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by6esm
|
why do some events that happened a year ago feel like they were yesterday while others feel like they were years ago?
|
Emotion affects memory formation
Example - dangerous situations or anytime your adrenaline spikes, your mind makes sure to remember those things with as much clarity as possible, because it's a survival instinct - adrenaline means you are in danger and thus remembering what is happening in that moment could save you the next time it happens.
|
6a347e3d-319f-471d-af85-8a19cca2f218
|
by6m2o
|
How does a property surveyor actually decide where the property lines are?
|
Land Surveyor here. Typing from mobile.
In the U.S.A., and specifically Florida, we use plats for original surveys done, older surveys sometimes being 100+ years old, these surveys were good at the time, but not on par for today's standards. Due to changes in zoning laws and sometimes sub-dividing property, you will find that there is sometimes multiple pins/rods/concrete monuments/wrenches/pine/spoons where a corner of property could be located. I say the older historical evidence is the property corner. For newer corners, surveyors now use a piece of rebar with a plastic cap. This is just for your local evidence.
To also determine your property for a single individual, surveyors will look at the block the house is on, hopefully a 4-way intersection (easier to use squares). This way surveyors and the city property appraiser/record keeper/city planner can see how a block was originally designed and measured. This also insures us that if multiple "pins" are in a line, that the pins are still reliable; this is if the houses are in a traditional rectangle block. To circumvent future problems, city engineers also ask to put all new peoperty coordinates in a "state-plane" system, meaning we have a coordinate where your property corner is at.
We find evidence with what you said a metal-detector, old sketches of the house, the math on the sketches (Bearing and distance), neighbors pins, house location, and similar things done on previous surveys and sometimes no found surveys. The problems that occur with this are line-of-sight, encroachments, and people aggravated you are on "their" property.
|
595fdf42-7a8e-4f84-9262-457a33feb2fe
|
by6my0
|
Why does scratching feel good?
|
Scratching triggers mild pain in your skin. Low-level pain signal to shoot up to the brain and override the itch signal to provide us with relief, and sometimes the pain from scratching makes your body release the pain-fighting chemical serotonin. It can make the itch feel even itchier.
|
d6c0a26f-8cfa-49ed-b86c-8318513ed214
|
by6xn0
|
Weird Math and Arbitrary Numbers?
|
Often, those kinds of numbers are indexed for inflation. So a number like 11,806 might have started as 10,000 when the law was originally passed. The following year, inflation was 2.7%, so it was raised to 10,270. The next year, inflation was 3.1%, so it increased to 10,588. After a few years, the numbers are seemingly-random amounts, but they’re really just something like “the amount of money that $10,000 in 2003 is worth today”.
|
f20e3e14-6737-46d2-b2ba-98a5f476da49
|
by77qj
|
Why do our faces look puffy in the morning just after waking up?
|
Medical issues aside, it's from the build up of fluid in your face while you sleep, especially if you sleep with a pillow. When you're awake and walking around, gravity will help keep excess fluid away from your face. When you're lying on your back or side, now your whole body from your face to your toes are kind of on an even level
|
905a0b5f-1b1b-4a35-9839-aef9c6953d4a
|
by783z
|
Why do people confuse left and right but not up and down?
|
Left and right are choices we make hundreds of times a day for all sorts of things, many of them arbitrarily one or the other as they're often quite equal.
Up and down isn't a choice - but gravity enforced upon us. It's never mentally mapped as equal
|
e35d941d-e9a2-4f3a-b604-fff2345c5acf
|
by7ilg
|
What makes a morning person? How does their water not taste like vomit, their muscles not ache like crazy, and their addled mind not want to kill everyone within a 5-mile radius?
|
For me its having a good natural alarm. I *usually* wake up on my own anywhere from 10 to 3 minutes before my alarm and it seems to do well for my circadian rhythm. I notice a huge difference when I dont wake up on my own - alarm or person - where I'm miserable, sore, and exhausted.
|
34439dd1-8ffc-4e8e-bb60-a19eadfc58e3
|
by85kk
|
How come icicles and cream based ice cream keep their shape in the same temperature?
|
Since cream is just water with a variety of things dissolved into it and icicles are mainly water as well, they are both solids at the same temperature and become liquid at roughly the same temperature.
|
b1cbc8c8-1124-4705-a942-a95520c7e9e7
|
by880n
|
- maternity leave
|
Paying employees hurts the company's bottom line. So do safety laws, vacation, and employment standards.
Parental leave is about preventing companies from behaving like amoral ribber barons who can destroy a person's career for having a family.
|
ea424e11-4a38-4302-9618-cb15346419ac
|
by88vn
|
Liar's Dice Expected Values
|
Hey. The real number to think about is 3 dice (or 1 in every 3 dice) when using 1 as a wild. Or 6 with no wild, but let's stick to the 3.
The reason I say 3 is that if you roll 6 dice and they all land on something different, then you have 1 and your desired number, so 2 in 6. 2/6 can be reduced to 1 in 3. These are just odds of course, no actual guarantee. That is why they say the chances of that estimate being correct is 59.5%. So that applies to 1 in 3, 2 in 6, 3 in 9, 4 in 12 and the 5 in 15 you had an example of.
You can use that as a guide so that if there is a dice count in between like 10, you know that there is better than 60% chance of 3, but much less than 60% chance of 4.
All that being said, always take your dice out of the equation when making the guess and add yours after since you know their value. So if there are 10 dice left but 2 are yours, make your estimate based on 8 and then add yours since those are fixed numbers that you can see.
Hope that helps.
Edit, remember to keep it simple because half the fun of this game is having a good poker face and bluffing skills
|
ac8cfccb-02fc-414b-8f82-9e2b151bd974
|
by8ibt
|
How can a photon move an electron if it has no mass?
|
Photons are little packets of energy that electrons absorb. It doesn't *move* the electron so much as energizes it into a higher energy state. There really isn't a good analogy, it's just how photons work. When electrons absorb a photon, they move up in their energy levels - essentially, a higher "orbit" around their atomic nuclei.
Solar panels work by putting together materials so that there's a sandwich of three things: a side with slightly too many electrons, a side with slightly too few electrons, and a material in the middle that doesn't conduct electrons very well but *can* under certain circumstances.
Photons hit the side with slightly too many electrons, which energizes them into a higher "orbit" which is a bit farther away from the nucleus. That means the nucleus can't hold onto the electron quite as well - the electron is normally attracted to the positive protons in the nucleus, but the farther away the electron is, the less force there is pulling it towards the protons.
So the electron is already kind of precariously whizzing around the nucleus, not held down super well. When it absorbs a photon and moves even farther away from the nucleus, it's really not being held by that nucleus much at all. That won't automatically make an electron leave, though, because the electron doesn't have anywhere to go. That's what the other side with slightly too few electrons is for. That energized electron now has somewhere to go, that has a slightly positive pull (because there are protons without matching electrons). So, poof, it zips across that semi-conducting barrier and *flows* to the other side.
That creates a new hole where the electron used to be, so a new electron jumps into that hole. *That* electron leaves a hole, so an electron behind it jumps into *that* hole, and so and so forth so that when you connect the two sides of the solar panel material sandwich, you get get a circle of electrons getting bumped across the barrier and pushing each other into the empty spots left by those electrons.
|
7e4f4110-a530-4892-a5f4-01def67c127b
|
by8jvv
|
Why is success associated with how well a person is doing financially?
|
That’s just one measure of success, perhaps what you view as success. An overweight person going to the gym may view someone who is jn shape as a success. Someone who has no family and is lonely may view another person who has a rich home life as a success.
It is all perspective.
|
d19eb0db-fb7b-4c84-83b2-e9d62cb54b6c
|
by9d25
|
What is the Lemon Law?
|
They vary from place to place, but the basic idea is that you can't sell a car to someone without disclosing whether it has a ton of problems. If you do the buyer can invoke the Lemon Law, take you to court if need be, and get their money back or another car. In a few states the law only applies to brand new cars, in others it applies to used ones as well. How strict it is also depends on where you are.
|
c2ff5f92-86a0-451c-ac01-d27dbf3e0c5a
|
by9da4
|
when a 2.40:1 movie was cropped to 4:3 for old TV screens, you could see more in the top and bottom of a shot then when it was in 2.40:1. Why?
|
You're describing films that were shot in "matted" style.
The original standard aspect ratio of most films was about 4:3 (technically 1.37:1) until TV came along. TVs adopted Hollywood's 4:3 ratio, but to combat the competition Hollywood began producing films in widescreen.
The trick is, the actual film itself, as in the hardware of the camera and film stock, was often *still* a 4:3 ratio. The director and cinematographer would have the widescreen ratio in mind -- perhaps with a superimposed rectangle on the camera viewer -- and just framed their shots with the top and bottom being ultimately useless. They would then distribute the film with mattes covering the unused top and bottom parts.
When cutting the film for 4:3 television, editors had a choice (or perhaps they didn't and just went with whatever option they were given). They could use the finished, matted widescreen version and just pan from side to side depending on the focus of the scene (called "pan and scan"). Or they could get their hands on the original, un-matted print that was in a nice convenient 4:3 format (called "full screen" or "full frame").
The consequence of the "full screen" presentation is that a big chunk of that top and bottom part of the frame is not intended to be seen, so there are lots of occasions where boom mikes and other revealing mistakes are visible in full screen movies but hidden in the widescreen release.
So for several decades, movies seen on TV usually had either a jarring pan-and-scan effect or had crew equipment occasionally popping in. VHS widescreen releases began to gain in popularity in the 90s and for a number of years DVDs were sold in either widescreen or fullscreen/pan-and-scan versions (or sometimes both on one disc) as 16:9 televisions began to take over. I worked at a video store throughout this transition period in the 2000s and can attest to the outcry from 4:3 TV owners who didn't want to see the "black bars" on widescreen movies ("I paid full price for my TV!").
|
be04f9cd-77b4-47ef-8e14-322d012d3650
|
by9uvz
|
; Where did the stereotype that blondes are dumb come from?
|
Blondes were generally thought of as prettier than other hair color, thus blondes could survive more on their beauty finding a man therefore Blondes don’t need their intelligence to find a companion.
|
f33dcc51-9a9e-4b77-bf1b-bbf11918457a
|
by9vr8
|
the “surprisingly popular” method of group decision making
|
This was demonstrated to me in a team building game. Each person in the team read to themselves a paragraph concerning a crime. Everyone also got a list of ten questions (with yes/no answers) about the reading. The questions were very difficult to answer.
In round one, each person wrote the answer to the questions on their own — no consulting with the team. In round two, the team would discuss and debate each question, but each individual team member recorded their own answers. In the third round, the team had to come up with a consensus for each answer.
The answers were progressively more correct with each round. The reason for this was that individually, we know what we know, but we don’t know everything. It is through collaboration with people with different experiences that we end up as a group knowing more. The second round shows that simply hearing all the opinions doesn’t make us more knowledgeable, but consensus does. Consensus-making forces us to go against our egos for the greater good.
|
88086be0-b63e-4c99-accc-38fedf571e01
|
by9yz6
|
ACPI and UEFI. What are they and why do computers needs them?
|
So, ACPI and UEFI are two separate things, so we'll handle them separately.
* ACPI (*Advanced Configuration and Power Interface*) provides an open standard whereby the operating system and hardware components can talk to each other; ACPI advertises the hardware and its functions to the operating system, which can them provide power management to those devices
* UEFI (*Unified Extensible Firmware Interface*) is a replacement for legacy BIOS (*Basic Input/Output System*) functionality that was ubiquitous in personal computers. Anything you could do in BIOS, you now do in UEFI. You might still hear people talking about the BIOS, simply because of tradition.
|
5e56de01-5ed3-4631-8078-336fc91d561d
|
bya42o
|
What gives metals their reflective characteristics?
|
Think of a wave hitting the shoreline. Since the wave can’t keep moving in the direction of the shore, but the energy has to go somewhere, it ends up going backwards.
This is the principle here - metals are conductors, which physics understands as that the electric field can only exist on their surface. So the light hitting the metal is like the wave hitting the shore - and it ends up being almost entirely reflected.
|
45b7505b-ad2b-450c-9210-47f53a371054
|
byae87
|
how do samd bags hold back water ?
|
A proper sandbag works in three ways:
1. It’s not over filled, so the sand bag can conform to the shape of the wall you’re building. This lets the sand “fill” the gaps that would otherwise exist in between full bags, and grants full coverage of the area.
2. It acts like a trap for silt, soil, and clays. As the water moves into the sand, all the “murk” it’s picked up from the streets, ground, river banks, etc, get caught in the sand. These particles fill in the spaces between the sand, making a more complete barrier.
3. As flood waters try to move through the bag, they’re slowed down. This forces most of the water to go around the bag, greatly slowing the amount of water the sand actually has to deal with.
So, in short, as the water tries to get through the sandbag wall, it meets a lot of “solid object” in its way. Only so much water fits through the sand at one time, greatly reducing the amount that can get through. Enough sandbag layers will slow the amount to a trickle.
That trickle deposits sediment and such into the sand, which begins to plug up the gaps in the sand. This further reduces the amount of space that water has available to squeeze through.
Sandbags are not watertight, however. Generous flooding will often produce a bit of leakage through the sand wall. The goal in this case is to slow it to a point that any damage is superficial at best.
|
05817491-b8b3-4ed4-82d9-0729ff07113f
|
byajdy
|
when popping popcorn, why does the first kernel popped not burn while the others are being popped?
|
Some general background: Boiling water in a pot is always (usually) at 100 deg C or 212 F. When boiling or steaming food, the phase change from liquid to vapor controls the cooking temperature, until there is no more water.
As applied to popping corn, the microwave, stove or kettle heats the water in the kernel and when it boils, the kernel pops. When the majority of the kernels are unpopped or actively popping, the temperature is relatively controlled, so the first kernels aren't burning. When the last few kernels are popping or popping is complete there is less water becoming steam to moderate the temperature, and the corn increases temperature rapidly and it is more likely to burn.
Edited for clarity, apparently some thought I was making a case for boiling corn kernels in water. Probably moved it out of an eli5 though.
Edit 2: some awesome discussion downline of granular convection, actual temps for popping and so forth. All have impacts on why the first popper doesn't burn. I contend latent heat of evaporation and escaping steam and resulting loss in temp moderation is the main driver in why popcorn goes from just popping to inedible so quickly
|
9d569dae-fc14-4986-a78d-c46a34809ce9
|
byapbm
|
How can plastic contain acid that can dissolve a human body?
|
The issue is chemistry. Acids aren't just magic fluids that destroy all things they touch, they are chemicals that react in specific ways with other substances. If you mix vinegar and baking soda it foams up, but mixing vinegar with corn starch doesn't despite it on the surface appearing to be a similar white powder.
The chemicals which make up a plastic bottle are different than those that form the human body (with exceptions for some bolt on accessories) and so acids that attack one don't necessarily effectively attack the other.
|
3e25182f-c832-4ec6-bb61-5f1a1790fc69
|
byath3
|
Why does taking a deep nap sometimes result in confusion upon awakening?
|
Sleep Inertia.
Sleep inertia is when you awake from your slumber (no matter how long or short it may be) feeling groggy, discombobulated, disoriented, and maybe even drunk.
Essentially, your body refuses to experience complete awakening (though your alarm says otherwise). The thing is, part of you is technically still sleeping even though you know you're awake.
The literature states that sleep inertia is worse in people with some sleep disorders [like insomnia], and that it also depends on the length of the nap, time of day of the nap, the sleep stage you’re awakened from, core body temperature, chronotype and other behavioral and environmental factors,” says Terry Cralle, a certified clinical sleep educator.
"Some studies also have demonstrated that waking from deeper stages of sleep is associated with greater sleep inertia.” That’s because long periods of sleep cause the body to produce higher levels of melatonin, a hormone that induces sleepiness.
Number one tip to avoid sleep inertia:
Try not to break your REM sleep. Either nap for less than 30 minutes or more than 1h 45m.
|
e18a8bfc-93e7-4772-a10e-828ffb118556
|
byazvu
|
Are GMO foods actually unhealthy?
|
There is no scientific evidence showing that GMO foods are more unhealthy than non-GMO foods.
|
077d0582-b51f-4d24-a3d8-5603af2ab129
|
bybfkj
|
or like I’m fifty. I don’t understand what a “shitpost” is, despite Urban Dictionary.
|
Basically, it's a low effort attempt at being funny, primarily by just copying a meme someone else made.
|
ae0d0c45-1cf6-4875-8e90-f10769b10129
|
byblwg
|
How do symbiotic relationships develop between two different animal species over time?
|
Symbiosis has evolved enough times across the tree of life that it's hard to make any broad generalizations about how these relationships develop. In a lot of cases though, it probably works pretty similarly to any other kind of natural selection. As a purely hypothetical example though, let's say two organisms find themselves in a situation where they can help each other, even if they are mostly just acting in their own interest. Species A lives in trees and has easy access to nuts, but it takes a lot of work to open the shells and get at the edible part inside. Species B is stuck on the ground, but is much better at breaking nutshells. Initially, members of species A stay in trees and eat whatever they can find; maybe mostly insects, but they'll occasionally go to the effort of spending a while gnawing their way through a nutshell. Members of species B walk around on the ground eating various plants or whatever they can find.
At some point, a pair of individuals from each species start working together. This doesn't need to be a conscious decision or anything; maybe this particular species A just happens to be very clumsy and drops a lot of nuts, while this one species B individual likes nuts more than other foods. These two animals start working together, gathering nuts on the ground, breaking them open, and eating them. This easy access to food is beneficial for both individuals, giving them more time to focus on reproduction, and so they are both more successful than the average of their species in terms of how many babies they have. Now, if whatever aspect of their behaviour made them start working together in the first place is inherited, the offspring of these two individuals might also work together at least some of the time. In this way, the behaviour of collaborating with members of the other species will spread through the population just like any other beneficial trait, until eventually all members of both species at least have the capacity to co-operate.
For a while, individuals from these two species have options; nuts are a bigger part of their diet than before, but they still both use other sources of food. To use a more technical term, we can call them "facultatively symbiotic". Eventually though, additional changes occur that make both species more specialized on eating nuts, at the cost of their ability to eat other things. This can eventually lead to the two species becoming completely dependent on each other for survival (i.e., "obligately symbiotic"), although in reality not all symbiotic relationships progress to this point.
So there's a (completely hypothetical) example of how a symbiotic relationship might develop. Besides spontaneously starting to work together though, there are other ways mutually beneficial relationships can arise. For example, it's actually quite possible for a mutualistic relationship to develop from one that is initially parasitic. Parasites are already often well-adapted to living with (or on) a specific host. If they become specialized enough, then the fitness of host and parasite can become sufficiently intertwined that the relationship evolves so that both start to receive benefits. [This article](_URL_0_) talks about an example of this with a virus and bacterium; I'm not sure if this has also been directly shown with animal-animal relationships, but it definitely wouldn't surprise me.
|
09e6b270-eedc-45d9-b21b-23cbd7e013f0
|
byblwt
|
What is "Catastrophe Theory"?
|
Think about how things change. Something like a plant grows a little tiny bit every day so that you don't notice the change at all. On the other hand, when a building falls over this change is dramatic. Catastrophe Theory deals with this second kind of change, when something changes from one state to another very different state.
Somewhat more mathematically, various phenomena can be modeled using (certain kinds of) equations. These equations have numbers in them that define the solutions. Some equations, however, have solutions that are dramatically different depending on the numbers used in the equation. Catastrophe theory deals with studying those equations and how the solutions change.
|
d6adecf0-5d7d-406e-bd2b-98083fd272dc
|
bybz6d
|
Why does music with 4 beats per measure sound satisfying?
|
It is satisfying because your brain is used to it. 4/4 and 8/4 time signatures are very common in Western pop and rock music so you are really familiar with them and they sound natural to you.
However, other styles of music such as jazz use odd signatures that might not sound pleasant if you're not used to them. Odd or even mixed signatures can be found in traditional music in many countries and it sounds very natural to the people who are used to it.
|
148323c5-db3b-4106-a047-1deb662a1a9c
|
bycgty
|
Why does it hurt when you bite your tongue on accident, but not when you bite your tongue on purpose?
|
Your brain won't let you.
I don't know the science behind it, but the short answer is that your brain doesn't let you bite your own tongue with enough strength to hurt
|
dbc33f93-2699-450f-87b1-1079940730ac
|
bycp5s
|
Does mouthwash kill the *good* bacteria in your mouth similar to how hand sanitizer kills the *good* bacteria or your hands?
|
Yes it slaughters everything without discretion.
However "good bacteria" are mostly found and useful within your stomach and intestines. So long as those are fine, then you have nothing to worry about.
|
20602849-ea89-4399-91fb-d3c667d2e512
|
byct6b
|
How do the scientists know what the core of other planets are made of, (eg: Mars’ core is iron, Neptune’s liquid diamond) even though mankind has never been there?
|
No, they dont guess. Their mass is determined by their gravity, which is determined by how they affect over objects. This gives them indications on density. Spectrometry will give them the atmospheric makeup and density and math solves the rest.
_URL_0_
Guessing. Lol, just feaking lol. Ignore everything that guy wrote.
|
8b67e245-e2cb-419c-993b-3f4e12be425b
|
byd17x
|
Why do some animal mothers reject their young?
|
Depends on the animal and the condition of it.
& #x200B;
If you are talking about something like spiders or fish that don't care for their young, its because they have so many at a time that having half or more die off isn't going to matter. Statistically speaking, several of those offspring will make it to adulthood and will reproduce.
& #x200B;
If you are talking about birds that push their babies out of the nest, this is to force them to learn how to fly or die so that natural selection takes place. If a bird that is unable to fly is allowed to reproduce, then it could cause later generations to not be able to fly, which would mean they are easier to hunt for their predators and would cause them to go extinct. It is because birds pushed their young out of the nest that allowed them to survive extinction.
& #x200B;
If you are talking about a specific case with an animal that usually cares for their young, it could be due to a defect that the young has that makes them not likely to survive. Thus, if the mother knows this, they won't waste their time and energy caring for it when it won't survive long enough to reproduce.
& #x200B;
If there is a specific animal you are talking about and I didn't quite answer it, just reply back to me and I'll see if I can explain it.
|
bad34360-dca4-4ed5-8149-17fdc81227ce
|
byd2t0
|
Why do so many people naturally have the instinct to pick scabs even if it's bad for healing?
|
It's because they itch. Itching is a sign that the healing process has begun, but it's frustrating because it's happening below this hard crust, so you can never quite satisfy it by scratching unless you scrape it off.
|
4c555087-d84f-404d-91d8-8a553e39d4cc
|
byd68l
|
why do sun tans go away over time? why isn’t the melanin permanent like how people are born with darker skin?
|
Skin is constanly dying an being shed. If there is no more sunlight triggering tanning, the new skin won't be as tan.
|
d9c77554-af78-4cb9-9580-f421f5415266
|
bydbd5
|
How does fire produce/give off light?
|
It gives of light for the same reason any object does. It isn't special.
Light is emitted when an electron gets bumped.
In a light bulb flowing electricity (which is electrons) bump and hostile the electrons of the material that compared the light filament +or gas)
Fire is created when a chemical reaction involving oxygen combustion occurs. When these reactions happen the molecules are violently ripped apart by the oxygen, and snap apart as other oxygen comes barreling in to laugh onto the atoms that used to make up the molecules. This violent set of collisions bounce around the electrons in those atoms, and nearby ones. This released light photons.
|
aacb300e-8b9d-40fd-a4ec-725ccfc6b48f
|
bydg6t
|
Why do pigeons make a noise when they take off? Is it their wings flapping or a vocal noise they make?
|
Holy crap my mom is an amateur bird enthusiast I actually know this one!
Pigeons and doves both lack the ability to make loud, warning noises to alert their fellow bird friends of danger. To get past this, their wing tips actually whistle when air rushes past them. The noise you hear comes from their wings, not their vocals.
|
3b0c907e-ea2c-4401-8b18-a5eacb291ea9
|
bydsjt
|
How do they "estimate" how many people were at events?
|
A photo is taken. Within the photo a fixed size is determines, like 5x5 feet. Within the square the number of people are counted. Then the total area being measured is divided into similar squares and the number of people in 1 square is multiplied by the total number of squares.
|
f2f5a632-9618-4532-8e51-309a35d0ad08
|
bydwlk
|
Why is 5G exceptionally faster than 4G/3G ?
|
It isn't.
If you go to 5G and have much better speeds, then that's only because you were getting slower 4G than you could have been. 4G networks can, in ideal situations, deliver speeds up to about half a gigabit. You probably don't get anywhere near that! I know I don't.
The main reason that 5G looks so much faster than 4G is that if you're somewhere with 5G availability, you're getting the very best technology that's on offer right now. Also, there's less saturation of 5G-specific frequencies right now. Also also, 5G does a better job of keeping signal from spilling over to places it's not supposed to be. That in turn means that most users of 5G will get more bandwidth - and more bandwidth almost always means more throughput (though they're not the same! Lots of people use the terms interchangeably, but bandwidth is measured in Hz and throughput is measured in bits/sec. Moving data around is complicated, so there's more to your speed than just how wide your channel is or how quickly the data gets to you).
|
97e938c9-d4d8-48c9-912d-0565988346db
|
byee27
|
What's the difference between an input of 110-240V 1.5A and 2A on a power supply?
|
The input rating is the maximum that it is designed to draw. Your supply is a switch mode supply. The actual current will change with load, input voltage and efficiency. Your supply output is 120 watts maximum (24V x 5A). The input power at full load will be higher due to conversion losses. Many supplies can accept a wide range of AC voltage inputs, typically from 85 to 265 VAC. Lower voltage AC will cause it to draw more current than higher voltage. **The input current can be specified at the lowest voltage (highest current) or at a nominal voltage like 120 or 240 VAC. **
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be4dd939-bcf7-4d6f-a583-8bf82f1dc2c3
|
byeeg1
|
Why does water and air feel different at the same temp? Full question below.
|
Transmission of energy. Water holds and absorbs tremendously more energy than air, that's why it takes so much more airflow volume to create the same cooling effect as water.
|
8c80da8d-c341-4a17-9e1a-c36fea44a5f5
|
byemnp
|
when electrons get excited, do they move between shells or orbitals?
|
The simple explanation is the [Bohr\_model](_URL_2_) of a atom. It is relative simple and show a lot of important part of atoms and electron but it is not a perfect model in any way.
To quote the second paragraph in the wiki article about it:
> The Bohr model is a relatively primitive model of the [hydrogen atom](_URL_8_), compared to the [valence shell atom](_URL_9_). As a theory, it can be derived as a [first-order approximation](_URL_1_) of the hydrogen atom using the broader and much more accurate [quantum mechanics](_URL_5_) and thus may be considered to be an [obsolete scientific theory](_URL_7_). However, because of its simplicity, and its correct results for selected systems (see below for application), the Bohr model is still commonly taught to introduce students to [quantum mechanics](_URL_5_) or [energy level diagrams](_URL_0_) before moving on to the more accurate, but more complex, valence shell atom. A related model was originally proposed by [Arthur Erich Haas](_URL_3_) in 1910 but was rejected. The quantum theory of the period between [Planck's discovery of the quantum](_URL_4_) (1900) and the advent of a full-blown [quantum mechanics](_URL_5_) (1925) is often referred to as the [old quantum theory](_URL_6_).
& #x200B;
So it is like a lot of other stuff that you have learned not the best model we have that provide the best explanation but a explanation that. It explain a lot of stuff perhaps not perfectly but still useful and you have something to start width.
& #x200B;
& #x200B;
Is is a bit how most of the time gravity is explained like a force where mass attract mass even if we know that is not the the best explanation. The better explanation is that mass bends spacetime and it is curve in spacetime that cause the the acceleration from gravity. Starting att that level would be a bad idea since it is hare to understand and a lot harder to do any calculation.
Perhaps it is not the best comparison because Newtonian physic will in most situations have almost identical result and special relativity but it still show that you use model to simply thing and to teach even of more exact and but alos complex models exist.
The ideal gas law is used in physics even if no ideal gasses exist but is it goo enough in most situation and is simple to use and learn.
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2e97e73d-8832-4f91-9d8f-0ff17fec4f10
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byenh6
|
how come plants survive if they are submerged in a backyard pond but if a plant is given too much water it can drown?
|
Different plants like different conditions. They’re not all the same. Some trees only grow on ridge tops while others only grow in bottomlands or riparian zones close to water. Obviously pond plants prefer being in water. You can’t plant a water lily in your yard.
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00db192b-d251-4955-a081-c7851ce3f592
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byf9wc
|
How does the whole process of Chemotherapy work?
|
Chemotherapy uses toxic chemicals that target rapidly dividing cells. It enters the system and spreads throughout the body. Cancer cells are rapidly dividing therefore they would be the most affected by these drugs. However plenty of healthy cells are rapidly dividing so they get killed too. It impacts the entire body on the basis that damage to healthy cells will be less than damage to cancer cells. Healthy cells could also recover faster.
This option is typically used in situations cannot be easily located and targeted by radiation, such as when it has metastasized to various regions of the body.
|
bfd1d18e-3113-40b3-bc7f-39b42f7f9e79
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byfekm
|
how 3d holograms work?
|
true ELI5: how is a window in your room -which gives a 3D image of the exterior on the window plane- different from a poster of the same exterior. Why does the light coming from the poster give you only a 2D view, but the light from the window plane gives you a 3D view? What makes the light different?
Light travels in waves. Waves hold intensity and phase (and color) parts. A window transmit color, intensity *and* phase from the outdoor light to the indoor light while a poster only gives color and intensity, but no phase.
A 3D hologram, by some special technical trick, gives light that match in intensity and phase. The added phase information makes the object on the hologram appear in 3D.
How this "technical trick" works: a hologram consists of printed lines that are very small, much smaller than the wavelength of light. The pattern of those lines allow only a certain phase being reflected. This is enough for some rudimentary 3D view. the quality of the hologram depends on how small and how undisturbed those tiny lines can be made. Simple holograms only work with one color, better ones with multiple colors or a wider viewing angle.
|
3ba2a182-ece8-4016-b22f-e0ee63e9c7e9
|
byfpa9
|
How does the moon control ocean currents?
|
Well the moon controls the tides. The ocean currents are largely caused by the changes in ocean temperatures and the shape of the contenants. So the moon pulls water where ever it goes and the water has to slosh around all those pesky land bits.
You can thank the moon for slowing down the Earth's rotation too.
|
b8dc76ad-f0a7-4887-9928-a1c37a4fc931
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byfu7h
|
Why is breaking stuff so satisfying when we are mad?
|
I don’t actually get this sensation. Or rather I do and then immediately feel guilt for even feeling it.
I tend to clean stuff when I get really pissed. I think in both your case and mine it’s mostly you just want to have absolute control over something.
|
cbb883fb-cf1a-4b20-8693-547aaf626983
|
byg17y
|
How does computer memory work?
|
What you're talking about is called disk or storage. Memory is a different part of the computer, also called RAM.
With a traditional disk drive (HDD \ Hard Disk Drive) there is a spinning metal disk that is given magnetic charges that represent ones and zeros. Those ones and zeroes can then be read back as data. The charges are wrapped around the disk in a spiral, as if you took a credit card magstripe and layed it along a vinyl record. HDD's can increase storage space by having multiple spinning disks (platters).
Modern SSD (Solid State Drive) storage use the same technology as a USB flash drive, Non-Volatile NAND flash memory. Simply explained, there are large numbers of tiny no-moving-part electronic switches made from transistors, each switch representing a one or a zero, and the switches being organized such that they can be represented as a linear series of ones and zeroes, just like an HDD.
When you save a file onto a drive, the computer saves the ones and zeroes into a spot with enough room to fit the ones and zeroes, then adds that spot to a table of contents at the start of the drive.
Another computer can read the files off of the drive by looking at the table of contents to find where different files begin and end.
|
ace0887d-a743-493a-9dab-c962ae5e34a1
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bygbr5
|
Why are some states consistently hot while others get to experience all four seasons?
|
The farther south (or north if you live in the southern hemisphere) you go, the hotter it gets and the less the seasons show themselves, because of earth's tilt
|
1d96b0b9-82e8-4055-b7b8-b0c2e4dd0e31
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bygfmv
|
What is the engineering and science involved in making the weather forecasts accurately ?
|
Modern forecasts are generated using computer simulations. Several times a day supercomputers operated by a variety of countries will ingest data about current conditions around the world. The data comes from satellites, radars, weather balloons, ground monitoring stations, and various other sources. The supercomputers will then run models to simulate what is likely to happen several days into the future.
Different models are going to produce different results, so the job of the meteorologist is to use their training and local knowledge to consolidate the different model outputs into a single cohesive forecast. For example, a meteorologist might know that a particular model tends to overestimate rainfall in a certain area or perform worse in certain conditions, and correct the forecast accordingly.
The science and engineering that goes into improving forecasts tend to fall into one of several categories. You can try to improve the programming behind the models, which are based on our understanding of how weather systems work. You can build faster supercomputers so that you can run the models at higher resolution. And finally, you can improve the quality and quantity of data going into the models, by launching better satellites and installing more ground equipment. There are lots of people who work on all three areas.
|
c53ed0e4-67e9-4fa8-8657-c29e271c0c3b
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bygj1h
|
How do food stamps work?
|
Every state is different but generally follow the same rules.
Actual stamps went away years ago.
It is a debit card. Every month the state gives a set amount into the account.
There are 2 kinds of cards. Food only, and cash.
Food only means the card can only he used for food products. Every store that accepts the card has all their inventory categorized. Things like cigarettes and alcohol are not food. Most everything else edible is.
Cash means you can use the card for anything. The store still needs to accept it, though, so places like package stores do not.
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929daa97-cf67-418a-ae41-524ef94d9345
|
byglic
|
Can marijuana cure cancer?
|
Okay let me know if you want me to clarify anything.
Nociceptive pain can be weakened by reducing the pain signals at the site of injury by blocking the inflammatory process itself or the signals they elicit. Another strategy is to dampen their effects as they make their way up the spinal cord to the brain. Cannabis can target both of these processes to reduce pain.
The abundant cannabinoids, THC and CBD, can reduce pain at the site of injury. Both have potent anti-inflammatory effects. THC’s anti-inflammatory properties are primarily driven through activation of CB2 receptors on immune cells which dampens the body’s pain-inducing response to injury. CBD also reduces inflammation by blocking inflammatory mediators and shifting the activation macrophage repair cells from the pro-inflammatory type to the anti-inflammatory type. Indeed, the benefits of THC and CBD on relieving nociceptive pain have been well-documented in rodent models of inflammation and in human clinical trials.
|
43047eeb-7d7b-4722-9e00-00a61631a7dd
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bygtbl
|
What is the underlying physiology of butterflies?
|
Interestingly but perhaps not surprisingly, the DNA of a caterpillar is identical to the DNA of its corresponding butterfly. The caterpillar contains all of what will become the butterfly, yet the caterpillar breaks down into a caterpillar soup which forms into a butterfly. It really is an amazing thing.
[Check this link out](_URL_0_) to read more about it.
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68b12b83-f4c9-49ad-8948-38cbabcf6fd5
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bygu9u
|
How do so many new movies become "The #1 movie in the world" when they've only been out for a few days?
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I mean it depends on who is saying it.
Usually it would be whichever movie sold the most tickets (in dollar value) that day or weekend. So whatever is #1 this week might not be next week.
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ac325cc2-9291-4c33-82cf-5309b0454b65
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bygx5q
|
What does meta mean?
|
It really means "beyond". What *that* really means in any context, is someone is seeing something beyond the scope of their character, for instance metagaming in tabletops being used to say something outside the knowledge of rules and mechanics their character wouldn't know, or a character being "meta" is using knowledge of events they would have no concept of, including the fact that they are just a fictional character.
& #x200B;
Oh, also, "metagame" refers to the game beyond the game, the game the players have made for themselves outside of developer intent.
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1b996803-90e5-4b79-b156-3597b4b738a7
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bygz7v
|
Why are RGB LEDs bad at producing purple (and nearby variants)?
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Are they? RGB can represent millions of colours, purple too
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58bbff0d-cead-4b87-99b4-b89950d5b240
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byh591
|
Why does eating too much sugar may lead to diabetes?
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For your body to use sugar, it needs to be broken down by insulin, which is made in the pancreas.
Type 1 diabetes: Body doesn't make insulin, cant break down sugar.
Type 2 diabetes: This comes from the excess sugar consumption. Over time, insulin isn't made as much or isn't as effective as it would normally be, so it can't really break down the sugar.
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44933181-ee0a-40d2-a3a9-f18594e7781b
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byhl21
|
The local power company is shutting off power for wildfire safety. How does my use of power/electricity in the city affect the start of wildfires?
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If a tree branch gets blown near (i.e. basically right up against) a high voltage power line, a spark can jump from the line to the tree, which if the tree and surrounding area are extremely dry, can be a problem for obvious reasons.
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7928be84-750f-4d15-b49f-d0ecd3b97cb3
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byhp4o
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How does a spoiler in a car work ?
|
You know when you're driving down the highway on a nice day and you stick your hand out the window and feel the air moving around it? You tilt it up and the force of the wind almost lifts your arm for you. You tilt it down and it pushes your hand and arm towards the ground. The spoiler works the same way. It has that downward tilt, which pushes the back of the car towards the ground and gives it extra traction.
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c9959244-53e2-4746-8e30-beff1136c79f
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byhvqq
|
How does Google Stadia or other gaming streaming services work?
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The game, is run normally on a machine in one of Google's (or whoever's) data-center. Your computer sends it your inputs (so controller/mouse movements and button presses) which are fed into the game. The server then sends you the video stream of the game, just like youtube or netflix does.
The big challenge is getting the response time (so the time between you pressing a button and the video of the game reacting to your input) low enough for the game to be playable.
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7db3c158-4962-4940-8d6a-9f4a75300e9c
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byi02s
|
Why did older languages in general have more complicated, multisyllabic words, when most other things increase in complexity as they develop further?
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Language is one of those things that is rarely designed and created intelligently (by which I mean languages don't tend to be created at all). They develop organically which means there's a lot of room for nonsense. Nobody decided what makes sense, they just communicated.
Older languages have tons of simple words as well, it's just hard for us to parse what we're actually hearing so it seems complex. Plus there's also a difference between complexity in vocabulary and complexity in grammar.
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fe7214ee-6d5b-4251-a6b4-f8d6f7677be2
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byi0mg
|
Helicopter Spinning Blades
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They match the frames per second the camera captures at.
So every 'photo' the camera takes is close to matching the speed of the rotor.
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96a2ebad-7165-42be-88e1-314a5cc3cf25
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byi9jd
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why aren't yakitori restaurants everywhere since the food is so simple and amazing?
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Incredibly low profit margin... I'm a chef and can give you an even more detailed explanation if you want.
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91b3b372-8336-4a80-81a4-d7edf4ac76a3
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byidn5
|
I understand how igloos stay insulated as a result of building fires inside them, but how do the emissions from the smoke get ventilated out of the igloo without suffocating its inhabitants?
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Normally you dont put a fire in an igloo. The purpose is not to make the igloo warm, but to make it not cold. So around -5 to 0 celsius is fine.
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47f8b434-a3f7-4728-85df-a337494b5f75
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byifft
|
What determines the "computing power" of CPU cores? Why is an ARM core generally considered less "powerful" than an x86 core?
|
Okay, let me try.
First of all, for simplicity, remove the idea of "core" from the equation. A core is just a processor. An 8 core CPU is 8 processors stacked together. This is done because we've bumped into the limit of how good we can make a single processor, so we've decided "screw it, if we can't make one 8 times better, let's just use 8 of them".
With that of the way, what is a CPU clock frequency? It's a beat. Think of a guy banging on a drum to set a rhythm. That's all it is. When the drum goes "bong!" something happens. But that beat is just there to keep things running smoothly. Nothing dictates how much stuff much happen from one beat to the next, so you can't usefully compare a 2 GHz ARM CPU to a 2 GHz Intel one, or even Intel CPUs of different generations.
Now, what makes one CPU better than another? Loads of internal design stuff. Let's say that the first CPU design we had couldn't multiply at all. So if you wanted to calculate "2 * 500", what you'd have to do is to "add 2, 500 times". This obviously takes at least 500 times as long as a single addition. So that's slow, inefficient. For the next CPU we figure out how to create a multiplication instruction, and it takes say, 4 times as long as adding (because multiplication is a more complex operation). So now "2 + 2" takes some amount of time, "2 * 2" takes 4 times as long, but "2 * 500" also takes 4 times as long. We're improving! And in the generation after that, we designed some really fancy circuitry to make multiplication happen exactly as fast as addition.
Repeat this kind of thing, many times, and we've got the hell of an improvement.
|
d7def606-1af0-48ba-976b-0ae34d6334a3
|
byih0c
|
What is preventing us from effectively storing energy harnessed by windmills and solar panels?
|
You have to turn the energy in potential energy and then later release it to get electricity again. This is always a process that involves some losses. You can improve the efficiency a bit, but you will always have some loss.
There are many ways you can store energy.
A commonly used one is a flywheel. You use the energy to make a weight spin around and later use the spinning weight to generate electricity. This works somewhat in the sort term but the longer the wheel turns the more energy it loses to friction. There are also limits to how big you can make these things and they have to be by their nature stationary. A flywheel on a moving vehicle will encounter all sorts of problems.
Batteries that store electricity as chemical energy are good for longer storage of energy, but they have a very limited capacity. They also involve all sorts of nasty chemicals to build. They are good for small mobile needs to store energy but less so for huge ones.
You can have something called pumped storage, which is basically storing electricity by pumping water upwards into some storage and later releasing it though some regularly hydroelectric generators to get new energy. With this method you are only limited to how much water you can store. An artificial lake on some hill may hold much, much more energy than any battery of batteries ever could.
You don't need to use all sorts of rare or nasty chemicals to build an artificial lake, but you do need to turn some place that is not currently a lake into one, which will affect the local wildlife a bit. So it is not 100% green.
You also have some losses due to evaporation if you store the water for too long.
The main issue however is that you need a suitable place to build it.
Denmark for example is not know for it mountain ranges and hill country. There is no suitable place to build anything like that there.
However some people have looked into alternatives that would involve pumping air into caverns to pressurize them and later using that air pressure to make electricity. Denmark apparently has some caves and caverns and old mines that might be airtight enough for that to work in theory.
Currently it is cheaper to sell surplus energy and buy when there is a deficit rather than spend money in trying to create a storage that would lose most of the energy anyway.
|
313f10b6-34da-4c91-887d-ed4fafdfabc3
|
byj3um
|
Why do some games (e.g. Minecraft) need a launcher instead of directly launching the game ?
|
There are at least a few reasons. The launchers that many games have now allow the game to check for updates when you open the launcher. It also allows for in game stores and advertising. There are probably many technical reasons as well, but this is why a lot of companies have launchers for games you would not think need them.
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c8eb9939-8259-47c3-bc85-0ef227b61df1
|
byj8e7
|
What’s is the difference between a sales tax and VAT (value added tax)
|
VAT is paid at each stage of production by the people "adding value" to the product. So you start with a raw material, you make it into something (say a flat sheet of metal), you charge VAT on your part of the job. The next company who takes \*that\* and turns it into, say, a metal pole does the same for the work \*they\* did to it.
At each stage, you pay VAT on the product you bought, and charge VAT on the product you sold so the only tax you're actually paying is on what \*value\* you added to the product.
A sales tax is, quite literally, just an end-tax on the final product.
This means that sales taxes are paid by the consumer, and the "other" tax along the way is not collected but is "paid" because of the higher prices charged by each person along the way because they can, and limited only by what the consumer spends.
VAT is difficult and expensive to administer and audit, sales tax is easier. VAT taxes everyone involved with a product along the chain. Sales tax charges the final customer (which affects demand, no doubt, but that's about it). VAT is charged on imported goods, etc. too so you can't just make things cheaply in Europe and out-compete local businesses while only paying tax once in the end country, sales tax isn't (though there may be other import duties).
Basically, sales tax is a lazy tax that misses the big picture of employment in the country you're in, local industry, complete taxation of every stage in the process, etc. VAT is more complex but helps to even the tax burden among all producers along the chain and encourages you to not just produce things cheaply abroad and claim that you added a ton of value to a particular good for performing a simple action (if you get given cheap materials, then do little to them, but charge a fortune to the next guy up the chain for your end result, you have a \*ton\* of VAT collected, almost none given out, and the difference has to go back to the taxman - basically the more you pretend what value you added, the more VAT you have to pay).
Gove is an idiot trying to distract from political finger-pointing in his direction by gaining the support of "big business" who don't want to have to pay or administer VAT, and gain support from "the little man" who just sees a "20%" figure on everything he buys. Gove knows perfectly well that those people don't care/realise that a sales tax of even a lesser percentage means that the country ends up taking less tax and encourages losing jobs, shipping manufacturing abroad, and cutting corners, in an unregulated environment which favours profiteering and inflating the prices of products.
It's literally a distraction technique because the news for the last two days has been about him doing cocaine.
|
b2639e9c-aaeb-4dba-8054-ed6fdd9aa149
|
byjdjj
|
Can a US state declare independence?
|
They can declare whatever they like. However there is no legal process provided by the constitution that allows states to peacefully seceede, and the few times the matter has in some form come across the supreme court the answer is pretty clear: Statehood is eternal.
There are only two ways a state can leave the union:
* By getting a constitutional amendment passed, essentially having other states and the federal government *permit* them leave.
* by starting a very one-sided civil war and somehow not being defeated in the first month of combat.
|
84b883c9-1bfe-4fba-82f4-c7e2817aba6f
|
byjh5v
|
The Law of Attraction
|
It's a philosophical belief that positive or negative thoughts can result in positive or negative experiences. It's also considered religious, to a certain extent.
It is criticised for the lack of falsifiability and testability of these claims. Other criticisms include it being unmeasurable and questioned the likelihood that thoughts can affect anything outside the head.
Others have questioned the references to modern scientific theory, and have maintained, for example, that the Law of Attraction misrepresents the electrical activity of brainwaves. It is also considered as part of modern pseudoscience.
|
306e6928-a386-4ebe-8240-e36f236d10fb
|
byjjm3
|
If caffeinated drinks like coffee are meant to give you boosts of energy then why is it recommended for kids with ADHD to calm them down?
|
ADHD is caused by *underactivity* in the frontal lobe of the brain - the part responsible for organization and impulse control (think of it as “the brain’s secretary and the brain’s breaks). The reason kids with ADHD are hyperactive is because that front part of the brain is underactive - the hyperactivity is because their brain is not active enough to stop them from moving and fidgeting, *not* because their brain is overactive. Stimulants (like caffeine)* increase activity in these areas, which lets them control their impulses better and results in them being “calmer.”
Source: I’m a clinical psychology professor who specializes in studying ADHD.
*Caffeine is actually not recommended for ADHD though, because it is more of a central nervous system stimulant. Stimulant medications like Adderall or Ritalin/Concerta specifically target the front part of the brain, which is why they are used for ADHD.
|
2f4dc3b0-b29c-4473-85c9-51b7d6a0cf51
|
byjjyj
|
Why can't we just breed tiny fish babies en masse and dump them in the ocean to solve overfishing?
|
Everything you say is reasonable until you get to the "Assuming that someone is willing to pay for all this."
It would be expensive for the government or whatever organization did that and with the cost passed along to the consumer, prices of fish would put people off from buying them.
"Have marine authorities enforce a "no fishing" season." Lol. This would mean an incredible amount of resources would need to be thrown at the problem. Understand just how big oceans are. Plus... let's say there is a scenario where the government actually spends the money ($$$$$$$) to do this. You don't want to actually start a war over fishing rights. No country has "dominion over the oceans" and you would need a world-wide fishing ban which isn't EVER going to happen.
|
5569e566-2954-4897-aa16-06df6a881ae0
|
bykcy7
|
How can cell phones send signals such long distances?
|
The big cell towers are there to provide broad geographic coverage and handle thousands of calls at once. The size and power is not related to communicating with one phone but thousands. The receiving antennas in the cell towers are able to pick up your weak signal and hand it off to the rest of the switching system.
|
ca2c3dcf-bb3a-4262-8faa-8cf337529720
|
bykfeo
|
Why do fish die after short periods of immobility?
|
Fish blood needs to contain oxygen, and water contains oxygen. The concentration at which oxygen exists inside blood and water varies. Fish use oxygen and convert it into water as a result of various processes, so they need to get more oxygen from the water.
Concentrations tend to stabilise to create an average. If you were to fill a semi-permeable membrane with fish blood and put it in a jar of water, the blood would start off low oxygen and the water would start off high oxygen, but eventually the levels of oxygen within the blood and water would become the same. This is how fish get oxygen - they rely on there being more oxygen in the water than in their blood, so that oxygen moves into the blood across the gills.
However, this process also reduces the amount of oxygen in the water. Since levels always stabilise, the less oxygen that is in the water, the less oxygen the fish can absorb from it. Fish use an interesting mechanism called counter-current that allows them to absorb even more oxygen from the water, and this relies on the direction the fish is moving. Blood is pumped through the gills backwards, and water enters them forwards. This means that the very low oxygen blood entering the gills at the beginning is meeting the low oxygen water about to exit the gills. A little bit of oxygen enters the blood. As the blood flows through, it moves forwards and comes into contact with newer and newer water - and newer water contains more oxygen - so that each stage it takes a little bit of oxygen out of the water until it has lots of oxygen.
When a fish isn't moving, this counter-current can't occur, so the amount of oxygen they can take in reduces dramatically. The water can also become stagnant, so that new, high-oxygen water isn't reaching the gills as frequently. To demonstrate, I'm going to use some numbers.
Lets say that when fish blood enters the gills, it has 2 points of oxygen, and when water enters the gills, it has 22 points of oxygen. In a stagnant environment, the oxygen moves so that the blood and water both have 12 points of oxygen. Then, the fish uses the oxygen in the blood for various things, and the blood comes back to the gills with 2 points of oxygen. The water only has 12 oxygen this time, so it stabilises to 7 points of oxygen in the blood and 7 in the water (14 total units, and it equalises to half in each). Then it goes round again and comes in with 2 oxygen, which stabilises to just 4.5 oxygen. And this process continues until the water has 2 oxygen and the fish can't take any oxygen in at all. All the while, the amount of oxygen it's gaining is lowering over time, so its ability to do cellular processes that use oxygen is also decreasing.
In counter-current, you have lets say 5 different columns of blood/water. Column 1 is where the blood enters and column 5 is where the water enters. Column 0 is the water that leaves the fish, and column 6 is the blood circulating back into the fish:
Labels | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6
---|---|----|----|----|----|----|----
Blood Oxygen | - | 2 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 20
Water Oxygen | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 22 | -
Net Oxygen Intake | - | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 18 | 18
Probably a bit hard to read, but the first line shows that the blood as it goes through the gills constantly gains oxygen, while the second line shows that the water going out of the gills constantly loses oxygen. Overall, thanks to counter-current, the blood ends up gaining 18 points of oxygen. If the water didn't flow through the gill (for example because the fish is stationary), then this counter-current wouldn't occur and the fish would only gain 10 points of oxygen (because there's 24 points total and 12 end up in the blood instead of 18).
TL;DR: A fish that doesn't move doesn't get enough oxygen.
|
9148f4f9-0477-4e74-8bb4-d885f7e1a4f0
|
bykfvc
|
Why do modern homes have such high ceilings?
|
Cooling a house is cheaper if the ceiling is high, as the hot air rises toward the ceiling, leaving comfortable cooler air down where the people are.
Buyers like high ceilings for their appearance.
|
0302f9f8-b346-49ae-8299-598538933ae3
|
bykq8m
|
How do noise canceling headphones... Cancel noise? Could they be "upgraded" to silence concerts? Gun shots?
|
Okay so sound is a wave.
Noise cancellation works by listening to the waves on the background and then outputting the opposite wave to cancel it out.
Think of sound as waves in a tub, you can stop them if you do a "counter wave" movement right? That's literally noise cancellation
|
b813f601-99e7-4f21-b19b-1ffca7662116
|
byl1a4
|
Why does eating something crunchy sound so loud and overpower other sound?
|
because the sound is generated inside your mouth and the vibrations travel through your jawbone / skull to your auditory canal/ ear drum/inner ear.
|
116c5146-d059-48c6-927a-2409601fcf1c
|
byl2ej
|
Why is it easier to remember something by going back to what you were just doing?
|
The way your memory works is essentially by “remembering your last memory” of an occurrence, not actually remembering the event itself per sé. This is why, with time, memories become faded or restructured with less or different details. When you go back to what you were doing when you conceived the idea of doing something, the familiar sequence of events prior to that idea triggers you to remember that situation - in this case playing on your phone, and then the idea that you conceived after a certain point of playing on it. Basically, by doing something familiar you are subconsciously triggering a memory. There’s also theories about this being the cause of *deja vous*
|
73164fbe-5f8a-44ac-bc25-fccfc1ac7921
|
byl3ut
|
Why are jars so hard to open when left closed for a few days?
|
Usually because whatever is in the jar got between the threading at the top of the jar and the lid, dried up and got sticky. Or the jar got cold and the metal lid contracted.
|
30e73b72-45af-4d27-a4f9-0af70d4ec0d9
|
byl5jl
|
Why does a pimple hurt less after being popped even though it is now an open wound?
|
You relieve the pressure under the skin when you pop it. The pimple is caused by a blockage of your pores which causes a buildup of pressure. The increased pressure causes inflammation locally putting pressure on the nerves in your skin. When you pop it, you relieve pressure allowing the fluid to drain.
Make sure to clean your skin regularly to prevent infections of your pimple craters!
|
48955720-57ad-4963-bfe9-0aad090b67a8
|
byld3j
|
What's the difference between sleep and being inert?
|
The really short version is that when we actually sleep, our brain and the rest of the body is allowed to focus on certain tasks like repairing and restoring your muscles, organs, etc. To put it in (very) basic terms, your body switches from conscious/thinking mode to "repair mode."
|
35c1d0bb-e0d0-430a-a6fd-0d5b484a2a19
|
byljdq
|
- if I ice an injury am I making it better or just masking the pain?
|
It will kind of depend on the injury you have sustained. Icing an injured area does numb pain and it basically functions as an external application of an analgesiac. Yes it does wear off over time and yes your only masking the pain similarly as taking meds would.
Icing is usually used for acute injuries soon after they happen as it does help reduce pain but mainly it helps reduce swelling that can cause functional use to decline. This being said it does have applications for chronic injuries but again this is mainly to combat inflammation.
|
a4c846dd-8c6c-4b31-87fa-24960d6f8ca6
|
bylk2x
|
sex trafficking
|
A lot of sex trafficking is ran by and large by multinational cabals of rich and powerful men oftentimes involved in the highest levels of politics, business, and entertainment. Then you have the criminal organizations which procure the victims through ruthless tactics and essentially forced slavery and it all trickled down from there. If the elites of the world cared enough to stop it they would but since they are often the highest bidders in the sex trafficking world I highly doubt it’ll end anytime soon. The world is scary place and don’t think for a second that those in power care about the health and well being of anyone except themselves and their own interests.
Edited for spelling and source: [Bill Clinton’s Faith Healer arrested for running child sex trafficking ring](_URL_0_)
[City and State Officials in Montenegro accused of operating sex trafficking ring ](_URL_2_)
[More high level corruption](_URL_1_)
|
8f6f0d12-ded4-4b2b-a089-25bb2a0aa592
|
bylptv
|
How come sometimes when you take a drink, it causes extreme pain and discomfort as it goes down?
|
The bolas you've formed to swallow is too large and stretching out the muscles of your esophagus as it travels down your throat.
Edit to add:
The throat is a tube with muscles that can squeeze or relax but no muscles that open the throat wider. So what happens is each section of the throat widens because the section above it squeezes a football shaped pocket of food down like getting the last glob of toothpaste out by squeezing the tube from the very bottom and working it out. The tongue is what kicks off the process. If the ball of food in your mouth is too large, the ball working its way down stretches the muscles as it passes through the tube.
|
bc166f80-1fb9-476b-b2db-2a111ccaac83
|
bylxq9
|
why does water come out of bottle like glu-glug-gl-gl-glu-glug-glug-glu-gl-glug-glu-glu-glu-gl-glug
|
Because in order for the water to come out air must fill the void left by the water so while water is exiting the bottle air is entering the bottle through the same opening. Hence: glug glug glug glug
|
18c4800f-83d8-48a1-9b96-2716b64fa7b0
|
bym1ew
|
If Hong Kong belongs to China, but has its own legal and political system, in what sense does Hong Kong belong to China?
|
China had leased Hong Kong to the UK for 99 years and allowed a different legal system to be established, a "great experiment" in the capitalist free market economy and western style government. China did not however give up their territorial claims to the area and when the lease came to an end did not allow it to be renewed.
Despite the existence of a different set of laws the area is still claimed by China; there isn't any overarching rule that different legal zones imply different countries. Hong Kong for example lacks an army which could enforce the local government's claims of independence from China which is the most important defining feature of the existence of countries: The ability to enforce territorial claims via military action.
> What influence or power does China have on Hong Kong?
Ultimately, total influence. China could march their army straight into Hong Kong and replace every HK police officer with a Chinese military soldier if they wanted to.
|
6cc31936-8641-4865-a6fa-c663ccfdcda1
|
bymm5l
|
How does some high fiber or bad food get "fast tracked" through your digestive system? Does it "bypass" regular food waiting to be processed, or does it push out everything in front of it?
|
In the case of fiber, its sticky and slippery at the same time. That makes it bring the rest of your poop along for a very fun, regular ride down the fart slide and into the Porcelain Kingdom. Doing that also keeps super sticky fat (cholesterol) from clogging up your blood vessels.
If you want a slightly less ELI5 more in depth explanation, start this video a minute and a half in.
_URL_0_
Edit: I have been honored beyond compare for rudimentary poop knowledge. And my mother said I'd never amount to anything.
|
f925fa38-e93d-4655-8497-47bd46278cdf
|
bymtet
|
Why does 5GHZ seem to be the ceiling for conventional desktop overclocking?
|
CPU speed is limited by time of transmission and heat.
The electrical signal has to be transmitted through microscopic wires in a chip. Though the theoretical limit is the speed of light, the realistic limit is determined by the material that conducts the electrical charge. Additionally the gates -- the circuits -- have to switch from 0 to 1 -- open to closed -- and that can only happen so quickly. So there are physical, engineering limits on how fast those things can take place.
It is possible to make those things happen faster -- that's basically what overclocking is -- but when you do that it generates additional heat. Without appropriate cooling, the heat will eventually burn out the microprocessor. Because of the size of microprocessors there's only so much cooling you can bring to the table, so as you try to speed up the chip you reach a point where the additional heat outstrips any attempts at cooling, and you burn the chip up.
The combination of transmission speed and heat dissipation create the limits on CPUs.
|
58045a4d-e4e7-4075-80c2-3fc3e9da0e0c
|
bymzce
|
Why are cars able to go at speeds that are not allowed in normal roads?
|
Capping a car's speed at the speed limit would be both dangerous and impractical.
Dangerous, because there are certainly instances -- such as passing another car -- where you need the extra acceleration.
Impractical, because speed limits are a social limit not a physical limit. As such, they can change, both through the laws changing or by simple social convention. If everyone on the highway is going 70 mph the one person going 55 mph, though perhaps obeying the letter of the law, is potentially creating a hazard.
|
1cee99fc-d772-4473-8f81-9eb843cd98f5
|
byn2zk
|
how do muscle relaxers not affect the heart ?
|
There are different types of muscles. Smooth, skeletal and cardiac. ‘Muscle relaxers’ only target skeletal muscle.
|
05d7ec0b-f13d-4d11-bd0e-e898b0f89227
|
byn5fw
|
If we see galaxies light years away, how do we know we’re not seeing our own galaxy X light years in the past?
|
We can't see light emitted from our own galaxy in the past because that would require our galaxy to have travelled faster than the light. And nothing travels faster than light. It would be like throwing a ball down the room and trying to run and catch it at the other end.
|
57f7ce1a-e631-4652-8e28-f1e1e763015d
|
bynf01
|
Princess Royal is a title for the eldest daughter of King/Queen of England, but why is it not automatically awarded?
|
> Why is there only seven Princess Royal in British monarch history, from 1642 until today?
Some of the daughters to which it might have been applied were already princesses or queen elsewhere and so it wasn't considered appropriate.
> What makes someone eligible for the title, besides being the eldest daughter of the King/Queen?
It is a customary title which can be given in whatever way the monarch wants. This is a key aspect of a monarchy: The king/queen is in charge.
> Will Charlotte be the next Princess Royal?
Nobody will really know until it happens.
|
3f6feed7-5938-41a2-a07a-39df1a03ab8f
|
bynhgp
|
How does stretch tape stick to itself when pressure is applied to it, but not feel sticky to the touch?
|
It’s kind of like Velcro but instead of hooks and loops that stick together, there are little folds/grooves that fit in together which will hold the sides of tape together.
|
0f542dba-f392-4ffc-b37d-25577186f32f
|
byntau
|
How do animals know to look into our eyes?
|
Looking at faces is a good way to determine which direction a creature is looking, and thereby which direction the creature is likely to attack or move. Most (if not all) sighted mammals have the ability to distinguish faces because it's an advantage to be able to do so.
If a creature can lock eyes with another creature, it's a surefire sign that the second creature has been spotted. In the case of stealth predators, this will generally cause them to give up and move on. No reason to get in a scrap if you can't be sure you'll kill them without injury.
& #x200B;
Pack animals do this to make sure that they are seen and their position is known in the event of an attack. This is probably why dogs like to look at us when they poop.
As for why humans have attached such a strong social meaning to it, that's a different question altogether.
|
66df7741-041a-446a-b4cd-eb5f3088c6a3
|
bynuqh
|
Why is it that when I’m looking at a mirror with my glasses off, everything is blurry, even though the mirror is really close to me?
|
The lenses of the glasses are designed to help correct for light incoming at various angles, focusing them in tandem with the lenses in your eyes to form an image on your retina.
The issue is that the mirror isn't the origin of the light you are seeing, instead light that reflects from the mirror retains the angle it came in at. This is why by changing your viewpoint will change what you can see in the mirror. But this also means that your glasses are needed to correct for the angle of light coming from distant objects reflected in the mirror as if they were actually the combined distance away of your distance to the mirror plus the distance of the mirror to the object.
|
8f37f5a7-251c-4fcc-acd0-0d7e5fa569df
|
byo4ur
|
Why do box fans have the off setting (0) right next to the highest setting (3)? Wouldn't it make more sense to have it by the lowest setting?
|
It's more efficient, electrically, to start a motor at a high speed than it is to get it moving at a slow speed. It is simple to step down to the slower speeds while it is running.
|
b67f022b-e528-4a51-9b40-ac52de2b6019
|
byojoz
|
Blisters from friction, like wearing shoes in the wrong size causing a blister
|
You rub the skin until the top layers breaks off and becomes disconnected from the lower layers. Then all the lymph fluid that was going between the layers just leaks into the little cave and doesn’t drain away till the void fills up like a balloon
|
86da7745-4088-4fa3-874a-12ee8697e4ff
|
byozns
|
Why street lights during night time are warm orange colored and not white lights? Won't having white lights seem more like daylight?
|
The yellow light comes from Sodium lamps. It's just how they glow for chemical reasons. More modern street lights are LEDs and more white to light-blue. They're also brighter and more directed instead of glowing in all directions.
|
cd8467af-6520-4980-961c-21668c393fa0
|
byp90w
|
Why do animals that live in the same environment and eat the same diet taste different? (For example sheep and cows)
|
Their biological processes and body compositions are different, so they might eat the same things but their body will process, distribute, and use things differently.
|
7b3a9988-222a-4a8f-992a-81596eaf8910
|
bypd48
|
Why is having reduced hearing and blockage in one of the ears a common cold symptom?
|
Our ears and sinuses are connected inside the head. When you get an infection such as a cold virus, those passageways can become inflamed and fluid can buildup causing congestion.
|
fd66cc36-5167-4e58-8103-e69bb4e69c6c
|
bypktl
|
How do sharks detect electrical signals fish emmit when they move?
|
They have special organs called the ampullae of Lorenzini. They're basically clusters of pores with electroreceptors. These organ cells are specialized to have high concentrations of voltage dependent ion channels. The cells are also connected very tightly to one another by gap junctions. There are some other anatomic features that also help direct the current inwards and prevent current leakage.
What the sharks actually sense is the difference in electric potential between the skin and the base of the pore. Fish swim around using their muscles, which produce electric fields by contracting. Salt water is a good conductor, and the movement of the conductor in the presence of Earth's magnetic field produces an electric field. Sharks sense this and their ampullae of Lorenzini are excited.
|
61d024d7-cf2d-4ccb-abb9-b0e273aef659
|
bypn68
|
what exactly causes non specific itchiness of the skin, not due to health issues, and why is it often felt in different areas at the same time?
|
You are shedding dead skin cells all the time. Exfoliating the skin by rubbing it scratching feels good, so sometimes your skin just "wants" to be scratched.
If it happens a lot, you could have dry skin or allergies.
|
9b23ba5d-cbb2-4146-9fd1-16ced8a10a48
|
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