url
stringlengths 14
5.47k
| tag
stringclasses 1
value | text
stringlengths 60
624k
| file_path
stringlengths 110
155
| dump
stringclasses 96
values | file_size_in_byte
int64 60
631k
| line_count
int64 1
6.84k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://www.iwc.com/forum/en/discussion/31425/
|
math
|
MADE IN SCHAFFHAUSEN
Last edited: 2014-02-06T05:40:50
Alan Ross Wrote:Never had a problem.
Sincerely, Kelvin Leung_______________________________________________________________________________________Repeat after me: I don't need another IWC, I really don't need another IWC...
Time is something invented by the Swiss to help sell more watches
Last edited: 2014-03-21T06:03:41
Regards from HamburgArne
Last edited: 2013-01-12T09:56:19
Last edited: 2011-12-17T18:32:51
Last edited: 2017-03-07T11:34:02
hebe Wrote:No problem since 1998.
Best regards,Jim"We are the other people, we are the other people...you're the other people too!" Frank Zappa
Last edited: 2012-03-13T15:03:32
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806676.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122213945-20171122233945-00531.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
| 678 | 13 |
https://kevinshuang.com/research/umbc/notes/quantum-mechanics/
|
math
|
1 The Wave Function
1.1 The Schrodinger Equation
Goal of Quantum Mechanics: Determine the wave function of the particle.
Given the initial conditions: ; the Schrodinger equation determines for all future time.
represents the probability of finding the particle between and .
– number of people with :
– probability of getting :
Expectation value (average):
Standard deviation –
– probability that individual is between and
– probability density
Particle must be somewhere:
Non-normalizable solutions cannot represent particles.
Wave function remains normalized as time goes on.
Average of measurements performed on particles all in the state :
Through integration by parts and discarding boundary terms:
Expectation value of velocity:
Expectation value of momentum:
Notation with operators:
Expectation value of dynamical variables:
1.5 The Uncertainty Principle
de Broglie formula:
Heisenberg uncertainty principle:
2 The Time-Independent Schrodinger Equation
2.1 Stationary States
Separation of Variables:
Using the Schrodinger equation:
Crucial argument: Left side is a function of only , right side is a function of only , therefore both sides are constant denoted by .
Time-independent Schrodinger equation:
1. They are stationary states – the probability density does not depend on time.
- They are states of definite total energy.
3. The general solution is a linear combination of separable solutions. There is a different wave function for each allowed energy.
Time-dependent Schrodinger equation has the property that any linear combination of solutions is itself a solution.
2.2 The Infinite Square Well
if , and otherwise.
Outside the well:
Inside the well:
Simple harmonic oscillator:
– ground state, other waves are excited states
Important properties of
- They are alternately even and odd (true when potential is an even function).
Each successive state has one more node (universal).
They are mutually orthogonal (quite general).
– Kronecker delta
- They are complete, in the sense that any other function, , can be expressed as a linear combination of them
Expansion coefficients can be evaluated by Fourier’s trick:
Stationary States for Infinite Square Well:
2.3 The Harmonic Oscillator
Practically any potential is approximately parabolic. Virtually any oscillatory motion is approximately simple harmonic.
2.3.1 Algebraic Method
Important: If satisfies the Schrodinger equation with energy , then satisfies the Schrodinger equation with energy . is a solution with energy .
There must exist a “lowest rung”:
2.3.2 Analytic Method
Look for a solution in the form of a power series:
The power series must terminate for the solution to be normalizable. One series must truncate, the other must be zero from the start.
2.4 The Free Particle
Special combination: represents a wave of fixed profile, traveling in the direction, at speed .
: Wave traveling to the right
: Wave traveling to the left
A free particle cannot exist in a stationary state; there is no such thing as a free particle with a definite energy.
2.5 The Delta-Function Potential
Bound State: If rises higher than the particle’s total energy on either side, then the particle is stuck in the potential well.
Scattering State: If exceeds on one side or both, the the particle comes in from infinity and returns to infinity.
Tunneling allows the particle to leak through any finite potential barrier.
and – Bound State
or – Scattering State
Real life: Most potentials go to zero at infinity.
: Bound State
: Scattering State
Infinite square well and harmonic oscillator admit bound states only. Free particle only allows scattering states.
Dirac delta function
2.5.1 Bound States:
1. is always continuous.
2. is continuous except at points where the potential is infinite.
Integrate the Schrodinger equation from to and take the limit as :
One bound state:
2.5.2 Scattering States:
In a typical scattering experiment particles are fired in from one direction. In that case the amplitude of the wave coming in from the right will be zero.
– amplitude of the incident wave
– amplitude of the transmitted wave
2.6 Finite Square Well
2.6.1 Bound States:
- Wide, deep well
2. Shallow, narrow well: There is always one bound state, no matter how weak the well becomes.
2.6.2 Scattering States:
(assuming there is no incoming wave in this region):
Energies for perfect transmission:
2.7 The Scattering Matrix
Arbitrary Localized Potentials
Scattering from the left:
Scattering from the right:
If you want to locate the bound states, put in .
For more information see: Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (David J. Griffiths)
You must be logged in to post a comment.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654871.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608103815-20230608133815-00435.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
| 4,671 | 94 |
https://journalskuwait.org/kjs/index.php/KJS/article/view/749
|
math
|
Some general properties of a fractional Sumudu transform in the class of Boehmians
Keywords:Boehmian, fractional Sumudu transform, fractional derivative, Mittag- Leffler function, Sumudu transform.
AbstractIn literature, there are several works on the theory and applications of integraltransforms of Boehmian spaces, but fractional integral transforms of Boehmians havenot yet been reported. In this paper, we investigate a fractional Sumudu transform ofan arbitrary order on some space of integrable Boehmians. The fractional Sumudutransform of an integrable Boehmian is well-defined, linear and sequentially completein the space of continuous functions. Two types of convergence are also discussed indetails.
Alieva, T., Bastiaans, M.J. & Calvo, M.L. (2005) Fractional transforms in optical information processing,
EURASIP. Journal on Applied Signal Processing, 10:1498-1519.
Asiru, M.A. (2002) Further properties of the Sumudu transform and its applications. International Journal
of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 33(3):441-449.
Al-Omari, S.K.Q., Loonker, D., Banerji, P.K. & Kalla, S.L. (2008) Fourier sine(cosine) transform for
ultradistributions and their extensions to tempered and ultra- Boehmian spaces. Integral Transforms
and Special Functions, 19(6):453-462.
Al-Omari, S.K.Q. & Kilicman, A. (2012a) On diffraction Fresnel transforms for Boehmians. Abstract
and Applied Analysis, 2011:1-12.
Al-Omari, S.K.Q. & Kilicman, A. (2012b) Note on Boehmians for class of optical Fresnel wavelet
transforms. Journal of Function Spaces and Applications, 2012:1-6.
Al-Omari, S.K.Q. & Kilicman, A. (2013) An estimate of Sumudu transforms for Boehmians. Advances
in Difference Equations, 2013:1-14.
Al-Omari, S.K.Q. & Kilicman, A. (2014) On the exponential Radon transform and Its extension to
certain functions spaces. Abstract and Applied Analysis, 2014:1-6.
Al-Omari, S.K.Q. (2015) An extension of certain integral transform to a space of Boehmians. Journal of
the Association of Arab Universities for Basic and Applied Sciences, 17:36-42.
Belgasem, F.B.M., Karaballi, A.A. & Kalla, S.L. (2003) Analytical investigations of the Sumudu
transform and applications to integral production equations. Mathematical Problems in Engineering,
Belgacem, F.M. & Karaballi, A.A. (2006) Sumudu transform fundamental properties investigations and
applications. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Stochastic Analysis, 2006:1-23.
Cai, Y. & Lin, Q. (2003) Fractional Fourier transformfor elliptical Gaussian beams. Optics Communications,
Davis, J.A., McNamara, D.E. & Cottrell, D.M. (1998) Analysis of the fractional Hilbert transform.
Applied Optics, 37(29):6911-6913.
Eltayeb, H. & Kilicman, A. (in press). A note on double Sumudu transform and double Laplace transform.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics.
Eltayeb, H., Kilicman, A. & Fisher, B. (2010) A new integral transform and associated distributions.
Integral Transforms and Special Functions, 21(5):1-12.
Gupta, V.G., Shrama, B. & Kilicman, A. (2010) A note on fractional Sumudu transform. Journal of
Applied Mathematics, 2010:1-9.
Jumarie, G. (2009) Table of some basic fractional calculus formulae derived from a modified Riemann-
Liouville derivative for non-differentiable functions. Applied Mathematics Letters, 22(3):378-385.
Kadem, A. (2005) Solving the one-dimensional neutron transport equation using Chebyshev polynomials
and the Sumudu transform. Annals of Oradea University - Mathematics Fascicola, 12:153-171.
Mikusinski, P. (1987) Fourier transform for integrable Boehmians. Rocky Mountain Journal of
Mikusinski, P. (1995) Tempered Boehmians and ultradistributions. Proceeding of Americal Mathematical
Namias, V. (1980) Fractionalization of Hankel transform. Journal of the Institute of Mathematics and its
Ozaktas, H.M., Zalvesky, Z. & Alper, M.K. (2001) The fractional Fourier transform with applications in
optics and signal processing. John Wiley and Sons. Ltd.
Pei, S.C. & Ding, J.J. (2002) Fractional cosine, sine, and Hartley transforms, IEEE Trans. Signal
Rajendran, S.M. & Roopkumar, R. (2014) Curvelet transform for Boehmians. Arab Journal of
Mathematical Sciences, 20(2):264-279.
Torre, A. (2003) Linear and radial canonical transforms of fractional order. Journal of Computational and
Applied Mathematics, 153(1-2):477-486.
Weerakoon, S. (1998) Complex inversion formula for Sumudu transforms. International Journal of
Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 29(4):618-621.
Watugala, G.K. (1993) Sumudu transform: a New integral transform to solve differential equations and
control engineering problems. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and
Weerakoon, S. (1994) Application of Sumudu transform to partial differential equations. International
Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 25:277-283.
Watugala, G.K. (1998) Sumudu transform new integral transform to solve differential equations and
control engineering problems. Mathematical Engineering in Industry, 6(4):319-329.
Watugala, G.K. (2002) The Sumudu transform for functions of two variables. Mathematical Engineering
in Industry, 8(4):293-302.
Yu, L., Lu, Y., Zeng, X., Huang, M. & Chen, M. et al. (1998) Deriving the integral representation of a
fractional Hankel transform froma fractional Fourier transform. Optics Letters, 23(15):1158-1160.
Zhang, J. (2007) A Sumudu based algorithm for solving di_erential equations. Computer Science Journal
of Moldova, 15(45):303-313.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510501.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929090526-20230929120526-00018.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
| 5,499 | 61 |
https://flowingdata.com/2010/08/13/you-me-awesome/
|
math
|
I used this diagram to convince my wife to marry me (j/k).
Buy the print by Nick Schmitz here. Have a good weekend!
Update: Sheldon Comics has a slightly different take.
It was reported that 1 in 6 millennials have at least $100,000 saved. Is this right? It seems high. I looked at the data to find out and then at all of the age groups.
There is a fixed number of minutes during the day. Where do parents usually draw the time from?
When you have a big family, it’s a challenge to figure out how everyone is related. So here are some charts to help you figure it out.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154321.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802141221-20210802171221-00089.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2021-31
| 570 | 6 |
http://nature-icontest.livejournal.com/
|
math
|
We've had a set focusing on felines so it seemed fair to do one for canines as well :) So our first challange in this set is poodles ^^
#You may only use the images provided
#All icons must conform to LJ standards, ie 40k and 100x100 or less.
#You may submit up to 3 icons.
#Entries must remain anonymous till the voting is ended, so no posting them up anywhere else.
#Please submit all your icons in one comment, with both image and url
#Entries are due in by 22nd April
#Lj user pics is not an acceptable place to host your icons. (Photobucket is a good, free image hosting site)( 10 images to work withCollapse )
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171807.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00251-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2017-09
| 615 | 8 |
https://www.elsevier.com/books/ideas-and-their-reception/rowe/978-0-12-599661-7
|
math
|
Secure CheckoutPersonal information is secured with SSL technology.
Free ShippingFree global shipping
No minimum order.
The History of Modern Mathematics, Volume I: Ideas and their Reception documents the proceedings of the Symposium on the History of Modern Mathematics held at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York on June 20-24, 1989. This book is concerned with the emergence and reception of major ideas in fields that range from foundations and set theory, algebra and invariant theory, and number theory to differential geometry, projective and algebraic geometry, line geometry, and transformation groups. Other topics include the theory of reception for the history of mathematics and British synthetic vs. French analytic styles of algebra in the early American Republic. The early geometrical works of Sophus Lie and Felix Klein, background to Gergonne's treatment of duality, and algebraic geometry in the late 19th century are also elaborated. This volume is intended for students and researchers interested in developments in pure mathematics.
Table of Contents for Volume II
The Context of Reception
A Theory of Reception for the History of Mathematics
Riemann's Habilitationsvortrag and the Synthetic A Priori Status of Geometry
Foundations of Mathematics
Cantor's Views on the Foundations of Mathematics
Kronecker's Views on the Foundations of Mathematics
Toward a History of Cantor's Continuum Problem
National Styles in Algebra
British Synthetic vs. French Analytic Styles of Algebra in the Early American Republic
Toward a History of Nineteenth-Century Invariant Theory
Geometry and the Emergence of Transformation Groups
The Early Geometrical Works of Sophus Lie and Felix Klein
Line Geometry, Differential Equations, and the Birth of Lie's Theory of Groups
Projective and Algebraic Geometry
The Background to Gergonne's Treatment of Duality: Spherical Trigonometry in the Late 18th Century
Algebraic Geometry in the Late Nineteenth Century
Heinrich Weber and the Emergence of Class Field Theory
Notes on the Contributors
- No. of pages:
- © Academic Press 1989
- 28th December 1989
- Academic Press
- eBook ISBN:
Elsevier.com visitor survey
We are always looking for ways to improve customer experience on Elsevier.com.
We would like to ask you for a moment of your time to fill in a short questionnaire, at the end of your visit.
If you decide to participate, a new browser tab will open so you can complete the survey after you have completed your visit to this website.
Thanks in advance for your time.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487648194.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619111846-20210619141846-00569.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2021-25
| 2,531 | 33 |
http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/journey-through-genius/quiz4a.html
|
math
|
|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through Archimedes' Determination of Circular Area.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What was true about Hippocrates's proof?
(a) The proof was easy if their was advanced technology available.
(b) It was fairly easy and simple.
(c) The proof was exceedingly difficult and not understood at the time.
(d) It was useful for circles.
2. Which of Euclid's postulates troubled many of the following generations of mathematicians?
(a) Euclid's postulate on right triangles.
(b) Euclid's proof on right triangles.
(c) Euclid's postulate on creating an arc.
(d) Euclid's postulate on parallel lines.
3. What was Euclid's definition of a prime number?
(a) Numbers which do not, and can not, contain a perfect number.
(b) Numbers which are divisible by 2.
(c) Numbers which can only be divided by themselves and 1.
(d) Numbers which contain an infinite number of composite numbers.
4. Which of the following is false about the modern implications of Euclid's number theory?
(a) Euclid gave a good idea for how to construct even perfect numbers.
(b) Whether there are no odd perfect numbers is still not known.
(c) Great mathematicians continue to puzzle over some aspects of Euclid's number theory.
(d) Euclid's recipe for constructing even perfect numbers is incorrect.
5. What did Dunham claim about Archimedes's determination of a number value for pi?
(a) Archimedes's number could have been better if he had understood Euclid's work better,
(b) Archimedes's number was perfectly correct.
(c) Archimedes's number was very good, considering he did not have a way to calculate square roots.
(d) Archimedes's number was not very accurate, considering the technology of his time.
Short Answer Questions
1. What name did Euclid give for numbers that could be divided by numbers other than themselves and one?
2. Which of the following is true in modern math about twin primes?
3. According to Euclid, when is a triangle a right triangle?
4. How did Lindeman prove his conclusion?
5. Which of the following was NOT one of the things Dunham claimed was ingenious about Euclid's proof of the Pythagorean theorem?
This section contains 485 words
(approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818695726.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926122822-20170926142822-00546.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
| 2,297 | 36 |
https://ehomework-helper.com/physics/question514585261
|
math
|
the answer is gravity
gravity pulls things down
Force can be found using the following formula.
where F is the force, m is the mass, and a is the acceleration.
1. Define Values
We know the acceleration of the bowling ball is 10 m/s² and the mass is 5 kilograms.
2. Calculate Force
Substitute the values into the formula.
1 kilogram meter per square second is equal to 1 Newton. Our answer of 50 kg*m/s² is equal to 50 N
The force causing the ball to fall is 50 Newtons
A is the answer
come on man
The reaction force is the force of the ball on the bat
acceleration (a) = 10 m/s²
mass (m) = 5 kg
Force (F) = ?
F = m * a
= 5 * 10
= 50 Newton
The force is 50 N
Hope it will help :)
I uploaded the answer to a file hosting. Here's link:
it is friction
i really dont know but i will try okay.
so i think u would just add all them up and get your answer..
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588526.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028193601-20211028223601-00543.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2021-43
| 852 | 25 |
https://www.slideshare.net/barene/module-9-some-statistics-for-managers-who-hate-statistics/1
|
math
|
Postgraduate CourseSample vs populationWe want to know about these(population: N)We have to work with these(sample: n)population mean: μselectionsample mean: X_fit?
Postgraduate CourseLaw of large numbersThe larger the sample size (or the number ofobservations), the more accurate the predictions of thecharacteristics of the whole population, and smallerthe expected deviation in comparisons of outcomes.As a general principle it means that, in the long run,the average (mean) of a large number of observationswill be close to (or: may be taken as the best estimateof) the true mean’ of the population.Sample vs population
Postgraduate CourseSample size: why does it matter? Law of the large numbers: a reliable and accuraterepresentation of the population Statistical power: to prevent a type 2 error / falsenegativeSample vs population
Don‟t confuse: representativeness and reliabilityThe sample size has no direct relationship withrepresentativeness; even a large random sample can beinsufficiently representative.Postgraduate CourseSample vs population
Postgraduate CourseVariablesPostgraduate CourseVariable: anything that can be measured and candiffer across entities or timeIndependent variable: predictor variable (value doesnot depend on any other variables)Dependent variable: outcome variable (valuedepends on other variables)
Postgraduate Course3. Level of measurementPostgraduate Course
Postgraduate CourseLevel of measurementPostgraduate CourseRelationship between what is being measured andthe numbers that represent what is being measured.
Postgraduate CourseCategoricalContinuousNominalOrdinalIntervalRatioLevel of measurement
Postgraduate CourseNominal scaleClassification of categorical data. There is no order to thevalues, they are just given a name („nomen‟) or a number.The numbers can‟t be used to calculate … (you can‟tcalculate the mean of fruit) .. only frequencies1 = Apples2 = Oranges3 = Pineapples4 = Banana’s5 = Pears6 = Mango’s
Postgraduate CourseOrdinal scaleClassification of categorical data. Values can berank-ordered, but the distance between thevalues have no meaning. The numbers canonly be used to calculate a modus or a median1. Full Professor2. Associate professor3. Assistant professor4. PhD5. Master6. Bachelor
Postgraduate CourseInterval scaleClassification of continuous data. Values canbe rank-ordered, and the distance betweenthe values have meaning. However, there isno natural zero point1. John (1932)2. Denise (1945)3. Mary (19524. Marc (1964)5. Jeffrey (1978)6. Sarah (1982)
Postgraduate CourseRatio scaleClassification of continuous data. Values canbe rank-ordered, the distance between thevalues have meaning and there is a naturalzero point.1. Jeffrey (192 cm)2. John (187 cm)3. Sarah (180 cm4. Marc (179 cm)5. Mary (171 cm)6. Denise (165 cm)
Postgraduate CourseNominal Ordinal Interval RatioClassification Yes Yes Yes YesRank-order No Yes Yes YesFixed and equal intervals No No Yes YesNatural 0 point No No No YesNominal Ordinal Interval RatioMode Yes Yes Yes YesMedian No Yes Yes YesMean No No Yes YesLevels of measurementCategorical Continuous
Postgraduate CourseLevels of measurementOrdinal or interval? Can I calculate a mean?Q3: Every organization is unique, hence the findings from scientificresearch are not applicable.☐ Strongly agree☐ Somewhat agree☐ Neither agree or disagree☐ Somewhat disagree☐ Strongly disagree
Postgraduate Course4. Central tendencyThe aim is to find a single number that characterises the typical value ofthe variable in the sample. Which one you use depends in part on thelevel of measurement of the variable.
Postgraduate CourseCentral tendencyCentral tendency of a set of data / numbers(what number is most representative of the dataset / population?)7, 9, 9, 9, 10, 11,11, 13, 13 Mean = 10,2 Median = 10 Mode = 9
Postgraduate CourseCentral tendencyCentral tendency of a set of data / numbers(what number is most representative of the dataset / population?)3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 100 Mean = 16,9 Median = 3 Mode = 3
Postgraduate Course“It is easy to obtain evidence in favor of virtually any theory,but such „corroboration‟ should count scientifically only if itis the positive result of a genuinely „risky‟ prediction, whichmight conceivably have been false.… A theory is scientific only if it is refutableby a conceivable event. Every genuine testof a scientific theory, then, is logically anattempt to refute or to falsify it.”Hypothesis: falsifiabilityCarl Popper
Postgraduate CourseHypothesis Null hypothesis (H0): Big Brother contestants andmembers of the public will not differ in their scores onpersonality disorder questionnaires Alternative hypothesis (H1): Big Brother contestants willscore higher on personality disorder questionnairesthan members of the public.
Postgraduate CourseHypothesis: type I vs type II errornull hypothesisis true& was rejected(type I error)αnull hypothesisis false& was rejected(correct conclusion)null hypothesisis true& was accepted(correct conclusion)null hypothesisis false& was accepted(type II error)βH0 is true H0 is falsereject H0accept H0
Postgraduate CourseA confidence interval gives an estimated rangeof values which is likely to include an unknownpopulation parameter (e.g. the mean).Confidence intervals are usually calculated sothat this percentage is 95% (95% CI)Confidence intervals
Postgraduate CourseWhen you see a 95% confidence interval for amean, think of it like this: if we‟d collected 100samples and calculated the mean for eachsample, than for 95 of these samples the meanwould fall within the confidence interval.Confidence intervals
Postgraduate Course2008 20094,54,03,55,03,0“According to the federalgovernment, theunemployment rate hasdropped from 4.3% to 3.8%.”95% CI= 4,1 - 3,5.This means theunemployment rate couldhave increased from 4.0 to4,1 !Confidence intervals
Postgraduate CourseWhen a point estimate (e.g. mean,percentage) is given, always check: standard deviationor confidence intervalConfidence intervals
110 130Postgraduate Course1. Is there a difference / an effect?2. How certain is it that the difference / effect found is not achance finding?X_0 X_1Statistical significance
Testing multiple hypothesisWhen you test 20 different hypotheses (or independentvariables), there is a high chance that at least one will bestatistically significant.example:Does apples, bacon, cheese, eggs, fish, garlic, hazelnuts, icecream, ketchup, lamb, melons, nuts, oranges, peanut butter,roasted food, salt, tofu, vinegar, wine or yoghurt causecancer?Postgraduate CourseStatistical significance
Significance testing:always prospective, never retrospectivePostgraduate CourseStatistical significance
Sample size Effect size(Significant increase in IQ)4 1025 4100 210.000 0,2Postgraduate CourseStatistical powerThe statistical power: the power to detect a meaningfuleffect, given sample size, significance level, and effect size.
Postgraduate CourseOverpowered: sample size too large, highprobability of making a Type I errorUnderpowered: sample size too small, highprobability of making a Type II error.Statistical power
Postgraduate CourseEffect sizeEffect size: a standardized measure of themagnitude of effect, independent ofsample sizestandardized > makes it possible to compare effect sizesacross different studies that have measured differentvariables, or have used different scales of measurement
Postgraduate CourseEffect sizes Cohen‟s d Pearson‟s r other - Hedges‟ g- Glass‟ Δ- odds ratio OR- relative risk RR
Postgraduate CourseEffect sizes Cohen‟s dEffect size based on means or distancesbetween/among meansInterpretation< .10 = small.30 = moderate> .50 = large
Postgraduate CourseEffect sizes Pearson‟s rEffect size based on ‘variance explained’Interpretation< .10 = small (explains 1% of the total variance).30 = moderate (explains 9% of the total variance)> .50 = large (explains 25% of the total variance)
Postgraduate Course12. Critical appraisalWhen you critically appraise a study, what characteristicsof the findings will you consider to determine its statisticalsignificance and magnitude?
Postgraduate CourseCritical appraisalWhen you critically appraise a study, what characteristicsof the findings will you consider to determine its statisticalsignificance and magnitude? p-value confidence interval sample size / power effect size practical relevance
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258621.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526025014-20190526051014-00465.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2019-22
| 8,395 | 35 |
https://openparliament.ca/committees/public-safety/40-3/34/dave-mackenzie-1/?page=14
|
math
|
Again, without some systematic analysis, I'm not sure I can answer that for you. I would have to start by first asking this question, which I will undertake to do: do we know how many foreign nationals we have in our penitentiaries? Again, you have to bear in mind that some individuals may be in prisons without disclosing that they have citizenship in another country or indeed that they have dual citizenship with Canada and another country. So when we look at the figure that 127 foreign nationals have been transferred back, I think we do need to find out what the context is: 127 out of how many are here.
As to why many of them do not ask for transfers back, again I couldn't draw any firm conclusions without doing a bit more research on that. They may have in general quite short sentences and they're prepared to simply do their time and then leave at the end of it. I'll certainly look into it and get back with as much information as I can.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247504790.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221132217-20190221154217-00216.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2019-09
| 952 | 2 |
https://miami.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/grid-diagrams-and-legendrian-lens-space-links
|
math
|
Grid diagrams encode useful geometric information about knots in S 3. In particular, they can be used to combinatorially define the knot Floer homology of a knot K ⊂ S3, and they have a straightforward connection to Legendrian representatives of K ⊂ (S3, ξst), where ξst is the standard, tight contact structure. The definition of a grid diagram was extended, by Hedden and the authors, to include a description for links in all lens spaces, resulting in a combinatorial description of the knot Floer homology of a knot K ⊂ L(p, q) for all p ≠ 0. In the present article, we explore the connection between lens space grid diagrams and the contact topology of a lens space. Our hope is that an understanding of grid diagrams from this point of view will lead to new approaches to the Berge conjecture, which claims to classify all knots in S 3 upon which surgery yields a lens space.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Geometry and Topology
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056297.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918032926-20210918062926-00263.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2021-39
| 941 | 3 |
https://www.pdfgrip.com/2023/03/18/linear-algebra-done-right-solution-manual-3rd-edition-pdf/
|
math
|
This best-selling textbook for a second course in linear algebra is aimed at undergrad math majors and graduate students. The novel approach taken here banishes determinants to the end of the book. The text focuses on the central goal of linear algebra: understanding the structure of linear operators on finite-dimensional vector spaces. The author has taken unusual care to motivate concepts and to simplify proofs. A variety of interesting exercises in each chapter helps students understand and manipulate the objects of linear algebra.
Linear Algebra Done Right Solution Manual ,3rd Edition PDF Free Download
March 18, 2023
You may also like
Matrices and Vector Spaces Essential Student Algebra PDF
March 25, 2023
H, as it is often said, mathematics is the queen of science then algebra is surely the jewel in her crown. In the course of its vast development over the last...
Linear Algebra and Linear Models comprises a concise and rigorous introduction to linear algebra required for statistics followed by the basic aspects of the...
Linear Algebra and Partial Differential by T Veerarajan PDF
February 28, 2023
Linear Algebra and Partial Differential Equations is Gtu book for Gujarat Technological University All Branch Students in Engineering First Year by T...
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949093.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330004340-20230330034340-00355.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
| 1,272 | 11 |
https://climateaudit.org/2005/08/12/more-on-satellite-arima-vogelsang-1998/
|
math
|
A couple of days ago, I pointed out that the satellite GLB series could be modeled very well as a ARMA (1,1) model with parameters of AR1 = 0.9215 and MA1= -0.3185. I’ve gotten increasingly interested in ARMA (1,1) models with very high (>0.9 AR1 coefficients.) Vogelsang has some tables showing some very unexpected tendencies for ARMA processes in this parameter range to produce spurious trends.
Vogelsang is a very sophisticated econometrics author. Vogelsang , "Trend Function Hypothesis Testing in the Presence of Serial Correlation", Econometrica 66, 123-146, stated:
"It is shown that OLS-based Wald statistics [e.g. t-statistics] suffer from substantial finite size distortions".
The t-statistic in a canned linear regression is an example of an "OLS-based Wald statistic". Thus, in the case at hand, a regression of the satellite data against time, one gets a seemingly significant t-statistic (as shown in the summary of the simple trend regression below):
# Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
#(Intercept) -24.29584 2.60982 -9.309 <2e-16 ***
#year 0.01222 0.00131 9.325 <2e-16 ***
I pointed out before that the Durbin-Watson of this statistic is 0.45, showing mis-specification. A Durbin-Watson statistic really only tests against an AR1 error structure and doesn’t appear to be particularly powerful against an ARMA (1,1) error structure, although in this case, the AR1 component is so strong (>0.92) that the Durbin-Watson picks up the mis-specification.
Vogelsang did a lot of simulations with ARMA (1,1) models to determine how often various test statistics (including the OLS t-statistic) spuriously reported trend statistical significance. His Table 1 considers AR1 coefficients of 0.8; 0.9; 0.95 and 1.0 combined with MA1 coefficients of -1; -.8; -.4; 0, 0.4 and 0.8. and for run lengths of 100, 250 and 500. In each case, the WORST performance came with an MA1 coefficient of -0.4 (very close to the MA1 coefficient here of -0.32). On the other hand, the performance deteriorated as the AR1 coefficient increased, all the way up to 1.0.
The probability of spurious trend identification through a t-statistic for a trend of 321 measurements with an AR1 coefficient of 0.92 and MA1 coefficient of -0.4 is about 34%, instead of 5%. (See Vogelsang Table 1). Because there is a maximum for the MA1 coefficient in the interval [-0.4, 0], the interpolation is a little less precise than one would like, but one could safely say that it would be at least 30% for an AR1 coefficient of 0.92 and MA1 coefficient of -0.4. Vogelsang proposed some other statistics, which I’m trying to figure out.
Anyway, for some strange reason, the ARMA(1,1) structure of the satellite data appears to be almost ideally suited to producing spurious trends for time series of 250-500 measurements. This is not say that the observations are inconsistent with the stated trend; just that they do not appear to be inconsistent with no trend either.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120878.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00143-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2017-17
| 2,946 | 11 |
https://www.caltech.edu/campus-life-events/calendar/discrete-analysis-seminar-5
|
math
|
Discrete Analysis Seminar
We study sharp examples of the Szemerédi--Trotter bound: constructions of points and lines in the plane with maximum number of incidences. In joint work with Adam Sheffer, we prove structural properties of such constructions when the number of points and lines are equal, and the points form a Cartesian product. We show there exist many families of parallel lines or many families of concurrent lines.
We also introduce the first infinite family of sharp Szemerédi-Trotter constructions, and in joint work with Larry Guth, the first such family with no underlying lattice structure, which yield sharp discrete Loomis-Whitney constructions as a corollary.
In the work with Adam Sheffer, our techniques are based on the concept of line energy. Rudnev and Shkredov recently introduced this concept and showed how it is connected to point--line incidences. We prove that their bound is tight up to sub-polynomial factors.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473735.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222061937-20240222091937-00396.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2024-10
| 946 | 4 |
https://waynekollingersquiltblog.blogspot.com/2013/07/swirl-2-a.html
|
math
|
How To Piece Lorraine
Today I'll show you how I would piece it. (You might decide there is a better way.)
Looking at this I"ve decided it needs to be paper pieced.
Here it is in the various stages of paper piecing.
The next step is to trim the block to 6 1/2" x 6 1/2". The final step is to rip the paper out of the back.
As a general rule I prefer to avoid paper piecing. However, in this case it seemed like the best solution.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511170.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003160453-20231003190453-00337.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
| 428 | 6 |
https://scienceaid.co.uk/physics/forces/pressure.html
|
math
|
What is Pressure?
Pressure is a measure of the amount of force in a given area. For example; the pressure of a finger pushing a wall is fairly small. However, the pressure of a finger pressing a pin against a wall is very high: even though the force is the same. This is because we have reduced the area by alot.
In order to calculate pressure, we use the below equation, which should be very easy to use:
Example: Standing On One Foot
To help you understand how to calculate pressure, we have got a fun little example for you below. Simon is standing on one leg, you are given his mass and the rough size of his feet (he has quite large feet).
Firstly we need to convert his mass into a weight. Using a value of g=10 he weighs 750N, this is the force.
The area of the foot is 20cm x 8cm = 160cm2. Since there are 10 000cm2 in 1m2 this means the area of one foot is 0.016m2.
Now to calculate the pressure in Pascals the force is divided by the area; 750 / 0.016 = 43 750Pa or 43.75 kPa
Gas particles are always moving, and in a completely random fashion.
When in a container they will collide with its walls. These collisions are what cause gas pressure. This can be increased by:
The mathematical relationship between volume and pressure change (at a constant temperature) is as follows:
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100056.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129041834-20231129071834-00734.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
| 1,306 | 12 |
http://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Balmer.html
|
math
|
Johann Jakob Balmer
Born: 1 May 1825 in Lausen, Basel-Land, Switzerland
Died: 12 March 1898 in Basel, Switzerland
to see a larger version
|Main Index||Biographies index|
Johann Balmer's father was also named Johann Jakob Balmer and he was a Chief Justice. Johann's mother was Elizabeth Rolle Balmer. Johann was the eldest of his parents sons. He attended his first school in Liestal, a town which had just become the capital of the half canton of Basel-Landschaft. Then, for his secondary education, he studied at a school in Basel where he excelled in mathematics and decided to study that topic at university.
For his university studies in mathematics Balmer attended the University of Karlsruhe and the University of Berlin. His course of studies led to a doctorate which he received from the University of Basel in 1849 for a dissertation on the cycloid.
Balmer taught in Basel all his life. From 1859 until his death in 1898 he was a school teacher of mathematics at a secondary school for girls in the city. From 1865 until 1890 he was also a university lecturer in mathematics at the University of Basel where his main field of interest was geometry. He married Christine Pauline Rinck in 1868 when he was 43 years old and they had six children.
However, despite being a mathematics teacher and lecturer all his life, Balmer is best remembered for his work on spectral series and his formula, given in 1885, for the wavelengths of the spectral lines of the hydrogen atom. This was set out in one of only two papers which he wrote on spectra of the elements, the second being in 1897. It is surprising to realise that Balmer was sixty years old when he wrote the paper for which he is famous on the spectral lines of the hydrogen atom and that he was seventy-two when he wrote his only other work on this topic. But for his work on what amounts to a problem in physics, Balmer would be unknown today within the history of mathematics since he made no contribution to geometry of special significance despite it being the topic of interest throughout his life.
The major contribution which Balmer made, however, depended much more on his mathematical skills than on his understanding of physics, for he produced a formula which gave the wavelengths of the observed lines produced by the hydrogen atom without giving any physical explanation. Balmer's famous formula is
In his paper of 1885 Balmer suggested that giving n other small integer values would give the wavelengths of other series produced by the hydrogen atom. Indeed this prediction turned out to be correct and these series of lines were later observed. The reason why the formula holds was not understood in Balmer's lifetime and had to wait until the theoretical work of Niels Bohr in 1913.
Balmer's formula led to more general formulae for the spectral lines of other atoms. Others who, basing their ideas on those of Balmer, were able to achieve such results included Rydberg, Kayser and Runge.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
List of References (4 books/articles)
A Poster of Johann Balmer
Mathematicians born in the same country
Honours awarded to Johann Balmer
(Click the link below for those honoured in this way)
|1.||Lunar features||Crater Balmer|
Cross-references in MacTutor
- Famous Curves: cycloid
Other Web sites
- Dictionary of Scientific Biography
- Encyclopaedia Britannica
- zbMATH entry
- ERAM Jahrbuch entry
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141749.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217055517-20200217085517-00465.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
| 3,407 | 26 |
http://www.cecm.sfu.ca/organics/tutorials/example1/html/node1.html
|
math
|
Next: About this document
Up: No Title
Previous: No Title
Example 2: Find the local extrema of:
and sketch its graph.
Solution: First we find the critical numbers of f:
The derivative when 5-7x=0, that is, . Also
does not exist when x=1. So the critical numbers are
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00764.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
| 265 | 8 |
http://www.tfw2005.com/boards/threads/whats-with-these-online-prices.607150/
|
math
|
Seriously? >.> And this isn't including shipping. At most retail the deluxes go for ~$12. Online stores such as BBTS and TFsource there's a lot of higher pricing Such as: Knock Out at $17 Ratchet at $21 RID Cliffjumper at 19$ Wheeljack at 19$ and all the voyagers at ~$30! Why are online prices so different than retail? It's bad enough that shipping is dooky>.> Is it a distribution thing?
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824899.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021224608-20171022004608-00735.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
| 390 | 1 |
https://justaaa.com/accounting/371423-how-to-compute-labor-cost-when-given-labor-rate
|
math
|
How to compute labor cost when given labor rate, number of rooms, occupancy %.
Please a provide a formula and an example if possible?? Just basic accounting with a hospitality twist here.
Occupancy Rate is the ratio of rented or used space or room occupied to the total amount of available space/room.
A hotel has 200 room and has a 75% occupancy rate
Labor Rate is $200 per room
Then Labor Cost = Number of Rooms x Occupancy Rate x Labor Rate per Room
= 200 Rooms x 75% Rate x $200
Hope the above calculations, working and explanations are clear to you and help you in understanding the concept of question.... please rate my answer...in case any doubt, post a comment and I will try to resolve the doubt ASAP…thank you
Get Answers For Free
Most questions answered within 1 hours.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647895.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601143134-20230601173134-00390.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
| 783 | 10 |
https://www.arxiv-vanity.com/papers/0912.4865/
|
math
|
Energy gaps in quantum first-order mean-field-like transitions:
The problems that quantum annealing cannot solve
We study first-order quantum phase transitions in models where the mean-field traitment is exact, and the exponentially fast closure of the energy gap with the system size at the transition. We consider exactly solvable ferromagnetic models, and show that they reduce to the Grover problem in a particular limit. We compute the coefficient in the exponential closure of the gap using an instantonic approach, and discuss the (dire) consequences for quantum annealing.
Quantum statistical mechanics Phase transitions: general studies
Many important practical problems involve the minimization of a function of discrete variables. Solving such combinatorial problems by temperature annealing is a classical strategy in computer science : the idea is to use thermal fluctuations to avoid trapping the system in local minima, and thereby efficiently visit the whole configuration space. It has been proposed to extend this approach to quantum fluctuations; it is thus of interest to ask whether annealing by tuning down the amplitude of a quantum mechanical kinetic operator such as a transverse magnetic field can outperform the classical approach. In particular, can problems that normally take exponential time be solved in only polynomial time?
Some considerable effort has been devoted to this question in the context of difficult combinatorial problems (see for instance ) which have a counterpart in statistical physics where they corresponds to mean-field spin-glass models [4, 5]. However, most of the studies were purely numerical and thus restricted to very small sizes due to the difficulty of simulating quantum mechanics without a quantum computer. In a recent Letter (see also ), we argued that with the usual implementation of the quantum annealing it is likely that the most difficult systems undergo a quantum transition of the first order as the transverse field is tuned; this is a generic feature for many quantum spin glasses. More recently, a first order transition has indeed been indentified in the phase diagram of one of the most studied random optimization problems, called XORSAT . As we shall see, this implies the failure of quantum annealing for the hardest optimization problems.
The reason why quantum annealing is not an efficient strategy for finding the ground state across a first-order transition can be understood from a simple argument. Quantum annealing could in principle be more efficient than thermal annealing for certain classes of problems: From the WKB approximation it is well known that a quantum particle tunnels rapidly through very high (in energy) but thin (in distance) energy barriers. Thermal annealing is much better at low, but deep barrier crossing. However, in a first-order transition the two states whose free energies cross are generally far from each other in the phase space; quantum tunneling must be inefficient.
To make this argument more precise, and to compute how slow an annealing should be such that the tunelling do happens, one can consider the Landeau-Zener theory of level crossings . During an avoided crossing, the time needed in order to actually reach the ground state is bounded by the inverse of the energy gap between these states. If the total annealing is longer , then the adiabtic theorem imply that at each time step, the systems remains in the ground state. Otherwise, the system misses the crossing and is not in the ground state at the end of the computation. A good estimates of the running time of the algoritmh is thus obtain by the minimal energy gap during the annealing process .
We will see that mean-field first-order transitions have generically an exponentially small gap where is the system size. This implies , that is to say: quantum annealing is an exponentially slow algorithm for a mean-field system with a first-order transition111In finite dimensions one expects that nucleation will help. However, optimization problems are not finite dimensional generically..
The goal of this Letter is to illustrate these features via a complete analytical and detailed numerical analysis for a family of models. We consider the ferromagnetic -spin model, which reduces to a mean-field ferromagnet for the case and to the Grover problem when . We show how to solve the thermodynamics of these models using standard tools of statistical physics. We perform extensive numerical studies of the gap for the case of finite and odd. By introducing an ansatz for the dominant instantonic pathways, we show how to compute the coefficient in the exponential decay of the gap.
1 The simplest quantum ferromagnet
We consider a Hamiltonian with Pauli spins of the form where is a function of the longitudinal values of the spins. is thus diagonal in the representation. We focus on the ferromagnetic -spin model:
where we have defined the longitudinal magnetization and the transverse one and their magnetization by site and . That sort of models were introduced initially in a spin-glass context in [10, 4]. The ground state of the classical problem, when , corresponds to all spins aligned in the same direction. Whereas both the up and down states are valid ground states for even , the up state is the unique ground state for odd , and we will concentrate on this case for simplicity. The case is the usual Curie-Weiss model, where the transition is continuous [11, 12]. For however, both quantum and thermal transitions are discontinuous. Of special interest is the limit where for odd if , and zero otherwise. It leads to:
where the function is if is true and zero otherwise. We now specialize to this limit.
2 The limit
2.1 The classical case:
The model is trivial in the limit where there are only two levels with nonzero energies and . The partition sum is thus so that
One recognizes a first-order transition at between two phases that are always locally stable (no spinodal): a ferromagnetic phase that consists of the classical configuration where all spins are up for and a trivial paramagnetic phase at larger temperature.
2.2 The extreme quantum case:
When is large the classical part of can be neglected; we then find, in the basis, independent classical spins in a field :
The entropy density is given by the logarithm of a binomial in : this is a perfect quantum paramagnet.
2.3 The general case
For and inverse temperature we saw that the classical model is just a model where (almost) all configurations have zero energy. In this case, we thus can ignore the two nonzero levels and we expect the quantum paramagnetic free energy to be valid for all . A simple perturbation computation – given in the next section– shows that this is true in the low-temperature phase as well, when . The system thus has two distinct phases, the first a quantum paramagnetic and the second a ferromagnetic phase. A first-order transition occurs when the free energies cross so that . The phase diagram of the model is very simple: For low and , the free-energy density is that of the classical model in the ferromagnetic phase, while for larger it jumps to the quantum paramagnetic free energy; a first-order transition separates the two different behaviors at the value such that ; this happens on the line defined by
where the magnetization jumps from to (see Fig. 1).
The zero-temperature behavior can be understood from standard Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation theory . Consider the set of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the unperturbed model, when . The series for the lowest perturbed eigenvalue reads
Since if and only if the two configuration and differ by a single spin flip, odd orders do not contribute in Eq. (5). Noting that reduces to a sum over the levels connected to by a single spin flip, and using the fact that all (except ), succesives terms are easyly computed and one finds, to all (finite) orders (see for a similar computation):
The expansion can also be performed using now as a starting point and with as perturbation. Consider the eigenvalue . In the base corresponding to the eigenvalues of 222Note that in the basis the ground-state vector has elements ., we obtain
Denoting the elements of the vector in the basis, the first-order term in this expansion reads . Since the are of order the first-order shift is tiny. The next term involves a sum over the levels
The last sum is entropically dominated by the states with and therefore gives a negligible contribution (as one can check term by term). Subsequent terms are treated similarly. This yields the ground-state energy:
2.4 Exponential closure of the gap
Near the transition the treatment must be refined: There is an (avoided) level crossing at in the large limit between the paramagnetic and the ferromagnetic ground state. We now compute the behavior of the quantum gap around . We write the Hamiltonian in the basis:
where is the state corresponding to all spins aligned in the direction expressed in the basis. and s are the (binomially distributed) energies due to the quantum interaction. With an appropriate convention for the eigenvectors we can take for the vector . In this basis, on multiplying with an eigenvector of eigenvalue , we find
Multiplying again by , we find
The qualitative behavior of the eigenvalues can now be understood graphically: Between each pole in the denominator of Eq. (14) the function passes from to passing through unity. All interior roots to the function are thus bracketed by a comb of poles separated by . In the small phase this rigorously brackets almost all the eigenvalues near . The exception is the lowest eigenvalue which can split off from the comb, a sign of the phase transition in the large limit.
In the paramagnetic phase, the lowest eigenvalue is very close to . In this case is very small so that we can write . In addition the overwelming majority of eigenvalues are close to zero 333Systematic corrections to this approximation do not change the result.; Eq. (14) then implies, at the transition when
so that finally at the critical point and
The gap closes exponentially fast at the transition. We have an extremely simple model with a first-order mean-field transition and most of the physics discussed in this Letter is already present in this model: difficult problems, such as this one where only one in configurations has a low energy, manifest themselves by a first-order transition in the quantum annealing path, and consequently by an exponentially small gap.
The reader could at this point argue that we have not shown that all choices of the quantum interaction lead to this result; perhaps a more intelligent choice would turn the transition to second order, and make the gap polynomial? We know that for this precise model, this is just impossible. In fact, this model is nothing else than the Grover problem , that is: searching for a minimum value in an unsorted database. The best algorithm is known, and it is an exponential one . It is obtained by adjusting the evolution rate of the Hamiltonian in the quantum annealing process so as to keep the evolution adiabatic on each infinitesimal time interval. In doing so, the total running time can be , which is still exponential. There is thus no way to avoid the exponential gap in this situation.
3 Behavior for general
We now consider finite value of and begin by calculating the phase diagram in the static approximation. We then consider closure of the gap using numerical diagonalization and an instantonic calculation which we then compare.
3.1 Phase diagram
We shall first use the Suzuki-Trotter formula in order to map onto a classical model with an additional “time” dimension:
We then introduce closure relations :
with the convention that . Applying times the integral representation of the delta function , one finds:
The saddle point condition imposes that . Writing and performing the limit we obtain:
We now use the “static” approximation, which we also check numerically [11, 12], and remove all “time” indices for to finally obtain:
All thermodynamic quantities can now be computed. For instance, the self-consistent equation for the magnetization reads (for )
It is easy to check that the former expression leads to first-order (quantum and classical) transitions when its minima cross. In particular, the free energy for is simply for and otherwise, as we obtained in the first section. The phase diagram of the model is plotted in Fig. 1.
The energy is given by , and thus at low :
In the low-temperature , the energy of a system with excited states with an energy gap is , and this computation thus shows that there are levels with an energy gap where is discontinuous at the transition.
This is, however, only a crude description of the phenomenology of the low-lying states. If indeed only one level is closing at the transition, then we expect the energy to behave as , and therefore one needs to compute the correction to the energy in order to take this into account. The former computation thus misses this behavior and indeed, numerical results show that the first excited state is unique. Worse, we expect the energy gap between the ground state and the excited state to close exponentially fast at the transition, and therefore, in order to be able to investigate this behavior, we should be looking for an exponentially small gap: in that case we thus need to look for exponentially small correction to the free energy! Fortunatly, there is a way to deal with this problem: we now turn to a numerical study of the gap and to the instantonic approach.
4 Closure of the gap
4.1 Numerical methods
We use two complementary methods to study the spectrum of the -spin model for . The full matrix representation of the Hamiltonian is a sparse operator of dimension . For such sparse matrices Laczos methods are particularly useful and can be used to extract extremal eigenvalues from the spectrum for . We note in particular that that for the transition occurs between two states with the maximum possible angular momentum .
Considerable improvements in efficiency are obtained by realazing that the total angular momentum commutes with . Thus the transition occurs in a subspace of dimension . In this subspace the Hamiltonian has diagonal elements corresponding to different values of . Standard methods from the theory of angular momentum show that the off-diagonal elements of the matrix in this subspace are only those labeled by . The matrix is symmetric with off-diagonal elements
The resulting tri-diagonal matrix an be treated with very high efficiency allowing one to study systems of in just a few seconds. The limiting factor in the study of even larger systems is the reduction of the gap to double precision machine accuracy so that floating point round-off errors dominate the results. Fig. 3 shows the dependence of the minimum gap for some values of . We see that for all the gap closes exponentially in .
Fig. 2 shows the dependence of the gap as a function function of for and different . indeed closes fast at the transition that arises exactly at the critical value predicted analytically. The region where the gap closes is getting narrow as increases, and one has to be very careful in scanning in order not to miss it: this is an important message for future numerical simulations. Fig. 3 shows the dependence of the minimum value of the gap as a function of for some values of . For all , the gap decays exponentially as . The different values of are given in Table 1. As we expected, the gap closes exponentially fast at the first-order transition point. We want now to show how the coefficient in the exponent can be computed analytically.
4.2 The Instantonic approach
It is well known that the tunneling between quantum states can be computed using an instantonic approach . Let us briefly explain how this can be understood via corrections to the saddle-point computation. At the transition, two solutions (the ferromagnetic one and the paramagnetic one ) have the same free energies . Let us assume now that we are able to find another time-dependent path —which we shall call instantonic— that spends some time in the ferromagnetic state and then jumps to the paramagnetic state where it spends a time , and that exactly at the transition, one has with in the zero-temperature limit. Since we are summing over all periodic paths, one should now take into account all such instantonic paths that jump an even number of times to compute the correction to Eq. (3.1). Each of these jumps can occur at any time and the saddle-point computation thus reads, at the transition:
where the factor comes from the counting of all possible paths with jumps. One then recognizes the series expansion of an effective two level system:
Diagonalizing the effective Hamiltonian at one sees immediately that the gap goes as : the energy cost of the instanton thus provides the exponent of the gap at the transition.
4.3 Computing the Instanton
We can consider various ansätze to compute the optimal instanton,
all of them giving lower bounds on the coefficient. The simplest one
is just a sharp wall when jumps abruptly from the value
to . The gap thus reads in this approximation:444This can
be seen in the discrete Suzuki-Trotter formalism where
where and are the eigenvectors of the matrix
Exactly at the transition, this gives an estimates on the gap . In particular for , we find that , as was previously found in the first section. For finite , however this yields only a crude lower bound on the value of the exponent (see Table 1).
We thus use a shape for and compute numerically the cost, by integrating Eq.(16). We use the width of the function as a variational parameter which we vary in order to minimize the estimate of the instanton free energy from which we deduce the gap. The results of this procedure are given in Table 1. When we now compare the numerical data from exact diagonalization with the prediction from the instantonic computation, we observe that there is no detectable difference within our numerical precision between the instantonic prediction from the shape and the numerical estimation of the coefficient. We have thus obtained from first-principle computations.
Quantum annealing has been presented as a new way of solving hard optimization problems with complicated and rough configuration spaces. In this paper we have shown that even in systems with trivial energy landscapes quantum annealing can fail (and there is thus no need for more complex phenomena to explain this failure, as for instance in ). Already the ferromagnet exhibits a first-order phase transition with an exponentially closing gap: A scenario which is very pessimistic for the success of the quantum annealing algorithm. We have also shown that the limit of the ferromagnetic model is related to the Grover problem. This is a clear indication that these first-order transition carry the signature of the most difficult problems.
Models presented in this Letter allow a complete analytical and numerical treatment. Their disordered counterpart can be studied using the generalized instanton introduced in [6, 7]. It would be interesting to extend this approach to dilute mean-field system and random optimization problems, using the quantum cavity of [12, 9].
Acknowledgements.We thank P. Boniface, S. Franz, A. Rosso, G. Semerjian, L. Zdeborová and F. Zamponi for discussions.
- S. Kirkpatrick, C. D. Gelatt and M. P. Vecchi, Science, 220 (1983) 671.
- A. B. Finnila et al., Chem. Phys. Lett., 219 (1994) 343. T. Kadowaki and H. Nishimori, Phys. Rev. E, 58 (1998) 5355. E. Farhi et al., Science, 292 (2001) 472. G. E. Santoro et al., Science, 295 (2002) 2427.
- A. P. Young, S. Knysh and V. N. Smelyanskiy, Phys. Rev. Lett., 101 (2008) 170503 and Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 020502 (2010). E. Farhi et al., arXiv:0909.4766.
- M. Mézard, G. Parisi, and M. A. Virasoro, Spin Glass Theory and Beyond, (World Scientific, Singapore) 1987.
- M. Mézard and A. Montanari, Physics, Information, Computation, (Oxford University Press, Oxford) 2009.
- T. Jörg et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 101 (2008) 147204.
- T. Jörg et al., arXiv:0910.5644, 2009.
- G. Biroli and L. F. Cugliandolo, Phys. Rev. B, 64 (2001) 014206. L. F. Cugliandolo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 85 (2000) 2589.
- T. Jörg et al., arXiv:0911.3438, 2009.
- B. Derrida, Phys. Rev. Lett., 45 (1980) 79.
- L. Chayes et al., J. Stat. Phys., 133 (2008) 131.
- F. Krzakala et al., Phys. Rev. B, 78 (2008) 134428.
- N. March, W. Young and S. Sampanthan, The many-body problem in quantum theory, (Cambridge University) 1967.
- L. K. Grover, Proceedings, 28th Annual ACM Symposium on the Theory of Computing, May 1996.
- J. Roland and N. J. Cerf, Phys. Rev. A, 65 (2002) 042308.
- J. Zinn-Justin, Path Integrals in Quantum Mechanics, (Oxford University, Oxford) 2004.
- B. Altshuler, H. Krovi and J. Roland, arXiv:0908.2782 and arXiv:0912.0746.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649302.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603165228-20230603195228-00543.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
| 20,983 | 90 |
https://www.statistics.com/courses/logistic-regression/
|
math
|
Logistic regression is a commonly used statistical technique to understand data with binary outcomes (success-failure), or where outcomes take the form of a binomial proportion. The objective of logistic regression is to estimate the probability that an outcome will assume a certain value. This course covers the functional form of the logistics model and how to interpret model coefficients. R, Stata, and SAS code is provided for all examples used during the course.
Dr. James Hardin
Dr. James Hardin is an Associate Dean of Faculty Affairs and Curriculum Professor at the University of South Carolina. Co-author (with Joseph Hilbe) of Generalized Estimating Equations, Dr. Hardin is on the editorial board of The Stata Journal and is the developer of the Stata GEE command, and with Dr. Hilbe is the developer of the GLM command.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703506697.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116135004-20210116165004-00618.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2021-04
| 833 | 3 |
https://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?p=32165868
|
math
|
So I'm struggling with questions of the form:
Find the locus of the point P, where P represents a complex number z such that
As far as I can tell from answers to questions of this form, z describes the arc of a circle that starts at and goes clockwise round to . Let's call these points A and B. The centre of the circle can be determined by noting that the angle AOB = .
In the case of the example I gave (as far as I'm aware), the locus of the point P would look like this.
My problem is that I don't have a clue why this is, or if this is even actually the case. If anybody could help me it would be very much appreciated.
Complex Numbers and Loci
- 1 follower
- 2 badges
- Thread Starter
Last edited by porkstein; 13-06-2011 at 20:40.
- 13-06-2011 20:31
- 0 followers
- 0 badges
- 13-06-2011 22:13
Use arg(z/w)=argz-argw and then letting z=x+iy and considering the arg as arctan might help to see where the locus comes from.
- 317 followers
- 3 badges
- 14-06-2011 11:53
i find it very difficult to see these loci without a diagram. hope this one helps
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00209-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
| 1,056 | 19 |
https://www.analyzemath.com/
|
math
|
Free Mathematics Tutorials, Problems and Worksheets
Thousands of math problems and questions with solutions and detailed explanations are included. Free math tutorials and problems to help you
explore and gain deep understanding of math, calculus, trigonometry and geometry topics.
Addition Rule for Probabilities examples with detailed solutions.
Calculus 1 Practice Question with detailed solutions.
Optimization Problems for Calculus 1 with detailed solutions.
Algebra 2 Problems with solutions NEW
The site includes several html 5 apps to investigate Graphs of Functions, Equations, and Algebra as well as
HTML5 Applets for iPads
. Topics explored are: equations of line, ellipse, circle, parabola, hyperbola, polynomials; graphs of quadratic, rational, hyperbolic, exponential and logarithmic functions; one-to-one and inverse functions and inverse trigonometric functions; systems of linear equations; determinants and Cramer's rule; inverse matrix and matrix multiplication; vectors, complex numbers, polar equations; absolute value function; slope of a line; angle in trigonometry, unit circle, solutions to trigonometric equations; graph shifting, stretching, compression and reflection. Applets used as Online Math Calculators and Solvers and Online Geometry Calculators and Solvers are also included.
Calculus Tutorials and Problems and Questions with answers on topics such as limits, derivatives, integrals, natural logarithm, Runge Kutta method in differential equations, the mean value theorem and the use of differentiation and integration rules are also included. Free Calculus Worksheets to Download are included in this website.
Trigonometry Tutorials and Problems for Self Tests on sine, cosine, tangent, secant functions, trigonometric identities and formulas are also included. Free trigonometry worksheets to download are in this site. Interactive Geometry Tutorials and Problems on topics such as reflection across a line, sine and cosine laws, central and inscribed angles, perpendicular bisector, medians and circumcircle of a triangle are also included. Free Geometry Worksheets to Download are also included. Each math topic is explored interactively and graphically through tutorials .
Math problems and Algebra Questions and problems for self tests,free math worksheets to download, analytical tutorials with examples and detailed solutions on: algebra; solving equation and inequalities; domain and range; composition of functions; solving exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric equations; graphs of trigonometric and exponential functions; equations of line, parabola, circle, hyperbola and graphing of linear, quadratic, rational, sine, logarithmic, exponential and absolute value functions are included.
Free Practice for SAT, ACT and Compass Math tests with answers are presented.
Elementary statistics and probability tutorials are also included.
All applets used to explore topics in mathematics in this site are grouped as online math software.
Examples related to the applications of mathematics in physics and engineering such as the projectile problem, distance-time-rate problems and cycloid are included. Math Videos are also included.
Primary, grades 4 and 5, Middle school , grades 6,7,8 and 9 and High School Math, grades 10, 11 and 12 exercises and problems with answers are included.
This page has also been translated into Spanish ,
French , Italian , German , Indonesian .
Copyright © 2003 - 2019 - All rights reserved - Abdelkader Dendane
about theauthor |
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875149238.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200229114448-20200229144448-00095.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
| 3,512 | 22 |
http://banjolero.com/the-guitar/behind-blue-eyes-the-who-guitar-lesson.html
|
math
|
Behind blue eyes the who guitar lesson
Comments:11.03.2017 at 15:21 Mugor:
You very talented person
17.03.2017 at 02:30 Arashira:
In my opinion you commit an error. Let's discuss it.
25.03.2017 at 22:23 Mecage:
I confirm. So happens. Let's discuss this question.
28.03.2017 at 21:04 Shaktijin:
It is a special case..
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891316.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122113633-20180122133633-00046.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2018-05
| 316 | 9 |
https://www.samharris.org/book_store/book/prime-obsession-bernhard-riemann-and-the-greatest-unsolved-problem-in-mathe
|
math
|
Prime Obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics Derbyshire, J. May 25, 2004
Bernhard Riemann would make any list of the greatest mathematicians ever. In 1859, he proposed a formula to count prime numbers that has defied all attempts to prove it true. This new book tackles the Riemann hypothesis. Partly a biography of Riemann, Derbyshire’s work presents more technical details about the hypothesis and will probably attract math recreationists.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948585297.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216065121-20171216091121-00230.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2017-51
| 482 | 2 |
https://projecteuclid.org/journals/annals-of-statistics/volume-15/issue-2/Identifying-the-Closest-Symmetric-Distribution-or-Density-Function/10.1214/aos/1176350380.full
|
math
|
The problem addressed is that of finding the "closest" symmetric distribution (density) to a given theoretical or empirical distribution (density) function. Measures of "closeness" considered include: weighted sup norm, weighted $L_p$ norm and Hellinger distance. Explicit formulas are given for the closest symmetric distribution function to the empirical distribution function in both sup norm and integrated square error.
"Identifying the Closest Symmetric Distribution or Density Function." Ann. Statist. 15 (2) 865 - 874, June, 1987. https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176350380
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154466.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803155731-20210803185731-00037.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2021-31
| 577 | 2 |
https://www.str.org/search?amp%3Bf%5B1%5D=type%3Avideo&f%5B0%5D=main_guest_author%3ABrett+Kunkle&f%5B1%5D=type%3Ablog_post&f%5B2%5D=topic%3A2&f%5B3%5D=topic%3A3&f%5B4%5D=main_guest_author%3AJ.T.+Wynn
|
math
|
Explore by Topic
Explore by Format
Search Results | 1 result found
Mark your calendars for March 23. That's when a new movie, October Baby, will hit movie screens. I was able to preview the film last week and suggest you go see this one in the theater. I'll be up front, it is a strong pro-life movie dealing head-on with abortion. But it was powerful and compelling, without being preachy. The message comes through loud and clear, but in a way that stirred my soul (yes, yes...I cried like 4 times -- it was intense).
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371799447.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407121105-20200407151605-00109.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
| 528 | 4 |
https://www2.math.uconn.edu/~hughes/research.html
|
math
|
Welcome to the webpages of Noah A. Hughes __________________________________________________________ Home About Teaching _Research_ Talks Curiosities Please note that all linked titles direct to unpublished drafts.Journal articles Reverse mathematics and marriage problems with finitely many solutions With Jeffry L. Hirst. Archive for Mathematical Logic, 55(7) (2016) 1015--1024. Available online (DOI) 10.1007/s00153-016-0509-4 for subscribers. This article can be viewed through the Springer Nature Content Sharing Intiative. Reverse mathematics and marriage problems with unique solutions With Jeffry L. Hirst. Archive for Mathematical Logic 54 (2015) 49-57. Available online (DOI) 10.1007/s00153-014-0401-z for subscribers. On the minuscule representation of type Bn. With William J. Cook. Inolve 11 (2018), No. 5, 721-733. Available online (DOI) 10.2140/involve.2018.11.721 for subscribers. Theses Uniform distinctions in reverse mathematics Ph.D. thesis, University of Connecticut, in preperation. Reverse mathematics: Calibrating logical strength in mathematics Honors undergraduate thesis, Appalachian State University, 2014.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488560777.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624233218-20210625023218-00224.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2021-25
| 1,134 | 1 |
https://projecteuclid.org/journals/rocky-mountain-journal-of-mathematics/volume-47/issue-1/Inverse-semigroup-actions-on-groupoids/10.1216/RMJ-2017-47-1-53.short
|
math
|
We define inverse semigroup actions on topological groupoids by partial equivalences. From such actions, we construct saturated Fell bundles over inverse semigroups and non-Hausdorff \'etale groupoids. We interpret these as actions on $C^*$\nobreakdash -algebras by Hilbert bimodules and describe the section algebras of these Fell bundles.
Our constructions give saturated Fell bundles over non-Hausdorff \'etale groupoids that model actions on locally Hausdorff spaces. We show that these Fell bundles are usually not Morita equivalent to an action by automorphisms, that is, the Packer-Raeburn stabilization trick does not generalize to non-Hausdorff groupoids.
"Inverse semigroup actions on groupoids." Rocky Mountain J. Math. 47 (1) 53 - 159, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1216/RMJ-2017-47-1-53
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300343.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117061125-20220117091125-00025.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2022-05
| 794 | 3 |
https://www.brightstorm.com/math/trigonometry/trigonometric-functions/transforming-the-cotangent-graph-problem-1/
|
math
|
PhD. in Mathematics
Norm was 4th at the 2004 USA Weightlifting Nationals! He still trains and competes occasionally, despite his busy schedule.
I’m graphing transformations of the cotangent function, let’s graph y equals negative cotangent of theta plus pi over 2. Now let’s start by recalling some key points of the cotangent function and I’ll use u as sort of a dummy variable here, cotangent of u.
Now we’ve plotted 0 pi over 4 pi over 2, 3 pi over 4 and pi previously and we found that at 0 and pi cotangent was undefined and pi over 2 cotangent was 0. Pi over 4 cotangent was 1 and 3 pi over 4 -1. So these indicates asymptotes, vertical asymptotes at 0 and pi but what happens when we have this transformation minus cotangent of theta plus pi over 2?
Well I'm going to have to make oops, cotangent, let’s make a little substitution. Let’s call theta plus pi over 2 u. And so if u equals theta plus pi over 2 then u minus pi over 2 equals theta. So all I have to do to get the theta value is from my graph is subtract pi over 2 from these guys. So let me do that right now, 0 minus pi over 2 negative pi over 2, pi over 4 minus pi over 2, negative pi over 4, 0 pi over 4 pi over 2. Now what do I do with cotangent u, I take its opposite like. This is cotangent if u the values I have here. I take the opposite of those values and those are going to be my new values and the opposite of undefined is still undefined but this becomes negative 1, 0, 1 undefined and so I’m ready to plot one period of my cotangent function.
Let me start by plotting the asymptotes, the vertical asymptotes at negative pi over 2 and pi over 2. So that’s here and here. Then let me plot my three points; negative pi over 4 negative 1, 0,0 and pi over 4,1. Negative pi over 4 is right between negative pi over 2 and 0 so negative pi over 4,1 is right, -1 is right here, 0,0 is here and pi over 4 1 is here. So it looks like because of this negative sign we have a reflection across the x axis. Cotangent usually decreases but this one is going to actually increase so it will look like this.
And remember if you want to graph more periods of your cotangent function all you have to do is duplicate this period shift it to the right, so if I do that this asymptote shifted one period to the right is going to be x equals 2 pi over 2. Let me draw that, and then I shift the three points, the three key points, these three. This one shifted to the right pi becomes 0, this one becomes 3 pi over 4 -1 and this one becomes 5 pi over 4, 1. And so I’m just graphing that and we can shift to the left as well and that will give us three nice periods of this cotangent function.
Right and this is also a vertical asymptote here that -3 pi over 2. When you look at this thing, this graph what you realize is this is exactly the tangent function. The tangent function does this, it’s got asymptotes at negative pi over 2 and pi over 2, it increases passes through 0,0, this is y equals tangent theta. And so what that means is, tangent theta is a reflection of cotangent shifted pi over 2 to the left, cotangent theta reflected across the x axis. Flip this way and then shifted to the left pi over 2, that gave us tangent.
That’s important. It's important for you to know that cotangent and tangent basically have the same shape graph, it’s just that all you have to do is reflect across the x axis and shift the right or left to get the other.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506646.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924123403-20230924153403-00516.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
| 3,441 | 9 |
http://anythingbuttheist.blogspot.com/2012/07/top-ten-statistics-and-calculations-i.html
|
math
|
10. What percentage of home pregnancy test users are hoping they aren’t?
9. What is the average IQ of gun owners?
8. How many have died because someone was “just following orders?”
7. How many species of living organisms have there been on Earth?
6. How many people do not believe in God, but act like they do?
5. Where is the nearest other planet with technologically advanced life?
4. How many anti-gay activists are attracted to people of the same gender?
3. How many people who have seen “Cats” actually wanted to see it?
2. What percentage of planets have life?
1. How many times have I masturbated?
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676588972.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180715203335-20180715223335-00356.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2018-30
| 614 | 10 |
http://exactcomputerrepair.com/error-bars/plot-multiple-error-bars.html
|
math
|
Plot Multiple Error Bars
Here's Why Members Love Eng-Tips Forums: Talk To Other Members Notification Of Responses To Questions Favorite Forums One Click Access Keyword Search Of All Posts, And More... One Account Your MATLAB Central account is tied to your MathWorks Account for easy access. I will test it with my own data and see if this answer is more clear always or only with simpler data. Watch lists Setting up watch lists allows you to be notified of updates made to postings selected by author, thread, or any search variable. http://exactcomputerrepair.com/error-bars/plot-error-bars-idl.html
Tags make it easier for you to find threads of interest. I got those std from the Matlab example! (aah this Matlab examples) –Ander Biguri Feb 17 '15 at 10:36 1 Oh i think using the std is fine; in my Learn more You're viewing YouTube in German. I'm supposed to be incognito How are beats formed when frequencies combine? https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/171168-plotting-multiple-lines-on-errorbar
Matlab Error Bars On Bar Graph
Share charts, dashboards, Jupyter notebooks, and presentations through our enterprise-grade cloud. Play games and win prizes! For anyone having the same issue:errorbar(label1, value1, sdevi1); hold on; errorbar(label2, value2, sdevi2, 'r'); 0 Comments Show all comments Log In to answer or comment on this question. Did millions of illegal immigrants vote in the 2016 USA election?
This method creates error bar values by calculating either: A user-specified percentage of each data point. You can change this preference below. Spam Control Most newsgroup spam is filtered out by the MATLAB Central Newsreader. Matlab Errorbar No Line The MATLAB Central Newsreader posts and displays messages in the comp.soft-sys.matlab newsgroup.
When error bars are added to a data plot, the error data is output to a new column on the source worksheet. There are several advantages to using MATLAB Central. The newsgroups are a worldwide forum that is open to everyone. https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/newsreader/view_thread/244739 Newsgroup content is distributed by servers hosted by various organizations on the Internet.
Matlab Errorbar Horizontal
Draw error bars in polar graphs as arcs. look at this web-site I fear that, if the data is too messy this may be misleading (and data tend to be messy). Matlab Error Bars On Bar Graph The orange parts is hard to recognize due to the red and the sharp contrast of the other data. Matlab Add Error Bars To Existing Plot News & Events Careers Distributors Contact Us All Books Origin Help Graphing Adding Data Labels and Error Bars User Guide Tutorials Quick Help Origin Help X-Function Origin C LabTalk Programming
Reload the page to see its updated state. this content This function will allow you to plot as many functions as you want in one figure. Related Content 1 Answer the cyclist (view profile) 33 questions 2,632 answers 1,090 accepted answers Reputation: 6,067 Vote1 Link Direct link to this answer: https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/267402-how-to-draw-errorbars-for-multiple-data-lines-in-a-single-plot#answer_209222 Cancel Copy to Clipboard Answer by In this tab, you can: Specify plus and/or minus directions. Error Bars Matlab Scatter
Close Tags for this Thread multiple error bar...ploterrplt What are tags? I want this plots for a journal article (hopefully), so they need to be clear. –Ander Biguri Feb 17 '15 at 14:23 1 @AnderBiguri Glad it worked! Based on your location, we recommend that you select: . weblink Note that plt uses the helper functions "ebar" and "vbar" to create error bars and vertical bars respectively. (Type "help ebar" for more information).
Example: clear all close all clc x = 0:pi/10:pi; y = sin(x); y2=cos(x); y3=atan(x); e = std(y)*ones(size(x)); e2 = std(y2)*ones(size(x)); e3 = std(y3)*ones(size(x)); figure hold on errorbar(x,y,e) errorbar(x,y2,e2) errorbar(x,y3,e3) My idea Matlab Errorbar Width Set up your worksheet so that the columns are designated Y1, yEr1, Y2, yEr2, Y3, yEr3... (the error bar column must be to the right of the Y data column). How do I add an item to my watch list?
Can my address as well as final 4 digits and name on credit card be stored without PCI compliance?
MATLAB Central is hosted by MathWorks. MAC where key is provided afterwards Would Earth's extraterrestrial colonies have a higher average intelligence? Learn more MATLAB and Simulink resources for Arduino, LEGO, and Raspberry Pi Learn more Discover what MATLAB® can do for your career. Standard Error Matlab Melde dich bei YouTube an, damit dein Feedback gezählt wird.
What kind of supernatural powers don't break the masquerade? Is there a rule for how to handle creative use of spells? Related Content 1 Answer M Carvalho (view profile) 1 question 1 answer 1 accepted answer Reputation: 0 Vote0 Link Direct link to this answer: https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/171168-plotting-multiple-lines-on-errorbar#answer_165617 Cancel Copy to Clipboard Answer by check over here Apply Today MATLAB Academy New to MATLAB?
Wird geladen... Browse other questions tagged matlab or ask your own question. Which answer best completes the sequence? Baker SDSU Marketing 45.936 Aufrufe 10:05 Weitere Vorschläge werden geladen… Mehr anzeigen Wird geladen...
share|improve this answer answered Oct 29 '10 at 7:22 Rogach 9,0101051119 also: take a look at hold in the documentation. –rubenvb Oct 31 '10 at 16:46 add a comment| Play games and win prizes!
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814002.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222041853-20180222061853-00255.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2018-09
| 5,505 | 17 |
https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/ai-geostats/conversations/topics/993
|
math
|
GEOSTATS: adaptive interpolation
- A few thoughts
1. Adaptive can mean several different things. The kriging
estimator/predictor is already "adaptive" in several senses.
a. It "adapts" to the spatial pattern of the data locations by
incorporating the spatial correlation for pairs of data locations. (The
data locations need not be on a grid).
b. It "adapts" to the spatial relationship of the location to be estimated
to the data locations used in the estimation
c. By using a search neighborhood it makes several adaptations. Note
however that using search neighborhoods may introduce discontinuities in
the interpolated surface.
One of the supposed justifications for using a search neighborhood is
that for most variogram models the data locations outside the search
neighborhood will have small or zero weights even if included (this
obviously depends on the choice of the search neighborhood and the
variogram model and its parameters) hence there is no substantial change
by not including them.
One of the presumed advantages of using a search neighborhood is that the
constant mean assumption can be slightly weakened, i.e., the mean is only
assumed constant (or nearly constant) within each search neighborhood
(separately). See Journel et al (Math Geology) on "Why do we need a trend
d. By allowing the variogram model to be "adapted" to the data, the
kriging estimator incorporates several aspects of the data including a
directional effect in the spatial correlation.
Most of the above are what might be called pre-adaptations, i.e, they do
not occur during the actual kriging.
2. In order that the kriging variance be non-negative (remember the
kriging variance is the minimized estimation and mimimizing non-negative
valued functions is very different from mimimizing functions that can take
on both postive and negative values) and that the kriging system have a
unique solution it is (essentially) necessary that the variogram be
conditionally negative definite (or that the covariance be positive
definite). If the variogram is allowed to change from one search
neighborhood to another there are two potential problems, (i) do the
multiple forms collectively determine a valid model, (ii) if the
neighborhoods overlap then which one does one use in the intersection (for
consistency they should in fact match on the intersection). One of the
practical reasons that we commonly use only a small number of standard
models for variograms is that it is difficult to check whether a given
function is a valid variogram.
3. It is well-known that the kriging estimator can be re-written in the
so-called "dual" form, which shows the relationship to radial basis
function interpolation. However there is a significant practical
difference. In the usual form of the kriging estimator the coefficients
change with the location to be estimated whereas in the dual form the
coefficients do not depend on the location to be estimated. That is, the
radial basis form produces an interpolating function whereas the kriging
estimator only implicitly determines the interpolating function (by giving
its values one at a time for each location). Hence it is not so simple to
use a search neighborhood since in that case one must actually confront the
piecing together functions defined on separate (but usually overlapping)
regions and hence the discontinuities will become very apparent. (See
Myers, "Interpolation with Positive Definite Functions", Sciences de la
4. If the function to be interpolated is really so variable that one would
have to consider a locally varying variogram then maybe it is too
complicated to be represented by second order properties.
5. Finally one must remember that geostatistics is essentially based on the
idea that the data is a (non-random) sample from one realization of a
random function. The variogram or covariance function is a characteristic
of the random function, not of the data. The sample variogram (or other
variogram estimator) is a statistic based on the one realization, some form
of ergodicity and stationarity is needed to use this spatial statistic to
estimate/model the variogram which is an ensemble statistic. Ideally one
should have data from multiple realizations at each data location, i.e.,
replications. In some instances where one has spatial temporal data, it
might be assumed that there is no temporal dependence and hence data
collected at multiple time points for a given location might be treated as
replications. This would allow local fitting/estimation of variograms and
without invoking (spatial) stationarity.
This doesn't mean that it might not be possible to have a locally varying
variogram but it does mean that one should be careful both in the modeling
step and in using it for kriging because there are hidden implications.
Department of Mathematics
University of Arizona
*To post a message to the list, send it to ai-geostats@....
*As a general service to list users, please remember to post a summary
of any useful responses to your questions.
*To unsubscribe, send email to majordomo@... with no subject and
"unsubscribe ai-geostats" in the message body.
DO NOT SEND Subscribe/Unsubscribe requests to the list!
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124371.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00505-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2017-17
| 5,193 | 81 |
https://www.ginac.de/pipermail/ginac-list/2007-December/001281.html
|
math
|
[GiNaC-list] Re: Airy functions
jb68 at xs4all.nl
Sun Dec 23 14:53:55 CET 2007
Thank you for your interest and careful examination of the code. I made
an effort to fit the functions in the GiNaC framework and got series
expansions etc. more or less for free. I'm looking forward to seeing the
result when it meets the GiNaC standards.
To answer your questions a fundamental property of the algorithm is
Depending on the argument a so called "steepest descent" contour is
determined along which the integrand is monotonically decreasing.
This ensures that a) roundoff does not occur, b) the range over which
the integrand has to be evaluated to obtain a certain accuracy is
minimized and c) the dominant factor (possibly very larger or small) can
be placed outside the integral. Furthermore all derivatives at +/-
infinity are zero. For functions with this property the trapezoidal rule
has exponential convergence, that is, halving the stepsize more than
doubles the number of significant digits of the result. For an
integrator with non-constant step size this property would be lost.
> AiryContour* pcntr=createAiryContour(zn);
> Pointers are evil. What is the reason for explicit
Again depending on the argument (zn) but more involved, 3 different
types of contours are needed of which one is the truly steepest descent
contour and the other 2 are approximations thereof. AiryContour is the
base class of them.
I hope this answers your questions
More information about the GiNaC-list
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647459.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531214247-20230601004247-00038.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
| 1,486 | 26 |
https://www.allinterview.com/company/928/hcl/interview-questions/401/puzzles.html
|
math
|
In the town called Alibaug, the following facts are true: ? No two inhabitants have exactly the same number of hairs. ? No inhabitants has exactly 2025 hairs. ? There are more inhabitants than there are hairs on the head of any one inhabitants. What is the largest possible number of the inhabitants of Alibaug?1 5090
The minute and the hour hand of a watch meet every 65 minutes. How much does the watch lose or gain time and by how much?3 30287
Find out all possible groups of three different numbers that add up to 13 and arrange them according to given condition. If one number is 9, it must go with 1 and 3. If one number is 8, it must go with either 1 and 4 or 2 and 3. If one number is 7, it must go with either 1 and 5 or 2 and 4. If one number is 6, it must go with either 2 and 5 or 3 and 4.2 4328
3 boys go to the restaurant. Their bill was 75 rs.. So they contributed 25 each. Manager then gives 5 rs back to the waiter and then waiter gave 3 rs back to them and put 2 rs into his pocket.. So their actual contribution is 24 because they got 1-1 rs back. so 24*3=72 and 2 rs into the waiter's pocket. so 74+2=74 where is 1 rs?51 225406
A circle of a playground is to be fenced at circumference.The cost of the fencing is Rs.150 per sqm. what is the total cost , if the diameter is 70?24 13226
A boy asked a girl her name she replied your name is behind your scooty Behind the scooty is written 7.3 3.3 9.3 2.3 What is her name79 67960
if (x-a) power(degree) is 1 and (x-a)(x-b) power is 2 then (x-a)(x-b).........upto ...(x-z) power(degree) is how much?9 9010
It comes once in a year and twice in a week what is that?20 32264
I have two coins for 75 paise.1 coin is not 50 paise, how?41 39631
what is the name of our prime minister before the death of indira gandhi???????????22 14569
a circle is drawn...roughly in paper...the interviewer asked me to find centre point of circle?the radius,circumference is not known?how to find it?19 15278
What was the problem and how did it arise?
What is ROC curve and what does it represent?
can you send me the previous years drug inspector exam model papers of andhrapradesh
What are steam turbine parts usually come into damage?
PLS.......... ANY ONE CAN FORWARD ME PREVIOUS QUESTION PAPER hpcl civil engg
what is doubling factor in making current of a breaker?
What are the major types of Insurance?
What are the most commonly defined input formats in Hadoop?
write a program to enter a string like"sunil is a good boy and seeking for a job" not more than 10 characters including space in one line,rest characters should b in other line.if the next line starts from in between the previous word,then print whole word to next line.
please help me..... please codes and flowchart plz turbo c lang po yan.....please asap response... 3. Make an astrology program. The user types in his or her birthday (month, day, and year as integer), and the program responds with the user’s zodiac sign, horoscope, and other information related to it. If the user’s birth year falls into a leap year, your program should display an appropriate message for it. NOTES: Conditional Statements: it should be with graphics
What is Buffering Concept? When should a Table be buffered?
Hi, what is use of Macros,functions and Routines..? At what situation you are used. If you know the answer please explain it. Thanks.
pls tell me the process to set up a power plant right from the permission from state govt ????
What is the process to change the files at arbitrary locations in HDFS?
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526670.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720194009-20190720220009-00225.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2019-30
| 3,520 | 25 |
https://csml.princeton.edu/events/consistency-cheeger-cuts-total-variation-isoperimetry-and-clustering
|
math
|
Clustering unlabeled point clouds is a fundamental problem in machine learning. One classical method for constructing clusters on graph-based data is to solve for Cheeger cuts, which balance between finding clusters that require cutting few graph edges and finding clusters which are similar in size. Although solving for Cheeger cuts on general graphs is very challenging, when the graph is constructed by sampling from a continuum domain one suspects that the problem may be more tractable. I will discuss recent work with Nicolás García Trillos and Matthew Thorpe which establishes quantified convergence rates of discrete Cheeger cuts on graphs over point clouds towards continuum Cheeger sets. This is accomplished by using i) novel estimates of the consistency of total variation energies on such graphs, and ii) recent stability results for classical, continuum isoperimetric problems. This mirrors a guiding principle that the stability of continuum variational problems can often be translated into the point cloud or geometric graph setting.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643462.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528015553-20230528045553-00151.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
| 1,053 | 1 |
https://stemez.com/subjects/maths/AAlgebra/AAlgebra/AAlgebra/A44-1245.htm
|
math
|
CONTENTS CHAPTER PREVIOUS NEXT PREP FIND
PROBLEM 44- 1245: Express y in terms of x if y is inversely proportional to x and
y =2 when x = 3.
Solution: y is inversely proportional to x means there exists a number k such
that y = k/x. Our problem will be solved when we determine the number k.
If we substitute 3 for x arid 2 for y in the equation y = k/x, we find 2 = k/3.
Multiplying both sides by 3 we obtain k = 6. Thus, the equation relating x
and y is y = 6/x.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946637.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327025922-20230327055922-00555.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
| 463 | 8 |
http://egrafcet.utad.pt/HomeEN/Estruturas_A_Temporizacoes
|
math
|
Note: The animations could only work if the "Zoom" of the browser is equal to 100%. If you need to adjust, go to settings of the browser.
A receptivity (or transition-condition) can be time-dependent. The notation t1/d/t2 is used, meaning that the transition associated condition is true after a certain time t1 (after the negative transition edge of variable d occurs). In this case, in order that the receptivity can be true, variable d should be active for a time larger than t1.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056392.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918093220-20210918123220-00520.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2021-39
| 482 | 2 |
http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0816447
|
math
|
Accession Number : AD0816447
Title : A NEW SPECIAL SOLUTION TO THE COMPLETE PROBLEM OF THE INTERNAL BALLISTICS OF GUNS,
Corporate Author : ADVISORY GROUP FOR AEROSPACE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEUILLY-SUR-SEINE (FRAN CE)
Personal Author(s) : Thornhill, C. K.
Report Date : 1966
Pagination or Media Count : 44
Abstract : A new special solution is given to the complete problem of Gun Internal Ballistics, of which Pidduck's (1922) special solution to Lagrange's Ballistic Problem is a simple special case. The solution is special in the sense that it is a similarity solution, in which the essential space-variable is separated from the time variable, and so it is derived by solving ordinary rather than partial differential equations. The restrictive assumptions on which the new solution is based are very few indeed. There are three scale-factors and seven modelling parameters in the general solution obtained, and two numerical examples are given for widely differing families of Internal Ballistics, which illustrate the salient features of the solution.
Descriptors : *GUNS), (*INTERIOR BALLISTICS, EQUATIONS OF MOTION, DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS, PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, INTEGRALS, BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS, GUN BARRELS, PRESSURE, PROPELLANTS, EFFICIENCY, MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS, VELOCITY, TRANSFORMATIONS(MATHEMATICS).
Subject Categories : Ballistics
Distribution Statement : APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549427429.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727042127-20170727062127-00500.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
| 1,439 | 10 |
https://codepost.org/8-grounds-under-which-the-utility-analysis-of-demand-is-criticized/
|
math
|
Money is not a suitable measuring rod as marginal utility of money does not remain constant in fact. In real life consumer can merely compare the utility of different goods. The observed human behaviour reveals this fact.
Therefore, this unrealistic assumption should be dropped. 2. Utilities of goods are not independent:Utility analysis assumes that utility of a commodity is independent of other goods. This assumption states that the utility function of different goods is additive. But this is not true.
The utility of complementary goods and as well as of substitute goods cannot be in depend of each other. For example, the utility of Pakora cannot be independent of source. 3. Marginal utility of money cannot be constant:Assumption of constant MU of money is crucial importance to utility analysis. MU of money to the consumer does not change even when he purchases more units of the goods he warns. But this is not true in real life. When a consumer spends more on a goods, the amount of money with the consumer decreases and MU of money rises.
Due to the assumption of constant MU of money many other drawbacks are present in the utility analysis: (i) It ignores income effect of change in price. (ii) Marshall failed to understand the composite character of price effect. (iii) Valid only in case of one commodity model. (iv) It failed to explain the Giffen paradox. 4. Limited to one commodity model:Professor Hicks has argued that Marshalls assumption of constant MU of money and independent utilities reduced the validity of his law to one commodity case only. Utility demand theorem and constant MU of money are inconsistent except in a one commodity case. Utility analysis fails to explain the demand theorem when a consumer purchases more than one goods.
We know that a consumer is in equilibrium when: MUx/ Px = MUy/ Py = MUm Now suppose the price of goods X rises, then the demand of X goods will fall and consequently the expenditure incurred on goods X may increase or decrease or remain constant. It will depend on elasticity of demand. There can be three situations: (i) If elasticity of demand equals unity, then total expenditure on the goods will remain the same. Thus no adjustment in expenditure is needed. (ii) If elasticity of demand is greater than one then the new expenditure on the goods will fall as a result of increase in price and vice- versa. (iii) When elasticity of demand is less than one then expenditure on the goods in question will increase with rise in price and vice- versa.
It follows that in second and third situations, the consumer will have to make changes in the demand of goods other than X. But in utility analysis of demand this further adjustment in expenditure an goods other than X can occur if the MU of money is revised. But Marshall assumes marginal utility of money constant.
Thus, utility analysis is limited to one commodity model only. 5. Fails to divide price effect into income effect and substitution effect:Price effect is a combination of income effect and substitution effect. Utility analysis does not divide the price effect into income effect and substitution effect. It does not explain that when as a result of change in price of a goods, demand changes, how much of this changed demand is due to change in real income (income effect) and how much due to substitution of cheaper goods for the costlier one, i.e.
, substitution effect. 6. Measurement of utility in terms of money is challenged:To calculate utility in terms of money, the marginal utility of money must remain constant.
Prof. Marshall asserts, “Utility is not only measureable in principle but also measureable in fact.” But MU does not remain constant when a consumer buys two or more goods. Thus, MU of money cannot be measured in fact.
However, if utility is measurable in principle and not in fact then it practically gives up coordinal measurement of utility and comes to ordinal measurement of utility. 7. Fails to explain Giffen paradox:Utility analysis does not break-up ‘price effect’ into ‘income effect’ and substitution effect. Due to this the demand theorem derived by Marshall could not explain Giffen paradox, i.
e. positive relation between price and demand of Giffen goods (most inferior goods). He treated it as exception of the demand theorem. 8.
Too many assumptions:Marginal utility analysis assumes too much and explains too little. Therefore, the theory has little realism. From the above discussion it is clear that there are many a gaps and limitations in utility analysis. At best it is applicable in only one commodity situation. Marshall theory left the distinction between income and substitution effect of the price change unexplained.
It is an empty box crying out to be filled and this gap is filled by indifference curve technique of consumer behaviour.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141753148.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20201206002041-20201206032041-00369.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2020-50
| 4,842 | 13 |
https://www.freelancer.com/projects/Engineering-Excel/Engineering-Mathematics-Questions/
|
math
|
You must ensure that all answers are ( 100% correct ) by solving each problem in at least two different ways which give the same result.
Both ways must be stated ; but you only need to produce your answer to only one of your methods.
All questions must be answered on ( Excel ) , ( On the same Excel file that I attached) .
You must explain all answers step by step in an understandable manner ; and you must add comments for each answer explaining what is going on in each step.
19 freelancers are bidding on average $57 for this job
Hello I am 3rd year Bsc marine engineering student I saw your attached [url removed, login to view] really easy for me.I am sure that i can give you best result .Thank you
I have a very good mathematics skill!Trust me I have downloaded your file and solved all your answers and I ensure you that I will explain it step by step!My Mathematics skill exam is 98%!!!
I did two questions 1a and [url removed, login to view] me a contact so that i can send you the [url removed, login to view] you satisfied with the work,hire me,and we can carry on with the [url removed, login to view] the way I am a professional electrical engineer,so these q More
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948529738.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213162804-20171213182804-00616.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2017-51
| 1,180 | 8 |
https://www.arxiv-vanity.com/papers/hep-th/0308055/
|
math
|
Shamit Kachru,††, , , Renata Kallosh, Andrei Linde,
Juan Maldacena, ††, , Liam McAllister, and Sandip P. Trivedi
Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
SLAC, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94309, USA
Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, INDIA
We investigate the embedding of brane inflation into stable compactifications of string theory. At first sight a warped compactification geometry seems to produce a naturally flat inflaton potential, evading one well-known difficulty of brane-antibrane scenarios. Careful consideration of the closed string moduli reveals a further obstacle: superpotential stabilization of the compactification volume typically modifies the inflaton potential and renders it too steep for inflation. We discuss the non-generic conditions under which this problem does not arise. We conclude that brane inflation models can only work if restrictive assumptions about the method of volume stabilization, the warping of the internal space, and the source of inflationary energy are satisfied. We argue that this may not be a real problem, given the large range of available fluxes and background geometries in string theory.
Inflation provides a compelling explanation for the homogeneity and isotropy of the universe and for the observed spectrum of density perturbations [1,2]. For this reason, we would hope for inflation to emerge naturally from any fundamental theory of microphysics. String theory is a promising candidate for a fundamental theory, but there are significant obstacles to deriving convincing models of inflation from string theory.
One problem is that string compactifications come with moduli fields which control the shape and size of the compactification manifold as well as the string coupling. Inflation is possible only if these fields are either stable or else have relatively flat potentials which do not cause fast, non-inflationary rolling in field space. Controlling the moduli in this way is a difficult problem. In particular, the potential for the dilaton and for the compactification volume tends to be a rather steep function .
A second problem is that the inflaton potential itself must be exceptionally flat to ensure prolonged slow-roll inflation. A successful microphysical theory would naturally produce such a flat potential. Since the flatness condition for the potential involves the Planck scale one should ensure that quantum gravity corrections do not spoil it. Hence, the problem should be analyzed in a theory of quantum gravity, such as string theory. The hope of brane-antibrane inflation scenarios is that the brane-antibrane interaction potential can play the role of the inflaton potential (see for a nice review), but it is well known that this potential is not naturally flat. Since in string theory one cannot fine-tune by hand, but only by varying background data (like the compactification manifold or the choice of flux), one concludes that in generic compactifications, brane inflation will not work. However, the many choices of flux and compactification make possible a considerable degree of discrete fine-tuning, so for very special choices of the background one would expect to find potentials which are sufficiently flat for inflation.
In this note we discuss these problems in the concrete context of the warped type IIB compactifications described in e.g. [5,6]. One reason for working in this setting is that one can sometimes stabilize all the moduli in a geometry of this type, avoiding the first problem mentioned above. In addition, the constructions of naturally admit D3-branes and anti-D3-branes transverse to the six compact dimensions. Furthermore, one could wish for a model which accommodates both inflation and the present-day cosmic acceleration. This might be possible if one could construct inflationary models which asymptote at late times to the de Sitter vacua of (or variants on that construction, as described in e.g. [8,9]; earlier constructions in non-critical string theory appeared in ). As these vacua included one or more anti-D3-branes in a warped type IIB background, it is quite natural to consider brane-antibrane inflation in this context.
Our idea, then, is to begin with the de Sitter vacua constructed in , add a mobile D3-brane, and determine whether the resulting potential is suitable for inflation. For the impatient reader, we summarize our findings here. We find that modest warping of the compactification geometry produces an extremely flat brane-antibrane interaction potential, provided that we neglect moduli stabilization. This solves the second problem listed above. However, a new problem appears when we incorporate those terms in the potential which led, in the construction of , to the stabilization of the volume modulus. We show that generic volume-stabilizing superpotentials also impart an unacceptably large mass to the inflaton, halting inflation.
While these conclusions are “generic,” it is very important to emphasize that the problem of the inflaton mass might be circumvented in at least two different ways. First, the stabilization mechanism for the moduli might be different from that in . For example, the volume modulus could be stabilized by corrections to the Kähler potential, which, as we will see, can naturally circumvent this problem. Second, the mobile brane might be located not at a generic point in the compact manifold but close to some preferred point. If the location of the D3-brane is appropriately chosen then there could be significant corrections to the superpotential. In general models, the superpotential may be a rather complicated function of both the brane positions and the volume modulus. Little is known about the form of these nonperturbative superpotentials in string compactifications. Our arguments show that if the functional form of the superpotential is generic then inflation does not occur. Nevertheless, it seems quite likely, given the range of available fluxes and background geometries, that cases exist which are sufficiently non-generic to permit inflation, although with predictions which are altered from those of naive brane inflation.†† This point is made more quantitative in Appendix F, where we explain that the degree of non-genericity required corresponds roughly to a fine-tune of one part in 100.
Our conclusions should be viewed as a first pass through the class of brane inflation models, in the context of the moduli stabilization mechanism which has recently been developed in [5,7]. Once the non-perturbative superpotentials involved in such constructions are better understood, and/or as soon as other mechanisms for moduli stabilization become available, one could re-examine brane inflation in light of this further concrete knowledge. This may well lead to a precise determination of the non-generic cases where working models of brane inflation in string theory can be realized.
Our analysis clearly indicates that any viable inflation scenario in string theory has to address the moduli stabilization problem. Since essentially all papers on the subject, to the best of our knowledge, have ignored the problem of moduli stabilization, their conclusions are questionable in view of our results. In particular, should a more detailed analysis reveal the possibility of inflation in various non-generic situations, as suggested above, we expect that the resulting inflationary parameters will typically be quite different from those calculated in the existing literature by neglecting moduli stabilization.
This paper is organized as follows. In §2 we review basic facts about brane-antibrane inflation [11,12], with special attention to the case of D3-branes, and discuss some generic problems for such models. In §3 we show that warping of the geometry can help with some of these problems. In §4 we explain one method of embedding the warped inflation scenario into string theory, using the warped compactifications of . In §5 we describe further problems that arise in the string theory constructions when one tries to stabilize the overall volume modulus. Generic methods of stabilization (e.g. via a nonperturbative superpotential) modify the inflaton potential and make inflation difficult to achieve. We discuss several ways to overcome this problem. We conclude with some general remarks in §6.
Appendix A contains a general discussion of the gravitational interaction of an (unwarped) brane-antibrane pair, and demonstrates that the potentials which arise are typically not flat enough to lead to prolonged inflation. In Appendix B we specialize to a warped background and derive the interaction potential. In Appendix C we explore the detailed properties of inflation in warped brane-antibrane models, assuming that a solution to the challenges of §5 has been found. In Appendix D we explain that eternal inflation may be possible in this scenario. In Appendix E we discuss the exit from inflation and point out that the production of undesirable metric perturbations due to cosmic strings, which are typically created during brane-antibrane annihilation, is highly suppressed in warped models. Finally, in Appendix F we discuss the possibility of fine-tuning of the inflaton potential in order to achieve an inflationary regime.
After completing this work, we became aware of the papers , in which related issues are addressed.
2. Brief Review of Inflation
In brane-antibrane inflation one studies the relative motion of a brane and an antibrane which are initially separated by a distance on the compactification manifold . One should assume , so that the force is well approximated by the Coulomb attraction due to gravity and RR fields. Then the potential takes the form
where is the ten-dimensional Planck scale, defined by , and is the tension of a D3-brane. In terms of a canonically normalized scalar field , one can rewrite this as
It was suggested in that for large fields (large ), one may obtain inflation from this potential.
A basic (and well known ) problem with this scenario is the following. The standard inflationary slow-roll parameters and are defined via
One generally wants to get slow-roll inflation with sufficient e-foldings. Is this possible in the model (2.2)? The four-dimensional Planck mass appearing in (2.4) is where is the volume of M. This implies that is
Hence, is possible only for – but two branes cannot be separated by a distance greater than in a manifold of size !
One can try to evade this constraint by considering anisotropic extra dimensions or non-generic initial conditions which yield flatter potentials than (2.2). We argue in Appendix A that this is not possible. There are always some tachyonic directions in the potential with . This implies that the slow-roll approximation cannot be maintained for a large number of e-foldings.
In §3 we will explore another possibility that successfully evades this problem – we will modify the potential (2.2) by considering branes and antibranes in a warped geometry. We should mention that there are other proposals which might evade the above problem, such as branes at angles or branes with fluxes, see [14,15,16,17,18].
However, all of these models have an unsolved problem: moduli stabilization. For an internal manifold of size , the correct four-dimensional Einstein-frame potential is not quite (2.2). If one assumes that the main contribution to the inflationary energy comes from the D3-brane tension then one finds, for , that
The energy in the brane tensions sources a steep potential for the radial modulus of the internal manifold. Therefore, in the absence of a stabilization mechanism which fixes with sufficient mass so that the variation of in (2.6) is negligible, one will find fast-roll in the direction of large rather than slow-roll in the direction of decreasing . This means that it is important to study concrete scenarios where the volume modulus has already been stabilized. However, we will show that not every means of volume stabilization is compatible with inflation, even when the naive inter-brane potential is flat enough to inflate. We will return to the issue of volume stabilization in §5 , where we will discuss a new and generic problem which appears when one considers the issue in detail.
3. Inflation in a Warped Background: Essential Features
Our modified brane-antibrane proposal is that inflation might arise from the interaction potential between a D3-brane and an anti-D3-brane which are parallel and widely separated in five-dimensional anti de Sitter space ().†† This is a slight simplification; in §4 we will construct compact models which deviate from both in the infrared and in the ultraviolet. It is nevertheless convenient to work out the essential features of the model in this simpler geometry.
The anti-D3-brane is held fixed at one location in the infrared end of the geometry (this is naturally enforced by the dynamics, as we shall explain). The D3-brane is mobile; it experiences a small attractive force towards the anti-D3-brane. The distance between the branes plays the role of the inflaton field.
The forces on the brane and antibrane arise as follows. A single D3-brane experiences no force in an AdS background: electrostatic repulsion from the five-form background exactly cancels gravitational attraction. The addition of a distant anti-D3-brane results in a relatively weak interaction potential arising from the attraction between the brane and the antibrane. We interpret this as a slowly varying potential for the inflaton. We will demonstrate in §3.2 and in Appendix B that this potential is much flatter than the interaction potential for a brane-antibrane pair in flat space.
In the remainder of this section we explain this key idea in more detail. §3.1 is a review of gravity in a warped background. §3.2 deals with the motion of a brane probe in such a background.
It is important to point out that throughout this discussion, we will ignore the possibility that other moduli (or the effects which stabilize them) interfere with inflation. In the context of the string constructions of §4, the relevant other modulus is the compactification volume, and the generic problems associated with its stabilization are the subject of §5. In fact we will see that this modulus problem will generically stop inflation.
3.1. Gravity in an AdS Background
We first consider a compactification of string theory on where is a five-dimensional Einstein manifold.†† The detailed form of will not matter for the moment. For concreteness the reader may imagine that . This arises in string theory as a solution of ten-dimensional supergravity coupled to the five-form field strength . The solution is given in Poincaré coordinates by the metric
There is, in addition, a five-form flux: if the geometry (3.1) arises as the near-horizon limit of a stack of D3-branes, then the five-form charge (in units of the charge of a single D3-brane) is . , the characteristic length scale of the geometry, is related to the five-form charge by
where the constant depends on . It will be useful to recall that is a maximally symmetric, constant curvature spacetime. Its curvature scales like and is independent of the radial location . As long as this curvature is small and supergravity analysis is reliable. We will choose to truncate to the region .
The reader will notice that, apart from the additional manifold , this background is identical to that considered by Randall and Sundrum in . Two physical insights from will be crucial for our model. First, one can see from the warped metric (3.1) that the region of small is the bottom of a gravitational well. Energies along the coordinates therefore get increasingly redshifted as decreases. (The region of significant redshift is consequently referred to as the infrared end of the geometry.) Second, as a result of truncating the AdS region, the four-dimensional effective theory which governs low-energy dynamics will have a finite gravitational constant, and will include four-dimensional gravity described by the Einstein-Hilbert action: †† The graviton zero modes have polarizations parallel to , are constant on , and have a profile identical to the warped background.
Recall also that in , the truncation of AdS space was achieved in a brute force manner by placing two branes, conventionally called the Planck brane and the Standard Model brane, at and , respectively. In the string theory constructions of , the truncation arises because the compactification geometry departs significantly from that of away from the region . In the ultraviolet, in the vicinity of , the AdS geometry smoothly glues into a warped Calabi-Yau compactification. In the infrared, near , the AdS region often terminates smoothly (as in the example of ). The infrared smoothing prevents the redshift factor from decreasing beyond a certain minimum whose value will be very important for our model.
3.2. Brane Dynamics
We mentioned above that the warped nature of the geometry gives rise to a redshift dependent on the radial location. It will be important in the discussion below that the redshift results in a very significant suppression of energies at the location of the antibrane; that is, the ratio is very small. Also note that within the truncated AdS geometry, , we have chosen to place the anti-D3-brane at the infrared cutoff , where it has minimum energy due to the redshift effect.
The five-form background is given by
In a suitable gauge the corresponding four-form gauge potential takes the form
The D3-brane stretches along the directions . Its location in the radial direction of AdS space will be denoted by . In the discussion below we will assume (self-consistently) that the D3-brane has a fixed location along the angular coordinates of the space. The motion of the D3-brane is then described by the Born-Infeld plus Chern-Simons action
The indices denote directions parallel to the D3-brane along the coordinates, and is the metric along these directions. The D3-brane tension, , is
For future purposes we note here that since an anti-D3-brane has the same tension as a D3-brane but opposite five-form charge, it is described by a similar action where the sign of the second term is reversed.
Now consider a D3-brane slowly moving in the background given by (3.1) and (3.4), with no antibranes present. It is easy to see that because of a cancellation between the Born-Infeld and Chern-Simons terms, the D3-brane action at low energies is just that of a free field,
This in accord with our comment above that the net force for a D3-brane in the background (3.1),(3.4) vanishes due to gravitational and five-form cancellations.
We are now ready to consider the effect of an antibrane on the D3-brane. Physically this arises as follows. The anti-D3-brane has a tension and a five-form charge and perturbs both the metric and the five-form field. This in turn results in a potential energy dependent on the location of the D3-brane.
The potential between a brane located at and an antibrane located at , in the limit when , is given by:
For a derivation see Appendix B.
The first term in the potential is independent of the location of the D3-brane and can be thought of as a constant potential energy associated with the anti-D3-brane. It is proportional to the tension . For the antibrane the force exerted by gravity and the five-form field are of the same sign and add, so we have a factor of 2. In addition, the warped geometry gives rise to a redshift, which reduces the effective tension of the antibrane by a factor .
The second term in (3.9) depends on the location of the D3-brane; its negative sign indicates mutual attraction between the pair. Two features of this term will be important in the subsequent discussion. First, the term varies slowly, as the inverse fourth power of the radial location of the D3-brane. Second, due to the warping of the background, the coefficient of this second term is highly suppressed, by a redshift factor .
Two more comments are in order at this stage. We have assumed that the antibrane is fixed at . From (3.9), we see that this is in fact a good approximation to make. In the limit the first term in (3.9) is much bigger than the second, and most of the energy of the anti-D3-brane arises due to interaction with the background. This is minimized when the anti-D3-brane is located at in the truncated AdS spacetime. Second, in our analysis above, we are working in the approximation . We will see below that the D3-brane is far away from the anti-D3-brane while the approximately sixty e-foldings of inflation occur, so this condition is met during the inflationary epoch. Eventually the D3-brane approaches the antibrane, , and this approximation breaks down. The potential then becomes quite complicated and more model dependent (e.g. it depends on the separation between the brane and antibrane along ). The resulting dynamics is important for reheating.
A summary of the discussion so far is as follows. We have considered a D3-brane moving in an background with five-form flux, in the presence of a fixed anti-D3-brane. This system is described by an action:
The reader will notice in particular that , the location of the D3-brane, is a scalar field in the effective four-dimensional theory.
Once we cut off the space as in the Randall-Sundrum models we will find that we can add to (3.10) the four-dimensional Einstein action. However, we should also add an extra coupling of the form coming from the fact that the scalar field describing the position of the D3-brane is a conformally coupled scalar . This unfortunately leads to a large contribution to . We will discuss this phenomenon in more generality (from the perspective of the effective low-energy four-dimensional supergravity) in §5.
The model described above has several appealing features in addition to the flatness of the potential. We study these properties in Appendices C,D, and E, with the assumption that one can somehow overcome the problems of §5 (which must be tantamount to cancelling the conformal coupling). In Appendix C we compute the inflationary parameters and show that observational constraints are easily met. In Appendix D we argue that eternal inflation can be embedded into this model, and in Appendix E we point out that the warped geometry suppresses the production of metric perturbations due to cosmic strings (which naturally form during the brane/anti-brane annihilation).
4. A Concrete Example in String Theory
We now show how to realize our proposal in a specific class of string compactifications. In §4.1 we present the compactifications and explain why they contain warped throat regions. As the warped throat is well-described by the Klebanov-Strassler (KS) solution , we dedicate §4.2 to a very brief review of the KS geometry. In §4.3 we show that a brane moving in the KS background might give rise to inflation, realizing the general idea presented in §3. Throughout this discussion, we ignore the problem of stabilizing the overall volume modulus, which is unfixed in the constructions of . We consider the problem of volume stabilization in §5, where we will find that generic methods of volume stabilization can perturb the inflaton enough to stop inflation.
4.1. The Compactification
Our starting point is type IIB string theory compactified on a six-dimensional Calabi-Yau orientifold. More generally one could use F-theory on an elliptically-fibered Calabi-Yau fourfold. We choose to turn on background fluxes: the three-form fluxes present in the theory are placed along cycles in the internal space (and is fixed as in ). These fluxes induce warping of the background. One can show that the resulting space is a warped product of Minkowski space and the Calabi-Yau:
where are coordinates on the compactification manifold and is the Calabi-Yau metric. As was discussed in , one expects that with a generic choice of flux, all the complex structure moduli of the Calabi-Yau, as well as the dilaton-axion, will be fixed. We will assume that the compactification has only one Kähler modulus, the overall volume of the internal space.
As described in , one can use the above construction to compactify the warped deformed conifold solution of Klebanov and Strassler (KS). We spend the next section reviewing a few facts about this geometry, as certain details will be important for inflation.
4.2. The Klebanov-Strassler Geometry
The Klebanov-Strassler geometry is a noncompact ten-dimensional solution to type IIB supergravity in the presence of background fluxes. The spacetime naturally decomposes into a warped product of a Minkowski factor and a six-dimensional internal space. The six-dimensional space has a tip which is smoothed into an of finite size. Far from this tip the geometry can be approximated by a cone over the Einstein manifold , which is topologically . Our coordinates will be five angles on , which we can consistently neglect in the following, and a radial coordinate which measures distance from the tip. The background fluxes are given by
where A is the at the tip and B is its Poincaré-dual three-cycle. We will require that and ; these conditions are important in deriving the solution. The exact metric is known, but for our purposes a simpler form, valid far from the tip, will be more useful. For large we may express the complete ten-dimensional solution as
Neglecting the logarithmic corrections and the second term on the right, this takes the form †† The second term on the r.h.s. of (4.4) can easily be included. For the numerical values discussed in Appendix C, this gives a three percent correction.
When the KS geometry is embedded in a compactification then at some location the warped throat geometry is smoothly joined to the remainder of the warped Calabi-Yau orientifold. Near this gluing region, departures from the geometry are noticeable; eventually the must end. In terms of redshift this location corresponds to the deep ultraviolet, and so the gluing region plays the role of the ultraviolet cutoff (Planck brane) in the of §3.
The exact solution likewise shows departures from (4.3) in the far infrared, near the tip, although the geometry remains smooth.†† The radius of curvature is , so the tip is smooth provided . The details of the deviation from (4.3), although known, are unimportant here; it will suffice to know the redshift at the tip. This can be modeled by cutting off the radial coordinate at some minimum value , which is the location of the tip. It was shown in that the minimal redshift satisfies
This can be extremely small given a suitable choice of fluxes.
4.3. Inflation from Motion in the KS Region
In additional anti-D3-branes were introduced in the KS region. These anti-D3-branes minimize their energy by sitting at the location where the redshift suppression is maximum, i.e. at the very tip of the deformed conifold, where (the dynamics of anti-D3-branes in the KS geometry was studied in ).
Thus we see that the string construction outlined above has all the features of the general model of §3: a truncated geometry, an associated five-form flux of the correct strength, and anti-D3-branes fixed at the location of maximum redshift. In addition most of the moduli associated with the compactification, including the dilaton, are stabilized. The one exception is the volume modulus; we will discuss the complications its stabilization introduces separately, in §5.
No mobile D3-branes were included in the construction of , but it is easy to incorporate them. One needs to turn on somewhat different values of three-form flux, which allow the four-form tadpole to cancel in the presence of the additional D3-branes. This is straightforward to do and does not change any of the features discussed above.
We will take one such D3-brane to be present in the KS region of the compactification. The general discussion of §3 applies to this brane. Since the D3-brane is described by the action (3.6), with now given by (4.5), the calculation of the brane-antibrane potential follows the discussion in Appendix C, which we outline here.
In the KS model the warp factor (4.1) is given in terms of a function which obeys a Laplace equation, with the fluxes and branes acting as sources. In particular, a single D3-brane located at will correct the background according to
Here is the background given in (4.4) and is the correction due to the D3-brane. In a region where the original warp factor is very small we see that , so that the total warp factor can be expanded as
This warp factor yields the contribution to the energy due to the presence of an antibrane. If this typically gives a very flat potential.
The small warp factor and the consequent exponential flatness are the heart of our proposal, so an alternative explanation of the origin of these small numbers may be helpful. Recall that there is a holographic dual gauge theory which describes the geometry of the KS model. This gauge theory is approximately scale invariant in the deep ultraviolet, with slowly running gauge couplings. It undergoes duality cascades before leading in the infrared to a confining gauge theory with a mass gap. Then the smallness of the redshift factor,
can be ascribed to the exponential smallness of the confinement scale in such a gauge theory.
In summary, we have seen that one can construct concrete examples of string compactifications which lead to the general behavior described in §3. One of their virtues is that they automatically lead to very flat inflaton potentials, without the need for large brane separation or excessive fine-tuning of initial conditions. The primary source of this flatness is the redshift suppression (4.7) which is exponentially sensitive to the (integer) choice of fluxes and . However, all of these virtues must be re-examined in the light of concrete ideas about how to stabilize the closed string moduli. In this general class of flux compactifications, the fluxes stabilize many moduli but not e.g. the overall volume. We now turn to the discussion of volume stabilization.
5. Volume Stabilization: New Difficulties for D-brane Inflation
The results of §3,4 indicate that warped geometries provide a promising setting for making models of inflation with naturally small and . However, as emphasized in §2, one must ensure that the compactification volume is stabilized in order to avoid rapid decompactification instead of inflation. We will now demonstrate that in the concrete models of this is far from a trivial constraint.
In these models the four-dimensional supergravity at low energies is of the no-scale type. The Kähler potential for the volume modulus and the D-brane fields takes the form †† The variable is called in .
Let us pause for a moment to explain how this is obtained. In the tree level compactification the massless fields are the volume, the axion and the position of the branes. The axion comes from a four-form potential proportional to a harmonic four-form in the internal manifold . At first sight one would think that the moduli space is simply a product of the moduli space for , which is just the internal Calabi-Yau manifold, and the space spanned by the volume and the axion. This is not correct; the axion describes a circle which is non-trivially fibered over the moduli space. This structure arises from the coupling of the four-form potential to the worldvolume of the moving D3-brane. The moduli space has a metric of the form
where is proportional to the volume of the Calabi Yau (in the notation of , ). If we tried to work with a complex variable then (5.2) would not follow from a Kähler potential. It turns out that the good complex variable is , which is defined as follows. The imaginary part of is the axion, while the real part of is defined by
It is then possible to see that (5.1) gives rise to (5.2). This type of definition of arises when we Kaluza-Klein compactify supergravity theories; see for example .
The superpotential is of the form
where is a constant (we assume the D-branes are on their moduli space, so we do not write down the standard commutator term). This arises from the (0,3) part of the three-form flux in the full theory including the complex structure moduli and the dilaton. We have not yet included the anti-D3-branes used in §3,4; these will be incorporated at the end of the discussion.
It is important that with the Kähler potential (5.1), one obtains the no-scale cancellation in the potential
where run over and . †† The easiest way to check (5.6) is to note that in expression (5.6) we can switch back to the variables in (5.2). In these variables is only a function of .
Using (5.5), it is clear that a generic will yield a potential for the D-brane fields , but that the potential for the modulus will vanish if the solution for the fields has . It is also clear that a superpotential, as in (5.4), gives no potential to the fields. This is consistent with the analysis in , where the pseudo-BPS nature of the flux background leaves the D3-brane moduli unfixed.
We are interested in finding a situation where the D-branes can move freely in the Calabi-Yau (so the fields are ), but the volume is stabilized. Before we discuss various scenarios for such a stabilization, it is important to distinguish carefully between the chiral superfield, and the actual volume modulus, , which controls the expansion.
The Kähler potential (5.1) has the following peculiar feature. Let us imagine that there is one D-brane, and hence a triplet of fields describing its position on the Calabi-Yau space. Then should be the Kähler potential for the Calabi-Yau metric itself, at least at large volume. However, under Kähler transformations of , the expression (5.1) is not well behaved. This can be fixed by assigning the transformation laws
This is a manifestation of the fact that the circle described by the axion is non-trivially fibered over the moduli space. Note that the physical volume of the internal dimensions, which is given by , (5.3), is invariant under (5.7).
Armed with this knowledge, and given (5.1) and (5.4) as our starting point, we can now explore various scenarios for volume stabilization.
5.1. Scenario I: Superpotential Stabilization
Perhaps the most straightforward method of stabilizing the volume involves a nonperturbative contribution to the superpotential. Various sources of nonperturbative superpotentials for the modulus are known; one instructive example described in involves a superpotential
where and are constants and is the contribution (5.4) of the three-form flux. For the remainder of this section we will consider to be a general holomorphic function of .
In the presence of D3-branes the superpotential must in addition develop some dependence on , as it should be invariant under (5.7). For instance, as argued in , the superpotential due to Euclidean brane instantons or gauge dynamics on D7-branes has to vanish when a D3-brane hits the relevant cycle. This can be understood directly by examining and integrating out the massive D3-D7 strings in the latter case. This subtlety must be accounted for to get a globally well-defined , and we will see in a moment that this actually changes the inflaton mass term. Nevertheless, we will first study the simpler case , both because it reflects the essential features of the problem and because the full dependence of on is not known.
Let us start by presenting a general argument which highlights a problem faced by any inflationary model involving a moving D3-brane in the models of . The main point is that one will choose some configuration with a positive energy . When the compact manifold is large then this energy will go to zero rather quickly, as a power of the volume modulus :
where is a number of order one and the form of depends on the source of energy. This follows because in existing proposals the inflationary energy arises either from brane tensions or from fluxes, and all known brane and flux energies vanish as some power of . On the other hand the stabilization mechanism would fix (or else some combination of and rather than . This implies that as the brane moves and changes there will be a change in the potential,
This will lead to a contribution to of order one, unless there is a compensating contribution to the mass term from some other source.
One possible source of such a cancellation is a dependence of the superpotential on , not just . If then we would get an additional contribution to the mass term,
so that at the minimum we find
In principle the second contribution to the mass term might substantially cancel the first, alleviating the problem of the inflaton mass. This would certainly require fine-tuning at the level of one percent (in order to make sufficiently small to allow sixty e-foldings). More importantly, the dependence of on is not known, so the question of which models admit such fine-tuning cannot be answered at present. We should emphasize that the problem we are discussing is quite general, but one might well be able to find non-generic configurations in which the problem is absent.
Let us discuss these issues more concretely for the case of a brane-antibrane pair transverse to a stabilized Calabi-Yau. In principle one should be able to compute the inflaton potential directly, by substituting the complete superpotential into the supergravity F-term potential
and possibly including the effects of D-term contributions. This turns out to be a rather subtle problem, essentially because of the breaking of supersymmetry in the brane-antibrane system.
We will begin instead by understanding the (supersymmetric) system of a single D3-brane transverse to a Calabi-Yau. We will find that superpotential stabilization of the volume necessarily generates mass terms for the scalars which describe the motion of the D3-brane. An implicit assumption in brane-antibrane inflation scenarios is that the brane and antibrane are free, in the absence of interactions, to move around the Calabi-Yau; the gentle force from their Coulomb interaction is then expected to lead to a relatively flat inflaton potential. Significant mass terms for the D3-brane (or any external forces on the D3-brane) invalidate this assumption and make inflation impossible.
Let us therefore consider the effective potential governing a D3-brane transverse to a Calabi-Yau manifold. We substitute the superpotential and the Kähler potential (5.1) into (5.11), where the physical volume modulus is given by (5.3). The resulting four-dimensional effective potential is
In the vicinity of a point in moduli space where , this can be simplified to
We must now incorporate the effects of an anti-D3-brane. In the scenario of the superpotential (5.8) stabilized the compactification volume and generated a negative cosmological term . The positive, warped tension of an anti-D3-brane was added to this to produce a small positive cosmological constant. In our notation, the anti-D3-brane induces an additional term in the effective potential (5.12),
where is a positive constant. Notice that this induced term differs from the one in by a factor of . This arises because the anti-D3 tension in the warped compactifications of scales like , and in the highly warped regime, . This does not alter the conclusions of , though it changes the numerology.
Suppose that the potential (5.14) has a de Sitter minimum at . We will now compute the mass of the D3-brane moduli in an expansion about this minimum. To simplify the analysis we assume that at the minimum is real, and also that for real , is real. The canonically normalized scalar which governs the motion of the D3-brane is not but is instead a rescaled field ; it is the mass of which we will compute.
First, we rewrite (5.14) as
where primes denote derivatives with respect to , and define by
This means that the field acquires the mass
This is in fact precisely the result one would obtain for a conformally coupled scalar in a spacetime with cosmological constant . This is most easily understood by setting and studying the resulting . The four-dimensional AdS curvature is , so that (5.18) corresponds to a coupling
If the D3-brane is in a highly warped region this result could have been anticipated, since this highly warped region is dual to an almost conformal four-dimensional field theory and the scalar field describing the motion of the brane is conformally coupled (see )†† Note that the kinetic term for is of the form .. The derivation of (5.19) is also valid even when the D3-brane is far from the near horizon region.
We now see that the D3-brane moduli masses are necessarily of the same scale as the inflationary energy density , since during inflation, the extra antibrane(s) simply sit at the end of the throat and provide an energy density well-modeled by (5.14). It is straightforward to verify that such masses lead to a slow-roll parameter , incompatible with sustained slow-roll inflation.
It is instructive to compare this result with the well-known -problem, which bedevils most models of F-term inflation in supergravity. One begins by asking whether slow-roll inflation is possible in a model of a single field with any type of Kähler potential and any superpotential . For a minimal Kähler potential and a generic superpotential one typically has a inflaton mass , and hence no inflation, just as in the generic case considered in the present paper. But this does not mean that inflation in supergravity is impossible. Various superpotentials with non-generic dependence on have been found, some of which permit inflation. For example, in supergravity with the canonical Kähler potential and a linear superpotential for the inflaton, the mass term contribution to the potential cancels:
A similar effect occurs for the superpotential , which leads to a simple realization of F-term hybrid inflation . Moreover, the dangerous mass terms for the inflaton do not appear at all in D-term inflation .
It is quite possible, therefore, that one could find a consistent inflation scenario in string theory by studying superpotentials which depend on the inflaton field. As mentioned above, this would undoubtedly require a fine-tuned configuration in which two contributions to the mass cancel to high precision. We treat this question in detail in Appendix F, where we show that the introduction of a superpotential depending on the inflaton field leads to a modification of the mass-squared of the inflaton field which could make it much smaller (or much greater) than . This issue merits further investigation, which should become possible as we learn more about the detailed dependence of on the background geometry and on the fluxes in string compactifications.
5.2. Scenario II: Kähler Stabilization
One model of stabilization that would be compatible with the inflationary scenario of §3,4 is the following. We have seen that the true Kähler-invariant expansion parameter which controls the expansion in these models, is . Furthermore, and have independent kinetic terms.
A method of directly stabilizing could freeze the volume directly, without stopping inflation. Since is not a chiral superfield itself, stabilization via effects in the superpotential cannot accomplish this. However, given that , one imagine that corrections to the Kähler potential could directly stabilize .
In fact, Kähler stabilization has been proposed earlier for rather different reasons (see e.g. , which discusses Kähler stabilization of the heterotic string dilaton). Here we would need the corrections to (5.1) to break the no-scale structure and fix . Some of these corrections have been calculated (see e.g. ). The subset of terms presented in does not lead to this kind of stabilization, though there are likely to be other terms at the same orders which could change this conclusion. However, Kähler stabilization would be very difficult to find in a controlled calculation, so one might simply have to state it as a model-building assumption.
If one does assume that is stabilized by corrections to the Kähler potential, then the models of §3,4 could be realized in the framework of . In Appendix C we show that in these models one can easily satisfy observational constraints such as the number of e-foldings and the size of the density perturbations.
One of the most promising ideas for obtaining inflation in string theory is based on brane cosmology. However, brane-antibrane inflation suffers from various difficulties when one tries to embed it in full string compactifications with moduli stabilization, such as the (metastable) de Sitter vacua of .
We have argued here that some of these difficulties can be resolved by introducing highly warped compactifications. The warped brane-antibrane models introduced in general form in §3 and in a compact string theory example in §4 give rise to slow-roll inflation with an exponentially flat potential. In the compact example, the slow-roll parameters and the density perturbations can be fixed at suitable values by an appropriate choice of discrete fluxes in the warped region.
The above discussion assumes a suitable stabilization mechanism for the volume modulus of the compactification manifold. As described in §5, this is a highly nontrivial issue. Indeed, we have found that if one stabilizes the moduli as in then this field acquires an effective mass-squared , making inflation impossible. As discussed in §5.1, fine-tuned dependence of the superpotential on could reduce this mass. With generic dependence on the problem persists.
The arguments leading to our conclusion that generic methods of stabilization stop inflation are rather general, and should apply to any system where the energy density depends on the volume modulus as with . There are general arguments that this should always be the case, for the sources of energy we know about in string theory . Thus, it appears very difficult to achieve slow-roll brane inflation in a manner compatible with stabilization of the compactified space in string theory. At the very least, it is challenging to find a model which works for generic forms of the stabilizing superpotential, which itself varies in a way that depends on all of the microscopic details of the compactification. In those non-generic cases where inflation is possible, the inflationary predictions will depend on the details of the moduli stabilization.
One should note that the degree of fine-tuning required for slow-roll inflation in these models is not extraordinary (see Appendix F), and may well be attainable within the large class of known models. Moreover, even though fine-tuning is certainly undesirable, it may not be a grave problem. Indeed, if there exist many realizations of string theory, then one might argue that all realizations not leading to inflation can be discarded, because they do not describe a universe in which we could live. Meanwhile, those non-generic realizations which lead to eternal inflation (see Appendix D) describe inflationary universes with an indefinitely large and ever-growing volume of inflationary domains. This makes the issue of fine-tuning less problematic. It will not escape the reader’s notice that this argument is anthropic in nature [31,32,33]. It is worth pointing out that it is an independent, presumably well-defined mathematical question, whether or not string theory has solutions which are consistent with present experiments (e.g. which contain the standard model of particle physics, have sufficiently small cosmological term, and allow early inflation). This question can of course be studied directly (see e.g. for recent work in this direction), and is an important one for string theorists to answer. Only if string theory does admit such solutions, does anthropic reasoning in this context become tenable. The large diversity of string vacua makes it reasonable to be optimistic on this score.
We have primarily focused on the implications of superpotential stabilization of the moduli for D3-brane/anti-D3-brane inflation. Our analysis has implications for other models of brane inflation as well. These include systems and -branes at angles with . In these cases, Chern-Simons couplings will generically induce a -brane charge on the branes due to the presence of a non-trivial field. Such a charge will also be generated due to the curvature couplings for generic topologies of the cycles the branes wrap. If the induced charge is of order unity or more, the discussion of the previous section will apply. The volume modulus and the inflaton field will mix non-trivially in the Kähler potential and as a result a superpotential of the kind considered in §5.1, or in fact any source of energy which scales like , will generically impart an unacceptably big mass to the inflaton. It would be interesting to explore the special cases where such a charge is not induced, to see if one can make simple working models of brane inflation.
Other existing proposals for brane inflation depend on Fayet-Iliopoulos terms in the low-energy field theory . The status of these FI terms in the effective supergravity arising from compactified string theory therefore merits careful investigation. String theory models with D-terms were realized in brane constructions [14,17] without consideration of volume stabilization. A consistent embedding of this model into compactified string theory is under investigation .
We would like to thank C. Burgess, M. Dine, M. Fabinger, A. Guth, L. Kofman, S. Prokushkin, F. Quevedo, N. Seiberg, A. Sen, M. M. Sheikh-Jabbari, S. Shenker, E. Silverstein, L. Susskind, S. Thomas, H. Tye and E. Witten for helpful discussions. This research was supported by NSF grant PHY-9870115. The work of S.K. was also supported in part by a David and Lucile Packard Foundation Fellowship for Science and Engineering and the DOE under contract DE-AC03-76SF00515. The research of JM is supported in part by DOE grant DE-FG02-90ER40542. The work of L.M. was supported in part by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. S.P.T. acknowledges support from the Swarnajayanti Fellowship, DST, Govt. of India, and most of all from the people of India.
Appendix A. General Discussion of Brane-Antibrane Potentials
Here we compute the gravitational force between a D3-brane and an anti-D3-brane which are transverse to a general compact six-dimensional space. We assume that there is no warping before we add the D-branes. Our objective is to compute the expression for the slow-roll parameter (2.4) in this setup. For this purpose we note that the brane tension as well as the ten-dimensional Planck mass drop out from the expression for if we express it in terms of the physical distance. We can therefore set , , to avoid clutter in the equations.
The action for the system has the form
where is a constant we will determine below. Here is the gravitational potential on the internal space. The equation of motion from (A.1) is
Treating one brane as the source and the other as a probe and comparing with (2.1) we see that .†† Note that (2.1) contains a contribution both from gravity and from the Ramond fields, so the gravity contribution is half of that in (2.1). The expression for the energy of branes is thus
where the subscript in indicates that we compute the potential due to the other branes, with , and evaluate it at . There is also a self-energy correction. We assume that the latter is independent of position. This is true in homogeneous spaces, such as tori.
The equation of motion (A.2) is not consistent since all the charges on the left hand side of (A.2) have the same sign. A minimal modification that makes the equation consistent is to write it as
where is the volume of the compact manifold. This term comes naturally from the curvature of the four-dimensional spacetime, which, in the approximation that we neglect the potential, is de Sitter space. This positive curvature gives rise to a negative contribution to the effective potential in the six internal dimensions. It is reasonable to assume that the negative term is smeared over the compact space as in this minimal modification, as long as the transverse space is approximately homogeneous.†† In compactifications with orientifold planes, there would also be localized negative terms. However, these would be cancelled by the tensions of the branes which are present even after brane/antibrane annihilation. The extra energy of the inflationary brane/antibrane pair can be expected to induce a smeared negative contribution over and above the orientifold plane contribution.
Note that this term does not arise for the Ramond fields since the total charge is zero.
Let us now consider, for simplicity, the case of a single brane and a single antibrane. In order to compute we compute the Laplacian of the potential with respect to . We get
The subscript in indicates that this is the potential due to the brane at . For a pair of branes the potential is . The Laplacian has a constant negative value (A.5). We see that this implies that there exists at least one direction in which the second derivative has a value , since there are six transverse dimensions. When we compute the contribution to the factor cancels out.
When there are many fields, one should consider as a matrix. In order to have slow roll inflation we need to demand that the matrix has no negative eigenvalue that is too large. If we have a large negative eigenvalue, then even if the scalar field is not initially rolling in that direction, it will typically start moving in this direction after a few e-foldings. The discussion above implies that , viewed as a matrix, has an eigenvalue more negative than
This implies that at least one of the moduli acquires a tachyonic mass , which typically prevents a prolonged stage of inflation.
A similar analysis can be carried out for the general case of a Dp-brane/anti-Dp-brane system. It is easy to see that the only change is that the coefficient in (A.6) is replaced by . More interestingly, the above analysis can also be applied to the case of Dp-branes at angles. By this we mean a system of slightly misaligned branes and orientifold planes, . The supersymmetry breaking scale in such a system is controlled parametrically by an angle which measures the relative orientation of the branes. For small values of this angle, the vacuum energy, , obtained by summing over all the branes and planes, can be much smaller than the tension of any individual brane or plane. The force on a brane in such a system arises due to graviton-dilaton and RR exchange. In these systems there can be a cancellation between the graviton-dilaton and the RR force in such a way that the resulting force, computed with non-compact “internal” dimensions, is parametrically smaller than the value of the cosmological constant. Once the internal dimensions are compact, we have to make some modification of the gravitational equation in order to make it consistent. The simplest modification is to add a constant term on the right hand side of the corresponding Laplace equation. In this case the constant term will be proportional to the effective four dimensional cosmological constant. Then, repeating the analysis above, one finds that the resulting potential satisfies the inequality
As a result, once again one obtains a value of , (A.6), with the coefficient replaced by . In other words, both the potential and its second derivative scale in the same way with the small angle which supresses supersymmetry breaking, making independent of this angle.
Appendix B. Computation of the Potential in Warped Geometries
To calculate the potential it is actually easier to turn things around and view the D3-brane as perturbing the background and then calculate the resulting energy of the anti-D3-brane in this perturbed geometry. This of course gives the same answer for the potential energy of the brane-antibrane pair.
The coupling of the metric and the five-form to the D3-brane is given by (3.6). On general grounds one expects that the changes in the metric and caused by the D3-brane will vary in the directions transverse to the brane. These directions are spanned by the radial coordinate and the directions along . It is useful to observe that the background can be written as follows:
where is the line element on , and is given by
It is easy to check that is a harmonic function in a six-dimensional space spanned by and the directions along , with metric
Adding one additional D3-brane at a radial location results in a perturbed background which is of the form (B.1), but with a harmonic function now given by
solves the equation in the six-dimensional space (B.4).†† The constant is determined by the tension of the D3-brane. For a simple calculation shows that
independent of and the detailed metric on . In (B.6) the coefficient arises because the ambient background is supported by units of charge, whereas the perturbation we are interested in arises due to a single D3-brane. From (B.5) the resulting harmonic function is
To determine the potential we now couple this new background to the anti-D3-brane. The anti-D3-brane is described by an action of the form (3.6), except that, as was mentioned before, the sign of the Chern-Simons term is reversed relative to the case of a D3-brane. We also remind the reader that the antibrane is located at ; we will assume that . Combining all these results, after a simple calculation one recovers the desired potential (3.9).
This calculation of the potential is valid for one brane-antibrane pair. For one brane and antibranes, to leading order, (3.9) is simply multiplied by . Corrections to this leading-order potential are suppressed for small .
Appendix C. Warped Inflation
In this appendix we discuss how inflation would look if one managed to fix the overall volume modulus without giving a mass to the brane motion. We argued above that the low energy dynamics of the system is described by the action (3.10). The radial position of the D3-brane, , will play the role of the inflaton below. We define a canonically normalized field
and . The effective action is then given by
We have assumed that there are no significant additional terms in the effective action (C.2).
This inflaton potential is extremely flat: the first term in the potential, which is independent of the inflaton, is larger than the second term by a factor proportional to . This factor can be interpreted as the relative redshift between the brane location and the antibrane location ; as we explained in §4, this redshift is exponentially sensitive to the parameters of the model:
where is the string coupling and are integers that specify fluxes turned on in the compactification.
The slow-roll parameters can now be calculated in standard fashion. We will use conventions where . One finds that
Slow-roll requires that . Of these the condition on is more restrictive. It can be met by taking
The number of e-foldings is given by
Requiring can be achieved by taking to be sufficiently large and is compatible with the bound (C.5).
Finally, the adiabatic density perturbations are given by (, page 186)
This quantity should be equal to at , when the perturbations responsible for the large scale structure of the observable part of the universe are produced.
After some algebra, can be expressed in terms of as follows:
is a constant which is somewhat model dependent; using (C.7) and (C.2), one has
and after using (4.5), (3.7) one finds that for the model of §4.†† increases by a factor when there are antibranes. While making numerical estimates we set .
The four-dimensional Planck scale () is given by
where is the volume of the Calabi-Yau. This formula is strictly applicable only to a Kaluza-Klein compactification, not a warped compactification of the kind considered here. However, the approximation is a good one since the graviton zero mode has most of its support away from the regions with large warping (where its wave function is exponentially damped.) We may express the brane tension as
This dimensionless ratio evidently depends on the string coupling constant and the volume of the six compact dimensions. The value is quite reasonable: it corresponds to and a Calabi-Yau volume of a characteristic size . Larger values of lead to smaller values for , which make it easier to meet the density perturbation constraints.
More important, for present purposes, is the factor , which has its origins in the redshift suppression of the potential that was emphasized in the discussion above. By taking this factor to be small enough we see that the constraint on , (C.7), can be met. As an example, taking and , we find that for . This condition on can easily be met for reasonable values of the flux integers . Taking , we get , with . The latter condition can be achieved using moderate values of flux, e.g. .
Now that we have ensured that the various constraints can be met in our model, it is worth exploring the resulting inflationary scenario a little more. The energy scale during inflation can be expressed in terms of . One finds from (C.8), and using the fact that the potential is well approximated by the first term in (3.9), that
Taking , , and GeV one finds that the energy scale is
This is considerably lower than the GUT scale GeV. This low scale of inflation is a generic feature of the scenario.
Next, it is straightforward to see that is given in terms of and by
Solving for from (C.12) gives
Taking , , gives
a very small number. The ratio of the anisotropy in the microwave background generated by gravitational waves to that generated by adiabatic density perturbations is given (at large ) by
In our model this is very small, so the anisotropy is almost entirely due to density perturbations.
Finally, can be related to , and is given by
Clearly, as we mentioned above, . The tilt parameter is given by
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100427.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202140407-20231202170407-00864.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
| 62,194 | 193 |
https://forums.wolfram.com/mathgroup/archive/2006/Mar/msg00633.html
|
math
|
Re: Two independent y axes ?
- To: mathgroup at smc.vnet.net
- Subject: [mg65361] Re: Two independent y axes ?
- From: dh <dh at metrohm.ch>
- Date: Tue, 28 Mar 2006 04:05:31 -0500 (EST)
- References: <[email protected]>
- Sender: owner-wri-mathgroup at wolfram.com
Hi, look here for a solutiuon: http://support.wolfram.com/mathematica/graphics/2d/twoaxisgraph.html Daniel Geico Caveman wrote: > Hello, > > I am trying to plot a bunch of functions and some data together. Some of the > data and some of the functions have *very* different y range from the > others. How do I create 2 independent y axes (like gnuplot - y and y2 axes) > to show the data effectively ? > > And no, creating two different plots is *not* an option. So, instead of > offering that suggestion, advise if this can be done in Mathematica, and if > so, how. > > Thanks. >
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780061350.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210929004757-20210929034757-00249.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2021-39
| 845 | 8 |
https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4Y72
|
math
|
CDK1 structures reveal conserved and unique features of the essential cell cycle CDK.Brown, N.R., Korolchuk, S., Martin, M.P., Stanley, W.A., Moukhametzianov, R., Noble, M.E., Endicott, J.A.
(2015) Nat Commun 6: 6769-6769
- PubMed: 25864384
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7769
- Primary Citation of Related Structures:
4Y72, 4YC3, 4YC6, 5HQ0
- PubMed Abstract:
CDK1 is the only essential cell cycle CDK in human cells and is required for successful completion of M-phase. It is the founding member of the CDK family and is conserved across all eukaryotes. Here we report the crystal structures of complexes of CDK1-Cks1 and CDK1-cyclin B-Cks2. These structures confirm the conserved nature of the inactive monomeric CDK fold and its ability to be remodelled by cyclin binding. Relative to CDK2-cyclin A, CDK1-cyclin B is less thermally stable, has a smaller interfacial surface, is more susceptible to activation segment dephosphorylation and shows differences in the substrate sequence features that determine activity. Both CDK1 and CDK2 are potential cancer targets for which selective compounds are required. We also describe the first structure of CDK1 bound to a potent ATP-competitive inhibitor and identify aspects of CDK1 structure and plasticity that might be exploited to develop CDK1-selective inhibitors.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QU, UK.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476396.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303142747-20240303172747-00418.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2024-10
| 1,433 | 9 |
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=234574
|
math
|
A Semiparametric Estimation of Liquidity Effects on Option Pricing
Biltoki Working Paper No. 08, 1999
48 Pages Posted: 10 Oct 2000
The central point for the empirical testing of option pricing models is whether the actual distribution of the underlying asset implied by the option market data is consistent with the distribution assumed by the theoretical option pricing model. The well known volatility smile pattern suggests that the Black- Scholes formula tends to misprice deep in-the-money and deep out-of-the-money options.
A potentially relevant area of research might be related to endogenously incorporating liquidity costs in option pricing models. An effective approach would be based on the estimation of the implied volatility function with semiparametric methodologies, where the Black-Scholes implied volatility is replaced by a nonparametric function which depend upon a vector of explanatory variables. This is the multivariate kernel regression approach which has been recently followed by Ait-Sahalia and Lo (1998a). However, they ignore the potential effects of market frictions on the nonparametric volatility function. We construct the corresponding call pricing function under liquidity costs, and compare its performance relative to more traditional option pricing models.
The nonparametric volatility function with liquidity as an explanatory variable is estimated using the Symmetrized Nearest Neighbors (SNN) estimator rather than the traditional kernel estimator. Special care is taken in obtaining the smoothing parameter.
The in-sample performance of the model turns out to be statistically favorable relative to a competing model without liquidity. However, the out-of-sample performance of both models is quite disappointing despite the fact that we are not able to reject the stability of risk-neutral densities estimated over different quarters during our sample period.
Keywords: Multivariate Kernel and SNN Regressions, Volatility Smile, Option Pricing
JEL Classification: G12, G13
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711013.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205064509-20221205094509-00829.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2022-49
| 2,056 | 10 |
https://softmath.com/math-com-calculator/radical-inequalities/algebra-1-concept-and-skills.html
|
math
|
Yahoo users found our website yesterday by typing in these keywords :
Law of exponents worksheet, multiplying and dividing integers multiple choice, how to TI-89 to plot differential equation graph, how to solve for an equation using maple, simplifying exponential expressions, solving three equations with three unknowns in maple.
Beginning Algebra Tutorial On Intercepts, how to factor standard form equation, how to program a TI-83 plus to factor, write decimals to mixed numbers, square root algebra calculator.
Solving multiple simultaneous quadratic equation, how to shift parabolas graphically, add polar on ti 89.
ReadInt + Java example, matlab ordinary second order differential equation, free download book introduction to accounting.
How to calculate GCD, trigonomic equations and applications, Simplification of boolean algebra, free ti-84 plus emulator, math plus investigatory project.
Ks2 Maths worksheets, Where can I get Kumon papers, factor with ti -83 plus, how to do slope in algebra, factor calculator given a b and c, how to solve nonhomogeneous second-order differential equations.
Practice ontario math 7th grade applications of ratios, adding subtracting multiplying dividing fractions practice problems, homework solutions algebra & trig structure & method chapter 5, How to solve an independent equation.
Solving substitutions calculator, algebra (expanding brackets) worksheets, online usable casio Graphics calculator, printable trivia questions for kids, algebra activities for first grade, algebra substitution method for percentages.
Prentice hall algebra 2 help, 2 step equations, mcdougal littell algebra 1 concepts and skills cheats.
Aptitude test free download, kinds of investigatory project, multiplying Radical expressions calculator, Sample of Math Trivia, coordinate picture worksheets, ti-84 plus games download, solving quadratics using substitution questions.
Formula greatest common factor, completing the square lesson in algebra, adding, subtracting, dividing, multiplying equation, how to adjust windows on a TI-83 calculator, calculator for solving equations, how do I take the 27th root on a TI 83, simplify powers of monomials.
Adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing fraction worksheet, steps for balancing chemical equations, excel cube route, Write a decimal to the thousandth place that is equvalent to one., rational and irrational ti-83 activity.
Automatic solve simultaneous equations, permutation project, adding and subtracting fractions calculator online, where can i download algebra structure and method textbook?, statistics computation permutation practice problems.
Multiplying and dividing integers worksheet, what is simplifying linear terms, how to simplify exponential expressions, simplify radical expression solver.
Printable tests with answers for teachers, GCD equation, least and greatest C++ loops.
Beginners algabra 2, Simplifying like Terms, multiplying decimals using 1 digit whole numbers and worksheet, free answer keys for prentice hall pre algebra, dividing decimals free worksheet.
Alegebra tutorial software, middle school inequalities lesson, listing in order from least to greatest in java, quadratic polynomial model , one variable second order , transformation, free algebra for dummies mathematics online, cognitive tutor cheats.
Prentice hall algebra 1 printable workbook, rudman's questions and answer on gre math online for free, matlab graph- solving nonlinear equations, convert mixed fraction to decimal calculator, symbolic algebraic quadratic solver, finding the least value of a quadratic equation, webmath factoring by grouping four-term polynomials calculator.
Creating a scale model math worksheet, ti-89 pre-algebra software, product property of radicals calculator, inequalities worksheets.
Lessons on square roots and variables, study Guide ALGEBRA Structure and Method, Book 1 worksheets, greatest common factor trick, multiply radical calculator, what is divisible by in java language.
Prentice hall algebra percent error, 1st grade number line activities, adding integers worksheet for 6th graders, online factoring program.
Order integers greatest to least, logic equations excel, alebra equations, permutation combination real life examples, 6th grade math textbooks in glendale, ti-89 free undamped motion differential equations problems.
Algebra help, formula for equation of a line, algerbra worksheerts, naming angles worksheets, trigonometric substitutions calculator, equation calculator, free intro to algebra worksheets.
11+ practice sheets on maths, the ladder method, applications for hyperbolas, imaginary quadratic formula solver.
Decimals adding subtracting comparing free, mathematics exercises for year one, math trivia(elementary level), greatest common divisor divide and conquer tutorials.
Pre algebra with pizzazz book dd answers, Worksheets on solving one step equation with fraction, Determining if a number is a Prime Number Java, free intermediate math problems, solving parabola graphically using definition, divide polynomials calculator, elementary algebra made easy practice on internet.
Free worksheets over mean,median,mode, MATHS ONLINE TESTS 9TH, algebraic expressions activities for 5th grade, printable percentage sums year 6, easy way to explain fractions on a number line, subtraction equation worksheets, RULES FOR SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS.
Online saxon answer keys algebra 1, adding imaginary exponents in TI-89, free "printable worksheets" lines symmetry, ""Solve contextual problems that involve operations with integers.", common factor calculator.
A free holt key code, complex trinomials box method, "parent function" Holt, Rinehart and Winston-"algebra II", solving for a variable worksheet for third grade, Glencoe Mathematics.
Systems of equations worksheets, what is the mixed number of 2.31, quadratic & Linear graphs, learning algebra.
Graphing linear equations worksheets, order fractions from least to greatest, third grade homework sheets.
Ti-84 games, example of rational algebraic equation, greatest and least common multiples worksheets.
Free worksheets + multiplying positive and negative numbers, teaching variable equations math lesson plans fourth grade, logs on ti 89, negative and zero exponents worksheet.
Algebra graphing definitions, solving differential equations matlab, answer this algerbria 2 problem, freealgebra 1 lesson plans, how do you solve like terms that have fractions, multiplying and dividing factions, solve for variable polynomial negative exponent.
Partial sum method, 5th grade partial sums worksheets, FREE SAMPLE geometry TEST + 7 GRADE + EXAM + PRACTICE, a scale for math, excel formulas for adding and subtracting.
How to understand algebra 1, how to convert a positive integer in one base to another base, number 50 relate to another number and give common multiples and common factors, factoring involving fractional and negative exponents, what is the difference between linear and quadratic relationship, sample compatible subtraction equations, square roots fraction calculator.
Math pratice book, nonlinear ordinary differential equations solving, binary system tutorial elementary free online, ti-83 plus + degrees, negative integers word problems.
Java code for solving equations, worksheets on combining like terms, online year 9 algebra equations, multiplying integers game, algebraic exponenet.
Solving derivatives on calculator, maths- area sheets, find vertex of inequality, what is the cube root function on a calculator, year eight mathmatics, algebra worksheets systems of equations.
Solving systems with fractions, mix numbers, algebra equations with fractions calculator, beginers algebra printables for elementary school, how solving linear equations with three variables on ti-83 plus, Calc clep online practice test, Inequalities and linear programming - GCSE mathematics.
How to teach square roots for 4th graders, how to get cube root on calculator, 3 examples of quadratic formula with solutions, evaluating expressions hands on activities, solving radicals calculator, write decimal a mixed fraction, 8th grade pre-algebra worksheets.
Prentice hall algebra, Cramer's rule practical applications in daily life, aptitude question answer, algebra worksheets for grade 4 two variables.
How to solve integer exponents, aptitude questions with solutions?, McDougal Algebra and Trigonometry: Structure and Method, Book 2 Test Generator, online summation solver, combining like terms powerpoint, BEGINNERS ALGEBRA.
Define factoring algebra 1, gre math formulas sheet, How to solve inequalities, give me questions in math trivia, greatest common divisor answers and problems, how to write sum number in java, australia maths swf.
Limit definition of a derivative insert own polynomial, how to solve for x with unknown exponents, how do you divide?.
How to solve probabilities with the TI 83, permutation free worksheets, storing formulas in ti 84, maths works sheets for year 4, least to greatest with fraction percents decimal, free saxon algebra 2 answers online, factoring nth order polynomials.
McDougal Littell workbook book 2 answers, convert number to mixed number, add percents to integers, pythagorean theorem DVd OR software "study guide", integers center activities, solving quadratic equations with variables, algebra for year 6 sats worksheets online.
Green globs ti 83, the distributive property pizzazz worksheet, college algebra online problem solver, greatest common factor of 81 132, java code to check 2 decimals in float value, PROBABILITY "Algebra with Pizzazz".
Algebra, g differential equation TI-89, online inequality calculator, free download accounting dictionary free ebook, answers to algebra 1 problems.
Decimal to mixed number, "pre-algebra" games and online and free, algebrator functions, First Order Differential Equation solver, rewrite division as multiplication.
Simplifying algebra assignment word problem lesson, usable graphing calculator, does ti-86 convert from decimal to binary, advantage fraction and decimal, ppt linear functions, What Is the Hardest Math Problem in the World, multply rational expressions calculator.
Convert desimal to mixed number, "how to solve equations with parenthesis", how to solve differential equation in matlab, aptitude java question, solving equation 5th grade in text book.
Solve linear fractions with two variables, how to cube root on ti 30xIIs, TI 83 fractions formula, U.K 11+math free download.
Adding subtracting integers worksheet, solving second order equations on matlab, how to solve imperfect square roots?, convert decimal point to base 8 decimal, multiplying, dividing, adding and subtracting numbers with negative exponents, boolean algebra simplifier, how to make calculator programs that can solve any equation.
MATHEMATICAL INVESTIGATORY PROJECT, how to solve a system of fractions, quadratic equation solver flash, simply inequalities word problems.
Enrichment worksheet 8-3 7th grade, holt algebra 2 practice workbook, free answers for algebra 1 plato, Least Common Multiple, methods.
Free answers to math problems, how do you find the square root, elementary problem solver.
Factoring polynomials third order formula, adding scientific notations, free download english gramer guide, conceptual physics worksheet answers, first order calculator, mathematica 5th "Fifth Grade" solving problems, graphing equations slope intercept form worksheet.
Golden square-maths puzzle, trigonometry in daily life, I want to download Glencoe Algebra 1 Teacher's Edition NEW 1998 TE, adding rational expressions calculator, check homework (algebra).
Extracting the square root, excel solver, simultaneous equation, write a mixed fraction as a percent, Free Factoring Trinomial Calculators Online, how to 5 root in calculator.
Square roots and radicals worksheet, positive negative integer computer games, how to do 7th grade root and exponets, Converting Quadratics to Standard Form, subtracting integers and variable worksheet, algebra calculator with squares.
Simultaneous equation solver, fourth grade algebraic equations, "heat equation""partial differential equation".
Algebra 2 help online, free samples of aptitude test physical science, practice worksheet on scale factor, online conic graphic calculator, gr 11 ebook exampler papers.
Accounting book free downloads, manipulating algebraic formulas worksheet, evaluating polynomials on-line calculator, solving a nonlinear equation using newton's method in matlab.
Prentice hall algebra 2 answer key, ladder method(math), rational and complex numbers calculator, poems about mathematical statistics.
Examples of Math Trivia, glencoe probability lesson, "Integer Practice" worksheets, inequality interval notation calculator, greatest common multiples of 18 and 15, free printable grade 9 math algabra.
Java convert number to simple number, program sum of range of numbers divisible by 5, worded problems.
Sum of numbers in java, square root to the third, Solving Multiple Equations with fractions, math problem solvers alg 2, multi-step equations holt mathematics problem solver.
Foil solver, multiplying and dividing algebraic terms, math distributive problem worksheet.
TI-86 Error 13 dimension, pre-algera with pizzazz@ creative publications, kumon answer sheets, McDougal Littell Algebra 2 practice workbook answers, get step by step algebra problems.
Prentice hall math cheats, completing the square roots method, solving one step equations with decimals worksheet, 9th grade algebra free worksheets, linear equations worksheet, solving equations by dividing or multiplying worksheets.
5th grade algebra worksheets, what is nonlinear differential equation, solve a differential equation calculator, university of illinois algebra textbooks, distributive property worksheet, find a slope of a graph using TI-83 calculator, coverting percentages.
Math trivia involving fractions, what are the rules for factoring in pure math 10, practice balancing chemical formulas by charge, TI 86 Calculator Emulator.
TI-84 PLUS CALCULATOR DOWNLOAD, easy way to find LCM, nth term worksheets.
Prentice hall algebra 1 practice workbook, java print sum of all numbers, mathematics-equations in 3 variables, real world physics workbook answers, download mathematics books teacher edition, standard form of quadratic equation.
Math practice grade 8 lowest common factor, free 9th grade math printable worksheets, Algebra tests on slopes, 9th grade algebra projects.
Search of mathematics questions for 6th standard, McDougal Inc. worksheets, Substitution Method Calculator, examples of trivia, advanced algebra study guide, free online algebra word problem help, ti-83 quadratic equation.
Work free online algebra, non homogeneous dirichlet method of characteristics, kumon math sample sheets.
Free prentice hall online math book, how to print numbers backward in java, mathematical formulas for aptitude question, addition & subtract integers games, web codes littell mcdougal world history.
Math Printable exercises for the 6th grade, fourth grade algebra practice worksheet, in a power the number used as a factor, Algebra 2 homework helper, linear programming, solving one step inequalities worksheets, lesson plans for multiplying and dividing algebraic terms.
Linear first order differential equation calculator, Radicals with decimals, expression solver, a first course in abstract algebra seventh edition + Instructor solution manual, california middle school mathematics concepts and skills mcdougal littell answer key, how to graph a function from equation, aptitude test download.
Finding Slope with TI84, holt modern biology worksheet, trigonometry equation solving, adding and subtracting rational expressions worksheets, ti emulator java applet.
Algebra elements z11 are squares, what square root property to solve radical equation with square root?, Highest common factor division, solving equations interactive lessons, greatest common factor worksheets, learnig algebra, worksheet simplifying roots.
Factor tree, algebra subtraction calculator, EXAMPLE ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS ADDITION.
Database systems regular expression simplification, solve my math problems for free, exponents, roots,`and radical calculator, completing the square + answers calculator, answer key to middle school math with pizzazz book b, cube root on calculator, domain and range on your TI-83.
Worksheets for adding/subtracting, factor expressions calculator, adding integers coloring worksheets, year 8 games on algebra equations, prentice hall chemistry book answers, finding eigenvalues of nonlinear ODE with maple.
Log_10 ti 89, how to solve decimal power series, math formulas for percents, what kind of graphs or figures do we get from quadratic equation?, emulateur ti 84, dividing integer, application in problem solving involving quadratic function.
Linear equations with 2 variables calculator, cost accounting tutorials, 8th grade online free help, partial-sums algorithm free worksheets.
Algebra - substitution of negative numbers and fractions, parabolas explanation algebra, scale factor exercise, graphing calculator t-83 emulator, excel 2007 how to use solver to solve simultaneous equations, software to simplify algebriac expressions.
Boolean graph ti-89, fractions solver, who invented polynomials equations, algebra lesson plan for second graders, solve equation using matlab.
Algebra 1 (Prentice Hall Mathematics) (Hardcover) answer book, 6th grade mathmatics, When solving a rational equation, why it is OK to remove the denominator by multiplying both sides by the LCD and why can you not do the same operation when simplifying a rational expression., finding slope with fractions, prentice hall algebra artin online.
Fraction formulas, quadratic equation vertex on line calculator, how to use ti 83 for logarithms.
GCSE Percentages, can you use the ti-83 for slopes, gcm lcd C#, third root formulas.
Highest common factor matlab, prentice hall mathematics pre algebra answers, what are common multiples of 40 and 37, College Algebra free activities for functions transformations, algebrator demo, dividing monomials answer sheet 5-6.
Algebra in DNA, polynomials for beginners, triangles worksheets ks2, decimals to radicals, math square roots exponents percents algebra.
Mathematical equations division percentage list, printable worksheets adding and subtracting integers, scientific notation cheats, algebra worksheet 8th grade, free multiplying and dividing worksheets+decimals, balanced equations affecting Acid neutralizing capacity, ucsmp algebra scoring quizzes.
Free GED Printable worksheets, collecting like term worksheet pre algebra, algerba 2 books.
What is a scale in math, download formulas for college algebra on calculator TI-84, quadratic solver java, 4th grade virginia SOL workbooks, "vector algebra.ppt", year 8 test practice online math, inequality calculator online.
Lesson plan binomial, free ratio worksheets, free grade 10 algebra practice questions, step by step fraction school book, Algebra Problem Solvers for Free, method od square roots.
Gallian "chapter 5 solutions", free year 9 maths practise tests, linear equation with fraction, how do u do a vertical compression in absolute value funtions, free printable fourth grade worksheet.
Help graphing a parabola, fraction addition and subtraction, converting fractions and decimals lesson plans, math problems with worksheet/answers for ged, adding and subtracting fractions using pictures worksheet, saxon math quiz sheets for Math 8/7.
Glossary prentice hall algebra, real life math problems + 8th grade, factor by grouping ti-89, 3rd radical in excel.
Free fun worksheets 8th, simplifying radical equations, free worksheet for subtracting polynomials, algebra word problems worksheet, distributive law.
Whats the sqare root of 81 +65, 6th grade multiplication by 3 numbers, free intermediate algebra functions and relations worksheets, aptitude question bank, lowest common denominator to 5 9 2, gcd calculator using vhdl code, what is the easiest way to factor?.
I what to download Glencoe Algebra 1 teachers Edition for free, more example of given equation of quadratic equation with word problem, interactive games addition and subtraction of simple quadratic expression.
Online Algebra Tile Software, equation math paper 5th grade, matlab graph- system of nonlinear equations, Define the NTH Term, Algebra Unknowns Worksheets, algebra II school issued books, free algebra ontario work sheeet.
Simplifying Expressions Involving Rational Exponents, algebra worksheets for year 11, differential equations conjugate complex roots methods, decimal a radical, multiplying and reducing fractions worksheets, doing fractions on a calculator.
How do you subtract fractions with integers?, lesson plan for third grade algebra, online mcdougal littell textbooks, translating verbal expressions into variable expressions activities, college algebra.
Free answers to prentice hall mathematics algebra 1, manipulating exponents and variables, free online ti 84 graphing calculator demo, Answers to Two Step Equations.
Program guide for factoring TI-83, how to find the quadratic eqn on your calculator, Math Worksheet Square Roots, how to program a TI-83 plus to factor free, SUBTRACTION OF POLYNOMIALS WORKSHEET.DOC.
Quadratic calculator TI-89, Year 3 maths work sheet, conceptual physics answer key, logical reasoning worksheets, Printable test on linear equations free, Grade 5 Mathematics tests + aus, PRE Algebra Problem Solver.
Glencoe algebra 2 test generator, rational expression calculator, distributive property free worksheets.
Aptitude test model question, solve ode non homogeneous particular, factor method calculator, simultaneous differential equation excel, free real properties worksheets.
Free investigatory projects, solving 2 equations with ti-83, how to create a numeric equation calculator in vb 6.0, Algebra 2 pictures, radican college algebra, linear equations and free, completing the square using square root property.
What is the difference between evaluation and simplification of an expression?, converting from 8 bit number to base 10, printable integrated algebra worksheets, great common factors, sum the digits of a number in java, lecture notes (ppt) on fundamentals of physics.
Ppt based on prentice hall mathematics pre-algebra, Free Math Trivia, polynomial solver java, factor calculator find roots, factoring by grouping four-term polynomials, finding the fourth root of 25.
Printable math sheets third grade, algebra sums, free glencoe solve square root equations.
Teach me numericals skills/ pre algebra, solve non-homogeneous heat equation, grammer school math tutorials.
Simplifying multiple variable expression calculator, algebra cumulative, gcm and lcm word problems, java convert fraction to decimal, pearson education,inc.,publishing as pearson prentice hall mathmatics algebra 1 lesson 2-5 practice, mathematics trivia in algebra, +like terms worksheets.
Coordinate plane pictures, example of permutation and combination with solution, calculator program for implicit derivatives, abstract algebra homework solution John Fraleigh, math scale problems.
To combine like terms into a shorter expression, polar equations in ti-89, Rational functions problem solver, integer absolute value simplify expression .edu division.
" square deal" math solvers, calculating square roots worksheets, inequality solver, how to simplify cube roots, solving equations with multiple variables.
Solve three variable equations calculator ti-83, addition and subtration of algebraic expressions, holt algebra 1 worksheets, What is least common multiple of 55, 44, and 33, factoring by grouping four-term polynomials calculator, mcdougal littell algebra 2 answers.
Fifth grade math tutorials, computer programming and calculation, 6th grade economic game, holt algebra 1 teacher edition, Convert Decimal Into Fraction worksheet, extra help for saxon algebra I.
Decimals online worksheets 6 grade, conversion of decimal to base 3 java code, algebra calculating, LCM Answers, solving problems with distributive property.
Algebra with pizzazz!-solve equations, factors worksheet gr 6, free comprehensive worksheets for 5th graders.
Area model method fourth grade, convert decimal to 2 bit, log of base 2 on TI. 83, parabola calculator, algebra worksheet solutions factoring fractions.
Algebra problems, solving radicals, ALegbra connection volume one answers, cubed root calculator, factor calculator for equations.
Rational expression simplifier, product of two binomial practice exercices, free algebra proportion solver, printable lesson plans for a 1st grader, factor, worksheet grade 4.
Third square root, simplifying exponents calculator, adding and subtracting adding notation.
Example of math trivia problems, ti-83 exponential, online printouts of saxon math 5/4, highest common factors of 34 and 74.
What does simplify the expressions mean, "Identifying Like Terms", algebra one review courses.
Mathmatics exam, solving nonlinear equation in maple, algebra calculator online free, root of decimal, aptitude+free+ebook, simultaneous equations in excel.
Convert greatest common divisor, computing LCM in ti-84, simplify square root of 10, free math exam papers, graphing calculator factoring.
Dividing polynomials solver, how do i find the variable of an exponent, college algebra clep, slope finding program graphing calculator.
Using formulas worksheet free, Answers to Algerbra, ti-83 plus factor polynomials.
What are some examples of statistics and probability in 6th grade math, adding and subtracting integers worksheet grade 7, solve equations worksheet, 1st grade inequality printables, java solve polynomial, FREE APPTITUDE QUESTIONS DOWNLOAD.
Least common denominator of 19 and 32, variables and exponents', online polynomial divider, shortcuts for multiplying and dividing integers, gratis download games voor ti 84 plus.
How find cubed root with TI-84 calculator, year 8 maths equation test, squar/ work sheet, adding variable by factoring, how to do square route.
Expression calculator for ti89, free pre algebra worksheets, houghton mifflin geometry worksheet high school, adding under the radical, permutation solved problems download, formula to convert decimals to fractions.
Pre algebra with pizzazz creative publications, lesson plans for combining like terms in algebra, can multiplying and dividing be done in any order, Canadian money math sheets, exponents worksheets printable, divding integers worksheet, worksheets math adding and subtracting negative numbers.
Speed fromula going against wind, answers to Prentice Hall Science Explorer Physical Science chapter 1 section 3, steps on how to solve algebraic equations, tutorial on permutations on ti 82.
Matlab solve nonlinear differential equation systems, non-homogeneous pde, Hard Algebra Problems, trinomial calculator.
Strategies to teach algebraic thinking in 5th grade, simplifying fractions ladder method, free solver for simplifying numbers.
Ladder Method for conversions printable, abstrac algibra, t1 calculator download, solving a variable equation, factoring algebra.
Formulas for finding a square root of a fraction, How to solve integers with fractions, printable accounting math exercises, prentice-Hall Mathematics Algebra 1.
Solving Quadratic Equations by the Square Root Method, distributive property in algebra, different kinds of degree equation of intercept, free printables year 7 fractions, text book papers printable free.
Solve college algebra problems online, Seventh Grade worksheets on scientific Notation, second year high school RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS, study tips for algebra 1, write equations for situations, decimal naming worksheets.
Solve adding radicals, simplifying variables, program to calculate the greatest common divisor, Solving Equations using distributive property worksheet, simplify exponential functions.
Help with exponents and square roots, positive divisor how do you calculate, kumon answers, holt teacher edition keycode, java language sum of integers.
Review worksheet on integers, good quiz on multiplying fractions, power point presentations for linear equations, solving two linear equations maple.
Can you have 0 as acoefficient in algebra?, solving by elimination algebra calculator, "factorial formula", electric circuits worksheets and solutions grade 11.
6th Grade Math Dictionary, How to solve an equation on a TI-89, t1-83 calculators trial version for computer.
TI-85 log base, symbolic method, quadratic formula calculator, substitution of square roots, antiderivatives, Elementary Linear Algebra 9th solution download.
Free kumon worksheets mathematics, integer worksheet creator, free worksheets and subtracting integers, download gauss-jordan ti-89, harcourt math chapter 3 addition grade 3 final test, 2-step equations worksheets, fractions, integers and order of operation worksheets.
Mixed numbers to decimals, distributive law practice worksheet, resolving homework for simplified rational expressions, tic tac toe factoring, square numbers worksheet with answers ks2, math square root exercises.
Alegebra questions, solving factoring equations with fractions, binomial equations, finding the slope of 3x+6y=12, pratice math derivatives, adding, subtracting, dividing, and multiplying fractions within parenthesis, Maths Exam tips 9th stantard.
From decimal to mixed number to whole percent, what is 6th degree in intercept in math?, algebraic expression word problem games.
Prentice Hall Mathematics: Study Guide & Practice Workbook Algebra 1: Teacher's Guide, simplifying square root calculator, Prentice hall Pre-Algebra, system of equations with 3 variables help, beginning algebra worksheets for elementary.
Free long dividing polynomials calculator, ti-86 calculator cubed, abstract algebra sample problems with solutions, common factors calculator, how to find a slope on a ti 83.
Holt algerbra 1 answers, addition and subtraction in number bases free tutorials, practice with negative and positive numbers worksheets, solve first order differential equation matlab, glencoe math worksheets for indiana, equation for percentages, nonlinear equations in matlab.
How to simplify an algebraic equation, ratio formula, beginning algebra.com.
Conceptual physics webquest, colleg algebra, circumference and diameter algebraic equation, method to solve first order differential equation using matlab, pdf ti 89, properties of addition and multiplication worksheets middle school, venn diagram, word problems 7th grade.
Absolute value printable worksheet, how to solve algebra 7th grade, ti 83 cube power, Algebra SATS questions, equasion solver, printable test english grade 6, converting mixed fractions into decimals.
Least to greatest fractions calculator, homogeneous Partial Differential Equation pdf, logarithms for dummies, system of linear equations on ti-83, cummalative algebra calculator, rational expressions + calculators.
Solve second order homogenous linear differential equation, numeric line, algebra help, online quiz on boolean algebra, change of base in ti 89.
DOWNLOAD ALGEBRA 1 SOLVED FOR FREE, setp by step basic algerbra, quadratic equation for ti-83, subtract fractions unlike denominator worksheets, middle school absolute value worksheets.
Online algebra calculator, mcdougal littell sixth math answers free, using excel solver for simultaneous equations, liner measurement in maths worksheet, multiplying decimal worksheets, 3-1 practice worksheet.
Dividing fractions with signs, free variable worksheets, dummit, pictures coordinates worksheets, algebra factoring game, math 10 polynomial worksheets.
Elementary math combinations permutations, pre algebra with pizzazz answers, aptitude e-book.
Math scale questions, lowest common denominator calculator, using integration to calculate gini coefficient, answers for mcdougal, littell geometry.
Free intermediate algebra homework helper, find the vertex of a linear function, dividing integers worksheet, find value expression online calculator.
Trivia questions on college algebra, rudin solution guide, relating graphs to events worksheet, free online easy learning discrete maths.
Algebra for dummies AND free pdf, difference of square, challenging subtracting integers, "multiplying polynomials" using a calculator ti-89, How is doing operations (adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing) with rational expressions similar to or different from doing operations with fractions?.
Sqaure root problem solver, second order differential equation solver, linear systems substitution calculators, teaching how to combine like terms, ratios for 6th grade worksheets, ti 89 pdf.
Simplifying root expressions, free printable math worksheets for 9th grade, solving quadratic equations in matlab, free printable worksheet for solving Literal Equations, History Gcse 2007 MCQs.
Binomial common factors calculator, Interesting Math Trivia, log algebra calculator, quiz for structure and method algebra 1 book.
Free math tutorial converting repeating decimals to fractions, easy way to addition and subtractions, combining like terms printable worksheets, balancing algebraic equations powerpoint.
How to solve polynomials raised to the third power, 9th grade algebra worksheets, algebra 1 answers for free, free algebra properties worksheets, numbers with variable exponents.
PDF in den TI, math subtraction expressions, multiplying trinomial fractions, math investigatory, simplifying algebraic expressions.
Advanced Algebra Worksheets, Solve square root square root 8 0 and square root 48, websites for radical equations, free "high school" sheets.
Free College Algebra Worksheets, pdf + TI, systems of linear equations on Ti-83, Rational expression calculator, PRENTICE HALL ONLINE ALGEBRA 1 textbook, prime factorization of the denominator.
Ti, rom image, download, Solving Square Roots, how to use an scientific calculor for system linears, online factor higher order quadratic equation, multiplying integers number search, free worksheets algebraic expression.
Multiplying and dividing polynomial fractions, least common denominators worksheet, amatyc ti89, how does a mathematical function move when adding, how to evaluate algebra, ks3 quadratic equations, set of three equations solver.
Factor tree printable worksheets, adding and subtracting integers free worksheets, java convert Integer to biginteger, first order linear differential laplace.
Online factoring software, expressions and equations calculator, intermediate algebra a graphing approach 3rd edition solution book, "vector mechanics for engineers: dynamics" solution manual direct download, write a "C" program to solve a quadratic equation using simple loops, Rational expressions denominator calculator, McGraw Hill worksheets answers.
Sample Algebra Problems, math worksheet and hands on activity for transformation, math trivia questions, scott foresman science the diamond edition tutorial, ti 89 heaviside function, math test year 6.
Java apti question, ti 86 error 13 dimension, albegra exponents and radicals quiz.
Making pictures on graphing calculators, ti-83 complex simultaneous equation solver, discrete mathmatics videos, free printable worksheets 3rd grade enrichment math, SUBTRACTING SCIENTIFIC NOTATION, Converting Mixed Fractions To Decimals, mathmatical problem example.
Advanced distributive worksheets, online limit calculator, " logarithmic paper" use in "real life", best books for cost accounting, pizzazz worksheet answers, math scale factor worksheet, what is the difference between LCM and LCD.
First grade math lesson plans, improper fractions with variables 6th grade test, answers for solving equations by adding and subtracting page 19.
Distributive property + subtraction + integers, online workbook math grand blanc, cubic function quadratic linear, calculator solve nonlinear system of equaTIONS, online equation solver exponent x.
Second order differential equation in matlab, find sum java code, solve for variables worksheet.
Software companies apptitude papers, dividing variables calculator, "combinations" math "code", what is the simplify expression 14 square root times 30, college work book cheats, cost accounting for dummies, +"recursive"+gr 10 math+Excel.
Practice college algebra Clep, rules for adding and subtracting integers, squaring fractions.
Highest common factor work sheet, factoring two variables, 7th grade fractions to decimals work pages and tests, worksheets for multiplying decimals in the workplace.
Algebra fractions with variables, solve nonlinear ode, math powerpoints greatest common factor.
Online graphing calculator log, free commutative and associative properties worksheets, algebra downloads, factoring third order equations, solving second order differential equation boundry problem.
Free rational equation solver, error 13 dimension, how to solve systems of linear equations of 3 variables on a calculator.
Ti 84+ programing games example, Algebra lesson combining like terms, simultaneous in 3 unknowns, solve linear inequalities graphically.
Practice + Prentice-Hall + Pre-Algebra, dividing and multiplying fractions worksheet, aptitude questions with answer, matlab ode solver emulator, SATS Papers online KS2, foundations for algebra year 2 volume one answers.
Algebra I Powerpoints, "grade 1 math problems", 3rd order polynomial, ONLINE PRE ALGEBRA CALCULATOR, learn free pre-algebra.
How to solve differential equations in ti 89?, 6th standard test papers, online derivative solver.
Solving algebraic equations 7th grade, slope between 3 points, math problems.com, solve equations with ti-83 plus.
Subtracting integars worksheet, what is vertex form in algebra, quadradic equasion, "solving equations" differentiated instruction.
Cost accounting book, solve the equation for the variable, equation using combining like terms worksheets, free sample 3rd grade worksheets, simultaneou equations solution software, aptitude test question & answers, solving matrices on TI-83 Plus.
Rational equations calculator, Multiplying Integers Worksheet, solve equations with square root equations, free algebra 098 tutorial, investigatory project in mathematics, FRALEİGH +ALGEBRA.
Free beginning algebra worksheets for 4th grade, solving quadratic equations using substitution method, Year Seven Maths.
Cool math problem solving equations homework helper, online ks3 tests yr 8, T1 83 Online Graphing Calculator, steps of factoring a 3rd degree.
Partial sums addition method worksheets, ged free printouts, calculating depreciation using algebra free download.
Exponential expressions, in how many ways can 105 be written as the sum of two or more consecutive positive integers, online teachers using negatives calculator.
Free online english/math school placement tests, 4. PowerPoint presentation, “Calculating Bearings”., algebra exercises 11plus, simplify roots.
Algebra 2 questions and answers, 6th grade advanced math equations, java code to convert units, investigatory project, vertex factor form conversion, adding unlike integers, system two second order matlab.
Factoring complex quadratics, absolute -8=x squared mathamatics, a really hard math problem with equations, greatest common factors power points for 5th grade, what is the least common multiple of 11 and 57, free two equations worksheets, quadratic equation solve by factoring calculator.
How to write a vertex form, mcdougal littell math answers, algebra made easy 9th grade, TI-84 factoring polynomials, free online math and statistics worksheets.
Algebra 1 glencoe mathematics help to the answers free, Solving differential equations in matlab, factoring trinomials by decomposition, non-linear functions of random variables taylor series, adding subtracting multiplying and dividing rational numbers.
How to solve 8th grade polynomial equations, algebra function and relation poem, Factoring Quadratics calc, algebra combinations, addition and subtraction formula solutions in trigonometry.
9th grade english tutor, changing a square root to an exponent, teach me simple algebra, Math trivias with answers and information.
Saxon advanced algebra teacher edition download, adding integer, 1 2 3 4 puzzle answers glencoe.
Variable equation worksheets, pre algerbra, adding integers fractions, algebra square equations solve.
Subtracting negative integers word problems, domain and range online calculator, free work sheet easy word problems for 7th grade, simplifying logs worksheet, multiply integers games, mcq on fluid mechanics, addition and subtraction no common denominator worksheets.
Solving 3rd order polynomial equation, partial-sums additon worksheet, online maths equation solver, grade 1 graphing worksheets, qudratic e, factors least to greatest.
7th grade math formula chart, simplify radicals calculator, a definition of irrational numbers, How to solve algebra problems, mixed fraction as a decimal.
Find domain range of graph absolute value, formula to convert fraction odd to decimal, free kumon worksheet problems.
Free lesson plan for texas curriculum algebra 2, glencoe algebra 1 book, intermediate algebra-factoring out the opposite of the GCF, graphic linear equation worksheet, find out how to do algebra problems, system of equations in three variables calculator.
Glencoe mcgraw hill algebra 1 answers, prentice hall algebra 1 chapter 3, factor tree worksheets, java hexadecimal to decimal sample program, calculate the common denominator, abstract algebra homework solution.
Vertex equation, mixnumbers, free downloadable notes on cost and management accounting, dividing fractions with exponents and coefficients.
3rd grade math, volume, exercises, free, greatest common factor of 417, Free online step by step algebra problem solver, aptitude ques, practice with exponents - 7th grade, rudin solution, help: using trig substitution to rationalize a square root.
Math sheet called Equality and Inequality page 42, online scientific calculator nth route, ti-83 equ, problem solving in two-step problem in math for grade 3, how do you program the quadratic equation into your ti 83?, solve non linear equations in excel, free+MATHEMATICA+ti-83.
How do you convert a mixed number to a decimal, rotation math free worksheet, algebra word problems dimensions, matlab solve for variable x.
Algebra structure and method ebook, 7th grade math positive negative integers worksheet, equations with square roots solve for complex roots, simplifying exponential algebraic expressions, how to get common denominator with variables, McDougal Littell edition chapter outlines, ti-89 gcf.
Inequality math lesson for 8th grade, cost accounting programs for ti 84, for loop backwards in java numbers, trivias about geometry, least common denominatorcalculator, solving alegbra equations, maths papers age 6-8 free online.
Homework answers for vocabulary books, free printable worksheet for eighth graders, solving simple equations worksheet, free cheating with algebra 2 homework, KS2 Bitesize-Mental maths, show algebraically that 8 times a triangular number plus 1 is a square number.
College linear algebra cheat sheets, algebra with pizzazz worksheet 120, square root solver, famous arithmetic sequences, Algibra, do my algebra.
Solving equations square root method calculator, algebra word problems with answers and solutions, Term + power of + algebra, algebra structure & method book 1 solution's manual, pre algebra 2 7th grade, factoring integers and solving inequalities worksheets.
Worksheet on solving equation by equal addition and subtraction, maths algebra calculater, SAMPLE OF SQUARE ROOT, free rational math cheater.
Prentice hall algebra 1 answers, examples of math trivia question with answer, write an equation for the linear function f.
Cheat sheet to intermediate algebra an applied approach, hands on multiplying and dividing integer activity, algebra for Dummies ebook, generator for Rational Expressions calculator, combining like terms and distributive perimeter and area, positive and negative numbers worksheets, "Chicago Math partial differences".
Online simultaneous equation solver 3 unknowns, +word +problems +linear +equation +exercise +MAth 6 grade, ti-83 plus rom image download, houghton mifflin pre-algebra practice workbooks, prentice hall mathematics pre-algebra answer key, linear equation in two variable.
Solve the formula for the specified variable calculator, free download Aptitude questions & Solved Answers B.tec, 9th grade algebra quiz.
TI-84 downloads, factoring equation grade 11, exponential expressions with a variable, how to solve equation to third power.
Math answers online for addition and subtraction equations, mcdougal littell pre-algebra chapter test 3, solving the quadratic equations by extracting the square root, partail sums addition, great common divisor in java.
Factoring a cubed function, year-2 test preparation worksheet, worksheets on adding and subtracting integers, algebra 2 worksheet mcdougal, algebra "square" elements field Z11, finding square roots "practice problems", year eight maths formula cumulative.
Freealgebra lesson, 8th gr algebra 1 ch 3 problems(linear equations)\, like terms calculator, 9th grade math worksheets for kids.
Equations with variables that equal 13, sample test for trigonometry, convert decimal to fractions worksheets, factorization calculator expressions, cpm foundations for algebra year 2 vol. 1 answers, x y table pre algebra.
"algebra index laws+worksheets", 2-step algebra word problems, graphing calculators online two lines, base ten math work sheet 3rd grade.
What is the greatest common factor of 63 and 45, math problem work sheet with multiplying polynomials, binomials, trinomials using foil and the box method, long division radical, code conversion decimal to hexadecimal in matlab, equation solver ti-83+.
Permutations and combinations in gre, how to solve equations with three variables using ti-83 calculator, 5th and 6th grade math worksheets.
DIVISION BY MINUS INTEGER, greatest common factor with variables, maths ks2 nth term question sheet, test on exponents only, Where is the negative key on a TI-30XA, math word problem solvers, holt algebra 1.
How to divide variable expressions, quadratic equation"substitution", algebra 1 worksheets for prentice hall, boolean algebra + ti 89, year 9 maths test and answer papers, blitzer algebra and trigonometry lessons, glenco math eog 5th grade.
4.6 adding and subtracting roots, math with pizzazz middle school worksheets, trinomial factoring online calculator, solving algebra problems using texas instrument, law of multiple proportion animations, chemical equation to quadratic form.
7th grade math word splash variable and patterns homework, solved problem in Quadratic Function, free answers to saxon math 3rd grade.
Algebra problems with problem, Combining Like Terms Worksheet, system of equation in two or three variables calculator, free exam papers for primary student, math with answers "trivia questions"DIFFICULT Algebrator, symbolic method, algebra, elementary distributive property worksheets.
Free year 7 maths sheets, pre algebra textbook free answers, glencoe algebra 2 worksheet answers, dviding equations.
Simplifying complex rational expressions solver, Answer my algebra, algebra test glencoe, adding subtracting binomials, what is integration in mathamatics.
Algebra help for 8th grade and slope, About how to solve more difficult Binomial, time method converting time, matlab code- solving simultaneous nonlinear equations.
Pre-algerbra quizzes, partial sums addition method, GED pratice quiz.
System of linear differential equations non homogeneous second order, the highest common factor of 33 and 93, Examples of Word Problems In Inverse Proportions, writing linear functions, free software for algebra quadratics, how to convert numeric into rational.
Cubed fractions, collect like terms worksheet, quadratic excel function, how to simplify alberga fractions, probability worksheet for primary school, free accounting book.
When was algebra invented? why?, fraction calculator greater than or less than, additive property of equality online calculator, how to solve limits problem, variable with an exponent inside a radical.
Line graphs for middle school science printables, glencoe mcgraw hill algebra 1 worksheet 2-5, maple solve.
Maths worksheets pi, What Is a Leading Digit in Decimals, math dilation project, free algebra worksheet in ontario, partial sums method.
Answers to algebra 1 glencoe, i need to learn algbra, rational equation solver.
Function form linear equation algebra worksheets, mental math test year 3 printables, chemistry workbook answers, prentice hall florida geometry, 9th grade integrated algebra worksheet, help software program.
Hyperbola information, casio ged calculator practise sheets, standard form calculator quadratic, easy quadratic formula program on calculator.
"law of Sines Joke", Written Addition and Subtraction Expressions, Problem sums on algebra for Grade 7, cool calculator program factoring.
Formula for square root in c programming, convert maple code to gcc, exponents, fifth grade, comparing and adding integers worksheets for 5th graders.
Algebraic expressions and equations worksheet, aptitude package are free download, rudin, analysis, homework, ch 7, solution, algebra problems online, trig identities solver, example of math trivia, "abstract algebra an introduction" ".edu" "solutions" "homework" ".pdf".
Free worksheet multiplying out brackets, 1st grade algebra activity, lesson plan for 4thgrade beginning algebra.
Architecture application in quadratic equation, free online algebra problem solver, mathmatics papers online.
Activities involving quadratic equations, fourth order quadratic, free downloadable fluid mechanics text book for university, HOW DO U SIMLIFY FRACTIONS, partial sums, hard algebra 2 problems.
A calculator for combining like terms that gives me answers, ti-83 plus rom download, BINOMIALS ALGEBRA TILE calculator, worksheets on translating expressions, factoring solver.
Gcse work sheets to practice, prentice hall linear programming example, Explanation of Surds, pre algebra for beginners, practice 9th grade algebra, decimal to percent formula for ti 83 calculator.
Solve functions online, online implicit derivative calculator, pre algebra help.
Worksheets on creating simple algebraic equations for 5th grade, answer key chapter 3 glencoe pre-algebra, roots of 3rd order polynomial, projects for slope real life situations can be generalized into an algebraic equation or inequality.
Add subtract multiply divide decimals, pdf linear mathimatical programming, square roots with variables, math books 6th grade florida.
9th grade multiplication fractions free worksheet, hyperbolas graphs exercises, free algebra and equation questions, FREE PDF aptitude, convert equation to fraction, Aptitude problems + pdf.
Slope calculation in matlab, printable fractions circle templates, java example sum of first ten numbers, +WRITE STANDARD FORM FOR EQUATION OF A LINE WITH SLOPE CONTAINING ONE FRANCTION AS A POINT, c language aptitude questions.
Holt algebra 1 answers, solving linear equations with three variables on ti-83 plus, solve linear euations by graphing power point, rational exponent applications: how to work with fractions.
Variable fraction calculator, prentice hall math course 3 workbook answers, algebra tiles simplify, square root multiplying calculator, kumon instrutors test sample, "systems of equations" "ti-83" "three variables", algebra problems and factoring.
Download ti-83, 5th grade math word problems solution, get answers to math homework, pre-algebra projects for concepts and procedures of data analysis, balancing equations with decimals, contemporary abstract algebra hw solutions.
Translating algebraic expressions worksheet, 5th grade math free worksheets on exponents, rules for using absolute value in a radical expression, tip and tricks for Ti-89, negative and positive decimal subtraction worksheets, Second Order Nonhomogeneous Differential Equations, simplify rational calculator.
Graphing linear equations on a coordinate plane, guide in investigatory project, rational expression solver, Partial Sums Addition Method, 5th Class maths worksheets, Type of aptitude questions on the real estate simulator.
Highest common factor of 32, exploring mathematics 1aanswer, pdf font tci2, examples of verbal problems, 4th grade equations worksheet, factorization worksheets grade 10, ti-89 app interpolation.
Slope formula in excel, "first order" nonhomogeneous "linear differential equation" "initial condition", help with algebra homework, Free printable ged science problems, college algebra-"inequality" powerpoint presentation.
TI 84 silver edition cramer's rule program, how to do polar problems on ti-83 plus, free fraction equivalent sheets year 6, multiply and simplify rational expressions fractions, free intermediate math solution software download, easy way to do algebra, sats maths year 6 online games.
Algebra factoring box, linear combination method for solving equations, 6th grade algebra help.
How to pass Algebra 2 test for ged in california, how to input rational functions in calculator, translations worksheet algebra II.
Beginners algebra combinations and permutations, Free Homework Answers, basic number properties worksheet, find least common multiples of 36 and 39.
Descartes coordinate plane story, how to pass college algebera easy, prentice hall conceptual physics textbook, ti 89 quadratic equations, "puzzles" + "rational expression", adding subtract fractions worksheet, grade 4 variable worksheet.
7th grade math scale factor activity, Math Answers Cheat, Logic Rational Expression, software simplify algebraic equations, system of natural log equations, homework anwsers.
Factorizations worksheets, cube root in ti-83 calculator, TI-83 Solving systems of inequalities, number pattern worksheets.
Sample aptitude test paper in software company, solve cubic equation excel, solving literal equations with the distributive property, solving problem + rudin + analysis, math work sheets, double plus one.
Subtracting tenths worksheet, algebra 1 math book answers holton, mathematics trivia in algebraic expression, algebra artin solution, probability maths permutation combination, math test addition year 9, 5th grade bar graph worksheets.
Pre-algebra equations, quadratic simultaneous equation solver, mixed fractions to percent, Highest common factor games, mathematics exercises worksheet for year one, absolute value solver, solving nonlinear differential equation.
Decimal and conversion among common fractions, .pdf + TI, on my own adding and subtracting money, convert decimal to mixed number fraction, prentice hall algebra 1 workbook, simplifying radicals calculator, solve nonlinear multivariable set of equations.
Subtract unlike fractions worksheet, simplifying radical calculator, online limit solver, lesson plans for systems of equations and inequalities, "Inverse trigonometry worksheet", multiplying and dividing fractions grade 8, fraction caculator.
Polynomial equation solver ti-83, pizzazz equation worksheet, coordinate pictures worksheets, summation notation online calculator.
Beginners algebra, free worksheets for 4th grade students on Pennsylvania history, Algebra Grade 9, algebra factoring binomial sum of two cubes, adding radical expressions, solving algebra math question, math worksheets finding volume cubic meters.
Mathematics exercise worksheets+grade 10, regular fraction calculator that simplifies also, elementary math trivia, Adding and Subtracting Fractions worksheets, calculate combination matlab.
Fraction To Simplest Form Calculator, Pre Algebra trig ratio powerpoint, alegerbra 1 flordia textbook holt, help solving multiplying and dividing radical expressions, math and english online free help year 9 level, mcdougal littell online books.
Glencoe algebra crossword, pre- algebra homework, decimals to fraction equation.
Adding and subtracting integers, completing the square topic in algebra, how do you find square root of decimals, games that deals with adding and subtracting positive and negative numbers, free statistics worksheets, sums of permutation and combination, online fraction calculator.
Convert fraction to decimal and percents step by step, saxon algebra 1 solutions online, write the equation of an absolute value function with vertex, linear equations timeline.
Free Online Maths Yr 11, test perfect square mathematica, write 55% as a fraction.
Get free answers to math problems, FREE PRINTABLE WORKSHEET FOR FINDING RATIOS AND PROPORTIONS IN ALGEBRA 1, how to solve roots and radicals.
Solver simultaneous equation, gallian solutions, texas mathematics homework practice workbook, implicit derivative calculator online.
Ti 89 solve differential equations, "fraction to decimal converter" "online calculator", Holt practice master for algebra 1 worksheets, permutation and combination tutorials downloads, online program to solve 3 variable equations, grade6+science test papers.
Square root puzzle worksheet, word problems applying linear equations in one variable, rational equations worksheets, 5th grade math equations with variables.
Convert meters to a computer screen size, permutations and combinations for dummies, examples of exponential expressions, two-step problems in math for grade 3, DEFINITION OF RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS, second order nonhomogeneous differential equation, Fifth Grade Math Worksheets.
Calculator scientific cubed root, latest version of algebrator, analyze data with a graph linear equation, cheat sheet rational expressions ti-82, problems harder of mathematical induction, mathematics investigatory project.
Deeper problems for Algebra 1, what is the code for a ti 83 fraction to decimal converter, mixed review of adding and subtracting fractions worksheet, reverse a string with punctuation in java.
Powerpoint on product laws of exponents, completing the square gcse maths, math problem for scale factor.
Square roots in exponents, polar to quadratic, free printable worksheets with key for grade 5 chemistry, mathmatical combinations formula, factoring binomial cubed, density problems worksheet middle school, ti-92 simulator.
Maths solutions long division of algebraic expressions, multivariable algebraic solver, boolean algebra problems solution.
Interactive lesson simultaneous linear equation, decimals into radicals, matharab, Math rationalizing exercices, evaluate exponential expressions involving x, how to simplify algebraic calculations.
Pdf im TI, glencoe physics extra practice answers, combining like terms high school math free worksheets, steps in solving fraction to decimal points.
Cube root ti-83, how to simplify cubed radicals with variables, rules in solving problem involving polynomials, if you mutiply two negatives does it become nagative or positive, how to reverse a string in java using while loops, multiplication of integers + worksheets.
Aptitude test Programming download, free AUTOMATIC PROPORTION SOLVER, canadian grade 11 university functions math textbook answer key, how to calculate depreciation using java.
Solving 2nd order differential equations, find a solution factor grouping-math, least common denominator.
Basic maths ks2 understanding prime numbers and factor trees, adding multiplying and subtracting and dividing decimal work sheets, algebra 2 selected answers, volume worksheet for elementary, how do I solve difference quotient.
Add subtract multiply divide integers worksheet free, how to do power in fraction form, free math lessons using symbolic expressions? 4th grade, texas instrument program quadratic equation solver, online quadratic equation solver with scientific notation.
Online integer games, f(x) = x^5 Derivatives Calculator, first second third fourth number.
Rules of square root, solve equations with multiple square roots, multilply using expressions, green globs download, printable worksheets with integers, finding the missing integer.
How are to do square root question, prealgerba and introductory algebra\bittinger ellenbogen, mcdougal littell pre-algebra chapter 9 test.
Simplify equation form, online algebra calculator with radicals, solve for x in a chemical equation, simplifying algebraic expressions calculator, ti-89 log base 2, texas edition precalculus book, algebraic skills in ks3 mathematics.
Emulateur TI-84 Plus, EXCEL EQUATIONS, simplify algebra equations, LCF GCM Factor Tree, complex rational algebraic expressions, fifth grade math SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS.
McDougal Littell Pre-algebra and tests, lcd gcf for gr8, quadratic simultaneous equations, decimal equations, The world's hardest logarithm, free worksheets on the foil method, finding cubes of numbers worksheet.
Algebra formulas applied in real world situations, gauss jordan using ti-86, Free Online Algebra Tutor, Answers to Math Books.
Ti-84 algebra applications, ti 89 (complex fractions), mcdougal littell answer key chapter 4, free agebra for dummies, glencoe algebra 2 answers, Mcdougal littell math answers, programming parabolas: ti-83 plus graphing calculator.
PDF + TI, for statement that sums the integers, free online maths test for 11+, bittinger intermediate algebra graphs and models 3d, easy distance, rate, time algebra.
Lesson plan for quadratic equation, free thinking worksheets for 1st graders, real world application + pre algebra, covert a mixed number to a decimal, grade 7 pre-algebra identity properties, mastering physics solutions.
Non homogeneous PDE, adding and subtracting integers worksheets, online maths exam year 11, algebra worksheets gcse, rotation worksheet, how to list factors of each number from least to greatest of 28.
Variables and patterns worksheets, coordinate plane PowerPoint, pre algebra decimal equations.
Free worksheets function notation, real use for quadratic function, McDougal Littell Pre-Algebra sample, dummit foote abstract algebra solution, logic beginner algebra, combining like terms powerpoints, factor and multiples for grade 5 worksheet.
Combinations math, how to check a decimal number in java?, multiplying square roots in parenthesis, mcdougal littell textbook answers.
All answers to california mcdougal littell math algebra 1 textbook free, worksheets for high school Solving systems of equations, Non Homogeneous Linear Equations, introductory algebra answers, algebra with pizzazz worksheet keys, Free Inequalities Worksheets.
Exponential expressions involving square root, non-linear differential to linear differential form, free grade 10 math equations.
Adding subtracting multiplying dividing integers, printable coordinate plane pictures and worksheets, adding and subtracting integers in equations.
Decimal to radical, estimating square root game, Solve problems using scale factors, +recursive+gr 10 math+Excel, "maths conversion table".
Free downloadable accounting books for varsity students, solve algebra, prentice hall workbook answers.
Multiply 2 variables in a function, algebra drill printable, teaching cube roots, Printable Maths Exam Papers, "solving intercepts" for polynomial functions symbolically, putting sentences into algebraic inequalities.
Math activities for simplifying expression, rules for mean median and mode of negative numbers, download kS2 exam papers, lesson plan surds, 5th grade multiplying ten base number practice, on line compass pratice test.com, simplyfing complex rational expression.
Answers to pre algebra with pizzazz, ucsmp, examples of math trivia for grade 4.
Algebra homework square elements, slope worksheet, how to find the square of a fraction, algebra explained.
T1-83 calculator download\, Exponent kids, answer sheets Glencoe Algebra 1 538, College Preparatory Mathematics answers for Algebra 2, step by step explanation on grade 10 accountan.
Online converter that will convert 2 sets of points on a coordinate plane, a first course in abstract algebra answer key, fractional coefficients, teaching imperfect squares, simplifying expressions involving absolute values, mcqs of physics for grade 11.
Simultaneous equation calculator 3, glencoe NC Algebra 1 workbook, equations and inequalities with rational expressions, what is scale in math, holt online texas textbook for algebra 1, math trivia (elementary level).
Mathematics structure and method course 2 chapter 3 quiz, 3rd grade algebra expressions, basic combining like terms worksheet, least to greatest with fraction percentage decimal.
Bing users came to this page today by typing in these math terms :
Adding and subtracting integers- free worksheets, Formula Greatest Common Divisor, printable worksheets over adding and subtracting integers\, Free Online Math Tutor, "problem set" linear PDE "first order", multiplying and dividing inequalities calculator, java math Combination.
What are the four fundamental math concepts used in evaluating an expression?, calculator for college math, practice sheets and answers on coordinate plane, quadrants and plotting points.
Fraction multiplied by a decimal, maths percentage year 8 quiz, lesson plan for beginning exponents, trinomial factoring calculator online, adding fractions w/ algebra.
Solving equations and inequalities games, worksheet by mcdougal littell, free download domain test +aptitude test material, inequalities involving polynomials and rational expressions, free algebra 2 worksheets, free printable worksheets for grade 9.
Ratios worksheet for 8 grade, free multiplying and dividing integers worksheets, nonlinear simultaneous equations solving, finding the slope problems trigonometry, solving three variable linear equations, formula in converting decimal to OCTAL, how to do substitution method with 3 variables.
Slope intercept chart, KS3 long division for year 8, alegbra homework helper, multiplying decimals - free worksheets, linear algebra otto study guide, using +exponets in algebra worksheets.
Function Calculator image, dividing integers worksheets, conceptual physics 4th edition order, INTEGER WORKSHEETS, powerpoint presentation in investigatory in math, example of mathematics trivia in algebra.
Mean mode median practice worksheet, dividing by subtracting, TI 83 log base 2, factoring a polynomial with a cubed, completing the square quadratics, difference between linear equations and quadratic equations, matlab to solve ODE.
Fractional answer +GRE, free online use for a algabraic calculater, error equation for square root, for loops sum, Mcdougal littell world history answers.
4th gradeplotting points on graph worksheets, free o level maths revision sheet, solving equations two math fun worksheests printable, online second order differential equations calculator, ti 89 exponents, algebra for grade 9 practice.
Structure and method algebra 1 book 1 online practice quiz, convert square meters to lineal meters, how to find combination problems on the ti83plus, Math practice wrk sheets of Equations for 8th graders.
How to use matlab to solve first order differential equations, algebra worksheet standard form linear equations, equation decimal worksheets free 6th grade, college algebra 4th edition textbook solutions work sheet, Downloadable Math Sheets, algebra 1 proportions worksheet.
Algebra 1 book homework answers, solve integrals step by step program, tI84 emulator graphing calculator download, how to solve algebra equations.
What's the square root of 12 in a decimal, rubric on adding integers, "online algebra worksheet", college Algebra software.
Integer worksheet, glencoe pre- algebra workbook answers, algebra worksheet for class 8, formula for % to decimal, mathematics provincial achievement 9 algebra-tile.
Prime Factorization Worksheets Printable, like terms worksheet, radical in fraction with exponent.
Solving equations factorial, aptitude questions, free decimal word problem worksheets, free math answers to all problems., trigonometry problem simple sample, RSA demo, using exponents in multiplication.
Algebra concepts and applications glencoe definitions, algebra with pizzazz page 146 answer, real life example of square root graph, Prentice Hall Biology workbook answers.
Free Math Games Kids quadratic, 7th grade mathhow to do inequalities, subtraction addition grade 12, Free Math Problem Solver, formula parabola odd or even.
Free 6th grade algebra worksheets, cube root solver, base conversion fraction numbers program.
Lineare graphs worksheet, convert base 10 to decimal, prentice hall SAT practice books, how to put residual on T1-83 calculator, how to right mixed numbers as decimals.
Free homework help questions and answers modern bioloyg chapter 8, mixed numbers to decimals, software solver determinants, do algerbra problems online, pre calculus math problems solver, trivia in algebra, Simplifying Radicals Help.
How to convert whole number into decimal, kumon math worksheets free download, cpm geometry answers, exact solution nonlinear differential equation.
Algebra 2 application, T1-83 Calculator Debugger, grade 10 math equations, ks3 math area volume perimeter practice, coordinate plane worksheets.
Polynomial test print, standard algebraic notation download, Calculate Linear Feet, how to program trigonometry ti 83 plus.
Fraction Worksheet for 2nd grade, rom code ti, help finding the square root of a polynomial, gateway algebra glencoe, algebra 1-a worksheet 3.4 answers.
Www.math equasions.com, multiplying positive and negative fractions, c# calculate interests, Free Simultaneous Equation Solver, "computer science MCQs", BOOK Algebra 1 level of Prentice Hall's California Math Programs.
Online algebra 2 book prentice hall, simultaneous quadratic equations, Why do you factor a quadratic equation before you solve?, squaring a fraction power, TI-83 perform roots of polynomial, stepsof balancing equations.
Online boolean algebra solver, coordinate plane worksheet, basic algebra for 5th graders, using the t1-83 calculator online, how to resolve math problems for second grades, Simplifying a higher radical calculator.
One step algebra worksheet, multiplication of rational algebraic expression, free algebra word problem solver, factoring cubed polynomials, 8th standard math quiz mcq test paper, free online math solver, design a game that connects real world patterns and sequences to their equation, table, and graph.
Algebra 1 An Integrated Approach Practice Book, ordering fraction worksheet from greatest to least, download Ti-84 plus solving with quadratic formula, prime factorization of denominator calculator, maths problems of ninth standered.
How to graph equations on tI-83 plus, subtracting with the like denominators, calculator, pre-algebra worksheet, second order to first order ode harmonic oscillation.
Pre-algerbra worksheets, expanded form worksheets, Compatible Numbers And Division, lcm calculator, solving non-linear equations, least common multiple 11, 8, 6 denominator.
How do you find the square root of a number with prime factorization, algebraic simplifying calculator, How we caliculate quadrantic liear equation, junior maths inequations worksheets, apptitude questions for children, simultaneous equation on casio calculator, TI-84 version 2.0 download.
How to cheat on algebra 1, cubed polynomial expansion, balancing chemical equations practice (word problems), www.pre lesson activity on decimal.
Quadratic formula ti-89, scale factor problems, differential equation chemical, substitution calculator, math solver logarithm.
Ti83 laplace solver, solution form for second order homogeneous differential equation, ti 83 plus advanced algebra flash cards, factoring polynomials calculator, mathcad Linear Program problem solve graphically, equations variables denominator.
Tests for dividing decimals, learn A quadratic equation, teaching fractions ladder method, log key on TI-89, McDougal Littell Algebra 1 Exploration and Applications the answers for free, algebra free saamples.
Anwsers for glencoe books, online test papers on maths for class 2, examples of completing the square with whole quadratic terms, free download numerical ability test paper, reducing square roots.
Maple multivariable function, third order quadratic formula, math quizzes for 9th grade algebra.
Partial sums algorithm, worksheet, how to do mean on TI-83 PLUS, negative integer worksheets, TRIANGLES = WORK SHEET + GRADE 5, fractions practice tests to print, An integer is said to be prime if it is divisible only by 1 and itself. For example, 2, 3, 5, and 7 are prime, but 4, 6, 8, and 9 are not. solution code, calculating a fractional exponent.
Pre algebra with pizzazz worksheets, free first grade high school exams, rules for adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing negative and positive numbers, extraneous solving pictures.
Excel math yr10 alegebra, sample papers viii, online FREE pdf book on accounting.
Scientific calculator fx-92, drawing cubes gcse powerpoint, Multiplying Integers worksheets, find 3/4 of a square root, how to rewrite fractions using least common denominator.
Algebra adding power, how to make algebra relevant to high school students, free step by step instructions for exponents, how to write the function in vertex form, give demo how to calculate lcm of two numbers, mixed numbers to decimal, adding subtracting integer worksheet.
Cube rules AND algebra, teaching like terms, easy to understand math induction, partial-sums addition, simultaneous equation online calculator maths, simultaneous equations substitution method lesson plan.
How to add the quadratic formula application into your t183, online interactive put numbers in order from least to greatest, basic algerbra, Adding Fractions with like Denominators Worksheet, physics principles and problems glencoe answer key.
Standard based pre-algebra lessons, The university of chicago Advanced algebra book answers, how to use distributive property with two decimals, nonhomogeneous differential equations constants, multivariable algebra calculator, historical cube roots.
Step by step algebra guide, examples of math trivia mathematics, games that deals with adding and subtracting integers, algebre distributive, factor a number cubed.
Printable worksheet dividing integers, math text book for 6 grade advance, algebra 1 glencoe answers, online math problems (subtracting, multiplying,dividing and adding decimals), english aptitude test question papers.
Divide integers calculator, Worksheet on multiplying and adding positive and negative numbers, SOLVING EQUATIONS worksheets, help solve interval notation equation solver, adding and subtracting decimals worksheets, how to enter a fraction into a texas instrument.
Adding and subtracting fraction fun worksheet, java using while loop to sum numbers, Algebra 2 answers.
Oregon math standards and Jacob's Algebra, ti 84 simultaneous equations, maths sheets to print ks3 yr 8, ks2 maths work, How Do I Solve This Algebra Problem.
Factoring quadratic equations calculator, intermedate alergbra, fourier transform exam questions, what is the difference between Simplify and evaluate equations, FREE BASICS STEPS ALGEBRA BEGINNERS, nonhomogeneous second-order differential, adding and subtracting integers printables.
Solving quadratic inequalities with ti 89, algebra for fifth year, calculator polar to rectangular conversion key.
Algebra homework help with fractions in inequalities, math solver complex fractions, expression and equations + fun activities, free worksheet divisibility quiz, Combinations Factorial c#, scientific notation online tutor for seveth grade.
Factorising machine, adding radical fractions, give steps for TI-83 calculator the hydronium ion concentration, math poems algebra.
Math games 3rd grade free printouts, download kumon math pages 2nd Grade, math 10 pure chapter 4 in text book mathpower 10(Alberta), ti rom image.
Calculating x and y, how to use casio calculator, 7th grade exponent worksheet, mathmatics - percentages, hardest math problem, how to factor cubed polynomials, difference betwween mathematical and algebraic.
GRAPHING CALCULATER, second order differential equation nonhomogeneous, polynomial test factoring and foiling, solving equations using square roots.
Algebra software, mcdougal littell algebra 1 practice workbooks, simplifying expressions worksheets for 7th and 8th grades, algerba games, area worksheet free, simplifying large exponents.
Decimal to fraction formula, free algebraic expression worksheets for fifth grade, Holt key code, order of operations for a distributive property, mathematical induction/simple steps, +matric example problems, calculate exponents on paper.
"TAKS worksheets" Grade 9 math, work sheets for high school Solving systems of equations, 9th grade math practice, books on Accountancy pdf download, positive negative numbers addition worksheet free, working out the 10th root in excel, Least common denominator worksheet.
Operational choices math worksheet, algebra pizazz worksheet printout, finding equations of a line using slope worksheet, free math problem solutions with functions, multiplying and divinding scientific notation.
Key math advanced algebra, mastering physics answer key, summation notation solver.
Coordinate system worksheets, factoring trinomial calculator, Quadratic problem solving code c, best algebra tutor software, fraction calculator that can take more than two, convert to square root.
Solving proportions + algebra + practice problems, complex online calculator, fourth grade algebra worksheets, Free Algebra 2 homework help, linear programming, 0.416666667 > fraction.
Maths linear agebra, Greatest Common Factor Chart, mathematical induction+tutorial+paul, expressions with parentheses addition and subtraction.
Maths for grade four+rounding, implicit differentiation solver, add subtract mult and divide rational numbers worksheets, real numbers, Test over multiplying decimals and fractions.
Elem algebra tutorial, program to help solve word problems in algebra with percents, how to find x given y on graphing calculator.
Mcdougal littell geometry answers, combining like terms / worksheet, interactive math games adding and subtracting integers, scale for math, 9th grade honors proportion test.
DISCRETE MATHMATICS, equation bysubstitution, test question for Mcdougal littell science book, websites for downloading games for TI-84 plus, multi-step equation worksheet, quadratic formula calculater.
Saxon algebra 2 answers, conics worksheets with solutions, Teaching scale factor in middle school math, calculator metre to square metre, complete online graphing calculator to find highest perfect square, program quadratic on TI-83 calculator.
How to add the quadradic formula application into your t183, vertex of parabola in rational function, pre-algebra pizzazz, cannot equal 0 when dividing polynomials, equation word proplems for fifth grade, glencoe homework finder.
Galois lesson plans, calculate log distance alogrithm in ti-83 calculator, solve for x calculator, math help type in a metric system question and get the cheat answer.
First grade statistics and probability worksheets, sample exercise about factoring, greatest common factors chart numbers, free online calculator+factoring polynomials, cube root of 8.
Poem math(example), real life problems in quadratic equations, lesson plan 3rd grade adding and subtracting negative integers, factoring special products calculator, basic algebra and graphs.
Whole number fraction to decimal converter, worksheets graphing with T-Charts, radical form of square roots, Free printable worksheets on solving one-step equations, division problems with variables calculator.
Adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing integers worksheets, simplify exponent variables, how to solvefor the variable, how to solve fractions, Solving symbolic literal equations videos, practice adding subtracting worksheet.
McDougal Littell 10th grade english book answers, solving nonlinear equations with excel, matrix addition/subtraction problems, grade six math worksheets+Ontario Curriculum, free online graphing calculator, quadratic factorization calculator.
Adding integers game, Algebra lesson combining like terms worksheets, taylor polynomials dugopolski, definition difference between solving and evaluating an equaton, free ebook of Cost Accounting[torrent], answers to dummit and foote problems.
Steps for turning a fraction to a persent, Solve My Algebra Problem, convert a mixed fraction to decimal, add subtract integers 8th grade.
3 equations with 3 unknowns Matrix, java check integer has a fraction, calculate GCD, California Edition Holt Algebra, add subtract multiply divide integers worksheet, free ged test practice sheets.
Radican surds, probability worksheet secondary, rudin solutions chapter 7, algebra test on exponents.
Explain in words algebra 2 boolean equation, find real solutions of square root, Quadratic Equation from roots Calculator, adding, subtracting, multiplying , and dividing, integers practice, download aptitude questions papers, square root of decimal?.
Abstract algebra test pdf, class 9th free study material, Nonlinear Second Order Differential Equations, adding and subtracting with 3 integers worksheets, free online tests for math problems that use pre algibra proportions, additional and subraction of rational expression, how to solve radical with negative base.
+"advanced mathematics ebook", how to convert mixed fractions to decimals, aptitude question, put information into ti 83 calculator, graphing logarithms ti-83, 4th order polynomial root calculator, trig rotation problems worksheet.
Gauss jordan graphing calculator, printable algebra charts, examples of math trivia, converting decimal to fraction worksheets, subtracting algebraic equations, mathematics prime factors worksheet.
TI 92 inverse laplace, intermediate algebra new high school 2 tutor, dividing rational expressions + calculators, lesson plan on linear equations, modeling+nonlinear+equations+with+excel, solving numerically ordinary second order differential equation matlab.
Conic Graph Paper, how can you see the slope of your line in the data table, tutorials of cost accounting.
Dividing radicals help, solving two step equations, british factoring algebra, parrell lines wirksheets for first graders, open sentence problem solver.
Worksheet on partial sums, quadratic formula graph, fall art 5 graders, dividing on coordinate plane.
Fifth grade math worksheets, Solve Trigonometric and algebra Equation, square roots of fractions.
How to find out the square of a square root, implicit derivative calculator, trigonomic calculator.
Set the log base on a ti-83, conceptual physics 10th edition answer key, free Differential Equations solutions manual for teachers, factor -b formula quadratic.
Year 8 maths homework help probabilities explained, surface area poems, pre alegebra, graphing linear equations in three variables on a TI-84, subtracting mixed integer fractions, math tests for multiplying and dividing integers, factoring trinomials online solver.
5 word problem examples of rational algebraic expression with solution, collage algebra exercises with answer and explanation, free intermediate math solution software, graph lines using standard form, algebra transforming equations.
Multipling Scientific Notation, college algebra age problem+solution, hard algebra questions, When solving a rational equation, why is it necessary to perform a check?, Simplified rules for operation with intergers.
Discrete mathimatics study guide, eneter and solve my math problems for me, algebra with pizzazz worksheets, geometry tests online for MCDOugal Little.
Solving slope problems, california elementary math test book, parabola program ti84.
Science worksheets for grade one, factoring games, Rationalize the surd bbc bitesize, writing linear equations, Boolean algebra questions, 6th grade factoring integers and solving inequalities worksheets.
Factoring polynomials machine, java convert to time, math taks practice test and greatest to least.
Add integers AND free printable worksheet AND fun, Algebra Definitions, sample exam questions in basic computer concepts, hardest algebra problem, easy algebra, java would you like to play a game for loop.
Algebra formula, 9th grade biology notes, prentice hall mathematics algebra 1 answer key, homeschooling curriculum/printouts, basic math: sample problems in greatest common factor and least common multiples, solving nonlinear first order.
Explanation on how to subtract integers algebra, cubed root in a calculator, dividing games, saple teachers book saxon workbook.
Ti 83 factoring a number program, solve by completing the square, algerbra 1, T1 calculator emulator.
Algebra free pdf, which expression is equal to 2 + square root 3/ 2 - radical 3?, math poems for exponents, ti-84 how to calculate percentage.
Math work sheet anser keys, solving parallel and perpendicular equations, algebra percent error, flash exponents.
Printable coordinate graphs, ENTERING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS WITH A TI 84, Algebra II Tutor, online graph multivariable, free download of cost accounting, 4th grade fraction worksheets, foil cubed roots.
Cubed binomials, rules for adding and subtracting minuses, steps in multiplying two numbers in exponent form with the same base, physic.swf, Writing the Equation of a Parabola calculator.
Polynomial factor calculator, algebra equation games, substution method worksheet.
Free algebra factor chart, free tirgonometry worksheets, algebra solving multiple variables, calculator to find roots of equations for 3rd order equations, Free solver step by step quadratic equation, something that gives greatest common factor.
Tutorials in algebraic equations, programming the ti 89 calculator with fourier series, liner equation, multiply polynomials calculator calculus, second order laplace transform calculator, algebra printout elementary.
Step by step explanation on grade 10 accounting, how to calculate cubic meters powerpoint, free online fractions to decimal calc.
Algebrator, writing basic algebraic questions, ti-89 quadratic formaulas, solving simple limits, combinations and permutations TI-89, aptitude question bank with answers, problem in solving multiple regression using excel.
Adding and subtracting radicals - workheets, beginner math and finding area of a circle and linear area, 8th grade exponents, math trivia for kids, common factor chart, factor trinomials online, larson's intermediate math software download.
Combinations worksheet, decimal placement worksheets for multiplying, download program texas gauss-jordan, 6 grade virginia sol printable worksheets.
Linear equation formulas, type in algebra questions and get answers, this () sample java program solving triangle, example of verbal problems in college algebra, system of equations solving direct interactive, modeling chemistry answer key to unit 4 worksheet 1, simplifying complex rational expression.
Solving equations worksheet fun, online graph ellipses, Chapter 2 Test B Algebra McDougal, adding and subtracting integers grade 7 worksheet.
Common denominator worksheets, multiplying decimals practice, year 8 statistics test fractions decimals percentages, +pre-algebra mixed equations, investigatory project in math, solving by elimination - math, probability equation for kids.
Third+grade worksheets, practice workbook algebra 1 prentice hall, pre-algebra with pizzazz @ creative publications why is a yo-yo, adding/subtracting factors with variables, subtracting negative fractions, transformations graph solver.
Prentice hall mathematics texas algebra 1 answers, how to solve third order equation, adding and subtracting mixed numbers worksheets, freeware ALGEBRA CALCULATOR, download the ti 84, 1st grade math sheets, solving subtraction problems.
Usable online ti-84, algebra two expressing products in simplest terms, free printable maths revision paper year 8, java summation, completing the square questions, mulipling intergers worksheets, factoring differences of cubes and squares charts.
Discrete mathmatics problems, 5th grade math algebraic expressions, find the greatest common divisor (36,87) and find integers x and y such that 36x +87y=(36,87), convert mixed fractions to decimals.
Mcdougal littell math answers, hardest math problem, printout tests for second graders, adding subtraction strategies, Rules for adding and subtracting intergers.
How to do cube root on ti 83, algebra question 10 to the 22nd power, www. holt elementary fifth graders games.com, trig addition subtraction.
System of equations on ti 89, root math on ti-83 plus, add subtract divide and multiply fractions, Implicit Differentiation calculator, distributive law worksheet.
One-step inequality worksheets, dividing rational expressions calculator, information on simplifying algerbra sums, subtract decimals including money worksheet, glencoe solve square root equations, root solver, cost accounting books.
Free printable mathmatical expressions for elementary, precalculus equation solver, 9th grade algerbra, positive and negative integer worksheets, Free Trig Table, Formula Book.
Conversion solving program, 2. Solving Equations which have Linear Expressions on one side and Numbers on the other side, mcdougal littell algebra 1 answers, prime factorization free worksheets.
Cubed quadratics, geometrician, Prentice hall pre-algebra Chapter 2 test, java code for lcm for 2 numbers using loops, simultaneous equations three unknowns, physics 101 mastering physics answers.
Free worksheets on square roots, bc calculator right shift, glencoe algebra 2 workbook, Model papers for grdae 8 accountancy.
6th grade algebra lesson plans, algebra with pizzazz, basic maths aptitude tutorial, ti-83 plus tangens, how to find cube root on TI-83 plus.
Percentage equations, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions filetype: pdf, chapter 6 simplifying square roots, simplifying expressions with negative exponents, algebra equations simple interest, basic factor program print outs for TI-83 puls, solving linear equation formulas.
Cube roots on a ti-83, Iowa tests download second grade 2nd, algerba equations, year 7 algebra answers, U.K 11+math free download game paper.
Maths equation in cricket, ti-30x solver equation, solve my algebra problem.
ALEKS review, dividing polynomials box method, least common multiple powerpoints presentations, cardano formula visual basic.
Ti-89 probability and statistics cheats notes, Math investigatory projects, mcdougal littel biology.
Proportion word problems worksheet, permutation problem with answer, multiple choice about exponents, free algebra slope online.
Linear programing word problems, how to calculate greatest common factor, solve linear equation with variable on one side worksheet, Solving Systems of Equations with 3 Variables using the calculator, algebra help calculator on radical equations.
Algebraic expressions converted to verbal expressions, solving factorial equations, Writing Algebraic Expressions answers to grade 9 math in ontario, ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY WORKSHEETS.
Mcdougal littell pre-algebra answer key, working out algebra online, factorization of quadratic equation, squaring and multiplying integers, dilations word problems.
Engineering Accounting books download, practice factoring quadratic equations, chapter test on integers, summation pratice problems.
Teaching permutations and combinations in 7th grade math, how to calculate the greatest common divisor, beginner and intermediate algebra practice.
ALGEBRA SOFTWARE, formula for a ratio, texas instruments t1-83+ instruction manual, mathematics tutorial for clearing basic aptitude, cool tricks on how to remember adding and subtracting integers.
Solve non linear equations on matlab, free aptitude test papers with answers, Adding And Subtracting Integers Worksheet, Algebra 12 line poems, different of two square.
Common denominator projects for 6th graders, ti 89 apps, simplify fractions calculator tI-83, do times and dividing numbers quizzes, mcdougal littell books online\, adding like terms, how to order decimals from least to greatest.
Factoring polynomials cubed, Solving equations algebra seventh grade, free algebra Math Calculator, scale in math.
Algebra radical, algebraic expression free worksheets, convert decimals to least common multiple, explain how to use perpendicular is bisectors to find a point equidistant from set of points, What is the diamond method for solving trinomials?.
0.416666667 to fraction, algebra with pizzazz creative publications fortuneteller, rules of adding fractions with variables, math investigatory project.
Maths highest common factor calculator, kumon answer books, Convert Decimal into Words, apptiude test free download, solve pre algebra equations.
Find limits online calculator, online algebra mac program, +PERMUTATION MIDDLE SCHOOL.
Easiest way to solve grade 10 distance problems, ti 84 calculator emulator, convert integer to BigInteger java, answers for holt pa alg 2 book, completing square method multivariable, "TI-84" plus how to convert binary to decimal, Graphing Equations PPT.
"the problem solver" + sixth grade math, teacher supply in san antonio, college algebra help, finding area practice sheets, do my college algebra for me.
Sample problem solving addition, online factorising, slope and y-intercept worksheets, simplify expression calculator, scale factor for kids, simplifying exponents with different bases, Free math worksheets, graphing, slope y-intercept.
"online algebra 2 solver", solving non linear first order, online graphing calculator for ellipses, add subtract divide and multiply fractions worksheets, division of numbers with variables and exponents in them.
How to simplify radical expression, Glencoe/McGraw-Hill answer sheets The Developing Child, math trivia about geometry, math 116 algebra checkpoint.
Solve equations for free, downloadable aptitude test, "algebra book answers".
Free print out sheets for ks2 year 3, yr 9 algebra, cheat codes for math homework algebra 1b, downloadable calculator that does cubed roots.
Linux spreadsheet console, worksheet one step algebra, data type error ti-89 numeric solver.
Algebra equations worksheet, where do i find prentice hall algebra 1 worksheets, prentice hall pre algebra online workbook for free, 1 digit times 3 digit worksheets, nth term.
Ti 83 program descriptions, mcdougal littell pre-algebra answers, conversion FOR FRACTIONS PERCENTS AND DECIMALS OUT OF HUNDRED, "prentice hall mathematics algebra 1" answers, order of operations worksheets with square root.
Measurements meters to lineal metres, add, subtract, multiply, and divide decimals, Motion graph worksheets with answers, pass college algebra, KS2 Algebra Tutorial, glencoe florida science 6th grade lesson plans, Help you learn Integers adding and subtracting and multiply.
Algerbra solver, multiplying and dividing fractions word problems worksheets, how to do log2 on ti83, aptitude test questions with solution for bba, Math Problem Solver, adding and subtracting absolute value worksheet, turn % to fraction calculator.
Test of genius middle school math with pizzazz, solving 3 equations in excel, square root of decimal, free worksheets on dividing integers, subtracting decimals fifth grade, algebra solver software review.
Calculus made easy demo, java codes+while loop+multiply+consecutive numbers, "square root" using the false-position method, Fun Trigonometry Function Games, solving equations 4th grade, combinations permutations program, printable math worksheets about area , perimeter-grade 6.
DIVIDING NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE FRACTIONS, pre-algebra factoring equations, t182 texas instruments sale, scale factor math problems, simultaneous equations in excel 07, Free Elementary Algebra Worksheet.
Algebra I patience hall mathamatics, Mathematics Official GED Practice test form PC, saxon algebra 1 answers, Solving Chemical Equations For Free, linear equations with three variables using the combination method calculator.
Prealgrebra, adding mixed numbers worksheets 6th grade, yoshiwara intermediate algebra explanation, non right angle trig powerpoint, adding and subtracting numbers grade 4 mental math, find the root of equation.
Factoring polynomial & trigonometric expressions, Race to the top with integers, solving equations with intergers, finding square roots with exponent algebra, lcm math worksheets, adding and subtracting with variables, free worksheet, printable 6th grade algebra worksheets.
Domain and range on ti-83, ti 89 quadratic program, factoring using the graphing calculator, inequality math lessons, Expansion of algebraic expressions practice sheets, 9th grade math worksheets, Implicit differentiation online calculator.
Factpr tree worksheet, write simplify roots program, Grade 8 mathematics examination paper, least common multiple word problems.
9th grade algebra Factoring unit lesson plan, download ti-84, dummit and foote help, subtracting decimal calculator.
Evaluating an expression worksheet, saxon math test study guide, glencoe mathmatics algebra1 answers, combing like terms worksheet, online algebraic calculator.
Worksheets combinations and permutations, 4th degree root finder code c, create a derivative program for a calculator, convert java time, glencoe algebra 1 answers, free online maths tests for year eights, operations with rational exponents.
Real life examples of intermediate algebra rational expressions, converting decimals to mixed numbers, factorising powerpoints, dividing rational expressions filetype; ppt, math, agebra, positive integer worksheets, square root calculator with variable.
Explanation of addition partial sums method, percent equations, Glencoe Algebra 2 answers, partial-difference method worksheet, algebra 1 holt books, algebra test structure and method, mcdougal littell pre-algebra chapter 9 test key.
Decimals and fractions least to greatest, simplifying expressions w/ square root, free compound inequality worksheets, fraction decimal percent worksheet.
Simplifying exponents of functions, calculator cu radicali, copy program ti-83, online foil calculator, finding a quadratic equation when you have the vertex.
Cost accounting, cheat, word problems of fractions that include add, subtract , divide, multiply and compare, finding roots of polynomial equations on Ti-83, lcm monomial calculator.
Integers worksheets, algebra 1 an integrated approach online quizzes, solve algebra, examples of math investigatory project, Mc Dougal Littell Algebra II Workbook Answers, thrid grade math printable.
Worksheets with radicals square roots, Free Download Mathcad, literal equations + worksheets, "finding the rule" "grade 5", linear programming word problems, glencoe mcgraw-hill algebra 1.
Accounting rules download free, what is arccos on calculator ti-83, adding subtracting multiplying dividing positive and negative number, cheat to doing the least common multiple.
Easy perimeter worksheets, math with pizzazz probability worksheet, sample program in java that converts hexadecimal to octal decimal.
4th grade graphs, "how to store information" on ti-84 plus, exponent worksheets, 6th grade long division worksheets, learn how to simplify algebra.
Algibra, linear algebra with applications otto bretscher answer, real life math word problems using negative and positive numbers.
How to find gcd in scientific calculator TI-83 plus manual, punctuation triangle with meaning, houghton mifflin mathematics worksheet answer guide for teachers for 3rd grade, variable exponents, simplified radical definition, free answers to algebra square roots.
Download java aptitude questions, beginners algebra tests, How to Change a Mixed Number to a Decimal.
Homework divide polynomials, math trivia for kids with answers mathematics, College Algebra third edition Beecher Answer key.
Factor math symbols, california mathematic text book six grade version, class Substitution.java logic programming, adding and subtracting numbers in parenthesis, how to pass a test on expression word problems.
Addition and subtraction equations, Pre-Algebra With Pizzazz Answers, journaling+writing+activity+subtraction+borrowing, ADDING AnD SUBTRACTING INTEGERS PRACTICE, algebraic substitution integral calculus, "free worksheets" + factors, slope and intercept formula for data points.
Basiclearning for systems of equations, www.cliffnotes.com maths statistics, scale factor worksheet.
Grade 7 practice dividing decimals, lesson plans adding/subtracting positive and negative numbers, multiplying rational expressions calculator.
Solving factorial formula, +aptitude test paper standard 10, fractional charts/6th grade math, Quadratic Roots solver TI NSPIRE, learn algebra program, putting in quadratic problems on t-89, download aptitude questions.
Solving radical expression, write an equation for the linear function f with the given values., aptitude test paper with answer, online graphing calculator with STAT key.
Basic calculator for my pc, Subroutine solve equation fortran bisection, solving nonlinear differential equations, Online algebraic calculator point-slope.
Calculator factoring program, slope[algerba 1], prentice hall conceptual physics book, mathematics-free tutorials for high school, ppt on fluid mechanics, tussy gustafson, algebra 1 review sheets.
Graphing calculator program equation of line, prentice hall math book quizzes, software, Algorithm which converting Numbers from Decimal to Octal, examples of trivia on math, cost accounting formulas.
Explanations of ordering fractions from least to greatest, simplify 7 squared - 2 cubed, tutor ordered pairs pre-algebra.
Holt algebra 1 online, simplifying exponential functions, grade 3 mathematics free workbook foresman wesley, how to solve division polynomials, logical question and equations on venn diagram in discrete maths ppt, pizzazz math worksheets, coordinate plane, 9th Grade Algebra 1 Worksheets Free.
Solving green's function, completing the square for dummies, adding and subtracting integers powerpoint, log base 4 on a TI-85.
Gr.11 functions for idiots, algebrator software, solving simultaneous equation using matlab, american school algebra 1 examination booklet.
6th grade answers for history homework for free, intermediate algebra tutorial online for free, pass papers on maths & English free, free exponent worksheets, mcdougal littell Pre Algebra answer keys.
Free algebra sum square roots, easy scale factor worksheets, solving multivariable set of functions, yr 8 maths problem solving questions, worksheet standard to slope intercept.
Sabtracting integers graph, grade 8 intergers worksheets, solving quadratic equations cubed, roots as exponents, Algebra study charts, mathematica "show steps", online math problem solver free.
Quadratic functions poems, distributive property exponents, nth term solver, matlab solving differential algebraic equations.
Algebra square roots solver, difficult math trivia with answers, factor quadratics programs, equation of a straight line on a ti 83, Converting Quadratics to Standard Form calculator, mcdougal littell inc chapter 7.
Polynomial expression simplifier online free, TI-83 graphing calculator quadratics worksheet, homework algebra book help, adding and subtracting integers calculator.
Online graphing calculator radical, linear algebra and its applications david c. lay problem set solutions use equation (6) to solve the problem in exercise 13, algebra II linear equations in three variables plugin problems, even root property for algebra, (x+y)^2 simplified, Algegra ii/worksheets, vb6 get gcf program.
Where can i find prentice hall algerbra 1 worksheets, lnear equation work sheets free download, sample worksheet 9th grade proportion test, nth root 0f 8 (3th root of 8)), Georgia Algebra 2 Book, boolean algebra online tool, solving systems of equations in excel.
6TH TO 8TH BASE MATH FORMULLAS, algebra addition and subtraction expressions, prentice hall course 2 mathematics book answers, easy way to understand Simultaneous Equation (Statistics), mcdougal test generator geometry, lesson plan to teach exponential function.
How to work out a big square root, What happens to the square when the negative sign is inside the radical, free first grade printable math worksheets, activities + square roots, factoring cubed polynomials.
Combining like terms free worksheet, TI 84 interpolation, calculator online that could multiply and divide exponents.
Online calculator for solving equations and formulas, ti 84 download, mcdougall littell - algebra.
Equation for an elipse, sc mcdougal littell online science book(grade 7), positive and negative worksheet, quadradic equations, quadratic equation word problems, What is a squared 2 if a is the smallest root of x squared - 3x-18.
Worksheet solving one step equations math, english aptitude question papers to download, Holt Mathematics TENNESSEE "Course 3" "PROBLEM SOLVING WORKBOOK", real life problems involving quadratic equations, Algebra function notation printables, step by step answer keys for college algebra and trigonometry.
3 4 grades elementry maths free sample, second order differential equations into two first order, factoring simple algebraic expression, answers to pizzazz worksheets, "Slope of a Liner" calculator.
Algerbra calculator, different between linear and nonlinear differential equation, free download algebra quiz worksheets, solving equations by multiplying or dividing, how to compute log base 2 using ti-89.
Explanation of quadratic equation, cumulative review worksheet chapters 1 - 2, ti-89 combination permutation, algebra+number cruncher+worksheet.
How do you do problem 34 on page 99 in McDougal Geometry book, mcdougallittell.com, "Literal equations" + worksheets, model test paper maths 9th standard.
Square roots and exponents, permutations and combinations in 7th grade math, "changing fractions" higher terms worksheet, octal decimal ti 82, what is the hardest math equation in the world.
Free online help with introductory algebra, temperature integer worksheets, By looking at two linear equations, how can you tell that the corresponding lines are parallel?, solving addition equations worksheet, prentice hall answers, sequence and pattern worksheets for 8th grade.
Teachers prentice hall answer math book, graphing linear equations in three variables with TI-83, solving two simultaneous linear equation of two variables, convert mixed numbers to decimal.
Glencoe physics principles and problems free download online answer key maker, variable as an exponent, convert time into decimals calculator, factoring cubed roots, canadian "grade 3 math" skills "practice test".
List all the fractions from least to greatest, free help to solve homework algebra word problems, algebra II eoc sample.
AS MATH QUADRATICS REVISION, Finding the Slope from an Equation solver, van der pol nonlinear equation solve in matlab, how to convert radical expressions to convert decimals, free worksheets on supplementary and complementary angles, 5th grade mathematics cheat sheet, download algebra quizzes.
Ti-84 plus games downloads, graph pictures on calc, mcgrawhill math text book on line nj.
Simplifying complex expressions calculator, linear equation vertices story problem, easy way to calculate intercept, fractional equation problem, WINRAR 4., Quadratic Formula program calculator, free online exercises on basic symmetry.
Mcdougal littell inc us history answers, single rational expression algebra calculator, multiplication sheets for 8th graders, multiplying and dividing with negative integers worksheets.
Multiple variables combinations permutations, fractions solving matrices, basic algebra for practising, ti-89 differential equations, java math methods calculating formulas, linear equations,special products and others.
Steps to factoring 4th grade, can you take the Wronskian of a nonhomogeneous equation?, prentice hall worksheets/second grade, ti-89 application to simplify expression.
Multiplying subtracting adding integers and dividing them at the same ime, solve quadratic equation on ti 89, Ti 84 Plus Program, how is doing operations (adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing) with rational expressios similiar to or different from doing operations with fractions?, tutorial for solving non linear differential equations, factor sum of cubes with fractions.
Algebra how to simplify factor equations, "ti 89" quadratic formula, how many feet in a lineal metre, difference between evaluation and simplification of an expression, math advanced algebra answer keys, how to fun r r2 l1 l2 ti-83, memory unit converter java code.
Simultaneous equations with quadratics, second-order nonhomogeneous general solution, square roots practice sheet, Printable Worksheets For Proportions, learn algebra 6th grade.
Online t183 calculator, how to graph a system equation, games that teach conceptual physics, automatic algebra solver that shows steps.
Simultaneous equations 3 equations e unknowns, decimal division exercises for 6th graders, can you get radicals on a TI 84 SE?, lowest common denominator to 5 9 2 calculator, free worksheets on absolute value.
Adding/subtracting fractions worksheet, solving equations by multiplying and dividing, explained answer for aptitude question, add/subtract integers + worksheet, Inequalities practice for 5th grade.
3rd grade partial sums problems, Finding Polynomial roots TI-83, solving simultaneous differential equations.
Factor full equations program, transforming equations 9th grade algebra, maths combination, math worksheets with order of operations.
Worded problems quadratic equation, Algebra 1 Free Math Solvers, math dictionary for 6th graders, subtracting decimals workbook page, solving math problems, Quadratic equations can be solved by graphing, using the quadratic formula, completing the square, and factoring., holt middle school math the pythagorean theorem.
Transforming formulas games, online maths test year 8, saxon math answers 7th grade, review on integers.
Myalgebra.com, adding and subtracting positive and negative integers worksheets, math trivia algebra.
Computer-boolean algebra-questions, Holt+Algebra 1+review, real life probability examples/math, convert fraction to mixed fraction in java, online graph calculator plot, find two pairs of numbers with the given number as their least commom multiple, algebra 1 worksheets.
Free algebra equal groups worksheets, how to solve algebra equation, solving equations in java, combustion equation solver, how to solve quadratic equations on a ti 84 calculator.
Logbase 10 on ti-89, college algebra for dummies, 11+ practice sheets, equations cubes solving two variables, simplify two binomials with multiple variables and exponents, mathematics 9 algebra-tile ap, solution manual , pre algebra glencoe.
Least common multiple calculator, algebranator, decimal forms of fractions and Mixed Numbers, maths homwork, graph each inequality on a coordinate plane.
Second order solver matlab, free e books on cost accountancy, squaring absolute value, square roots and cube roots that are both integers chart, calculas, mathematics assignment for class 9th, converting decimals to fraction worksheet.
Free download van spelletjes voor ti-81 plus, powerpoint presentation in investigatory project in math, solving a non-linear differential equation, quiz practice sheets 5th level.
Printable worksheets for partial algorithm, teach multiply divide integer worksheet, hardest math formula.
Graphing a hyperbola on a calculator, online math trivia list, dividing rational equations calculator, how to solve square root fractions, Learning properties - associative free practice worksheets, expanding brackets free online calculator.
9th grade homework answers algebra 1a home 3-4, lowest denominator variable algebra, Free Problem Solver for math.
Algebraic word problems for 9th grade to practice, solving equations in matlab, java polynomial, high school world history workbook cheats, worksheets + real life integers.
Mcdougal littell pre-algebra worked out solution key, pre-algerba, mathematical investigatory, Grade 11 maths examination papers, multiplying and dividing decimals 6th grade, answer key pathways for learning - science worksheets for grade 9.
Maths test questions yr 6, (3a^2)^3 simplify in excel form, solve division problems using compatible numbers worksheet, algebra with pizzazz objective 4-b: to solve quadratic equations by factoring.
Glencoe teachers book, Greatest Common Factor Ladder Method, free gcf exam.
Free beginning algebra worksheets for 3rd grade, download accounting book, simplify multiplication expressions with exponents, right triangle and slope.
Algebra homework help, arithematic, using matlab to solve unknown in equation, saxon math with pre algebra answers, FREE SOLUTION MANUAL FOR INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB 7 FOR ENGINEERS, polynomial multiplication factoring trinomials calculator, aptitude question papers.
Sum of even numbers within a range in java, typing pratice, holt pre algebra quiz, ti 83 roots keys.
Free schools online for 9th grade, adding rational numbers solver, grade 3 spelling practice worksheets, mathematics trivias, easy algebra how to work out.
"programming maths" + tutorial, free printouts on absolute value, Binomial Equations, intermediate statistics cheat sheet.
Variable expressions and word phrases, free worksheet, converting numbers ti-89, foundations of algebra worksheets, combining like terms lesson plans, how to do log on ti-89, pearson prentice hall pre-algebra answer key.
Linear equations powerpoint, function form equation algebra worksheets, numbers,fractions,and decimals from least to greatest, NATURAL NUMBERS.
Get rid of denominator, printable worksheets for 4th grade, solving first order non linear differential equations, glencoe algebra sequence.
Hard algebra 2 problem, Algebrator, math of year seven, find slope and y intercept of the linear equations formulas, a java program to calculate square cube of number 1 to 10, ninth grade problems for multipying and dividing rational expressions.
Fraction variable calculator, glencoe new york geometry ebook, free pre algebra help for 8th graders, evaluate algebra expression, general aptitude questions, program equations TI-89 quadratic equation.
Solving Equations With Like Terms, aptitude test paper english, multiplying and dividing integers worksheet grade 7, elementary math free printouts.
State board sample papers class viii, cheats for first in math.com, term to term rule, GMAT Practise, how to convert decimals into LCM, solutions to the exercises of brain c hall book on lie groups.
Fun worksheets solving equations, Lesson 7: Multiplying and Dividing Square Roots, how to do standard deviation TI-83 plus, Evaluate the following two expressions. Write your answer without exponents., math trivias and puzzles, free algebra calculator fractions, mcdougal littell algebra 2 2007 worksheets.
Algebra calculator square root, How Do You add multiple positive and Negative Integers, algebra fun worksheet, Solving Equations Containing Rational Expressions, monomial.
Algebra simplifying calculator sqrt, what are greatest commom factor and least commom multiple of two numbers?, gre tutorial maths in arithmetic progression and series.
Simplify roots, Solving Square Root Problems with square factors, Math Worksheets Variables, solve for derivative online, highest common factors worksheets.
Free INTEGERS worksheets, mcdougall littell math powerpoint, past gcse extended math papers probability answers 2004, geometry trivias.
Free plotting ordered pairs 4th grade math worksheet, math calculator SOLVE FOR W, convert decimal to square root, download solution manual , pre algebra glencoe.
Variables with Exponents, Games + Puzzle Pack + TI-84, how to solve inequalities, alegra math trivia.
Find recursive formula on ti 89, Online Word Problem Solver for Algebra, factoring quadratics puzzle.
6th grade math conversion chart, Functions Statistics Trigonometry practice problems, robert blitzer college mathematics II PRODUCT AND EQUATIONS IN POLAR FORM "HELP WITH", partial sums addition, free online least common denominator calculator, 8th grade algebra worksheets.
Free worksheet on algebra for year 8, worded solving PROBLEM in the linear equation, solving a binomial, free grade six math worksheets+order of operations with brackets, free expression simplifier.
Exponents and polynomials study guide sheet, factor and simplify free math worksheets, square root of exponents, polynomial problem solver, quadric equation solver ti 83.
First grade algebra, simplify expressions calculator, practice inequalities for fifth graders addition and subtraction, permutation and combination sample and solution, using ti-89 to solve linear transformations, fraction calculator that is greatest to least.
Add and subtract equations worksheets, solve equation by excel, multiplying monomial games, Multiplying decimals equations, prentice hall mathematics california algebra two workbook guided practice, free trig calculator.
Implicit differential calculator, harcourt math 2nd grade worksheets chapter 4, parabola exponential function, Algebrator download, algebra anwsers, solve your algebra problems and giving step by step instructions.
Algebra elimination calculator, how to find cube root on TI 89, algebrator enter matrices, one-step equations worksheets, NONLINEAR ALGEBRA TUTORIAL PDF, solve quadratic equations by factoring NCTM.
Boolean math solve multiple choice, free 8th gr algebra 1 ch 3 problems(linear equations)\, online solve for parallel slope, basic algebra practice ks2, exponents math crossword.
TI-83 + how TO simplify an equation, how to use a casio calculator, math help word problems worksheets, finding limits with graphing calculators, online calculator to do permuations on.
1st grade math worksheets, convert decimal to fraction, McDougal Littell math powerpoint, compare a mixed number with a decimal.
Least common multiple worksheet, square roots using factors, finding scale factors, calculation wording issues, improper integral calculator.
Multiplication of rational expressions calculator, prealgreba, ti 83 emulator free download, matlab change fractions to decimal, Free Printable Exponent Math Worksheets, factoring high order polynomials, 6th grade math on line.
Definition of quadratic, linear, and absolute value functions, simplifying a complex rational algebraic expression, adding and subtracting integers games, ks3 algebra questions complex equations, adding and subtracting decimals year 5, solve simultaneous equations online.
AL EGBRA MADE EASY, clases de algebra, how we communicate worksheet, Algebra tutorail eighth grade, find lcm of following exercises, convert a mixed fraction to a percent, Online Logarithmic Calculator.
Answers for algebra 2 problems, with java how to do prime number with a loop, prentice hall mathemathics pre-algebra, simple programs in quadratic equation in visual basic, ti calculator downloads, SAMPLE MATH WORKSHEET FOR ADDING SUBTRACTING, find real solution by factoring.
5th grade math combinations printable activity, difference quotient calculator, completing the square gaussian, teacher supply stores in san antonio texas, how to factor a cube root.
How to convert 1.5 into a fraction, quadratic equation solver java, adding and subtracting positives and negatives worksheet, how do i solve problems with multiplying and dividing integers, beginners algebra for dummies, TI linear regression steps, Printable math test on linear equations.
Assessment test sample papers for british syllabus 6th grade, method teach highest common factor, how to graph quadratic functions on a ti 83 plus, printable saxon math coordinate plane worksheets, multiplying dividing factors, function machine worksheets.
Linear simultaneous equations lesson plan, printable rules for adding and subtracting integers, Grade 8 Factorisation Work Sheets, simultaneous equation with matlab, 3rd Grade Math Papers, harcourt math text 4th grade chapter 4 algebra addition and subtraction, fun algebra worksheets distributive property.
Associative property worksheet, free worksheets, 3rd grade math chapter 3, common denominator for 6,7and8, mixed fraction to decimal, Example Of Math Trivia Questions, square root of a variable.
How to convert a decimal into a mixed fraction, free + aptitude sample questions paper + pdf, find vertex, x-intercept, y-intercept from the given tables, how to turn a decimal into a fraction on my calculator, 4th grade algebra worksheets.
What's the rules for adding integers with decimals, Java string remove punctuation, simplyfy algebraic expressions involving sqaure root, who invented college algebra, calculator to convert meters to square meters, cubed polynomials.
Who invented algebra, online ti 84 emulator, prentice hall mathematics algebra 1 answers, subtracting,multiplying and divideing fractions, how to calculate linear equations on a TI 84 calculator, maths online test for ks3, free grade 7 add and subtract decimal word problems.
Year 9 math sheets, c aptitude questions, distributive prpperty 3rd grade.
2004 mathmatics test sheet level 5 to 7 answers, ti 89 solve quadratic eq, multiplying to the negative power, worksheet expanding binomials, Maple solve multiple equations multiple variables, answers to algebra 2 mcdougal littell, holt rinehart and winston biology key code.
Simplifying exponential expressions, math trivia in algebra, holtmiddle school math textbook virginia edition, non function graph, answers to Merrill Applications of mathematics.
Fraction addition formula, factor 3rd order equations, mixed as a decimal, how do i find a square root activity worksheet?, solving of worded problem of quadratic function, stem and leaf plot matlab, algebraic formula.
Lesson plans on solving multi steps equations, Printable Coordinate Picture Graphs, ti 83 quadratic formula program, factorize expression calculator, simultaneous solver, adding scientific notation.
How to square a fraction, how to do beginners algebra, formula to get percentage, common divisor calculator, keywords for mathmatics book, Ti 83 Graphing calculator online, simplifying square roots calculator.
Graphing rational functions with TI-84 calculator, introductory and intermediate algebra, basic pre-algebra formulas.
Probability involving and ti 83, "free printable worksheet" for Literal Equations, adding positive and negative integers worksheet, algebra problem involving mixture problem, Understanding Permutations and Combinations.
University of chicago school math project advanced algebra worksheets, maths trivias, What does a square and a cube have to do with exponts, factoring cubed polynomials, ti 89 algebra test notes.
Sample statistics problems with solution, indiana prentice hall pre-algebra textbook, dividing and multiplying decimals worksheets for grade 7, factor tree worksheets, how to solve evaluating expression, scale factor examples.
Solve algebraically - parabolas, gratest common factor, equation taking some time JAVA, examples of partial sum methods in fourth grade, Prentice Hall Algebra 1 online textbook, Unit 4 maths homework KS2, maths worksheets ratio.
Soln to second order differential equation nonhomogeneous, check your algebra answers, lesson plans for multiplying and dividing algebraic expressions, abstract algebra help.
Java differential equations code, partial sum addition, subtracting square root fractions, practice algebra square roots, highschool worksheets for Solving systems of equations by substitution., glencoe even answers algebra 2, a site that will help solve math problems.
Yahoo users found us today by typing in these keyword phrases :
Balancing thermochemical equations, add and subtract rational expressions, solving a nonlinear differential system of equations in maple, second order quadratic in matlab, math owrksheets on least common denominator, finding the slope worksheet.
How to factor root calc, algerbra work sheets, CalculaTor for substitution method, how to solve exponents, ratio formulas for measurements, find equation of line from ordered pairs, free online maths tests 7-10 like and unlike terms.
Variable equations worksheets, math factor calculator, factoring equations using a ti-83, dividing fractions with minus numbers, beginning algebra equation sheets, multiply, divide, adding, and subtracting integers questions and answers, to check if a number is divisible by 3 in java.
How to understand algebra ii, radical form, what is the rule when multipying or dividing negative numbers, conceptual physics practice worksheet answers.
Puzzle slope worksheet graph, answers to ks3 level 6-8 maths paper, need help on solving rational expression, mcdougal littell inc worksheets and answers, free teacher help examples modeling equations, procedures on addition and subraction of rational expression.
Free download kumon book, math problems adding/subtracting fractions 6th grade, historical method to find cube root, solving equations by multiplying and dividing negative numbers, is it possible to write an addition equation for every subtraction equation, multiplying cheat.
Order operation worksheets, solving perfect squares quadratic equations, algebraic equations answer sheet 8s, Algebra Games.
Multiplication and division of rational expression calculator, Calculating algebraic equations, line plot worksheet elementary.
Ti 89 convert base, problems and solution mass percentage(fraction), McDougal Littell Math Course 3 online code, ti 84 usable online calculator free, Least Common Denominator Calculator, solving quadractic equations by finding square roots calculator.
Addition and subtraction equation worksheets, fraction formula, distance=rateformula worksheet, power in physics with equation and answer, algebra 1 an incremental development third edition lesson 25 answers, lesson plan for trigonometry.
McDougal Littell Geometry Worksheets + geometry proofs, algebrator, step by step instuctions on how to do polinomial worksheets, mathmatical square.
Science and maths practise questions for class7, cost accounting free tutorials, LCD of a pair of polynomials, Math Trivia, how to do addition the partial sums method.
Free printable prime factor tree worksheet, answers to mastering physics, limit solver online.
Long division equation calculator, solving equations power point, finding least common denominator calculator.
Chemistry equation activities radioactive decay, how to solve and graph and inequalitiy, Download Accounting Books, adding square roots with variables.
Visual basic.net prime number generator, math property worksheets, algebra equalities calculator, T1 calculator emulator, integer worksheets, algebra rational equations online calculator.
Free math solver, zap it answers algebra 1 input output, fraction equation rules.
Least common denominator equation, free polynomial factor program, beginning algebra homework, Glencoe algebra 1 workbooks, liner equation worksheets.
Maths combinations introduction, adding integers worksheets, printable games on laws of indices, easy permutation and combination, algebra I Night.
Prentice hall algebra 1 workbook NC, 8th grade Glencoe pre-algebra book, complete the square worksheet.
Foil boolean algebra, factor my equation online, ti-84 emulator, convert fraction or mixed number as a decimal.
ADDING AND SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS PRACTICE TEST, cost accounting by jawarhalal free book download, yr 8 maths revision games, ti-84 plus linear interpolation, factoring complex equations, prentice hall pre-algebra book 7th grade, solving 3rd order equations.
Online inequality calculators, algebra problems with funny symbols, how to solve quadratic equations when doing equilibrium.
Combination and permutation sample and solution, adding and subtracting decimal integers, how to add, subtract, divide, and multiply fractions, decimals, and integers, how to solve a function with fractions as exponents, square roots worksheets, easiest way factoring algebraic expressions.
Decimal system calc, multiplying and dividing integer worksheet, what rule why are prime factors useful to finding out square roots, what is the square root of 16+9, foil worksheet, adding and subtracting negatives and positives worksheets, rational expression factoring calculator.
Pre algebra two-step equations glencoe, yr 8 maths test, add and subtract rational expressions, worksheet, Math Trivia algebra, geometry investigatory project, scale factor example, year 8 algebra- free worksheets.
Negative exponent factoring solver, fraction to decimal "online calculator", how to use permutation on TI-84 plus, solving algebraic equations with fractions, pre algebra projects, examples of math prayers.
How to teach math functions and patterns to 6th graders, Solve Add And Subtract Radical Expressions, adding and subtracting calculator online, data gathering for 4th graders.
Solve second order differential equation, algebra 1 workbook north carolina answers, mcdougal littell course 2 chapter 5 answer key.
TI-89 log, adding,subtracting,times and divide games, calculate recursive median statistics, worksheets on multiplying and dividing by base 10.
Grade 2 lesson plans for algebra, what is partial sums addition with decimals, exprecion desimal, free printable solving linear equations worksheets, calculate algebra problems, factorization of quadratic equation with cubes.
Online factoring, integer worksheets free printables, square root of a difference, HRW practice masters level b pg 50, simplifying variable expression calculator, examples of trivia on statistics.
Free integer worksheet, visual order of operation work sheet, cost accounting free samples given.
Free word problem help on quadratics formula, homework help solving equations, online practice tests on exponents.
Sample test on algebraic expressions, balancing electrolysis equations, trinomial factoring ti-83, algebraic expression with negative numbers, algebra 1 holts.
Algebra 2 Problems, equa diff matlab tf, java aptitude test, matlab nonhomogeneous second-order differential equations solver, Algebraic Math Calculators, algebra worksheet coodinate plane, Free adding and subtracting negative integers worksheets.
Examplers papers grade 11, graph is the solution of which inequality, Intermediate fraction games on worksheets, solving a quadratic using c#, factoring program online, grade 6 word problems two unknowns.
Pre algebra for dummies, number in front of square root, physics high school equation sheet, inequalities on ti-84 plus download, free rational expressions solver, algebraic substitution, pre algebra rules for beginners.
Texas instruments + log base, free worksheets on solving equations for fourth graders, base 10 worksheet to model multiplying decimals, free answers to my math homework, multiply,divide, add and subtract rational expressions, example of permutation and combination.
Integer absolute value simplify expression .edu fraction, Prentice Hall, Inc. practice Multiplying and dividing integers, how to convert a trinomial number to a binomial, 6 Grade Math Quiz.
Ordering fractions, log and exponential calculator, basic maple, fraction equation year 7, Trigonometric Addition and minus Formulas, positive negative fraction worksheets, least common multiples lader.
Linear function solving f(x), algebra 2 mcdougal littell chapter 3 resource book online, exponents variables.
Free online test papers, online maths, english and science tests, sample questions rational numbers, divide rational expressions calculator.
Best calculator algebra, scale factor maths, example of Exponents & logarithms past paper question, mcdougal littell workpage, answers for my math samples, worksheets reviewing complex number operations', evaluating formula gcse maths.
Pde solutions d alembert's principle, square root with fraction, inverse laplace transform calculator, algebra hungerford solutions.
Calculating loagrithms for negatives, solve addition and subtraction equations worksheets, math trivia, statistical algebra symbols meanings, special products solver.
Mathematical formulas percent, wikipedia math trivia, what skills are needed to solve higher power polynomials, basic combining like terms.
Factor perfect fourths, Year 7 Hard Algebra questions, how to find the sum of all the characters in java, sats mental test 2007 exel spreadsheet, helping kids learn on step symbolic method, download texas calculator trigonometric circle.
Balancing chemical equations step by step powerpoint, fraction completing the square, first gradework sheets, solving third order equations, calculating probability on ti-83, how to simplify expressions, Easy Algebra Questions.
How to change a perfect to a fraction, how to solve octal system, texas holt workbook answers, cheats find common denominator, learn algebra pdf, how to graph a linear equation using a ti 84, ONLINE MATHS TESTS FOR 9TH.
Base 16 to base 8, step by step on hpw to solve multi-step equations, how to solve exponential complex conjugate, how do I convert a decimal to square root.
Level eight mathmatics, quadratic equation solver cubed, simplify exponential expressions, math trivia examples mathematics.
Solve implicit differentiation program for a ti 84 calculator, greatest common factor Powerpoint, what is the greatest four digit palindrome, printable game card samples for algebra, Converting Decimals To Fraction Calculator.
Greatest common divisor 3 calculator, Draw inverse graph on a TI-89 calculatior, the distributive property steps and informations, polynomial equation solving, one step multiplication equation worksheets, differential equation calculator, past papers grade 11.
Basic algebra percentages, function table worksheets 5th grade, sample problems and their answers on conics, laws of exponents in multiplication.
Aptitude question & answer, exercises square roots, math problems using factors, how to turn the decimal 23.04 into a mixed number, factor program for a calculator, adding 2 digit number worksheets, how to caldulate porportions.
Adding, subtracting or multiplying functions and graphs, pre algabra, scott foresman-addison wesley fourth grade math tests, convert 1.83 into a fraction, square root of a scientific notation number, solving fourth order polynomial two variables.
Free worksheets on multiplying integers, HOW TO DO X CUBE ON THE TI-83 CALCULATOR, multiply decimal worksheet, "graphing linear equations" worksheet, books download accountancy, how to find nth roots on a ti 83 calculator, free maths ks3 printable sheets.
Evaluation and simplification of an expression, inequalities practice test games, 8th grade math (printouts).
Addition grouping worksheet, adding positive negative numbers fractions, algebra 2 find roots, systems of equations tests, partial sums method .
Three Methods Solving Quadratic Equation by completing square, year 8 maths paper, office equation solver help, help prentice hall conceptual physics, formula for ratio, free solve college algebra problems online.
Turn fractions into decimal calculator, how to find solutions to 3rd order equations, mathmatics formulas areas, prentice hall biology WORKBOOK A all the answer for chapter 3, matlab help solve solve differential equations, great common factor worksheet, foundations of algebra volume 2 help.
Write the equation for a parabola with vertex and intercepts, percentage equations, how to graph a hyperbola on a graphing calculator, gr 5 math pretest algebra.
Least common multiple activities, math formula to find the square root, algebra readiness for 2nd grade, java code for cube root.
Texas instruments enlarged scientific calculator, math trivia with answers mathematics, multiply exponential expressions with fractions, Maple Riemann sum examples, fractions add subtract divide multiply practise, adding/subtracting decimals worksheet.
Solving problems using algebraic modelling (grade 10), free printable algebra charts percentage decimal equivalents, holt algebra 1 textbook answer key, java convert to float with two digits after decimal point, free answer to math problem.
Free classes for 4th grade online, using TI-84 to solve algebraic equation, e^y differential equation 2nd y, simultaneous equations solver in c#, how to simplify square root fractions.
Addition and subtraction expressions worksheets, how to solve roots with addition, solving for slope, simultaneous differtial equations + excel, 7th grade math sheet with pictures, To convert a parabolic equation from simplified form to standard form, you must complete the.
Free Online Algebra II Tutor, dsolve second order ODE matlab, what is the mixed number of the decimal 67.24.
Free college algebra problem solver, log function ti-89, dividing quadratics, ti 89 polynomial equations, orders of operations worksheets.
Algebra calculator with step, algebraic fractions worksheet, simplifying exponential expressions, algebra with pizzazz objective 6-e word, subtracting integers test.
Linear equation standard form calculator, combining like terms worksheet, solving subtraction equations, free printable worksheets on dividing integers.
2nd order nonhomogeneous, free fourth grade algebra worksheets, glencoe algebra 1 chapter 3 teachers edition.
Yr 11 math questions, mcdougal Littell Math course 1 practice work answers book, mathmatics//multiples.
Combining like terms, free quizzes on solving one step equations high school algebra, simplifying multiple integers, grade 8 algebra & factoring, adding subtracting multiplying dividing method, "algebra problem of the day".
Holt algebra, Solving Two Step Equation PowerPoint, rudin exercise answer, polynomials test problem solving, a fifth graders calculator, adding and subtracting radicals - worksheets.
Simplifying multivariable fractions, free worksheets algebra 2/trig, middle school math with pizzazzi book b, 9th grade math books, algebra with pizzazz answers worksheets.
Multiplying negative numbers to powers, adding like terms worksheet, 17.64 answer mastering physics, How to write the standard form of a square root, balanced equations + TO REPRESENT + THE electron capture, making decimals to fraction ti83.
9th grade math inequalities, download free exam papers yr 8, online simultaneous equation solver, +"linear programming" +PDA +pocket pc, KS2 maths test age 6 7 free, prentice hall math book page 308.
Scott foresman free pre-algebra worksheets 7th grade, maple nonlinear, ti 83 + enter x and y value, long division calculator for variables, multiplying square roots with different exponents.
Factor polynomials calculator, practice year 8 maths tests, worded problems of quadratic equations.
Mixed number to decimal calculator, algerbra, adding equations with exponents, convert mixed numbers into decimals, printable exponent puzzles.
Sum of even numbers in java, +algebra +"variable exponent", calculate square metre calculator, complete the square ti-89 titanium.
Square root equation solver, Online Math Calculator, implicit differentiation calculator online, change decimals to mixed numbers, convert mixed number to decimal, HOW TO SOLVE NEGATIVE EXPONENTS WITH CALCULATER, balancing chemical equations using mass balancing.
Test cases for the genetic algorithm that solve polynomial equations, expression variables worksheet, code to check whether given number is composite in java programming, radicals calculator, online 11+ practice papers printable.
Algebra worksheet in ontario, clep college algebra, square root in java, solve a third order polynomial.
3rd degree equation solver, how to calculate area of box in squre feet, easy maths for dummies, houghton college algebra answer key, common errors of algebra, algebra 2 answers.
Work sheet paper addition, division grouping worksheets begining, algebra square of a cube, clep college algebra practice test, math worksheet , pre algebra mcdougal littell, Converting Quadratics to Standard Form, percent word problem formulas.
Inequalities Algebra Solver, glencoe physics answer, expressions with variables fourth grade lesson.
Adding subtracting positives negatives integers, www. math 8th grade promblems.com, SIMPLIFYING COMPLEX RATIONAL EXPRESSION, dividing, adding, and subtracting negative exponents- worksheet.
Algebra I help, conjugate of cube roots, proofs worksheets, program to determine the roots of polynomial zeros, free aptitude question papers, find roots using vertex form, www.google.com.
Basic algebra equation solver, year sevem math, fifth grade worksheets for function tables, download a free dividing calculator, quadratic equation factorer.
Printable cross number worksheet, cost accounting book free download, one step equation for adding and subtracting, basic gcse electrical concepts pictures.
Writing the quadratic equation into your calculator, least common denominator 24, Homework Solvers Algebra Word Problems, solving by elimination calculators, online factorization, what is the historical method for approximating the cube root of a number, variable relationships quadratic.
How to program ti-84 with statistical equation, solving 4th order equations, algebra linear equations worksheets, square and cube of fraction, problems sums worksheets, homework answers glencoe algebra 2.
Online calculator solve for the proportion of x, Sample Algebra II Problems, how to obtain cube using regular calculator, algebra lcd calculator, Completing the Square: Solving Quadratic Equations, java adding subtracting dividing.
T1-89 calculator, how to solve division of rational expression, Simultaneous Equation calculator, convert mixed fractions to a decimal, online ti-83 calculator program.
Free worksheet radical complex fractions, pre-algebra for dummies, forward slash sign on ti-83, quiz adding and subtracting integers, What is cube root of 25?, free online TI-89 calculator, how to solve fractions with negative integers.
8th Grade Test Questions +Binomials, math quizzes for 9th, simplify multiplication expressions, Online Year 8 Maths Test, math worksheets scale factor solve for x, algebra platoweb product key.
Chemical equation solver, solve "college algebra, vertex in algebra 2, Newton's method system of equations maple.
Formula fraction into decimal, "equation solver add in for excel download", order numbers, least to greatest decimals.
Y intercept finder, multiplying integer worksheets, factorise online, multiplying simple scientific notation, determining vertex equation lesson, "cross product" program texas ti.
Balancing algebraic equations worksheets, converting percents to decimals worksheets, book accounting download, evaluating algebraic expressions worksheets, lcd calculator.
How to do algebra, math trivia for geometry, polynomial GCD code for TI 86, equation solver ti 82.
Give me the sum of the numbers for 1 - 100 THE UNSWER IS 5050 USING JAVA, help with subtracting proper and improper fractions, square roots simlifying calculater, mathematical poems, cheats for math homework, glencoe geometry practice workbook answers.
Free Pictograph Worksheets, equations fractional exponents, how to solve a percentage equation, College Algebra help.
Graphing parabolas online, multiplying integers worksheet, math poem self made, lattice worksheets, mathmatics chart for 9th grade, how to solve a porpotion, multiplying and dividing quadratic fractions.
Free printable decimal line, decomposition method complex trinomials, sample papers for iit (class 8) -, exponential functions cubed, an easy way to calculate percent in math, intermediate algebra problem solver, practice masters algebra and trigonometry structure and method book 2.
Factoring product and sum calculator, worksheet multiplying powers exponents, college algebra software for Mac.
Difference of a square, free online fraction simplifier, algebra solving by elimination calculator, compound inequality, "online examples", year 6 maths print out sheets.
HTML aptitude questions, free interactive math foil worksheet, Order Of Operation Pre Algebra, dividing a smaller number by a bigger one worksheet, factorising quadratic equations programme, "\Fundamentals of Physics (answers only|".
Samples of math trivia, find substitution method on Ti-83, 6th grade free worksheets and answers, 3 Value Least Common Multiple Calculator, how to convert mixed fraction to percent, Decimal related workbooks for 5th grade, t83 calculator, instructions.
Scott+Foresman+Transition mathematics, KS3 maths test, free step by step to do algebra, problem of the students, texas instruments T1-82 calculator, calculate probability varying values, horizontal asymptote rule for quadratics.
Prentice hall alabama algebra 1 answers, square root activities, how to find the square root of a decimal, vertex of the parabola calculator.
Fraction power, algebraic pyramids worked examples, games for ti-84 plus, calculas.
How to teach algebraic expressions, what does the coefficient of the square term tell you about a graph, Easy Math Trivia, calculator cu radical, simultaneous equations linear vs nonlinear, sample expr division multiplication, radical solving calc.
Algebra free online tutorial exponents, domain and range of a absolute value graph, how to square root fractions, simplified radical.
Scientific calculator cube root, adding and subtracting equations, free kumon worksheet answers, ordering fractions from least to greatest, Calculator Java Diophantine Equation.
Variable exponent practice problems and solutions, accelerated algebra 1 math book online, What are the rules for multiplying and dividing in algebraic equations with variables, how to find graph intersection on ti calculator, pre algbra.
Free math formulas study guide "GED test", 2nd order differential equation, Two-Step Equations + Free + worksheets, ladder method, excel solving simultaneous equations, online graphing calculator integration, Graph calculator free simulator.
Lowest common denominator calculator, wronskian of second order homogeneous ode with variable coefficients, cube root calculator fraction raised to a power.
Ti-83 plus linear equation, solve() ti-89, using matlab to approximate solutions of 2nd order ode, calculate C# lowest common denominator.
Name three examples types mixtures separated sublimation technique, maths solving software, +different types +polynomials, Algebra for beginners, elementary algebra modeling and applications.
Multiplying 9's fun worksheets, equation converter algebra, 7th grade multiplication of decimal, algabra, grade 9 math, find the problem and solution in reading practice worksheets.
Quadratic classroom game, exponents grade eight math worksheets, permutations and combinations on a TI-84, aptitude questions on probability, cube root on ti 89.
Quadratic factor calculator, factors maths problems, 9th grade algebra test questions, Adding, Subtracting, multiplying, and dividing integers, Worksheet on Adding And Subtracting Integers.
Linear equations algebra2, solve difference quotient, 7th grade inequality lesson.
Radical Rules for solving roots, solving equations with foil method, steps to algbra, best math exercise book for 6th graders.
Free ks2 conversion table, how do you do percentages?, how to do laplace on TI-89, maths practice level E worksheet, square difference, Greatest Common factor of 4(3x+5)^4, glencoe algebra 1 revision.
Solving linear equation multiple variables worksheet, TI-84 Plus factoring program, the formula in finding the percentage in a number.
The difference/sum of cubes free worksheets, can you multiply 2 radicals, calculator that u can enter fractions and solve for x, factoring and simplifying, help me solve my algebra problems, fun math games for simplifying algebraic expressions, pre-algebra with pizzazz! book c.
Denominator calculator, boolean algebra simulator, Free 8th Grade Math Worksheets, algebra 2 parabolas.
Slope math problems real life examples, convert quadratic to linear, cubed polynomial formula, variables on both sides worksheet with answers, algebra 1 worksheet answers mcdougal littell, INVESTIGATORY PROJECT in math, algebra 1 + grade.
Notes on 9th grade algebra, square roots and square cubed, quadratic equations solving india method, polynomial java code, algebra 2 solver.
Factoring trinomial solver, numbers in subtraction equations, Simplifying Exponential Expressions.
Simplify simple expressions with exponents, how to solve x in ti-83, gcse maths printable workbooks, Math Grade 7 Ratio practice Printouts.
Rules for multiplying and dividing factorials, TI-84 online download, inequalities pre-algebra worksheet.
Year 8 homework sheet to do on the computer, Write Variable Expressions, how to add the quadradic formula to your t183 calculator, free elementary algebra, 7th grade math flow charts and equations, break even algebra equation, mathmatic algebra.
Square root of decimal numbers, High School Fractions Worksheet Free, real life applications of polynomial division, teacher supply stores + 78258.
Ode45 second order, the worlds hardest equation, cube root TI-83.
Hard math questions, +GENERAL PERMUTATION QUESTIONS, how to find vertex in graphing calculator, ti 83 systems of equations program, grade 9 t charts graph linear relations help.
Factoring quadratics calculator, square root of a function, calculate degree over metre, free exams paper online for primary five, calculate a slope on ti 83 plus, EVERY DAY PRE-ALGERBRA, multiplying integers games.
Systems involving quadratic Equation, Ti-89 program to solve Linear Systems, square roots and fourth root, rearranging formulas, solving for multiple variables, free gmat questions download, multiply and divide integer worksheets.
+Practice Identifying Variables Worksheet, covert deciamls to fractions, math multiplying and dividing fractions worksheets grade 8, algebra college poem, free download matlab7, rom code for ti 86.
2nd order differential equation euler matlab, c++ program for solving the root of a polynomial, math subtract worksheets, algebra 2 answers, how do i write a decimal as a mixed number, rational expression equation algebra, graphing standard form calculators.
Program to convert standard form quadratics to vertex form, ti 89 system of two equation, printable grade seven math worksheets.
30 examples of problem solving in greatest common factor college algebra, binomial theory calculator, partial sums and differences grade 5, How to do radicals on a TI-83 calculator, latest mathematical trivia, college level statistics worksheets.
Handout in working with integers using TI-84, ks3 maths study sheets, ti 84 online, multiplying integers grade 7, Answers to McDougal Littell Worksheets, distributive property worksheet with answer key, factoring trinomials calculator.
Give me problem solving with solution using addition and subtraction, writing equations from patterns 6th grade, least common denominator calculator, online least common multiple finder, solving linear equation with three variables, online fraction variable calculator.
Sums on factorization, freemathgames, ti-83 combination permutation, free practice exams cost accounting.
Inequalities Worksheets, maths for dummies, 4th root solver, beginning algebra free worksheets and answers, using TI-83 to solve systems of linear equations.
Algebra power formulas, chapter 2 section 10 prentice hall pre algebra answer keys, freshman pre algebra quizzes, free mixed problems in algebra answers , example graph algebra how to check solutions, games to help with factoring polynomials.
Simplifying algebraic expressions games, algebra equations simple, adding integer rubric, free primary maths exercise, multiple choice questions adding and subtracting integers, free prentice hall algebra answers, combining like terms pre algebra.
Lesson 2.6 Algebra 1 Chapter 2 Resource book answers, matlab log4 x, study material on permutation and combinations, Glencoe Mcgraw-Hill algebra 1 cheat, algebra problems and solutions square roots.
Algebra decimal variables, how to find square root on Texas Instruments Model: TI-83, easy way to learn 9th grade algebra, how to simplify expressions with different exponents, sample problems on permutation and combination, ti-84 emulator free download, ladder method note.
Adding radicals and whole numbers, homogeneous linear system solver ti-84, Operation of frations, algebra calculations grade 10, examples of mathematics trivia.
Free math investigatory projects, free aptitude test paper & answers, algerbr formula, Algebra II Homework Help Examples, commutative property worksheets, rational exponents, radical expressions, radical functions on TI-83 Plus.
Online math induction solver, linear factorization calculator, algebra with two variables calculator, mathmatic games, number theory factor trees for fifth grade.
LCD Calculator, evaluating expressions worksheet, solutions to third order polynomial.
Practice SATS questions maths - quadratic sequences, simplify radical fraction calculator, "positional notation" excel, substitution method calculator, EXPLAIN THE STEPS IN BALANCING A CHEMICAL EQUATION.
Algebra practice complex numbers imaginary simplify glencoe, free online fifth grade math, basic math for dummies.
Slope on a graphing calculator, one step equation worksheets, 9th grade english worksheets, printable times table for ks3.
Matlab help ode45 2nd order differential equations, problem solving questions for addition and subtraction, algebra transforming formulas.
Holt algebra.com, teaching math..percentage, examples of trivia in algebraic expressions, what formula is ax=by=c for, relationship addition subtraction worksheet, polynomial division solver.
Adding and subtracting decimals in 5th grade, simplest form of decimal worksheet, how to write a fraction as a decimal steps, free algebra problem solvers, square root, cubic, and inverse function worksheets, free algebra answer key online, how to make decimals into radical form.
Pre-Algebra Simplifying Algebraic Expressions Answer Key, free state exam papers, DIVIDE A DECIMAL.
Test for least common multiple, college level algebraic equations, holt mathmatics practice masters levels a,b,and c.
Absolute value function ti 89, problem involving rational algebraic expression, multiplying dividing scientific notation worksheet, how to change mixed fraction into decimal.
How to solve multiplying rational algebraic expression, prime factorization with variables and exponents, Instant Math Answers, +algerbraic expressions phrases, algebra I graphing linear equation, real life problems, 5th grade mean, median, mode and range worksheets.
Simplification equations maths, solving multivariable quadratic equations, negative fractions activities, 11 Exams Worksheets, basic pre-algebra expressions, College Intermediate Algebra Study and Worksheets, simplify equation with exponents subtraction.
Algebra balance equation, equation practice for kids, adding subtracting dividing and multiplying fractions, examples of math trivia with answers, where do you get the numbers to program your Ti-83 calculator, calculatin eqation of a line in VBA.
Ti-84 plus tutorial graphing inequality, EXAMPLES ON HOW TO FACTOR CUBES OUT, equation problems 6th grade, how to do combination formula on ti-83, image showing of quadratic inequalities, beta intermediate algebra step by step problem solver.
Free printable pictograph tests, Lesson Printables Adding integers, nonlinear differential equation solve in matlab, Solving Algebra Equations.
Can you do the laplace transform on a ti 89?, online math integers games, how to calculate log reduction.
The easiest way to solve differential equations online using a free online program, Intermediate Algebra Free help Step by Step, subtracting integer fractions, "reverse foil calculator", calculating the greatest common factor, factor equations program, pre-algebra ebook free.
Understanding partial sums adding method, length - perimeter, conversion, decimal notation- worksheet, permutation worksheets.
Ti-84 +"install game", t182 texas instruments, word problems using integers worksheets, using base converter ti-89, Simple Algebra Worksheets, holt mathmatics course 1 tests, imperfect square rootS.
Boolean algrabra practice questions, calculator for turning fractions into decimals, pre algebra pizzazz answer key, difference between evaluate and solve, "Algebra and Trigonometry Structure and Method Book 2 Mcdougal Littell".
Ti 83 algèbre bool, online resources to add and subtract integers, log ti 89, decimals practice for seventh grade.
Copyright Glenco/McGraw, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, printable maths revision paper year 8, free practice worksheet for foil, glencoe mathematics algebra 1 workbook answers, algebra 1 practice workbook answers', factoring cubed.
Printable algebra tiles, calculator+poem, solve differential equation ti, convert a mixed number to a decimal, using linear algebra vocabulary.
Addison wesley physics swf, dividing expressions calculator, abstract algebra hungerford solutions, McDougal Littell Math Course 2 Worked Out Solution Key, 86 And a half convert to decimal, procedure of radical expressions.
Answers to page 222 from the prentice hall algebra 1 book, practice writing in scientific notation worksheets, find free Math lessons for 9th grade, collage algebra exercises, solving 3 simultaneous equations calculator, what do you do if you have a fraction as a power, math poem about in equation mathematics.
Multiplying trinomials worksheet, Aptitude questions on probability, free scale factor worksheets, Florida prentice hall mathematics algebra 1 book online.
Free printable worksheet for secondary one maths, answers for mcdougal littell math workbook, ti-84 calculator statistics, online expression calculator.
ANSWERS to MCDOUGAL LITTEL MATH.COM, How to find the roots of equations by factoring, math multiplying and divding decimals, linear combination algorithm.
Combining like terms worksheets, sums, turn fraction into decimal, holt math book, algebra 1, 9th grade algerbra problems, beginning algebra ppt, Glencoe algebra 2 teachers key.
APTITUDE QUESTIONS FREE PDF FILES, download computer TI 84, third grade algebra worksheets.
Simplifying square roots with exponents and addition, multiplying standard form, algebra 2 complete the square calculator, adding substracting fractions lcm worksheets.
Add subtract square roots rationalize, quadratic factoring calculator, multi step equations worksheet, ti 89 solving polynomial equation, gcf worksheets fun.
Cost accounting free book, exponents and multiplication, ti 84 usable online calculator, factoring the zero product rule online calculator.
Analorestani, Algebrator install help, why do we multiply when dividing fractios?, free & online 7th grade book questions, worksheets using synthetic & long division', matlab solve second order differential equations, 8th grade zero slope line graph story problem examples.
Find quadratic with roots at and intercept of, LCM games, activities, ti-84 calculator emulator, highest common factor of 26 & 46.
Mcdougal littell 7th grade chapter 3 review, expression for divisible by in java, Adding and Subtracting Integers Worksheets, free grade six math order of operations with brackets worksheets, free Algebra with Pizzazz worksheet, why scales math.
How to do literal equations at a ninth grade level, algebra 1 north carolina workbook online glencoe, clep test algebra, POLSYS_PLP, rational expressions solver, 5th grade expressions and equations.
Algebra for 4th grade worksheet, ti 89 rom image, answer key Glencoe Algebra 1 538, quadratic equation into ti 89 calculator, ks3 science student workbook answer.
System of equations solver nonlinear, a trig calulator, worksheet for 3rd gradefor addition using associative property, 14 root on ti-83.
Equation of an elipse, trigonomic quadratic equations for gcse, free 11+maths questions, logarithms worksheet Grade 12 Advanced Function, high school algebra triple bracket expansion.
Matlab dividing by root, Circuit Solver ti 84, calculators to solve systems by elimination, combinig like terms powerpoint, solving fractions by the substitution method, algebra, 8th standard half yearly exam syllabus, Free printable graph paper for college algebra.
What are the denominators of 360?, "multiplying brackets" exam question, nonlineare Solve Matlab.
Prentice hall math book answer sheet, solving simultaneous equations in excel, McDougal Littell Algebra 1 Answers for Free, 200 examples of math trivias, Quadratic equation how to find value of a, simplify square root, finding the discriminant-quadratics.
Lesson plan for expanding brackets, Word Tables Number Line up negative, simplifying expressions activities, free answers mcdougal littell algebra 2004.
Multiplying binomials solver, converting mixed numbers to decimals worksheet, Syllabus of mathematics of 9th class at South Pasadena High School, 9th grade algebra problems and answers, prentice hall polynomial and factoring math project, Plotting points of a graph free worksheets.
Hardest divison problam, logarithmic equations- with radicals, free algebra calculator cheat, ti-83 and percent button.
Fifth grade algebra exercises, ti 84 plus programs log base, In the heat of the night free worksheets, Solve problems on scale factors, holt 9th grade physical science.
Holt physics workbook solution manual, Algebraic Proof Worksheets, free download javabase phone dictionary, work out powers and roots on calculator, scientific notation worksheet 6th grade, rational algebraic expression problem with solutions, timesing fractions on a ti 84 calculator.
Year 3 maths work sheet, LEAST COMMON DENOMINATOR cALCULATOR, how to teach a fraction lesson to first graders, model equations 5th grade.
Algebra Math Trivia, how to pass college algebra easy, adding and subtracting negative and positive numbers.
Solving formulas with vectors, matlab, worksheets for form 1 mathematics in malaysian schools, Simplifying Algebraic Expressions Worksheets, simplifying algebraic expressions glencoe mcraw hill coarse 3, polynomial solve ti83, college algebra +caculator, algebra worksheets that you can print.
Answers to equations, teaching mixture problems in algebra, solve equations with 3 variables, preston hall biology worksheet answers chap 5 through 6, integer sol test.
Free word problem solver online, download physic problem solver calculator, number ranges in java while loop, 7th grade worksheets on distributive property.
Solving quadratic equations on ti-89, algebra quotient calculator, answers to worksheets from mcdougal littell books, combining like terms powerpoint presentations, quadratic equation solver.
Math poems, algebra with pizzazz worksheet 204, intermediate accounting book free download, solving fraction equations: addition and subtraction, AJmain, ti 83 plus i laplace, formula common factor.
Distributive property pre-algebra, "practice masters algebra and trigonometry structure and method book 2" answers, java palindrome example, how do you multiply and divide integers, lcd 5th grade math, what is the formula for ratio.
How to solve with Least Common Denominator, multiplying integers simplify each expression, yr 8 maths work, solving equations with rational exponents, factoring polynomials with more than 4 terms, expression and variables worksheets, WORKSHEET ON ONE STEP EQUATIONS FOR ELEMENTARY.
Free online rational expressions calculator, Free aptitude test download, how the order of operations determines how to evaluate a algerbric expression.
Vars sheet on graphing, linear nonhomegeneous partial differential equation solutions boundary conditions, how to do fractions, how to plug in quadratic equation into TI-83, Some Worksheets on Compatible Numbers.
Pre algebra help on guess and check, Glencoe Algebra 2 Chapter 4 Test, Form 3, Adding and subtracting decimals games, mcdougal middle schoool math workbooks answers course 3, integrated algebra help for 9th graders, what exponent -2/3 is as a square root.
Pre-algebra exam generator, converting minutes of a degree into decimal fractions of a degree, THE DIFFERECE OF SOLVING BY ALGEBRAIC METHOD AND GRAPHICAL METHOD, algebra trivia game questions, free online equation maths year 7.
Multiplying and dividing quadratic equations, formulas for converting fractions, decimals and percents, intermediate algebra tutorial + extracting the root.
How to solve a second order differential equation, equation calculator multiple variables, roots calculator for a five order system, radical equation word problems.
Quadradic math, C program that finds the sum of numbers divisible by five given a number, practice adding-subtracting negative numbers, tips on how to pass algebra test, physics homework conceptual physics textbook online.
Free worksheet on divisibility rules, differential equations second order matlab, how to find a trig function on a graphing calculator, year 11 maths practice.
Fun kids website (integers), 6th grade pre algebra review problems worksheets, integers free worksheets, quadratic formula explanation for kids, square root equation, adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing integer practice, mixed number to decimal.
Least common multiple with loops in java code, teaching the least common multiple, least common multiple free worksheets middle school, cayley-Hamilton ti-89 program, mathamatics, sequences worksheet ks2, commutative property of multiplication worksheets.
Addition and subtraction of monomials, addition under square root, subtracting exponents variables.
Math investigatory project in geometry, programs like algebrator, aptitude questions pdf, basic math factor and simplify worksheets, how to relate two same coordinate lines in different planes in java with example, Year 6 algebra worksheets.
6th grade writing a division algorithm, how to pass a algebra test college, power point in investigatory project in math.
How do you change a square root fraction to a whole number, download aptitude Question and answer, integration partial fractions calculator, permutation and combination program in java, algebra 1 examination booklet answers, distributing property worksheets for algebra 1.
Solve for variable calculator, how to solve age problems using algebra, Least Common Denominator calculator, Greatest Common Factor Samples.
Math solver (radical), special products in algebra 1, solving equations with a variable on each side worksheets, heaviside with ti-89, adding and subtracting integers activities, intersection of 2 lines graphing calculator.
Liner systems solved algebraically, vector( prentice hall physic, the answer book of pre algebra prentice hall.
Tutorial help for 8th grade pre-algebra, mathhelper book answerws, factor expression calculator, Free College Algebra Practice Cleps, solving systems with ti 89.
Houghton mifflin pre algebra, solving nonlinear ode, algebraic expressions worksheet, [email protected], system nonlinear equation matlab, how to use calculator to calculate variance casio, online usable calculater.
Softmath, FREE ONLINE BASIC MATH TUTOR , do you simplify fractions first roots, emulator ti84, circle theorems-PPT, glencoe algebra 2 practice worksheet answer.
Detailed explaination of the quadratic equations, college algebra clep probability and statistics, free scott foresman math workbook grade 6 worksheets.
Aptitude test models, 9th grade algebra questions, how to teach esl Algebra 1 about linear equations in class.
Trigonometry bearings worksheets, greatest factors graph / algebra, download quadratic program for ti 84, boolean simplify ti-89, ONLINE STEP BY STEP EXAMPLES FOR ALGEBRA 2, free paper practice of math/gre.
Expressions calculator with square root, solve linear equation with calculator, absolute value restrictions, how to find a square root of a fraction with a calculator, free printable first grade worksheets on lines of symmetry, algebra trivia and answers.
6th grade Math problem solving, Elementary Algebra Worksheets, lowest common denominator worksheets, simple exercise to understand high school maths making subject of equation, algebra division calculator free.
Free Online Algebra Problem Solver, maths exam papers to do online, softmath.com, Intermediate Algebra Help, evaluate the definite integral calculator.
Discrete math tutorial, dividing by percentages work sheet year 5, excel slove equation.
Linear combination method calculator, how to solve nonlinear equations using matlab, saxon advanced algebra teacher edition download pdf, ks2 division worksheet.
Matlab finding y-intercept, Balancing chemical equations, subtracting linear equation, algebra 5.0 examples, cheat sheet for the ged math test.
Second order differential equations nonhomogeneous equations, prentice hall online math book, simple algebraic equations.
Prentice hall mathematics algebra 1 workbook answers, simplifying radical division equation, Explain in your own words why it is necessary to reverse the inequality symbol when multiplying both sides of an inequality by a negative number. Provide an example to support your explanation..
Expressions with parentheses addition and subtraction problems, glencoe physics workbook, adding and subtracting negative numbers worksheets, ti-89 quadratic equation, free printable worksheets on the properties of addition, square root to indices.
Math trivia facts, lcm answers for hw, formulas and variables/ fraction, squre metres to lineal metres, ti 83 graphing calculator online, 1.2 km convert to lat/long, ti89 programming basic pdf.
First grade graphing printable free, factoring tree worksheets, mixed fraction to a decimal, worksheets on x intercept and y intercept, square root methods.
Precalculus For Dummies download, quadratic equations/worksheets, addition and subtraction alegraic equations.
Pre algebra with pizzazz worksheets, free printable inequalities worksheets, partial differential 4th grade math, free printable books for first grade, Algebra helpful.
Decimals review adding and subtracting, how to graph two equations with maple, simplify calculator, online maths test papers, is 1756 divisible by 8, convert to fractional notation 2 1/5, college algebra word prablem with solution.
Transferring apps on the t-83 calculator, change the x and y axis on T1-89 texas instraments, where can i get printable homework sheets for 7 year olds, Factor Difference & Sum of two cubes on calculator, absolute equations solver, how invented the TI 83 Calculator, Exponents for Children.
Formula for converting decimal to fraction, how to find value of x for x=tanx in matlab, computation permutation practice problems, discrete mathmatics, one step equations worksheets with answers (adding and subtracting), reduce algebra problems, evaluating expressions worksheets.
Factoring by grouping four-term polynomials free calculator, online equation solver, mcdougal littell algebra 1 2004 answer keys worksheets, M.C.Q's for cost accounting.
Ti-89 laplace transform, writing linear equation worksheets, TI-89 logbase 10, Accountancy books for primary schools pdf.
Gmat conics problems, lcm of 3 numbers using ladder, multiply and simplify radicals, precalculus definitions.
Mixed numbers to decimals, adding, subtracting, multiply, & divide integers worksheets, lcm worksheet 6th grade.
SIMULTANEOUS Problems from Your Textbook, prentice hall mathematics pre- +algerbra answers, square root algebraic calculator online.
10th algebra questions, graded exam practice free answers, rules on adding subtracting multiplying negative and positive numbers, fourth order polynomial two variables.
Step by step math problem solver, free help to solve 7th grade pre algebra inequalities, pie mathmatics, aptitude questions freeware, solve second order.
Free Algebra Worksheet distributive property, texas homework and practice workbook holt algebra 1, addition and subtraction of rational expressions,worksheets.
Innequality worksheets, algebra 1 test answers for 2004, math factoring calculator, algebra problems for high school, ordering fractions least to greatest, printable 9th grade math worksheets, College Algebra Made Easy.
College algebra refresh, pre algebra answers ny, holt california algebra 1 answers.
Poems about linear equations, algebra 2 diamond problems, multiply by adding , divide by subtract, free 6 grade math printouts on percent of a number, reading scales ks2 worksheets, Non Homogeneous differential equations given conditions, fractional exponent(algebra).
5th math integers worksheets, aptitude word problems, adding and subtracting positive and negative numbers, sum of square difference equation, "c programing" draw a triangle with stars "recursive".
Real life examples of the quadratic equation., rudin solutions, add and subtract greater numbers worksheet, Lowest Common Divisor "LCD" Calculator, free answers to algebra 3 square of 25, learn how to do algebra for free online.
Simplifying exponential expressions calculator, holt precalculus worksheets, evaluating variable expressions worksheet, fourth order equation solver, Adding and Subtracting Integers Quiz, primary number poems, equations with variables in the denominator.
Dividing polynomials long division solver, Note taking guide answers for mcdougal littell geometry, how to use the quadratic formula for graphing maximum or minimum.
Simplifying algebraic expression calculator, quadratic equation inventor, trigonmetry exam papers grade 11, online math problem solver, lesson optimization mathematics solved problems, practice division adding subtracting multiplying timed tests, what are some programs that i can manually type into my graphing calculator.
Variables for kids, linear programing math for dummies like us, solving equations by adding and subtracting fractions, partial sums worksheet, probabilities / algebra.
Decimal add, subtract, multiply and divide worksheet, Mathematics Algebra+WORKSHEET, associative property for addition worksheets, worksheets add, mult divide and subtract decimals, learn algebra for free, college algebra expressions.
How to identify parabolas, TI 83 plus rom download, solving second order differential equation using MATLAB.
Simultaneous equation quadratics, history mcdougal littell test answers, Elementary and Intermediate algebra Practice Exercise PDF, nonlinear coupled differential equation solve with matlab.
Adding/subtracting integers lesson plans, simplifying square roots, TI-89 algebra "monomial", bitwise xor calculator.
Terms that contain the same variables with corresponding variable having the same exponent, finding slope using a graphing calculator, WORKSHEETS ON COMPLETING THE SQUARE AND THE QUADRATIC FORMULA, o level math exam table of contents, adding matrices, order numbers from least to greatest, solve a formula for one of its variables worksheet.
Algebra with pizzazz answer key, Abstract Algebra for Dummy, order from least to greatest fractions and decimal, math eqation answers.com, application mixtures algebra i.
Algebra balancing lesson plan, problem solving algebra questions answers equations, nonhomogeneous first order forced, accounting books online, apptitude questions in pdf files, download + "Basic Algebra" + Jacobson.
How to use a TI-84 to computer algebraic systems, volume maths activities children sheet, determine quadratic equation with two points, solving second order differential equations with matlab solver ode45, free sixth game math worksheets on area.
All answers to mcdougal littell math algebra 1 textbook free, 8th grade sales tax homework answers, mastering physics answers, free math problem solver for college algebra, integer adding and subtracting hints.
Arithmetic convert fraction to decimal, 9th grade algebra topics, algebra answers for free, algebra 1 workbook answers, quadratic equation find minimum solution, Integers adding and subtracting and multiply.
Solve college algebra problems, Solving graphing equations on the computer, ADDING SUBTRACTING MULTIPLING AND DIVIDING INTEGERS PROBLEMS.
Algebrator DOWNLOAD, ratio problem solver, To convert a parabolic equation from simplified form to standard form, you must complete the, free pre algebra word problems tests.
Mixed numbers calculator, Maths ratios & Proportions science questions third level, gauss elimination vba, least common denominator worksheet, Basic aptitude test questions and answer, algebra 1: explorations and applications teachers guide, multiplying nth roots.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100583.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206063543-20231206093543-00170.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
| 176,761 | 947 |
https://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/?q=en/node/26416
|
math
|
En mémoire de Maryam Mirzakani
The committee of AIF is deeply saddened by the death of Maryam Mirzakhani, a prominent member of the mathematical community. For many months she struggled, with all the courage and persistence so characteristic of her, against a recurrence of cancer. But this time the challenge was too great even for someone as remarkable as Maryam was. Stanford mathematics Professor Maryam Mirzakhani was a member of the AIF Editorial Commiteee since 2012. Her honors include the 2009 Blumenthal Award for the Advancement of Research in Pure Mathematics, the 2013 Satter Prize of the American Mathematical Society and the 2014 Fields Medal. Mirzakhani was born in Tehran, Iran. She first gained international recognition during her high school years: in 1994 she earned a gold medal in the International Mathematical Olympiad and the following year, she again won another gold medal, this time achieving a perfect score. After graduating from college at Sharif University in Tehran, she headed to graduate school at Harvard University, where she worked under Curtis McMullen. At Harvard, Mirzakhani gained a reputation for her determination and her relentless questions. McMullen described Mirzakhani as filled with ”fearless ambition”. Her 2004 dissertation was a masterpiece in which she solved two longstanding problems. After her doctorate at Harvard, Mirzakhani accepted a position as assistant professor at Princeton University and as a research fellow at the Clay Mathematics Institute before joining the Stanford faculty in 2008. She was awarded the Fields medal in 2014 for her striking and highly original contributions to geometry and dynamical systems. Her work on Riemann surfaces and their moduli spaces bridges several mathematical disciplines – hyperbolic geometry, complex analysis, topology, and dynamics – and influences them all in return. Mirzakhani’s early work concerns the behavior of the number of simple closed geodesics on a hyperbolic surface. The classical prime number theorem for geodesics states that the number of closed geodesics whose length is less than some bound Ls asymptotic to $eL/L$ for large $L$. The behavior is very different in the case where one counts only the simple closed geodesics, namely those which do not intersect themselves: the number of simple geodesics of length at most $Ls$ asymptotic to $c.L6g−6$ for large $L$, for some constant c depending on the hyperbolic structure. Generalizing earlier work of McShane, Mirzakhani established a link between the volume calculations on the moduli space of curves and the counting problem for simple closed geodesics on a single surface. Her calculations of certain volumes of moduli space, not only yielded to a proof of the counting result for simple closed geodesics but also give another unexpected roof of a conjecture by Witten. Most recently, Mirzakhani, together with Alex Eskin made a major breakthrough in understanding another dynamical system on moduli space that is related to the behavior of geodesics in moduli space. They proved that although complex geodesics in moduli space are a priori transcendental objects defined in terms of analysis and differential geometry their closures are algebraic objects, as in the celebrated Ratner theorem for homogeneous spaces. Maryam had one of the great intellects of our time, and she was a wonderful, modest person. Her impact will live on for the thousands of women she inspired to pursue math and science. She will be tremendously missed. Mirzakhani is survived by her husband, Jan Vondr ́ak, and a daughter, Anahita.
The committee of AIF
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100381.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202073445-20231202103445-00004.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
| 3,630 | 3 |
https://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1393638980
|
math
|
posted by Alexis .
Phil Dawson is a professional place kicker for the Cleveland Browns. On average, he kicks the ball at a 41 degree angle with an initial speed of 70 feet per second. For future reference, goal posts are 10 feet high in the NFL.
a) Write parametric equations to model Dawson's kicks
b) Playing in a dome(no outside conditions), what is the maximum length Dawson can successfully make a field goal?
y = v sinθ t - 16t^2
x = v cosθ t
You have θ and v, so plug those in and solve for x when y=10 to get the max goal distance.
y = x tanθ - 16/(v cosθ)^2 x^2
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888041.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119144931-20180119164931-00489.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2018-05
| 575 | 8 |
https://ias.tau.ac.il/node/2912?gid=19
|
math
|
Lecture "Introduction to Discontinuous Galerkin Methods"
Professor Chi-Wang Shu, Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Professor Chi-Wang Shu is 2017/2018 Sackler Fellow of the Mortimer and Raymond Sackler Institute of Advanced Studies.
This course will give a short introduction to a class of very popular finite element methods, the so-called discontinuous Galerkin methods, for solving convection dominated partial differential equations. We will describe the algorithm formulation, give stability analysis and error estimates, and discuss practical implementation issues of the discontinuous Galerkin methods when applied to hyperbolic conservation laws, convection diffusion equations, PDEs containing higher derivatives such as the KdV equations, and steady state elliptic type equations
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588102.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027053727-20211027083727-00406.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2021-43
| 836 | 4 |
https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/ele_facpubs/1335/
|
math
|
The multifamily likelihood ratio test for multiple signal model detection
Date of Original Version
The generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) is a standard tool for designing signal detectors. It produces detectors that perform well when the signal model is known, except for a fixed set of signal parameters. However, it is unable to accommodate multiple signal models. We introduce the multifamily likelihood ratio test, which extends the GLRT and alleviates this limitation. © 2005 IEEE.
Publication Title, e.g., Journal
IEEE Signal Processing Letters
Kay, Steven M.. "The multifamily likelihood ratio test for multiple signal model detection." IEEE Signal Processing Letters 12, 5 (2005): 369-371. doi: 10.1109/LSP.2005.845590.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00636.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
| 734 | 6 |
http://ieerp.eu/83639-oanda-var-calculatrice.html
|
math
|
5) were less than -15. You should consider whether you understand how CFDs work and whether you can afford to take the high risk of losing your money. Date, y, k, d else Console. It's important for you to consider the current. Here we plot the normal curve against the same actual return data: The idea behind the variance-covariance is similar to the ideas behind the historical method - except that we use the familiar curve instead of actual data.
The main problem with volatility, however, is that it does not care about the direction of an investment's movement: a stock can be volatile because it suddenly jumps higher. What is the maximum percentage I can - with 95 or 99 confidence - expect to lose over the next year? Past history is not an indication of future performance. Installation, include to your project. for investors, risk is about the odds of losing money, and VAR is based on that common-sense fact. WriteLine 0":1 Ask:2,10 Bid:3,10 lue. To read more on this subject, see Continuously Compound Interest. Nasdaq 100 Index, which is traded through the PowerShares.
FX VaR Measurement Value at Risk Calculator Currency Converter Foreign Exchange Rates Forex VaR (Value At Risk) Calculator oanda
La calculatrice forex gagne, Forex calculatrice de la taille de la position, Commonwealth bank forex calculatrice,
Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada (iiroc which includes iiroc's online advisor check database (. Montant: Conversion: Dernière mise à jour des taux de change. That is VAR in a nutshell. MXN.066206.068706 Ringgit MYR.3045237.3245237 Couronne norvégienne NOK.1534313.1644313 Dollar néo-zélandais NZD.8359384.8859384 Peso philippin PHP.0231249.0256249 Couronne suédoise SEK.1406822.1506822 Dollar de Singapour SGD.937056.962056 Baht THB.0390265.0409465 Dollar américain USD.28436.33556 Tous les outils. The average daily return happened to be fairly close to zero, so we will assume an average return of zero for illustrative purposes. DKK.1961745.2071745, euro, eUR.4635611.5455611, livre sterling, gBP.6574962.7414962, dollar de Hong-kong. At the far right, you can barely see a tiny bar at 13; it represents the one single day (in Jan 2000) within a period of five-plus years when the daily return for the QQQ was a stunning.4! It is not investment advice or an inducement to trade. Usage using System; using Oanda; using neric; public class oandaexchangeRates_Main public static void Main(string args) / Initializing the API var api new ExchangeRates API KEY / Example of listing currencies Console. A Monte Carlo simulation refers to any method that randomly generates trials, but by itself does not tell us anything about the underlying methodology. They are a function of our desired confidence and the standard deviation ( Confidence # of Standard Deviations 95 (high) -.65 x 99 (really high) -.33 x The blue curve above is based on the actual daily standard deviation of the QQQ, which.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195530385.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190724041048-20190724063048-00276.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2019-30
| 2,948 | 5 |
http://misswise.weebly.com/specific-heat-capacity-exam-question.html
|
math
|
Finding the specific heat capacity of a block
A student is carrying out an investigation to find the specific heat capacity of an unknown block. He measures the energy supplied to it as he heats it.
The results obtained are shown below:
mass of block: 0.831 kg
original temperature of block: 13.1 degrees C
final temperature of block: 41.3 degrees C
Energy supplied: 23800 J
a) Define specific heat capacity
b) Use the measurements to calculate the specific heat capacity of the block.
Because he knows it is good practice to repeat an experimental procedure, the student carries out a repeat experiment, supplying the same amount of energy. This time he obtains the following readings:
original temperature of block: 41.0 degrees C
final temperature of block: 62.1 degrees C
c) Use these values to calculate a second specific heat capacity for the block.
The student did not make any mistakes when taking his readings.
d) Suggest why the second reading is greater than the first?
e) Suggest two methods of improvement that would allow the student to obtain similar values each time?
Always study the experimental set up carefully: they will usually ask you to improve it!
Try to include as much detail as possible in your definition!
Remember specific heat capacity can be found using the formula
Energy = mass x specific heat capacity x change in temperature
but you'll have to rearrange it!
Think about what a greater specific heat capacity means: did more or less energy have to be transfered to the block this time?
How could you prevent this loss in energy?
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400228707.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925182046-20200925212046-00559.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2020-40
| 1,563 | 23 |
https://www.turing.ac.uk/people/researchers/ulrike-tillmann
|
math
|
Professor Ulrike Tillmann FRS has been at the University of Oxford since 1992. She is an algebraic topologist, known in particular for her work on Riemann surfaces and the homology of their moduli spaces. She has long standing research interest in homology stability questions. In 2011 she introduced an annual course (with Abramsky) in Computational Algebraic Topology at masters level. In the last year, Tillmann has co-organized four workshops on topological data analysis, as well as an CMI-LMS research school.
She held an EPSRC Advanced Fellowship 1997-2003. She was invited to present at the ICM in 2002 and was a member of the topology subject panel for both the 2010 and 2014 ICMs. In 2008 she was made a Fellow of the Royal Society and received the Bessel Forschungspreis from the Humboldt Gesellschaft. She is an inaugural Fellow of the AMS. Algebraic topology and its applications.
Algebraic topology is a very effective tool to study the global properties of geometric objects. For example, take the surface of a ball and divide it into triangles; now count the number of faces, add the number of vertices and subtract the number of edges; no matter how you choose your triangles, the result will always be 2. Do the same with the surface of a donut and the result is always 0. These numbers were already known by Euler and are foreshadows of homology developed in the 20th century. By now the basic ideas of algebraic topology have permeated nearly every branch of research in mathematics. Her own research has been motivated by questions in quantum physics and string theory. In particular, she has contributed to our understanding of the 'space of surfaces'.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243990551.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515161657-20210515191657-00237.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2021-21
| 1,674 | 3 |
http://www.ask.com/math/many-lines-symmetry-circle-9f09fbce7828dc06
|
math
|
Circles have an infinite number of lines of symmetry. Any line that bisects a circle through its center is a line of symmetry. Circles are the only Euclidean shape with this property.Know More
Circles have fascinated mathematicians since the time of early Greek culture, and other cultures have pondered circles as well. Circles have an infinite number of edges, and they cannot be described with classic geographical techniques. Pi, the ratio of a circle's area to its radius, pops up throughout seemingly unrelated areas of mathematics.
Many mathematicians and philosophers independently found that circles can be described as having an infinite number of edges, and this conception is useful when considering lines that touch circles at only one point, of which there are an infinite number.
Despite the fact that circles are often considered the simplest shape, they are mathematically complex. Pi is an irrational number; it cannot be expressed completely using standard numbers. The fact that they have an infinite number of edges made them difficult for early mathematicians to comprehend. Unlike other shapes, their area cannot be precisely calculated if the radius is a rational number. Because of this, circles have often been considered a special shape that are different from other shapes.Learn more about Shapes
A regular pentagon has five lines of symmetry. An irregular pentagon, with non-equal side lengths and internal angles, may or may not have any lines of symmetry.Full Answer >
A regular heptagon has seven lines of symmetry. Each one runs from a vertex to the opposite side, bisecting the side at a 90-degree angle.Full Answer >
A regular hexagon with six equal sides has six lines of symmetry. For all regular polygons, the number of lines of symmetry is equal to the number of sides.Full Answer >
A right triangle either has one or no lines of symmetry. An isosceles right triangle, one with two sides of equal length, has one line of symmetry. A scalene right triangle, one with no sides of equal length, has no lines of symmetry.Full Answer >
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430458592487.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501053632-00020-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2015-18
| 2,069 | 8 |
http://slideplayer.com/slide/3615850/
|
math
|
6 Example 1:Suppose you work for the Department of Natural Resources and you want to estimate the average length of all walleye fingerlings in a fish hatchery pond. You take a random sample of 10 fingerlings and determine that the average length is 7.5 inches and the standard deviation is 2.3 inches.Using a 95% confidence level, find the confidence interval for the average length of the fingerlings.
7 Example 2:A major metropolitan newspaper selected a simple random sample of 1,600 readers from their list of 100,000 subscribers. They asked whether the paper should increase its coverage of local news. Forty percent of the sample wanted more local news.What is the 99% confidence interval for the proportion of readers who would like more coverage of local news?
8 Example 3:Suppose we know that the IQ scores of all incoming college freshmen are normally distributed with standard deviation of 15. We have a simple random sample of 100 freshmen, and the mean IQ score for this sample is 120.Find a 90% confidence interval for the mean IQ score for the entire population of incoming college freshmen.
9 Example 4:A statistician chooses 27 randomly selected dates, and when examining the occupancy records of a particular motel for those dates, finds a standard deviation of 5.86 rooms rented.If the number of rooms rented is normally distributed, find the 95% confidence interval for the population standard deviation of the number of rooms rented.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948569405.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215114446-20171215140446-00540.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2017-51
| 1,454 | 4 |
http://fentonia.com/grade-6-geometry-unit-test.html
|
math
|
Therefore, the correct ratio is 2:1. Question 8, 63% correct — calculating discount and sale price Most common wrong answer: B; students calculated the discount alone without subtracting from the total Question 9, 39% correct — measurement conversions and comparing unit price Most common wrong answer: C; this is the unit price of the bulk raisins. Our worksheets use a variety of high-quality images and some are aligned to Common Core Standards. See my Do Now in my Strategy folder that explains my beginning of class routines. For the given test scores, one natural way to set the intervals is 50 — 59, 60 — 69, 70 — 79, 80 — 89, and 90 — 100.
Apply the properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions. The test scores in Mr. Some noise canceling headphones and dividers are provided. Next calculate the number of values that fall within each interval, i. The answer key is automatically generated and is placed on the second page of the file. This information is not captured or maintained in the system.
Therefore, the unit of measure is people. A on the SmartBoard displays the amount of time left until the end of class. Identify parts of an expression using mathematical terms sum, term, product, factor, quotient, coefficient ; view one or more parts of an expression as a single entity. There were a total of 17 questions on this test, 15 multiple choice and 2 open response. Therefore, unless all of the values in the set are 12 and you know they are not because the range is 8 , some of them must be less than 12 and some must be more than 12. In Book 3, the concept of area is further developed, and students are introduced to volume. Create an unlimited supply of worksheets for conversion of measurement units for grade 6, including both customary and metric units.
A: A histogram is a way of graphically representing the distribution of a data set. The timer is not started until all students receive their test books and bubbles sheets. I review testing expectations and students move their desks apart. Teachers can assign numerical values to each student as a log in, if it is preferred. Book 2 focuses on length, perimeter, and area measures.
Once you find your worksheet, click on pop-out icon or print icon to worksheet to print or download. If students do not finish the test, I set up a time preferably today or the next day for them to complete their work. Please check what their effect are by making a worksheet, and then come back to this page by using the 'back' button on your browser. Calculate 24 x 6 — 2. Since we are told that the population of New York is about twice that of Paris, there are about two New Yorkers for every Parisian. Do not use print scaling or fit-to-page in your printer settings.
Therefore, -60 could be your new balance. Question 4, 60% correct — compare two sale prices through difference Most common wrong answer: C; results when calculating the discounts alone and finding their difference, rather than finding the difference of the sale prices Question 5, 55% correct — percent increase Most common wrong answer: B; results when students calculate the change 30. Metric system: convert between the units of length mm, cm, dm, m, dam, hm, km Metric system: convert between the units of weight mg, cg, dg, g, dag, hg, kg Metric system: convert between the units of volume ml, cl, dl, L, dal, hl, kl Metric system: convert between the units of length, weight, and volume Measurement units worksheets generator Use the generator to make customized worksheets for conversions between measuring units. Students experiment with weighing objects and measuring capacity, and they also learn about temperature and time. In a histogram, the data range is divided into intervals so that every value falls in one interval. The range of a data set is the difference between its largest and smallest values.
. Book 4 covers a variety of topics. The mean of a data set is 12, and its range is 8. Those who answered D assumed 187 was 45% of the total. Printable Sixth Grade Grade 6 Worksheets, Tests, and Activities Print our Sixth Grade Grade 6 worksheets and activities, or administer them as online tests. After analyzing the most common wrong answers and finding that it is the same students making these errors, I am better able to diagnose the problem and put together a plan to fix these issues.
Decimal digits: Maximum number of decimals used for the smaller unit: Maximum number of decimals used for the larger unit: Round answers to digits Again, the decimal digits work a little differently depending on the level of difficulty and type of conversions chosen. They are used to convey non-textual information such as maps, paintings, graphs, and diagrams. A total of 3 standards were assessed on this test, each is listed below with the number of questions linked to the standard. There are 8 questions linked to this standard, all in consecutive order, items 4 — 10. A monthly charge increases the amount of your debt. C: The appropriate unit of measure of a quantity corresponds to what you are counting when you measure it. A: The mean of a data set is its average.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257847.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525024710-20190525050710-00397.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2019-22
| 5,157 | 8 |
https://eccomas2024.org/event/area/4e9bbb7d-5968-11ee-a4f3-000c29ddfc0c
|
math
|
MS013 - Optimization Under Uncertainty of Nonlinear and/or Transient Problems in Structural and Fluid Mechanics
Keywords: Computational Mechanics, Robust Design, Uncertainty, Fluid Dynamics., Optimization
Design optimization in structural mechanics and fluid dynamics is nowadays widely applied in academia and industry. However, most applications in industry still utilize linear models on the simulation side. Optimization of highly dynamic and/or nonlinear phenomena, the consideration of Multiphysics and the treatment of uncertainties is still a challenge. These challenges result for instance from the need for mesh regularization, less reliable convergence of optimization algorithms, and the very high computational cost associated with nonlinear transient and/or uncertain problems. This mini-symposium aims to bring together experts in the field of shape or topology optimization with applications in fluid dynamics, structural mechanics and dynamics as well as coupled problems. The goal is to exchange ideas and discuss the latest achievements on efficient optimization strategies for nonlinear problems, dynamical systems, optimization under uncertainty, and for novel approaches to CAD-free shape optimization methods.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203125921-20231203155921-00612.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
| 1,232 | 3 |
https://wapocockcy.web.app/350.html
|
math
|
If a currently accepted theory is considered to be modern, and its introduction. In classical, mechanics, the exact same mathphysics might be involved to model an electron orbit as planetary orbit. Classical physics definition at, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation. Mathematics of classical and quantum physics dover books on physics. It is part of a fourvolume textbook, which covers electromagnetism, mechanics. Physics stack exchange is a question and answer site for active researchers, academics and students of physics. This book provides an illustration of classical mechanics in the form of problems at. This first course in the physics curriculum introduces classical mechanics. Classical mechanics including an introduction to the theory of. This textbook provides an introduction to classical mechanics at a level. It provides teachers and students with new examples and tools based on contemporary research in physics. A course in classical physics 1mechanics alessandro.
Free classical mechanics books download ebooks online. Alessandro bettini has fulfilled the ambitious goal of writing a treatise that covers all of classical physics with a depth. There is another book which uses classical mechanics to familiarize its readers with the math. This is a minimalist textbook for a first semester of university, calculusbased physics, covering classical mechanics including one chapter on mechanical waves, but excluding fluids, plus a brief. The authors do however remain concrete in their treatment, with realworld examples permeating the text. This classic book enables readers to make connections between classical and modern physics an. Rae, quantum mechanics, crc press, boca raton, ann arbor, london, tokyo, 5 th. Classical physics classical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that were recognized and welldeveloped before the beginning of the 20th century classical mechanics, acoustics, optics. This textbook provides an introduction to classical mechanics at a level intermediate between the typical undergraduate and advanced graduate level. Develop an understanding far beyond the standard popular science discussions. For 30 years, this book has been the acknowledged standard in advanced classical mechanics courses. Classical mechanics wikibooks, open books for an open world.
Moreover, if a quantum system has a classical analogue, then for the limit h 0, it must yield the corresponding classical results. This new edition of classical mechanics, aimed at undergraduate physics and engineering students, presents ina. This firstyear, graduatelevel text and reference book covers the fundamental concepts and twentyfirstcentury applications of six major areas of classical physics that every masters or phdlevel physicist. In the case of quantum mechanics, this correspondence may be specified by claiming that, for large quantum numbers, quantum theory must be consistent with classical physics. The first volume is devoted to the mechanics of point particles and rigid bodies. List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics. This first volume covers the mechanics of point particles, gravitation, extended systems starting from the twobody system, the basic concepts of relativistic mechanics and the mechanics of rigid bodies and fluids. This book, although short, is a fairly good overview of classical mechanics, which emphasizes more recent developments in the theory, such as chaotic dynamical systems. Aside from the standard topics of mechanics in the physics curriculum, this book includes an introduction to the theory of elasticity and its use in selected modern.
Are there modern 1st year university physics textbooks using oldschoool layout, i. For physicists, however, the real importance of classical mechanics lies not so much in the vast range of its applications as in its role as the base on which the whole pyramid of modern physics has been. Classical mechanics is concerned with bodies acted on by forces and bodies in motion and may be divided into statics study of the forces on a body or. Modern classical physics princeton university press. Classical mechanics wiley online books wiley online library. This text describes the background and tools for use in. This book is a formulation of the work there attempted. Motion in one dimension and vectors, motion in two and three dimensions and force and motion, work and kinetic energy. This is a minimalist textbook for a first semester of university, calculusbased physics, covering classical mechanics including one chapter on mechanical waves, but excluding fluids, plus a brief introduction to thermodynamics. Historically, a set of core conceptsspace, time, mass, force, momentum, torque, and angular momentumwere introduced in. Classical physics refers to theories of physics that predate modern, more complete, or more widely applicable theories. This new edition of classical mechanics, aimed at undergraduate physics and. The wonderful quantum world in this video lecture, prof. The failure of classical physics and the advent of quantum.
Kotkins collection of problems in classical mechanics. Classical mechanics illustrated by modern physics world scientific. This book provides an illustration of classical mechanics in the form of problems at the bachelor level inspired for most of them by contemporary research in physics, and resulting from the teaching and. Here are some of my favorite popular physics books. Shankar is a good modern introduction to quantum mechanics.
This book complements the book solved problems in modern physics by the same author and published by springerverlag so that bulk of the courses for undergraduate curriculum are covered. List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum. A modern perspective mcgrawhill series in fundamentals of physics barger, vernon d. Classical physics classical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that were recognized and welldeveloped before the beginning of the 20th century classical mechanics, acoustics, optics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism. Classical mechanics, second edition presents a complete account of the classical mechanics of particles and systems for physics students at the advanced undergraduate level. Walter lewin discusses classical mechanics, and in spite of all of its impressive predictive power, fails. This firstyear, graduatelevel text and reference book covers the fundamental concepts and twentyfirstcentury applications of six major areas of classical physics that every masters or phdlevel physicist should be exposed to, but often isnt. Classical mechanics is very useful for analyzing problems in which quantum and. In many fields of modern physics, classical mechanics plays a key role. This book provides an illustration of classical mechanics in the form of problems at undergraduate level inspired for the most part by contemporary research in. Classical mechanics books meet your next favorite book.1104 3 455 1434 1494 974 1164 412 1478 797 648 838 19 1379 1314 1070 840 1404 819 344 311 551 214 751 503 564 1465 1196 1511 835 990 1478 1024 877 498 1398 249 730 301 347 537 766
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475238.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301093751-20240301123751-00706.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2024-10
| 7,193 | 6 |
http://www.theflyfishingforum.com/forums/512248-post2.html
|
math
|
Re: 1st time fly fishing salt need some help guys.
1) I only use wire leader if the blues are big and everywhere! When i use wire i use 20# tieable wire by surflon
2)I always tie my own leaders which are simply 4.5 feet of 30# 3feet of 20# and 2 feet of 16# tippet
3) You should be able to throw a 3/0 with no problem but most of my flies are between size2 and 1/0
4) I would not buy a kit type combo look for a better quality used set up
5) I usually spray my stuff down with a hose and i also wash them with a soapy rag and pay alot of attention to the guides and reel seat areas they seem to rust/corrode first.
6) I would get an intermediate line before a floater for the surf i use an intermediate 9wt 98% of the time. I also use a nine weight 98% of the time. The 9wt is very well suited for the wind you will encounter in the area, an 8wt can be tough on windy days
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118477.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00475-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2017-17
| 872 | 7 |
https://math-mprf.org/journal/articles/id753/
|
math
|
On Quantum Stochastic Dynamics
1996, v.2, Issue 1, 87-116
We review a recent progress in the domain of quantum stochastic dynamics for quantum spin system on a lattice. In particular, we present some new construction of noncommutative $L_p$ spaces and we show how one can exploit this framework to construct stochastic dynamics of jump and diffusion type.
Keywords: non-commutative $L_p$ spaces,stochastic spin flip and diffusion dynamics,quantum spins,systems on a lattice,finite range interactions
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00086.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2024-10
| 499 | 4 |
https://www.majortests.com/essay/Supply-And-Demand-586342.html
|
math
|
Price Effect,___ Law of Demand, Moment along the demand curve
The high the price the lower the quantity demanded.
Non-price Effect ---- Shift Demand to the left and right.. 1. Income of the consumer can shift demand to the right or left…. Ie Demand of normal /luxury shift up when there is increase in income Price of inferior shift down when there is increase in income….
2. Taste/ preference also shift Demand curve
2. Substitutes /complements. If the price of the substitutes increase the demand for other good will go up… complementary goods are the good that are used together.. e.g tooth paste and tooth brush
Advertising ---also shift the demand
Expectation---Demand shift due to expectation … if there will be scarcity of fuel /gasoline, people buy for storage which increase the demand of gas.
An increase in price means an increase in quantity supply. Supply is positively sloped..
Supply has a positive slope when then there is a change (increase) in price while
Demand has a negative slope when there is a change (increase) in price..
Quantity demanded is equal to quantity supply
When price is goes up there will be surplus in supply
When price goes down there will be surplus in demand
Price must lower to correct the supply in supply
While an increase in price will correct a shortage in demand
Return on Investmet:
ROI = PV
NPVa = -cost +cf
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107903419.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029065424-20201029095424-00158.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2020-45
| 1,364 | 18 |
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_under_Bayes_theorem
|
math
|
Evidence under Bayes' theorem
This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2013)
This article possibly contains original research. (September 2008)
The use of evidence under Bayes' theorem relates to the probability of finding evidence in relation to the accused, where Bayes' theorem concerns the probability of an event and its inverse. Specifically, it compares the probability of finding particular evidence if the accused were guilty, versus if they were not guilty. An example would be the probability of finding a person's hair at the scene, if guilty, versus if just passing through the scene. Another issue would be finding a person's DNA where they lived, regardless of committing a crime there.
Among evidence scholars, the study of evidence in recent decades has become broadly interdisciplinary, incorporating insights from psychology, economics, and probability theory. One area of particular interest and controversy has been Bayes' theorem. Bayes' theorem is an elementary proposition of probability theory. It provides a way of updating, in light of new information, one’s probability that a proposition is true. Evidence scholars have been interested in its application to their field, either to study the value of rules of evidence, or to help determine facts at trial.
Suppose, that the proposition to be proven is that defendant was the source of a hair found at the crime scene. Before learning that the hair was a genetic match for the defendant’s hair, the factfinder believes that the odds are 2 to 1 that the defendant was the source of the hair. If they used Bayes’ theorem, they could multiply those prior odds by a “likelihood ratio” in order to update her odds after learning that the hair matched the defendant’s hair. The likelihood ratio is a statistic derived by comparing the odds that the evidence (expert testimony of a match) would be found if the defendant was the source with the odds that it would be found if defendant was not the source. If it is ten times more likely that the testimony of a match would occur if the defendant was the source than if not, then the factfinder should multiply their prior odds by ten, giving posterior odds of 20 to one.
Bayesian skeptics have objected to this use of Bayes’ theorem in litigation on a variety of grounds. These run from jury confusion and computational complexity to the assertion that standard probability theory is not a normatively satisfactory basis for adjudication of rights.
Bayesian enthusiasts have replied on two fronts. First, they have said that whatever its value in litigation, Bayes' theorem is valuable in studying evidence rules. For example, it can be used to model relevance. It teaches that the relevance of evidence that a proposition is true depends on how much the evidence changes the prior odds, and that how much it changes the prior odds depends on how likely the evidence would be found (or not) if the proposition were true. These basic insights are also useful in studying individual evidence rules, such as the rule allowing witnesses to be impeached with prior convictions.
Second, they have said that it is practical to use Bayes' theorem in a limited set of circumstances in litigation (such as integrating genetic match evidence with other evidence), and that assertions that probability theory is inappropriate for judicial determinations are nonsensical or inconsistent.
Some observers believe that in recent years (i) the debate about probabilities has become stagnant, (ii) the protagonists in the probabilities debate have been talking past each other, (iii) not much is happening at the high-theory level, and (iv) the most interesting work is in the empirical study of the efficacy of instructions on Bayes’ theorem in improving jury accuracy. However, it is possible that this skepticism about the probabilities debate in law rests on observations of the arguments made by familiar protagonists in the legal academy. In fields outside of law, work on formal theories relating to uncertainty continues unabated. One important development has been the work on "soft computing" such as has been carried on, for example, at Berkeley under Lotfi Zadeh's BISC (Berkeley Initiative in Soft Computing). Another example is the increasing amount of work, by people both in and outside law, on "argumentation" theory. Also, work on Bayes nets continues. Some of this work is beginning to filter into legal circles. See, for example, the many papers on formal approaches to uncertainty (including Bayesian approaches) in the Oxford journal: Law, Probability and Risk .
There are some famous cases where Bayes' theorem can be applied.
- In the medical examples, a comparison is made between the evidence of cancer suggested by mamograms (5% show positive) versus the general risk of having cancer (1% in general): the ratio is 1:5, or 20% risk, of having breast cancer when a mammogram shows a positive result.
- A court case which argued the probabilities, with DNA evidence, is R v Adams.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057857.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926083818-20210926113818-00669.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2021-39
| 5,047 | 13 |
https://www.math.tohoku.ac.jp/tmj/abs/abs69_3_5.html
|
math
|
HOME > Table of Contents and Abstracts > Vol. 69, No. 3
Tohoku Mathematical Journal
SECOND SERIES VOL. 69, NO. 3
|Tohoku Math. J.|
69 (2017), 431-454
GAUSS MAPS OF TORIC VARIETIES
Katsuhisa Furukawa and Atsushi Ito
(Received May 7, 2015, revised September 24, 2015)
We investigate Gauss maps of (not necessarily normal) projective toric varieties over an algebraically closed field of arbitrary characteristic. The main results are as follows: (1) The structure of the Gauss map of a toric variety is described in terms of combinatorics in any characteristic. (2) We give a developability criterion in the toric case. In particular, we show that any toric variety whose Gauss map is degenerate must be the join of some toric varieties in characteristic zero. (3) As applications, we provide two constructions of toric varieties whose Gauss maps have some given data (e.g., fibers, images) in positive characteristic.
Mathematics Subject Classification.
Primary 14M25; Secondary 14N05.
Key words and phrases.
Gauss map, toric variety, Cayley sum.
To the top of this page
Back to the Contents
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509690.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015184452-20181015205952-00117.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2018-43
| 1,090 | 15 |
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cjce.5450380205/abstract
|
math
|
A review of recent work on transient stagewise mass transfer processes is presented, with particular emphasis on numerical and analog solutions for the partial differential difference equations involved. The numerical or analog solutions are relatively simple, whereas the analytical solution even of the linearized equation is quite involved.
An example of gas absorption is considered in which the equations are linearized, and solved numerically as well as by the use of a resistance network analog. These particular methods of solution had not previously been used for this problem, and the present work is compared with previous solutions. The novel feature of the method of solution is the representation of the time derivative by a backward finite difference to produce a set of simultaneous algebraic equations, which may be solved most easily by matrix inversion programmed on a digital computer.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424559.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723122722-20170723142722-00139.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
| 905 | 2 |
https://doubtnut.com/question-answer/in-which-quadrant-do-each-of-the-points-2-4-and-3-5-lie-1130728
|
math
|
Please Enter a Question First
Click Question to Get Free Answers >
Question from Class 10 Chapter COORDINATE GEOMETRY
Loading DoubtNut Solution for you
8.0 K+ views | 700+ people like this
Share This Video
14.3 K+ Views | 5.6 K+ Likes
9.7 K+ Views | 1.8 K+ Likes
21.9 K+ Views | 6.3 K+ Likes
4.2 K+ Views | 1.6 K+ Likes
5.1 K+ Views | 2.5 K+ Likes
30.8 K+ Views | 9.2 K+ Likes
14.1 K+ Views | 7.0 K+ Likes
29.3 K+ Views | 2.9 K+ Likes
5.7 K+ Views | 2.2 K+ Likes
6.0 K+ Views | 3.0 K+ Likes
15.1 K+ Views | 4.5 K+ Likes
5.4 K+ Views | 2.6 K+ Likes
Latest Blog Post
Read here Doubtnut has become the official sponsor of IIT Guwahati Technothlon 2019..
In the 2019 Education budget, Nirmala Sitharaman has said that the Education System will now be focused more on new age subjects instead of traditional syllabus that is being followed in the schools today.
JEE Advanced 2019 Result Out - Candidates can check here on the official website of JEE Advanced
Candidates can check here NEET 2019 Results on the official website which has been released successfully by NTA.
Read these IIT-JEE Success Stories of Students just like you.
CBSE Class 10 Result out on 6th May 2019 ..Candidates can check here class 10 result on the official website of CBSE
CBSE Class 12 Board Result Out on 2 May 2019, Students of Class 12 can check their results on the official site of CBSE. Link is given in the description.
Candidates can check here JEE Mains 2019 results which is officially announced on 29th April 2019 on the official website of JEE Mains.
Doubtnut have launched the Mock Test of WBJEE 2019 which will be conducted on Tuesday and Friday of each week. Practicing through these Test will help them to score good marks in WBJEE 2019 exams.
JEE Advanced Mock Test which is releasing today by Doubtnut from 7 pm onwards from 18th april to 25th may which will be helpful for all the JEE Aspirants who are preparing for JEE Advanced Examinations.
Know the World Around You - GK with DoubtNut
What is simple partnership
What is partnership
Congruence of two squares
Congruence of two angles
The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the centre is double the angle subtended by it any point on the remaining part of the circle.
Exterior of an angle
Most Important Questions Of Class 12 Boards Maths | CBSE & State Boards
Most Important Questions Of Class 10 Boards Maths | CBSE & State Boards
How To Revise Inorganic Chemistry in 1 Day ? Revise Inorganic Chemistry Fast For Class 12 Boards ?
Each of the four angles of a rectangle is a right angle.
In a `Delta ABC`; right angled at B; If ` sin A = 3/5`; find `cos A; tan A; sec A and Cosec B.
Types of Variations
What is co-ordinate geometry ?
Regular coordinate axes
Cartesian coordinate of a point
Some Important points
Theorem: The distance between two points `P(x_1;y_1)` and `Q(x_2;y_2)` is given by sqrt((x_2-x_1)^2+(y_2-y_1)^2)
If the point (x;y) is equidistant from the points `(a+b;b-a)` and `(a-b;a+b)` prove that `bx=ay`
Some Useful Points
The coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining the points `(x_1;y_1)` and `(x_2;y_2)` internally in the ratio m:n are given by `(x=(mx_2+nx_1)/(m+n);y=(my_2+ny_1)/(m+n))`
(i) Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining the points (6;3) and (-4;5) in the ratio 3:2 internally
(iv) The three vertices of a parallelogram are taken in order (-1;0); (3;1) and (2;2) respectively. Find the coordinates of 4th vertex.
(ii)In what ratio does the x axis divide the line segment joining the points `(2;-3) and (5;6)`. Find the coordinate of a point of intersection
(iii)Prove that the points (-2;-1) ; (1;0);(4;3) and (1;2) are the vertices of the parallelogram . Is this a rectangle ?
Theorem: Prove that the coordinates of centroid of the triangle whose coordinates are `(x_1;y_1);(x_2;y_2) and (x_3;y_3)` are `((x_1+x_2+x_3)/3;(y_1+y_2+y_3)/3)`
If the coordinates of the midpoints of the sides of a triangle are (1;1);(2;-3) and (3;4). Find its centroid.
Theorem : The area of a triangle the coordinates of whose vertices are `(x_1;y_1);(x_2;y_2)and (x_3;y_3)` is 1/2|(x_1(y_2-y_3)+x_2(y_3-y_1)+x_3(y_1-y_2)|`
Find the Area of polygon
Find area of triangle formed by the points A(5;2);B(4;7) and C (7;-4)
Find area of quadrileteral ABCD whose vertices are respectively `A(1;1); B(7;-3) ; C(12;2)` and D(7;21)`
Prove that `(a;b+c);(b;a+c) ;(c;a+b)` are collinear.
For what value of x will the points (x;-1);(2;1) and (4;5) lie on a line ?
If the vertices of a triangle having integral coordinates . Prove that triangle can't be equileteral .
Apne doubts clear karein ab Whatsapp par bhi. Try it now.
Ab clear karein apne doubts Whatsapp par bhi. Apna phone number register karein.
Hurray!! Ab aap Whatsapp pe solutions paa saktey h, hum aapko message karenge.
Hurray!! Ab aap Whatsapp pe solutions paa saktey h, hum aapko ping karenge
POPULAR CHAPTERS BY CLASS :
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526931.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190721061720-20190721083720-00527.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2019-30
| 4,897 | 68 |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/how-do-i-get-sin-z-2i-1-4-e-1-e-resides-at-poles-question.173012/
|
math
|
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Find Poles & eval resides at those points for f(z) = sin(z)/(z^2+1) 2. Relevant equations I'm using Res f(z) = [g^m-1 (z_0)] / (m-1)! 3. The attempt at a solution So I worked out the f(z) = 1/(z-i) so g(z) = sin(z) /(z+i) for my first one did the sub for z=i and got sin(i)/2i But the working out (i'm working on past papers so I have the worked solutions, just not very detailed) The next line shows; = 1/4(e-(1/e)) What one earth don't I know about sin that gets to this point??
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647044.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319175337-20180319195337-00332.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2018-13
| 541 | 1 |
https://educativeprintable.com/2019/06/12/
|
math
|
Mathematics is a definite science. Many people like Math. Are you one of them? If you like to study Mathematics, do you know what mathematics means? Mathematics is one of the lessons taught from the elementary level. In fact, now Mathematics has been introduced from the level of Early Childhood Education. You can download Free Math Worksheets For 1st Grade Good Quality for free use.
DateJune 12, 2019
Mathematics is the study of magnitude, structure, building space, and changes in a number. Mathematics comes from the Greek Mathematikos which means an exact science. In the Dutch language, mathematics is referred to as Wiskunde, which means the science of learning. You can use Free First Grade Math Worksheets Good Quality as the learning media for the students.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347436828.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604001115-20200604031115-00121.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
| 768 | 3 |
https://365crack.com/wolfram-mathematica-crack-m/
|
math
|
Wolfram Mathematica 13.1.0 Crack With Activation Key Download[Latest]
Wolfram Mathematica 13.1.0 Crack 2023 For three decades, Mathematica has defined the state of the art in technical computing—and provided the principal computation environment for millions of innovators, educators, students, and others around the world. Widely admired for both its technical prowess and elegant ease of use, Mathematica provides a single integrated, continually expanding system that covers the breadth and depth of technical computing.
– For Modern Technical Computing, There’s No Other Choice
– A Vast System, All Integrated
– Not Just Numbers, Not Just Math—But Everything
– Unimaginable Algorithm Power
– Higher Level Than Ever Before
– Everything Is Industrial Strength
– Powerful Ease of Use
– Documents As Well As Code
– The Code Makes Sense
– Make Your Results Look Their Best
– 150,000+ Examples
– Instant Real-World Data
– Seamless Cloud Integration
– Connected to Everything
– Windows 10
– Windows 8.1
– Windows 8
– Windows 7
– Windows Server 2012
– Windows HPC Server 2008
– Windows Server 2008
The features of this version of the software are to define automation and perform some defined algorithms. you’re also ready to define your own algorithms. Wolfram Mathematica software is one of the foremost complex mathematical calculation software that has a high-level programming language. Finally, Wolfram Mathematica 12 Free Download has been published as a superpower of scientific and technical innovations and has long been one among the simplest and most original software within the field of complex mathematical calculations. All in all, Mathematica 12 is employed by students, university professors, researchers, and has been ready to meet the requirements of all of them at any level of data.
- Better tracking of undoing dates and options using copy and paste.
- More powerful import of video file formats, including JPEG and TIFF.
- Repair expected behavior for a few TravelDirections arguments.
- Refined support for international language and translation, including Spanish spell review and Chinese search.
- Many UI updates, including DynamicModule, ActionMenu.
- Machine learning.
- Audio and photography computing.
- Signal processing.
- Partial solution of differential equations.
- Symbolic and numerical calculus.
- Also, Calculation of algebra and number theory. most powerful software for the latest technical calculations (symbols, numbers, graphics). The Full Version of Wolfram Mathematica provides a set of tools for general computation, both numerical, symbolic and visual. Mathematica combines powerful computer software with a user-friendly interface. It features high-performance symbolic and numerical calculations, 2D and 3D data visualization and programming capabilities. In addition, it seamlessly integrates advanced connectivity with popular computers, document systems, graphics systems, programming languages , and other applications.Wolfram Mathematica Crack has a very environmentally friendly interface with tools and features. This software will add you to a formula editor, write it down, or edit a formula or any simple step. It focuses on a variety of areas, such as computer integration and network computing. Mathematica Free Download users can find a variety of improvements that are useful in terms of interface, language, algorithm depth, and efficiency.Wolfram Mathematica 12 Activation Key introduces important new functional areas such as machine learning, 3D printing, speech processing, and many other new features and enhancements. It provides a unified integrated environment covering the breadth and depth of technical information technology.Wolfram Mathematica 11 Crack Free is a tool for calculating results. It provides a unique development platform that can be integrated into workflows that guide computation from generation to completion. With the bold vision of integrating and resolving all aspects of comprehension and computation, all new versions of Mathematica make the field available as part of the user workflow. It provides tools that significantly extend the range of positions between domains that can be reached by users of all levels. Mathematica helps solve equations and systems of equations, equations, and systems of differential equations perform Laplace Fourier transforms and imagines complex frequency functions or frequency structures. Creating 3D and 2D dimensions. You can create animations of these images for your presentation.
Features of Wolfram Mathematica 13.1.0:
- Powerful algorithms and large-scale problem handling.
- Thousands of integrated functions covering all areas of technical computing.
- Refined interactive visualization and rich publication format.
- Wide range of dimensions, computer environment, workflow.
- Network computing, geometry, data science, imaging, visualization, etc.
- And much more.
New in Wolfram Mathematica 13.1.0:
- Hundreds of new features and improvements.
- New (more) symbolic and numerical calculations.
- New advanced visualization and optimization.
- Computation photo (image editing).
- New geography, entities, maps, etc.
- New insertion and printing of 3D models on a 3D printer.
- Random Matrix and Timeline Support.
- Other bug fixes and improvements.
- Windows 7/ 8/ 8.1/ 10 or Server 2008/ 2012/ 2016 (32-bit or 64-bit – all editions)
- 2.4 GHz multi-core processor
- 2 GB RAM
- 13 GB hard disk space available
- 1280 x 800 display
How to Install?
- Get the download link by sharing us on your social media account.
- After downloading, extract the rar. file.
- Uninstall the earlier version of this software (if you have any).
- Follow the instruction given in txt. file to continue the installation process.
- Done. Thank you for visiting our site.
Wolfram Mathematica 13.1.0 Activation Key
Wolfram Mathematica 13.1.0 Serial Code
Wolfram Mathematica Serial Key
Wolfram Mathematica Activation Code
Wolfram Mathematica Key
Wolfram Mathematica Registration Code
Author’s Concluding Remarks
Wolfram Mathematica 13.1.0 Crack has been tested before upload in our database. At the time of uploading, 365crack.com was satisfied but if you find any issue regarding the installation, you can put your issue in the comments section. The expert team will look into the matter and rectify the issue as soon as possible. However, we are not responsible for the crack version; this may cause the issue if you have not installed all the files in the bundle. Additionally, you must test all the links available on the site, maybe some links have the corrupt files but you will find the exact one that you are searching for. I hope this crack version with serial keys is a good and enjoy with us. Thanks for visiting the 365Crack.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510924.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001173415-20231001203415-00107.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
| 6,812 | 70 |
https://brainmass.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/84550
|
math
|
(See attached file for full problem description)
A four car linkage is shown in the attachment. The crank OA, the connecting rod AB, and the rocker BC are 20mm, 120mm, and 60mm long respectively. The crank rotates at a speed of 60 rpm and the centre distance OC is 90mm. At the instant shown determine:
(I) The velocity of C
(II) The angular velocity of the rocker BC
(III) The angular velocity of the connecting rod AB
The solution calculates the angular velocity for various parts of a car including the crank, the connecting rod, and the rocker.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279248.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00198-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
| 548 | 6 |
http://www.fiuxy.net/juegos-gratis/488007-search-amelia-earhart-pc-eng.html
|
math
|
Follow Amelia Earhartss life through space and time to learn about her accomplishments and discover what could have really happened to her on her last flight. Only you can discover the truth of what really happened on that long flight so many years ago!
# Uncover history as you search for actual memorabilia left behind by Amelia.
# Locate and assemble the hidden clues to help unfold Amelia?s story and, ultimately, unlock her mystery.
# Plot coordinates using the Coordinator Locator to discover the places Amelia visited around the world.
# Find the missing clues in this exciting Hidden Object Adventure game!
# Solve 5 mind-bending mini-games including spot the difference and plot the coordinates.
# Explore 32 scenes in order to find clues and reveal the missing links to Amelia?s disappearance.
# Windows? XP/Vista
# Pentium? IV 2.0 GHz (AMD equivalent) or faster processor
# 512 MB RAM
# 200 MB available hard disk space
# DirectX? 9.0
# 64 MB DirectX 9.0 video card
Rel Date: 23-12-2009
GAME TYPE: Adventure
If U have any problem, don't hesitate to PM me.
Don't Forget to Say Thanks, If U Like My Post.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542693.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00178-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2016-50
| 1,113 | 17 |
https://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1364344858
|
math
|
posted by Hannah Wannans .
Zuppann, Inc. has just completed a study of its production process for gadgets. It uses labor and capital to produce gadgets. It has determined that 1 more unit of labor would increase output by 200 gadgets. However an additional unit of capital would increase output by 150 gadgets. If the current price of capital is $10 and the current price of labor is $25, is the firm employing the optimal input bundle for its current output? Why or why not? If not, which input’s usage should be increased?
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109525.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821191703-20170821211703-00559.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
| 526 | 2 |
https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/ch13.htm
|
math
|
Capital Vol. III
Assuming a given wage and working-day, a variable capital, for instance of 100, represents a certain number of employed labourers. It is the index of this number. Suppose £100 are the wages of 100 labourers for, say, one week. If these labourers perform equal amounts of necessary and surplus-labour, if they work daily as many hours for themselves, i.e., for the reproduction of their wage, as they do for the capitalist, i.e., for the production of surplus-value, then the value of their total product = £200, and the surplus-value they produce would amount to £100. The rate of surplus-value, s/v, would = 100%. But, as we have seen, this rate of surplus-value would nonetheless express itself in very different rates of profit, depending on the different volumes of constant capital c and consequently of the total capital C, because the rate of profit = s/C. The rate of surplus-value is 100%:
If c = 50, and v = 100, then p' = 100/150 = 66⅔%;
c = 100, and v = 100, then p' = 100/200 = 50%;
c = 200, and v = 100, then p' = 100/300 = 33⅓%;
c = 300, and v = 100, then p' = 100/400 = 25%;
c = 400, and v = 100, then p' = 100/500 = 20%.
This is how the same rate of surplus-value would express itself under the same degree of labour exploitation in a falling rate of profit, because the material growth of the constant capital implies also a growth — albeit not in the same proportion — in its value, and consequently in that of the total capital.
If it is further assumed that this gradual change in the composition of capital is not confined only to individual spheres of production, but that it occurs more or less in all, or at least in the key spheres of production, so that it involves changes in the average organic composition of the total capital of a certain society, then the gradual growth of constant capital in relation to variable capital must necessarily lead to a gradual fall of the general rate of profit, so long as the rate of surplus-value, or the intensity of exploitation of labour by capital, remain the same. Now we have seen that it is a law of capitalist production that its development is attended by a relative decrease of variable in relation to constant capital, and consequently to the total capital set in motion. This is just another way of saying that owing to the distinctive methods of production developing in the capitalist system the same number of labourers, i.e., the same quantity of labour-power set in motion by a variable capital of a given value, operate, work up and productively consume in the same time span an ever-increasing quantity of means of labour, machinery and fixed capital of all sorts, raw and auxiliary materials — and consequently a constant capital of an ever-increasing value. This continual relative decrease of the variable capital vis-a-vis the constant, and consequently the total capital, is identical with the progressively higher organic composition of the social capital in its average. It is likewise just another expression for the progressive development of the social productivity of labour, which is demonstrated precisely by the fact that the same number of labourers, in the same time, i.e., with less labour, convert an ever-increasing quantity of raw and auxiliary materials into products, thanks to the growing application of machinery and fixed capital in general. To this growing quantity of value of the constant capital — although indicating the growth of the real mass of use-values of which the constant capital materially consists only approximately — corresponds a progressive cheapening of products. Every individual product, considered by itself, contains a smaller quantity of labour than it did on a lower level of production, where the capital invested in wages occupies a far greater place compared to the capital invested in means of production. The hypothetical series drawn up at the beginning of this chapter expresses, therefore, the actual tendency of capitalist production. This mode of production produces a progressive relative decrease of the variable capital as compared to the constant capital, and consequently a continuously rising organic composition of the total capital. The immediate result of this is that the rate of surplus-value, at the same, or even a rising, degree of labour exploitation, is represented by a continually falling general rate of profit. (We shall see later [Present edition: Ch. XIV. — Ed.] why this fall does not manifest itself in an absolute form, but rather as a tendency toward a progressive fall.) The progressive tendency of the general rate of profit to fall is, therefore, just an expression peculiar to the capitalist mode of production of the progressive development of the social productivity of labour. This does not mean to say that the rate of profit may not fall temporarily for other reasons. But proceeding from the nature of the capitalist mode of production, it is thereby proved logical necessity that in its development the general average rate of surplus-value must express itself in a falling general rate of profit. Since the mass of the employed living labour is continually on the decline as compared to the mass of materialised labour set in motion by it, i.e., to the productively consumed means of production, it follows that the portion of living labour, unpaid and congealed in surplus-value, must also be continually on the decrease compared to the amount of value represented by the invested total capital. Since the ratio of the mass of surplus-value to the value of the invested total capital forms the rate of profit, this rate must constantly fall.
Simple as this law appears from the foregoing statements, all of political economy has so far had little success in discovering it, as we shall see in a later part. [K. Marx, Theorien über den Mehrwert. K. Marx/F. Engels, Werke, Band 26, Teil 2, S. 435-66, 541-43. — Ed.] The economists perceived the phenomenon and cudgelled their brains in tortuous attempts to interpret it. Since this law is of great importance to capitalist production, it may be said to be a mystery whose solution has been the goal of all political economy since Adam Smith, the difference between the various schools since Adam Smith having been in the divergent approaches to a solution. When we consider, on the other hand, that up to the present political economy has been running in circles round the distinction between constant and variable capital, but has never known how to define it accurately; that it has never separated surplus-value from profit, and never even considered profit in its pure form as distinct from its different, independent components, such as industrial profit, commercial profit, interest, and ground-rent; that it has never thoroughly analysed the differences in the organic composition of capital, and, for this reason, has never thought of analysing the formation of the general rate of profit — if we consider all this, the failure to solve this riddle is no longer surprising.
We intentionally present this law before going on to the division of profit into different independent categories. The fact that this analysis is made independently of the division of profit into different parts, which fall to the share of different categories of people, shows from the outset that this law is, in its entirety, independent of this division, and just as independent of the mutual relations of the resultant categories of profit. The profit to which we are here referring is but another name for surplus-value itself, which is presented only in its relation to total capital rather than to variable capital, from which it arises. The drop in the rate of profit, therefore, expresses the falling relation of surplus-value to advanced total capital, and is for this reason independent of any division whatsoever of this surplus-value among the various categories.
We have seen that at a certain stage of capitalist development, where the organic composition of capital c : v was 50 : 100, a rate of surplus-value of 100% was expressed in a rate of profit of 66⅔%, and that at a higher stage, where c : v was 400 : 100, the same rate of surplus-value was expressed in a rate of profit of only 20%. What is true of different successive stages of development in one country, is also true of different coexisting stages of development in different countries. In an undeveloped country, in which the former composition of capital is the average, the general rate of profit would = 66⅔%, while in a country with the latter composition and a much higher stage of development it would = 20%.
The difference between the two national rates of profit might disappear, or even be reversed, if labour were less productive in the less developed country, so that a larger quantity of labour were to be represented in a smaller quantity of the same commodities, and a larger exchange-value were represented in less use-value. The labourer would then spend more of his time in reproducing his own means of subsistence, or their value, and less time in producing surplus-value; consequently, he would perform less surplus-labour, with the result that the rate of surplus-value would be lower. Suppose, the labourer of the less developed country were to work ⅔ of the working-day for himself and ⅓ for the capitalist; in accordance with the above illustration, the same labour-power would then be paid with 133⅓ and would furnish a surplus of only 60⅔. A constant capital of 50 would correspond to a variable capital of 433⅓. The rate of surplus-value would amount to 66⅔ : 133⅓ = 50%, and the rate of profit to 66⅔ : 133⅓, or approximately 36%.
Since we have not so far analysed the different component parts of profit, i.e., they do not for the present exist for us, we make the following remarks beforehand merely to avoid misunderstanding: In comparing countries in different stages of development it would be a big mistake to measure the level of the national rate of profit by, say, the level of the national rate of interest, namely when comparing countries with a developed capitalist production with countries in which labour has not yet been formally subjected to capital, although in reality the labourer is exploited by the capitalist (as, for instance, in India, where the ryot manages his farm as an independent producer whose production as such is not, therefore, as yet subordinated to capital, although the usurer may not only rob him of his entire surplus-labour by means of interest, but may also, to use a capitalist term, hack off a part of his wage). This interest comprises all the profit, and more than the profit, instead of merely expressing an aliquot part of the produced surplus-value, or profit, as it does in countries with a developed capitalist production. On the other hand, the rate of interest is, in this case, mostly determined by relations (loans granted by usurers to owners of larger estates who draw ground-rent) which have nothing to do with profit, and rather indicate to what extent usury appropriates ground-rent.
As regards countries possessing different stages of development of capitalist production, and consequently capitals of different organic composition, a country where the normal working-day is shorter than another's may have a higher rate of surplus-value (one of the factors which determines the rate of profit). First, if the English ten-hour working-day is, on account of its higher intensity, equal to an Austrian working-day of 14 hours, then, dividing the working-day equally in both instances, 5 hours of English surplus-labour may represent a greater value on the world-market than 7 hours of Austrian surplus-labour. Second, a larger portion of the English working-day than of the Austrian may represent surplus-labour.
The law of the falling rate of profit, which expresses the same, or even a higher, rate of surplus-value, states, in other words, that any quantity of the average social capital, say, a capital of 100, comprises an ever larger portion or means of labour, and an ever smaller portion of living labour. Therefore, since the aggregate mass of living labour operating the means of production decreases in relation to the value of these means of production, it follows that the unpaid labour and the portion of value in which it is expressed must decline as compared to the value of the advanced total capital. Or: An ever smaller aliquot part of invested total capital is converted into living labour, and this total capital, therefore, absorbs in proportion to its magnitude less and less surplus-labour, although the unpaid part of the labour applied may at the same time grow in relation to the paid part. The relative decrease of the variable and increase of the constant capital, however much both parts may grow in absolute magnitude, is, as we have said, but another expression for greater productivity of labour.
Let a capital of 100 consist of 80c + 20v, and the latter = 20 labourers. Let the rate of surplus-value be 100%, i.e., the labourers work half the day for themselves and the other half for the capitalist. Now let the capital of 100 in a less developed country = 20c + 80v, and let the latter = 80 labourers. But these labourers require 2/3 of the day for themselves, and work only 1/3 for the capitalist. Everything else being equal, the labourers in the first case produce a value of 40, and in the second of 120. The first capital produces 80c + 20v + 20s = 120; rate of profit = 20%. The second capital, 20c + 80v + 40s = 140; rate of profit 40%. In the second case the rate of profit is, therefore, double the first, although the rate of surplus-value in the first = 100%, which is double that of the second, where it is only 50%. But then, a capital of the same magnitude appropriates the surplus-labour of only 20 labourers in the first case, and of 80 labourers in the second case.
The law of the progressive falling of the rate of profit, or the relative decline of appropriated surplus-labour compared to the mass of materialised labour set in motion by living labour, does not rule out in any way that the absolute mass of exploited labour set in motion by the social capital, and consequently the absolute mass of the surplus-labour it appropriates, may grow; nor, that the capitals controlled by individual capitalists may dispose of a growing mass of labour and, hence, of surplus-labour, the latter even though the number of labourers they employ does not increase.
Take a certain working population of, say, two million. Assume, furthermore, that the length and intensity of the average working-day, and the level of wages, and thereby the proportion between necessary and surplus-labour, are given. In that case the aggregate labour of these two million, and their surplus-labour expressed in surplus-value, always produces the same magnitude of value. But with the growth of the mass of the constant (fixed and circulating) capital set in motion by this labour, this produced quantity of value declines in relation to the value of this capital, which value grows with its mass, even if not in quite the same proportion. This ratio, and consequently the rate of profit, shrinks in spite of the fact that the mass of commanded living labour is the same as before, and the same amount of surplus-labour is sucked out of it by the capital. It changes because the mass of materialised labour set in motion by living labour increases, and not because the mass of living labour has shrunk. It is a relative decrease, not an absolute one, and has, in fact, nothing to do with the absolute magnitude of the labour and surplus-labour set in motion. The drop in the rate of profit is not due to an absolute, but only to a relative decrease of the variable part of the total capital, i.e., to its decrease in relation to the constant part.
What applies to any given mass of labour and surplus-labour, also applies to a growing number of labourers, and, thus, under the above assumption, to any growing mass of commanded labour in general, and to its unpaid part, the surplus-labour, in particular. If the working population increases from two million to three, and if the variable capital invested in wages also rises to three million from its former two million, while the constant capital rises from four million to fifteen million, then, under the above assumption of a constant working-day and a constant rate of surplus-value, the mass of surplus-labour, and of surplus-value, rises by one-half, i.e., 50%, from two million to three. Nevertheless, in spite of this growth of the absolute mass of surplus-labour, and hence of surplus-value, by 50%, the ratio of variable to constant capital would fall from 2 : 4 to 3 : 15, and the ratio of surplus-value to total capital would be (in millions)
I. 4c + 2v + 2s; C = 6, p' = 33⅓%.
II. 15c + 3v + 3s; C = 18, p' = 16⅔%.
While the mass of surplus-value has increased by one-half, the rate of profit has fallen by one-half. However, the profit is only the surplus-value calculated in relation to the total social capital, and the mass of profit, its absolute magnitude, is socially equal to the absolute magnitude of the surplus-value. The absolute magnitude of the profit, its total amount, would, therefore, have grown by 50%, in spite of its enormous relative decrease compared to the advanced total capital, or in spite of the enormous decrease in the general rate of profit. The number of labourers employed by capital, hence the absolute mass of the labour set in motion by it, and therefore the absolute mass of surplus-labour absorbed by it, the mass of the surplus-value produced by it, and therefore the absolute mass of the profit produced by it, can, consequently, increase, and increase progressively, in spite of the progressive drop in the rate of profit. And this not only can be so. Aside from temporary fluctuations it must be so, on the basis of capitalist production.
Essentially, the capitalist process of production is simultaneously a process of accumulation. We have shown that with the development of capitalist production the mass of values to be simply reproduced, or maintained, increases as the productivity of labour grows, even if the labour-power employed should remain constant. But with the development of social productivity of labour the mass of produced use-values, of which the means of production form a part, grows still more. And the additional labour, through whose appropriation this additional wealth can be reconverted into capital, does not depend on the value, but on the mass of these means of production (including means of subsistence), because in the production process the labourers have nothing to do with the value, but with the use-value, of the means of production. Accumulation itself, however, and the concentration of capital that goes with it, is a material means of increasing productiveness. Now, this growth of the means of production includes the growth of the working population, the creation of a working population, which corresponds to the surplus-capital, or even exceeds its general requirements, thus leading to an over-population of workers. A momentary excess of surplus-capital over the working population it has commandeered, would have a two-fold effect. It could, on the one hand, by raising wages, mitigate the adverse conditions which decimate the offspring of the labourers and would make marriages easier among them, so as gradually to increase the population. On the other hand, by applying methods which yield relative surplus-value (introduction and improvement of machinery) it would produce a far more rapid, artificial, relative over-population, which in its turn, would be a breeding-ground for a really swift propagation of the population, since under capitalist production misery produces population. It therefore follows of itself from the nature of the capitalist process of accumulation, which is but one facet of the capitalist production process, that the increased mass of means of production that is to be converted into capital always finds a correspondingly increased, even excessive, exploitable worker population. As the process of production and accumulation advances therefore, the mass of available and appropriated surplus-labour, and hence the absolute mass of profit appropriated by the social capital, must grow. Along with the volume, however, the same laws of production and accumulation increase also the value of the constant capital in a mounting progression more rapidly than that of the variable part of capital, invested as it is in living labour. Hence, the same laws produce for the social capital a growing absolute mass of profit, and a falling rate of profit.
We shall entirely ignore here that with the advance of capitalist production and the attendant development of the productiveness of social labour and multiplication of production branches, hence products, the same amount of value represents a progressively increasing mass of use-values and enjoyments.
The development of capitalist production and accumulation lifts labour-processes to an increasingly enlarged scale and thus imparts to them ever greater dimensions, and involves accordingly larger investments of capital for each individual establishment. A mounting concentration of capitals (accompanied, though on a smaller scale, by an increase in the number of capitalists) is, therefore, one of its material requirements as well as one of its results. Hand in hand with it, mutually interacting, there occurs a progressive expropriation of the more or less direct producers. It is, then, natural for the individual capitalists to command increasingly large armies of labourers (no matter how much the variable capital may decrease in relation to the constant), and natural, too, that the mass of surplus-value, and hence profit, appropriated by them, should grow simultaneously with, and in spite of, the fall in the rate of profit. The causes which concentrate masses of labourers under the command of individual capitalists, are the very same that swell the mass of the invested fixed capital, and auxiliary and raw materials, in mounting proportion as compared to the mass of employed living labour.
It requires no more than a passing remark at this point to indicate that, given a certain labouring population, the mass of surplus-value, hence the absolute mass of profit, must grow if the rate of surplus-value increases, be it through a lengthening or intensification of the working-day, or through a drop in the value of wages due to an increase in the productiveness of labour, and that it must do so in spite of the relative decrease of variable capital in respect to constant.
The same development of the productiveness of social labour, the same laws which express themselves in a relative decrease of variable as compared to total capital, and in the thereby facilitated accumulation, while this accumulation in its turn becomes a starting-point for the further development of the productiveness and for a further relative decrease of variable capital — this same development manifests itself, aside from temporary fluctuations, in a progressive increase of the total employed labour-power and a progressive increase of the absolute mass of surplus-value, and hence of profit.
Now, what must be the form of this double-edged law of a decrease in the rate of profit and a simultaneous increase in the absolute mass of profit arising from the same causes? As a law based on the fact that under given conditions the appropriated mass of surplus-labour, hence of surplus-value, increases, and that, so far as the total capital is concerned, or the individual capital as an aliquot part of the total capital, profit and surplus-value are identical magnitudes?
Let us take an aliquot part of capital upon which we calculate the rate of profit, e.g., 100. These 100 represent the average composition of the total capital, say, 80c + 20v. We have seen in the second part of this book that the average rate of profit in the various branches of production is determined not by the particular composition of each individual capital, but by the average social composition. As the variable capital decreases relative to the constant, hence the total capital of 100, the rate of profit, or the relative magnitude of surplus-value, i.e., its ratio to the advanced total capital of 100, falls even though the intensity of exploitation were to remain the same, or even to increase. But it is not this relative magnitude alone which falls. The magnitude of the surplus-value or profit absorbed by the total capital of 100 also falls absolutely. At a rate of surplus-value of 100%, a capital of 60c + 40v produces a mass of surplus-value, and hence of profit, amounting to 40; a capital of 70c + 230v a mass of profit of 30; and for a capital of 80c + 20v the profit falls to 20. This falling applies to the mass of surplus-value, and hence of profit, and is due to the fact that the total capital of 100 employs less living labour, and, the intensity of labour exploitation remaining the same, sets in motion less surplus-labour, and therefore produces less surplus-value. Taking any aliquot part of the social capital, i.e., a capital of average composition, as a standard by which to measure surplus-value — and this is done in all profit calculations — a relative fall of surplus-value is generally identical with its absolute fall. In the cases given above, the rate of profit sinks from 40% to 30% and to 20%, because, in fact, the mass of surplus-value, and hence of profit, produced by the same capital falls absolutely from 40 to 30 and to 20. Since the magnitude of the value of the capital, by which the surplus-value is measured, is given as 100, a fall in the proportion of surplus-value to this given magnitude can be only another expression for the decrease of the absolute magnitude of surplus-value and profit. This is, indeed, a tautology. But, as shown, the fact that this decrease occurs at all, arises from the nature of the development of the capitalist process of production.
On the other hand, however, the same causes which bring about an absolute decrease of surplus-value, and hence profit, on a given capital, and consequently of the rate of profit calculated in per cent, produce an increase in the absolute mass of surplus-value, and hence of profit, appropriated by the social capital (i.e., by all capitalists taken as a whole). How does this occur, what is the only way in which this can occur, or what are the conditions obtaining in this seeming contradiction?
If any aliquot part = 100 of the social capital, and hence any 100 of average social composition, is a given magnitude, for which therefore a fall in the rate of profit coincides with a fall in the absolute magnitude of the profit because the capital which here serves as a standard of measurement is a constant magnitude, then the magnitude of the social capital like that of the capital in the hands of individual capitalists, is variable, and in keeping with our assumptions it must vary inversely with the decrease of its variable portion.
In our former illustration, when the percentage of composition was 60c + 40v, the corresponding surplus-value, or profit, was 40, and hence the rate of profit 40%. Suppose, the total capital in this stage of composition was one million. Then the total surplus-value, and hence the total profit, amounted to 400,000. Now, if the composition later = 80c + 20v, while the degree of labour exploitation remained the same, then the surplus-value or profit for each 100 = 20. But since the absolute mass of surplus-value or profit increases, as demonstrated, in spite of the decreasing rate of profit or the decreasing production of surplus-value by every 100 of capital — increases, say, from 400,000 to 440,000, then this occurs solely because the total capital which formed at the time of this new composition has risen to 2,200,000. The mass of the total capital set in motion has risen to 220%, while the rate of profit has fallen by 50%. Had the total capital no more than doubled, it would have to produce as much surplus-value and profit to obtain a rate of profit of 20% as the old capital of 1,000,000 produced at 40%. Had it grown to less than double, it would have produced less surplus-value, or profit, than the old capital of 1,000,000, which, in its former composition, would have had to grow from 1,000,000 to no more than 1,100,000 to raise its surplus-value from 400,000 to 440,000.
We again meet here the previously defined law that the relative decrease of the variable capital, hence the development of the social productiveness of labour, involves an increasingly large mass of total capital to set in motion the same quantity of labour-power and squeeze out the same quantity of surplus-labour. Consequently, the possibility of a relative surplus of labouring people develops proportionately to the advances made by capitalist production not because the productiveness of social labour decreases, but because it increases. It does not therefore arise out of an absolute disproportion between labour and the means of subsistence, or the means for the production of these means of subsistence, but out of a disproportion occasioned by capitalist exploitation of labour, a disproportion between the progressive growth of capital and its relatively shrinking need for an increasing population.
Should the rate of profit fall by 50%, it would shrink one-half. If the mass of profit is to remain the same, the capital must be doubled. For the mass of profit made at a declining rate of profit to remain the same, the multiplier indicating the growth of the total capital must be equal to the divisor indicating the fall of the rate of profit. If the rate of profit falls from 40 to 20, the total capital must rise inversely at the rate of 20 : 40 to obtain the same result. If the rate of profit falls from 40 to 8, the capital would have to increase at the rate of 8 : 40, or five-fold. A capital of 1,000,000 at 40% produces 400,000, and a capital of 5,000,000 at 8% likewise produces 400,000. This applies if we want the result to remain the same. But if the result is to be higher, then the capital must grow at a greater rate than the rate of profit falls. In other words, for the variable portion of the total capital not to remain the same in absolute terms, but to increase absolutely in spite of its falling in percentage of the total capital, the total capital must grow at a faster rate than the percentage of the variable capital falls. It must grow so considerably that in its new composition it should require more than the old portion of variable capital to purchase labour-power. If the variable portion of a capital = 100 should fall from 40 to 20, the total capital must rise higher than 200 to be able to employ a larger variable capital than 40.
Even if the exploited mass of the working population were to remain constant, and only the length and intensity of the working-day were to increase, the mass of the invested capital would have to increase, since it would have to be greater in order to employ the same mass of labour under the old conditions of exploitation after the composition of capital changes.
Thus, the same development of the social productiveness of labour expresses itself with the progress of capitalist production on the one hand in a tendency of the rate of profit to fall progressively and, on the other, in a progressive growth of the absolute mass of the appropriated surplus-value, or profit; so that on the whole a relative decrease of variable capital and profit is accompanied by an absolute increase of both. This two-fold effect, as we have seen, can express itself only in a growth of the total capital at a pace more rapid than that at which the rate of profit falls. For an absolutely increased variable capital to be employed in a capital of higher composition, or one in which the constant capital has increased relatively more, the total capital must not only grow proportionately to its higher composition, but still more rapidly. It follows, then, that as the capitalist mode of production develops, an ever larger quantity of capital is required to employ the same, let alone an increased, amount of labour-power. Thus, on a capitalist foundation, the increasing productiveness of labour necessarily and permanently creates a seeming over-population of labouring people. If the variable capital forms just 1/6 of the total capital instead of the former ½, the total capital must be trebled to employ the same amount of labour-power. And if twice as much labour-power is to be employed, the total capital must increase six-fold.
Political economy, which has until now been unable to explain the law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall, pointed self-consolingly to the increasing mass of profit, i.e., to the growth of the absolute magnitude of profit, be it for the individual capitalist or for the social capital, but this was also based on mere platitude and speculation.
To say that the mass of profit is determined by two factors — first, the rate of profit, and, secondly, the mass of capital invested at this rate, is mere tautology. It is therefore but a corollary of this tautology to say that there is a possibility for the mass of profit to grow even though the rate of profit may fall at the same time. It does not help us one step farther, since it is just as possible for the capital to increase without the mass of profit growing, and for it to increase even while the mass of profit falls. For 100 at 25% yields 25, and 400 at 5% yields only 20. But if the same causes which make the rate of profit fall, entail the accumulation, i.e., the formation, of additional capital, and if each additional capital employs additional labour and produces additional surplus-value; if, on the other hand, the mere fall in the rate of profit implies that the constant capital, and with it the total old capital, have increased, then this process ceases to be mysterious. We shall see later [K. Marx, Theorien über den Mehrwert. K. Marx/F. Engels, Werke, Band 26, Teil 2,. S. 435-66, 541- 43. — Ed] to what deliberate falsifications some people resort in their calculations to spirit away the possibility of an increase in the mass of profit simultaneous with a decrease in the rate of profit.
We have shown how the same causes that bring about a tendency for the general rate of profit to fall necessitate an accelerated accumulation of capital and, consequently, an increase in the absolute magnitude, or total mass, of the surplus-labour (surplus-value, profit) appropriated by it. Just as everything appears reversed in competition, and thus in the consciousness of the agents of competition, so also this law, this inner and necessary connection between two seeming contradictions. It is evident that within the proportions indicated above a capitalist disposing of a large capital will receive a larger mass of profit than a small capitalist making seemingly high profits. Even a cursory examination of competition shows, furthermore, that under certain circumstances, when the greater capitalist wishes to make room for himself on the market, and to crowd out the smaller ones, as happens in times of crises, he makes practical use of this, i.e., he deliberately lowers his rate of profit in order to drive the smaller ones to the wall. Merchants capital, which we shall describe in detail later, also notably exhibits phenomena which appear to attribute a fall in profit to an expansion of business, and thus of capital. The scientific expression for this false conception will be given later. Similar superficial observations result from a comparison of rates of profit in individual lines of business, distinguished either as subject to free competition, or to monopoly. The utterly shallow conception existing in the minds of the agents of competition is found in Roscher, namely, that a reduction in the rate of profit is "more prudent and humane". [Roscher, Die Grundlage der Nationalökonomie, 3 Auflage, 1858, 108, S. 192. — Ed.] The fall in the rate of profit appears in this case as an effect of an increase in capital and of the concomitant calculation of the capitalist that the mass of profits pocketed by him will be greater at a smaller rate of profit. This entire conception (with the exception of Adam Smith's, which we shall mention later) [K. Marx, Theorien über den Mehrwert. K. Marx/F. Engels, Werke, Band 26, Teil 2, S. 214-28. — Ed.] rests on an utter misapprehension of what the general rate of profit is, and on the crude notion that prices are actually determined by adding a more or less arbitrary quota of profit to the true value of commodities. Crude as these ideas are, they arise necessarily out of the inverted aspect which the immanent laws of capitalist production represent in competition.
The law that a fall in the rate of profit due to the development of productiveness is accompanied by an increase in the mass of profit, also expresses itself in the fact that a fall in the price of commodities produced by a capital is accompanied by a relative increase of the masses of profit contained in them and realised by their sale.
Since the development of the productiveness and the correspondingly higher composition of capital sets in motion an ever-increasing quantity of means of production through a constantly decreasing quantity of labour, every aliquot part of the total product, i.e., every single commodity, or each particular lot of commodities in the total mass of products, absorbs less living labour, and also contains less materialised labour, both in the depreciation of the fixed capital applied and in the raw and auxiliary materials consumed. Hence every single commodity contains a smaller sum of labour materialised in means of production and of labour newly added during production. This causes the price of the individual commodity to fall. But the mass of profits contained in the individual commodities may nevertheless increase if the rate of the absolute or relative surplus-value grows. The commodity contains less newly added labour, but its unpaid portion grows in relation to its paid portion. However, this is the case only within certain limits. With the absolute amount of living labour newly incorporated in individual commodities decreasing enormously as production develops, the absolute mass of unpaid labour contained in them will likewise decrease, however much it may have grown as compared to the paid portion. The mass of profit on each individual commodity will shrink considerably with the development of the productiveness of labour, in spite of a growth in the rate of surplus-value. And this reduction, just as the fall in the rate of profit, is only delayed by the cheapening of the elements of constant capital and by the other circumstances set forth in the first part of this book, which increase the rate of profit at a given, or even falling, rate of surplus-value.
That the price of individual commodities whose sum makes up the total product of capital falls, means simply that a certain quantity of labour is realised in a larger quantity of commodities, so that each individual commodity contains less labour than before. This is the case even if the price of one part of constant capital, such as raw material, etc., should rise. Outside of a few cases (for instance, if the productiveness of labour uniformly cheapens all elements of the constant, and the variable, capital), the rate of profit will fall, in spite of the higher rate of surplus-value, 1) because even a larger unpaid portion of the smaller total amount of newly added labour is smaller than a smaller aliquot unpaid portion of the former larger amount and 2) because the higher composition of capital is expressed in the individual commodity by the fact that the portion of its value in which newly added labour is materialised decreases in relation to the portion of its value which represents raw and auxiliary material, and the wear and tear of fixed capital. This change in the proportion of the various component parts in the price of individual commodities, i.e., the decrease of that portion of the price in which newly added living labour is materialised, and the increase of that portion of it in which formerly materialised labour is represented, is the form which expresses the decrease of the variable in relation to the constant capital through the price of the individual commodities. Just as this decrease is absolute for a certain amount of capital, say of 100, it is also absolute for every individual commodity as an aliquot part of the reproduced capital. However, the rate of profit, if calculated merely on the elements of the price of an individual commodity, would be different from what it actually is. And for the following reason:
[The rate of profit is calculated on the total capital invested, but for a definite time, actually a year. The rate of profit is the ratio of the surplus-value, or profit, produced and realised in a year, to the total capital calculated in per cent. It is, therefore, not necessarily equal to a rate of profit calculated for the period of turnover of the invested capital rather than for a year. It is only if the capital is turned over exactly in one year that the two coincide.
On the other hand, the profit made in the course of a year is merely the sum of profits on commodities produced and sold during that same year. Now, if we calculate the profit on the cost-price of commodities, we obtain a rate of profit = p/k in which p stands for the profit realised during one year, and k for the sum of the cost-prices of commodities produced and sold within the same period. It is evident that this rate of profit p/k will not coincide with the actual rate of profit p/C, mass of profit divided by total capital, unless k = C, that is, unless the capital is turned over in exactly one year.
Let us take three different conditions of an industrial capital.
I. A capital of £8,000 produces and sells annually 5,000 pieces of a commodity at 30s. per piece, thus making an annual turnover of £7,500. It makes a profit of 10s. on each piece, or £2,500 per year. Every piece, then, contains 20s. advanced capital and 10s. profit, so that the rate of profit per piece is 10/20 = 50%. The turned-over sum of £7,500 contains £5,000 advanced capital and £2,500 profit. Rate of profit per turnover, p/k, likewise 50%. But calculated on the total capital the rate of profit p/C = 2,500/8,000 = 31¼%
II. The capital rises to £10,000. Owing to increased productivity of labour it is able to produce annually 10,000 pieces of the commodity at a cost-price of 20s. per piece. Suppose the commodity is sold at a profit of 4s., hence at 24s. per piece. In that case the price of the annual product = £12,000, of which £10,000 is advanced capital and £2,000 is profit. The rate of profit p/k = 4/20 per piece, and 2,000/10,000 for the annual turnover, or in both cases = 20%. And since the total capital is equal to the sum of the cost-prices, namely £10,000, it follows that p/C, the actual rate of profit, is in this case also 20%.
III. Let the capital rise to £15,000 owing to a constant growth of the productiveness of labour, and let it annually produce 30,000 pieces of the commodity at a cost-price of 13s. per piece, each piece being sold at a profit of 2s., or at 15s. The annual turnover therefore = 30,000×15s. = £22,500, of which £19,500 is advanced capital and £3,000 profit. The rate of profit p/k then = 2/13 = 3,000/19,500 = 15 5/13%. But p/C = 3,000/15,000 = 20%.
We see, therefore, that only in case II, where the turned-over capital-value is equal to the total capital, the rate of profit per piece, or per total amount of turnover, is the same as the rate of profit calculated on the total capital. In case I, in which the amount of the turnover is smaller than the total capital, the rate of profit calculated on the cost-price of the commodity is higher; and in case III, in which the total capital is smaller than the amount of the turnover, it is lower than the actual rate calculated on the total capital. This is a general rule.
In commercial practice, the turnover is generally calculated inaccurately. It is assumed that the capital has been turned over once as soon as the sum of the realised commodity-prices equals the sum of the invested total capital. But the capital can complete one whole turnover only when the sum of the cost-prices of the realised commodities equals the sum of the total capital. — F.E.]
This again shows how important it is in capitalist production to regard individual commodities, or the commodity-product of a certain period, as products of advanced capital and in relation to the total capital which produces them, rather than in isolation, by themselves, as mere commodities.
The rate of profit must be calculated by measuring the mass of produced and realised surplus-value not only in relation to the consumed portion of capital reappearing in the commodities, but also to this part plus that portion of unconsumed but applied capital which continues to operate in production. However, the mass of profit cannot be equal to anything but the mass of profit or surplus-value, contained in the commodities themselves, and to be realised by their sale.
If the productivity of industry increases, the price of individual commodities falls. There is less labour in them, less paid and unpaid labour. Suppose, the same labour produces, say, triple its former product. Then ⅔ less labour yields individual product. And since profit can make up but a portion of the amount of labour contained in an individual commodity, the mass of profit in the individual commodity must decrease, and this takes place within certain limits, even if the rate of surplus-value should rise. In any case, the mass of profit on the total product does not fall below the original mass of profit so long as the capital employs the same number of labourers at the same degree of exploitation. (This may also occur if fewer labourers are employed at a higher rate of exploitation.) For the mass of profit on the individual product decreases proportionately to the increase in the number of products. The mass of profit remains the same, but it is distributed differently over the total amount of commodities. Nor does this alter the distribution between the labourers and capitalists of the amount of value created by newly added labour. The mass of profit cannot increase so long as the same amount of labour is employed, unless the unpaid surplus-labour increases, or, should intensity of exploitation remain the same, unless the number of labourers grows. Or, both these causes may combine to produce this result. In all these cases — which, however, in accordance with our assumption, presuppose an increase of constant capital as compared to variable, and an increase in the magnitude of total capital — the individual commodity contains a smaller mass of profit and the rate of profit falls even if calculated on the individual commodity. A given quantity of newly added labour materialises in a larger quantity of commodities. The price of the individual commodity falls. Considered abstractly the rate of profit may remain the same, even though the price of the individual commodity may fall as a result of greater productiveness of labour and a simultaneous increase in the number of this cheaper commodity if, for instance, the increase in productiveness of labour acts uniformly and simultaneously on all the elements of the commodity, so that its total price falls in the same proportion in which the productivity of labour increases, while, on the other hand, the mutual relation of the different elements of the price of the commodity remains the same. The rate of profit could even rise if a rise in the rate of surplus-value were accompanied by a substantial reduction in the value of the elements of constant, and particularly of fixed, capital.
But in reality, as we have seen, the rate of profit will fall in the long run. In no case does a fall in the price of any individual commodity by itself give a clue to the rate of profit. Everything depends on the magnitude of the total capital invested in its production. For instance, if the price of one yard of fabric falls from 3s. to 1⅔s., if we know that before this price reduction it contained 1⅔s. constant capital, yarn, etc., ⅔s. wages, and ⅔s. profit, while after the reduction it contains 1s. constant capital, $#8531s. wages, and ⅓s. profit, we cannot tell if the rate of profit has remained the same or not. This depends on whether, and by how much, the advanced total capital has increased, and how many yards more it produces in a given time.
The phenomenon, springing from the nature of the capitalist mode of production, that increasing productivity of labour implies a drop in the price of the individual commodity, or of a certain mass of commodities, an increase in the number of commodities, a reduction in the mass of profit on the individual commodity and in the rate of profit on the aggregate of commodities, and an increase in the mass of profit on the total quantity of commodities — this phenomenon appears on the surface only in a reduction of the mass of profit on the individual commodity, a fall in its price, an increase in the mass of profit on the augmented total number of commodities produced by the total social capital or an individual capitalist. It then appears as if the capitalist adds less profit to the price of the individual commodity of his own free will, and makes up for it through the greater number of commodities he produces. This conception rests upon the notion of profit upon alienation, which, in its turn, is deduced from the conception of merchant capital.
We have previously seen in Book I (4 and 7 Abschnitt) [English edition: Parts IV and VII. — Ed.] that the mass of commodities growing along with the productivity of labour and the cheapening of the individual commodity as such (as long as these commodities do not enter the price of labour-power as determinants) — that this does not affect the proportion between paid and unpaid labour in the individual commodity, in spite of the falling price.
Since all things appear distorted, namely, reversed in competition, the individual capitalist may imagine: 1) that he is reducing his profit on the individual commodity by cutting its price, but still making a greater profit by selling a larger quantity of commodities; 2) that he fixes the price of the individual commodities and that he determines the price of the total product by multiplication, while the original process is really one of division (see Book I, Kap. X, S. 281 [English edition: Ch. XII. — Ed]), and multiplication is only correct secondarily, since it is based on that division. The vulgar economist does practically no more than translate the singular concepts of the capitalists, who are in the thrall of competition, into a seemingly more theoretical and generalised language, and attempt to substantiate the justice of those conceptions.
The fall in commodity-prices and the rise in the mass of profit on the augmented mass of these cheapened commodities is, in fact, but another expression for the law of the falling rate of profit attended by a simultaneously increasing mass of profit.
The analysis of how far a falling rate of profit may coincide with rising prices no more belongs here than that of the point previously discussed in Book I (S. 280-81 [English edition: Ch. XII. — Ed.]), concerning relative surplus-value. A capitalist working with improved but not as yet generally adopted methods of production sells below the market-price, but above his individual price of production; his rate of profit rises until competition levels it out. During this equalisation period the second requisite, expansion of the invested capital, makes its appearance. According to the degree of this expansion the capitalist will be able to employ a part of his former labourers, actually perhaps all of them, or even more, under the new conditions, and hence to produce the same, or a greater, mass of profit.
1. "We should also expect that, however the rate of the profits of stock might diminish in consequence of the accumulation of capital on the land and the rise of wages, yet the aggregate amount of profits would increase. Thus, supposing that, with repeated accumulations of £100,000, the rate of profit should fall from 20 to 19, to 18, to 17%, a constantly diminishing rate, we should expect that the whole amount of profits received by those successive owners of capital would be always progressive; that it would be greater when the capital was £200,000, than when £100,000; still greater when £300,000; and so on, increasing, though at a diminishing rate, with every increase of capital. This progression, however, is only true for a certain time; thus 19% on £200,000 is more than 20% on £100,000; again 18% on £300,000 is more than 19% on £200,000; but after capital has accumulated to a large amount, and profits have fallen, the further accumulation diminishes the aggregate of profits. Thus, suppose the accumulation should be £1,000,000, and the profits 7%, the whole amount of profits will be £70,000; now if an addition of £100,000 capital be made to the million, and profits should fall to 6%, £66,000 or a diminution of £4,000 will be received by the owners of the stock, although the whole amount of stock will be increased from £1,000,000 to £1,100,000." — Ricardo, Political Economy, Chap. VI (Works, ed. by MacCulloch, 1852, pp. 68-69). — The fact is, that the assumption has here been made that the capital increases from 1,000,000 to 1,100,000, that is, by 10%, while the rate of profit falls from 7 to 6, hence by 14 2/7 %. Hinc illae lacrimae! ['Thus these tears' - Publius, Terence, Andria, Act I, Scene 1. — Ed.]
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818374.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20240422211055-20240423001055-00260.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2024-18
| 54,264 | 61 |
https://wa-archaeology.com/area-of-parallelogram-worksheet-pdf.html
|
math
|
Area Of Parallelogram Worksheet Pdf
Area Of Parallelograms Worksheet Area Worksheets Printable Math Worksheets Math Practice Worksheets
Image Result For Area Of Parallelogram Worksheet Math Practice Worksheets Geometry Worksheets Worksheets
Find The Base Or Height Of Parallelograms Decimals Parallelogram Parallelogram Area Area Worksheets
Quadrilateral Worksheets Area And Perimeter Worksheets Perimeter Worksheets Quadrilaterals Worksheet
Finding Area Of Parallelograms And Triangles Coloring Activity Finding Area Triangle Worksheet Math Center Activities
Area of a parallelogram worksheet 2.
Area of parallelogram worksheet pdf. The first two move students from counting squares to developing a formula for area. Find the area of triangles and parallelograms worksheet 1. Reiterate skills in finding the area of a parallelogram with these dual level area worksheets involving integers. Find the area of trapezoids.
1 2 m 7 7 m 2 1 in 1 in 3 6 9 in 2 4 in 4 6 in 8 in 5. 6th through 8th grades view pdf. Find the area of circles. Find the area of parallelograms.
By the time your class has completed this extensive series they will undoubtedly be experts at finding the area of a parallelogram. Areas of parallelograms worksheet 1 here is a nine problem worksheet that will allow your students to practice calculating the area of a parallelogram. Area of squares rectangles and parallelograms date period find the area of each. 4 worksheet by kuta software llc 9.
Multiply the base and height measures to compute the area of the parallelograms. Area of parallelograms integers type 2. Area of a parallelogram worksheet 3. The third worksheet is a review or homework.
Helping students learn pre algebra through lessons worksheets step by step examples and interactive practice. They will also build shapes to have a certain area. Find the area of triangles and parallelograms worksheet 2. N yavl sl h cr aigg dhxtys5 dr9e esdenrvvue hdn x h 0m2a7dpet jwciktih x 0ign6f0iqngict kee iptr9ek zaqlogteeb krraq.
Each exercise provides a drawing of the parallelogram as well as the height and the width of the base.
Area Of Trapezoids Printable Free Printable Math Worksheets Printable Math Worksheets Math Worksheets
Image Result For Find The Base And Height Of A Parallelogram Given The Area Worksheets Triangle Worksheet Mathematics Worksheets Area Worksheets
Find The Area Of Each Kite Area And Perimeter Worksheets Triangle Worksheet Geometry Worksheets
Quadrilaterals Properties Of Parallelograms Quadrilaterals Worksheet Teaching Geometry Quadrilaterals
Find The Dimensions Using The Perimeter Algebraic Expressions Algebraic Expressions Solving Algebraic Expressions Worksheets
- Maths Problems For Class 7
- Math Sheets For 4th Grade
- Mental Maths For Class 1 Pdf
- Maths Sheets For Year 3
- Medical Math Worksheets
- Mental Maths Worksheets For Class 1
- Maths Word Problems Year 5
- Money Worksheets Grade 3
- Mixed And Improper Fractions Worksheet
- Measurement Worksheets Grade 2
- Mixed Multiplication And Division Word Problems
- Maths Word Problems Year 4
- Mental Maths Questions For Class 5
- Mental Maths For Class 2 Pdf
- Mathnasium Worksheets Pdf
- Mixed Numbers To Improper Fractions Worksheet With Pictures
- Maths For 9 Year Olds Worksheets
- Math Worksheets For Kindergarten Addition And Subtraction
- Missing Numbers Worksheet
- Maths For 5 Year Olds Worksheets
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880401.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022225046-20201023015046-00159.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2020-45
| 3,385 | 38 |
https://www.aotg.com/tag/stabilizer/
|
math
|
A community-driven source for post-production information
March 24, 2016, 06:49 AM
The Polaroid handheld 3-axis electronic gimbal stabilizer brings motorized stabilization to action cameras, while the Polaroid power handgrip/stabilizer simultaneously charges and steadies#camera#camera accessories#action camera#polaroid#stabilizer#digital camera
Gordon sits down with Matt Villa to discuss the editing of Peter Rabbit 2 - The Runaway.
Gordon Sits down with Nick Carew to discuss The Girlfriend Experience Season 03.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153860.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729140649-20210729170649-00259.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2021-31
| 516 | 5 |
https://www.tes.com/news/tes-archive/tes-publication/maths-below-zero-and-beyond
|
math
|
Maths - Below zero and beyond
"Why do we need to learn this? What use is it?" This is pupils' repeated refrain when it comes to maths and it's not always easy to answer them. Here, however, is what you could say if they ask why they're learning about negative numbers.
It may be worth mentioning temperature. Why do we have a temperature scale with temperatures below zero? Why is zero where it is? Is it a good idea to discuss the rather arbitrary labelling on the Celsius scale? It is helpful to label the freezing and boiling points of water as 0 and 100, respectively, and you can construct a scale from there. But perhaps it's worth looking at other scales for temperature as well. Could we design a scale that doesn't need negative numbers? Do we find negative numbers a useful idea for temperature?
Or you could look at money. For some children, the idea of borrowing money and paying it back might help them to ground negative numbers in something a little less abstract.
There may also be a useful link to geography: sea levels are a reason to use negative numbers, for example. Show some cross sections from maps to emphasise the reason for negative numbers and help pupils to visualise journeys that start below the sea and finish above it.
You could also come over all philosophical and ask your pupils: "What was the tallest mountain in the world before Mount Everest was discovered?" The answer, of course, is that Mount Everest has always been the tallest mountain in the world, which raises difficult questions for mathematicians. Should we think of certain aspects of mathematics as having been invented and not existing until someone created them? Or did they always exist but simply weren't discovered yet? If it's the latter, negative numbers - along with fractions and decimals and all the other numbers - have always existed and we just uncovered them. Does this inspire a little more awe and wonder than our usual functional and real-world approach?
Finally, there is a mathematical reason for negative numbers, to do with completeness. In the beginning, we want to count things, and we do lots of addition and multiplication, subtraction and division. Mathematically, we would like to have fractions so we can solve more multiplication problems, and negative numbers so we can solve more subtraction problems. If we're tempted to say "You can't take away 5 from 3", negative numbers give us a great way to solve that - and to offer a whole new universe of mathematics. And then we never have to say "can't" in a maths lesson again.
Peter Hall is an advanced skills teacher of maths at Beacon Community College, Crowborough, East Sussex
Lewi Hylton's PowerPoint provides an introduction to negative numbers.
Help pupils to count their coins with the TES Money collection. bit.lyCountingCoins.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718309.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00560-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2016-44
| 2,815 | 10 |
https://www.hackmath.net/en/math-problem/61614
|
math
|
The original prices of a pen is 9 1/5 dollars. For any purchase of 5 pens, it needs only 7/10 of the original price. to buy 5 pens, how many Dollars should be spent?
Did you find an error or inaccuracy? Feel free to write us. Thank you!
Thank you for submitting an example text correction or rephasing. We will review the example in a short time and work on the publish it.
Tips to related online calculators
Need help to calculate sum, simplify or multiply fractions? Try our fraction calculator.
You need to know the following knowledge to solve this word math problem:
Related math problems and questions:
Arelli had 20 minutes to do a three-problem quiz. She spent 9 7/10 minutes on question A and 3 2/5 minutes on question B. How much time did she have left for question C? Solve on paper to find the answer as a fraction.
- Discounted 11031
Home cinema is discounted from the original price of 710 euros, first by 74 euros by another 32%. For how many euros was it possible to buy a home cinema after a double discount
- Three gifts
Jon had 20 dollars to spend on 3 gifts. He spent 9 9/10 dollars on gifts A and 4 3/5 dollars on gift B. How much money did he have left for gift C?
- The fish
The fish vendor sells 1/7 kilos of bangus for 66.2 euro. If you will buy 9 2/8 kilos of bangus, how much will cost?
Pearl wants to buy grass seed to cover her whole lawn with dimensions 7 x 11 meters, except for the pool. The pool is 5 3/4m by 3 1/2 m. Find the area the grass seed needs to cover.
Karina has 5 4/7 meters of cloth. She needs 3 1/6 meters of it in making a curtain for her window. How many meters of cloth were left to her after making the curtain?
Mommy needs 6 clothesline 360 cm long. Clotheslines is sold in the length of eight meters. How many of these clotheslines must buy mom if any does not want to be connected? How much mommy pay for the clotheslines when 1 piece costs 24kč?
- Living room 3
Pearl wants to buy carpet to cover her whole living room, except for the tiled floor. The tiled floor is 7 1/2 ft by 3 1/4 ft. Find the area the carpet needs to cover.
- Two pen
Two pens and one notebook costs $56. One pen costs 1/5 of one notebook. How much is the one notebook?
Milka has three and seven sixteeths cm of wire. She needs only two and five eighths cm of wire for her project in the laboratory. How much wire does she need to cut?
- A textile
A textile store sold a bolt of denim (what jeans are made out of). In one day, the following number of yards were purchased from the one bolt: 5 2/3, 7, 4 2/3, 8 5/8, 9 3/5, 10 ½, and 8. How many yards were sold?
- To improper fraction
Change the mixed number to improper fraction: a) 1 2/15 b) -2 15/17
- Gasoline price 2
During the COVID-19 pandemic new gasoline price shceme is given by Marilou's Gas Station to help our drivers. On their purchase, the first 4 liters cost Php120.00, while the succeeding 1 1/2 liters would cost Php10.00 more than the cost of a liter. If joh
- Manufacturer 6981
The hotelier wanted to equip the dining room with new chairs. He chose the type of chair in the catalog. Only when placing an order did he learn from the manufacturer that they offered every fourth chair at half price as part of the discount offer, and th
- Frame image
Peter wants to put a picture in a frame. The picture is 7 3/5 cm wide. To fit in the picture frame cannot be more than 7 3/10 cm wide. How much should the image be trimmed?
- Painting classrooms
Martha solicited 3 2/3 liters of paint for the brigade. Their city mayor gave their school another 2 2/5 liters of paint. If each classroom needs 1 3/7 liters, how many classrooms can be painted?
- Cloth / textile 2
4 and 3/10 yards of red cloth. 3 and 1/10 yards of pink cloth and 9 and 2/10 yards of black cloth. How many meters of cloth did she buy in all?
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662539101.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521112022-20220521142022-00511.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2022-21
| 3,800 | 36 |
https://www.hackmath.net/en/math-problem/41391
|
math
|
The recipe they are following requires 7/8 cups of milk, Tom already put 3/8 cups of milk. How much milk should Lea add to follow the recipe?
Did you find an error or inaccuracy? Feel free to write us. Thank you!
Thank you for submitting an example text correction or rephasing. We will review the example in a short time and work on the publish it.
Tips to related online calculators
Need help to calculate sum, simplify or multiply fractions? Try our fraction calculator.
You need to know the following knowledge to solve this word math problem:
Related math problems and questions:
- A recipe
A recipe requires 3/4 cups of milk. Paula is making 1/2 of the recipe. How many cups will Paula use?
Kevin is baking brownies and needs peanuts. The recipe calls for 1 and 2/3 cups of peanuts. Kevin only has 5/6 of a cup of peanuts. How many more cups of peanuts does Kevin need to have the correct amount?
Mrs. Merritt made brownies, the recipe had to be cut in 1/2. The recipe called for 2 5/8 cups of sugar. How much sugar did she use?
- Recipe ingredients
Monica’s cookie recipe calls for Three-fourths of a cup of flour. Her mother’s recipe calls for Two-thirds as much as Monica’s. How many cups of flour does her mother’s recipe require?
- Berry Smoothie
Rory has 5/8 cup of milk. How much milk does she have left after she doubles the recipe of the smoothie? Berry Smoothie: 2 cups strawberries 1 cup blueberries 1/4 cup milk 1 tbsp (tablespoon) sugar 1/2 tsp (teaspoon) lemon juice 1/8 tsp (teaspoon) vanilla
- Cubic inches to cups
5-3/8" x 4" x 2-5/8" container. How many equals cups?
Sayavong is making cookies for the class. He has a recipe that calls for 3 and 1/2 cups of flour. He has 7/8 of a cup of wheat flour, and 2 and 1/2 cups of white flour. Does Mr. Sayavong have enough flour to make the cookies?
- Fractions mul add sum
To three-eighths of one third, we add five quarters of one half and multiply the sum by four. How much will we get?
A recipe requires 2 pounds of flour. If a chef wants to triple the recipe, how many ounces of flour will be needed?
Rudi has 4 cups of almonds. His trail mix recipe calls for 2/3 cup of almonds. How many batches of trail mix can he make?
- Cups of flour
Jade was baking cupcakes for her class. She has 4 5/4 cups of flour. For one batch, she used 1 2/3 cups of flour. On another batch, she used 7/9 of a cup of flour. How much flour does Jade have left after making the two batches of cupcakes?
- Pupils 7
There are 40 pupils in a certain class. 3/5 of the class are boys. How many are girls?
- A glass
A glass holds 3/4 cups. A jug holds 12 cups. How many glasses can be filled?
- Leo hiked
Leo hiked 6/7 of a kilometer. Jericho hiked 2/3 kilometer. Who covered a longer distance? How much longer?
- Numbers division
With what number should be divided mixed number 2 3/4 to get 11/12?
- Guess a fraction
Tom was asked to guess a fraction. The sum of 1/2 the numerator and 1/3 of its denominator is 30. If Tom subtracts 36 from its denominator, the fraction becomes 1/3. What is the fraction that Tom was asked to guess? (Leave your answer in simplest form)
- Ali bought
Ali bought 5/6 litre of milk. He drank 1/2 litre and his brother drank 1/6 litre. How much litre of milk left?
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487643380.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619020602-20210619050602-00431.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2021-25
| 3,246 | 36 |
https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/6133/how-does-a-book-chapter-in-an-edited-volume-compare-to-a-peer-reviewed-paper?noredirect=1
|
math
|
I have been invited to write a book chapter in an edited volume, relating to my field of work. I have a paper ready that I have not published and was planning to submit it soon. So, I am wondering is it worth to use that article for the book chapter, as both are on the same topic, or is it in a sense a waste of a journal paper, as book chapters might not be seen to have the same academic value? What should I do? Should I, instead, send the ready paper to a journal for a review and write a book chapter, based on a couple papers I have published, for instance?
Generally speaking, where does a book chapter stand? Is it something between a conference paper and a full-fledged journal article? Or, does does it have the same value as either of the above-mentioned publication types, in your opinion?
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296819847.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20240424174709-20240424204709-00337.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2024-18
| 802 | 2 |
http://fxtz.ingenieurbuero-hartmuth-fethke.de/rl-circuit-charging-and-discharging.html
|
math
|
Rl Circuit Charging And Discharging
Since this lasts for only a "short" time, this is known as a transient effect. 1 RL circuit 222 7. Note that since the turn off current flows through both RH and RL, adjustment to the RL value is required to ensure the desired turn-off transition time (see 3. Time Constant (τ): A measure of time required for certain changes in voltages and currents in RC and RL circuits. The line current is a sinusoidal waveform while the reactor current id, is a rectified current. The circuits for charging and discharging the capacitor were set up as specified in the lab manual. There will be a transient interval while the voltages and currents in the. sa mga students ni Sir Jemay :D. Since these charging and discharging processes occur very rapidly, a convenient way to study these processes is using the oscilloscope since time scales are now milliseconds rather than seconds. Comparison of RC and RL Circuits: The comparison between RC and RI circuits are given as under: RC circuits occupy small space as compared to RL circuit. QUESTION: I have a 2004 5th wheel. 3K and C = 100nf. C R! Charging Discharging Discharging For the discharging case, applying the loop rule to the circuit gives: Chapter H - Inductance and Transient Circuits 3. The time required to charge a capacitor to 63 percent (actually 63. Charging and Discharging RC Circuit Under Riemann-Liouville and Caputo Fractional Derivatives Amr M. AbdelAty 1, Ahmed G. The time constant τ is given by τ = L / R. , an inductor behaves like a short circuit in DC conditions as one would expect from a highly conducting coil. Answer to: An uncharged capacitor and a resistor are connected in series to a source of emf. As time elapses toward time t 1, there is a continuous decrease in current flowing into the capacitor. First consider what happens with the resistor and the. (1) (Charging Circuit equation) Where R is the resistance value, and C is the capacitance. To study charging and discharging current characteristics in an RC circuit. While discharging, the opposite happens. Observe the response of the circuit for the following three cases and record the results. Derivation for voltage across a charging and discharging capacitor by admin · Published March 21, 2017 · Updated February 3, 2019 Here derives the expression to obtain the instantaneous voltage across a charging capacitor as a function of time, that is V (t). In this section we see how to solve the differential equation arising from a circuit consisting of a resistor and a capacitor. For DC a capacitor acts like an. The time dependence of the potential di erence V(t) for the charging and discharging process is shown in Figure 2. 2 Introduction and Test Circuits Inductors and capacitors have the ability to store energy. t1 is the time when the capacitor reaches full charge or discharge. edu Abstract This paper describes a small, compact circuit that captures the temporal and adaptation properties both of the photoreceptor and. Generally, ripple is undesirable, thus the smaller the ripple, the better the filtering action. Once the voltage supply becomes superior to the voltage of the capacitor, the capacitor gets charging. Search: Search To study lissajous figures experiment pdf. If the RL circuit is shorted by another switch, Figure 7 view A, the stored energy in the field of L instantly develops a voltage, view B. Installing Fixed - Mounted Circuit Breakers 11 Installing the Electronic Trip Unit 12-14 Inserting/Removing Rating Pug 14-15 Operating Instructions Part One - Operating the SB Encased Systems Breaker Manually Charging the Stored Energy Mechanism 17 Discharging the Stored Energy Mechanism 18 Locally Closing the Circuit Breaker 18. The red represents the charging while the blue represents the discharging. Transient RC series circuits charging a capacitor, charging and discharging a capacitor in a RC circuit: Transient Response of RC Circuit Transient Response of RC Circuit. To change the voltage suddenly, a function generator will be used. If a switch is added to the circuit but is open, no current flows. V t Figure 4: Square wave applied to RC circuit in blue and voltage across capacitor in dashed red vs. Average values and RMS. It is important to determine the. RC Circuit Analysis No. Figure below shows a circuit containing resistance R and inductance L connected in series combination through a battery of constant emf E through a two way switch S; To distinguish the effects of R and L,we consider the inductor in the circuit as resistance less and resistance R as non-inductive. RL Circuits - Discharging e R I I e or R K I R At t 0, I I I K' Ke (K e ) t K' L R n I - dt L R-I dI IR LdI -IRdt dt dI 0 L t L R t - L R - 0 0 0 t L R - t L R - L 0 t L R - R 0 CR t - 0-I Re d t d I V L V IR I Re I I e Integration constant V R + V L = 0 Current L R Note special switch charge discharge. Introduction to Electric Circuits Lab Manual. Analysis of a Simple R-L Circuit and Inductor Behavior Analysis of a Simple R-L Circuit with DC Supply: The circuit shown in Figures-1 is a simple R-L circuit (it has one simple resistor & inductor connected in series with a voltage supply of 2V); Though it is a simple circuit but if you will analyze it, your Electrical Engineering basics will be enhanced. Covers through text Sec. Cite this Video. The potential rises exponentially from 0 V to the final value of U0. RC Circuits Charging CapacitorThis means, at t = 0 seconds, charge incapacitor is zero. The LED drive current is calculated by the following equation. 5, Charging a Capacitor, Voltage and Current, Worked Example RC Circuits No. In a resistor-capacitor charging circuit, capacitor voltage goes from nothing to full source voltage while current goes from maximum to zero, both variables changing most rapidly at first, approaching their final values slower and slower as time goes on. In accordance with the present invention as described above, by selecting attack charging resistors RL' and RL" and release discharging resistor R100, it is possible to independently set the attack time constants in response to positive or negative input pulses and also the release time constant upon cessation of the input pulses of a single. Operation of Sync-tip-clamp Input circuit will be explained. GSIs will review material in discussion sections prior to the exam. The capacitor would then be charging, discharging, charging, discharging, etc. What you would need to do I believe (from my head) is build a simple RL circuit. (John 2010) developed a model for charging and discharging of a capacitor. When an inductor is charging, the energy is stored in the magnetic field and that stored energy is used to drive the current while discharging of the inductor. Read more about units of capacitance and discharging a capacitor. To explore the time dependent behavior of RC and RL Circuits. RC Circuit Definition: The combination of a pure resistance R in ohms and pure capacitance C in Farads is called RC circuit. In RL series circuit, during the inductor charging phase, the voltage across the inductor gradually decrease to zero and the current through the inductor goes to the maximum in five-times constant (5 taus). If the RL circuit is shorted by another switch, Figure 7 view A, the stored energy in the field of L instantly develops a voltage, view B. Other features of this circuit are a variable regulated DC voltage output (0-12V), voltage display panel meter, provision to measure charging/discharging current, ammeter, and micro soldering iron. I know an inductor resists. 1 RC Circuit Analysis No. The voltage VA2 is now given by: VA2= Vmin. Simscape™ Electrical™ Specialized Power Systems allows you to build and simulate electrical circuits containing linear and nonlinear elements. Assume that the switch, S is open until it is closed at a time t = 0, and then remains permanently closed producing a "step response" type voltage input. (See Figure 4. Salient Features * Topics Have Been Carefully Selected To Give A Flavour Of Computational Techniques In The Context Of A Wide Range Of Physics Problems. Inductor transient response. The Series RC Circuit and the Oscilloscope We shall use the oscilloscope to study charging and discharging of a capacitor in a simple RC circuit similar to the one shown in Fig. Since these charging and discharging processes occur very rapidly, a convenient way to study these processes is using the oscilloscope since time scales are now milliseconds rather than seconds. 0 available with a max astonishing power of 36W. Simple Capacitor Discharge High Voltage Generator Circuit Diagram Stepdown transformer T1 drops the incoming line voltage to approximately 48 Vac which is rectified by diode D1; the resultant de charges capacitor C1-through current limiting resistor Rl-to a voltage level preset by R4. Inserting. Discharging Circuits When the switch is closed in the circuit shown below, charges immediately start flowing off of the plates of the capacitor. In Figure 3, the Capacitor is connected to the DC Power Supply and Current flows through the circuit. 3 Quantity analysis of the RL energy-storing process 224. After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 1) understand the first-order circuits and concepts of the step response and source-free response of the circuits 2) understand the initial conditions in the switching circuit 3) understand the concepts of the transient and steady states of RL and RC circuits 4) determine the charging/discharging process in an RC circuit 5) determine the. There are some similarities between the RL circuit and the RC circuit, and some important differences. RL circuits In an RC circuit, while charging, Q = CV and the loop rule mean: • charge increases from 0 to CE • current decreases from E/R to 0 • voltage across capacitor increases from 0 to E In an RL circuit, while “charging” (rising current), emf = Ldi/dt and the loop rule mean: • magnetic field increases from 0 to B. For a resistor-capacitor circuit, the time constant (in seconds) is calculated from the product (multiplication) of resistance in ohms and. Charging a supercapacitor through a standard resistance can take a long time due to the RC time constant. This is the subject of Chapter 9. The RL DifferentiatorAn RL differentiator is also a circuit that approximates the mathematical process of differentiation. Answer to: An uncharged capacitor and a resistor are connected in series to a source of emf. If the mechanical energy is then converted to electricity, the machine is called a wind generator, wind turbine, wind power unit (WPU), wind energy converter (WEC), or aero generator. The response of charging and discharging of RL circuit is not better than. RL Vref The length of time that the green LED is illuminated:. 4 Current Flowing through a Series RLC Circuit 5. This pulse train has a period T and frequency f=1/T, and amplitude V0. Natural Commutation. Note that when the capacitor is discharging the charge is decreasing and thus the current is negative. If we use a resistance in series, instead of the inductor as the filter, these drawbacks can be overcome. We write equations for across the inductor. When voltage is. 3 Quantity analysis of the RL energy-storing process 224. 8 Efficiency 13. RLC Circuit Confusions Textbook Method for LCR Series Circuit while Discharging – The Wrong One Voltage across an inductor(L) = L(dI/dt), where I(t) = Current through the Inductor at time t. Analysis of a Simple R-L Circuit and Inductor Behavior Analysis of a Simple R-L Circuit with DC Supply: The circuit shown in Figures-1 is a simple R-L circuit (it has one simple resistor & inductor connected in series with a voltage supply of 2V); Though it is a simple circuit but if you will analyze it, your Electrical Engineering basics will be enhanced. Search: Search To study lissajous figures experiment pdf. The formulas on this page are associated with a series RLC circuit discharge since this is the primary model for most high voltage and pulsed power discharge circuits. Be sure the lab instructor or TA checks the circuit before you turn the power on! Note that the probes to Channel A of the Science Workshop Interface are set to measure voltage (which is proportional to charge) across the capacitor. The bigger τ is the longer it takes for the circuit energy to discharge. « Last Edit:. First consider what happens with the resistor and the. An Inductor opposes CHANGES in current flow. LR circuits work in a similar manner. Charging a capacitor means the accumulation of charge over the plates of the capacitor, where discharging is a completely opposite process. The RC Circuit The RC circuit is the electrical circuit consisting of a resistor of resistance R, a capacitor of capacitance C and a voltage source arranged in series. JoVE Science Education Database. RL Circuits - Discharging e R I I e or R K I R At t 0, I I I K' Ke (K e ) t K' L R n I - dt L R-I dI IR LdI -IRdt dt dI 0 L t L R t - L R - 0 0 0 t L R - t L R - L 0 t L R - R 0 CR t - 0-I Re d t d I V L V IR I Re I I e Integration constant V R + V L = 0 Current L R Note special switch charge discharge. An RC circuit is composed of a resistor and a capacitor, while an RL circuit is composed of a resistor and an inductor. 29 A when. Charging (and discharging) of capacitors follows an exponential law. • Such circuits (usually referred to as RL, RC, or RLC circuits) are of great interest in electrical. conducting till the peak are reached and this cycle continues. Look into the subject as per the topics and aware of marks, pattern,. The capacitor in the circuit is not charged fully, so the charging of this does not occur instantly. Discharging Time Constants of an RC Circuit. Consider a simple RL circuit in which resistor, R and inductor, L are connected in series with a voltage supply of V volts. Capacitor Charging and Discharging Part 1 A capacitor charging and discharging phenomenon is one of the most important factor in Analog electronics. The time dependence of the potential di erence V(t) for the charging and discharging process is shown in Figure 2. An RC series circuit contains a voltage source with a resistor and a capacitor in series. Purpose: Learn the capacitor are components that storing the energy via the electric field, and we will consider charging and discharging a capacitor. PHYS 142 FORMULA SHEET Nicholas Salloum Electromotive Force and Power EMF of ideal source: 𝜀= å â æ æ EMF of source with internal resistance: =𝜀−. Decoupling Capacitors and RF Networks. To understand the time constant in an RC circuit and how it can be changed. , 50 ms) This is the basis of clamper circuit operation. The experimental case in which the capacitor is charging in the circuit will be referred to as the charging capacitor case. Illustration of the Experiment. A basic RL differentiator circuit is an inductor in series with a resistor and the source. Let's put an inductor (i. Compute RC from component values. We write equations for across the inductor. Time Constant (t): A measure of time required for certain changes in voltages and currents in RC and RL circuits. 0 µF, and = 28 V. This size of this resistance is such that the associated power loss is equal to the sum of the insulation and. Some responses. Kirkwood Community College Course Syllabus. When voltage is applied to the capacitor, the charge builds up in the capacitor and the current drops off to zero. charging times τ and 2τ and discharging times (3τ and 4τ). EE 201 RL transient - 1 RL transients Circuits having inductors: • At DC - inductor is a short circuit, just another piece of wire. Theoretically, the time constant is given by the product of the resistance and capacitance in the circuit, RC. Each USB port equals an original charger of the device and offers a full speed charging experience for both devices simultaneously ranging from Android/iOS smartphones and tablets to other USB devices, while the slimline design avoids blocking other outlets. 555 timer is a medium-sized integrated circuit that combines analog functions and logic functions. Charging the capacitor and timing how long it took to reach our target value of volts yielded the experimental value of RC. ppt), PDF File (. These circuits provide the sufficient current for charging of battery. Rc and rl differentiator and integrator circuit 1. is -V, the capacitor is discharging. Where: rr rL L L Li it SL S L t,,(). CHARGE AND DISCHARGE OF A CAPACITOR Figure 5. Voltage (solid line) leads current through an inductor (a) and voltage lags current through a capacitor (b). A Capacitor is a passive device that stores energy in its Electric Field and returns energy to the circuit whenever required. RC Time Constant Calculator If a voltage is applied to a capacitor of Value C through a resistance of value R, the voltage across the capacitor rises slowly. Ninth Edition. Review of charging and discharging in RC Circuits (an enlightened approach) • Before we continue with formal circuit analysis - lets review RC circuits • Rationale: Every node in a circuit has capacitance to ground, like it or not, and it’s the charging of these capacitances that limits real circuit performance (speed). Charging of a Capacitor with Different Time Constants Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor 5. 5, Charging a Capacitor, Voltage and Current, Worked Example RC Circuits No. τ is the time needed for the Transient Response to decay by a factor of 1/e. Also, the antenna size D omax. RC Circuit Analysis No. A switch alternates rapidly, switching the inductor between charging and discharging states. The circuits for charging and discharging the capacitor were set up as specified in the lab manual. 2 - Single Loop RL and RC Discharging (Release) Circuits; Section 3. 3, topics of HW 4. Circuit designers must be careful to ensure that the period of the square wave gives sufficient time for the capacitor to fully charge and discharge. Ahmed , Mariam Faied4 1Engineering Mathematics and. Charging capacitor Discharging capacitor The RL circuits. Parameters of two port network 5. The purpose of this lab is to understand the concept of RC charging and discharging circuit and then see how a real capacitor works in the circuit. The results are also similar. Charging and Discharging the Capacitor. RC differentiator RC differentiator, illustrates a simple RC differentiator, the charge stored by the capacitor: RC integrator RC integrator: RC time constant this tutorial illustrates how the amount time required to charge and discharge a capacitor is a very important factor in the design of electrical circuits: RL-circuit RL-circuit. With Vf being 0 and Vi=V₀ when discharging, and the opposite when charging. RV BATTERIES. 5, Charging a Capacitor, Voltage and Current, Worked Example RC Circuits No. The currents used for quick charge and trickle charge are detemined by the voltage of the terminals Iset1 and Iset2 and current sense resistor R4 (Application in page 9). A first-order RL circuit is composed of one resistor and one inductor and is the simplest type of RL circuit. Collect your data in the table below. In an RL circuit, the impedance is determined by both the resistance and the inductive reactance combined The impedance of an RL circuit varies directly with frequency The phase angle (θ) if a series RL circuit varies directly with frequency In an RL lag network, the output voltage lags the input voltage in phase. It is not possible to fabricate inductors on the surface of semiconductor chip. 29 A when. Physics II. Part 1: Charging & Discharging With Data Studio you can knock out both the classic cases of charging and discharging in "one fell swoop". allow you to optimise your welder design and parameters for a given weld, 3. R1 / (R1 + R2). RL Circuits RC Circuits LC (RLC) Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations AC Circuits with AC Source Phasors Phaser Turn on RL Circuit (reminder) Note: the time constant is τ=L/R I= V 0 R (1−e − t L/R) Turn off RL Circuit (reminder) Note: the time constant is τ=L/R I=I 0 e − t L/R Charging a Capacitor in RC Circuit Charging q(t)=εC(1. First consider what happens with the resistor and the. As time elapses toward time t 1, there is a continuous decrease in current flowing into the capacitor. Charging capacitor Discharging capacitor The RL circuits. Charging a capacitor •Although no charge actually passes between the capacitor plates, it acts just like a current is flowing through it. To understand transient behavior of capacitor let us draw a RC circuit as shown below,. The transient behavior of a circuit with a battery, a resistor and a capacitor is governed by Ohm's law, the voltage law and the definition of capacitance. It may be due to the influence of different electrodes while charging and discharging. This physics video tutorial explains how to solve RC circuit problems with capacitors and resistors. 1 as a function of time if the. I was thinking about the discharging mechanism of an inductor and I have a question about it. It indicates the response time (how fast you can up a current) of the RC circuit. To study charging and discharging current characteristics in an RC circuit. LC Circuits Consider an electrical circuit consisting of an inductor, of inductance , connected in series with a capacitor, of capacitance. RC Circuits Charging Capacitor2nd equation means. Lab 6: RC Transient Circuits If the time constant is very large relative to the half-period (T/2) of the input pulse, the circuit does not even come close to charging before the pulse falls again. In this section we see how to solve the differential equation arising from a circuit consisting of a resistor and a capacitor. After one time constant 𝜏𝜏, the current is 1/𝑒𝑒 of its initial value. Using SPICE to simulate circuits PRELAB: Find the voltage across the capacitor in Fig. Analyze the discharging of a capacitor through an inductor. To explore the time dependent behavior of RC and RL Circuits. So now we come to the Boostcaps, to trick the dummy charger into thinking it is charging a Lead Acid battery. Inductors have the exact opposite characteristics of capacitors. The RC Circuit The RC circuit is the electrical circuit consisting of a resistor of resistance R, a capacitor of capacitance C and a voltage source arranged in series. , a coil with an inductance L) in series with a battery of emf ε and a resistor of resistance R. Analyze an RL circuit hooked up to a battery. In the first phase (Fig. Build and Simulate a Simple Circuit Introduction. RC, RL and LC circuits are essential building blocks in many circuit applications. circuit will settle into a new DC state, where the capacitors are again open-circuits. When the rms output voltage of a bridge full-wave rectifier is 20V, the peak inverse voltage across the diodes is (neglecting the diode drop). The filter made up of capacitor and resistor is known as capacitor filter. Charging and discharging. Then for a RC discharging circuit that is initially fully charged, the voltage across the capacitor after one time constant, 1T, has dropped by 63% of its initial value which is 1 – 0. An RL Circuit without a Source of emf. CONTENT (i) Capacitance in series and parallel. Circuit Diagram Battery Charger Using Scr. The plots should start from 0s and end at 1s. RL circuits In an RC circuit, while charging, Q = CV and the loop rule mean: • charge increases from 0 to CE • current decreases from E/R to 0 • voltage across capacitor increases from 0 to E In an RL circuit, while "charging" (rising current), emf = Ldi/dt and the loop rule mean: • magnetic field increases from 0 to B. The circuit is a 30 Volt circuit, located on the left vertical side, followed on by a 6 ohm resistor, then the switch on […]. 0 V, C = 24. There will be a transient interval while the voltages and currents in the. Through this process, the time duration during which Ft is to be noted here that the capacitor C gets charged to the peak because there is no resistance (except the negligible forward resistance of diode) in the charging path. The time constant for a circuit having a 100 microfarad capacitor in series with a 470K resistor is:. Conclusion & Discussion At the center of this experiment was the capacitor and its properties. As Vin decreases, Q2 is on and pulls a current out of RL. Built-in reverse polarity protection: While the charger is connected, each charging channel has reverse polarity protection, the charging light is still green and prevent from any short circuit. The RC circuit equation defines the RC time constant as the product of resistance and capacitance. Compute RC from component values. Capacitance, Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor Capacitance is the ability of a capacitor to store maximum electrical charge in its body. Analysis of a Simple R-L Circuit and Inductor Behavior Analysis of a Simple R-L Circuit with DC Supply: The circuit shown in Figures-1 is a simple R-L circuit (it has one simple resistor & inductor connected in series with a voltage supply of 2V); Though it is a simple circuit but if you will analyze it, your Electrical Engineering basics will be enhanced. The reasons for this analysis are to: 1. Module 2 Electricity Sources Resources available Module 3 Resistors Resources available. must happen to the current in the circuit? Explain. As you may know, it takes infinite time to charge a capacitor. In lecture, we used calculus to show that V c changes with time according to the equation below: =1−−/ (2) Where e is 2. When the capacitor is discharging the same CR formula applies, as the capacitor also discharges in an exponential fashion, quickly at first and then more slowly. An audio crossover circuit consisting of three LC circuits, each tuned to a different natural frequency is shown to the right. When an inductor is charging, the energy is stored in the magnetic field and that stored energy is used to drive the current while discharging of the inductor. STUDY OF RC AND RL CIRCUITS Venue: Microelectronics Laboratory in E2 L2 I. The bigger τ is the longer it takes for the circuit energy to discharge. Clamp circuit is a circuit of the capacitor charging and discharging of the external input Cin. The simple circuit at the right demonstrates the discharging of a capacitor initially carrying charge Q0. a circuit’s time constant determines how it is affected by an RC circuit. Mutual repulsion of like charges in the capacitor progressively slows the flow as the capacitor is charged, stopping the current when the capacitor is fully charged and Q=C⋅emf. clear distinction between a resistor and inductor. Ninth Edition. In a practical clamping circuit, the values of C and RL are so chosen that discharging time is very large. 8 Efficiency 13. Personal Computers Have Become An Essential Part Of The Physics Curricula And Is Becoming An Increasingly Important Tool In The Training Of Students. In both the half cycles, the flow of current will be in the similar direction across the RL load resistor. enable you to estimate the performance of your capacitive discharge welder, 2. 3, Charging and Discharging a Capacitor, with PhET Simulation RC Circuits No. A RC Circuit consists of a Resistor and a Capacitor, RL circuit consists of Resistor and Inductor, and RLC circuit consists of a Resistor, Capacitor and Inductor. This is initially low, but rising as C1 charges. The formulas on this page are associated with a series RLC circuit discharge since this is the primary model for most high voltage and pulsed power discharge circuits. Book Description A comprehensive collection of 8 books in 1 offering electronics guidance that can't be found anywhere else! If you know a breadboard from a breadbox but want to take your hobby electronics skills to the next level, this is the only reference you need. Build and Simulate a Simple Circuit Introduction. What are the new voltages and charges? Charge inductors and discharge them through other inductors. C R! Charging Discharging Discharging For the discharging case, applying the loop rule to the circuit gives: Chapter H - Inductance and Transient Circuits 3. PHYS 142 FORMULA SHEET Nicholas Salloum Electromotive Force and Power EMF of ideal source: 𝜀= å â æ æ EMF of source with internal resistance: =𝜀−. , a coil with an inductance L) in series with a battery of emf ε and a resistor of resistance R. Once the voltage supply becomes superior to the voltage of the capacitor, the capacitor gets charging. Draw the other for discharging a capacitor through a resistor, as in the circuit in Figure 2 (above), starting at t = 0, with an initial charge Q o. Circuit prototyping breadboard resistor RL is placed in parallel with the capacitor. C + v - i Figure 1. Capacitors Initial and Final Response to a "Step Function" • Inductors and Capacitors react differently to a Voltage step • Just after the step Capacitors act as a short if uncharged dt dV IC(t )=C • If charged Capacitor acts as an voltage source • As time goes to infinity change in voltage goes to zero. Physics 102: Lecture 7, Slide 2 (even if only fractions of a second). Circuit Diagram Battery Charger Using Scr. 4, the output voltage has a very low amplitude because it barely has time to charge. Hint: the calculated values have to be made when the circuit is in AC steady-state*. The process of charging up a capacitor from a power supply takes time. Theoretically, the time constant is given by the product of the resistance and capacitance in the circuit, RC. After one time constant 𝜏𝜏, the current is 1/𝑒𝑒 of its initial value. 5 As RL varies from 0 to 12 in increments of 2\u2126, calculate the power dissipated by RL. The parallel RC circuit shown to the right behaves very differently when AC is applied to it, than when DC is applied. A stopwatch was started when the switch was thrown to start the charge/discharge, and the DMM read at known times until the voltage essentially stopped changing. Electron Motion During Charge. Capacitors are the electrical analog of springs. The difficulty arises in trying to determine which batteries are powering the circuit, or discharging, and which one are charging. txt) or view presentation slides online. For your example, that would be 3,300 ohms * 0. Ripple factor: Ripple factor is a measure of effectiveness of a rectifier circuit. Thus τ C of CR circuit is the time which the charge on capacitor grows from 0 to. The one thing that struck out the most ie the fastest charge up and discharge time was the circuit with the resistance of 100k and the capacitance of 47 uF. ABSTRACT A charging and discharging circuit is formed by a PNP tran-sistor which is turned on by current flow through an isolating diode and a base bias network only when the input potential becomes higher than the reference potential, thereby closing a first charging path through a first resistor and another isolating diode to a common capacitor; an NPN transistor which is turned on by. When a capacitor is charging, current flows from a voltage source through the capacitor. Other features of this circuit are a variable regulated DC voltage output (0-12V), voltage display panel meter, provision to measure charging/discharging current, ammeter, and micro soldering iron. Charge oF an RC Series Circuit Discharge Cycle. 1 RC Circuit Analysis No. The time constant is related to the cutoff frequency f c, an alternative parameter of the RC circuit, by = = or, equivalently, = = where resistance in ohms and capacitance in farads yields the time constant in seconds or the frequency in Hz. Circuit Diagram on Seekic is a collection of electronic circuits about automotive, light, telephone, computer and many other fields. The solution is then time-dependent: the current is a function of time. Find the natural oscillation frequency. A rst example Consider the following circuit, whose voltage source provides v in(t) = 0 for t<0, and v. The simple rules used for analyzing networks with only one battery and a collection of resistors do not work as well when you introduce one or more additional batteries. Although they all took different circuit approaches, the essence of each one resembled the overall topology shown above. 8 percent) of its initial voltage is known as the TIME CONSTANT (TC) of the circuit. Each of the following waveform plots can be clicked on to open up the full size graph in a separate window. R,expt (t) on the same graph paper. My problem is they keep going dead. The charge of the capacitor,the current in the circuit, and, correspondingly, the voltages across the resistor and the capacitor, will be changing. Figure 2: Discharging Capacitor. Once the magnetic field is up and no longer changing, the inductor acts like a short circuit. Some responses. This voltage is of the opposite polarity of the applied voltage. (3 Marks) Solution. We write equations for across the inductor. Before we solve a first order differential equation, let’s consider an example circuit. The time constant of a series RC circuit is defined as the time taken by the capacitor to charge up to 63. If the inductor is initially uncharged and we want to charge it by inserting a voltage source V s in the RL circuit: The inductor initially has a very high resistance, as energy is going into building up a magnetic field. This size of this resistance is such that the associated power loss is equal to the sum of the insulation and. Circuit prototyping breadboard resistor RL is placed in parallel with the capacitor. To get comfortable with this process, you simply need to practice applying it to different types of circuits such as an RC (resistor-capacitor) circuit, an RL (resistor-inductor) circuit, and an RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit. Most students complete part A in week one and part B in week two. 5, Charging a Capacitor, Voltage and Current, Worked Example RC Circuits No. Consider a circuit consisting of Resistor (R Ohms) , Capacitor (C Farads) , a Voltage Source (V voltage) and a switch as shown below:. Current Current = rate of change of charge SI Unit: 1 ampere = 1 A = 1 C/s Current direction is defined as the direction of positive “charge carriers”, but actually. Example 2 - Charging / discharging RC circuit. Charging and discharging the RC circuit Charging Initially, a capacitor is in series with a resistor and disconnected from a battery so it is uncharged. t = 0 the switch is in position a and then a very long time later compared to the characteristic time constant of the circuit, the switch is flipped to position b. But when they supply energy to the circuit, the "voltage drop", technically a "voltage rise" or "negative voltage drop" flows out the + terminal and into the negative terminal, just like a voltage or current source. What are the new voltages and charges? Charge inductors and discharge them through other inductors. It covers Inductor charging and discharging in RL Circuit. Shunt Capacitor Filter and types of it: This is the most simple form of the filter circuit and in this arrangement a high value capacitor C is placed directly across the output terminals, as shown in figure. Please select whether you prefer to view the MDPI pages with a view tailored for mobile displays or to view the MDPI pages in the normal scrollable desktop version.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671260.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122115908-20191122143908-00027.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2019-47
| 35,498 | 2 |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/range-calculation-for-airbus-a320-aircraft.952930/
|
math
|
Hi to all,
the Task I struggle with, is the range calculation from an Airbus A320 with the Breguet Range Equation which is defined as:
R = (cl/cd) * (V/(g*SFC)) * ln(w0/w1)
- V = velocity
- g = gravity
- SFC = specific fuel consumption
- w0 = start weight
- w1 = end weight
The SFC for the engine (CFM-56-5A1) of an Airbus A320-200 has an SFC of 0,596 lb/(lbf*hr) which is converted into kg/(N*s) with the divsion of 3600 to an SFC = 0,000165555555 kg/(N*s)
The Attempt at a Solution
This would lead to the following numbers in the breguet equation:
R = (15) * (230 / (9,80665*0,000165555555)) * 0,15906 = 338031,844 meters = 338 Kilometers
Did I bring in a mistake anywhere in my calculation? I think with one decimal more the result would be very realistic with 3380 km range for 10000kg fuel.
I'm very uncertain with the unit change for the SFC. Could this be the Problem?
Thank you very much in advance.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647525.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601010402-20230601040402-00069.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
| 907 | 15 |
https://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread1186263/pg1
|
math
|
It looks like you're using an Ad Blocker.
Please white-list or disable AboveTopSecret.com in your ad-blocking tool.
Some features of ATS will be disabled while you continue to use an ad-blocker.
The exact shape is still a matter of debate in physical cosmology, but experimental data from various, independent sources (WMAP, BOOMERanG and Planck for example) confirm that the observable universe is flat with only a 0.4% margin of error. Theorists have been trying to construct a formal mathematical model of the shape of the universe. In formal terms, this is a 3-manifold model corresponding to the spatial section (in comoving coordinates) of the 4-dimensional space-time of the universe. The model most theorists currently use is the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) model. Arguments have been put forward that the observational data best fit with the conclusion that the shape of the global universe is infinite and flat, but the data are also consistent with other possible shapes, such as the so-called Poincaré dodecahedral space and the Sokolov-Starobinskii space (quotient of the upper half-space model of hyperbolic space by 2-dimensional lattice).
Shape of the universe - Wikipedia
If the argument is then, that the space has always been there and so have the elements etc to create the galaxies etc then we wouldn't be here.
Source: wikipedia on this topic.
The glow is very nearly uniform in all directions, but the tiny residual variations show a very specific pattern, the same as that expected of a fairly uniformly distributed hot gas that has expanded to the current size of the universe.
TextOf course some will point out that the universe could simply be so large we are unable to detect the curvature, however there are several reasons myself and many scientists tend to believe the universe is infinite and flat. All our analysis of the CMB indicates there's no curvature and a flat universe will conserve energy because a curved universe will have a positive or negative energy density, meaning some energy must have been created from nothing, whereas a flat universe is modeled as a zero-energy universe where an equal amount of negative and positive energy exist, making it the most mathematically elegant and physically plausible solution.
- What about the Hubble-constant? How does that fit into "infinity and beyond"?
- What about the age of the universe? Still 14B years?
- What about the Cosmic microwave background?
What is as a zero-energy universe where an equal amount of negative and positive energy exist? If there is zero energy. Where is the neg and pos energy?
The zero-energy universe hypothesis proposes that the total amount of energy in the universe is exactly zero: its amount of positive energy in the form of matter is exactly canceled out by its negative energy in the form of gravity.
Zero-energy universe - Wikipedia
do know is that our current theories cannot hold up to serious scrutiny and seem to have more holes than swiss cheese. Hopefully I managed to make a fairly strong case for my stance on this issue, I know people don't like it when their most sacred scientific concepts are questioned, but I'd remind them science isn't a religion.
originally posted by: dan121212
not your theory at all, i read this the other day>>www.forbes.com...
I know people don't like it when their most sacred scientific concepts are questioned, but I'd remind them science isn't a religion.
Now. If, like i also suggested to you. Energy decays to zero. Does it then become part of the already zero energy universe constant, but have an effect on expansion of the universe? What i mean is. Even though the constant has a value of zero. Could decay of energy add to the zero energy universe constant?
originally posted by: Krazysh0t
I find the idea of infinity physically existing to be just as dubious as something coming from nothing.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104249664.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703195118-20220703225118-00407.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2022-27
| 3,892 | 22 |
http://pballew.blogspot.com/2010/10/math-book-for.html
|
math
|
"In 1972, the physicist Freeman Dyson wrote an article called “Missed Opportunities.” In it, he describes how relativity could have been discovered many years before Einstein announced his findings if mathematicians in places like Göttingen had spoken to physicists who were poring over Maxwell’s equations describing electromagnetism. The ingredients were there in 1865 to make the breakthrough—only announced by Einstein some 40 years later. "
A while back I got a free copy of "The Mystery of the Prime Numbers"
by Matthew Watkins, which is lavishly illustrated with drawings by Matt Tweed. I don't know either guy, but Matthew somehow stumbled across my blog and thought I would be interested... I was, but more on that later.
So then I came across a link (sorry whoever) to an article in Seed Magazine by Marcus du Sautoy, who spends a little time with primes himself. The quote above is the opening paragraph.
Here are a couple of clips that tingled my head...
"In their search for patterns, mathematicians have uncovered unlikely connections between prime numbers and quantum physics. Will the subatomic world help reveal the elusive nature of the primes?"Ok, Primes are mysterious and hard to figure out, and so is the nature of the universe, and everyone knows some quote about physics being written in the language of math... but linking Primes to String Theory???
So they laid a foundation:
This unexpected connection with physics has given us a glimpse of the mathematics that might, ultimately, reveal the secret of these enigmatic numbers. At first the link seemed rather tenuous. But the important role played by the number 42 has recently persuaded even the deepest skeptics that the subatomic world might hold the key to one of the greatest unsolved problems in mathematics."
Ok, so now we have physics, math, and the Hitchhiker's Guide to "the meaning of life, the universe, and everything". Ok, I know that this is not the first time 42 shows up in math and physics, "The angle at which light reflects off of water to create a rainbow is 42 degrees." But this is seriously heavy stuff... read the article..
Ok, so we are back to the idea of connections, and how to make them happen, and that brings me back to "The Mystery of the Prime Numbers". THIS is the book you give non-mathematicians who don't think math has any "soul". I really believe that this book would be a wonderful gift for a clever 12 year old, and I may be shortchanging clever 10 year olds in that statement (Think Christmas). This is a book about mathematical ideas that seriously tries to avoid the barrier of mathematical symbols, and that is where Matt Tweed's creative illustrations come in....... but don't be confused, this is not "baby math" or watered down math, this is Primes straight on without barriers...or at least with some of the confusing barriers removed. Ok, let me be blunt..this is the book I give my granddaughter, and the book I give my math colleges.
" By "number system" I just mean the entire sequence of counting numbers together with the usual rules for adding and multiplying them. We're going to treat this as a single entity, almost like an organism, and look it it properties, its anatomy, if you like."
They say there will be two more... Can't wait...
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125841.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00594-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2017-17
| 3,282 | 12 |
http://www.slideserve.com/tracen/beyond-cpctc
|
math
|
Beyond CPCTC. Lesson 3.4. Medians : Every triangle has 3 medians A median is a line segment drawn from any vertex to the midpoint of its opposite side. A median bisects the segment. B. E. F. A. C. D. Name the 3 medians of triangle ABC. BD CF AE. Altitudes :
A median is a line segment drawn from any vertex to the midpoint of its opposite side.
A median bisects the segment.
Every triangle has 3 altitudes.
An altitude is a line segment drawn perpendicular from any vertex to its opposite side.
*The altitude could be drawn outside the triangle to be perpendicular.
Altitudes form right angles 90˚
You may need to use auxiliary lines (lines added)
AC & CD are altitudes of ABC.
BD & AE are altitudes of ABC
Yes, for an isosceles triangle when drawn from the vertex.
Determine (one and only one line)
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823220.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019031425-20171019051425-00811.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
| 800 | 12 |
https://escholarship.org/search/?q=author%3ALi%2C%20Liangbin
|
math
|
In this technical report, we provide diversity analysis for two transmission schemes in (J;Ja;Ra;N) multi-access relay networks (MARNs), where J users, each equipped with Ja antennas, communicate to one N-antenna receiver through Ra single-antenna relays. Both transmission schemes allow all users' symbols to be transmitted concurrently through the source-relay and relay-receiver links. Therefore, both schemes have the potential of high transmission rate in multi-user relay networks. In the first scheme, called DSTC joint-user ML decoding, the relays perform distributed space-time coding (DSTC) to improve the reliability of the system, and the receiver jointly decodes all users' symbols using the ML decoding. Through rigorous analysis, this scheme achieves a symbol rate of 1/2 symbols/user/channel use, in conjunction to a diversity gain of Ra*min(Ja;N), which is the maximum diversity achievable in this network. But the decoding complexity of this scheme is exponential in the number of users. To reduce the decoding complexity, we consider a second scheme, DSTC-ICRec, in which the relay operations are the same, but the receiver first conducts interference cancellation (IC) to decouple multi-user signals, then decodes each user's symbols independently. We show analytically that in (2; 1; 2; N) and (2; 2;2;N) MARNs, DSTC-ICRec achieves a diversity of 1 and min(2;N-1), respectively, at a symbol rate of 1/2 symbols/user/channel use. Since the maximum achievable diversity gains in these two networks are 2 and 2*min(2;N), respectively, DSTC-ICRec has a lower diversity gain, compared to DSTC joint-user ML decoding, but its decoding complexity is much lower due to the IC.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944996.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323034459-20230323064459-00620.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
| 1,689 | 1 |
http://midas.kb.help/how-to-calculate-the-daily-interest-rate/
|
math
|
How to calculate the daily interest rate
You first take the Annual percentage rate (APR)* on your deposit and divide it by 365 to determine the amount of interest that accrues on a daily basis. Say you own 10,000 USDT tokens with 20% annual interest. You'd divide that rate by 365 (0.2 ÷ 365) to arrive at a daily interest rate of 0.0005479452055 which is approximately 5.5 USDT per day.
*An annual percentage rate (APR) is the yearly rate earned by an investment. APR shouldn't be confused with APY (annual percentage yield), a calculation that takes the compounding of interest into account.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334591.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925162915-20220925192915-00124.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2022-40
| 594 | 3 |
http://sacourseworkxdnu.agorisme.info/careers-in-mathematics-essay.html
|
math
|
Careers in mathematics essay
Mathematics in firefighting topics: mathematics mathematics essay concrete model looking on the locality of the paper, i highly acknowledge the. The register of mathematics is not only exciting, but similarly important math affects everything we do in our lives mathematicians have an opportunity. Our careers may face us with dilemmas that place everyone custom essay, term paper, research paper, papers physics papers chemistry papers mathematics. Gender differences in mathematics essay it has been found that young women who are strong in math tend to seek careers in the biological sciences.
Tes jobs, the largest selection of academic, education, teaching and support positions for the world's largest network of teachers and teaching professionals. Your skills, interests, personality, and values shape your career whether you are just starting out or are curious about other careers, these self-assessment tests. Resources for anyone wondering why to study math and what it can do for you in your stem career marine careers mathematics (stem) careers by essay.
The mathematics of football you might think football and mathematics have nothing in common sign up to the e16plus newsletter regular updates about careers,. Download careers in mathematics 2008 160 4352 download careers will physically direct put for both food: personal change suffering essay--the attempts wrestling. Many careers in mathematics outside of universities involve consulting for instance, a mathematician, like a painter or poet, is a maker of patterns. Career services center empowering all students to develop and achieve their professional aspirations.Start your career at arconic alongside a network of people who are passionate about industry-changing technology explore our jobs and internships today. Reform mathematics education is counterproductive for high-tech careers (and it’s not the teachers) this essay is the result. Career pathways are small groups of occupations within a career cluster. Career services for math majors will now be association for women in mathematics: mathematics majors wishing to obtain the. Careers guidance fast tomato a new science and mathematics centre bursaries: research essay every year, first year specialists. Careers involving probability and statistics please note: this website is no longer being maintined material may be out of date or links may be broken. Jobs with geometry posted on august 7, 2011 by passy 9 responses to jobs with geometry pingback: mathematics of aircraft disasters | passy's world of mathematics. How to choose the right a-levels: essay-based subjects the study of engineering at university typically requires a-levels in mathematics and at least one.
It is said that mathematics is the gate and key of the science according to the famous philosopher kant, a science is exact only in so far as it employs mathematics. The combination provides a powerful background from which to proceed to graduate study in either mathematics or mathematics and philosophy diverse careers. Ten reasons to consider a career in the stem fields thinking about going for a career in science, technology, engineering or mathematics now is the perfect time. Short essay samples -- help writing admissions essays these short essay samples are examples of essays as they were initially reviewed by admissions officers use.
- You may also sort these by color rating or essay length title and a strong foundation of mathematics a guide to careers in design,.
- What degree looking for usually none although one or two universities require mathematics: mathematics, maybe one choice should involve essay / report writing.
- Student/class goal students wonder what kind of math skills they will write an evaluation essay explaining the importance math plays applied mathematics,.
How is math used on the job resources for learning about how math is used at work, on the job or in you career. Teachers often find it difficult to integrate writing and mathematics while honoring the integrity of both disciplines in this article, the authors present two. The history of mathematics can be seen as an ever-increasing series of abstractions the first abstraction, which is shared by many animals, was probably that of. The mathematical association of america contains information on careers in mathematics on their page resources for undergraduates in mathematics.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267163704.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926061824-20180926082224-00421.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2018-39
| 4,425 | 9 |
https://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/5061
|
math
|
Random Sampling of Random Fields: Least Squares Estimation
MetadataShow full item record
The paper begins with a discussion of deterministic sampling, where it is observed that when one can reconstruct the covariance one can also reconstruct the sample path (in quadratic mean). Then the theorem of Shapiro and Silverman, which states that Poisson based sampling allows reconstruction of the covariance at any sampling rate and a construction of an estimator of the covariance (due to Papoulis) are presented. A class of estimators for random fields using Poisson (and Poisson like) sampling is developed. The optimal estimator (minimum mean square error) is shown to exist and the error is shown to go to zero only as the sampling rate goes to infinity; Poisson sampling behaves differently from regular sampling in this respect. Poisson sampling is shown to be the best (lowest error) for a wide class of multidimensional point processes (sampling meassures). One feature of the development is that it applies directly in IR (Euclidian N-Space). It is shown that the optimal estimator has many desirable properties (continuity, etc.); however, recursion in terms of the density of the sampling processes is not easily developed. A sub-optimal estimator with this desirable property is also discussed. In the case that the random field is Gaussian, the proposed estimator is seen to be the conditional mean.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540585566.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214070158-20191214094158-00175.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2019-51
| 1,408 | 3 |
https://dayline.info/and-relationship/ap-physics-current-and-resistance-relationship.php
|
math
|
Current, resistance, and resistivity review (article) | Khan Academy
Current, Resistance, Voltage, and Power. Current Current is a measure of the flow of electric charge through a material. A material that can The temperature- dependent resistivity ρ(T) can be found using the formula, AP Physics Notes. Mr. Andersen describes the relationship between voltage, current and resistance in an electric circuit. Ohm's Law is introduced through a circuit simulation. 1 point. Example: The full battery current passes through both A and D, so they have the same current. Because they have the same resistance, Δ. Δ. = A. D. V.
Current I is the amount of charge per time that passes through an area perpendicular to the flow: Current is measured in SI units of amperes Aand This definition for current can be applied to charges moving in a wire, in an electrolytic cell, or even in ionized gases.
In visualizing charge flowing through a circuit, it is not accurate to imagine the electrons moving very rapidly around the circuit.
At this rate, the time to travel 10 cm is about 11 minutes. It is obvious from experience that it does not take this long for a bulb to glow after the switch is closed. When the circuit is completed, the entire charge distribution responds almost immediately to the electric field and is set in motion almost simultaneously, even though individual charges move slowly. The battery provides a voltage V between its terminals.
The electric field set up in a wire connected to the battery terminals causes the current to flow, which occurs when the current has a complete conducting path from one terminal of the batter to the other—called a circuit.
Introduction to circuits and Ohm's law (video) | Khan Academy
By convention, the direction of current in the external circuit not in the battery is the direction of motion of positive charges. In metals, the electrons are the moving charges, so the definition of the direction of current is opposite the actual flow of the negative charges in a wire.
Electric fields are not found in conductors with static charges as shown by Gauss's law, but electric fields can exist in a conductor when charges are in motion. The potential difference between the terminals of the battery when no current is present is called the electromotive force emf. The historical term emf is a misnomer because it is measured in volts, not force units, but the terminology is still commonly used. Resistance and resistivity Experimentally, it was found that current is proportional to voltage for conductors.
The proportionality constant is the resistance in the circuit. So first, let me construct a battery.
So this is my battery. And the convention is my negative terminal is the shorter line here.
So I could say that's the negative terminal, that is the positive terminal. Associated with that battery, I could have some voltage. And just to make this tangible, let's say the voltage is equal to 16 volts across this battery.
And so one way to think about it is the potential energy per unit charge, let's say we have electrons here at the negative terminal, the potential energy per coulomb here is 16 volts. These electrons, if they have a path, would go to the positive terminal. And so we can provide a path. Let me draw it like this. At first, I'm gonna not make the path available to the electrons, I'm gonna have an open circuit here.
I'm gonna make this path for the electrons. And so as long as our circuit is open like this, this is actually analogous to the closed pipe. The electrons, there is no way for them to get to the positive terminal. But if we were to close the circuit right over here, if we were to close it, then all of a sudden, the electrons could begin to flow through this circuit in an analogous way to the way that the water would flow down this pipe.
Now when you see a schematic diagram like this, when you just see these lines, those usually denote something that has no resistance. But that's very theoretical. In practice, even a very simple wire that's a good conductor would have some resistance. And the way that we denote resistance is with a jagged line. And so let me draw resistance here. So that is how we denote it in a circuit diagram.
Now let's say the resistance here is eight ohms. So my question to you is, given the voltage and given the resistance, what will be the current through this circuit? What is the rate at which charge will flow past a point in this circuit? Pause this video and try to figure it out.
Well, to answer that question, you just have to go to Ohm's law. We wanna solve for current, we know the voltage, we know the resistance. So the current in this example is going to be our voltage which is 16 volts, divided by our resistance which is eight ohms. And so this is going to be 16 divided by eight is equal to two and the units for our current, which is charge per unit time, coulombs per second, you could say two coulombs per second, or you could say amperes.
And we can denote amperes with a capital A. We talked about these electrons flowing, and you're gonna have two coulombs worth of electrons flowing per second past any point on this circuit. And it's true at any point, same reason that we saw over here.
Current, resistance, and resistivity review
Even though it's wider up here and it's narrower here, because of this bottleneck, the same amount of water that flows through this part of the pipe in a second would have to be the same amount that flows through that part of the pipe in a second. And that's why for this circuit, for this very simple circuit, the current that you would measure at that point, this point, and this point, would all be the same.
But there is a quirk. Pause this video and think about what do you think would be the direction for the current? Well, if you knew about electrons and what was going on, you would say, well, the electrons are flowing in this direction. And so for this electric current, I would say that it was flowing in, I would denote the current going like that. Well, it turns out that the convention we use is the opposite of that. And that's really a historical quirk.
When Benjamin Franklin was first studying circuits, he did not know about electrons. They would be discovered roughly years later. He just knew that what he was labeling as charge, and he arbitrarily labeled positive and negative, he just knew they were opposites, he knew something like charge was flowing. And so, in his studies of electricity, he denoted current as going from the positive to the negative terminal.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540529006.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210205200-20191210233200-00006.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2019-51
| 6,579 | 22 |
https://www.bookstime.com/articles/how-to-calculate-marginal-cost
|
math
|
When we talk about the production of any product, we always say that the interaction of different elements and processes allows the raw material to become the final product, which is destined to get into the hands of the final consumer. Production costs are costs associated with the production of these final products. These can include material costs, labor costs, costs associated with promoting a product to the market and selling it, along with other costs.
In business, you will also come across marginal costs. Let us give a definition of marginal costs. First, let’s point out that margin is one of the important parts of basic economics. Economists will tell you that marginal means one more. So, instead of saying marginal cost, you can also say the cost of one more (or one less).
Marginal costs by definition are additional business costs for each additional increment or next unit of production in excess of the current volume, i.e. marginal cost reflects the variations in costs that are a result of an increase or decrease in production by one unit.
The marginal cost formula is very simple as you can see below.
MC = (TC2 – TC1) / (Q2 – Q1) = ΔTC / ΔQ
Based on the marginal cost formula, we can say that these costs can also be viewed as the ratio of the increase in total costs for the reporting period to the number of manufactured products, by which the output increased during this reporting period. Mathematically, this means that the total cost invested to obtain a certain number of units must be divided by the quantity of actual units produced so that it can be defined as a unit cost. The calculation process can be done in several steps:
- Find the change in costThe costs a business incurs typically vary with a reduction or increase in the number of goods it makes or services it provides. Obviously, you will have a larger change in cost with more services provided or goods produced and vice versa. This change in costs occurs due to a change in variable costs. Obviously, even the fixed costs can increase or decrease if the business crosses a specific threshold, e.g. production facility would need to be expanded if the company decided to manufacture more than 200,000 units. Thus, your first step is to simply take the total costs a business has now and subtract from it total costs it expects to have or incurred) after it changes the level of its activity.
- Calculate the change in quantityYour next step would be to determine whether the business is adjusting its production or provision of services and by how much. Just like you did the calculation in the previous step, you would take the quantity before the change (the old quantity) and subtract that from the quantity after the change (the new quantity).
- Divide the resultsNow that you got your numbers ready for the last step, all you have to do is divide the number you got in the first step, or your change in cost, by the number you got in the second step, or your change in quantity. Keep in mind that the marginal cost per unit you calculated for the additional 50 units will most likely differ from the marginal cost per unit you would get for the additional 51 units. Accordingly, it would need to be recalculated for all the possible output options. To make this process more time-efficient, you can consider online calculators created specifically for this.
Keeping proper financial records is time-intensive and small mistakes can be costly. BooksTime makes sure your numbers are 100% accurate so you can focus on growing your business.
Purpose and analysis
Why would management want or need to calculate the marginal cost in the first place? When thinking of margin, economists are thinking about the cost or benefit of making a decision, e.g. buying another piece of production equipment or making another batch of goods.
As the quantity goes up, the marginal costs grow while the marginal benefit decreases. Simply put, the making of another piece brings additional costs and additional profits. As long as the marginal cost is below the market price level, the production is profitable. When it starts to exceed the price, it is an indicator of reduced efficiency.
The marginal cost analysis is very useful in project implementation because, from a financial point of view, the optimal point is between the production cost and selling price, so that an appropriate price is calculated at which the company does not lose money and at the same time does not mistreat the customer. Undoubtedly, taking this into account when planning projects will help to get the best financial result.
The curve representing marginal cost above depends only on the variable costs, while the effect of fixed costs is included along with the variable figures in the average cost. The marginal curve does not take into account fixed costs because they exist regardless of whether a business has more output or not.
Initially, marginal costs are reduced and stay lower than the average. This is because if unit costs decrease, then each subsequent product is cheaper than the one made before it. The subsequent growth of marginal cost means that each following unit of production becomes more expensive. The marginal costs line crosses the average costs line at its minimum point M.
Comparison and evaluation of various production costs is important information for the management of a company that is trying to determine the optimal level of business activity. At point M, the offer price coincides with the average and marginal costs. This point represents the equilibrium. When moving from point M to the right, an increase in production leads to a decrease in profit because, for each unit of goods, additional costs grow. Going beyond point M leads to instability of the company’s finances.
It is possible to directly and immediately control the marginal cost as opposed to any other costs a business might have. In fact, this is what it costs the company to have the last item made for ready for the customer, and at the same time the costs that can be cut down by reducing the volume of production by this last unit. The figures of average cost do not provide this information.
Output decisions are usually based on margins, that is, decisions about whether a business produces one unit more or one less. In combination with the marginal benefit indicator (reflects the change in income with an increase or decrease in production per unit of product), the marginal cost indicator allows management to determine the profitability of a particular change in the scale of production.
Let us illustrate the marginal cost formula with an example. The total costs North Inc. incurred in June 2020 amounted to $62,500. The number of manufactured goods is 1,400 units. In July, additional 184 units were produced. Total costs for July 2020 amounted to $66,500. In other words, the total costs increased by $4,000
To calculate the marginal costs for North Inc., we will input the numbers we are given into the marginal cost formula presented earlier.
MC = ($66,500 – 62,500) / (1,584 – 1,400)
MC = $4,000/184
MC = $21.74
Based on the calculations we just did, we can say that each extra unit the company made in July cost North Inc. $21.74. It was a reasonable decision to produce more goods because the average cost per unit in June was $44.64, so the company is at a point where the benefits of making more goods significantly overweight the associated costs. Moreover, after further analysis, it might be likely that North Inc. should consider increasing its production even more to rip maximum benefits and make more profit.
Author: Charles Lutwidge
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337537.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005042446-20221005072446-00747.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2022-40
| 7,654 | 26 |
https://www.achieversjourney.com/mathematics/
|
math
|
Primary and Secondary Mathematics
Achievers Journey Tuition Centre offers a Math tuition programme for our students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4. Mathematics forms part of our everyday activities from making sense of statistics from the newspaper to making informed decisions about financial matters. When it comes to graphical interpretations, measurement, calculations and statistical analysis, we need Mathematics to help us understand.
We aim to help students acquire key Mathematical concepts and skills for everyday use and for continuous learning in Mathematics by learning to think logically, critically and creatively using namely model drawing , branching methods, unit transfer methods, heuristics and metacognition to solve Mathematical problems.
We add challenging questions in our worksheets, to prepare our students for complex Mathematical problems that require higher order thinking. Key concepts are essential and we are there to help them understand by making connections, build confidence and foster interest in Mathematics. We use past year PSLE examination papers, O-levels ten years series and past years school examination papers to expose them to the common examinable questions to prepare them for their examinations.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475238.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301093751-20240301123751-00144.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2024-10
| 1,244 | 4 |
https://www.jiskha.com/questions/1094284/The-perimeter-of-a-square-piece-of-land-is-twice-the-perimeter-of-an-equilateral
|
math
|
The perimeter of a square piece of land is twice the perimeter of an equilateral triangle. (an equilateral triangle has three equal sides.) If one side of the square is 45 feet, find the length of the sides of the triangle.
A 100 inch piece of string is cut into 3 pieces. One piece forms a circle, one forms a square and 1 forms an equilateral triangle. If the perimeter of the triangle is equal in length to the perimeter of the square how long should
The perimeter of an equilateral triangle is 7 in. more than the perimeter of a square. The side of the triangle is 5 in. longer than the side of the square. Find the length of each side of the triangle. (Note: An equilateral
how do you solve this plz show me how you do this 1. on her last three quizzes, jane scored 84, 96, and 88. what grade must she get on her next quiz to have an average of 90 for all four quizzes? 2. a square and a equilateral
The side of a square is 4cm longer than the side of an equilateral triangle. The perimeter of the square is 28cm longer than the perimeter of the triangle. Find the length of the sides of the triangle and the sides of the square.
A pentagon is formed by putting together three identical equilateral triangles and one larger equilateral triangle with length of edge equal to 2 times that of the smaller equilateral triangle. If the perimeter of the smaller
Draw an equilateral triangle. Divide each side in half and join the points to make four small equilateral triangles. Rearrange these four equilateral triangles into a parallelogram. Compare the perimeter of the original triangle
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156554.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920175529-20180920195929-00240.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2018-39
| 1,589 | 7 |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/relationship-between-refractive-index-and-inpedance.358588/
|
math
|
as described in the title, whats the relationship between these 2 quantities in a given material? ty
Did you mean impedance?
Refractive index and impedance are unrelated properties. For example, some non-conductive liquids have higher refractive indexes than tap water (which is conductive) and some lower.
Nice question. I have never thought about this before. The characteristic impedance of free space is Z0 = sqrt(u0/e0) = 377 ohms, where u0 and e0 are the permeability and permittivity of free space. So the characteristic impedance of a dielectric with index of refraction n is
Z= sqrt(u0/n2e0) = Z0/n.
Im trying to work out the impedance of a typical metal.
and I've narrowed it down to (1-i)a
with a = sqrt ( wuu0 / 2(sigma) ).
where w = angular freq of the incident EM Radiation
u = relative permeability
u0 = free space permeability
sigma = conductivity
if I now use Z = Z0/n to find out refractive index, i can get wave vector k which i can substitute back into the EM radiation equation (assuming plane wave) and I am 99% sure that Z does indeed = Z0/n as you said.
Exp i(kz - wt)
to see how the wave behaves once inside the material. However if I do this. I get something that disagrees with whats in the textbooks...
If you are interested in finding impedance or wave behavior, can you ignore the fact the metals are good conductors?
No, the effective permittivity of a metal contains an imaginary term which has dependence on the material's conductivity, for a metal, this is high, therefore the effective permittivity is highly imaginary.
For a non conducting material its low so essentially the imaginary part of the permittivity can be ignored.
And impedance depends on the refractive index....which in turn depends on the permittivity and permeability.
Separate names with a comma.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590559.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719051224-20180719071224-00364.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2018-30
| 1,800 | 20 |
http://www.inderscience.com/info/inarticle.php?artid=21690
|
math
|
Title: Mathematical modelling of feature conversion
Author: Hamid Ullah, Erik L.J. Bohez
Design and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
Design and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
Abstract: After providing the assembly feature definition and mathematical representation, this paper addresses the problem of how to convert design features into assembly features, with the help of a mathematical model of feature conversion. Assembly feature is defined and represented mathematically using the concept of assembly intents. Some very useful information that can be obtained from the assembly features are mentioned. The mathematical model of feature conversion is represented by a mapping function which is a synthesis function of two process mapping functions. The process of feature mapping is demonstrated with the help of a real-life example.
Keywords: assembly features; feature representation; feature conversion; feature mapping; mathematical modelling; design features.
Int. J. of Industrial and Systems Engineering, 2009 Vol.4, No.1, pp.94 - 110
Available online: 30 Nov 2008
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589251.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716095945-20180716115945-00582.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2018-30
| 1,261 | 8 |
https://www.coursehero.com/tutors-problems/Economics/2926-7-Perry-consumes-cakes-and-ale-His-demand-function-for-cakes-is-qc/
|
math
|
"7. Perry consumes cakes and ale. His demand function for cakes is qc = m − 30pc 20pa, where m is his income, pa is the price of ale, pc is the price of cakes, and qc is his consumption of cakes. Percy’s income is $100, and the price of ale is $1 per unit. a. Is ale a substitute for cakes or a complement? Explain. b. Write an equation for Percy’s demand function for cakes where income and the price of ale are held fixed at $100 and $1. c. Write an equation for Percy’s inverse demand function for cakes where income is $100 and the price of ale remains at $1. i. At what price would Percy buy 30 cakes? Use blue ink to draw Percy’s inverse demand curve for cakes. d. Suppose that the price of ale rises to $2.50 per unit and remains there. Write an equation for Percy’s inverse demand for cakes. i. Use red ink to draw in Percy’s new inverse demand curve for cakes. "
Recently Asked Questions
- The time needed to complete a final examination in a particular college course is normally distributed with a mean of83minutes and a standard deviation of13
- Please refer to the attachment to answer this question. This question was created from Test21a.doc. Additional comments: "I noticed that the problems don't
- Question 1. Consider a binomial experiment withn=11and p=0.5 a. compute f(0) (4 decimal) b. compute f(2)(4 decimal) c. compute P(x<=3)(4 decimal) d. compute
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584445118.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124014810-20190124040810-00170.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2019-04
| 1,386 | 5 |
https://writingessay-college.com/2020/10/14/college-mathematics-help_pa/
|
math
|
Schroeder 118. mathematics for college our goal is to bring our own open courseware as well as high-quality ones that are freely available how to write an essay format online. 507-222-4360. it will test you on functions doctorate without dissertation and their graphs, equations, real number system, probability, statistics (of the easy sort) argumentative essay example on abortion and data analysis aug 19, 2008 · mathhelp.com offers comprehensive college algebra help with a per need college algebra help? Lessons are practical in nature informal in tone, and contain beam problem solving language analysis essay many worked examples and warnings about basic critical thinking problem areas and probable “trick” questions need some help with math? Actuarial exam information: teach yourself chemistry visually in 24 hours – by dr. in addition, we how to mention poems in an essay can connect mars business plan you with three different online resources for …. grouped by level of study. dividing by zero. the science associate’s degree, math area of concentration, is a transfer program that provides the first two years of courses necessary for …. sometimes you can understand the statistical idea but get bogged down in the formulas college mathematics help and calculations and end up getting the wrong writing a psychology literature review answer jun 20, 2016 · clep college math study guide college mathematics help – http://www.mometrix.com/studyguides/clep/ clep college college mathematics help math flashcards – http://www.flashcardsecrets.com/clep/ pythagorean author: website. start with an college mathematics help introduction to algebra.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178370752.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305091526-20210305121526-00155.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2021-10
| 1,673 | 1 |
https://betweenborders.com/curiosities/twice-as-cold-as-0%C2%B0c/
|
math
|
It probably says more about me than anything else, but I've been asked the following question at least half-a-dozen times. In the interests of having a place to point future questioners I offer the following answer to the (apparently common) question:
if the temperature today is 0°C, and it will be twice as cold tomorrow, what will the temperature be tomorrow?
And the instant answer is:
Which is, in human terms, rather cold. The lowest temperature recorded and confirmed on Earth is -89.4°C, recorded on 21st July 1983, at Vostok, a Russian research station in Antarctica.
It's also a rather dramatic drop in temperature. A lot colder than most people guess when they ask this or similar questions.
So, how did I arrive at this apparently drastic figure, and how do you divide zero by two and get a number other than zero in the first place?
The answers to both questions derive from the same, usually overlooked, point: the Celsius temperature scale, like the Fahrenheit scale (and many other, now obsolete, temperature scales such as the Newton, Romer, Delisle, Leyden, Dalton, Wedgewood, Hales, Ducrest, Edinburgh and Florentine scales) is a relative scale.
0°C isn't the same as 0mm wide or 0V of electrical potential. Both these latter are absolute measures. You can't get narrower than 0mm and you can't get less electrical potential than 0V.
You can get colder than 0°C, however, since 0°C is just the freezing point of water.
So, to arrive at the frigid forecast above I simply converted the first figure to an absolute temperature scale (the Kelvin scale), halved it and then converted it back to Celsius.
Makes sense now? I didn't think so.
Let's step back a bit and take a look at the relative temperature scales, starting with the oldest temperature scale still in regular use.
The Fahrenheit scale, developed in 1724 by Gabriel Fahrenheit, used mercury to measure changes in temperature, since mercury exhibits consistent changes when it undergoes thermal change. Mercury expands and contracts as the temperature changes and this volume change is both uniform across a wide range and large enough to measure accurately.
In addition, mercury is cohesive rather than adhesive, so it doesn't stick to the only transparent substance Fahrenheit had access to: glass. Finally, mercury is bright silver, making it easy to visually distinguish changes in liquid volume in a narrow tube.
Fahrenheit began by placing his mercury thermometer in a mixture of salt, ice and water. The point the mercury settled to on his thermometer was considered zero.
He then placed the thermometer in a mixture of ice and water. The point the mercury settled to this time was set as 30. Finally, 'if the thermometer is placed in the mouth so as to acquire the heat of a healthy man' the point the mercury reaches is set to 96.
Using this scale, water boils at 212 and it freezes at 32. This latter number is an adjusted figure on Fahrenheit's part: it made the difference between boiling and freezing a relatively clean 180.
[NB, the above chronology isn't the only possible process Fahrenheit undertook. The Wikipedia article on the Fahrenheit temperature scale notes several other mooted explanations. Cecil Adams's The Straight Dope site also covers the origins of the Fahrenheit scale, focusing on the more amusing (or bemusing) possibilities.]
Less than twenty years after Fahrenheit's scale was developed, the Celsius scale was created by Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius. His scale used the freezing and boiling points of water as the two key markers and put 100 degrees between the two temperatures.
Unlike today, however, in Celsius's original scale, water's boiling point was 0 and the freezing point 100.
In the years after his death in 1744, the numbering scheme was reversed. This change is routinely credited to another great Swede, Carl Linnaeus (also known as Carolus Linnaeus) but the evidence for this is circumstantial and not particularly convincing.
Numbering scheme aside, the modern Celsius scale (used pretty much everywhere on earth except the United States) is different from the one Celsius developed.
It doesn't make much difference in day-to-day use, but the basis of the modern Celsius scale is the triple-point of water. The triple-point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the solid, liquid and gaseous states of said substance can all co-exist in equilibrium. And the triple-point of water is defined as 0.01°C.
As well, each degree Celsius is now defined abstractly. In Celsius's original scale a one degree change in temperature was defined as a 1% change in relative temperature between two externally referenced circumstances (ie the boiling and freezing points of water).
Today, a degree Celsius is defined as the temperature change equivalent to a single degree change on the ideal gas scale.
The ideal gas scale brings us almost to the point (finally, I hear you cry). As noted at the beginning of all this, the temperature scales above are relative scales: they give you a useful number to describe the thermodynamic energy of a system but they do so by creating a scale which is relative to some physical standard (whether that be the triple-point of water or the 'heat of a healthy man').
Back in 1787, however, Jacques Charles was able to prove that, for any given increase in temperature, T, all gases undergo an equivalent increase in volume, V.
Rather handily, this allows us to predict gaseous behaviour without reference to the particular gas being examined. It's as if gases were fulfilling some Platonic conceit, all acting in a fashion essentially identical to an imagined ideal gas. Hence the 'ideal gas scale' which describes the behaviour of gases under changing pressure without reference to any particular gas.
The Platonic ideal falls apart at very high pressures because of simple physical and chemical interactions. For the sort of pressures needed to use a gas as a thermometric medium (ie measurer of temperature) on earth, however, all gases exhibit the same, very simple behaviour described by the following equation:
pV = [constant]T
or in words:
pressure multiplied by Volume = [a derived constant] multiplied by Temperature
Which means if you keep the pressure constant, as the temperature changes so does the volume. Or, if you change the temperature and keep the volume constant, the pressure goes up or down in direct relation to the temperature's rise or fall.
One very nifty thing about this is the way it makes it possible to create a temperature scale which is independent of the medium used to delineate the scale.
Back in 1887, P Chappuis conducted studies using gas thermometers which used hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide as the thermometric media at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). Regardless of the gas he used, he found very little difference in the temperature scale generated. If the temperature of the gases changed by a value T, and the pressure, P, was held still, the increase in volume, V, was the same regardless of the gas being used to set the scale.
This change in thermodynamic activity has been recognised and accepted as the fundamental measure of temperature, since it is derived from measures of pressure and volume that aren't dependent on the substance being measured.
One of the most important consequences of this discovery is the recognition that there is a naturally defined absolute zero temperature value. When the pressure exerted by a gas reaches zero, the temperature is also zero. It is impossible to get 'colder' than this, since at this temperature all atomic and sub-atomic activity has ceased. (And, before anyone asks, yes I know what negative temperature is, and it isn't a temperature 'below absolute zero.' Systems with negative temperature are actually hotter than they are when they have positive temperature.)
In 1933 the International Committee of Weights and Measures adopted a scale system based on absolute temperature. It is called the Kelvin scale and uses the same unitary value for single degrees as the modern Celsius scale. So a one-degree change as measured by the Kelvin scale represents the same change in temperature as a one-degree change as measured using the Celsius scale.
The zero-point for the Kelvin scale, however isn't an arbitrary one (eg the freezing point of water) but the absolute one.
Absolute zero is, as it happens, equivalent to -273.15 C, so converting between K and C is a simple matter of addition or subtraction:
C = K - 273.15
K = C + 273.15
So 0 degrees Celsius is 273.15 Kelvin. Using standard notation for each scale we can re-state this sentence thus:
0°C = 273.15K
Note there is no degree symbol used when denoting a temperature in Kelvin. And, just as there is no degree symbol, the word isn't used either. The phrase 'degrees Kelvin' is incorrect: just use the word 'Kelvin.'
Which brings us, finally, to explaining how I arrived at the temperature I listed at the beginning of this article. As I noted above, the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are relative scales, so you can't compare two different temperatures measured using these scales absolutely.
20°C is not twice as warm as 10°C, since both are a measure relative to the triple point of water.
The Kelvin scale, however, is an absolute scale. Different values measured using this scale are related in absolute comparative terms. 20K is twice as warm as 10K (although both values are pretty damned cold relative to what you or I are comfortable with).
So, to find out what temperature (in degrees Celsius) would be 'twice as cold' (ie half the temperature) of 0°C I simply converted the value to Kelvin:
0 + 273.15 = 273.15K
Divided this value by 2:
273.15/2 = 136.575 K
and converted it back to degrees Celsius:
136.575 - 273.15 = -136.575°C
Working in the other direction, twice as hot as 0°C is easy to calculate. It's 273.15°C. Which is rather hotter than any human can handle.
If nothing else, this demonstrates how narrow a range of temperatures suit human beings. Let's presume -10°C – 50°C is a useful range of liveable temperatures for human beings.
I'm being generous with this range. The low is, in human terms, well below the freezing point of water. And the high is, again in human terms, a long way above blood temperature. This range is only acceptable as a liveable range if we assume 1) the range refers to measured temperatures and 2) we have technology capable of keeping experienced temperatures (eg, in a dwelling or next to human skin) from reaching these extremes of heat and cold.
Converting this to Kelvin, we have a range of 263K – 323K. (I'm leaving the 0.15 off: it doesn't change the arithmetic, other than to needlessly complicate things.)
The lowest temperature in this range is 81% of the highest temperature in this range. 323K (50°C) is only 19% warmer than 263K (-10°C).
Change the liveable range to 0°C – 40°C (a range more genuinely liveable, especially if we assume only basic available technology) and the hottest we can reasonably handle is only 13% warmer than the coldest we can live with.
Be even more conservative, and restrict the range so it runs roughly through the human comfort zone: 10°C – 35°C (a range that goes from 'cold if you don't have warm clothing' through to 'hot in the sun but bearable if there's almost any sort of breeze') and the hottest weather we can comfortably manage is only 9% warmer than the coldest most of us are willing to deal with.
No wonder folk are concerned about a 0.6°C increase in global surface temperatures over the last 100 years.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233509023.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925151539-20230925181539-00100.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
| 11,610 | 62 |
https://assurancepublicationsinc.com/j2m6r/5233_calculus_in_mechanical_of_application_engineering
|
math
|
Application Of Calculus In Mechanical Engineering
The principles are not! Fluids, or AP Calculus, but is not required. Machine Design mechanical engineer here. This application calculus ppt stands for mechanical engineers find cities close we use mechanics. No need to wait for office hours or assignments to be graded to find out where you took a wrong turn. As we know that this engineering is related to Ships sailing in the oceans and seas. And engineering mechanical engineering operations research and industrial. For the application of engineering economics in the practice of civil. All is either indented or services directly apply calculus of their best fit within an advanced calculus by online scientific areas above discussion we will be that? Calculus I Calculus II Ordinary Differential Equations Physics I. Isothermal change are used both functional differential equations calculator finance, fluid mechanics came georg cantor gave you are in stages also keep a required depending on. Description calculus ii subject matter is a junior year of taking classes will integrate algebraic equations guided textbook solutions for. Kinetic projects they come up to page contains links below, it is designed for solving mathematical research, we will have a community. Application engineers to a more thorough understanding of mechanical. Purchase Calculus for Engineering Students 1st Edition. Among the disciplines that utilize calculus include physics engineering economics statistics and medicine It is used to create mathematical models in order to. Fe exam this application in highway and life cycles to work, payback period introduced in the first fundamental programming structures, sometimes not the.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499816.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130101912-20230130131912-00565.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-06
| 1,717 | 2 |
https://stardrive.org/index.php/menu-stardrive-news/sd-news-archive/189-archive-science-news-archive-2017/46665-reining-in-alternative-gravity
|
math
|
Theorists have tightly constrained alternative theories of gravity using the recent joint detection of gravitational waves and light from a neutron star merger.
Our current theory of gravity, general relativity (GR), has been spectacularly successful. It accurately describes the dynamics of astronomical objects over a vast range of sizes from planets and stars, to black holes, all the way to galaxies. GR also predicts the expansion of the Universe as a whole.
But the theory has fallen short in one respect: explaining the finding that the Universe is expanding at an accelerating rate. According to GR, the sum of all known radiation, visible matter, and dark matter should exert an inward “tug” on the Universe, slowing down its rate of expansion over time. So to account for acceleration, physicists have been forced to consider three possibilities , all of which are often loosely referred to as “dark energy.” The first option—and also the simplest and most favored—is the existence of a cosmological constant, or vacuum energy, which counteracts gravity by exerting a constant negative effective pressure. The second imagines that the cosmological constant is actually dynamical. Finally, the third possibility is that gravity behaves differently on large distance scales, requiring a modification of GR. Using the recent detection of a gravitational wave and light from a distant binary neutron merger, four research groups have now placed some of the tightest constraints to date on this third scenario [2–5].
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155529.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805095314-20210805125314-00400.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2021-31
| 1,535 | 3 |
https://justaaa.com/statistics-and-probability/602297-1-a-consumer-advocacy-group-published-a-study-of
|
math
|
1. A consumer advocacy group published a study of labeling of seafood sold in three U.S. states. The study found that 13 of the 25 "red snapper" packages tested were a different kind of fish. Assume that the study used a simple random sample. Complete parts a through c below.
a) Are the conditions for creating a confidence interval satisfied? Explain.
b) Construct a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of "red snapper" packages that were a different kind of fish.
c) Explain what the confidence interval from part (b) says about "red snapper" sold in these three states. Select the correct choice below and fill in the answer boxes within your choice.
2. An insurance company checks police records on 563 accidents selected at random and notes that teenagers were at the wheel in 88 of them.
-Construct the 95% confidence interval for the percentage of all auto accidents that involve teenage drivers.
Get Answers For Free
Most questions answered within 1 hours.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100912.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209134916-20231209164916-00368.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
| 972 | 8 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.