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bypoes | Why are some elements solid, liquid or gas in normal Earthlike conditions? | Well for starters, pure carbon isn't a gas, it's most common forms (allotropes) are graphite and diamond which are both crystalline like silicon.
As for why similar atomic numbered elements behave differently, i.e. Lithium and Helium the increasing number of electrons (in line with atomic number) is the biggest determinant of physical structure and state.
For example, the noble gases are grouped vertically because in that position of the periodic table they all share the same property, that their outer shell (valence) electrons are completely full. E.g. Helium has two electrons which fills the first shell, Neon has ten, two to fill the first shell and eight for the second.
As such the periodic table is mostly referred to by groups which form the columns because this (for the most part) is based on how many outer shell electrons they have which determines their bonding behaviour both with other elements and with atoms of their own element. These bonds have varying strengths with weaker strengths tending to produce gases and liquids and solids ever increasing in strength.
Tldr: Elements next to each other have different numbers of electrons in their outer shell whereas columns share this number and are therefore more similar in properties such as being solid, liquid or gas. | c261b0d7-15cf-4652-9171-9695f09f4658 |
byprch | How hard would it be for the UK to just scrap its plans and stay in the EU? | If parliament agreed to do it, it would be very simple. Straight vote, revoke article 50, cancel the process.
Politically, it would be very fractious, probably political suicide for many MPs voting for it. | 0e5398ed-985c-447f-b823-e32979a295f3 |
bypyk8 | If we as a society deem plastic to be so bad for the environment, why don’t we just ban it? | The trick is that it's really cheap to make things with plastic, and coming up with alternatives to plastic for consumer and industrial use would be VERY expensive. Likewise, getting governments to ban something that would majorly impact the economy of their nation is very hard to do. | af68ae65-ebb8-4e8e-96d3-03de992ef986 |
bypz75 | Why does it hurt so much when you drink orange juice after brushing teeth? | Not sure of the exact science, but it's some sort of chemical reaction with toothpaste and orange juice that makes it taste horrible | 53139e01-dc1c-45e6-a503-ae488efb846f |
byq66m | Why is it that humans feel random attractions to specific colors, numbers, etc at a young age? Why do our brains generate “favorite colors” and “favorite numbers,” and things like that? | We make connections between positive experiences and things like numbers/colors/smells. It also has a lot to do with socialization. Little girls might like pink because their favorite toys were pink, but as they grow older they might like blue because the sky is beautiful.
Same for numbers, a lot of people like 7 because it’s perceived as a lucky number. Or they may like a number associated with their birthday because those tend to be very fun days! | 555a2442-2891-4d6d-a65b-17ad04569c96 |
byqe9y | What is the point of the machine (clapperboard) that starts a film? | It’s used by movie editors/producers to synchronize the audio and video. In the old days, it would have the scene/take numbers on it, too. You could synchronize your video to your audio by listening to and looking at the clap. | fc804643-795c-4df8-bf17-fc45d250b723 |
byqeid | Why is the Portuguese Man O' War and other siphonophore considered to be a colony of different organisms if they all have the same DNA? Wouldn't zooids just be concidered organs? | Its like bacteria that can reproduce asexually by splitting themselves. The 2 new bacteria are seperate, but share their dna.
Similarly, it can br thought of like cloning. If you clone a person, they will be 2 seperate people, but share the same dna.
So it is a city of clones that beocme specialized to do certain tasks. Some of the clones control breathing, some digestion, etc. | 0bba8672-5bbd-4490-9577-ade3a48797cb |
byqff8 | When you see an amount of something is “adjusted for inflation,” how do they calculate that? | The practical calculation of inflation involves actually sending someone to the store to record the price of a "market basket" of goods. The percentage increase in the total cost of the basket is inflation. The main idea is to keep track of the amount of money it takes to buy some standardized amount of goods. Then you can talk in terms of "1965 dollars" because you know how much you could buy with a certain amount of money in 1965.
There are lots of complexities to measuring the market basket. Which market are you going to? (The US uses a national sample meant to reflect prices paid by "urban consumers") What goes in the basket? How do you account for brand new categories of good, like the smartphone? How do you adjust for changes in quality? Government statisticians do their best to address these concerns, but it's a tricky business.
You question might have a pretty simple answer though because it's dealing with just one good. We know the (average) price of a movie ticket in 1965 was about $1. We know the (average) price of a movie ticket in 2019 is $9. Therefore, if people bought the same number of tickets to the Sound of Music today as they did in 1965, it would make about $2.5b. | 5a32b30b-e772-4782-a0d8-2f181485fc05 |
byqr3f | why our screen brightness has to be all the way up for us to be able to see them on a sunny day | Picture a room that is completely dark. If you light a candle the whole room will get brighter and you'll see it quite clearly. Now in the daytime that candle won't make a noticeable difference. Your phone is bright compared to darkness, but dark compared to the sun. | 945acdce-4f3b-4f78-83fd-832732a168e4 |
byqrxi | What is a tensor? | Tensors can come in different ranks:
* Rank 0: is just a number (commonly called *scalars*) e.g. 3
* Rank 1: List of numbers (commonly called *vectors*) e.g. \[3, 2, 7\]
* Rank 2: A list of a list of a list of numbers - or a list of vectors (commonly called *matrices*) \[\[3, 2, 7\], \[6, 9, 7\], \[4, 8, 1\]\]
* This pattern repeats
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They have the important trait that they won't change if you change your coordinate system. A coordinate system is how you compare different points in space. For example, the point (4,3) - which you may notice looks suspiciously like a vector - on a grid could be described as
* The point that is 4 meters to the side, and 3 meters up. This is called cartesian coordinates. OR
* The point that is 5 meters away at an angle of 38 degrees from the x-axis. This is called polar coordinates.
But no matter what coordinate system we're using, both of these descriptions mean the same thing.
& #x200B;
If you're looking for a more thorough (but complicated) explanation, I'd recommend these two lecture series: [_URL_0_](_URL_1_) and [_URL_2_](_URL_2_) | 55dda497-2d15-47af-86e2-971a1647ecd4 |
byqtn0 | How does the body decide which pathway food/air goes through? | Our throat consists of two tube-like pathways - one in the front for air, called the “trachea”, and one in the back for food, called the “esophagus”. At rest, the breathing pathway is open and allows air exchange from the environment and the lungs, while the food pathway is closed. When we swallow food, liquid, or saliva, there is a complex sequence of events that closes off the air pathway, opens up the food pathway, and works to push the food and liquid down the right path towards the stomach.
If the sequence fails, for any number of reasons, food or liquid lands in the trachea and causes choking. This is what is commonly referred to as something “going down the wrong pipe” - coughing is the body’s defense to remove food or liquid before it gets to the lungs. The lungs can really only handle air, so food or liquid going down can cause infection, such as aspiration pneumonia, or respiratory failure and death.
Source: I am a speech-language pathologist that specializes in swallowing disorders. | f48592c3-42d7-415f-9e51-3ae7776b8bd1 |
byqtyw | What's the difference between embryonic stem cells and embryonic stem-like cells? | Embryonic stem-like cells (also known as induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs) are cells that have been reprogrammed from other cell types to have characteristics similar to those of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). About a decade ago, researchers in Japan (Yamanaka et al.) identifies several genes that, when turned on, cause differentiated cells (cells that have already chosen a fate, like skin cells, blood cells, etc) to return to a stem-like state. Thus, we can create stem-like cells from differentiated cells by turning on these stem cell genes. These cells are “stem-like cells” because they have all the properties of stem cells (can differentiate into multiple cell types) but since they are not actually stem cells from an embryo, they are called “stem-like”. This is because as far as we know, they are the same as stem cells, but since we don’t know everything about stem cells, important differences that we are not yet aware of could exist. | d8c58830-0e62-48d0-b4e6-ab1f7df37fc9 |
byquad | why does the zigzag pattern on packages (chip bags, chocolate bars,etc) make it easier to tear the plastic? | It does two things. Plastic is made of very long stands of molecules called polymers, must like a fabric is made if long threads. It's just a lot smaller, and not really woven together (though there can be a grain to it).
The ridges first benefit is that it removes support from surrounding polymer fibers. On a flat edge the molecules that will eventually break is surrounded and supported better than one in the peak of the ridge. It disrupts what but if a grain there is.
Second is that it focuses the forces onto that point, sort of like how the top of a nail works. You'll notice in all sorts of material that when a cut v does need to be made into it, the end isn't just at the end of the cut. They instead drill a little circle right at the end. This creates a smooth edge rather than a sharp break xx spreading the force out again. | 91824c7b-9206-4707-8df0-5b077f374abe |
byqxf4 | Why do graphics cards use GDDR6 RAM but RAM in our phones, PCs, etc are DDR4? | After GDDR4/DDR3, GDDR spit off to be a different style of RAM with different goals.
Graphics memory requires obscenely high throughput, but some latency is acceptable as they're only looking to draw a frame every few milliseconds or so and all graphical tasks can go in parallel so the GPU tends to pull large chunks of data which makes the higher latency hurt less.
Your CPU needs low latency memory because it is often waiting for something to come out of memory so it can keep calculating. Its often looking for a single chunk of data which is where latency hurts you the most.
You don't want to use GDDR6 as main memory as it will hurt the CPU's performance, and you don't want to use DDR4 as GPU RAM as it'll limit the GPU's performance. This is why we split them apart after GDDR4 which was DDR3 based, so each computing device could have the best memory for its workload. | db6cca91-47f8-4041-bbbc-431d81040d13 |
byqypj | Why is it that when you fold and unfold a piece of paper, the crease remains pretty much permanently, but this isn’t the case for some other materials like fabric? | the material itself.
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Paper is made of WOOD fibers. The same wood that your computer desk is made of.
& #x200B;
You cannot fold a piece of wood in half and then straighten it back out (not without a LOT of luck and determination and a ton of failures first)
& #x200B;
Fabric, on the other hand, is generally made up of much more pliable plant fibers (like cotton).
These fibers can easily bend.
& #x200B;
& #x200B;
fabric being made
[_URL_1_](_URL_1_)
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paper being made
[_URL_0_](_URL_0_) | 9ae6bf5e-a8cf-47e6-8500-775120fb0bca |
byr3cs | What's are, and the differences between Minor and Major chords? | Okay, so there are a few different ways to answer this question. I’ll address the music theory and the science answers.
From a Music Theory Perspective:
Long story short, there are things called major thirds and minor thirds. They are just intervals (distance between two notes).
They are called these because they have 3 notes in between the bottom and top of the interval.
A minor third has 3 half steps (smallest space between piano keys ex: A white key to A# black key)
A major third has 4 half steps.
A major triad (a triad is a chord of 3 notes, very basic type of chord), has a major third between the bottom notes and a minor third between the top notes (ex: A major: A-#C-E)
A minor triad is the opposite, a minor third between the bottom notes and a major third between the top two notes (ex: A minor: A-C-E)
From a science point of view:
Each note has a frequency in Hertz (ex: the A strings tune to is 440 hz). There is a proportional relation to different notes/intervals, but it’s not linear. Here’s what I mean by that:
An octave (A to A for example) is always a 1:2 ratio. 440 hz A (from above) is an octave below an 880 hz A. These different ratios of hz values make different intervals (a 2:3 ratio makes a perfect 5th. Ex: 440 is A4, and ~660 E4 makes a perfect 5th, and is a 2:3 ratio)
Okay, now to answer your question, a major third ratio is defined as 4:5, and a minor third is defined as 5:6.
Another thing is usually things that have smaller numbers in their ratios are considered more “consonant” or pleasant sounding, while larger numbers in ratios are usually “dissonant” or unpleasant sounding. This means technicallllyyy a minor third is more “dissonant” than a major third, but both are still considered “consonant.” For a reference, a minor 2nd (two half-steps next to each other) is 15:16. Compare that to an octave which is 1:2, it kinda puts it into perspective.
—
Hope this helped! Sorry if I got a little detailed 😊 | 7e28dd69-b8e6-4164-98be-762fa854ff10 |
byr8cv | - Why does pouring beer or soda directly on the inside of a glass create less foam? | It decreases the amount of agitation of the fluid because it falls a shorter distance as opposed to going all the way to the bottom of the glass. Less agitation means less bubbling. | 56350de2-ba78-4545-89d5-716e3022f199 |
byrabp | How come kids are allowed to act before the age of 16? Isn’t this child labor? | Child labor isn't inherantly illegal: it just has a lot more laws regulating it. You're allowed to work before you're 16, but what you can work as, how long you can work per day, and what specific workload you're allowed to undertake is a very narrow window compared to adults.
Child actors are allowed to act under the consent of their parents. They can only shoot in a given window during the day, and they can only work X many hours per day. This is why it's quite common for films to prefer twins when selecting child actors, since they can then double the avaliable shooting time. | facbe6ec-3f2d-435e-888e-df372e200e16 |
byrf61 | How does the internet work and where is all the data actually stored? | The internet is like a class of high school students. When a love letter is made, it’s given a from/to, and all the student work together to move that love letter. Not all students know exactly who is who, so sometimes it gets routed around from student to student, but luckily most do. Your love letter arrives or maybe intercepted by the teacher, lost by a student, ... or worse someone attempt a middleman attack and rewrites your love letter into a hate letter.
Maybe you know Tommy is going to ask Sarah to be his girl friend. But you want to deny Tommy’s message from reaching Sarah. You and a couple of friends orchestrate a distributed denial of service attack (DDOS) by each sending 50 love/hate/spam letters to Sarah so that tommy’ message is buried and Sarah can’t handle all the letters and decides to just trash all of them.
Data is stored with each student (a computer). If they go to sleep, their data is unable to the rest of the internet.
Edit: spelling | 474a2b29-6f21-453b-bdd5-ad58901db033 |
byrhnw | Why is American law so lenient towards squatters? | Its not lenient towards squatters as much as its lenient towards people currently living in a dwelling. To be able to remove someone from a property you have to provide documents that they shouldn't be there, and then give them the time to get their documents to contest the claim. Its not specifically designed to protect squatters as much as its there to prevent people being unlawfully kicked out of their homes by any random dude showing up and making a claim to the property. | e2b03fad-eb5d-4e75-b43f-142ec9237ae0 |
byri3x | how exactly do you “lose your voice”? Do your vocal cords wear out or something? | So basically, when you lose your voice, the tissue covering the vocal cords becomes inflamed, making it harder for them to vibrate. This is why you can speak at lower pitches but not higher ones when your voice is lost, as your vocal cords can’t constrict enough to create the high pitch. Another way you can lose your voice is through overuse, which forms growths called nodules on your vocal cords. Think of these nodules like calluses, which form after the vocal cords hit each other often. These nodules also make it harder for your vocal cords to vibrate. | d42a94a4-31d1-4dfa-b7a7-a058305f4d7d |
byrkws | why is it relatively simple to understand our feelings when nothing is wrong but hard to act wisely when we're under pressure? | The brain is made up of a hierarchy of sections. For the sake of keeping it EL5 we can think of it as two parts, the upper and lower brain. The lower brain is the most primitive and primarily consists of the brain stem and limbic system. These parts are responsible for automatic body function like heart rate, digestion, breathing (which can also be manipulated manually), and evaluating and processing threats, our fight or flight system, which is heavily linked with emotion. The upper brain is the newer part (more recently evolved) and is responsible for executive functions, such as decision making, creativity, problem solving, social engagement, and other higher order type things.
The lower brain is pretty rudimentary at sensing a threat. It often errs on the side of something being threatening, puts our systems into fight or flight mode (stress hormones released, heart rate and blood pressure increases, digestion halts, etc) and then delegates the job of accurately assessing the risk to the upper brain’s executive functions. And when stressed the upper part of the brain goes offline to ensure quick reaction to threat (the lower brains job), rather than spending valuable time assessing accurately (upper brains role). This is pretty essential to our survival as assessing threat instantly, even with a high error rate, is preferable. Consider if we took the processing time to evaluate if that thing in our peripheral was a speeding car or a stationary tree. We would likely get hit before we could react appropriately. Essentially, the lower brain feels and reacts to emotion, the upper brain can make sense of, and rationally consider emotions
So when we are stressed (emotionally activated) our fight or flight kicks in, and we can’t access as easily the upper brain, which is the part of the brain we need to make sense of what we feel.
This is why deep breaths are an effective method of reducing stress and anxiety. It accesses the lower brain through manually manipulating breathing to mimic a calm state. Then the other systems (heart, ect) follow. | e3a37293-f46d-4773-8221-544f46d56199 |
byrrji | Why does fish meat need to be in ice all the time? Is there something unique to seafood which causes it to decompose faster compared to other meats? Chicken, beef or pork for example...are never accompanied with a 'put this on ice ASAP' type of label | Fish are cold blooded animals adapted to live at lower temperatures. This means that their molecular machines are tuned to work at temperatures that would stop any mammalian ones.
When we die, enzymes in our bodies keep working for a while, breaking out our bodies and making the inner bits available for bacteria to eat.
To preserve bodies from decomposition, we chill them down. This brings the enzymes out of the temperature they work best at and the process is slowed down. But fish enzymes keep working even at low temperatures and they keep working fast at ambient temperatures.
That's why seafood decomposes fast. | 366561ba-9f08-4139-b712-21432dd2e1db |
byrufe | How do stocks and bonds benefit businesses? | u/demanbmore and u/ooobs are both right. What I would add is more philosophical and fundamental: stocks benefit businesses in the ways they described, but, in a very real sense, stocks *define* business. The whole idea of a "company" is that a group of people can pool their resources to engage in an endeavor that no single individual can afford on his own. That's why it's called a "company". Stocks are the mechanism by which those individuals pool their resources. | d993b164-26af-4f23-aadd-9c92901c2481 |
bys19n | Could you in theory stomp out a tornado? Just like when you step in one of the the small torrents of wind and leaves you sometimes see. | You’d be fighting a game of “whack-a-mole” IMO because more would happen immediately after busting one up. The conditions that create them would have to be modified to make them stop forming, namely the warm air with moisture meets cold air and rotation / shear develops over miles of area... | 31845f83-af66-4148-8f38-adb85641f982 |
bys9n1 | Why do some electronic screens look weird at certain angles? | Most screens these days are Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD).
It works by shining a light through a filter that only allows light that is twisted horizontally through. (Polarising Filter)
Then there's a liquid crystal that either twists it until it's vertical or lets it through unchanged.
Then there's another Filter that only lets through vertically twisted light.
When you view it from any direction except ahead, all this filtering causes the light to get filtered out or get filtered out wrong. | 890f5cc3-9b1e-4ed9-b2c5-5f6213ac044c |
byscm1 | Why is some lighting not followed my thunder | I'm not really an expert but I know sound doesn't travel indefinitely. And the speed of sound isn't really that fast. So basically that lightning is too far away for the sound to travel to you. There could also be other reasons I'm unaware of, for instance I have no idea if a lightning strike on the ground and a chain of lightning moving from cloud to cloud would sound any different than the other or not. This is just a MAJOR layman's explanation lol | ab57855a-6899-4be0-928a-8fde1da2bf87 |
bysn16 | Why is it painful to fully extend a sore muscle? | So when your muscle is sore, that means the fibers that make it up are torn. That’s how muscles are built, you work out, tear the fibers, and they are built back bigger than before. So when you extend the muscle, you’re tearing more fibers in the muscle. | f95d9e37-43ec-44dd-a5fb-f771187cc857 |
bysqia | Why are we much more sensitive to noise at night even if we don't feel tired or anything ? | Perhaps because most of the ambient noise present in the day stops. The night is usually more silent than the day and our vision is also lessend by the dark, causing us to rely on our hearing more. | 2b8a95f9-3554-4d95-ac6c-0338091cbdc6 |
bystqe | Kundalini Awakening (from a scientific perspective)? | Yoga makes you feel good because it is a structured combination of exercise and meditation, both of which are good for you. Attribution of these feelings to "divine energy" is just typical new-age marketing nonsense. | 5562cd95-976f-4afc-8f99-7b5bd776f12b |
byt18w | Why do clouds look like they have a flat bottom, as if they have hit an invisible barrier? | Liquids (which includes things like air when doing fluid dynamics) do not mix evenly like you think they would.
They form layers. If you have ever dove down in a lake you may have experienced a [thermocline.](_URL_0_) The water is, literally, warmer on side and colder on the other. Stick your arm through and you can feel it clearly (I have experienced this in lakes in Wisconsin...this is common). Water is warm(er) on one side of your arm and colder on the other. Unmistakable. The effect is clear.
Air works the same way. These thermoclines exist there too. The clouds are flattened when they hit this barrier. | 6df5c13d-51fb-4db6-be0f-76cba6734f3d |
byt3zh | What is that "gulp" feeling like something stuck in your throat finally gave in when you're drinking water or whatever liquid? | Your throat contracts as you swallow to help push down foods, it doesn't discriminate between food that needs to be pushed down and liquid that will fall down and contracts either way.
The muscles contract and release all along your throat to push the food down...if you have too much drink or food pushing through *against* a contraction it has to squeeze through and it becomes painful due to the throat being too narrowed.
I read up on this somewhere but I do not recall where. | e2bbd5ab-7926-4c9e-a2b8-7877daa52088 |
byt934 | Why does there not seem to be any solitary source for nutritional/diet information that isn't a wide variety of conflicting advice or obvious pseudo-science? | It’s a combination of things. First, basic nutrition is pretty simple and everyone largely knows it. Eat more vegetables, eat less meat, eat less processed foods, drink less soda, that kind of thing. Those kinds of things aren’t very interesting to write about because you can describe them in like one sentence.
But more importantly, people want easy answers or tricks, not straightforward obvious advice that requires potentially restructuring their entire diet. Telling someone to eat more vegetables doesn’t get a lot of hits, it’s boring advice and they don’t want to eat vegetables. What people want to hear is how to have a good diet and still mostly eat all the same things they’re currently eating. There’s no real way to do that, so people come up with lots of fancy diets and pills and whatnot and justify it with pseudoscience, because that’s what people reading diet websites are looking for. | 585cf3f9-d1a6-48bf-8120-902369ebe06c |
byt9c9 | What determines the color of a sunset? | dust particles in the air scatter light based on the particle's size. Larger particles scatter lower wavelengths like reds and oranges. Smaller particles scatter blue light which is why the sky is blue. | 1dca8d83-ec1e-48c3-bf5a-a96317558cf8 |
bytafy | Where do herbivores get their proteins from? | A lot of it that others are not saying is that herbivores eat a lot more food than omnivores and carnivores. This is actually called an [energy pyramid](_URL_0_) and is a pretty straightforward way on how energy travels around the circle of life! | 657d9d9f-1578-4fba-bcdb-c2a269c7e816 |
bytfck | Why is a campfire so entrancing? | The same reason people like food or sex, warm clothing, hanging out with friends, pets, etc. Evolutionary pressure. For hundreds of thousands of years, humans with greater mastery of fire has higher survivability.
If you get a chance watch the more recent [Cosmos](_URL_0_) or [Becoming Human](_URL_1_). They'll go into the general principles of the topic at greater length. | 34d4c08f-532b-47e1-a463-cdea95099951 |
bytkzo | Raytracing | The name of the technique says it all. Ray tracing simulates the way a ray of light would act. This includes things like diffusion, scattering, and reflection. As compared to other lighting styles that simply use an algorithm to estimate what light would do as a whole, raytracing algorithms follow each ray of light produced and do calculations at each point of impact based on the type of material it is given and it's surroundings to attempt to accurately simulate how an actual photon behaves, which is why it so resource intensive and difficult to do in real time. | 225101ff-908e-48ba-8628-de7d71a9c020 |
bytu6f | Why do things seem blurrier when they're right in front of our noses? | Think of the eye as a video projector: The wall is the retina, the image created by the projector is the light reflected by objects, and the lenses of the eye, are the lenses of the projector.
If you change the distance of the wall from the projector, you will need to adjust the lenses so the image can be focused. Something similar happens on our eyes: A muscle change the shape of our eyes lenses, so the image formed on the Retina isn't blurry.
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However, there's a limit of how much this muscle can stretch, so at some point, your eye can't adjust their lenses. That's why things seem blurrier when they'reright in front of our noses | 0f06fda7-1125-48ad-a7c5-3c2fc3d17af0 |
bytw2i | Why do women pregnant with twins or triplets look the same as women who are pregnant with one child? Isn’t she supposed to be twice as fat? | The main thing is that most of the weight gained during pregnancy is not the child itself, but the body preparing for being a factory to build a baby inside of it. | 73057809-2654-4ba3-be70-69fd4083e16f |
byu1h2 | why does dust happen | They are loose particles in the air that settle because there is no wind to blow it away. It's some parts skin, dirt, hair and other stuff that made its way into your house. | 8db6219f-1fd9-47c5-b7aa-3bf1b70d2272 |
byu4lp | Why are casinos considered the best way to launder money? | Laundering money is done best in a business where people pay in cash. Casinos are almost entirely done in cash. Laundering money works best when you have enough customers coming in that no one could keep track of them all. Where you don't have an actual product that you give that you'd have to have bookkeeping for.
Basically, it's very easy to lie and just go "Oh yeah, we had a high roller show up and bet $2000 on a blackjack game." and there's pretty much no way for anyone to prove otherwise. | b48ad7f2-7fe5-4eb2-af1a-621b2b399aef |
byu5r9 | Why can't Youtube advertisers just choose what kind of videos they want their ads on | The issue here is that in general, no advertiser wants their ads on the channels in question. Pretty much no one wants to go "I'm going to advertise my product on a channel known for defending white supremacists!" or "I'm okay with my ads going on someone who uses hate speech to insult gay people!"
Likewise, because there are SO MANY videos on youtube, having to pick and choose which channels to advertise on would be nearly impossible. | c2c5fd73-4cff-42b1-8b80-c3a99a860fcf |
byul11 | Why do names have meaning even though they're never used conversationally for that meaning? | Typically they are words from other languages, or from older versions of our language, so they had meaning in their original context but don't in our time and place. | 2888ca7e-d07b-4080-b444-dd47c6f308c4 |
byulry | what’s happening in hong kong ? What are the protests all about ? | The Chinese government wants to imply a extradition law between HK-China, so they can extradite people from HK to China for trial and sentencing.
The problem is that the law in China is basically a joke; for example an artist has just been jailed for 10 years just for writing a BL (male homosexual) novel. If the law passes, China can basically just make up any excuse and kidnap people from HK, be them Hong Kongers or foreigners. Many suspect China is rushing to pass this law so they can kidnap the rich and "confiscate" their property, allowed under the communist Chinese law.
The political parties, especially the activists are especially against it, as China literally has a "National Security" laws allowing it to jail before who are against the government. There isn't such a law in HK yet. It is not looking good in the legislation council either, as since several pan-democrats have been dis-qualified, there are now far more pro-China seats than democrats.
Once it is passed, goodbye to all freedom. | 5d065f0b-1033-4bb3-be63-afd87c3fac83 |
byuybu | How do birds know they have to swallow stones? | Birds have an organ called a Gizzard which people don't have, that is between their beak and their stomach. This organ mashes up their food and is particularly good at breaking up seeds when there is grit (sand) in with the seeds. The grit sort of acts like our teeth, helping to break the seed's shell.
In terms of "how do they know know", it's probably just about not caring if a few bits of grit get swallowed when they pick up food off the ground. Over time they may learn that they digest better and feel better when they eat a bit of grit.
Dinosaurs also did this, but with much bigger stones, and birds inherited gizzards and stone eating behavior when they evolved from dinosaurs. | 5f776f26-6577-47f6-8c73-1a75954a5418 |
byv2vj | Why are pharmaceuticals manufactured in a batch process and not a continuous process? | They do it in batches in case something is wrong with it. Then they can recall the batch rather than every single pill. Occasionally there will be a bad mix, or they’ll use an inert ingredient that turns out to be problematic, etc.
A larger problem would be if a person on the line while manufacturing that batch screwed up, and they’re too strong/weak, etc. Batches give them the chance to properly calibrate the machines, weighing systems, etc.
Another reply said QC, and that’s definitely the case, but the individual batches have unique ID#s and that allows them to recall them with relatively more ease. | 37aa8b9a-fa6e-4a5d-88ad-7c14717a16bb |
byv4pr | How do cryptographic hashing functions work? | I don't know how to explain the alghoritm and proof in a simple way, but the method used by the hash functions of MD5, and all SHAs is the Merkle-Damgard construction. | 3d5b08d8-a9e0-4afd-8090-16f024137818 |
byv5nq | How come if you hit a fly or insect with something 1000x bigger than it, it still survives ? | A flying insect is light and just gets moved, the relative size has little to do with it. The degree of damage or not depends on the acceleration versus the strength of the structure. Insects have an exoskeleton which will move as a whole rather than a soft body like us where the shock wave of acceleration force has to travel through our organs before the opposite side of the body from the impact starts to move.
A second factor is that as our hand moves through the air to swat the fly it builds up a wave of air in front. That pushes the fly forward somewhat and so lessens the impact. It's part of the reason that the business end of fly swatters are a mesh rather than a solid flap, let's the air through. | 570b0b81-1e70-4774-afcd-971e224d862f |
byvc4k | How do ships and other marine vessels float? | Not pressure, displacement is what keeps anything afloat. It's called Archimedes principle - if an object in water displaces (that is, pushes aside) an amount of water that weighs more than the object itself, the object floats. If it pushes aside an amount of water that weighs less than the object itself, the object sinks. [A solid explanation with visuals...](_URL_0_)
As to the laser's effect - if it makes a hole in the target ship BELOW the waterline, the target ship will likely sink, or at least will sink if it can't pump water out fast enough (which, if its engines are destroyed, it likely can't). It will sink because water will rush into the interior of the newly "holed" ship, displacing the air inside. Water is much heavier than air, so as the boat takes on more water and expels more air, it gets heavier and heavier. Eventually, it displaces less weight in water (outside the hull) than it weighs (the water inside the hull plus the weight of the ship and everything else on board), and down she goes.
If the laser can somehow destroy engines without cutting a hole in the target ship itself, or if the hole is above the waterline, the ship will stay afloat but be disabled.
/edited for typos | 97a53510-8e54-4b49-9e52-36ebf507a93d |
byvekf | How is the amount of people in crowds counted? | looking at aerial pictures, you can make a box and count how many people are inside said box, and then if we assume the crowd is homogenous, you can multiply the number of people with how many boxes fit. | 6b2cb2b1-c90c-451d-a885-1ed99733b76c |
byvo9f | What is unionising ? | Imagine if you walk up to your boss and say "I want to be paid more, or I'll stop working". The end result here is that your boss probably fires you.
Now imagine you get all your coworkers, every single one, to go up as one group and say "We want to be paid more, or we'll stop working". Your boss can't just fire his entire staff, so he'll have to negotiate.
That's the purpose of a union, to gather enough employees together that simply firing them and hiring new ones aren't worth it, thus giving power to employees. | c70b6a7d-8f63-40f8-b61a-5450d72f1784 |
byw1ix | Why do businesses save their computer files with underscores in the names rather than spaces? | In the terminal, spaces are used to separate command line options. If you have a space in a file name, you can't use it as an option without putting it in quotes.
The terminal is a place where you can type commands to make the computer do stuff. Some people, like [Strong Bad](_URL_0_), find this easier than using a mouse.
EDIT: Changed "parameters" to "options", to make it eaiser to understand. Added a paragraph about the terminal. | 5607cf7d-4617-4c0d-aa9c-252595028b28 |
bywe6m | How does single use password work? | Yes. there is a secret seed and an algorithm based on time.
The whole thing is standardised (for compatibility).
I'm not sure about the exact details, but first you agree on a seed (a long number, or a QR code you scan with your phone).
At the time when you need a password, the server as well as your authenticator take there seed and the time of the day up to half of the minute and generate the 6 digit code. you transfer this 6 digit code and if it matches your are logged in.
To hack it you need the seed (obviously), or have luck with a login once (guessing the 6 digit code) and disabling the authentication when logged in. | a80de4ed-8cf5-4a15-bc39-6bfe90d7a1af |
bywmk6 | Why are most eggs, egg shaped and some eggs are spherical? | 'Egg-shaped' (ovoid) eggs have the advantage of *not* rolling in a straight line - particularly useful if you're a bird that nests on high ledges, cliff tops, etc - in these types of birds, evolution has had the effect of ensuring that only the genes of ovoid-egg-laying birds survive to the next successive generation. | 18298f1b-fab2-45c8-af9a-923cb3591f85 |
bywp1i | Can you accidentally open the emergency exit door on a plane mid-flight? What would happen if you did? | Almost all doors on airplanes open inwards. This is also the case with the emergency exits. During a normal flight the cabin of the airplane is pressurized. The pressure inside the airplane is keeping the door shut with a very high force. So any human does not posses the strength to open the emergency exit in flight. And even if you had the strength the door handle and the door itself would not handle the forces and would be destroyed before it would open. If you were able to do this then all of the air in the cabin would rush out the hole. If you are standing close to the hole and is not secured in place then you might be pushed out with all the air. It is also possible for debris of the emergency door or slide could go back and hit the tail plane damaging it. Other then this the loss of cabin pressure would pose a danger to the crew and passengers due to lack of oxygen. The pilots will normally put the airplane into a rapid decent in order to get into thicker air with more oxygen. They will then fly to the nearest runway and land. There have been several cases where similar things have happened, none involving any doors opening inwards, and these types of accidents are normally quite safe. | 294a06f3-abdb-4b59-9a9a-150d952c2851 |
bywwrx | How is it possible that extinct species are "brought back to life"? | Essentially, it works the same way as cloning a living animal would. It requires you to have good quality DNA available, so is only really feasible when working with very recently extinct species. This is (one of) the reasons why there has been little tangible progress towards cloning woolly mammoths, despite much media hype. The only example I know of where an extinct species was cloned is the [Pyrenean ibex](_URL_2_), which is really more of a subspecies with several living close relatives anyway. These animals went extinct in 2000, and in 2003 an attempt was made to clone some using tissue samples taken from the last living individual before she died. You can read an article about this [here](_URL_1_), or the original scientific publication [here](_URL_0_). Out of a total of over 400 embryos the researchers created, 57 were implanted in surrogate females, of which 7 actually resulted in pregnancies. And of these 7, only a single one made it to term; it was born by Caesarean section, but died a few minutes later due to some birth defects.
I'm sure that with further efforts, we could successfully get living individuals of this species and others that recently went extinct, but I think it's important to consider the ethics of this kind of work. It seems pretty clear that even in this best case scenario (a species that had been extinct for only three years, and for which frozen tissue samples from a living individual were available for use), getting an actual breeding population of these individuals established would take a tremendous amount of work, and might just be impossible. Though this kind of research is definitely interesting, I think at a certain point it's important to question what can really be gained from it. If it's too inefficient to actually reestablish any extinct species (at least with current methods), then it seems cruel to bring back a few individuals who will likely experience short and lonely lives in a world which may not even match the one they evolved in. | 21f4b422-b329-4d37-a605-a43917dfeadd |
bywypc | How film photography and film development works? | Photographic film consists of microscopic crystals of silver halide salts. Usually a mixture of silver chloride and silver bromide. These are coated into a plastic backing that forms the "film".
Exposed to light in a camera, individual points on the crystals are "sensitized" by a photon of light damaging the crystal. In the darkroom, the film is put into a bath of a chemical reducing agent that turns the silver halide salts to metallic silver. The sensitized crystals are reduced more quickly than others so the development is carried out under controlled conditions of time and temperature so the most sensitized crystals type almost black while the unsubsidized ones are hardly affected. In that way you get a negative image with a full range of tones. The remaining, undeveloped, silver halide is dissolved away with a "fixing" chemical so further changes can't happen.
The same process is repeated when the film negative is enlarged onto photographic paper to give a positive print.
Colour photography processes are a bit more complicated. The basic film and paper consist of different layers sensitive to different colours of light. When they are processed, dyes are linked to the developed silver grains and the latter are then dissolved away leaving the image consisting of just the dyes matching the colours of the scane. | 02171b4e-2031-4c33-8b1d-c7ab7e743d3e |
byx0gf | How a gyrocopter works | Falling is a relative term. If you get sucked into the air by a tornado, you're still falling through the air toward the earth, but the air around you is moving so quickly that you "fall up" faster than you "fall down".
You're not wrong to think the autogyro has to fall in order to fly, but it falls in a very specific way. The rotors are tilted, and that means the direction of the air "looks different" to the rotors than it does to a person. As long as the vehicle is moving forward in the air, the tilt of the rotors means the air is also moving up through the rotor disc, generating lift. So, the vehicle actually "falls forwards" to generate lift, instead of falling down. That's why they usually have to get moving forwards before they can take off, even though they sort of look like a helicopter, which can most certainly just go straight up - an autogyro has to fall forwards fast enough to generate lift so it can fly. | 42bc2d5c-5526-4225-a8de-54e2dd74af59 |
byx52i | How does salt draw out moisture out of food? | It's called Osmotic Pressure.
Across membranes which are 'semi-permeable' -- that is, water can pass through, but not salt -- the water will flow through the membrane towards to the side with a higher amount of salt.
The system is attempting to 'balance' the salt concentration on both sides. The flowing water dilutes the salt on the high-salt side. | 17a28945-8528-4f9f-bef6-be978c72198f |
byxb58 | Why do lithium ion batteries in a laptops charge to 100% then uses adaptor power while batteries on phone don't? | Two reasons, the practical being the most important case though
Practical: There is basically zero demand for people to run a mobile phone, without a battery, in a fixed location. This is an exceptionally obscure condition, as such, designing a phone that would be in a case with no battery and get power direct is never gonna happen. If people did use phones this way (and they don't), they would figure out ways to manufacture them to allow it, but since they don't, why would you?
Technical: Space inside a mobile phone is at a premium. It takes more complex and cumbersome circuitry and design to allow a device to run from power vs. battery. Running from battery is much much easier and can be done smaller (and lots of other electronics/electricity reasons). Laptops are large enough and are used in a different way that makes it reasonable they can run off power directly, and then also use it to charge | 84d7403c-b5c8-425b-93e5-d3b6cf4f3105 |
byxg4v | How does Microsoft and Sony compete with similar specs? | They both have a similar release date in mind since you don't want to come out too far after your competition and 3rd party developers want to know when to start making higher end games. As well they have similar price points in mind as you don't want to be way more expensive then the competition. So when you combine the two you end up with similar specs, the best most cost effective hardware that will be available for mass market consumption in year 20XX. There are only two major CPU and GPU manufacturers so both companies are drawing from the same pool unless they completely go out of left field. Sony tried that with teh PS3 and the Cell Processor and got burned. | 70dc1bd9-ca25-4b8b-8638-d9de44a67d6a |
byxl7l | How/why do certain TV shows appear more ‘polished’, and others more ‘live’? | The main thing is that they use different cameras. Soap operas and lower budget shows use different equipment to shoot. High production value shows are done with cinema cameras and equipment, while cheaper productions are done with TV cameras.
Back in the days of filming on a film, the difference between things filmed in studio and outside on location had a clear quality difference. Nowadays it isn't as clear.
These different camera rigs require different kinds of crews to work. They also shoot using different formats, and edit differently, use different color correction and such. Not every production uses the same methods.
Generally more money = better gear and more time to polish the end product. But sometimes you don't need top of the line gear. Would a run of the mill soap opera really benefit from having better cameras and editing? | 62e820f5-188f-4289-838a-fcc73094c327 |
byxtdl | What exactly is a game engine, and why are some better or stronger than others? | It's a framework, somewhere between programming language and development environment.
Think of it like a foundation over which you build games.
So instead of having to start a game with a blank page and having to write every piece of code for it.
You have a basic makeup and as a developer only have to fill in the parts that set your game apart from others.
If this is a blank program: \[ \]
You have a hard time making a game.
If this is a game engine: \[ < Add your character here > , < add your rules for movement here > , < add your textures here > \]
The engine handles the rest of it, you just fill in the blanks.
& #x200B;
Can't say what makes one better than another, depends on what you want you game to look, or feel like. Some have more options, some are slower on older hardware.
A good developer can make the same game on 3 different engines, it's just a matter of how long it's gonna take. | c8fc4212-4e9e-445f-83f6-0baaa43ddbb4 |
byy76s | Why can't phone cameras take pictures the way I see things at night, even though they can adjust for brightness? | A camera is a very dumb tool with lots of limitations. Those limitations can be mitigated with technological advancements, but at the end of the day, it's just a hunk of metal glass and plastic trying to capture photons.
The way that you see with your eyes is very nearly magic. Your eyes bring in light, the light is picked up by your rods and cones, and then the info is sent to your brain where all the magic happens. Your brain can filter things, adjust for things, and even make up information where there really isn't any. Your eyes and brain also have a very very wide "dynamic range" which is the range of brightness levels you can perceive at once, from really bright lights and into deep dark shadows. Some of this is the nature of our eyes, and some of this is down to the enormous power of our brains processing the information quickly. More importantly, your vision is set up specifically to be giving you information needed to hunt, defend yourself, be aware of threats or resources, etc. So when there are flaws or deficiencies, your brain doesn't really alert you to them, it just does what it has to do to keep you safe and healthy. You may think that you can see very well in really really low light where a camera sees absolutely nothing, but if you really examine the image your brain is perceiving, you may notice that you are essentially seeing black and white, because we don't pick up color well in ultra low light, and yet your brain will do its best to show you "false color" because you know "that truck is red" even if you can't see it. So you brain will basically paint the color in for you based on your knowledge.
A camera can't (yet) use the intelligent power to make those adjustments the same way your mind can. It just shows you everything it can technically capture, without any fakery or trickery to help fill in blanks, remove distractions, or make up for deficiencies. They also have far lower ranges of capabilities between bright and dark spots, so at night where you have a very bright street lamp and a very dim car interior, your eyes will show you both levels of exposure, but a camera will have to pick one or the other, and you'll get a blown out white light and an interior you can see, or a well exposed light and a black interior. The technology just isn't there yet to expand that dynamic range. On cameras with larger sensors, the dynamic range is better, but still very limited compared with the human eye. The camera also can't fill in the blanks when it comes to colors, so what might look vibrant and detailed to your eye is going to look muddy and "accurate" in a photo. | 7a4c549a-a6b5-4c0c-a35c-a2d9f16f8134 |
byycav | How is car boot / trunk space calculated? | The multiple measurements for wagons and SUVs measure the cargo space behind the rear seat, as well as the total cargo space if you fold the back seat forward and use everything behind the front seats as continuous cargo space. For a sedan you just have the trunk... perhaps the rear seats don't fold forward at all? Or even if they do, it's not really a contiguous space/much more limited utility than a wagon or SUV. | a798ebce-3dcc-4b88-9d2b-fecc188a1d04 |
byygdv | Why does pressing clothes with hot iron works while using cold iron doesn't ? | The hot iron also uses water to create steam. The steam "softens" the fabric, the hot iron presses it flat and dries any moisture left by the steam.
Techically, a cold iron would also work, it would just take longer. Get the wrinkly spot wet, set cold iron on to keep it flat, the wait for it to dry. | a9b30bab-1b96-46ad-ad93-1b33c37eceb5 |
byyjbp | why does breaking the sound barrier cause an “explosion”? | It does not, if anything it's the opposite.
As you approach the speed of sound the sound energy moving away in front of you doesn't travel far before the sound energy from your leading edge is added to it. It's a compressive effect that can damage the airframe unless it's specially designed. | 6c2ac4aa-73dc-48e2-89ab-163ca14d1512 |
byyntb | How does a game in development for 7 years stay up-to-date with trends, graphics, etc? | Depends on the development cycle.
If they use a static model, they don't keep up with trends, but graphics tend to be fairly mutable.
If they use a dynamic agile model, you'll notice elements of the game developed last will have more polish to them.
& #x200B;
Graphics, so when artists make models they make them stupidly highly detailed, then use a scaled down version for the game, if the specs go up and tech gets better before (and sometimes after) release, they just re-create from the original model a slightly better one (more polygons, better textures, less scaled down).
Writing, if it's done and seems good enough, they kinda leave it, but patches can be introduced later via updates.
Trends, long dev cyles mean that sometimes you just have to pick something that won't go out of style, by going hyper futuristic, or old medieval, or fantasy. You'll notice games that don't age well tend to be contemporary or sims (though sims tend to make updates by releasing a new version every year with small updates, up to a point, and some just fill a niche that has barely any competition; see Flight Sim) | 0dee2346-146a-4540-8c2a-a470f136ffa7 |
byyocb | What exactly is radiation? | Radiation, in the basic sense, is the transfer of energy in the form of waves or particles.
You might then say "But isn't light just transfer of energy?" and you'd be correct, light is called electromagnetic radiation, just like radio waves, microwaves, and many other things.
What we tend to talk about when talking about "radiation" is particle radiation, which is when energy is radiated away from atoms using subatomic particles instead of light. | 56898a94-f9e5-4178-aa83-3eaa73fc00f1 |
byz6d2 | Why is the chance of getting struck by lightning so low? | A few reasons:
1) Few people are outside during thunderstorms.
2) The Earth and the storm are huge and you're very very small.
3) Although lightning doesn't *always* hit the tallest object in view, a tall object usually is the lowest resistance path. That means lightning is more likely to blow up trees and power lines and buildings - and also why you shouldn't shelter under a tall tree during a thunderstorm.
People who spend a lot of time in tall towers during storms (like park rangers) get struck way more often than the general public. | ae9889cb-5b24-4b3e-a732-ea88bb8760b7 |
byzg5d | Why do our voices change as we age? What causes the stereotypical "old person voice"? | Your vocal cords create sounds by vibrating against each other, powered by your breath and stabilized with your torso muscles. As you get older the cords can become less flexible, dryer, and your muscles can be weaker at powering the whole operation. | e7e88294-4851-46e4-b076-5e86a6af0963 |
byzh7l | What's the difference between a number 2 pencil and a pencil that isn't labeled number 2? And if number 2s are almost always required why not just only make number 2 pencils? | The number describes the hardness. Different numbers are made mostly for artists, who want different effects when they draw with pencils. | f7101fe5-d706-43cf-97ea-91c44eb976ae |
byzmn2 | Why is it so easy to fall asleep on crouch unintentionally than to fall asleep in bed intentionally. | Great minds think alike. Ahoy, fellow redditor. Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained:
1. [ELI5: Why do you fall asleep much easier on the couch watching TV (or anywhere other than your normal sleeping place) than in your normally used bed? ](_URL_0_) ^(_57 comments_)
1. [ELI5: Why is easy to fall asleep on the couch unintentually, but harder to fall asleep when you move to your bed? ](_URL_1_) ^(_9 comments_)
1. [ELI5: falling asleep on the couch/in a chair - you go to your bedroom to call it a night and then you're wide awake. ](_URL_2_) ^(_11 comments_) | 533e11e6-6726-4b92-8958-3e928174e90c |
byzny5 | How do different emotions work chemically? What's different between a "bad" emotion and a "good" emotion? | Valence is the term for what differentiates a good emotion from a bad, "surprise" being the debatably only avalent emotion. Chemically we tend to assiociate the release of dopamine with "good." Serotonin seems to be more associated with satiation instead of happiness, but I suppose you could group that in with the positive feelings | 7dc49fd1-4cab-42b4-ae71-0cc1b1cdbc9e |
byzyki | why do things that move quickly see everything else moving slowly? | We only know that these animals can see changes in the world faster than humans. For example, most LED lights are flickering at 60 times per second but to us, it looks like a constant brightness. To an animal with faster sense of sight, they may see the actual flicker.
Another way to describe it is to look at flip books. Lets say you have a flip book of an athlete running across the page. There are 10 pages and you flip them at 10 pages per second. The athlete runs across the page in 1 second.
Now, an animal with a better ability to see changes would represent say 1000 pages of an athlete running across the page. Flipping the book at the same 10 pages per second takes 100 seconds for the athlete to run across. The athlete seems to be running in slow motion IF we assume we're still flipping at 10 pages per second (human perception). Therefore we think these animals see the world slower but its not like we can ask them directly. This is also how slow motion videos are generated by cameras capturing at very high speeds.
Now how were these results measured? One way is to stick an electric probe into the visual nerves of the animal and flicker lights at different speeds. The electric signal should be distinct peaks at each flicker but the faster you go, the peaks will eventually blend. Animals with faster sight would see faster flicker than humans. | e88a906c-b506-49c5-b71c-cb85615c6d5a |
byzz5k | How did scientists conclude/figure out that the Earth's inner core is solid while the outer core is molten? | The waves generated during earthquakes travel throughout the planet. If you know when and where the quake was, you can calculate how long it should take the waves to get to your monitors on the other side of the planet. Trouble was that the waves were not arriving when and where they were calculated assuming a total liquid core. Further calculations showed that the wave paths were getting disturbed by something and that something was calculated to be a solid core. | dbc17841-7680-4aa2-b3be-a83c09efa9aa |
bz02xh | How animals can carry diseases but not actually have those diseases | You do this too. You carry around all manner of intestinal bacteria that are kept segregated from the rest of your body. If they get into other animals or into places they don't belong, they can cause a serious infection. They'd rather just ride along with you indefinitely.
You also occasionally carry around human-specific cold viruses that are just a minor annoyance to you but always have the risk of jumping species by accident.
Lethal bacteria and viruses like bubonic plague and ebola and smallpox aren't purposely trying to kill you, this isn't a viable reproductive strategy. The want you up and about and passably healthy to spread the passengers far and wide forever.
When they accidentally get into a species they haven't evolved to coexist with, the infection is too aggressive and the animal and the infection both die. | ab920c49-ed7e-467e-bc33-ddfc68fb6ac9 |
bz06g6 | How does Staph, MRSA, Cellulitis, Etc, know how to spread in a path directly to your heart? | It’s not a question of knowing. It is simply using the available transport systems in your body (lymphatic and venous) to spread. Relative to antibiotic resistance: antibiotics have been grossly overused for decades in humans to treat minor infections, cows and poultry to make them not get sick in conditions that would make them sick (the antibiotics are found throughout the food chain. That is why no antibiotic food is probably better for you). Any surviving bacteria after a round of antibiotics is then naturally resistant to the effects of the antibiotic. That resistance is passed on within the bacteria so that eventually you have bacteria that are largely resistant to most antibiotics. | 61b599fb-db0a-4cf4-87c5-fdc986f38397 |
bz06ky | Why does head lice always spread in schools? | Anywhere you get many people in close proximity, you can have lice infection. Stories from concentration camps show they had to deal with lice, soldiers talk about the issue and many other situations.
Schools are just a modern example of many people close to each other in one building. | 377995f2-5fd0-41ea-889f-91997ed46f68 |
bz0jav | How do things like marijuana and alcohol get consumed through the mouth/stomach/lungs and then have an affect on the brain? | When you inhale, most of the stuff you're inhaling goes right into your blood. That's what the lungs are for, getting oxygen from the outside into your blood.
& #x200B;
Same with the digestive system. Your blood is what delivers nutrients to your body, so it has to get into your blood.
& #x200B;
Not everything in your blood can get into your brain. There is a blood-brain barrier to protect your brain from blood irregularities, but some things make it through. | 72200585-0c6e-4bf2-813e-3e6c96bd069f |
bz0pdc | How do the 7 layers in the OSI model of networking work? | In short: each layer only concerns itself with the narrow part of the communication process it is assigned and communicates with the other layers via a more or less standard interface. Which means for example that you can swap out the Physical layer from a copper CAT cable transceiver to a fiber transceiver and the layers above it can pretty much work just the same regardless, or how the MAC layer doesn't have to give a toot about which transport layer protocol the packet has, it only has to make sure it gets to the right device on the local network. This provides good adaptability and avoids weird spaghetti code issues. | 2407fe69-2ac8-413a-a1bc-fec0c11d3b70 |
bz0pf4 | Why do fruits and vegetables continue to ripen when disconnected from their branch/plant | The ripening is a chemical reaction within the still living cells of the fruit, not something the plant is required to do to the fruit. The fruit itself can undergo the changes that are ripening. | 1ff76326-8164-4462-90fe-04b5007883db |
bz0sfa | how a flyswatter kills a fly, yet leaves it seemingly unharmed. What kills the fly? | It is about your perspective as a giant human compared to that of a fly.
If you were much smaller, and familiar with the anatomy of a fly you would see the amount of damage done.
In some cases, like if you swat the fly out of the air as opposed to against a wall, you are sometimes just knocking him out, not killing him.
In the instance of swatting him out of the air and KILLING him, it would be the concussive force of the swat. You are essentially liquefying his insides with a concussive force. | a04d9a94-f180-403f-af47-eab0423599da |
bz115t | When you get a cut on your finger your skin will usually grow back after a few days. How come the foreskin does not grow back after a few days? | The body needs a matrix upon which to generate. If you have a cut on your finger, then the body has a framework—the finger, to grow on. But when you amputate a body part, it has no framework upon which to build. The foreskin is gone so it’s not going to grow. However, I understand that some guys do some kind of stretching of skin to recreate a foreskin. | e68e44a4-6290-4009-a4ce-dae215d8eeb2 |
bz1879 | How do you make an operating system? | With great difficulty.
You have to start with the hardware, will it run on regular modern computer hardware or its own custom thing?
You write code that will communicate with the hardware in a structured predictable way (usually assembly/machine code).
You write it in a way that it can store and manipulate data.
On top of that, you create a layer of abstraction, a way to communicate this information to the user... could be as basic as a couple of LEDs, by telling the hardware: "hey give 5v to this pin".
It can be more advanced, like draw this on the screen (but that's it's own topic).
Once you have that layer you have a basic OS, the first ones that use modern monitors simply had a text interface that would ignore commands it did not understand. | 1ec11d30-be1d-4390-8ff6-af1c66e374fe |
bz1dba | Global Polar Shift | The Magnetic poles can shift yes. They have in the past and I believe are due to again soon. There is no indication that it will have any impact on weather/climate at all.
So viable yes, impactful/the cause no.
EDIT: I'm talking about the magnetic poles swapping, If you are talking about the rotational axis then that isn't a thing. Also I am apparently wrong about it being due soon, which is fine cause again litte to no impact. | a8af7903-4b2b-471d-bb37-8bc2979f1e31 |
bz1kkz | why do lips get chapped in cold weather compared to hot? Doesn’t the hot air absorb the moisture more? | Hot air does make moisture move more, but that also includes nearby water sources, making the air more humid.
The higher water content of the warm air doesn't suck from your lips as much as the very dry cold air.
Plus, when it's warmer, you're sweating more, applying moisture more directly. | 1594fad4-b6fc-4bff-9e48-2f45811c77e0 |
bz1npn | Why does shampoo bubble so much more on the second wash? | The detergent of the shampoo binds with the oils in your hair during the first wash, resulting in a mix of oily detergent that doesn't bubble much. After rinsing, the next application will have less oil to bind to and will thus bubble more readily. | 339e7955-664d-4f82-9003-537c071aba5b |
bz25wa | How do we accurately measure temperatures near absolute zero? | There are a few different ways of measuring temperature close to absolute zero, but here I will just explain one of them.
& #x200B;
We can start by reminding ourselves that temperature is really just a measure of how much energy something has. So a hotter atom will have more energy and move faster than a colder one. One common way to measure temperatures close to absolute zero is by measuring the kinetic energy of the atoms at that temperature. Usually when performing experiments at very low temperatures (just a few milli-Kelvin), the experiment traps the atoms with some type of field (usually magnetic) and forms a condensate, or cloud. So you can imagine that as each atom in that cloud is cooling down, the cloud becomes more and more dense because each particle does not have enough energy to escape. Then the experimentalist can turn off the trap and the atoms/particles will fly away and the cloud will expand ballistically. The cloud size increases with time, and this increase is a direct observation of the velocity of the atoms and therefore their temperature (there is some fancy math that tells us that the temperature is proportional to the square of the size of the clouds shadow if we continue this analogy).
& #x200B;
The technical term for all of this is the Bose-Einstein condensate. Here is a more indepth review of this topic using the same analogy: [_URL_0_](_URL_0_) | 8167cdf1-c7bd-4c2c-9587-ef763eed45c9 |
bz26qz | What does it mean to be pragmatic? | It means that you choose actions based on their likely outcome, rather than as a matter of principle, ideology, ethics, or unlikely hope. | c7a32e52-1bff-44df-89e8-b604f1e80606 |
bz2jjt | How do bugs fly in swarms without bumping into each other? | If I had to guess, they do bump into each other. Generally bugs or their wings at least are pretty flexible and bugs are also just really light. Hence I think they’d just bounce and change direction then keep going. | c3dd81e6-daa1-444e-a781-2c270ace0212 |
bz2llk | why does your skin turn white when you scratch it without breaking skin? | You are breaking skin. Just the outermost layer of dead skin cells, so no blood is drawn. Those broken skin cells refract the light shining through them, eventually reflecting light out in various directions, creating a white color as a result. | 0c420d47-bdf7-4d0a-988c-6883d788cf1c |
bz2toy | why do some file transfers have such variable transfer speeds? | Fragmentation and connection protocol message size limits.
When files are stored in a drive the drive allocates contiguous blocks of data to most files if they need it. But if you have lots of small files the drive needs to search for them all over its memory to then copy them to the bus and send them to their destination.
Search, find, copy, send. Search find copy send. Over and over for many files vs 1 long stream of continuous data.
& #x200B;
In addition when being sent over network or even local protocols, they have a max message size, so the device will cut up the file being transferred into:
1. Header (what is the file, how big and where is it going)
2. First chunk of data
3. Second chunk of data
4. Thir... you get it
5. ...
?. End of File
While sending these messages, sometimes the computer needs to check to see if the connection is still alive... so stop transfer (rather pause), check, wait for reply, continue with a new header that also says 'I'm part of the previous message'.
& #x200B;
This happens very quickly in many many small messages, so you can see how the connection might flutter up and down in speed if it has to stop and go. | 1529ca6e-e619-4ff1-8574-80624745a8eb |
bz3cdv | Can I Get a Hong Kong Passport Stamp? | You need to officially enter the country to get a stamp i.e. leave the airport. You don’t get one just for passing through. And they won’t just give you one if you ask, cause it is an official verification that you entered the country, and if you didn’t then they won’t lie by stamping to say you did. If you actually do want to leave the airport, you’d need to get a visa, etc. | c82b9f35-5984-482c-a710-a07dd1078bdc |
bz3ls6 | literally: What is energy? | Energy is the ability to do work.
It comes in different forms such as chemical energy, kinetic energy, or thermal energy, but what unites all its forms is that they can be harnessed to do work. | 48fa980c-4eb9-4217-81fb-7e33dae2e9a3 |
bz3ns7 | Why is wine best stored horizontally? | To keep the inside of the cork wet. If you set it vertically, it will dry out and allow the wine to ruin. | 9e2f1a8b-8a72-4267-a4b6-819eb68b5513 |
bz3qyw | Are vitamins a physical thing? | "Vitamins" are just chemical compounds your body uses for various things.
Vitamin-C, for example, is ascorbic acid (C6H8O6) and your body needs it for tissue repair and production of certain neurotransmitter chemicals.
Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids. Your body naturally produces 7-Dehydrocholesterol in your skin, which reacts with UVB light to produce Vitamin D3. | ebb80b3e-11b9-4eb5-9dcc-273977dc00e3 |
bz3ri2 | Why do humans require a diverse diet and domesticated pets can eat the same dry kibble? | Humans dont require a diverse diet, it's just we choose to eat that way because of the flavors....humans literally can survive by eating raw meat/fat. | b6a9425a-b610-42ac-aafa-af57bb8461ff |
bz3zps | Why do so many people with back/neck issues react negatively (more pain) to cold weather or being near a draft of cold air? | Sudden cold can cause the muscles to tighten suddenly which is painful in itself but also increases back/neck pain if that pain is originally from muscle stiffness.
Source: personal experience | ab2c16bf-6830-49a1-86c3-1150629c15ea |
bz40mq | What’s stopping other animals from reaching our level of intelligence where we have the ability to create technology? | Intelligence is expensive. Your brain eats about about a quarter of your daily caloric intake. For most animals the added smarts aren't worth the cost. | 002f096d-d7ce-401a-9512-cf869190a0b5 |
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