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bx8m3y
|
Anti-biotics are broad attack agents, why can't we do the same with viruses? My recent viral conjunctivitis had no cure but time, yet influenza has Tamflu? What's the key difference between the two that limits our viral solutions?
|
Viruses and bacteria are very different "organisms". Viruses are a package of data that only works when inside a host cell.
A bacteria is alive.
So with a virus, you're looking at disrupting the chemical process. Whereas with bacteria you're trying to kill something. Something that doesn't want to die and has tricks to survive.
|
81e440f1-c893-490e-9eee-64f69096c651
|
bx8p1w
|
what’s a reference monitor and what’s it for?
|
Suppose the animator decides to make a character red. A specific red. Ferrari red. If some other monitor shows this color wrong as a cardinal red, it's very hard for a group to know who has the right color.
|
b489a1e3-3c27-4bbe-8bcb-0c7b16a95035
|
bx8q01
|
How did the next generation of game consoles devs know how many more buttons to add to their next controllers?
|
I'd say its a mixture of:
& #x200B;
\- Here's some more buttons, do what you please, or don't use them at all.
& #x200B;
\- (Devs / Consumers) Hey we'd like more buttons so we can program certain actions better than what we currently have.
& #x200B;
\- Ergonomics of the controller naturally evolving to something that fits your hand better, leading to a easier movement in your thumbs/fingers. Basically take the NES rectangle controller, would be a pain if it had all the buttons that the gamecube controller had right? But the gamecube controller feels better in your hand than the NES controller, leading to a "more natural" movement of your thumbs/fingers, leading to more buttons being added.
& #x200B;
\- Marketing tactics like: OUR CONTROLLER HAS FOUR BUTTONS AND OUR COMPETITORS DON'T! BUY NOW!
& #x200B;
and that's all that comes to mind
& #x200B;
edit: spelling errors.
|
46da4046-e4c1-48af-88fa-4e400ca740c0
|
bx8qoi
|
What makes an object contaminated with radiation?
|
They are not contaminated because they have been exposed to radiation but the radioactive element she handles in the laboratory transferred to the notebook.
She did not know the potential danger of the elements so she did not handel the elements as carefully as we do today so dust, smoke or liquids with the material have been transferred to the notebooks perhaps by sticking to her hand.
So is is more how if you work in a garage there you can get oil from the engine onto a paper you write on that was what occurred not that the radiation changed the books. In this case it is not oil but polonium and radium that got on the book.
She carried test tubes with radioactive isotopes in her pockets and stored them in her desk drawer so it is not strange that some was transferred to the notebooks and the rest of the laboratory.
& #x200B;
Radioactive contamination is in most cases just like a chemical spill or a fire that produce something that is bad for yo. ut is atoms/molecules that are physically transported and land on other stuff.
& #x200B;
That said neutron radiation can transmute element when atoms absorb the neutrons. But most radioactive material no not release neutrons and it does travel far in ari.
Large amounts of neutrons is release win nuclear reactor or when nuclear bombs explode. So a reactor changes some of the atoms in the reactor containment into radioactive isotopes and nuclear bomb will if the explode in the air transmute some of the oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere or the even the ground if it detonate close enough.
|
b72dd943-7103-4c0b-9208-e9fd8f62c332
|
bx907j
|
what is it about alcohol that doesn't mix well with certain medicines?
|
Several things.
Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant. If it's a medication that also causes sedation, then they can work together to cause excessive sedation, potentially resulting in accidents.
Secondary to that, if it's a medication that also causes respiratory depression (suppresses breathing) then you could actually, you know, die.
Additionally, alcohol is metabolized primarily by the liver. Many medications are also metabolized by the liver. The issue here is that overly taxing the liver can damage it. In addition to that, if the liver is overly taxed metabolizing other things, this can result in reduced metabolism of the medication, leading to a higher concentration of the medication in the body than expected.
|
f0d8436b-3333-4829-8463-3da7513d60b5
|
bx99lo
|
What makes an activity enjoyable for people? For example, why is solving Math problems considered fun for a certain individual, while playing an instrument is fun for another?
|
My best guess is that it has something to do with a combination of the way the reward centers in the brain are activated, nostalgia for how one learned the task, and the presence of role models relating to that task and what those role models meant to the individual.
|
239becfc-ad78-47a3-8dcf-790ac0000f39
|
bxa63q
|
Some things we buy to eat or spice food are actually seeds... are they ever viable? What about sunflower seeds? Anise seeds or juniper berries? What about the seeds inside fruits?
|
You can grow SO MUCH from food you have already eaten. Take the end of a sweet potato and stick it in water. Bam more sweet potatoes. The end of green onions with the roots? Shove it in dirt bam more green onions. Same with regular onions and avocado seeds and most fruits. It is easier to recycle food into brand new food than most people realize.
|
91bda9f9-5142-49b3-9ac0-218dcfa34131
|
bxa8hn
|
How do we produce electricity
|
Everything other than solar power is based on some sort of circular motion (like a turbine or a windmill) driving a dynamo, which is a bunch of magnets that spin within a coil of wire. This causes induced current to flow within the wires, giving us electricity.
Coal, Gas, Geothermal, and Nuclear all spin their turbines by boiling water and producing steam, which increases pressure and the resultant kinetic energy is transferred to the turbine. Thus, all fossil fuel usage (plus Nuclear) boils down to creating heat, using that heat to create pressure, redirecting that pressure to create torque, and applying that torque to magnets and wire to induce electricity. It’s a very lossy process (only about 40-50% of the energy survives all the way into electrical form).
|
89cfcfbc-1d06-4665-b942-c08325f1ca42
|
bxaari
|
What is multi-level marketing/ a pyramid scheme?
|
Multi-level marketing is where a product and idea are sold from a person who also gets others to sell the product (often with discount purchases for sellers) who then also attempt to recruit others and sell products. The products may or may not work (often they don't) but there is at least a product to sell.
A pyramid scheme is similar except there isn't any product being sold. Money is only made by recruiting others who also recruit others.
|
444fd71f-0e00-4e48-804a-f6cf79cbf732
|
bxaja5
|
Why do headaches accompany nausea/vomiting/upset stomach, and vice versa?
|
My daughter suffers from complex migraines, and her neurologist explained it like this.
The network of nerves in your stomach are as complex as the ones in your head, and they suffer from the same instability during migraines. Chronic stomachaches can be caused by these nerves being unstable, or they can be impacted at the same time as the nerves in your head and cause stomachs and vomiting.
|
e6564b5a-509f-4a70-9afd-33fcfbb85f94
|
bxap1p
|
Why do heartbeats make a noise?
|
Edit for clarity.
The sound you hear are caused by the backflow of blood in the heart. There are valves to prevent the blood flowing backwards.
When it tries to, the valves slam shut. The blood reverbs in the heart making the noise.
Some people have posted it's just the valves, it's specifically the blood hitting the valves and the heart wall during S1 and S2.
S1 is your "lub"
S2 is your "dub"
There are other sounds as well that show signs of illness but that's beyond the scope of this answer.
|
942893a2-31fe-4aad-a0cb-1b7968aff82a
|
bxau9b
|
Turtles: where do they get their shells?
|
Same way you got yer bones. Turtle shells are essentially enhanced skeletons, probably evolved via the inclusion of extra bony armour into the ribcage. They're born with shells same way they're born with bones, and they deposit more bone-material into the shell as they grow.
On a curious side-note, it never even occurred to me the idea of a turtle searching for a shell (because I know what Turtle skeletons look like for some reason) and that image is hilarious. Begs the question though, if turtles didn't make their shells, what did?
|
79068626-cecc-4c35-9782-9b8e790ec736
|
bxb5sd
|
how does cancer not always relapse after radiation treatment
|
The cells in your body are constantly winning wars vs cancer cells. Your body sees cancer cell mutation as foreign and destroys them before they spread. Sometimes some slip through and multiply, in which can spread to parts of the body and start taking over. Radiation helps destroy cancer cells (and normal cells) so eventually the balance can be maintained again.
|
54146f71-2aca-432e-942d-8b856598335e
|
bxb749
|
Why do people say redundant abbreviations?
|
Technically GPS system is not necessarily redundant. The Global Positioning System is the Satellite system which is separate from the receiving system, such as say your phone or car.
& #x200B;
ATM machine and others: Because people forget the origin of things or never knew them. ATM embodies the idea of the device that dispenses money and people know it's a machine, hence they call it an ATM machine. I definitely knew what an ATM was for a long time without knowing what ATM stood for.
|
27a17d66-e561-47b8-8232-bf7b71281972
|
bxb7tg
|
How could Switzerland just "opt" to be neutral and not fight in wars or get involved in conflicts?
|
Switzerland didn't opt to be neutral. The were on the losing side of a major war and basically it was thrust upon them by the victors... however, they had flirted with neutrality a bit in the past, so the idea of a neutral Switzerland was certainly not new.
The Swiss allied with France during early 1800s (after France invaded it of course) during a time called the Napoleonic Wars, of which much of the major powers of Europe were engaged in war across the continent.
Eventually, France lost the war, and the winners declared Switzerland a neutral state, especially to act as a "buffer state" between Austria (on the winning side) and France (on the losing side). Swiss was the nation in between Austria and France.
Since 1815 now, the international community has recognized Swiss neutrality, and the Swiss have taken their neutrality as a major component of their national being.
|
515ad499-4c02-4246-b4ac-9a5580b98451
|
bxb9yv
|
What makes your eye color change after you’re born?
|
Eye color is determined by the amount of melanin in the iris; which is the pigment-protein responsible for hair, eye, and skin color.
The reason for this is due to the lack of exposure to light in utero. Once birth occurs, light exposure triggers the melanocyte cells to read the genes that make the pigment protein melanin.
As the infant develops melanocytes increase melanin production which results in visible changes as early as 6 months of age. Subtle changes can be seen from then until as late as 3 years.
It’s amazing...the processes that transpire when you are a brand spanking new human.
Source(s): [Horribly Produced Video With Valid Explanation(s) Via WebMD](_URL_0_)
Edit: Spelling
|
46f4325d-52a6-4ead-a568-f0353b39f900
|
bxbc61
|
Are differing species of birds able to communicate with each other?
|
Can they? Absolutely. Different species of parrots can communicate with each other (have owned several).
Songbirds can also at least recognize alarm calls of other song birds.
Can very different species (like a parrot and a sparrow) understand each other well? Dunno.
|
11a8ac7a-54b7-4b27-9af2-b1380dbfba93
|
bxbe44
|
Why do french fries taste so much worse after cooling to room temperature?
|
Smelling plays a large part of how food tastes, cold fries have no smell so you lose that appeal.
Texture of cold fries also change as water trapped in the starch on the inside slowly makes its way to the crust and makes it soggy. Soggy is generally a less pleasing texture than crispy.
Starch molecules taste better when they are hydrated/warm as they are poofier and we seem to like poofy things. After the water moved to the crust is stays there and doesn't go back to the starch so the starch molecules get harder which isn't as delicious.
|
c2c608ee-ee57-4a50-9e5e-5c2b7c510c81
|
bxc5wf
|
why do computers connect better to shoddy internet connections when phones and tablets don’t do well?
|
If you're talking about LAN connections then it will always be faster than a wireless connection as it is wired and transmits data without much interference. Even if you put wireless cards in your desktop or use laptops it will still be faster than phone using the same wireless connection because they have bigger cards with better reception.
|
3a853e2a-f142-447f-99d4-54c9d45f45af
|
bxch0i
|
How much apples do you need to eat before you get cyanide poisoning?
|
[_URL_0_](_URL_0_)
& #x200B;
The article goes through a pretty in depth summary, but the tl;dr is you would need to actually grind up or chew (swallowing a whole seed is not as dangerous) between 1-2 cups of apple seeds depending on your weight before you begin running into issues.
|
05ffada8-6a85-42a5-b441-963fbab17ff2
|
bxcio3
|
This SpaceX rocket launch lit up the sky almost like a supernova. How in the blue blazes did this happen?
|
The launch released a cloud of gas which condensed into high altitude clouds. Those clouds are within direct sunlight from the sun which from the perspective of much of the ground has already set. So areas which have been in shadow for a while can see brightly lit clouds high above them.
|
1d8beb32-57e4-4549-a2be-e10fd994e997
|
bxcp6r
|
why scratching sunburn makes the skin turn white, when scratching unburnt soon turns red.
|
Pressing down on sunburn pushes the blood away. When you stop pressing it turns back to red (rather slowly sometimes).
|
f737adcb-57e5-4508-b0c5-22f2f16bee90
|
bxct1p
|
How do we forget something easily even if we try to remember it as hard as we can, but the same thing comes to our mind when we are not even thinking about it?
|
Psychologist here. It's the tip of the tongue phenomenon. There are different theories about this. Let me ELI5 on this simple example:
& #x200B;
Your memory is like a house and you are looking for a thing, e.g. your teddy bear. Now you (wrongly) remember or simply (wrongly) guess that your teddy is in the living room where you might left him yesterday. So you go the the living room and looking for it, but you can't find it. But you are sure he is close to you - this is the feeling of the tip of the tongue phenomenon. It feels "kinda close".
Now you stop thinking about it - it means, you stop searching in the living room for your teddy and go outside, play with your friends, doing other stuff. After that you want to find your teddy again. You go into the house and this time you remember you left him in the bathroom yesterday. You come into the bathroom and here he is: your teddy bear sits on the toilet lid.
& #x200B;
In sum: To access this memory you use a "wrong strategy" or other wrong "cues" (that are kinda linked to a memory). These things block or inhibit the access to this memory. After doing other stuffs or just after a while not thinking about it, you kinda "forget" this old strategy (or cue) and can find it correctly.
|
793f5a0d-36b1-4f09-954d-51e2aafea082
|
bxctoz
|
What factors are known or are being hypothesized by the scientific community to cause Autism?
|
What modern science knows about autism is still limited in scope, but we have a general understanding that the cause of autism is a lack of synaptic pruning occurring in the neurons (nerve cells) of the body and brain of someone with autism, and that lack of pruning and the degree of its presence in different areas helps to explain the wide variety of ways in which autism presents itself in individuals. Basically, during late gestation and early development, babies have a bunch of unnecessary synaptic connections (connections between nerve cells) and over time some of those unused and useless connections get pruned away like overgrown limbs on trees. For people with autism, scientists have observed that this pruning never happened, or happened to much smaller degree than is typical, and so the cells of the nervous system act in unpredictable ways. This is why there are so many ways that an autism spectrum disorder can present itself.
|
09e91d56-cdb9-4992-bbef-d8e8256e5db7
|
bxcv82
|
What is insulin resistance? Doctor says there is a chance for it to change into diabetes so how does that happen?
|
When we eat, as part of the digestion process, food gets broken down and its component parts get taken up into our blood. One of those parts is glucose. Normally insulin is the hormone in our bodies that takes glucose from our blood and sends into cells where it can be stored and used.
People with Type 1 diabetes don’t produce any insulin. So they need to inject insulin when they eat to help package up the glucose.
People with type 2 diabetes produce insulin, but it just doesn’t work anymore. For some reason it can no longer properly package glucose into cells. Insulin resistance is essentially the early stages of type 2 diabetes - the insulin is working, but it’s not working as well as it should. If it gets worse it becomes type 2 diabetes. We’re not 100% sure about the exact mechanism that causes this yet, but we do know that the most effective ways to prevent it are exercise, and good diet. There’s also a few types of drugs that can be taken (Metformin is the main one). Generally the recommendation is that people start them as soon as possible, because we know that the better control someone has over their blood sugar in the early stages, the better their blood sugar control control and health are in the later stages.
Having too much glucose in your blood, like what happens in diabetes, is bad. Firstly because glucose irritates the lining of blood vessels, and down the track this leads to long term damage and problems with poor blood supply in peripheral tissues like toes and feet. This is why people get something called peripheral neuropathy, which is where they basically lose all sensation in their extremities. Because of this people often hurt themselves and get pressure sores without realising, and then because of the poor blood flow they just never really heal. Worst case scenario (but sadly far too common) is amputation. Secondly, if you can’t package glucose into your cells, your cells have nothing to use for energy and they’re essentially starving. One of the things your body does in response is mobilise it’s fat stores. So you’ve then got heaps of fat hanging out in your blood all the time. This, plus the inflammation from having all the glucose in your blood, means that you get heaps of fatty plaques being created in the walls of your blood vessels. These fatty deposits are what cause heart attacks and strokes.
|
c57516f3-dc7a-4822-a017-587c264256e4
|
bxd5y2
|
How does a negative number modulus a positive number work?
|
Think of modulus like the numbers on a clock. If it's midnight now, then 15 hours from now it will be 15 mod 12 = 3 o clock. If it's midnight now, then 8 hours ago it was -8 mod 12 = 4 o clock.
Basically, in modulo 12, twelve *is* zero. So -8 is the same as 0 - 8, which is the same as 12-8, which is 4.
In general, you can take the modulo of a negative number by *adding* a multiple of the modulus, just like you usually find it by *subtracting* a multiple of the modulus.
Finally, if you still want to think of it as division-remainder, try these steps.
-5 / 3
= -3/3 + -2/3
= -1 remainder -2
The remainder is -2, which means "two less than zero".
In modulo 3, three is zero. So two less than zero is 1.
-5 % 3 = 1.
|
d9feef8c-3cba-4141-9047-17bf0fa188b1
|
bxd8gk
|
Why do cars go faster than the highest speed limit?
|
A car that could only go 60mph tops would have worse performance across the board which can actually be a safety issue as well as just being a pain to drive. It's like why evelvators can easily carry much more weight than they'd ever realistically need too. It makes them more reliable and sturdy and outright more safe because they are never operating at the height of their capabilities. Same thing can be said of cars. Sometimes you need to accelerate quickly and being able to do so can be the difference between a crash and a near miss. A car that could only go 60 would also be constantly struglling at lower speeds which wouldnt fair well for the reliablity and longevity of said car. Also there are legit scenarios where traveling higher than the speed limit is pretty normal like driving in the fast lane on a highway. Better to have it and not need it than the opposite.
|
bbf3fe4b-aea8-4a79-892a-a383d6baf822
|
bxdbhm
|
Why do people hate their 9-to-5 jobs?
|
For me it was just the rigid structure of it. 9-5 jobs typically come with a lot of other bullshit you have to deal with. They usually love teamwork-building crap and irritating, time-wasting seminars. Not all, but most I assume.
Some employers want you there 9-5 whether you are sick or tired or both. They don’t really care how productive you are, as long as it fits within the curve. Jobs I’ve had that give me more leeway I always perform better at. I’m more productive and they save more money.
Depends upon the occupation. Many salaried jobs are ditching the 9-5 thing because of the above reasons. In some occupations it just isn’t possible, though.
Watch The Office for a fairly (but realistically) exaggerated idea of what a 9-5 job can look like.
But hey, it’s all subjective. You may love it.
|
de6da2c7-011f-41de-adcf-d2e1787c27df
|
bxdgqi
|
how does Amazon go from 2 day shipping to 1 day shipping?
|
It really comes down to where they have warehouses . Storing the items close to where people are so that when something gets ordered it's really just gonna ship from somewhere close by. Amazon has been devloping their network of warehouses aka the fulfillment centers specifically for this purpose.
|
58aa09e3-74bc-4a67-993a-0ba7d92c2184
|
bxdsru
|
how do we recall a specific memory?
|
Your neurons are like a road system, and some memories have fewer routes to get there. The things you can recall faster have more access roads, because you’ve related them to multiple other things in your life. That’s why it’s helpful to jog your memory by thinking of other things in your life at the time of whatever you’re trying to remember.
Interesting extra tidbit- memories can be extremely unreliable because every time you remember something, you’re actually remembering the last time that you remembered that thing, so it could have been re-written incorrectly.
|
d839b78d-9ad7-4a5d-ba8a-4e5273770d25
|
bxdwhd
|
Why did we spit the day in half with AM and PM?
|
Ignore most of the answers before mine
The day has two parts, the sun is either rising or falling.
Sun dials. When the sun reaches its apex, it essentially resets on the sun dial and starts a new shadow on the other side. Thus, 1 pm.
|
1af4933e-9e8e-4e4a-809c-41f18e0abb3c
|
bxdy2j
|
How and when do I use a semicolon?
|
Use a semicolon to join two clauses in a sentence if they are related.
See the top voted answer here _URL_0_
Talking about the apple mac monitor stand; it seems to be a waste of money.
Those two ideas would not be correct sentences on their own.
|
bfd0b9e9-c483-4ff1-8385-efe3eb8d9bdf
|
bxdyi8
|
How is the highest point of a mountain measured?
|
Well now we can use GPS satellites and other satellite mapping tools like synthetic aperture radar, but before that, we used a lot of trigonometry. To measure the height of a mountain, surveyors used a method called triangulation. Observers examined the peak from several points. Knowing the distance from the points to the mountain, they were able to measure the angle from the summit to their observation points. Given the distance and the angle, they used trigonometry to calculate the mountain’s height relative to themselves. To calculate the mountain’s actual height above sea level, the observers themselves had to know their own elevation above sea level. They also had to take into account things like atmospheric refraction which can make distant objects appear higher or lower as light bends through the atmosphere. This method is remarkably accurate. In 1856, surveyors measured the peak of Mt. Everest to be 29,002 ft (8,840 m) above sea level from over 100 miles away. They were only off by 27 ft (8 m).
|
af1e197d-5400-477c-ad17-d1454af61bc6
|
bxe4n2
|
The purpose/use of the speculations of computers/laptops.
|
If you're talking about [speculative execution](_URL_0_), its purpose is to speed up processors.
Processors are actually doing many things at a time in a process called pipelining. A common analogy is [laundry](_URL_1_) - if you're trying to do many loads of laundry in one set of machines, you could wash, dry, and fold an entire load before moving on to the next one, but then you'd be wasting time. To speed up the process, you can wash one load, and then once it's drying start washing the second load. Because you have multiple resources available to you, you can cut the total time to do your four loads of laundry by having multiple things going on in parallel.
Processors do this because, most of the time, it lets you speed up the processor by a lot. Instructions are broken into pieces (e.g. get the instruction, do all memory operations, do all arithmetic operations, do all write operations). By allowing multiple instructions to be happening at the same time, you can have each sub-step be faster, allowing you to increase your clock speed.
However, there comes an issue when instructions depend on past instructions. For example, if you do one thing when some value is positive, and something else once it's negative, you have to first wait for that value to be calculated before deciding which action to do. One solution is just to leave a gap in the pipeline, and waste a few cycles. Naturally, CPU designers didn't want to do this, and this is where speculative execution comes in. The CPU makes an informed guess of what the result will probably be, and then starts doing those actions. For example, it'll just guess that the value turned out less than 0, and goes on to do that.
If the prediction was correct, great! The speculative work turns out to have been useful. However, if the prediction was wrong, the CPU has to switch tracks, and throw away the work. We lose those cycles, but on average we'll be doing faster than if we had left the pipeline empty, so it's a net win. The better the prediction, the better the win.
What researchers have recently discovered is that this work was not fully discarded. It turns out that the CPU, while doing the speculation, left behind small traces that could then be used by the program to extract information it shouldn't be allowed to know. It takes advantage that a lot of protections are built into software, while the speculation happens on the CPU, bypassing protections in the software until the program 'catches up' to the speculation.
|
0cfebc99-fe6d-4599-ae06-27af596c9bed
|
bxe8di
|
How accurate is the human sense of rhythm?
|
Children’s piano teacher here! Should be second nature to be able to answer an ELI5, right?
This is almost in line with asking “how accurate is the human sense of time?”
Like time (as rhythm is dependent on), it’s been socially constructed. The difference, though, is that basic time counting (like seconds in a minute) does not typically include other patterns aside from exactly measuring from one second to the next, or one minute to the next.
Basic rhythm structure is counting in 4. So you would count
“1, 2, 3, 4.” And then you can loop this counting.
Easy! Now we throw in another counting structure in between.
“1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and.” And then you’d loop this counting!
The trick is to count the NUMBERS just as fast and consistently as you did the first time, but now adding another layer of time-keeping, the “ands.”
Rhythm is made of different patterns like these, where you have a BASE counting pattern, like 4 beats per section in a loop. Or 3 beats per section in a loop (waltzes are like these!) And then, you add little divisions of time in these number sets, and that makes different rhythms.
EXAMPLE: [We Will Rock You by Queen](_URL_0_)
STOMP-Stomp, CLAP, STOMP-Stomp, CLAP. STOMP-Stomp is the first beat. CLAP is the second beat. STOMP-Stomp is the third beat. CLAP is the fourth beat.
As long as you can remember that 4 beat pattern, you can follow the song! The singing in this song adds many layers on top of this basic pattern, but the singer will generally keep a syllable of the words ON these basic beats.
“BUDdy, you're a BOY, make a BIG noise
PLAYing in the STREET, gonna BE a big MAN someDAY
You got MUD on your FACE, you BIG disGRACE
KICKing your CAN all O-ver the PLACE, singin'”
Any song that strays from the popularized counting patterns are typically not as popular because they require more active thinking to “predict” as a pattern.
xxxxxxxxxx
tl;dr rhythm is socially constructed, and dependent on a basic, CONSISTENT time keeping pattern in each song. So long as you can find out what that base pattern of a song is, you’ve got rhythm. c: Pop songs are SUPER easy to do this with because they are usually a basic 4 beat pattern.
Edit: clarifications in my tl;dr
|
53bd3382-0c3b-44ab-a541-14563bf8ebcb
|
bxetd9
|
What are the technological/physical limitations regarding smartphone camera advancements? Will we ever see them match traditional ones?
|
Small lens size limits light entry, so no, will probably never match the quality of a traditional SLR
|
360fd4c9-6a94-4698-99d6-e01b9218a383
|
bxeuo9
|
Why are some bodily hormones only produced when we sleep?
|
I think it would be helpful to examine this question as one example of a more general question: Why do bodies produce some hormones under some conditions but not other? And as a follow-up how are they able to do this?
The why question is so easy to answer that it's not very illuminating: it's either because natural selection favored organisms that do it this way, or this is the dominant genetic trait and natural selection didn't strongly disfavor it. Over time, organisms that did it this way survived and, either through selection pressure, or through random chance, reproduced more than organisms that didn't do it this way and now many organisms do it this way. Slightly more interesting is the gene-level view of things, which is that natural selection favored organisms that contained genes for doing it this way, or that this is the dominant genetic trait and natural selection didn't strongly disfavor organisms with it. Over time, organisms with these genes survived and, either through selection pressure, or through random chance, reproduced more than organisms without these genes and now these genes have come to dominate the population.
The how it the interesting question though. There are a lot of physical and chemical signals telling cells when to do one thing and when to do another. Some hormones may be produced when gravity pulls sideways at the body and turned off when gravity pulls downward. This could be moderated through the flow of liquids that are affected strongly by gravity such as your blood or your stomach contents. Other hormones could be produced when there is no light present because light exposure on your skin or optic nerve inhibits production. Still others may be produced when your overall metabolic rate is low and chemicals produced during the day are not present or have begun to degrade.
As you can see, it may not be the case that some hormones that are produced when sleeping are produced because of sleeping. They could be, but there are also likely a large number of other environmental factors that are associated with sleep and trigger production.
|
f6612144-e71c-4178-84a3-dfc95a9c79d9
|
bxexrt
|
Why with the room temperature of 24C(75F) degrees in winter are felt much cooler than the 24(75F) degrees in summer
|
In the winter the air inside your home is much drier(less humid), and that feels cooler than in the summer, when it's likely much more humid.
|
e19974dc-a9d2-486c-a055-38c33590087e
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bxf4ip
|
how do you write and publish a book?
|
You write the book, you send a copy to publishers to see if they’re interested, or you self publish. Google is your friend, there’s plenty or resources on the entire process and all the options
|
f89a17ef-eb2f-4ac1-b57c-1c24955d4d56
|
bxf7do
|
why does alcohol burns like hell when we put it in a cut or bruise?
|
Alcohol makes your nerves respond in the same way they do to touching really hot things. (Binds to the same receptors, etc.)
|
3aa21d05-e698-4984-8409-6cf2d17cd891
|
bxff6h
|
What does romantic nationalism mean?
|
Romance in this context is essentially equivalent to Fantasy. So it means a degree of nationalism that attributes fantastic or even Supernatural ideas to the country in question. If you believe that the United States is not just a really good country, but is chosen by God to be the leading country in the world, then you are a romantic nationalist.
|
ce3df48e-09c0-4419-825e-b75d3fe9910c
|
bxfsla
|
Why can't they run a pressurized oxygen line all the way to the top of Mount Everest so that climbers can use oxygen on the way up?
|
Who would pay for it? No one "needs" to climb Mt everest so it's not really a necessity.
|
9273a836-edee-4726-9048-30eeaef756b1
|
bxfss7
|
-Jupiter’s “hurricane”
|
Jupiter is much bigger, so the forces at work on its weather are much more intense and everything essentially works at a slower time scale. But the biggest reason is that Jupiter doesn't have land masses, because land masses are what ultimately tends to destroy hurricanes. Hurricanes generally consistently build up energy while they are above water, and then lose it as soon as they start to hit land.
Jupiter probably does have a solid surface somewhere way down there, but it is so far down there it has absolutely no effect on the upper atmospheric levels at all.
|
64b0ffc4-c83e-4f41-a7ab-53228a78f9fe
|
bxfydw
|
What is bipolarity, what causes it to happen and how is it treated?
|
I’m bipolar, and I can try to explain this simply, but i have a tendency to go off on convoluted tangents sometimes, so we’ll see.
It’s a mood disorder, where you have little to no control over switching between elevated moods (manic episode), depressed moods (depressive episodes), and sometimes, a combination of the two happens simultaneously (mixed episode). Episodes usually last weeks to months, but it’s all highly variable, and some people have rapid cycling where episodes change in days, hours, or even minutes.
There are several classifications of bipolar but the most common are type 1 and type 2. Type 1 is what most people associate with bipolar, with delusional, psychotic highs and suicidal lows. Type 2 is characterized by longer depressive episodes and hypomania instead of mania. Hypomania is less “extreme” than mania... both of them make you feel great at first because you have all kinds of energy and focus and charisma, but then you start getting irritable, you can’t sit still, you can’t sleep... once you start believing the universe is talking to you, or feeling like these incredible feelings you’ve been having mean you’ve been chosen to deliver a message, or save the world, or that you’re second coming of Jesus, well... that’s when you’ve crossed from hypomania into mania. That’s when the delusions and hallucinations and trips to the hospital start. They’re usual followed by depressive episodes where you think about what a jerk you’ve been, how crazy you must have looked, etc.
In the simplest terms, it happens because of a combination of genetics and trauma/stress. Some are predisposed genetically and more likely to get it. It can also be caused by drug use but that is technically a separate diagnoses as the symptoms disappear with sobriety. Treatment is therapy and medication... there is no cure, only attempts to improve quality of life.
Everyone experiences anxiety, irritability, depression, all the same things we do, but we feel things in extremes, overloading is. Our brains run wild where others can just let something go. We can control our emotions more often than not, we just have episodes where it becomes very difficult, and we can’t control when those episodes will happen.
|
0bec5ed1-b193-4063-b0b7-213174e2d0f4
|
bxg0qq
|
Why are you not supposed to take some meds on an empty stomach? Why does that play a role at all?
|
It can hurt your stomach lining or make your acids out of control and possibly make you puke
|
09d191da-ac0c-48aa-a309-c0f04e5d065b
|
bxg3er
|
Why, when we feel hot underneath the covers, does sticking one leg out cool us off, when obviously it is the body mass that is most uncomfortable?
|
Because your foot shares the same blood supply as the rest of your body. When hot blood runs through your foot, and your foot now has access to cold air, it cools off while it is in your foot and then it gets pumped back to the rest of your body, cooling the rest of your body.
|
1fccb861-7c22-4052-b87d-facacaa8103f
|
bxg4y2
|
how does electric eel doesn't hurt themselves or damage a vital organ when they electrify their prey?
|
They flex themselves in a way so the electricity doesn't flow through their hearts, when they open the ion channels letting sodium flow therefore reversing polarity and causing a difference in electric potential. When they are charging they make an "U" shape and when discharging it they stiffen up straight a ruler and the current flows parelel to their hearts.
|
8f9b7325-baa9-425b-a3fe-1a8bea26b6cb
|
bxg8dx
|
how do energy companies safely obtain radioactive material for nuclear power plants?
|
Reactor fuel, uranium, is mostly safe before it's put into the reactor. You can actually hold a chunk of uranium in your hand and be just fine, as long as you don't lick it, ingest it, or inhale any dust from it. It's mined from the ground, enriched a little bit depending on the type of reactor, and then formed into pellets. These pellets get assembled into fuel rods, the rods get grouped into bundles, and the bundles go in the reactor. It's the fission process that they undergo once inside the reactor that makes new isotopes that are far more dangerous than the original unused fuel.
|
7d60e354-4fd3-49fa-b7ce-8d65dc3ded55
|
bxgaim
|
When you Google a certain store or restaurant and it gives you a bar chart of peak times, where does the data come from?
|
When you have Google Maps, you can turn on location tracking to help Google learn certain tasks. For example, it will learn where your home and work are, and what route you usually take to get there, so then it will send you a message when it's time for you to leave for work based on current traffic.
When you have location tracking enabled, Google can use GPS to determine that you're probably at a particular store or restaurant if you linger in that location for a while. So if Google notices that around 6pm, not many phones are announcing their location at a particular restaurant, but at 7pm, a lot are, then at 8pm, not many are pinging again, they can surmise that 6pm and 8pm aren't very busy, but 7pm is.
Repeat that over weeks and weeks and they can build a pretty good idea of how busy a restaurant or store will be at any given time.
If you use google Maps, you can even look at where Google thinks/knows you have been. Go to Menu > Your Timeline and it will show a history if you have location tracking enabled. For instance,[ here's some of my tracking from yesterday.](_URL_0_) I didn't have to do anything or even confirm I was at those places. Google Maps just knew from my GPS.
|
c20d7cb3-525a-49a7-806e-56debcc6387e
|
bxgpbn
|
If rivers flow from land and into the ocean, then where does that water come from?
|
Rain, snowmelt, lakes, and springs.
With rain and melting snow, the water falls from the sky, flows downhill, and because of how hills work the water aggregates into tiny streams. Some also absorbs into the ground and is taken up by plants, but that's not the focus right now. The streams join up into creeks which become increasibgly larger rivers as they join. Basically, a river starts wherever the cartographer decides he wants to stop drawing branching streams, and where those paths usually conjoin. The Yangtze, which you asked to use as an example, is formed this way from snowmelt in the Quinghai mountains in Tibet.
Lakes can start rivers too by basically overflowing their banks or if a bank gives way. Water takes the easiest path downhill from there. Lakes are (usually) fed by rivers though so this might not count.
Springs are where water from the groundwater breaches the surface. These usually form small ponds with no apparent source before overcoming their banks and making creeks/streams/rivers depending on just how much water is coming out.
|
4ae82139-6b05-4b56-9ae3-6502079cece7
|
bxgpgj
|
how do doctors get rich?
|
If you’re talking about a private practitioner then yes - they can set their own fees. You also have to consider that they are probably seeing A LOT of patients too.
Most places set fees according to what the norm is in their area though. Also, if they are contracted with an insurance company they have to go by the fees that the company sets.
Some other factors that can come into play would be the complexity of what service they are doing and what type of doctor they are.
Edited to add some more info:
Doctors can bill just about every little thing they do to insurance companies that they work with. I went to an ENT just to get my hearing checked and the EOB that I got from my insurance company had about 7 procedure codes all the way down to the small bit of scraping he did in my ear canal lol
|
35afb234-0349-43be-9bfb-90560bfa20a2
|
bxh56r
|
subnet mask in networking
|
An IP address describes 2 things: a network, and a specific host on that network. You can think of it like a first and last name, which describes a family and a specific person in that family. The subnet mask is like the space between the first and last name. It specifies which part belongs to the family, and which part belongs to the individual. John Doe is a specific individual John in the family Doe. If we move the space all the way to the left so that the name is "J Ohndoe" you'll notice that now there are only 26 unique names available for members of the Ohndoe family. If we move the space all the way to the right so the name is "Johndo E", we can come up with a lot of individual names but only 26 possible families. The subnet mask is used like the space so that we can adapt to situations where we either need a lot of unique individuals and only a few families, or else a lot of families and each family only has a few individuals.
|
7318bd77-a5a0-43e7-9195-c13f2c55e71a
|
bxhj2g
|
during the lunch shift at every restaurant I've ever worked at, business is so slow that the restaurant is reliably getting maybe four or five customers an hour. Why bother even being open when business is so slow? Surely the profits don't cover the cost of paying staff...
|
A lot of times that's how you start building the lunch time rush, eventually people associate the place with lunch.
Other times it's a good time for the kitchen to get started prepping for the night.
|
9c885d9a-0258-4f58-881f-f29dffaf571d
|
bxhopo
|
the national debt of the United States. How bad is it, and what are the short- and long-term repercussions of having a 104% debt-to-income ratio?
|
Assuming that borrowed money goes towards making the economy stronger, it can be advantageous. Like if you issue bonds with a 2% interest and get 5% growth in the economy by the time the bonds mature, it has helped both itself and the people benefiting from that growth. As long as this growth is maintained, there are no short nor long-term repercussions. However, there is obviously risk in that if the economy contracts or simply doesn't grow enough to pay the portion of the debt when it comes due which may have significant repercussions should it ever happen.
|
e27ba4ce-b7fd-4c8b-a50c-f4e5d26ce125
|
bxhtgf
|
How does RAID work?
|
Easy to find on internet but I'll explain in a simple way...
Raid is a way to make the computer use multiple disks as one. This has the benefit of increasing read/write speed (most raid levels) or increasing data security (raid 1, 5, 6), but might have disadvantages for instance on raid 0 is one disk dies your data is lost.
|
bb4d5e4e-b618-48a1-ad53-3aa7947f2d52
|
bxhvg4
|
how do they make plastic clear/transparent but also can make it coloured?
|
Raw plastic is shipped as pellets. The pellets are melted and formed, molded or extruded to form the product desired. Some raw plastic is translucent and some are nearly transparent. (some are naturally opaque) If a particular color is needed, you can either tell the raw pellet manufacturer to add a dye to the pellets or to do the coloring yourself by adding a dye.
|
fe40cf0d-627b-4620-ad69-5a522f65aeca
|
bxhwb9
|
How does sand turn into glass and how does it suddenly become transparent?
|
Sand is made up of rocks and shells, but it is mostly silica.
When heated to extreme temperatures, mixed with a flux (like boron), it turns clear.
Note that this is a simplified explanation, you have to take out the rocks and shells and trash.
It's still sandy at this point, then sift it, then heat it, when it hits the right temperature it turns liquid, literal lava. After this cooling it will turn it clear... or close to clear.
& #x200B;
This is really difficult btw, you need very pure silica, and very pure fluxes, and just the right temperature.
Here's a whole series of someone attempting this from scratch over several months:
[_URL_0_](_URL_0_)
|
444ea917-9187-4001-811a-af002d980e12
|
bxi09p
|
Why do endorphins release when we utilize tools like stress balls during stressful moments?
|
During anxiety and stress, our body releases hormones that activate our fight or flight response. Notice that fighting or fleeing are both actions that we need to do and our body rewards us for doing those actions by releasing endorphins to cancel out the stress response.
This makes sense back in the days when we needed to fight off large predators. Our ancestors who fought off or fled from the predators tended to survive more than the humans that did nothing.
However, in the modern world, many things that stress us are not easily delt with. Issues like "how will I pay my bills?" or "what should I be doing with my life?" cause the same stress response but there is no easy way or fight or run away from it completely.
That is why taking actions like squeezing a stress ball makes our body feel like we're doing something in those stressful events to relieve them. It's also why stressed/angry people find release in breaking things because they have control over those actions. More healthy ways of dealing with stress involve exercising (effectively fleeing) or other physical activities (fighting) to manage stress.
|
c855e7cd-4b3e-4228-bb41-c1d8e486fd4e
|
bxij0p
|
How does an increase in buying something cause the price to increase?
|
Supply and demand has a ton to do with it. Basically there's a limited amount of stuff and people want it. It also has to do with things being sold via businesses. For example:
\------------
You want these apples a fellow is selling at his apple stall for $1.
I also want them, I tell the seller I'll buy them for $1.50
You really want the apples so tell him you're willing to pay $2.00 and absolutely no higher for the apples.
I refuse to pay $2.00 for the apples.
You buy the apples for $2.00.
\------------
Now for the business side of things, the owner could keep the apples at $2.00. People want apples bad enough to pay $2.00 for them, after all, you bought them. However, he knows I wouldn't pay that for the apples, but I was willing to pay $1.50. I'm a potential customer, he *wants* my business. So he finds a middle ground to get both your business, (the big spender) and my business (the stingy guy). I wasn't willing to pay another $0.50 (making it $2.00), but I *might* be willing to pay $1.60. Not only will he get $0.60 more for his original $1 apples, he'll get both your business and my business.
& #x200B;
It's a combination of what price gets you the most business, what price goes into creating the product, and how bad people want it.
|
36840027-7fd9-40e5-87dd-243264d522ba
|
bxirqt
|
If many Youtubers rely on ad revenue, does subscribing to Youtube Premium hurt their revenue? If not, how is the subscription cost divided?
|
Pretty sure when someone watches with YouTube Premium, the content creator gets a small cut. I remember some Youtuber said it was roughly double the amount an ad would get them. So, YouTube Premium actually helps content creators.
Edit from YouTube Premium FAQs:
Will creators still be paid with YouTube Premium?
Yes, of course. In fact, YouTube Premium provides a secondary revenue stream for creators in addition to what you're already earning today through ads.
How is revenue determined?
Currently, new revenue from YouTube Premium membership fees is distributed to video creators based on how much members watch your content. As with our advertising business, the majority of the revenue will go to creators.
|
f608d65c-24b7-468d-97bc-371f508a5215
|
bxisdq
|
what is the definition of "canter"?
|
\--edit--
Added walk/trot
\---------
& #x200B;
If you mean in regards to a horse, it's basically a speed that a horse moves. Depending on whether or not the horse is walking, trotting, cantering, or galloping their legs are in different positions, and landing at different times.
At a walk, the horse is moving with a single leg up, as it lands, another rises, giving off a '1-beat'
At a trot, the horse is moving with two legs up, two down, and swaps them, giving off a '2-beat'.
At a canter, the horse is moving at a speed where one leg is on the ground and then a '3-beat', the other three legs landing, is heard.
At a gallop, the horse moves at a speed where there are times in its stride where its not making contact with the ground and you end up hearing a '4-beat'.
& #x200B;
That's the gist of it, my sister is really in to horses. This is my understanding of it. ¯\\\_(ツ)\_/¯
|
3e29c9d8-fdde-4a7d-a491-28b7f2c46f66
|
bxitpt
|
Why do hot baths/saunas make the human body feel dizzy after long periods of time?
|
Heat causes your body to push more blood to your skin, when this happens less blood is pumped to your brain which can cause dizziness as you don't get the amount of oxygen that you need.
In addition to blood going to your skin, sweating as much as you do in the sauna can cause dehydration. If you become dehydrated enough your blood pressure falls which means even less blood flow to the brain.
|
fe56f13f-63b2-439b-8aba-1d371ec60383
|
bxiwgq
|
What are hypersonic missiles ?
|
Missiles that travel faster than Mach 5. Supersonic is faster than the speed of sound up to Mach 5, then Hypersonic is above that.
|
64d33de3-1185-4ac2-98f9-15b3065dc14e
|
bxizbk
|
- why is it that you can't get water in your eyes when you have contact lenses in but it's fine to get water in your eyes if you haven't?
|
Because contact lenses lay on the eye, so water in your eye (or any solution as a matter of fact) will disrupt the lenses. Water on your eye with nothing laying on it will not do anything.
|
6c866571-0e41-4dd8-885b-0512f114f88c
|
bxj0z6
|
why does thunder sound long and with a long rumble when the lightning is far away and why is it a short hard bang if it is really close?
|
Echoes. A sound that intense is going to produce an intense echo, even if the surface it's reflecting off absorbs a fair bit of the sound. The further away from the source, the more time there is for the reflected waves to reverb around off of other surfaces and to separate. Thus, long rumble vs short blast.
|
a76801bf-13f7-491e-9a90-8e22f33dcfbe
|
bxj85y
|
What is a stock buyback, what exactly is being bought "back", and how are these buybacks helping the wealthy get richer?
|
A stock buyback is when a company spends its own money to buy shares of its own stock, instead of, say, hiring new employees or buying new equipment.
The effect of this is that the stock price is higher than it otherwise would be (since the company is generating demand for it)
Thus, people with the companies stock (which you could say are “the wealthy”) get richer.
IIRC this is the preferred way to transfer investment returns from companies to shareholders, because there is less tax than simply issuing a dividend.
|
71cd6018-30ae-4bd2-9334-fe96abb4f30c
|
bxj882
|
How does the Turing test work, and why is it still debatable whether it has been passed or not?
|
Simple. You are put in a room with a 2 keyboards and 2 screens. On one end there is a person, on the other, a programm.
You ask both whatever questions you want, for how long you want.
The person is not trying to trick you. If you can't figure out reliably which is the computer and which is the person, the programm has passed the turing test
|
f146918e-0c98-467f-8ace-956bf2ecdfef
|
bxjd9h
|
what is the purpose of non-antibacterial/normal hand soap?
|
Not all applications require aggressive anti-bacterial properties. Cleaning off dirt or grease or motor oil or paint isn't really a biohazard problem so much as a solvent problem, and other soaps might do the job better and/or with less of a drying effect on your skin.
Antibacterial soaps don't poison bacteria like antibiotics do, it dissolves them like acid.
You can evolve a resistance to poisons over time by altering cell chemistry, but there's not really a good way to evolve a resistance to getting chemically dissolved.
|
3429f222-90ee-414d-bbd8-7df8c6710b37
|
bxjkxe
|
why do digital numbers bounce?
|
The numbers on the microwave aren't solidly lit, they blink really fast. They have a high enough refresh rate that you can't tell under normal circumstances. When you chew something crunchy, the crunching is shaking your head and making that refresh rate more visible, so it leaves a sort of "trail" imprint on your vision.
|
e28fbc63-7f70-4d43-b4fc-17d1ef6458aa
|
bxjnj8
|
How do programs like CCleaner clean the Windows registry?
|
Registry cleaners are pretty much useless these days, as Windows is pretty good about keeping the registry clean itself. Regardless, cleaning the registry doesn't really result in much of a performance impact.
One of the big things that registry cleaning does is remove entries that refer to files/folders that no longer exist. Poor software uninstallers do not remove all of the programs registry entries, that's the biggest contributor to unnecessary registry data.
|
e42fe55e-0202-4b7f-a818-68813b20841c
|
bxjqcw
|
Is breathing in someone else's exhalation for an extended amount of time harmful?
|
Doubt it. For one, you wouldn't both necessarily inhale and exhale in alternating patterns perfectly for an extended period of time, so you might both exhale at the same time which would force a significant amount of air away from your mouths.
Second, when you breathe out you force air away, which allows other "fresher" air to fill the void. Air moves just like a fluid and will allow most, if not all of the air in the room to mix, diluting the amount of CO2 you breathe in.
If you were however to go mouth to mouth with someone and just continually breathe in and out each others exhaled air you'd quickly lose sufficient oxygen and could pass out, suffer from brain damage, or potentially suffocate and die.
|
690ac303-cc6a-48a3-88ef-1e56e5832493
|
bxjrfk
|
What does shorting a stock/shorting the market mean?
|
Normally, when you buy stocks, you want to buy low, and sell high. So I buy 100 shares of Company X at $10/share (total value: $1000), wait for it to go up to $11 and sell (total value: $1100), then I've made $100. If the price dropped to $9, the stock would only be worth $900 total and I'd have lost $100 in value. Buying stock is basically a bet that the stock will *increase* in value.
Shorting stocks is the reverse; it's a bet that the stock will *decrease* in value.
Suppose I think Company X is going to have a bad quarter and their stock price will go down. I can "borrow" some shares of stock in Company X from a broker for a fixed period of time with the agreement that I will give them back the exact same number of shares by a certain date. (Let's say June 30.) I *must* give them back those shares, no matter what the price is. (Don't worry about how the "borrowing" works -- that's all handled by a broker.)
So now I have a borrowed 100 shares of Company X that are selling at $11/share. I run out and sell them all quickly for $1100. I now have $1100 in my pocket, but I've got to use that money to buy back the same number of shares of the stock before June 30, so I can give them back to the broker that let me borrow those 100 shares.
Fortunately for me, Company X's stock drops to $8/share! I run out and buy 100 shares at that price, which costs me $800. June 30 comes around and I give those 100 shares back to the broker. I have $300 of my $1100 left over, so that's the amount I made from shorting the stock.
Of course, if Company X's stock had *gone up* to, say, $12 a share, I'd have been *required* to buy those 100 shares back at *that* price, costing me $1200 which is more than I sold the borrowed shares for, losing me $100.
So, yeah, shorting stocks is a bet that the stock will *decrease* in value.
There are a lot more rules/laws around shorting stocks than there are around buying stocks, because you're basically borrowing someone else's shares for a period of time, so it's a lot more complex process.
|
883c4d9f-3937-4e73-b861-0666493521d1
|
bxjtng
|
why is it that sometimes when drinking hot/cold water you feel it down your chest but other times you don’t?
|
Or what about when you drink water and instantly feel it spreading out into your entire body?
|
b851b06c-01df-49cb-b3cc-49659537be0a
|
bxjvsx
|
How do scientists determine the age of the stars, or just their remaining life time?
|
In a nutshell: as a star ages and consumes it's fuel it begins burning heavier elements. By examining the signs of these elements being consumed we can use that as one way of measuring the age of a star. Combine that with size and luminosity and that gives an estimate of age and time left before transition to the next phase of it's life. There's more to it but that's the ELI5 version.
|
99d5560b-9264-4f87-8ee7-2ef62bbcdaa1
|
bxjxoa
|
How does the process of hibernation work? As in how does the animal not starve over that long period of time?
|
If you watch squirrels around late autumn, you'll see that they get pretty fat. The animals will eat tons of food (A lot of it has been food they've stored up) before the hibernation season. These animals then experience a rapid slow down in their metabolism to help them to be able to live off of their fat deposits. This is the time they actually sleep and rest for most of the days. However, as some mistakenly believe, they do not actually sleep the entire time. They still get up and move around, especially during the milder winter days.
|
24056bdd-ad14-4f1e-b3f6-76c960cdbc05
|
bxk2j0
|
What "turns on" a nuclear reactor?
|
To start a fission reaction you need to get enough radioactive material, close enough together, so that it reaches critical mass. The radioactive materials shoot particles at each other which causes the other one to shoot particles back.
It could be as simple as having 2 buckets of radioactive material and moving the 2 buckets next to each other.
|
6756d1b7-c798-4a66-b61b-05a9873d9fc7
|
bxk2v4
|
What makes boilers so dangerous to be around?
|
Look up ntsb accident videos.
Many of them are the result of failure to control pressure, either due to reactions, heat, or mechanical.
|
6f21918b-cc81-43ad-b739-8085ad9b98a7
|
bxkbxz
|
why is it that bulls get angry when they see the color red?
|
They don't. They are aggravated by movement, not the color red (which they're actually color blind to). They'll charge at anything that is flapping or moving.
If you wear red and stand still in the pen with a bull, you will be fine - assuming some clowns are running around that is. So be like Dax... and master the art of not being seen.
Historically the red cape of the matador was to disguise from the blood spatter - can't see him smeared in gross cow blood if he's already red.
|
c1f3c68a-b00e-4c6a-b652-3aa878c60d86
|
bxkroq
|
Why do name brand car dealerships have so many cars and trucks in their lot? It’s not like they have 300+ people coming in to buy a vehicle every week
|
Cars don't "go bad" on short notice like groceries, so it's not as dangerous to overstock. And this way if a customer shows up not already knowing which car they want, you can show them tons of options.
|
2cfcf398-32e3-410e-a509-5d371b402694
|
bxksws
|
What is happening to someone dying of Radiation poisoning?
|
Sunburn - ultraviolet radiation penetrates past the outer (dead cell) layers of your skin, and the photons of UV light interact with the atoms in the sensitive biological chemistry compounds inside the live cells in the deeper layers of your skin, causing unwanted chemical reactions that kill the cell. It it's a "burn" like a "chemical burn" - reactions destroy the cells.
X-rays penetrate even more; they're used for x-ray imaging at hospitals because they go right through skin and muscles and are stopped by the denser bones. An x-ray can basically deliver its energy anywhere inside your body, and the sudden chemical reactions could kill the cells... or just destroy some of the DNA and possibly cause the cell to "malfunction" (cancer).
Nuclear radiation (gamma) goes through your body as if it were transparent air. You need lead, or a big thickness of less dense materials (cement, water) to stop it. Again, same thing, unwanted chemical reactions that can disrupt your cells and kill them, like a severe fire burn, on the inside.
It's painful because your organs are dying, and pain is what your body uses to tell you this. Think severe sunburn or fire burn blisters, inside your organs. Cells bursting, forming blisters, etc.
|
af31243b-d9db-4c8b-bd44-31271350cea2
|
bxkz7g
|
"Multiplexing" and "Demultiplexing" in next generation sequencing
|
I'm not a biologist, but in Electronic engineering, we use multiplexing for sending multiple signals down a transmission line, and demultiplexing for splitting one transmission line into many signals at the other end. It looks like this is much the same. you take many samples, combine them into one data-set, sequence them on a high-power sequencing machine, and then un-merge them into their respective data-sets
|
2062a079-f6ea-4b74-9c6d-c6f90cd4f147
|
bxl8w6
|
How are complex functions like trigonometric or hyperbolic calculated on computers or scientific calculators?
|
Because most calculators of limited power don't use the slow functions. They use specifically chosen approximations, Taylor series, etc. and optimise the algorithm towards whatever the processor does best - e.g. integer operation, fixed-point or floating-point, multiplications, additions, bitwise operations, etc.
If you choose the right algorithm it can converge to a calculator-number of digits very quickly, probably only a handful of iterations of maybe a few dozen operations each. Even at 1KHz, that means almost no time at all to converge to something you can display to 10 decimal places, even if you have to prep the numbers involved, use a weird algorithm, and then convert back from integer to float at the end.
|
078d4cc5-283a-4008-b8ae-e94c3008b64a
|
bxlq4g
|
How does quantitive easing work?
|
Banks lend money so businesses can grow, and the economy grows.
& #x200B;
Financial Crisis! Banks lose lots of money. Their ability to lend is significantly reduced. - this is an important point.
& #x200B;
Businesses still want to borrow, but with much reduced reserves, the Banks are at the limit of what they can lend. The Credit Crunch.
& #x200B;
The Central Bank can see the economy needs more money. It tries to encourage banks to borrow (and thus lend) more money by cutting rates.
This usually works. but not this time. When you're at the limit, you can't borrow any more. No matter how cheap.
& #x200B;
The Central bank can't lend any more to anyone, so it takes a new approach. Buy assets from the banks. (paid for by newly created central-bank money)
The banks can't borrow any more, but they can sell their assets for cash. They sell bonds to the Central Bank, and get money in return.
This is called quantitative easing.
& #x200B;
This money will be loaned out. It goes into the system and helps the economy grow.
& #x200B;
Two main reasons we don't get an inflation problem:
& #x200B;
1) The Central Bank is creating the money because we \*need\* more, i.e. we don't have enough to start with! If it was creating more money when we already had enough then it would be a problem. Compared to before the crisis, the new money isn't exceeding the old levels. It is just replenishing the depleted levels in the banking system. It is filling the void left when the old money got snatched away. That old money is sitting on the sidelines, not contributing, as if it doesn't exist.
& #x200B;
2) The new money is helping to fuel growth. If the economy grows along with new money being created there won't be an inflation problem. With more people creating and buying more goods, you need more money. The problems come if you have more money \*and\* relatively fewer goods.
|
238936ed-d4a7-4289-935e-b19d6a5a2af1
|
bxlupz
|
Why is it that when you close your eyes on a sunny day & then open them, your vision has a blue tint to it?
|
Your eyes and brain have a natural mechanism for trying to balance colour, in much the way a camera does. Trying to create a natural looking colour scheme for you by slowly shifting what colours look like by presenting them as blue or red tinted to compensate for the light you're seeing. Also known as White Balance on cameras.
Sunlight is a light on the blue end of things, but most of the time, you're seeing it "naturally", without a perceived tint, because your eyes have balanced around it. When you close your eyes on a sunny day, the light is passing through your eyelids, so your eyes are adjusted to red light instead.
When you open your eyes, your eyes take a moment to rebalance between the red light of your closed eyes and the blue light of the sun, making everything seem extra blue (the blue of the light, combined with the balancing blue your biology added to balance out the red).
|
710b8547-9901-46f8-8b0f-07a935a6c902
|
bxlzlv
|
why is 1 subtance hydrophillic and another hydrophobic. Can you change the behaviour of a substances ?
|
Water is a polar molecule, meaning it has positive and negative sides, kind of like a mini-magnet.
Hydrophilic surfaces are usually polar too, so they attract the water molecules like magnets clicking together. So water will easily “stick” to the hydrophilic surface and, if the substance is porous, be absorbed into it.
Hydrophobic substances are usually non-polar, so water doesn’t stick to them like how magnets on wood won’t stick. Since there is no attraction between the water molecule and the surface, it easily rolls off the material.
|
9d7f17d9-2d5a-4a0e-88d7-cb8510084169
|
bxm8pc
|
How do gut bacteria actually make it to your intestines with the hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach in the way?
|
The hydrochloric acid in your stomach is usually heavily diluted in the first place, and only long-term exposure can erode their membrane away. Most, however, reside in your gut lining, which has a nice, thick layer of mucus to protect then from your stomach fluids. Some of the mucus gets washed down when the contents of your stomach move from your stomach to the small intestine, where bile acts as a general transmitter for bacteria to your large intestine. Basically, your gut bacteria spreads throughout your GIT due to pure luck. Pretty good luck for the both of you, too, because you have a mutual symbiotic relationship.
|
5f74b922-9410-4dc0-bb2f-b9e686c6aeff
|
bxmh45
|
If things like a sore throat and a headache are caused by your immune system's response to the common cold, what would you experience if you had no response at all?
|
Same as immuno-compromised people do... death.
That's why AIDS doesn't actually kill anybody. Not directly. It destroys your immune system, which means that even a common cold can infect your entire body and kill you.
That's why the body sees a bit of a headache / sore throat / fever are a small price to pay, and why we almost all have immune systems. If we didn't, we'd have died out long, long, long ago. And even immuno-compromised people of today wouldn't survive "naturally" without medical assistance.
|
dadba50b-4cd2-4a6d-8af3-445ae8732e12
|
bxmnr2
|
How do American 20 amp plugs/outlets safely carry more current than their 15 amp counterparts ?
|
They have bigger wires. You have to use 12 gauge wires for a 20A outlet, whereas you can use 14 gauge wires for a 15A outlet.
|
2f801fe0-2728-4b0b-9294-6ab08dc87f0a
|
bxmppr
|
What shapes our handwriting and can it be changed?
|
I can’t answer anything but the last question.
Yes it can be changed. I went from writing in all cursive to block style capital letters in jr high (because I liked how that looked) and it only took me about a week of writing to switch, so at least in my case it’s possible and while actively trying was a pretty quick process.
|
7c0d74df-b214-4191-bbd3-5e89eb7db12c
|
bxmstq
|
This only be me, but why do random small parts of my body twitch at the rate of my heart beat?
|
This is called clonus or myoclonus, and is unrelated to your heart-beat, other than that it may occur with a similar frequency (that is, beats/twitches per second/minute).
It isn't really known what causes these involuntary twitches in normal people. There are some rare diseases like Motor Neuron Disease/ALS which can first appear as these twitch-like movements (though typically these would be more chaotic, rapid 'fasciculations'). It may be a spontaneous phenomenon of electrical systems, like ectopic heart beats, since nerves are 'electrical', or at least based on flow of charge. It may be that there has been an 'injury' to that nerve, such as knocking it or even sitting/resting on it unusually. It may be that some of the salts the body uses to conduct the aforementioned charge are low/high in supply and lead to accidental signal firing.
In short, we have a good idea of the 'what', but a pretty poor understanding of 'why'.
|
b1320506-425e-44fa-9443-8f360d6196d9
|
bxmwg0
|
How come people with Alzheimer's disease do not forget how to speak their native language?
|
Some of them do... long term memory and short term memory are very different things. Learning to speak language is something we encode in ourselves at a young age. Even then, you are incorrect here as people often do forget how to put words together in the sentence they are attempting properly.
People with this disease literally forget key things about themselves. Nothing is off limits.
|
f04d76fe-f465-4097-93ae-fd659dc1de83
|
bxndky
|
How does tin foil in the oven not get hot?
|
It does get hot. But since it is so thin, it has very little mass and a very high surface area compared to that mass. So by the time you've pulled it out of the oven, it's already cooled down quite a bit. That very low mass also means there is not much actual heat energy stored there to burn you.
|
08fdb68f-a030-4ae9-bc2b-6a6f695d7dcf
|
bxnee3
|
- What makes James Bond themes instantly recognisable as a James Bond theme?
|
It is called a [Leitmotif](_URL_0_)
A short melody, chord progression or rhythm accompanies a certain character or event that appears on screen (or on stage, as the term leitmotif and its use originated in opera) making the audience associate them together.
Lots of composers use it. The James Bond one is famous, but you can (probably) easily recall the Lord of the Rings music accompanying the heroes whenever they start chopping up some orcs, or the Star Wars theme whenever Darth Vadar does his thing for the same reason.
|
d167ee53-ccd7-4a28-b8f0-7ae2588acb54
|
bxnkw8
|
how do diuretics work?
|
There's a hormone in your body called ADH, or anti-diuretic hormone. As you know, diuresis means "to pee". So an anti-diuretic hormone causes your body to pee less - specifically by making your pee less watery, but leaving all the bad stuff in there.
Some substances (like caffeine and alcohol) cause your body to produce less ADH. When there is less ADH in your blood, that's a signal telling your kidneys to leave more water in your pee, causing it to build up faster. This is why you may notice your pee being more clear after drinking these drinks. Your body isn't producing more urea (the main poison your urine is designed to get rid of), but it's just getting rid of more water in the process. (edit: see below, the urea isn't what colors your urine)
This is one reason why staying hydrated is important to prevent hangovers - even small imbalances in your body's water levels can cause your brain to shrink slightly and cause headaches.
Source: studying to take the MCAT next week.
|
27c5bda5-9921-4291-98f6-edc7a472292e
|
bxnnmt
|
Why do strong vibrations make me nauseous?
|
Though I dont know your medical history, I would guess that it is a sympathetic nervous system response. The loud sounds, the vibrations, and probably so many people around you that may be combined with food and liquid in your stomach basically told your body you are in a stressful and possibly dangerous place and digesting food is not a priority so you throw it up. All in all, the body is weird and acts on whatever data is available.
|
c5b31616-577d-455f-bc70-c18dd8429e97
|
bxnrma
|
I’m in the northern hemisphere, why does the sun seem like it is setting in the north west?
|
Tldr: Because it is. It's not an illusion.
The Earth is tilted compared to it's orbit. This means the sun varies in it's position from overhead depending on the time of year.
If you position yourself at the equator this means that half the year the sun is to your North, the other half it's to your South depending on if the Earths North Pole is tilted towards our away from the sun.
Now let's take the extreme and place you beat the North Pole in summer. From there the sun never sets at all. It'll Skim the horizon but never set. Where you are it's going to be in between.
Here's an image:. _URL_0_
|
47d0e402-aa78-4cc0-aa18-35d1a4f20de8
|
bxnv7w
|
how do cartoon animators animate the mouths of characters to the speed at which they speak?
|
The voice actors record their lines ahead of time and the animators hit their animations to the time line on the audio recordings.
|
62583bfa-9958-4975-a9a3-5a151937b16c
|
bxnvza
|
Why are there tiny little stings of bubbles that rise up from the bottom of beers?
|
Imperfections in the glass.
The bubble finds something to stick to, and then more bubbles stick to it, until the bubble it big enough that it floats off and starts the process over again.
Look up nucleation point.
|
9cd3310f-f8bb-46d8-8e5a-20b5ecc9fea9
|
bxo5k4
|
How do reporters find out about crime and accidents so fast? How do they pick which incidents to report?
|
Radio scanners. (Even for jurisdictions with encrypted radio comms they sometimes give credentialed news outlets a radio programmed to hear dispatch)
Citizens reporting.
Twitter.
Friends of friends sending texts.
The police themselves, especially if it fits their mandate.
|
88a0ed81-c204-4cea-887d-57b1083eec7c
|
bxo81m
|
Why do our bodies build up a tolerance to some medications but not others?
|
It's kinda hard without specifics, but it has to do with upregulation of receptors a lot of the time.
Imagine you're delivering goods to a factory. The first delivery, they send two guys to unload a whole truck, and it ends up taking hours. The factory learns their lesson and sends two extra guys the next time, so it takes half the time. You keep making the deliveries until the factory sends out so many guys that a few of them are just standing around while everyone else grabs one box each.
The factory is your cell (basic building block of you) and the workers are receptors (the bits on the cell that uptake/respond to meds).
Some drugs target cells in a way that doesn't cause them to send out more receptors, while others can reach saturation/oversaturation quickly so your cell doesn't respond as strongly/for as long.
Edit: this model might be a little backwards for the drugs people are picturing. The opposite version of this is if the boxes are heavy and the workers start slacking off (downregulation) and don't engage as much. After revising a few things, the model I suggested originally is one of up-regulation and doesn't quite fit the question. Hopefully it helps some of you understand/visualise cell receptors a little better, and also hammer home that this is a complex subject.
|
eecbc870-0ae1-4bea-be88-e20a0a5277ba
|
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