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3dbglj | Why are objects in the mirror closer than they appear? | Because the mirror is convex, it collects light from a larger field of view than a flat mirror would. This is good at letting you see more road, at the expense of depth perception. | abb4abea-5035-49ef-a5f9-086b6589b764 |
3h6h85 | What is the difference between Computer Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering and Electrical Engineering? | Computer Scientist here. (see bottom half of comment for a tl;dr as well as an ELI5-esque analogy)
Each of these majors will have significant overlap, but there will be some differences in the topical focus in the later years. It also varies from uni to uni, so I'm using the [University of Adelaide's](_URL_0_) curriculum as a reference point.
**Computer Science** focuses more on problem solving and taking advantage of the ways computers operate in terms of doing maths and manipulating structured information. So the focus of such a program would be the theory and design of algorithms and data structures. Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning and Modelling/Simulation falls under this topic.
**Computer Engineering** needs to broken down into two parts: Software Engineering and Computer Architecture.
**Software Engineering** is the *programming* side of Computer Science, where you actually go about writing a set of instructions (program) that a computer can interpret and execute. You will learn how to write big applications (including games and apps), dealing with databases and setting up networks here. Computer Security is also a growing part of Software Engineering teaching (things like encryption and password cracking would, however, be a topic more for Computer Science).
**Computer Architecture** puts emphasis on the design and effective utilisation of the computer components, such as the processor (CPU) and memory (RAM, CD/DVD, Hard Drives). While in theory an algorithm might take X number of operations to solve a problem, if you can design the hardware to run more *operations per seconds*, you can solve the same problem faster in physical time. This is where you could be creating better Graphics cards for VR software, or optimising how programs are run at the machine level such as multi-cores (parallel computing).
**Electrical Engineering** is physically building the circuits and motherboards using materials and having a deeper understanding of the physics and chemistry behind the computer (signals, conduction etc). They focus on turning hardware designs into reality. This affects the quality and reliability of the processor and signals. If you're an electrical engineer you can probably build custom electronic gadgets in your basement.
**tl;dr**:
* Computer Science focuses on *how* to solve a problem using maths and logic.
* Computer Engineering is divided into Software Engineering and Computer Architecture
* Software Engineering focuses on translating the abstract problem solving ideas in Computer Science into *step by step instructions* (software) a computer can execute.
* Computer Architecture is about designing the parts of the computer to run these programs faster or more efficiently.
* Electrical Engineering brings the computer to life by actually building and connecting up the different computer components.
* there is a lot of topic overlap across all majors.
**If it's still unclear, here's a cooking analogy. If the kitchen is a computer...**:
* Computer Science is ... coming up with the recipe for a new dish. You don't care which kitchen it's cooked in, but you will cook the dish at least once as a proof of concept.
* Software Engineering is ... writing down the recipe in a way others can read and follow to reproduce this dish. You just need to make sure the kitchen has the required tools for each step and you might cook the dish a couple of times to make sure the recipe is good.
* Computer Architecture is ... streamlining the cooking steps by turning on the oven first before starting to dice up the ingredients. You worry about the brands and capacity of each appliance in the kitchen, but end up not caring too much about what recipes are being cooked in this kitchen.
* Electrical Engineering is ... building or bringing into the kitchen a food processor so that ingredients dicing takes less time, and the diced bits will be much more nicely sized and shaped. You end up continuing to build more appliances that can do different cooking steps better/faster/in a neat way, but don't end up writing recipes or cooking the dish either. At some point you'll build a drone to help you monitor the baking while you go play Metal Gear Solid 5.
EDIT: As several other users have mentioned, Electrical Engineering covers more than computers. They are trained to work with anything that utilises the electromagnetic spectrum for functionality. | e0c3cbb4-8e3d-49a8-9e47-1f2d00b6607b |
77x52k | what does more damage to the brain, a single KO blow or a flurry of smaller blows that result in a TKO? | With CTE studies and the NFL we are only just beginning to understand head trauma. It appears that its not a single concussion that is the cause but more of repetitive hits to the head. Dont be mistaken, though, both is not healthy... brain wise. | d7f3b1da-8614-46a4-adca-3e87eb017d60 |
3gcx3g | Why are most television shows made to censor curse words and other possible offensive vocabulary, but are allowed to show the visual representation of things along the same lines as the omitted/edited speech? | because children who don't always necessarily understand whats going on under the covers it could go over their heads and they wont realize it was a rude scene but if its swearing or talking about sexual subjects it the kids will definitely realize what the shows trying to convey. | 81741dcf-9571-4bfd-a96c-10ce0c42047f |
4kzjsv | With the rise of automation in manufacturing and retail, what's next in the line of work for the people who will lost their jobs? | Many of those jobs will go away. But not all will, and other jobs will become necessary because of the change, and those will employ some of the others.
A number of workers and jobs will stay directly in transportation. Many transportation workers provide more service than just an act of driving, and because they're human they'll appeal to older or technology-uncertain citizens. Tour bus operators still guide and announce, and cabbies can have a conversation for a lonely senior. So they'll still have a percentage of the market because a robotic voice will just not be the same.
Others will move to support roles in the companies that build and run those transportation methods, working inside the factory or office rather than out in a truck somewhere.
Others will move to the loading and unloading functions. The truck can drive itself so the middle part of a shipping company's work is covered, but it would be a very sophisticated and VERY expensive fully robotic system for its cargo to load and unload and store itself. That still needs a human to perform economically for most mid-sized companies. You might need less of them than you did of drivers, but the function will employ some ex-drivers.
And the others will either find work elsewhere, or simply not find work by retiring early or not working. | 9c880e22-78db-42b8-847e-416a2915b343 |
3n00ib | Why is it assumed to be liquid water on Mars as opposed to some other liquid. | It's not assumed, it's known. They used a spectrometer to analyse the chemical composition of the liquid in the channels. | 74042962-6f19-4c53-a737-bee53034719b |
3gmrjb | Who are the Oath Keepers and what do they do? | The Oathkeepers are a group that is supposed to consist of people who take an oath to defend the Constitution as part of their work---so soldiers, some other government workers, police, and the like.
The organization asks its members to swear that they will never follow an unconstitutional order, meant as insurance against potentially tyrannical government action.
They are considered to be a fairly conservative organization. Many accuse them of tending toward conspiracy theories and reactionary views. | dbb3b214-08d9-484d-8234-533700827c93 |
2h05k0 | Why do storefronts have two sets of consecutive doors (usually automatic) at the entrance? | This design is particularly common in regions with cold climates (like Canada), even for relatively small stores, because having a single door system that opens directly to outside where there is heavy foot-traffic is simply not feasible in extreme weather conditions (e.g. outside temperatures of -20°C/-4°F).
The fact is, using a single door system in a heavy-traffic area with cold weather conditions would make it near impossible for the central heating system inside the store to maintain any form of climate control. At most, the store may be a few degrees warmer than outside and freezing cold air would constantly be flowing in at rates faster than the heating system would be able to replace.
Even just the fact that you have two doors and a space separating indoors from outdoors, can do wonders in terms of reducing the flow of air from outside to inside and vice versa (even when both doors are open). There is another component to the double-door system that you haven't mentioned though.
What you may not realize is that, in the gap between the two doors, there are usually heavy duty fan blowers which typically reside above the door / on the ceiling and force air downwards. These fan blowers help form a virtual barrier between indoors and outdoors and prevent most of the cold air from rushing in from outside and prevent most of the warm air from escaping outside.
These double-door systems can also be used in reverse (for hotter climates) to keep cool air in and hot air outside. | b990c834-a4e0-4265-871c-99529616f3fa |
7sd01p | What difference does the layout of pistons in an engine make? | [this is more ELI9]
It helps to think of a car (or any other piston-engined machine) like a bicycle. Each piston moves up and down inside its cylinder, sort of like your legs do when pedaling your bicycle. Those pistons, just your legs, turn a crank that connects to the wheels and makes the car/bike move forward.
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In a bicycle, the pedals are located opposite to each other. In other words, one pedal is at the top when the other is at the bottom (i.e. 180°/180° orientation). This makes it easier for you to pedal smoothly. If they were both at the top/bottom at the same time, or some other orientation (e.g. 90°/270°), it would be harder to pedal, and you would get a more “lumpy” feeling, similar to how it feels if you try to pedal with just one leg. You’d feel a very pronounced pulse on every rotation.
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The same principles apply in a piston-engined car; It’s convenient to lay out pistons in pairs that oppose each other. That gives you smooth and efficient power delivery. Unlike bicycles though, an engine can easily have more than two pistons (i.e. legs), which can give you a lot more power. Most cars have between four and eight cylinders, and sometimes up to twelve (16 in _very_ rare cases). You could arrange them like a tandem bike, but that takes up a LOT of space. Instead, engines usually arranges the pistons all side by side, as if bicyclists were sitting shoulder-to-shoulder (like in a paddle boat). This is called an “inline” or “straight” arrangement e.g. an inline 6-cylinder or I-6 engine.
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That works well for four cylinders. It doesn’t take up a lot of space, and you get a nice and even 90°-90°-90°-90° orientation along the crankshaft. It also works ok for five cylinders, but you can imagine how awkward it is to have a one-legged bicyclist on your team. It works REALLY well for six cylinders, with a 60°-60°-60°-60°-60°-60° orientation that is extraordinarily smooth because each pulse is so close to the next. Unfortunately, that requires a longer crankshaft, which takes up more space in the engine compartment and makes the hood longer (or wider, depending on which direction you orient the engine itself).
-
To get around that problem, engines sometimes position the pistons across from each other instead of all in a line side by side. That modification takes up less space. Usually it’s in a “V” pattern (e.g. V6, V8, V12) with pairs of pistons arranged like
`•’ around the crankshaft, and occasionally it’s an “H” pattern with pistons arranged like
—•— (most notably Subaru and Porsche). V’s are narrower but taller (good tradeoff between packaging efficiency and smoothness), whereas H’s are lower but wider (great for handling due to low center of gravity, but tend to have more vibration/harshness).
-
If this were an ELI12, we’d go into the differences between different piston and crankshaft angles in V- engines as well as their resulting harmonic/vibrations, why different companies chose certain layouts, and maybe even talk about a few crazy W-shaped engines. | a28bbe97-ab85-43d7-b10e-1852eea86072 |
6r29cr | Why would Cinderella's shoe fall off if it fits perfectly? | Also, why wouldn't the shoe that fell off disappear with the rest of the outfit? | 560c02c8-b917-4a69-b8dd-888cb8a6cda4 |
3o5lvz | Why does pee foam when it hits the ground outside. | Foamy urine can be caused by rapid urination. At times, when you delay going to the washroom, large amounts of urine gets collected in the bladder. Also, proteinuria or presence of significant amounts of protein in the urine, is one of the most common cause of foamy urine. | 7655f871-c904-4aba-8e2a-7f43f0b8c126 |
2klcaw | How do 501c4 non-profits work and how do they threaten democracy? | They don't in and of themselves. A 501c4 is a tax exempt organization that is allowed to use their money to influence public opinion which includes influencing elections.
So people can donate money to the 501c4 and that organization can then spend money to influence the election via TV ads, etc. Some people feel that too much money is being put into these organizations by wealthy people and companies which means that certain people/viewpoints can afford to have more influence. | 30e85224-35d9-4122-a7b7-9781acfa1e27 |
5s1w9c | What law guides the confessions in a R.Catholic confessional?Suppose a Catholic priest decides to give data on a penitent to the CIA?Or the FBI puts its staff in the seminary? | *Canon law*- the religious law of the Catholic Church (the Orthodox and Anglican churches have their own Canon law, too, I think)- provides for the immediate and automatic excommunication, which can only be lifted by the Pope, of any priest who reveals information obtained through confession.
In parallel to that, in the United States, there's a legal principle called *confessional privilege,* according to which priests (and officers of other religions with a role similar to priests) can't be forced to testify about what they know through confession or other private religious communications. The details of how this rule is applied are, unfortunately not ELI5 material: they're technical, and vary from state to state, because each state writes the Rules of Evidence for its own courts.
As for the last part of your question, *what if the government planted its own agent to pose as a priest,* well, all I can say is that there would be a spectacular legal fight about it that the government would almost certainly lose, either because of the First Amendment's establishment clause, or because of confessional privilege. | 9fada78d-40da-4406-8313-b882b1515593 |
80pveh | base 10 numbering system | Base 10 is what we mostly use. We count individual things until there are ten of them, then we start counting how many sets of ten.
Number 11 means (1) Set of ten with (1) individuals.
Number 42 means (4) sets of ten with (2) individuals.
Number 236 means (2) sets of hundred, (3) sets of ten, and (6) individuals.
Base 4 is when we count individuals until there are four of them. If you have eleven things, you count the first four, then the second four, and you have 3 individuals left. So you write "23" to indicate (2) sets of four and (3) individuals.
In base 4, with twenty-one things, you would write "111" to indicate (1) set of sixteen (four fours) (1) set of four and (1) individual.
In the same way that you read a whole word, rather than individual letters, our brain wants to read an amount rather than the numerals used to indicate the amount. | 1f9b2a32-0b14-4117-9f26-f3f455e7a572 |
2zva7n | Why was a country as small as Germany so effective in WW2? | First of all Germany wasn't that small. It had the second largest population after Russia. This is especially so after it had absorbed Austria and parts of Czechoslovakia.
Secondly, Germany was more industrialized than, say, Russia, with better infrastructure. To put it simply, it was wealthier and more developed.
Third, the German military was more efficient, with better tactics and strategy. Other belligerents were poorly prepared for the mobile, dynamic warfare - they were still mostly thinking in terms of the static, immobile warfare of WWI.
Lastly, Germany was able to fight its enemies one at a time rather than all at once. Poland fell almost immediately before anyone could do anything. Denmark and Norway also fell before the allies could adequately respond. Next, Germany invaded France and defeated them rather easily. This might be a bit surprising but neither the Soviets nor the US were still in the war. So Germany was able to conquer half of Europe without fighting Russia. When Germany invaded Russia, they simply caught them by surprise - the Red Army was very unprepared for the invasion and suffered horrible losses. It was only after the Germans failed to quickly knock out Russia that the war entered the attrition phase where the superior resources became a major factor. | a46cd735-5553-4c2e-bd85-e619db44abc9 |
18q2lj | Why do the desktop computers (Dell Optiplex 9010) that I get on at my university run so fast and smooth while the 6-month-old netbook laptop I use runs so slowly? | A base model (which is what I assume your school has) Optiplex 9010 has much better specs than your average netbook. It's actually a very good computer for school/office work, I'm surprised your school has computers that nice. The processor that it has (i3-3220) was only released about six months ago and is very much "high-end" for non-computationally intensive applications.
So, like other people said, school computers have less bloatware, but you should also keep in mind that the school computers are just as old as your netbook, and a $700 desktop computer that was released at the same time as your netbook will *always* outperform the netbook.
edit: by the way, my school computers have pentium 4's, and I have to sit around for about ten minutes every time I need to do an intensive simulation, whereas your school computers would take about a minute to do the same thing, so you should feel pretty lucky | dde7ba1a-2c6e-443e-b831-5881e7937b50 |
3er3z5 | What the Black-Scholes Model is and how it works. | The Black-Scholes formula works by assuming changes in the stock price are Gaussian distributed/normal distributed (actually they assume log normal but that's not hugely important) around 0. This means a few things:
* The expected value at any time in the future is the current value.
* The variability around 0 is something we can measure and account for.
* Taking those together we can make predictions about how likely certain outcomes are. Since we're interested in how likely we'll be able to cash in an option we can work out a 'fair' price, where the expected return is 0.
* It doesn't work and leads to massive blowouts, like [what happened to the company set up to operate using it.](_URL_1_)
For further reading on why these models are bad I recommend [The (Mis)behaviour of Markets](_URL_0_) or any of Taleb's books. | c215edc5-7e36-4e9b-b2c4-cbf798fa41b9 |
3edc8p | How do they determine which song hits number 1? | It's the song with the most revenue in that week.
They look at sales online, downloads and in stores. | 40eb0aad-be02-4e3f-a8e3-b539cb8cccf1 |
5g1p8d | How are portable powerbanks able to stuff 30,000mAh worth of energy into such a small body as compared to a 28A portable car battery? | You can't compare Lithium-polymere accumulators and the Lead-ones currently used in cars. In your car you need a battery that has no problems with pumping out high currents (your starter can require up to 100A for a start.) but you seldom need a long lasting battery since most of the time your engine should be running while in the car. (At least thats what cars were built for). The LiPo in your powerbank will give you 1-2 A max current but has a higher charge capacity in relation to size. Also your Lipo Powerbank supplies only 5 V Voltage and your car 12V. So at 12V 28Ah your car battery supplies 12V*28Ah=336Wh power, your Powerbank 5V*30Ah=150Wh.
The car battery actually is supplying double the power of the powerbank. | 2f60bfc7-e6ca-451d-8ab7-f98ada3ef6d9 |
4faww6 | How does a 'child recovery' operation work? | It's basically a kidnapping.
Most countries agree to a certain set of protocols to handle international custody disputes but some countries don't. So with Lebanon, if you are Lebanese and get your kids there, there is little the other party can do.
So they hire some professional kidnappers to get the kid back.
More generally it can happen as a form of jurisdiction shopping. Normally the presumption is against disrupting the child's life further because a child isn't property. So if you want to jerk the system you take the child to a different country that places more emphasis against disrupting the child's life. | 5c12a605-7008-44a2-a374-3a70765e551f |
3rzpw9 | how can the Hollywood studios acquire so many cars from the 20s - 70s period? | Car clubs. They baby their cars and would like nothing more than to have them on a movie set. | 38b55623-7f38-44f7-a226-290d260ef478 |
78b6us | Why do pain killers like tylenol or paracetamol make flu shots less effective? | Paracetamol works by stopping your body from making chemicals that naturally increase blood flow by dilating blood vessels. When you get a big bruise that's swollen, these drugs reduce the blood flow in that area, which helps reduce swelling.
If you've gotten a flu shot after taking a bunch of drugs like this, there's less blood flow at the site of the injection. The contents of the shot can't as easily get into your blood stream. We do the same thing if you need to get an injection of a numbing drug -- except we use another blood vessel constrictor, epinephrine, which stops the numbing drug from spreading farther than we want. | 10f41a7d-04e9-4623-bd26-c25bbe406e1b |
7bi9zp | What is the purpose of a five-star military rank? | Those ranks exist so that during wartime a single supreme commander can be appointed in a given operational area. This simplifies the chain of command by making it totally clear who is the senior officer. Remember that in a large operational setting (like a theater of war) there may be a large number of very senior flag (general/admiral) officers, potentially from multiple countries. Advancing one to a rank outside the normal system of progression makes him officially the most senior officer in the room, whether or not he has the highest peacetime rank or longest time in grade.
These positions aren't used in peacetime because they are unnecessary. In peacetime it is relatively rare for there to be serious confusion about chain of command, and if there is it can be worked out through the bureaucracy. | df7816ce-3238-41ef-8e43-e21e81eb41ae |
7tl8kc | What Is Visual Snow, Why Does It Exist & Does Every Human Have It? | It’s considered as a disease, or at least as a symptom of a disease (Lyme disease, for example), so no, everyone does not have it. It happens when a part of you cerebral cortex goes into overdrive, causing your ocular nerves to misinterpret information.
As for what it is, you can picture it as the visual noise on a broken TV. | e7de123a-6f8f-44b9-b4b5-988a64ed94dc |
ky3n4 | Why insulin is so important. | Insulin is a hormone which regulates sugar (glucose) levels in the bloodstream. With another hormone called glucagon, it keeps sugar levels in the bloodstream at a nearly constant level by breaking down or building up glycogen stored in the liver or sometimes fat or protein stored elsewhere.
Having glucose in the bloodstream is important because cells use it to generate energy. In a process called cellular respiration, they use the energy in the sugar to make a substance called ATP, which is used to preform many functions around the cell which require energy.
Insulin also functions in diabetes, which is probably what you were looking for, but I don't know very much about that. | 3777ba1d-a773-43cc-ad5e-7d60a69616f2 |
4u2m48 | How does phantom limb syndrome work? | Your nervous system has been sending singles to your brain about how your limbs feel since before your were born. Right now, reach down and touch your pinky toe without looking at it. You can do this because your pinky toe is constantly sending signals to your brain with "status updates".
Now if your pinky toe was suddenly cut off, there is still a long network that takes signals form your pinky toe to your brain. These pathways have been in constant use your entire life. They are use to sending signals to your brain, and your brain is use to 99/99% of the time receiving the exact same signals. So even though your toe is not there, sometimes you brain forgets it is not there. As odd as that sounds, it happens.
The normal feeling is that you have a toe there. The new feeling is no toe. Sometimes your brain forgets there is a new feeling. | b17de3f9-6ae5-441b-84fd-de6592d8a08a |
2qm0ky | What happens to ants that a separated from their colony? | If the distance is close enough, they will be able to find their way by scattering to scout and tracking each other via the pheromones they lay on their path.
However, 5km might be a little long for them; I think after first scrambling away for a little while, some of them will get lost in their own trail and go around in circles till they die of starvation/exhaustion. If there are ants not originally from the same colony but of the same species in the vicinity, they may however assimilate themselves with the new ants and join their colony. Really sad, lost stragglers will just well, instinctually do what life heeds them to do, they will live alone and forage alone henceforth - their future is bleak and dim, and they will eventually die to the elements, but alas what else can they do when a human wills their separation from their brothers? Cruel, *cruel* life. | 6f70e46a-b4a7-4999-82fe-ba6e460f9908 |
5z3935 | Why is every planet spherical? | Planets form spheres because of the gravity emitted by their own mass. In space, any mass in space that exceeds about 6x10^20kg, or about 1/10,000 the mass of Earth, will compress itself into a sphere because its gravity pulls all of the mass in. Ideally, this leads to a shape where all the mass is equally distant to the center, or, a sphere. | 727522ad-d1e7-47bb-a3c0-f96fc92a9d05 |
2p2tyy | Why is plastic surgery for hands so ineffectve? We see many ageing celebrities with young-looking faces, but their hands always give away their true age. There's surely a market for it, so what's holding it back? | You ever notice how people with a lot of work done on their faces can't be very expressive because their faces don't move as much? Now imagine the mobility in your hands is that limited. People are willing to sacrifice some ability to move their faces (which everyone will see and notice) more than dexterity in their hands. | 3459d2d3-ec54-4b30-9b93-e85fc2321f7a |
38f54o | What is Cop Baiting? | It's when you do something in order to provoke a cop into doing something.
The most common topical example would be to harass a cop with insults while filming them until they respond inappropriately. You then share the last half of the video where the cop acted inappropriately. | 9b21cfa6-0e23-4c9e-8238-cff07906283c |
6m06u1 | How fast is the fastest computer? | The fastest computer in the world is the Sunway TaihuLight, which can do over 93,000,000,000,000,000 floating point calculations per second. This means that you'd need around 71,000 Xbox Ones working together to match it.
> Like say I wanted to download a movie, what kind of wait time am I looking at?
Downloading a movie is about the speed of the network connection, not the speed of the computer. The fastest computer in the world wouldn't download a movie any faster than a 10-year-old cellphone on an average internet connection. | e3e44cc9-6969-45a1-b679-ac256bb8deb0 |
53z0t2 | What are the pros & cons of using a neural network as opposed to a symbol system? | The obvious ones are that neural networks don't have transparency, in the sense that you can't easily tell what they are doing. Typographical/symbolic systems are (generally) constructed by humans and have obvious, engineered structure. That lets you figure out how logical structures work and how to construct inferences from deductive, relational philosophical structures.
Neural networks evolve quasi-randomly to represent the decisions, recognitions, and inference paths they take; and therefore networks that do more than make trivial inferences are generally impenetrable to easy human understanding. That makes them hard to manipulate or engineer. However, by observing them it is possible to abstract some idea of "natural types" -- what sorts of connections do naturally evolved systems tend to create, and what are the simplest paths to detailed comprehension? | 0d642f7f-c9d1-4a08-a83e-2b50de29b972 |
3hayan | Why do most people enjoy potatoes but don't like other vegetables? | Though botanically classified as vegetables, potatoes are nutritionally classified as starchy foods that differ greatly in taste and texture from the traditional leafy green vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, and kayle. | 8d0adfb4-b273-4a2d-8ed1-d24cd9822f54 |
6sunbg | From where does Earth get energy to rotate around itself and revolve around the Sun? | Earth is falling towards the sun, for the same reason that you'd fall to the ground if you jumped - gravity!
Why doesn't it hit the sun though? Well, orbits are just when you move sideways fast enough to miss the object you're falling towards. That's we use the term free fall... in space, you're always falling, you just keep missing what you fall towards. It got that from when it was formed. And since there's no air to slow it down, it just keeps going.
Rotation is the same way. It started so long ago, but nothing had made it stop.
Orbits do eventually decay, though! And spins slow down to where the day and year are the same length. The Moon is already there, that's why the same side always faces us. No worries, it takes so long to happen that you don't need to worry about it in your life. | 67b1c319-f771-43c8-ae64-4878d18f6167 |
1nkn2m | What is RAID (Computer Terms) and how would I use it? | Like you're five:
Imagine you are storing a song on your computer, but instead of bits and bytes, there are little people in there that sing it back to you. *You don't want to lose your song* (singers quit all the time), and let's also pretend *you want it sung as fast as possible*. What do you do? You configure RAID.
* **RAID-0**: 2 or more people sing *alternate words* in the song. This is faster because they can breathe, turn the page, etc. while they're waiting for their next turn. If one of them quits, the song will be ruined forever, though. Hopefully you have a backup band!
* **RAID-1**: 2 or more people sing the song *at the same time*. If one of them quits, the song will still be sung because everyone else knows all the words, too. You can hire a new singer who will quickly learn the song from everyone else.
* **RAID-5**: 3 or more people sing alternate words, like RAID-0. But this time, *every word in the song has exactly one backup singer*. So it's faster *and* if one quits, someone else can jump in and cover the missing parts. It will take some time to get a new singer up to speed, though, and until the new singer is caught up, if you lose another one you will lose the song!
Replace all references to "singers/bands" and "words" with "hard drives" and "blocks of data", respectively, and you've got RAID. There are more types of RAID but in the past 30 years or so these have been the most popular types. Why, you might ask, doesn't everyone just do RAID 5? Well, singers cost money, and it slows them down just a bit to learn each other's lines.
**edit**: anytime someone explains RAID it's a rule you have to say that it is not a BACKUP, it's a way to ensure that your data has greater uptime and/or is faster. The backup band in RAID-0 should exist for all of your implementations, because if the first band's sheet music has a typo there's nothing you can do to fix it without a backup. | 5b116063-cecb-40b9-aef2-bc5c659313d0 |
3krjht | What makes my nose "blocked"? | I just had surgery to fix this sort of thing 2 months ago.
There are several reasons this could be happening, it is most commonly caused by inflammation of the sinuses called sinutitus. Sinutitus can be managed with a steroid nasal spray, and it may be caused by continuous and long lasting sinus infections.
You could also have non-cancerous tumors in your nose called polyps.
I had surgery recently where they cleared all my sinuses of infections and mucus (balloon-sinuplasty), and they also removed polyps from the inside of my nose.
I couldn't understand why I had a hard time breathing for years, and i didn't know why blowing my nose never helped.
Long story short, i went to an ENT doctor, he assessed me and told me i needed surgery. I got surgery and 2 months later I literally can breath 100% better. I no longer snore, I no longer sleep with my mouth open, I can breath through both sides.
It's amazing, go see an ENT doctor and see what they say. | bd153be7-d307-4000-ad0b-d480577e201a |
t1uyj | Why do some people choose not to be organ donors? | Some are too lazy to register or check the box.
Some find it unacceptable due to their religion.
Some don't like contemplating the thought of their mortality.
Some don't like the thought of their body being separated and used for spare parts. | eee0812c-80d9-4f83-be77-f2715b7349df |
106tn1 | Why is desertion a serious crime? | I would say that it is a *bit* obsolete, but originally, this is due to morale and discipline.
When your army is charged, you don't want them to flee. When you are losing, you don't want them to run, or turn on you.
If someone is allowed to just disagree, and leave, discipline breaks down in the ranks as everyone realizes they can do the same thing. War is hell. | e4be16e8-32bf-4a69-9674-aa93e1b614ac |
j6nv3 | Anyone care to explain the axiom of choice? Thanks. | Let's say you want to know why the sky is blue. I could tell you that it's because the light from the sun is mostly blue and that the air makes things seem even more blue than they are and so on, and you would then ask "but why is the sunlight mostly blue?" and so on. Theoretically we could play this game forever, and in fact this is in a way what scientists are doing.
Mathematics is different. It is built the other way up: People come up with stuff that they think is "obviously true", like the sentence "it's possible to draw a straight line between any two points on a piece of paper" and then see what they can build by combining those simple sentences. These simplest sentences are called axioms - They are the ones for which, by definition, it makes no sense to ask "why?".
One of theses axioms is "the axiom of choice". It says that if I give you boxes with marbles in it, you could take one marble out of each box. Sounds like a no-brainer, right? That's why it's an axiom!
The thing is that very strange things happen when I give you infinitely many boxes. People have shown that if you assume it to be true, it follows that, theoretically, it is possible to chop up a ball into tiny pieces and glue them back together to make two balls - without adding anything!
So some mathematicians reject it, some use it, and in the end it doesn't matter much for you because you don't have an infinite number of boxes. But it shows that things that seem to be completely clear can turn out to be much more difficult once you start looking closely.
EDIT: Cleared up thanks to DennyTom. | c7e7283a-6428-4d38-bd76-0a04b78dac1f |
7xjpm7 | How do lips still sync up in slow motion music videos? | One way to do this is to film people moving at normal speed, but the music they're lip syncing to is sped up. That way when they slow the video down and play the song at normal speed, the song is playing normally, the lips still match as long as they sped it up the right amount in the original recording. | 3468c3bb-0cff-4618-8cd9-d9b8d80d4ac4 |
5pbcnj | How exactly does Morse Code work and how was it developed? | It was developed at a time where we could not transmit speech yet. A simple "current on or off" is easier to transmit. But how do you convert messages into "on/off" patterns? You invent a pattern for every letter. The sender sends them via pressing a key, and the receiver has a speaker making a sound when the key is pressed by the sender.
Examples:
* "e" is a single short signal.
* "t" is a single long signal
* "a" is a short signal, followed by a long signal
* "s" is short-short-short
* "o" is long-long-long
Between each letter you have to leave some break to make clear that a letter is done (otherwise "a" looks like "et"). "SOS" is "short-short-short----long-long-long-----short-short-short", for example.
The translation between letters and sequences is arbitrary. Samuel Morse used short sequences for frequent letters (like e and t) and longer sequences for less common letters (like Q: long-long-short-long), that makes transmissions faster. | 854f0733-bb6d-4068-91de-cb5080f6fc4e |
4xfjjj | How do MOBA's and MOBA style games make so many different heroes and terrains and make the art style match? | The individual artists aren't working in a vacuum. They will reference the intended look and feel of the game as they work. Also there will generally be a lead designer or artist who instructs the other members of the team on overall style.
Process varies from company to company, but typically each character will be drawn on paper as a concept first, and the concept will be refined until it is both good on its and own and appropriate for the look and feel of the game, then that concept will be used as a reference when making the 3D assets.
I haven't done game dev for a while now, but I currently work in advertising and it's sort of the same thing. Many artists and designers will work on an individual brand, but each brand has a brand book that defines things like the logo, what colors to use, tag lines, and such and the appropriate ways to use all the messages, etc so that everyone who works on the brand is consistent. Also all work will be reviewed by a brand manager and modified if it deviates from the desired feel of the brand. | 383edcfe-f397-4ba5-926e-183d2c08bc5b |
6s5x3e | If energy cannot be created or destroyed, what happens to the energy and matter that gets sucked into black holes? | Black holes do not violate these conservation laws.
Think of a penny that you drop into an ocean. For any practical purposes, that penny is gone, but that doesn't mean it just disappeared, it's still somewhere deep in that ocean.
Black holes don't destroy energy, they just "trap" it, if that makes sense. | b28bc4d1-6ec7-4b7f-9a91-f01686d2f144 |
1sxykf | Why does resetting a router sometimes increase connection? | A router is a small single purpose computer, with a CPU, and memory. It runs a simple operating system, called "firmware".
This little computer only helps you talk to the internet. It gets information from the internet, and passes it to your PC, laptop, or Playstation. Then it takes information from your PC or Playstation, and passes it back out to the internet.
Like any computer, it can get overloaded, or confused, and need a reset. When you unplug it and plug it back in, you are rebooting it, just like you have to reboot Windows sometimes.
> (unplugging, waiting 2-3 minutes, replugging back in) increases my connection speed. Why?
Rebooting it clears out its memory and lets it start fresh. Routers do not have all that much memory, and sometimes after a few days or weeks it gets full and needs to be cleared and reset. | ec5ed589-d0b5-42fe-9fac-79a26f8ef66b |
3miipz | On a cold day after baking, will leaving the oven door open warm my house any more than leaving it closed? | At the end of the day, the same amount of energy would be released into your household. Opening or closing the door will just allow the release of heat to happen faster or slower.
With the door closed, the only effective way for the oven to lose the heat is to just radiate it out. There is a small vent that will allow for some convection currents to carry heat out.
If you open the door, you are allowing for more convection currents to dissipate the heat into the room, as well as the normal thermal radiation.
So if you open the door, the room will heat up faster, but it won't last as long.
If you close the door, the room will heat up slower, but it will heat it up over a longer period of time. | 7ba3e7d7-dafa-40d9-9037-77d2d4835425 |
3t61gq | Why were the passengers on 9/11 hijacked flights able to call their loved ones on cell phones in the air before the crashes, but my modern cell phone loses all service pretty much instantly after takeoff. | I believe the passengers were using those clunky old airplane phones in the seat backs. You'd just slide your credit card through and get a few minutes of not-especially-great service. | bb440b98-7404-4aad-a752-0e503e0eebd4 |
3t2ix0 | What are "War Crimes" and who, or what, keeps nations from committing them? | The goal of war isn't to kill people -- the goal of war is to defeat your opponent. This can be done without killing anyone, or it can be done by wiping everyone out. The problem with wiping everyone out, though, is that you **really** need to justify it in order to prevent **another** war from breaking out against you for your actions.
In Germany, for example, we didn't really need to wipe everyone out to win that war -- just people that made up the Nazi regime. And even then, we didn't need to kill them all to officially win. Compare that, though, to Japan -- there was a chance that we may have had to nearly wipe them all out (civilians and otherwise) due to their society's loyalty to the Emperor. It was only through the Emperor sanctioning the surrender that we were able to stop our onslaught.
To answer your question, though, "War Crimes" are the things that countries have agreed are not allowed and, if committed, then the country faces possible consequences once defeated.
Defeated is the important aspect of how it works. WW2 Germany and Japan, for example, had to pay for their war crimes after they were defeated... but they weren't the only country that had committed atrocities (the Soviet Union committed plenty of acts that would constitute war crimes, but they were on the winning side of things).
The United States has arguably committed war crimes (such as torture), and if there comes a point where the United States is defeated, then it may have to pay for those crimes.
> why can't you just sneak up on them and murder them in there sleep or something
You can -- and we do. That isn't a war crime. War crimes are things like using certain weapons (bio/chemical warfare, nuclear, etc.), torture, unnecessary collateral damage, or not wearing a uniform while actively fighting in a war zone.
Another issue with War Crimes in modern war fare is that "war crimes" are rules that **nations** have agreed to, which prevent them from committing certain acts against other nations during war... but modern warfare has largely been against groups of people who are not necessarily, officially, or technically from any single nation.
Take 9/11 for example. Most of the perpetrators were from Saudi Arabia, but Saudi Arabia didn't send them. Rather, they were sent by Al Queda, which was HQ'd in Afganistan, but Afganistan didn't technically support them. | 58a19bce-dc9e-4211-b759-b3302805193d |
3cc8pj | Why do we make the sound "Ow!" when we get hurt as opposed to any other noise? | Because that's what we observed our surroundings do when we were babies.
It's culture.
Like how many cultures have different ways to articulate animal sounds. | 85813351-21ff-4adc-bab2-91efdb04d9b1 |
6pnxgn | Barbers/beauticians paying for "their chair" | The stylist is an independent contractor, not an employee... basically they are their own small business.
Imagine a strip mall with 5 storefronts. A landlord owns the whole building, and each business that wants to reach and serve their customers pays rent for the store. Doesn't matter if they make $1/month or $1million/month, they pay the rent they set with their landlord.
Now imagine a salon as a tiny strip mall with 5 businesses that each offer hair cuts as their business. Each makes the money they charge for cuts, other services, plus tips... for access to that chair, they pay a set amount and keep whatever they make. The chair fee covers the space, the equipment, the utilities, etc. Instead of a stylist bringing in $50/hour and getting paid $20/hour, they pay toward the fixed costs and then keep everything beyond that. | 42767359-6326-4f26-a179-e76122ba795d |
28uf5c | Why do we spend so much money on capital punishment rather than just shooting those on death row? | The expense doesn't really come from the method of execution. It's the overhead of all the appeals. | 7028d2a5-48b0-49b7-87fc-56eb0927dddb |
5sugwr | How do we know we aren't in a simulation? What is the science behind the studies and how do we know that science isn't just programming? | This isn't a theory that is currently testable by science; it's more a philosophical issue than a scientific one.
As humans, all our perceptions are filtered through our senses as nerves. Per the [Brain in a Vat](_URL_0_) scenario, we have no objective way of proving that our sensory input is 'real'. As such, science has no real way of attacking the "Universe is a Simulation" problem, as any tests we run would, by definition, have to obey the rules of the simulation (aka the laws of physics).
If I were designing a simulation and didn't want the AIs I put in it to be able to know its a simulation, I simply wouldn't give them access to the source code. | bd978957-4bab-4ec4-90bc-27dc782b2087 |
13coly | Why does the sounds made by kid's toys slow down when the batteries start getting low? | In simple terms, most circuits that make sound or play back digitally recorded sounds use a timing circuit (like an oscillator) to send out the sound waves at a constant rate.
More expensive toys will use crystal-based oscillators and low-battery cutoff circuits to keep things from getting funky as the power level drops. Cheaper toys use a few cheap components (like an RC circuit) to perform the timing. These cheap circuits will keep running as battery level drops - even to the point where the clock slows down and the digital samples start playing back even slower.
Some musicians actually do this to cheap keyboards and kids toys on purpose to make funky sounds. It's called [circuit bending](_URL_0_) and it's a lot of fun. | 26b8f271-43d8-4e27-affb-f4fc6e9f2dfc |
3jnv7v | Why do fans always have controls that go: off, 3, 2, 1 instead of off, 1, 2, 3? | because when you turn on a electric motor, you want it on it's max setting as having it on it's lowest setting may not be enough power to start the fan so then it will burnout. | 863d8baf-19f4-471d-8797-a0720b228416 |
2t6vlf | Why do mobile phone companies cap data on a monthly basis, but I have unlimited Internet access through my cable provider? | To prevent complete saturation of the cellular bandwidth, and to persuade you to pay them ridiculous quantities of money for more bandwidth allocation. | b253fcb0-2356-448a-a00b-34d93e4cfac3 |
1pw6nm | What is a realistic way to get rid of the drug cartels in Mexico? | I am sure I won't be the first person to suggest this, but legalization seems like the only answer to me.
Legalization would make drug prices plummet, and create of flood of legitimate businesses into the market. This cuts off their money, and thus their power. | 2b42b1a9-c748-4c76-99ab-b9edec110228 |
3ztcog | How are presidential polls considered to be representative of public opinion when I've never met someone who has actually sat through a phone interview for one? | Your typical professionally-conducted presidential poll talks to around 1000 people; in the presidential election season, there might be two dozen major polls conducted in a month for two years. That's roughly ~576,000 (=24 x 24 x 1000) people polled per presidential election, or about 1 person in 600.
And by the way, I am one of those people. (I did a phone poll during the '12 election) | e828c857-09c5-4e94-bdaf-47ed60e15783 |
3b15jj | Why are people so against wind farms? | Apart from the wildlife issues (which I think get over-stated a bit) and the fact that a lot of people don't like looking at them, the real problem is the pay-off time (when they've generated enough power to cover their cost) is often longer than the service life of the hardware and the energy cost to produce them is huge. | ae671c77-1d54-4e78-94d3-7b60a8f85d17 |
4mzyqh | Are transgenders allowed in the sports? | Your question brings up a couple of issues that can be easily conflated. I read your question to be: "Are transgendered persons allowed to compete as the sex they have transitioned to? (e.g., a male-to-female transgendered person competing as a woman)"
The answer to that is that it depends. On the international level, the IOC recently released new guidelines on the issue: _URL_0_
TL;DR: A trans male (female-to-male) can compete as a man (they usually can't compete as women if they are taking testosterone); a trans woman (male-to-female) can compete as a woman if they can prove their testosterone levels have been below a certain point for at least a year - surgery is no longer required.
In the US, the NCAA has had a policy since at least 2011: _URL_1_
TL;DR: A trans male (FTM) student-athlete who has received a medical exception for treatment with testosterone ... may compete on a men’s team, but is no longer eligible to compete on a women’s
team without changing that team status to a mixed team; A trans female (MTF) student-athlete being treated with testosterone suppression medication ... may continue to compete on a men’s team but may not compete on a women’s team without
changing it to a mixed team status until completing one calendar year of testosterone suppression treatment.
This also often gets confused with how to determine if someone is a man or a woman (or, the more common issue: whether the person is intersex). There are a number of conditions wherein someone is either hermaphroditic or has a disorder that causes a biological male to develop ~female sex organs (e.g., androgen insensitivity). These can cause problems for simple divisions of gender, but are not technically related to trans athletes.
EDIT: At lower levels, the rules are not as consistent or have not been formally put in place and its possible some trans female athletes are getting an advantage. | 2b959b10-6b64-478f-9684-4d2c3d9077b4 |
6vuxyw | Why do we feel the weird banging in our body when listening to loud live music | Sound is pressure waves moving through the air that vibrate your eardrums.
Your ribcage doesn't have much that is solid behind it to stop it vibrating to large, low frquency pressure waves. | 05796b89-d5b9-44a2-8cce-97fc737c00d7 |
qsvxs | Why a humidifier doesn't use as much energy as an electric kettle? | A kettle's job is to boil a whole lot of water very fast.
A humidifer's job is basically boil a small amounts of water slowly.
The amount of energy used to boil 1L of water in a kettle dry is the same as the amount used by a humidifer to use up 1L, however a kettle will use all that energy in like a minute, whereas the humidifier will take hours.
So working it out as energy / hour (which is what we call "power") the kettle use much more. | 877a4c0c-da23-451a-9d4c-8bf53dedddcd |
8kuspx | How do bare-knuckle boxers not/rarely break their own fists? | Bare knuckles boxers don't hit as hard as ones with gloves.
It may seem counter-intuitive, but a fighter with gloves is actually far more dangerous than a fighter without them. The fighter with gloves can launch full-force attacks that create a huge impact wave in their target. In contrast, the fighter without gloves will break their hands long before they break the opponent's bones.
That's why sports such as MMA and rugby tend not to have concussion issues but sports such as boxing and American football do - the padding allows you to deliver far more force (and do far more damage).
Note that true 'bare knuckles' boxing is extremely rare not due to breaking bones but due to tearing skin. In an athletic competition, you'd put tape on their hands to prevent it from turning into a bloodfest. | 4e65ec31-ae77-4c25-9401-35572ea3ec41 |
387iys | Why do old broken bones and injuries hurt when there are extreme highs or lows in the weather. | Weather is caused by pressure differences. Like when you see on the weather channel the (H) and (L) converging. [here](_URL_0_) you can see a great visualization of that.
All our joints have fluid in them (Like oiling your gears) and we're used to the fluid expanding and contracting normally under different atmospheric pressures, but after an injury it changes the way we feel that fluid, and when the pressure changes suddenly it changes the pressure inside our bodies as well. That's why my grandma's magic knee can predict the weather. Not because she used to run in the rain like she says. | 17ccc288-1a52-4217-adb8-fe83a70c521b |
3jaak1 | How come people who are crossing Europe illegally are considered migrants and not illegal immigrants? | Well a migrant is just somebody who travels, could be an immigrant or an emigrant. As for the North African and Middle Eastern immigrants, they're refugees of a war zone so referring to them as "illegal immigrants" creates a certain stereotype which they don't deserve. | fd78e2bd-13ac-401c-81e7-892b5d13a20d |
1zwcxa | With so much advancement in communications. Why are we still not able to find the missing flight Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370? | I think many people that believe MH370 can be discovered easily is mislead by how enormous the area of search is, and how minute the plane is compared to it. I made an image to show how much this plane can cover in an hour. (777-200 typical cruising speed 0.84 Mach, assume 20 Celsius and 1 ATM, that's 1039 kilometres per hour, although it will change depends on environment temperature and air pressure; at 35000 ft it will be much colder so I would assume the coverage will be smaller): [_URL_2_](_URL_2_).
Note that the graduation is one per 200 kilometres, and each graduation is 84 pixels on my screen. The overall length of an 777-200 is 63.7 metres and its wingspan is 60.9 metres, which means it will take 0.026754 pixels by 0.025452 pixels to show it on my screen (and since it is so minuscule, it will probably not even show up on my screen).
If I zoom in, this time the graduation changed to one (55 pixels) per 2 km, this means the aircraft will show up as 1.75175 pixels by 1.67475 pixels, rounding it to 2 pixels by 2 pixels, it will look like this: [_URL_1_
](_URL_1_) (I put it in white background to make it distinct). You can see how misleading the pin on the map can be.
When the blackboxes (Cockpit Voice Recorder and Flight Data Recoder) hit water, an underwater locator beacon should be activated, which, if function properly, will send certain radio signal at certain frequency for a certain period of time (usually 30 days). If the search and rescue team can locate the beacon, they should be able to locate the fuselage. But as I previously mentioned, it can be really hard, as the area of search is just huge.
*The 777-200 overall length and typical cruising speed is taken here: [_URL_0_](_URL_0_)* | 83e8988f-f6f1-44c2-87f1-a4e512399fd2 |
58c8y6 | Why are some people not immune to Hepatitis B? | Like anything else
1. Maybe they did not receive the vaccine
2. Maybe the vaccine they received was ineffective
3. Maybe their body did not properly react to the vaccine and therefore never built the right anti-bodies
4. Maybe they are immunosuppressed due to transplant or disease | 1bcdcdb5-f2c9-40e5-ac5b-f95e838adb41 |
90ajeh | Why do tickets dispensed by arcade machines always seem to arrange themselves into neat piles? | One of the ways tickets can come from the factory is in accordion-folded stacks. (The other is on spools.) After they're fed out of the machine, the tend to fold back the way they were. | d1d627c1-b323-4247-8fe9-a52a712c4189 |
2128tj | Why don't we, instead of filling tires with air, just make them out of solid rubber? | Solid rubber weighs way too much.
Edit: they are experimenting with airless tires though. Imagine a hollow honeycomb in a circle. I think they're plastic. I've looked into this, and will post a link as soon as I find it.
Edit edit: [Link]( _URL_0_) this is some pretty cool stuff. I last looked into it a few years ago and there wasn't much info on it except the military was testing it. The pictures I saw then, the outer surface was hexagonal too, and it was said to be a really bumpy ride. | f1ad3a53-44da-4412-9535-07407a1dea6f |
20opmq | What would happen to a plane that was flying within the Earths atmosphere but suddenly began to experience no force of gravity? | well let's suppose that can happen. who would happen.
plane's going at some 500 mph relative to ground at altitude of 30,000ft. God turns off gravity in the entire universe.
first thing that'd happen. all the passengers would freak out.
next thing that'd happen, the plane would start gaining altitude fast. not just because of lift, but because the plane was traveling at 500mph on a vector tangent to the Earth ground. the only thing that was keeping it at a constant 30,000 feet is gravity.
so as the plane still has the engines on, its still accelerating further and faster away from the ground.
after a while, air itself gets thinner and starts drifting into space, because gravity is what holds the air to the ground.
all of that isn't as important as what happens to the Sun. without gravity, there's nothing to hold the Sun together. it explodes and within 8 minutes, you're toast. | 2d5872cc-a4ba-4c85-9e37-a96a04ecd50e |
5zag8i | how does circumcision not count as illegal genital mutilation? | Simply because it's a socially accepted act that is rooted in religion with Western cultures. If the act were not Westernized, it would be considered mutilation. | 08c5cec2-d5f2-4704-ad7c-d836c99508ef |
3nitzk | How is Stephen Colbert a character? What is different between Stephen Colbert and "Stephen Colbert"? | Stephen Colbert played a character by the same name on his Comedy Central show "The Colbert Report". The fictional Colbert was a parody of the kind of personality-driven opinion shows common on nighttime cable news networks.
While that was a very popular character that was appropriate for his cable show, it wouldn't be appropriate for a host of a major network late night talk show. So, what you're seeing there is Stephen Colbert, the comedian, and not the character he previously played of the same name. | 16dbf209-3e70-4546-a27d-429fc0ca3be1 |
49ozc9 | Why do black tattoos turn blue eventually? | Cheap ink and Sun Exposure.
Not all black inks fade to blue.
My grandfather's 35yr old tattoo is still black, mind you it's blurry due to 30 years of aging. | 48838321-8059-4027-8c8f-84a8d99eccb5 |
40v328 | How do music producers create "remastered" albums? | There's a couple of ways that vary in how much it's involved.
There are three stages to production of traditional records. Tracking, mixing, and mastering. A remaster can involve redoing any one of those three steps.
Tracking is the stage where the musicians are in the studio. Their play is recorded to individual "tracks" on a tape or digital recorder, hence the name.
Mixing is the art of taking those recorded tracks and combining them so they sound balanced and "good." The definition of "good" changes depending on time as tastes change and technology gets better. For example, old records couldn't have loud bass because on vinyl it causes the needle to skip. CDs and digital don't have that problem, so you can go back and mix a record to have stronger bass. That can change the overall balance of the song so you need to change how it interacts with everything else. Doing a remix (not like a DJ remix) relies on having the original tape tracks or good digital copies of them. Those can degrade over time, which may require going back to redo the tracking.
After mixing is the process of mastering. Mastering is the art of preparing a record for release. You don't affect the mix or individual tracks, you mess with the entire combined mix (or "master" as its called). There's book keeping work here like controlling fades between songs in an album, placing start and end markers and editing metadata, but also things like controlling the overall color of a record and balancing songs across an album so they flow well to the ear. This is the easiest thing to redo, as you only need the original master and not all the individual tracks.
Remastering is often done to change a record for new mediums. CDs really changed how we could listen to music, so remastering helped get old recordings to better qualities that were limited by vinyl.
There are other things, like for example the loudness war. Remember how I mentioned that loud bass would cause a needle to skip? Well when CDs got good enough, we were able to make music a whole lot louder. Turns out loud music releases more endorphins in the brain and people like it more in small doses. There was a push in the late 90s up until about 2012 or so to make records as loud as possible so people liked them more when they heard one song on the radio. Turns out it's bad for listening to music for extended periods of time and causes ear fatigue and damage. No good. So a few years ago, streaming services like Spotify and Apple radio started automatically reducing the volume of songs past a certain target loudness (not the same as volume). Now we see people moving towards getting their masters at that target loudness, meanwhile the old records were hung out to dry. So to make them better they go back to the masters and redo some of the techniques used to get them so loud. | 0595d851-689b-4b89-917b-1165ecc272bc |
5gnh0j | How does a jail broken phone work? Do they create a whole new OS or just add stuff on to the old OS? | Jailbreaking (Or Rooting on Android), is the same operating system it was before, you're just modifying the system to allow you to do things that were previously not allowed. It's called jailbreaking because normally apps run in a jail or a sandbox that keeps them contained and limited. So once you've modified the system you've literally jailbroken it.
iOS (and to a lesser extent Android), are designed so that everything runs in a sandbox that can't do any harm to the more important background stuff. This is to prevent viruses and other malicious code from running and causing problems. That sandbox is very restrictive though and prevents you from doing a lot. Android lets you access a lot more, but until you root it, it's limited too. (Like how you can't delete some default apps etc).
Apple is slowing allowing more and more (custom keyboards, extensions etc), so jailbreaking is much less necessary that it used to be. There are some things we'll never get without one though, (Caller ID spoofing apps and other 'kind of illegal' apps.) | c087d168-d55c-4eda-bdd1-b7d08c436891 |
2xfjee | How can the Department of Homeland Security actually run out of money? (since the House just failed to extend funding) A | Congress doesn't budget for departments to build reserves like that, so when they stop cutting checks that's all she wrote | 6fe0b445-eb2d-4a17-93a1-88562023c0ab |
2q537x | Why do we feel like time has passed after sleeping but not after being given general anesthetic? | I had my first experience with general anesthesia this year and felt the same. Waking from a nap or a night's sleep, there a sense of time having passed. After general anesthesia there's just a blank with no sense of duration. | c43da62e-b862-459c-84fb-6d0543ac7e5e |
30ppe6 | I I work in the medical field one of my jobs is to encapsulate exposed wires with epoxy and then hit it with ultraviolate rays to cure it. I am curious, How does light cause the substance to go from liquid to solid, and why is it conductive when it is liquid, and nonconductive when it is solid? | The UV light causes a polymerization within the epoxy.
The epoxy is composed of a bunch of small single molecules, called monomers, that are floating around more or less freely. However, when exposed to UV light, they are given energy that gets used in bonding the monomers together into big molecules of repeating units, called polymers. This process causes a dramatic change in the atomic structure of the substance, solidifying it and altering its electrochemical properties.
Think of the monomers like a bunch of unconnected chain links floating around. What the UV light does is come in and bond the links together forming a solid chain (the polymer).
I sadly don't have the background to explain the change in the electrical conductivity, but suffice to say a different atomic structure will drastically change how electrons can move through it. | df791725-3c87-4d06-8094-fde23e248bcf |
6zmm8l | why is it a bad idea to make hate speech /political incorrectness illegal? | > I can't quite articulate why *and I'd like to read the opinions of others*.
Because you wouldn't have the opinions of others if you ban free speech. Some things aren't nice to say/hear, but education is the key. | 3aaa6070-9f45-4f00-bff8-4b8b7f9f2762 |
162vw9 | How does Grooveshark play whatever song you want for free while Pandora requires you to listen to radio stations with mandatory commercials? | Pandora operates completely legitimately, while Grooveshark technically does not. Grooveshark has been involved in the occasional lawsuit, and more will likely come. Its more a matter of the fact that Grooveshark has remained more under the radar, and with so many different sources of what may be called copyright infringement on the internet, it takes massive popularity for one roll into the spotlight enough so that it is targeted specifically by the RIAA or whoever else may be involved. | af4a0301-d04e-429f-9d59-f9557bc70918 |
5kku0e | The purpose of the painted spiral on the front of an aircraft engine. | It visualizes the speed at which the turbine spins, since the turbine blades move so fast that you can't distinguish between a slowly idling engine and one which has full power. The spiral can be distinguished even at high speed, since it changes only a little bit each revolution. This is mainly useful for reasons of safety, but [apparently it also deters birds.](_URL_0_) | c9562ee2-0667-49eb-b9d8-3ac26bd7a8f2 |
40jt8g | Why does pouring beer into a glass of ice make it go flat? | CO2 bubbles usually don't form just at random in the middle of a fluid. Instead, they need to form in cavitation points, which are basically tiny nicks in the surface of something which change the properties of the carbonic acid form of CO2 enough that it turns back into a gas. This is why you usually see a stream of bubbles coming out of one or two places at the bottom of your beer glass. Those streams are above cavitation points.
Adding ice increases the total surface area the beer is touching, and thus increases the number of cavitation points available. In addition, ice can crack and become rougher than glass, creating a ton more cavitation points than you would get on the surface of a glass. | d21c0511-27d2-47be-a854-a6552a8b3e64 |
55vw0h | What are CETA and TTIP, and why are some countries so opposed to it? | [This](_URL_0_) is actually a really good article about why people are scared of it. Add on top of that. all the negotiations have been behind closed doors, so our fearless leaders are going to push things that a lot of people are dead against down over their heads. Thus the pushback. Some of us consider ISDS a crime against humanity.
So what's good about it?
Well, trade is going to be easier. But also mobility. Right now, as a European, you're a second-rank citizen if you want to get a job in the US and vice versa. So NAFTA allows Canadians to just grab a job if they want. A German or an Ethiopean end up on the second tier. This would change, and Europeans and Americans would find it easier to get job permits for the other respective countries.
And both governments are very protective when it comes to trade. This would open up trade and make it easier for a dutch manufacturer to sell to the US market.
All depending on what they actually agree to. | 95ba8945-f6b4-444a-a6bd-8e904b3e3ae2 |
221vq2 | the numbers in the periodic table of elements | It depends on which numbers you are referring to. They all deal with the chemical and physical properties of the element.
The most common are:
Atomic Number (the number of protons): which essentially defines the element. For example, an oxygen atom is only oxygen if it has 8 protons.
Atomic Mass (the average weight of an atom of this substance): which says how much the element ways assuming you have the normal distribution of isotopes.
Anything else? | 3e9d35a1-b1d3-405a-9cc6-7572db96dbf5 |
45z0az | fluoroantimonic acid ph | pH is kind of a useless way to talk about acidity because it depends on the concentration of the acid in its solution. A better metric is called pKa. Without getting into detail, the more negative the pKa is, the stronger an acid is. And it's a logarithmic scale (meaning that if something has a pKa that's higher by 1, then it's actually 10 times more acidic. Higher by 2, then 100x more acidic etc.). The pKa of stomach acid (HCl) is -6.3. The pKa of fluoroantimonic acid is -25. So it's about 19 pKa points more acidic, or 10 000 000 000 000 000 000 (ten quintillion) times more acidic than stomach acid.
The reason is because you have a positively charged fluorine. Now, fluorine really *really* likes electrons. In fact, more so than any other atom. Electrons are negatively charged, so if we've got a positively charged fluorine, that means we robbed it of electrons. And it really, *really* **really** wants them back. An acid is really defined as anything that wants to take electrons, and the strength of an acid is ultimately defined as how badly it wants those electrons. Since positively charged fluorine really *really* **really** wants those electrons, it is an incredibly strong acid.
EDIT: Since there seems to be some questions regarding why we're even talking about positively charged fluorines, I'll explain that here. The antimony part of fluoroantimonic acid comes from the addition of SbF5 (antimony pentafluoride) to twice as much HF. SbF5 is strong enough to rip the fluoride from HF, leaving H+. But remember, we've got only half as much SbF5 as HF, so the extra HF is left with the job of taking on the orphaned H+ ions. This leaves you with SbF6- and H2F+, which is fluoroantimonic acid. | 9c464563-20ae-40e7-9991-1275a6794382 |
1hzvfs | How do sites like google or yahoo come into existence? Does someone just decide one day that they want to invent something new and make it part of the internet? I know they aren't using Go Daddy to run this shit... | Google started out as a PhD project by Sergey Brin and Larry Page while they were doctorate students at Stanford. To prove the concept they used some of the computers that were available to Compsci grad students at that university, and initially they put it publicly on the web at the URL of _URL_0_ (it had an internal Stanford-only URL before that).
As its popularity grew they realised they had the opportunity to form a viable company using the technology so bought the _URL_1_ domain, got some VC funding to set up the hardware they needed, and the rest is history.
So to answer your question -- yes, you just need to invent something. Many web-based ideas can be proved to work (or to not work!) with a prototype using nothing more powerful than your own PC, and if you do need something with a bit more power then these days it's easy to spin up virtual machines in the cloud for pretty low cost.
Once you have a working prototype the hard part is convincing others that it's good enough for them to invest in -- the big hurdle is moving from proof-of-concept to a working company, as that step takes money. | 7ab74393-78df-4702-8afd-371dbf370f02 |
2yozr2 | Why do governments not put extra taxes on sugar, salt and fat to make the population healthier? | Take a look at how New York City's ban on large sodas went. Soda lobbies fought it. People didn't like it, they felt that the government was impeding on their freedom to consume how they deem fit. | 60ede096-7471-438b-8bf5-8e0b5c3afe38 |
5ldt11 | What is the significance of prime numbers in encryption? Why are we trying to find bigger ones? | If you take one number, let's say five, and multiply it by itself some number of times, let's say three, you get an exponential expression, which we would write in this case as 5^3 = 125 which we say as five to the power of three is 125. If we made the three bigger, the result would get huge very fast. It's really easy for a computer to calculate an exponent though. On the other hand, what if we knew that 5 raised to some power is 78125, can we easily figure out what the missing number is? This is still very easy for computers to do using a function called the logarithm.
Remember that when you divide two numbers, a/b, you may get a remainder. We call this remainder the modulo of base b (the denominator, or second number in the division). Sometimes it's just called 'the modulo', for short if it's understood what the base is.
We will use base five. What is the modulo of 7^2? 7^2 is equal to 49, if we divide by five there is a remainder of 4. So the modulo is 4. This is still a very easy computation for a computer to do. But what if we know that 7 raised to some power modulo 5 is equal to 4; can we figure out what the mising number is? There's a limited number of answers you can get, so you know that there has to be more than one possible solution. It turns out that solving this problem (called the discrete logarithm problem) is very hard for computers to do. Any computer could handle the given problem easily, but only because the numbers used are really small, it becomes essentially impossible for sufficiently large numbers.
So what does this have to do with prime numbers? Let's say you have some known number raised to the power of a variable modulo some known base, and you start plugging in values for the variable, 1,2,3 and so on you will eventually get to a point where the sequence of values starts repeating itself. Every number in the sequence will be between zero and one less than the base of the modulo, but you might not get *all* of these. It turns out that if the first constant is a prime number, you will get every possible value no matter what the base is. This is the mathematical property that public key encryption (the kind that relies on prime numbers) exploits.
I mentioned before that crypto systems need to use really big prime numbers. A more honest statement, mathematically, would be that they rely on kinda large prime numbers. The size of the prime number depends on how much computing power it needs to be able to withstand. As computers in general get faster, we need to use larger prime numbers to remain secure.
The largest prime numbers that we know are much, much, much, much bigger than the prime numbers we deal with in crypto. Knowing these numbers isn't particularly useful in and of itself. Mostly we're just interested in finding *more* prime numbers because there are still lots of things the best mathematicians can't figure out about them. Because there are just so many of them though, we tend to be interested in the biggest ones we can find (we've known for a few thousand years that there is not a biggest prime number). One interesting property of prime numbers is that the bigger you get, the further apart they become. This means that when a new biggest prime number is found, there's a good chance it will be a fair bit larger than the previous one. | f5552f55-1429-4930-99cb-617974161949 |
6u9wcw | how does sexual attraction mature with age? | Well there's plenty I could go into, but basically some of the main factors in attraction is being able to tell that the person is able to produce children. So young men easily find women in their 20s and 30s attractive. However with the age of the female the rate of abnormalities in the fetus increases, and the general health of the born child decreases. So up to a point young age in females becomes important, so signs of youth are many factors. A flat tummy is a sign that a woman is not already carrying a child containing another man's genes. And wide hips signify ability to give birth to a large cranium, and wide hips are sort of slightly increased by magic because the older a woman gets she will gain some thigh thickness which will be seen as hip width.
The largest factor in attraction is actually time spent with the person, and stalking social media profiles and thinking about someone, counts neurologically as the same thing. It just doesn't count both ways unless the other one also does this. This is nature's way of making sure everyone pairs up, in the event that a "10" isn't available. So maybe you spend too much time staring at 30 year old women in your youth.
In my book "What's the point? The meaning of life and everything" I raised the question; What would we use to decide between potential spouses if not these factors which are overwhelmingly for the benefit of the health of the child that would result from the pairing(1)? And I concluded among other things that men should probably give a few extra points for women with careers and established personalities and drives and hobbies. Something young women do not have. A man's life would undoubtedly be more interesting if the woman in the relationship was wealthy, even if the genes of the kid (which may or may not be the goal for both parties) may be technically worse off. So that's one argument for not "being normal" and trying to find the youngest hottest waitress around in favor for perhaps a slightly older doctor or investment banker. Rather ironically its not unlikely that the latter two would have a higher sex drive, which is a point more from the male's perspective.
(1)Being attractive doesn't mean we're pleasant to be around, so finding the most attractive person alive that we could possibly woo, is not a guarantee that we will be happy or have rich lives. Just see all the solid 10 couples that break up. | ff33e9ae-6275-480d-8f02-ea8b43609e23 |
4mjc8z | How is it that the Monty Hall problem and the gambler's fallacy don't contradict each other? | The key to the Monty Hall problem is that the door that's removed from play is *never* the door with the prize and *never* the door you initially chose.
So if you choose a door at random, you initially have a 1/3 chance of being right and a 2/3 chance of being wrong. One of the doors you didn't choose is then removed from play; if the prize is behind one of those two doors, you now know that it *must* be behind the remaining door. Hence the 2/3 chance if you change your guess.
The gambler's fallacy only applies to independent events. The Monty Hall problem is two dependent events. | 660e2552-3016-4d07-952d-599eb3b1e35a |
3y4v3o | Why are there 360 degrees? | "The Sumerians watched the Sun, Moon, and the five visible planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn), primarily for omens. They did not try to understand the motions physically. They did, however, notice the circular track of the Sun's annual path across the sky and knew that it took about 360 days to complete one year's circuit. Consequently, they divided the circular path into 360 degrees to track each day's passage of the Sun's whole journey. This probably happened about 2400 BC.
That's how we got a 360 degree circle. Around 1500 BC, Egyptians divided the day into 24 hours, though the hours varied with the seasons originally. Greek astronomers made the hours equal. About 300 to 100 BC, the Babylonians subdivided the hour into base-60 fractions: 60 minutes in an hour and 60 seconds in a minute. The base 60 of their number system lives on in our time and angle divisions.
An 100-degree circle makes sense for base 10 people like ourselves. But the base-60 Babylonians came up with 360 degrees and we cling to their ways-4,400 years later." -*Abraham Lincoln*
Jk this quote was taken from [here](_URL_0_) | b2b58b96-07b6-4871-8022-b85bae43cef3 |
1npybh | How do animals become domesticated and why are some not able to be domesticated? | DishonestStranger has a good summary regarding criteria for domestication.
The "how" can be complicated and appears to be different for different animals.
The prominent theory on dogs is that there was a "self domestication" that occurred many tens of thousands of years ago when humans lived in social groups alongside wolves. The "most social and least fearful" wolves would be kept around human living areas and could scavenge off refuse. Once these proto-dogs became completely comfortable around humans they were then bred for many different uses - hunting, herding, sledding, etc. Check the wiki on "Origin of the domestic dog" for more info.
Cat domestication was quite different, but is also thought to be a "self domestication" of sorts. Humans developed agriculture and started to organize into larger communities some 10 to 15 thousand years ago. The storage of grain and other produce, along with the larger communities attracted pests like mice and rats. Cats are obvious natural predators and the theory is that we tolerated and lived along side them because they gave us free pest control (and they are purry).
For other animals I do not know as much, I am only a layman but the domestication of dogs and cats is fascinating to me so I know a (tiny) bit. | 6f45e878-cfed-4a85-8464-9b97dc7ca535 |
2i2k62 | The Unabomber | Ted Kaczynski was incredibly smart. He was accepted to Harvard at 16. While there he participated in a study about stress interviews in which someone berated and belittled him because of his personal philosophical views. His recorded facial reactions were played back to him at the end of the study. People have argued that his experience in this experiment caused his psychological issues but that seems like a bit much.
He came to believe that modern industrial society was destroying the individual and that society's problems were caused by modern values that were in conflict with how humans developed in the wild. Industrial society, instead of recognizing the cause of these problems, sought to control individuals. Kaczynski came to believe that society had to be violently overthrown. His bombing campaign was inspired by "eco-anarchist" terrorists. He targeted UNiversities and Airlines, which got him the name UNABOM, which became Unabomber. | f4665fb5-6a66-45cf-bf19-95e6832f238d |
q5h8t | The Tree Of Life | The Tree of Life is primarily about sublime experience more than it is about deep story.
_URL_0_
Sublime is a philosophical concept about the sensation of being incapable of taking in the entire power and magnitude of something, especially something natural. Looking at the night sky and imagine all the stars, looking out at the vastness of the ocean, standing at the foot of an enormous mountain.
Tree of Life's "story," is more about Mallick resolving his thoughts on his childhood, but the point of Tree of Life (for audiences) isn't the story. Tree of Life is about pushing sublimity, the overwhelming power and beauty of imagery. I'm sorry you didn't enjoy it, but for many people (the Academy included), looking at the Tree of Life is the cinematic equivalent of taking in the Sistine Chapel. | e819f853-536f-42fa-b42f-7cf81572b466 |
78c9qs | Why do European forests seem to have less underbrush than forests in the Eastern U.S.? | Im no expert but I believe its because they've been left alone to grow longer, when trees get bigger it cuts off sunlight to the floor, over time you get a lot less smaller plants in the underbrush due to that and maybe the bigger trees using up more nutrients. I recall reading that in USA it used to be possible to ride a horse through the forests easily because there was much less underbrush to deal with. Then practically all the forests were cleared at some point and in most places once they get big enough loggers come through and do it again. Also most forests in USA arent entirely natural, certain varities of trees are planted for certain purposes and it's never with the goal of recreating a naturally occuring forest environment. Could be wrong or lacking info but that's my understanding of it. | 1a9b2cca-ad2b-44b9-98d7-60adc330a02a |
1sms0o | what consequences if any are there from streaming tv shows on your computer? | Hardware like your monitor and the CPU have to be working, and those can only work for very roughly 50 000 hours. Your ISP might bill you if you go over your cap if you go over your cap... and have a cap to go over to begin with.
Were you thinking there was something special going on here? | 52ea7a66-8890-42d4-a668-6137bc10e621 |
37bzlv | Why Are Fundraising Sites Necessary to Some for Medical Expenses (in the US)? | Insurance is a tricky thing in the U.S. Not all insurance is the same nor does it cover the same things. It's entirely possible to go to a doctor that is not covered by your insurance and have a procedure done which you thought was covered and it isn't so you end up with high medical bills. A $50,000 medical bill could very well be a three day stay at the hospital. If you don't have health insurance and you have no income because you are unemployed you may not qualify for Obamacare otherwise known as the affordable care act. There are people who don't work but live with a roommate or significant other that does not qualify for Medicaid because they take the total income of the house and not the income of the specific person applying so everyone who lives in the house is counted even though not everyone is applying. So in other words it's entirely possible to be flat broke with no income coming into your bank account but still be considered to have too much money to qualify for Medicaid because you happen to live with someone who is willing to put a roof over your head and feed you so that you're not homeless and they make too much money for you to qualify for medical care.
If you have no health insurance then everything is out of pocket. There are several reasons why you wouldn't have health insurance such as being unemployed, being a part time employee, or working for a company that doesn't offer health insurance. Some employers offer health insurance but it's not really good insurance. For example, my last employer offered a high deductible health plan which means that you pay the first $2,500 in medical expenses out of pocket and everything else was covered. All of my prescriptions are in the tier 3 category which means that they are $50 a piece. I could not move to a lower tier medicine because they don't work. That means that with health insurance I'm still paying the first $2,500 and paying $300 in medications per month. This deductible is fine if you have an ER visit or if you go to the doctor once a year, but if you go to the doctor monthly like I do then it gets real expensive really quickly and takes up a significant amount of income per month.
It is entirely possible to fix this with a single payer system but the arguments I've heard against it is that I'm healthy and I have insurance so why should I be paying for your medical care when you don't take care of yourself? Ok but you're already paying for my medical care. If I don't have health insurance and I go to the ER and have surgery I'm not going to be able to pay $50,000 or $80,000. That means that they are going to raise the cost of everything to cover the cost of people who don't pay. That's why a Tylenol costs $200 when you go to the hospital because you are already paying for my medical care. The other thing I've heard is that people don't want to pay more taxes to help pay for it. So the alternative is that you'd rather not pay the taxes and gamble that even with health insurance you won't end up in an emergency situation where you end up shipped off to an out of pocket doctor where you may end up with $80,000 medical bill. Gotcha. Basically the mentality is I had to work for it and I don't see why you get to get something that you didn't work for when I have to work my ass off for what I have. The question to me is not really if you want to pay for everyone's medical care but how you would like to pay for it. If you have insurance you're paying for the uninsured by inflated medical costs already or you can raise taxes and still pay for the uninsured. | a7bc9fc7-679b-4d9c-86c0-c9fcb4d3e681 |
3prqqs | If/Once the Cuban Embargo is lifted, what will change? | It will be easier people in the US to visit Cuba, acquire Cuban goods and do business in Cuba. Vice-versa for people in Cuba dealing with the US. | f4592d1d-d5b8-4702-b0ef-4e21008646d8 |
619p8e | After a recent deed, someone told "that was mighty white of ya". What does that phrase mean? | Their intended meaning: that you did something nice that they appreciate.
The actual meaning: black people are incapable of goodness or decency. | 3e462e95-2de5-49ea-8326-91bd1a221d43 |
44m1ib | Why do the majority of living things, like animals, insects, and bugs, require oxygen to survive? | Living cells need Oxygen to react with the food we eat to get energy - It's basically the same thing as burning, but much less ''violent'', and produces the same waste (Co2). Oxygen is used for this due to how easily it reacts, but it's possible to use other gasses as well.
There are lots of bacteria that do not need oxygen, even some that can get poisoned by it. However, all anaerobic (Does not need oxygen) life is pretty much microscopical. The biggest thing not using Oxygen was found a few years ago: _URL_0_ | c9bd9820-90d4-463e-9538-3a22fe744615 |
1ohiez | Explain 4k vs 1080p and other TV display resolutions to me | There are two things to consider (well, more, but two that I will go into): resolution, and pixel size. All "1080p" screens will be 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels tall. However, you can have a 1080p screen that is pretty small (I think that smartphones are approaching this) or you can have a 1080p screen that is 50+ inches across the diagonal.
The way that is accomplished is with the pixel size (pixel "pitch" is what this is called). A smartphone will have some of the closest packed pixels out of any screen, while a computer monitor is more moderate, and a TV typically has the largest pixels.
For reference, a "4k" screen is 3,840 pixels wide and 2,160 tall. Note that 4k is named for its horizontal measurement, while 1080p is named for its vertical measurement, as is 720p, 480p, 360p, etc. | c54f84c1-a586-4388-b081-9c56e21e407c |
5sv77i | Who/what is the "Chair" of the Senate, and who tells him/her what to do? | The [president pro tempore of the senate](_URL_0_), meaning president for a time, is the second highest ranking Senator and a senator who serves as something like acting senate president in absence of the Vice President. The position was created in the Constitution (Article I Section 3):
> The Senate shall choose their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.
In practice, the president pro tempore frequently delegates the day to day operations of presiding over the senate to more junior members of his party to provide them practice with the parliamentary process, and senators address whomever is filling the role with the honorary titles.
The woman conferring with the Senator presiding over the senate is possibly to be the [Senate's Parliamentarian](_URL_1_), who is their senior adviser on Senate rules and proceedings. | 3becf319-62c1-4f1d-bc8a-0afa6e0549be |
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