very apparent to you, like a tree with branches. You could easily tell how they got there and how to reverse it.
Reverse entropy is only possible by timetravel, but we cannot do that. As time advances, the past is braided, so to speak, into one singular universe, the universe we at this very moment are at the head of. In the future there's infinite possibilities but as we travel through the fourth dimension, we collapse/destroy all those universes into the one we right now are witnessing. The past is beyond our reach, and the future doesn't exist yet, or rather it exists in every infinite way. So we're kinda stuck in the present, just like how a 3D apple passing through a 2D world would only exist to the 2D world as that slice of 2D it is at that current time, we're that apple, and time is what we're passing through, and we can only experience the world as it is at this very moment we are advancing through it. And as such, it's not possible for us to go back and look how the marbles fell and scattered... But the secret to reversing entropy might hold the way to look back in time, and vice versa. Just like in that 2D world they have no concept of ALL of the apple in one physical 3D existence, only slices of it. They might have the cognition to imagine a 3D apple, just like how we humans have memory and forethought of the past and future, but it's really just a makeshift bandaid solution.
It's all very theoretical stuff. | 6b74c8ad-536e-46bc-bfda-d062ba1cd723 |
3w7x4g | Why do we only start to see fog yards away from where we are standing and not at our feet? | If fog is very very thick, you can see it at your feet. The nature of fog is that you can see through some of it but not all of it (that is, some but not all light passes through). So, when you don't see it at your feet, it's because you're seeing *through* the stuff that is at your feet. You *can* see it farther away because you've looked through enough of it to notice the effect.
Basically, fog scatters light. If it's not super thick, you must look through a few yards of it to notice that the light is being scattered.
Either that or it's made of spirits who can't stand to be in contact with living beings so they stay away from you. | 3d3a0953-bd00-41ef-a0d4-be1fc9ed9cf2 |
3iwgef | How do waterfalls have a continuous stream of water? | This is true only for some waterfalls. The permanent waterfalls we normally think of are usually located in lower stream of areas which receive enough rainfall or snow year after year. The area is called "drainage basin" at means all the water from this area eventually flows into the same place, the same river. This area can be huge. For example the drainage area of the Mississippi river is [huge](_URL_0_). With the water for the river coming from a large area, generally the local weather patterns balance each other in the way that the total amount of water in the river stays within a certain limit. So in these cases the question is very much the same as how do rivers have a continuous stream of water.
However there are a lot of waterfalls which dry up during dry season and again are waterfalls during monsoon season. So this really depends on the climate. And there are a lot of temporal waterfalls that exist only for a short while. For example [these impressive waterfalls](_URL_1_) at The Grand Canyon are only temporary, as they do not get a continuous stream of water. | 68bd43f4-38fd-4df9-bc5d-41602dec9295 |
14kkgk | Latency in video games, why is there lag? | This is simplified, so excuse me if I miss a few things or get some steps out of order.
Say you're in an FPS game. You see a guy and decide to shoot at him. You click your mouse to fire.
Your computer picks up this signal from the mouse and translates it to a click. This click is then processed by the game application as "fire." The game calculates your current position, your weapon, what properties it has assigned to the ballistics, and then fires the gun. The game encapsulates this information into a stream of network packets and sends it off to a server somewhere which is hosting the game. Along the way it travels through routers, modems, switches, and all sorts of tech to get to the final server.
The server picks up these packets and analyzes them, processing that you pressed "fire." It then takes the trajectory of the bullet and matches it against where other players are in the game, and calculates whether you hit them or not. It deducts that health value from the player you hit (congrats!), updates their relative position, and sends all of this information (locations and health) back to your PC. The packets go through the same series of network stuff back to your PC.
Your PC takes these packets, sends them to the game application which analyzes them, and processes that click of your mouse to fire.
All of the above takes time - time that translates into a delay between when you pressed fire and got the result.
BONUS QUESTION: Sure. Faster computers, faster tech, light computing, etc. But there will always be *some* delay no matter what. | a992eeac-48d6-422c-affd-20b3c580ff36 |
2pncga | Why do 15 fps video clips looks sped up and 60 fps clips look like they're slowed down? | That happens when the video player plays doesn't adjust for the frame rate of the recording device. For example, your TV plays at 30fps, but the source material is recorded at 60fps. Now if you want to watch your video at a "normal" speed, every other frame from the source material has to be dumped so you end up seeing 30fps. However, if the video player doesn't actually dump the frames and just plays them at 30fps, then it takes twice as long to get through the frames, thus your video becomes slowed down. This is how your slo-mo videos are generated.
If you record at a lower frame rate, then the video player has to duplicate frames instead. | eef6b86a-1d8f-4fbb-8312-4661c03c9c81 |
1z4a66 | if two different phones/tablets/computers are running the exact same OS, how is it possible that one device can experience a bug/glitch but not the other device when performing the exact same task? | 1: A mechanical defect in the device. This could be something as large as a bad piece of solder on a board to as small as an actual defect in a chip, or anything in between.
2: Random cosmic ray strike. High energy particles from space can hit sensitive electronics and "flip" a bit from a 1 to a 0 or vice versa, changing the software encoded by that bit.
3: User error. Causes too numerous to enumerate.
4: Corruption of data. During the process of downloading and installing the software an error was introduced which was not detected by the error-checking schemes. Could have been caused by random transient currents in the wires, by errors or misconfigurations of devices in the network, etc. | 25c7b355-a398-43e6-b261-b1ccb91c37e5 |
8v724h | Why does drinking alcohol usually make you wake up unusually early the next morning? | This is a great question I would love to know the answer to. Its not thirst, or dehydration for me. Its waking up 4 or 5 hours after falling asleep and ready to start the whole day. Cant fall back asleep. And then, 3 hours later I feel like absolute shit. | 55a8ab2e-a62b-4982-bedd-63dfdb7a92ba |
6j2xye | How do scientists determine how much fat, proteins, and carbohydrates there is in any product? | I'm sure you won't be surprised to learn that this is determined by many analytical chemistry methods. I'll give a few examples, though you can check out [this page](_URL_2_ 7.5) for more detailed information.
**Fat**: Fatty acids are first extracted from a substance by solubilization in an [organic solvent](_URL_1_), then either chemically modified with a tag that enables them to be quantified in a [colorimetric assay](_URL_4_), or individually identified and quantified by [gas chromatography](_URL_5_).
**Proteins**: An early and still-used approach is the Kjeldahl method, first described in the late 19th century. First the sample is digested in sulfuric acid using CuSO4/TiO2 catalysts, which frees the nitrogen contained in peptide bonds (and some amino acid residues) and converts it to ammonia (NH3). The ammonia is distilled into a trapping solution, [titrated](_URL_0_), and its concentration is determined by reference to a standard solution.
A mixture of pure proteins is known to contain about 16% nitrogen, so total protein is calculated from the measured nitrogen by multiplying by a conversion factor of 100/16 = 6.25.
**Sugars:** Enzymatic methods predominated historically. For example, H2O2 is produced by the oxidation of glucose by the enzyme glucose oxidase. By adding some additional reagents, this can be quantified by spectrophometry, though it obviously only works for glucose. For more complex mixtures of sugars, gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) or [high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)](_URL_3_) is used. | 846e364c-e35c-4983-9c64-4ff99f707797 |
4jaj5t | Why can't cellular radio waves be divided for unlimited data carrying? | The narrower the channel, the less information you can send down it reliably. Using your freeway example, you could take a 3 lane highway and give yourself 24 bike lanes but nobody'd be getting anywhere very quickly. | 8a83b2a2-3fb0-48dc-a22f-84a50f5980c1 |
mc4cd | Why can't/shouldn't we go back to the gold standard? | Gold is a luxury item. Only 10% of gold is used for manufacturing or technical purposes, the rest is used in vanity goods like jewelry or hoarded as an investment. Therefor, its value is perceived rather than practical, and as such the price is subject to whims. (See: gold rising to insane levels as people fear an economic meltdown.) By basing your currency on the stability of your government rather than a finite resource, you open up a lot more flexibility in terms of monetary policy. Also, since governments generally move slow and avoid drastic measures, the value of the currency remains relatively stable over long periods of time, which commodities like gold and oil do not.
Short version: Businesses like it when the value of a dollar is stable. It's a lot harder to maintain stability if your currency is tied to a finite resource. | 59d55ee4-7040-4b25-8623-d9bea4029786 |
3ui7ko | What is the Raspberry Pi? How can a computer cost 5$ while mainstream computers can cost up to 2000$? | The Raspberry Pi is a very small, lower power, lower complexity computer. Because they have sold, and will continue to sell many, they can afford to get parts at bulk pricing. The RPi $5 board is also so much smaller and stripped back compared to the ones that cost a few times more than that.
There's also the fact that it doesn't have a keyboard, mouse, monitor, or any of the other trappings that one conventionally associates with the word "computer". It's like you're buying a very stripped motherboard. Price a motherboard similar to the one in a $500 desktop and see how much it costs.
Also, no OS is included. You also have to provide a lot more work to get the thing to even work. A $500 HP works out of the box with little setup or wiring. A $5 RPi requires you to wire a bunch of stuff to it, buy an enclosure, a microSD card, and spend time setting up an OS to work on it. | 4189ee70-bb10-4381-b8d3-cf0374dff2fd |
27o03s | Why is the Tracey Morgan car accident getting a federal investigation? | That National Transportation Safety Board regularly assists state authorities with highway accident investigations. This is usually in the form of technical assistance, and is very different from if an agency like the FBI got involved. | 8b21b976-bcdf-4394-bc5c-6bbdf98515f0 |
5izn8r | How are 300 calories in a donut different than 300 calories in a burger? | In terms of caloric content, they are the same, but the tasks your body accomplishes with the two are very different.
Your body uses proteins to construct new cells. Think of proteins as the parts of the engine inside your car. The proteins from that burger get deconstructed and reconstituted as proteins inside your cells. That process takes energy. Having an engine isn't enough to make a car run. Enter carbohydrates. If proteins are the parts of your engine, then carbs are your gasoline. They provide the energy (in the form of a molecule called ATP) for your proteins to work.
Your body has a certain metabolic requirement based on your body's content, i.e. How muscular, how tall, how active you are, etc. When you eat food, the proteins are put to work and the sugar/carbs power everything. Your body is extra smart and does something the car can't - after all it evolved in a calorie-poor world - so it takes all the leftover carbs that are "excess" to what is required by your body at that time and converts them into fat for storage. That fat can then be accessed for energy if you haven't eaten in a while or if you're using more energy than you have carbs to supply.
Now imagine a situation in which you eat something that is more or less entirely carbs like said donut. With little in the way of protein for your body to use, you'll have a temporary bump in sugar that isn't supplying energy for anything useful, so what happens to it? Fat.
With the burger, instead, you have nutrients that require metabolism that the carbs can be used for.
So why, then, do they appear to have equal value as conveyed by their calorie count? Because a calorie is a unit of energy, aka it's capacity to enact a change or apply a force to something. Through various complex mechanisms (of course), your body can interconvert some proteins and sugars and turn them into energy, but this process is much less efficient and much less straightforward than just getting said nutrients from your diet. So, while the caloric content of the burger and donut may be equal, the ramifications for your body are quite different. One permits some degree of healthy function where the other is much less able to.
Fun fact: we measure calories using a tool called a calorimeter... a box in which we place the burger, burn it with fire, and measure how much oxygen got used up by the burning burger to tell us how much energy was used in the flames. Thus, we have measured the burger's calorie content.
Source: am doctor**
**in 5 months | 7feb8532-6026-4fd2-bcff-30c0a4f53110 |
5coxt5 | How do insects survive winter? How does the common housefly live through months of freezing to come back next year? | There are micro climates around. By this I mean that there will be little pockets around where they can survive. Think of a large wholesale fruit market where it is never allowed to freeze. Flies can survive there. There are also many other places, kitchens, trash collection points inside buildings, and other places where they can survive.
Besides, they fly, they can fly North, and reproduce quickly. Monarch butterflies migrate for thousands of miles each year. Flies can too.
Certain species cannot live in the North. Fire ants cannot move further North. They cannot survive the winter. So even though hay is brought North from Fire ant country they do not establish colonies. I skipped transportation of flies in trucks and cars.
The Formosan termite also cannot move North. | f02375d6-6857-43e0-bb06-99237613a826 |
4mk6rj | How do bats, whales, dolphins, etc. differentiate their echolocation clicks from others? | Mostly pitch. While they'll all be within a particular range, each bat varies its own voice by a tiny fraction and listens for that particular pitch. Bat voices can be between 40ish to 120ish thousand Hz, which gives a huge range for an individual to pick from.
[Some quick research](_URL_0_) reveals other tricks. For example, *basically* the bat will make a much weaker sound mixed with the harmonic of the call. No bat, not even itself, will hear that sound as it reflects back, but the bat that makes the call will hear it in the same way you hear your own voice inside your skull. Then, its brain knows which part of the harmonic is missing, so if it hears others calling in the same harmonic, but with that part still there, the bat knows that wasn't his call. Instead, he specifically listens for the same harmonic but missing that key part that was too soft to hear.
Whales use very very *low* pitches, far lower than any other animal is looking for. And whales are few enough and far apart enough that each one usually has a distinct voice.
Dolphins use similar tricks, as well as listening for the particular pattern of clicks, almost using unique "words" to echolocate and only listening for the "word" they used.
It's worth noting that a lot of this processing happens unconsciously in their brains. A bat doesn't just hear all the noise and pick out his own voice, his brain literally filters every other bat voice out so it's like he can't even hear them. | ba6f76f4-fe8f-43de-ae4a-5194bca879bd |
53951n | How is salt "Kosher"? | It's not *Kosher* salt, it's Kosher*ing* salt, i.e. salt used for Koshering. The salt is used for draining the blood out of meat, and the larger grain size makes it better suitable for the job than ordinary table salt. | 42920a6a-9ec8-41d2-9bc2-2a00715bc1b9 |
2w3u7g | What is the relationship between resolution (pixels) and the dimensions of a printed photo? | The measurement you are looking for is dots-per-inch, or DPI.
Let's use some easy numbers...
Imagine you had a picture that was 1,000 x 1,000 pixels. That picture would actually contain 1 million pixels, or what modern marketing called 1 megapixel.
If you tried to print it 10" x 10", you would have 100 dots per inch (1,000 dots / 10 inches = 100 dots per inch). On the other hand, if you tried printing a 5" x 5" print, you would have 200 dots per inch and the picture would look much clearer.
Ideally, you want at least 300 dots per inch for quality prints.
Since real images are rarely square, you have to choose one dimension to work with, usually the width.
A 12-megapixel image is usually 4368 (wide) by 2912 (height) pixels.
So, if you want to print a 4x6, you end up with
4368 / 6 = 728 DPI (measured by width)
That is about double the quality that you actually need to print.
To answer your question, you can work the other way, too, with some algrbra. If 300 DPI is acceptable to you:
4368 / x = 300 DPI
300x = 4368
x = 14.5"
And since y = 2/3 x, y = 9.7"
So, maintaining a minimum of 300 DPI, the biggest picture you could print is 14.5" x 9.7"
You could print it larger with lower quality, and the smaller you print it, the better it would look. On the other hand, if your printer prints at 300 or 360 DPI maximum, having a picture with more detail will not help.
That turned into a long answer! Hope it helps... | 55e12d64-c7ff-4d99-9198-ecaeb82d6247 |
7czvck | Will an antenna produce visible light? | If you pump enough energy into that antenna, assuming its metal, it will produce red then orange then yellow visible light. | aced724b-e803-4f3c-86b0-cc07c817344a |
8jexy1 | Why a wheel turning at high speed appears to be turning the other way round? | If you take a basic wall clock and watch the minute hand, it moves very slowly, doing one rotation every 60 minutes. However, if you take a camera, and leave it to take a picture of the clock every hour, and watch those pictures like a movie, you'll think it doesn't move at all.
Now take that camera and make it take a picture every 61 minutes. Every picture it takes, the minute hand will have an extra minute to move, so will have gone slightly around the clock.
Do it the other way around, and take a picture every 59 minutes. Even though it has moved forward, it looks like it has only moved back a little bit.
Basically a similar thing is happening between your eye and the wheel at a significantly faster rate. Your eye is a bit trickier than just taking a photo on a regular basis, but the basic principles here are more or less the same. | 6cbe9654-fe11-4250-9c66-38fe7e4be6eb |
4dav7r | Homomorphic encryption. What is it and what is it not? | Basically it's an encryption scheme where you can perform operations on the encrypted data and get a result that when decrypted using the same method as decrypting the source data will result in the same output as if those operations had been performed on the original unencrypted data.
This means that encrypted data can be given to an untrusted party to be processed without them being aware of what the data they're processing is. This is in contrast to conventional schemes where the party doing the processing needs to have an unencrypted copy of the data, inherently reducing the security of the whole process. | a841a0c0-663d-4acb-a595-25619a9cbbe1 |
17fji7 | The differences between aspirin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen | aspirin: blood thinner. this is why it's effective for heart disease.
ibuprofin: anti-inflammatory. that's why it's effective for swollen things.
tylenol: general pain killer. that's why it's better for generic/non-specific pain.
that's about as simple as i can make it. | a7468cae-82bb-490d-afe0-0587a12c2e5b |
41duez | In jobs that have a lot of initial training investment, and then a subsequent minimum length contract (for example, most military careers), what happens if, after training, a person just isn't good enough, or doesn't put in enough effort? | They cut their losses usually and kick your ass to the curb. Or in some cases you may leave one training and be moved to a lower job or a different job and trained for that job instead.
Obviously its not uncommon for people to perform poorly at a specific job and be moved to a different one, in any industry or job. It's not also uncommon for people to fail to meet standards and be fired.
Your contract (probably) has a variety of clauses about meeting minimum requirements of the position, if you fail to do that, they can get rid of you or move you | 30b9ace2-8eff-40ca-9af6-448c1bef4e37 |
2j74um | How does a fly keep buzzing around my head when I'm traveling at 30 knots in a boat? | The air around you is also travelling at 30 knots. | a7529ae2-0b18-4508-8474-6717b0a341a8 |
15m1lk | What is the purpose behind the common "crescent" shaped ice cube? | Crescent-shaped ice cubes are easy for a machine to remove from the tray. After they're done freezing, a mechanical arm swings in a circle and pushes them out of the tray. Cube-shaped trays are a bit harder to automatically remove the ice from them. | c2709d50-6e54-4864-803d-71a7938c36c3 |
55r9e0 | Are current microwaves ovens much different than the ones from the 80s? | A little more robust and elegant in their electrical design, but they work the same way. A lot of components in things like microwaves get switched out over time as we become more and more capable of doing things digitally and don't have to rely on analog. This results in better performance, more even heating in this case, and more energy efficiency, but essentially, no. It's the same thing.
edit: phrasing | bb28f8b5-3920-452e-81ab-330c97f5bf30 |
6pegl0 | If you have a tattoo and the layer off skin came off where it was, would the tatoo be removed? | if the wound is deep enough yes. [There was a time when tattoos were removed by implanting an inflatable bag under the skin next to the tattoo and gradually filling it with saline over a period of weeks expanding the tissue](_URL_0_). When there was sufficient tissue the implant would be removed and the tattoo excised then the [extra tissue](_URL_1_) would be moved over and sutured in the place of the tattoo. | 4f570246-8db3-4b7a-bfd3-9fb109c91d0c |
3x5vrs | The spice must flow | I think a big part of it is that before refrigerators and other methods of food preservation were developed, people often ate food that was less than fresh or just straight up spoiled. Spices and cooking techniques make bad food more palatable. | 559966cc-58af-4205-adaf-5447c6a0f245 |
1qlkm2 | Why dont companies like Sony/Microsoft add backwards compatibility for their consoles? | It's more than 'adding the code', it's adding *a lot* of code. The new consoles have completely different hardware that basically makes them incompatible with running previous generation games. Don't think of this as xbone trying to run xbox360, think of this as PC trying to running xbox360 and you've got the same obstacles. A whole emulation software would need to be developed and implemented into the console, which would take up space, time, and money.
The first PS2 was able to be backwards compatible because the literally shoved a PS1 into the console. Later they were able to develop an emulator program for it. The Xbox360 has emulation programs for classic xbox titles as well (or the titles themselves were ported (translated) into a format the 360 could understand), and even then it wasn't 100% perfect. And the emulation program gets harder and more complicated because the games being used are complex.
And what would all that money and time yield for either company? Its not exactly a selling point, and if you want to use the older games, then you can buy the older consoles to do so. If anything, adding backwards compatibility will hurt sales of the older units (as people will simply refrain from buying one and wait until the next gen console came to the market).
TL;DR - backwards compatibility takes time and money that neither company seems interested in investing. | 1677ed7d-137e-4972-9582-991bcd4e37ce |
3oq17v | Why do we have 10 fingers and not 8? | Because we evolved from fish that had 5 bones in their fins. All vertebrates follow the same pattern - 1 bone, 2 bones, lots of bones. As to why the fish had 5 fin-bones, it was probably simply how it evolved - the optimal number of fin-bones to maintain the fin structure. | fa68c80f-918e-47bb-84bf-7d1656689a21 |
2dp71p | What is Rick Perry being indicted for? | You know how a school bully might threaten to beat you up if you don't give him your lunch money? Governor Perry is accused of doing sort of the same thing by threatening to not give a woman's department money if she didn't resign from office.
Since it was the governor doing it, he should know better. This would be the same as your school principal demanding that you give him your lunch money or he'll make sure you fail all your classes. School districts don't like it when principals do that, and grand juries don't like it when governors do that. | 9b6aab3d-77ad-4078-8340-2d98209253b2 |
6o677a | If the months are based on the phases of the moon why are some months longer than others? | Because the number of days it takes to go from 'full moon' to 'full moon' doesn't evenly match up with the time it takes to go from 'lowest sunrise' to 'lowest sunrise'.
And that's OK.
Why February? Because the calendar used to start in the spring, and February used to be 'the last month of the year'. So any days which needed to be added or subtracted, would come from there.
That way, the spring equinox (first day of spring, according to the sun's path) would always be on the same day each year. | aba007e0-0cb6-4b73-a49b-f81194916a8e |
4eha5x | How do ships stay afloat even when carrying thousands of tons of cargo? | By displacing more tons of water than the ship+cargo weighs. That's why they have to be so strong, to keep enough water out. | 5ddc3ada-12a5-4e4d-afb5-698a3f8bb11c |
1cwxvn | What are BDSM relationships? | BDSM is a compound acronym. It stands for Bondage and Discipline, Dominance and Submission, Sadism and Masochism.
On the submissive end, you have people that gain satisfaction from being hurt, punished, being physically bound, and/or being ordered around.
On the dominant end, you have people that gain satisfaction from hurting, punishing, binding and giving orders.
It sounds all kind of abusive, but (done properly) in all honesty it's anything but.
Basically, it's the emotional equivalent of Tyler Durden.
Telling your nagging-nelly hindbrain and your delicate-flower sense of social mores to shut the fuck up, and laughing at their impotent outrage.
Aww, poor little hypothalamus. Diddums. Someone's hitting me? Yeah, no shit. Because I'm *letting* them hit me. It hurts? Well duh. I'm going to keep letting them, too, and there's not a damn thing you can do about it. You can't make me afraid, you can't put me in distress; I chose for this to happen, and you have no power. Neener fucking neener, asshole.
The sheer unadulterated *joy* that bubbles up when you realize you can just let go of fear and distress is downright amazing. It's like being on a pants-shittingly terrifying rollercoaster, and making that little internal mental jump that flips the entire experience into WOOOOOOOO-HOOOOOOO!
And on top of that, the emotional intimacy that follows catharsis and the dropping of all those barriers is without parallel.
I can' tell you a lot about the Dom side, because I don't swing that way - but the general outlines aren't hard to sketch out.
A BDSM relationship, then, is just one where both partners live (to whatever degree) a lifestyle that mutually scratches this itch. It can range from getting a bit rough in the bedroom, to agreeing to be led by the other partner, to flat-out living as a collared slave - there's a very wide spectrum, and it's different for everyone. | 2c8cdbfe-3fdc-4a55-acf3-9f52f2e8398c |
5m58wm | popular apps terms and conditions | This website is great at breaking down what you need to know
_URL_0_ | 827f1b27-6512-41fb-914f-68ca92228d50 |
22smpl | Why have bones evolved to heal so slowly, or why do they heal at all? Wouldn't any animal with a broken bone likely die in the wild of something before the bone was healed? | Evolution is still limited by physics and chemistry, and each feature is a balancing act with a million other advantages and disadvantages. This is sort of like asking:
Why has skin evolved to be so soft and easy to cut, resulting in blood leaking out of the body? Wouldn't any animal with cut skin likely bleed to death and die in the wild? | 9d24b515-9f30-4c5e-bbeb-1e72c1a85981 |
2f68x8 | how is it that (according to my plant bio textbook) glucose and fructose have identical molecular formulas? Isn't the purpose if molecular formulas to be unique identifiers? | Just like you can assemble Legos into any number of shapes, molecules can also be put together differently. So while both glucose and fructose have the same number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, the molecules are assembled differently and thus they are different chemicals. | 3bfc51df-3ba7-43cb-acd0-9f1054e7e316 |
3cgfv1 | Why is it easier to balance on a bike when you're going faster? | Smaller corrections are needed to maintain the center of balance. [Here](_URL_0_ ) is a really interesting thread on the interactions between wheel gyro effect and front fork angle which explains a lot of the mechanics of balancing a bike. | 35d5e137-a752-47c6-89c7-cfb69d700404 |
3bdam2 | why are organizations trying to send people to live on mars and not on closer places like the moon? | Mars has atmosphere and accessible (but frozen) water and soil that could be conditioned to grow crops with a lot of work and is a place a person could live with some work. the moon has vacuum and radiation and micrometeorites and horrible staticy sandpaper for ground. | 4c50b95d-82c9-4531-8bf9-2d2060d9147e |
3muf7n | Why are people preoccupied with order and detail called "anal" or "anal retentive". | Because he hypothesized that issues during this developmental stage (when a child is learning to control toilet functions, such as bowel movements) would carry over into adulthood, manifested as an obsession over detail and exerting inordinate control over ones environment. | b66557e8-6ccc-4e85-a906-fba0ebaaf501 |
6ioeik | How do animals look into they eyes of other animals instinctively? | I can't speak for every animal, but for humans, it's a matter of "top down processing", and the fact that only other animals have faces and/or eyes. And sometimes animals - and humans - do confuse other markings for eyes.
To a baby human, recognizing a face is very important. Take a piece of paper, draw two dots on it and show it to a baby - chances are, they'll smile at it. Looking directly at a caretaker's face gets the biggest response from that caretaker. To a baby, eyes equal a face, and a face equals getting fed/changed/protected and so on.
Eyes are positioned in such a way that they're able to get a good look around, usually on an animals head, usually where others can see them too. Far as I know, all mammals at least have one head each. Find the head, you know it's an animal. Find the eyes and you know where it's facing.
Only other animals have eyes. Plants don't. Plants are unlikely to run away or attack you. Animals might do either. Finding a set of eyes on something means it's automatically classified as an animal by the brain. Babyhood has already wired us to detect eyes and this continues in adulthood.
However the brain can be fooled. Eye-like markings on insects, weird bark on trees, patterns in the clouds and so on can be mistaken by the brain for a face. If the brain gets a confusing image, it tries to pair it with something it already knows. Faces are very important to it. If the thing appears to have eyes - even if they aren't real ones - the brain considers it a face. This can be referred to as "top down processing". Animals do this too.
As eyes are considered required for a face, suddenly seeing the eyes of a tiger hiding in a bush is leg-lockingly terrifying. Locking eyes with another animal forces you to think ABOUT that creature. Is it a threat? A friend? It can reassure, force you to flee, or lock you in place with terror. The eyes are also very expressive on many animals. Is the animal mad? Content? Finding the eyes may help you sort that out.
In short, we're wired to look for eyes. Sometimes we mistake things for eyes that really aren't. Animals do the same for the same reasons. | e5018158-b01a-4a9a-a31b-6b542a679af3 |
tan1b | What happens when you melt a magnet. | LI5: The magnet will stop behaving magnetically once it hits a certain temperature (sort of). Then it'll simply behave like a piece of metal and melt
LI20: Let me know if there is interests, not typing an explanation for the hell of it, though it's not extremely complicated. | a4fd3429-ec38-41b2-8e36-95f1cd5902aa |
qrm0j | How people learn to hack. | You've played video games right? Ever played a video game so much you know it backwards and forwards and know every little niche here and there and have all the maps memorized? People who know how to break into other computer systems are exactly like that but with operating systems. When you know a video game so well as I explained you learn little tricks, loop holes, and bugs. You learn how to use the game in a way that the developers didn't intend and or foresee. You use this in the game to your advantage to get more kills or win.
People learn computer systems in the same way you learn the game, they play with it ... a lot. They learn the programming language it was built on and how all the protocols it uses work, like tcp/ip. They create their own programs, or use someone elses (script kiddies), to interact with the system and manipulate it or to take advantage of a loophole/bug.
Quick example, ever heard of a sql injection? See the search reddit form to the right? Generally you would enter the term you want to search for and the polite codes goes off to the database and runs some commands and searches for entries matching what you entered and returns the result. On some unpatched, unproperly setup systems you can enter sql code (the database software commands) into the field and instead of doing what it was intended the database will instead run those commands which could be hostile, such as returning password tables.
That was a simple example, but it's all about understanding the system so well you can recognize loopholes and how to circumvent rules. | 94fbe3c6-f9a7-4d16-b371-037d5345c937 |
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