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{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/60/6095b7dc08514d40752e238dab289983d67a56c78f8e7f68dd84ff801405c809.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/53/53ced2ce7cfc8edfdb7b612b6e9f60c050085af2dd6c8bda64de34a747e65023.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/66/6676ede9a95730dfc4e0fe668e2c5fd1317b3c2456472ceddfacad84bc36244a.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/b1/b1ebe33f38a32d9801ea783bf42ca08dad5162eb721253da26e5ce732c56e6f8.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/fc/fcdfd9b558c94dd21c3bb704cb89847424b11c882c39a25f27004bb508e48546.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/d0/d0161749ff653977eb31ef59fb0ef211a2256f0e7466f95a2e11ad25913fb782.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/1e/1eec243bce3361ac44a6d1489dff5b01f5296efcf633a6b720075ac85d19c9bb.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/e6/e66055a61fe90382807b542c81d80b82948439db6168490100d26a8e7544466d.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/db/db6cbaa931c3ea20de67befdf8823ac2dad246ac8415b3950565507aeb56670d.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/4a/4a2b28f90abcf2d6b3b1549fe0c62581d96c86eadcd3955d6bd7e1c5672949e4.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/ae/ae3fed95446814109f7674e7ea2e053145e6755fead55ca2d8baa1a670c61435.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/a5/a5f46a34cb49c993d01fe59b34035b22bd6c9d961d86c6cfbfbc3c3bdbb7d9bb.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/7f/7f43e3c5cc6ecbb07a26bcc126f8e49dd1e3c67dd856020e7d283a09edbd8b35.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/ca/cabae0ecd945b6dae1cbb6baac7b6d5923be217dc03f9106d691cd32bf666686.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/00/00e65547230ab2818f7d1a08867bbaa3ccfa1047f63a50f04377cbc58c820be0.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/07/07b67fc26ef0ea89c6a54eeefc33d2cbc10d0fa053ce1e166b16c2b454de3821.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/e3/e315a66deca566d2bf4ebb6849f768abff054b017e4a14267309da15513664a5.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/78/7832f4943fa06c0af3c3a764d734a49f6e233450d927a942cff809b3335d4081.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/89/894d421006177c685a0c00b8b0f569adbcd137855bf179d3e68001990b5666a4.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/c4/c409171b47c838005b1d69f100699870bbb1cc7ca0f94420ce1a407600432cbd.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/48/48d991f280a3fc5d174f72fec4766e5760636ef26ece6f94c1d5e16f9bcca73b.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/ae/ae79bd1401bb29f2ed4537bf9bea64a37528fc4a1fc6c850e6c318fcec44d9cd.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/10/10547088964a5ef4e8b393677e13a726b28a26ce7e37d171eae2e392c72c7221.jpg | train/63/63a1b6afee1566941f4fecf5cff2a46499c9b7a7126ab47c7995c25e22217b9b.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street\n1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann\nEclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance\nPuttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nVilla Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "A/1056, February 26, 1997\n1898–1899, by Karl Bergner\nGerman Historicism\nIn the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.2 & 2a\n1950s\nModern architecture\nModern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nBuilding at No.2b\n2010s\nModern architecture\nThis modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nTenement houses at No.3 & 3a\n1930s\nModern architecture\nThese buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nPetrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14\n1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski\nArt Nouveau\nThis large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nTenement at No.6\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThe successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nTenement at No.8\n1909\nArt Nouveau\nThis tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "\nTenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)\n1910, by Rudolf Kern\nArt Nouveau\nThe building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The portal arch is covered on the inside"
}
] | Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street
1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann
Eclecticism & French Neo-Renaissance
Puttos and sirens stucco reliefs are mounted on the facade.
Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601311-Reg.A/1056, February 26, 1997
1898–1899, by Karl Bergner
German Historicism
In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka Pola Negri.
Tenement houses at No.2 & 2a
1950s
Modern architecture
Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at No.2 houses local edition of Gazeta Pomorska newspaper.
Building at No.2b
2010s
Modern architecture
This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm Softblue SA.
Tenement houses at No.3 & 3a
1930s
Modern architecture
These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect Jan Kossowski. The right facade at No.3a received a recent refurbishing.
Petrikowski Tenement at No.4, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 14
1906–1907, by Victor Petrikowski
Art Nouveau
This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at Stein straße 23. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces.
Tenement at No.6
1909
Art Nouveau
This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with pilasters, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials MR, of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur.
The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the gables.
Tenement at No.8
1909
Art Nouveau
This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at No.4. Reschke was living at the time at Goethe Straße 26 (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of WWI. On July 7, 1920, famous Polish actress Pola Negri bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of WWII.
The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials MR for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at No.6.
Tenement at No.9, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 16
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)
1910, by Rudolf Kern
Art Nouveau
The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg).
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside | Jana Zamoyskiego Street in Bydgoszcz |
||
train/ba/baf2b359f2bbe939ddb6b140e02087d17e35b7f1f20ebb2e5617fad0fe018999.jpg | train/ed/edd68e937fff99b2e1675f1c2c8388660a61520951e17e0b6d391be72658c47f.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call."
},
{
"n_tokens": 66,
"text": "In order to be entitled to run, parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least 15,000 registered electors; this requirement could be lifted and replaced through the signature of at least 50 elected officials—deputies, senators, MEPs or members from the legislative assemblies of autonomous communities or from local city councils."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "Electors and elected officials were disallowed from signing for more than one list of candidates."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "\nBelow is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:"
}
] | The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call. In order to be entitled to run, parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least 15,000 registered electors; this requirement could be lifted and replaced through the signature of at least 50 elected officials—deputies, senators, MEPs or members from the legislative assemblies of autonomous communities or from local city councils. Electors and elected officials were disallowed from signing for more than one list of candidates.
Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election: | 2019 European Parliament election in Spain |
||
train/ba/baf2b359f2bbe939ddb6b140e02087d17e35b7f1f20ebb2e5617fad0fe018999.jpg | train/2e/2e21496c00d42c10865d21e98dc6201dc2fcabbf32ead13554c0b354b3c3fd97.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call."
},
{
"n_tokens": 66,
"text": "In order to be entitled to run, parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least 15,000 registered electors; this requirement could be lifted and replaced through the signature of at least 50 elected officials—deputies, senators, MEPs or members from the legislative assemblies of autonomous communities or from local city councils."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "Electors and elected officials were disallowed from signing for more than one list of candidates."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "\nBelow is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:"
}
] | The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call. In order to be entitled to run, parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least 15,000 registered electors; this requirement could be lifted and replaced through the signature of at least 50 elected officials—deputies, senators, MEPs or members from the legislative assemblies of autonomous communities or from local city councils. Electors and elected officials were disallowed from signing for more than one list of candidates.
Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election: | 2019 European Parliament election in Spain |
||
train/ba/baf2b359f2bbe939ddb6b140e02087d17e35b7f1f20ebb2e5617fad0fe018999.jpg | train/a2/a2e1a34e1fa71e465f1e945d1370123c7bd6801a4c6ca916bca3174d45e7e651.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call."
},
{
"n_tokens": 66,
"text": "In order to be entitled to run, parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least 15,000 registered electors; this requirement could be lifted and replaced through the signature of at least 50 elected officials—deputies, senators, MEPs or members from the legislative assemblies of autonomous communities or from local city councils."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "Electors and elected officials were disallowed from signing for more than one list of candidates."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "\nBelow is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:"
}
] | The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call. In order to be entitled to run, parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least 15,000 registered electors; this requirement could be lifted and replaced through the signature of at least 50 elected officials—deputies, senators, MEPs or members from the legislative assemblies of autonomous communities or from local city councils. Electors and elected officials were disallowed from signing for more than one list of candidates.
Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election: | 2019 European Parliament election in Spain |
||
train/f7/f73fe78e9d18756a8f0bf5ea590507b1a7e2474d44be5df024142d71cc130017.jpg | train/53/53b043e4fce05afcd7de33202e6230bdd099d4c1f15500c9b3af6802e5e13c93.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "The current passenger terminal's first phase was completed on September 10, 1996."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "The 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m²) terminal included a new customs and immigration hall and a 710 space parking lot."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "In August 1998 the second phase of the current passenger terminal opened."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "The expansion program that opened the current terminal had a cost of $741 million."
},
{
"n_tokens": 6,
"text": "The terminal has three levels."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "The basement level houses arrival facilities, including customs and baggage claim."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "The basement also houses the GIAA Airport Police and GIAA Arcade offices and the Hafa Adai Gardens."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "The apron level (the departure level) houses the ticketing counters."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "The third floor houses the departure gates, immigration facilities, and GIAA administrative offices."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nSince all flights require customs or immigration inspection, the airport's post-security concourse and gate area was not designed to separate arriving and departing passengers."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "The only normal passenger entrance is through security and the only normal exit is through immigration."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "Except for the few gates designated for Honolulu arrivals, which route passengers directly to customs, all other gates do not have a separate arrival corridor."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "Arrival passengers walk directly into the gates waiting area, and in the past could actually purchase food or merchandise before entering the immigration hall."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nThe original design is said to be compliant with security standards at the time of opening."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "However, after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the U.S. government began to require separation of uninspected arrival passengers."
},
{
"n_tokens": 39,
"text": "The airport initially used a system of chairs, moving sidewalks, retractable belts and security/police staffing to usher arriving passengers from the gate to the immigration hall without coming into physical contact with departing passengers."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "In recent years, semi-permanent movable walls separate much of the length of the terminal building into two halves, decreasing the need for human staffing and those lighter objects previously in use."
}
] | The current passenger terminal's first phase was completed on September 10, 1996. The 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m²) terminal included a new customs and immigration hall and a 710 space parking lot. In August 1998 the second phase of the current passenger terminal opened. The expansion program that opened the current terminal had a cost of $741 million. The terminal has three levels. The basement level houses arrival facilities, including customs and baggage claim. The basement also houses the GIAA Airport Police and GIAA Arcade offices and the Hafa Adai Gardens. The apron level (the departure level) houses the ticketing counters. The third floor houses the departure gates, immigration facilities, and GIAA administrative offices.
Since all flights require customs or immigration inspection, the airport's post-security concourse and gate area was not designed to separate arriving and departing passengers. The only normal passenger entrance is through security and the only normal exit is through immigration. Except for the few gates designated for Honolulu arrivals, which route passengers directly to customs, all other gates do not have a separate arrival corridor. Arrival passengers walk directly into the gates waiting area, and in the past could actually purchase food or merchandise before entering the immigration hall.
The original design is said to be compliant with security standards at the time of opening. However, after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the U.S. government began to require separation of uninspected arrival passengers. The airport initially used a system of chairs, moving sidewalks, retractable belts and security/police staffing to usher arriving passengers from the gate to the immigration hall without coming into physical contact with departing passengers. In recent years, semi-permanent movable walls separate much of the length of the terminal building into two halves, decreasing the need for human staffing and those lighter objects previously in use. | Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport |
||
train/f7/f73fe78e9d18756a8f0bf5ea590507b1a7e2474d44be5df024142d71cc130017.jpg | train/cc/cc6888be01cbbb84092aedbf49334c835d1dc48b64327c2d066a240b0437f742.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "The current passenger terminal's first phase was completed on September 10, 1996."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "The 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m²) terminal included a new customs and immigration hall and a 710 space parking lot."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "In August 1998 the second phase of the current passenger terminal opened."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "The expansion program that opened the current terminal had a cost of $741 million."
},
{
"n_tokens": 6,
"text": "The terminal has three levels."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "The basement level houses arrival facilities, including customs and baggage claim."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "The basement also houses the GIAA Airport Police and GIAA Arcade offices and the Hafa Adai Gardens."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "The apron level (the departure level) houses the ticketing counters."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "The third floor houses the departure gates, immigration facilities, and GIAA administrative offices."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nSince all flights require customs or immigration inspection, the airport's post-security concourse and gate area was not designed to separate arriving and departing passengers."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "The only normal passenger entrance is through security and the only normal exit is through immigration."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "Except for the few gates designated for Honolulu arrivals, which route passengers directly to customs, all other gates do not have a separate arrival corridor."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "Arrival passengers walk directly into the gates waiting area, and in the past could actually purchase food or merchandise before entering the immigration hall."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nThe original design is said to be compliant with security standards at the time of opening."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "However, after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the U.S. government began to require separation of uninspected arrival passengers."
},
{
"n_tokens": 39,
"text": "The airport initially used a system of chairs, moving sidewalks, retractable belts and security/police staffing to usher arriving passengers from the gate to the immigration hall without coming into physical contact with departing passengers."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "In recent years, semi-permanent movable walls separate much of the length of the terminal building into two halves, decreasing the need for human staffing and those lighter objects previously in use."
}
] | The current passenger terminal's first phase was completed on September 10, 1996. The 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m²) terminal included a new customs and immigration hall and a 710 space parking lot. In August 1998 the second phase of the current passenger terminal opened. The expansion program that opened the current terminal had a cost of $741 million. The terminal has three levels. The basement level houses arrival facilities, including customs and baggage claim. The basement also houses the GIAA Airport Police and GIAA Arcade offices and the Hafa Adai Gardens. The apron level (the departure level) houses the ticketing counters. The third floor houses the departure gates, immigration facilities, and GIAA administrative offices.
Since all flights require customs or immigration inspection, the airport's post-security concourse and gate area was not designed to separate arriving and departing passengers. The only normal passenger entrance is through security and the only normal exit is through immigration. Except for the few gates designated for Honolulu arrivals, which route passengers directly to customs, all other gates do not have a separate arrival corridor. Arrival passengers walk directly into the gates waiting area, and in the past could actually purchase food or merchandise before entering the immigration hall.
The original design is said to be compliant with security standards at the time of opening. However, after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the U.S. government began to require separation of uninspected arrival passengers. The airport initially used a system of chairs, moving sidewalks, retractable belts and security/police staffing to usher arriving passengers from the gate to the immigration hall without coming into physical contact with departing passengers. In recent years, semi-permanent movable walls separate much of the length of the terminal building into two halves, decreasing the need for human staffing and those lighter objects previously in use. | Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport |
||
train/fe/feb87c2072d2f3556dfeedb07d1033afc3427c65393b10c80830547eb208c313.jpg | train/f8/f829316728a65d8e7f6be2300c2121a7da2524d8f56073ebde7d08ead0ff1d45.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "Alexandra Kiroi-Bogatyreva (born 4 March 2002) is an Australian rhythmic gymnast."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "Kiroi-Bogatyeva is 2018 and 2019 Australian All Around Rhythmic Gymnastics Champion"
}
] | Alexandra Kiroi-Bogatyreva (born 4 March 2002) is an Australian rhythmic gymnast. Kiroi-Bogatyeva is 2018 and 2019 Australian All Around Rhythmic Gymnastics Champion | Alexandra Kiroi-Bogatyreva |
||
train/fe/feb87c2072d2f3556dfeedb07d1033afc3427c65393b10c80830547eb208c313.jpg | train/ca/ca6d5af13971ca96d83bfa7ef44073a154819b5d7f6f89c984f0efa9b9288fd4.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 65,
"text": "Born and raised in Melbourne, Kiroi-Bogatyreva first competed internationally in 2012, with notable results including third All-Around at the inaugural Australia Cup , second All-Around at the 2016 Stelle di Natale event in Italy, first All-Around at the 2017 Luxemburg Cup and 11th All Around at the 2017 FIG Aphrodite Cup in Greece."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "\nIn 2018 Kiroi-Bogatyreva moved from junior gymnastics to senior."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "She was selected to represent Australia in gymnastics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "She won bronze medals in the rhythmic gymnastics ball and team events; the team of three gymnasts included Enid Sung and Danielle Prince."
},
{
"n_tokens": 43,
"text": "\nAfter the 2018 Commonwealth Games, Kiroi-Bogatyreva made her World Cup debut in Baku competing at AGF Trophy World Cup and followed on to compete in 2018 World Challenge Cup series in Guadalajara, Spain and Portimão, Portugal."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "\nIn September 2018 Alexandra Kiroi-Bogatyreva represented Australia at the 2018 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "Following year, Kiroi-Bogatyreva represented Australia at the 2019 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships in Baku, Azerbaijan."
}
] | Born and raised in Melbourne, Kiroi-Bogatyreva first competed internationally in 2012, with notable results including third All-Around at the inaugural Australia Cup , second All-Around at the 2016 Stelle di Natale event in Italy, first All-Around at the 2017 Luxemburg Cup and 11th All Around at the 2017 FIG Aphrodite Cup in Greece.
In 2018 Kiroi-Bogatyreva moved from junior gymnastics to senior. She was selected to represent Australia in gymnastics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games. She won bronze medals in the rhythmic gymnastics ball and team events; the team of three gymnasts included Enid Sung and Danielle Prince.
After the 2018 Commonwealth Games, Kiroi-Bogatyreva made her World Cup debut in Baku competing at AGF Trophy World Cup and followed on to compete in 2018 World Challenge Cup series in Guadalajara, Spain and Portimão, Portugal.
In September 2018 Alexandra Kiroi-Bogatyreva represented Australia at the 2018 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria. Following year, Kiroi-Bogatyreva represented Australia at the 2019 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships in Baku, Azerbaijan. | Alexandra Kiroi-Bogatyreva |
||
train/4e/4eb386ee67541cc7ca2f07c5bd0972e0ec89896332e4e9808a36839d1dc514b5.jpg | train/6a/6a3303b611679c922fd7af46cbb447b4bc1ce94a925827608ad589b8315a88fc.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Since 1600s, Tanjong Pagar, located between the docks and the town, was an enclave for the thousands of Chinese and Indian dock workers who had migrated to Singapore from the mid-19th century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "With all the traffic between the docks and the town, Tanjong Pagar was also lucrative ground for rickshaw pullers awaiting clients."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "So prevalent was their presence that in 1904, the government established a Jinricksha Station at the junction of Tanjong Pagar Road and Neil Road."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nFrom the time the docks began operations in 1864, land values in Tanjong Pagar rose, attracting wealthy Chinese and Arab traders to buy real estate there."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nThe proliferation of impoverished workers led to overcrowding, pollution and social problems such as opium smoking and prostitution."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "Tanjong Pagar generally deteriorated into an inner city ghetto."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "By World War II, Tanjong Pagar was a predominantly working class Hokkien area with an Indian minority."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "\nIn the mid-1980s, Tanjong Pagar became the first area in Singapore to be gazetted under the government's conservation plan."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "When the conservation project was completed, many of the area's shophouses were restored to their original appearance."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "But although a few traces of the old Tanjong Pagar remain – an old swimming pool, the odd street cobbler – the face of Tanjong Pagar has changed."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Today, Tanjong Pagar has become a fashionable district, filled with thriving businesses, cafés, bars and restaurants."
}
] | Since 1600s, Tanjong Pagar, located between the docks and the town, was an enclave for the thousands of Chinese and Indian dock workers who had migrated to Singapore from the mid-19th century. With all the traffic between the docks and the town, Tanjong Pagar was also lucrative ground for rickshaw pullers awaiting clients. So prevalent was their presence that in 1904, the government established a Jinricksha Station at the junction of Tanjong Pagar Road and Neil Road.
From the time the docks began operations in 1864, land values in Tanjong Pagar rose, attracting wealthy Chinese and Arab traders to buy real estate there.
The proliferation of impoverished workers led to overcrowding, pollution and social problems such as opium smoking and prostitution. Tanjong Pagar generally deteriorated into an inner city ghetto. By World War II, Tanjong Pagar was a predominantly working class Hokkien area with an Indian minority.
In the mid-1980s, Tanjong Pagar became the first area in Singapore to be gazetted under the government's conservation plan. When the conservation project was completed, many of the area's shophouses were restored to their original appearance. But although a few traces of the old Tanjong Pagar remain – an old swimming pool, the odd street cobbler – the face of Tanjong Pagar has changed. Today, Tanjong Pagar has become a fashionable district, filled with thriving businesses, cafés, bars and restaurants. | Tanjong Pagar |
||
train/4e/4eb386ee67541cc7ca2f07c5bd0972e0ec89896332e4e9808a36839d1dc514b5.jpg | train/27/27af88d7c2a5ae0394194463cc2651a1fd91c0c0c9d346d93d42db40216bd972.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "Tanjong Pagar (Jawi: تنجوڠ ڤاڬر) in Malay means \"cape of stakes\", a name which reflects its origins as a fishing village situated on a former promontory."
},
{
"n_tokens": 47,
"text": "It has been surmised that the name was inspired by the presence of kelongs (offshore palisade fishing traps constructed using wooden stakes and cross pieces) set up along the stretch of coast from the village of Tanjong Malang to what is now Tanjong Pagar."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "It is possibly a corruption of the earlier name Tanjong Passar, a road which led from South Bridge Road to the fishing village and which appeared in George Drumgoole Coleman's 1836 Map of the Town."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "\nA far more picturesque account of the naming of this part of the coast emerges from the realm of local legend."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "According to the Malay Annals, there was a time when the villages along the coast of Singapore suffered from vicious attacks from shoals of swordfish."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "On the advice of a particularly astute boy named Hang Nadim, the Sri Maharajah built a barricade of banana stems along the coast, which successfully trapped the attacking fish by their snouts as they leapt from the waters."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nThe original name for Tanjong Pagar is also said to be Salinter, a fishing village."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "When the Tanjong Pagar Dock Company (1864) was formed due to the growth of shipping activities in the 1850s, wharves were built."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Tanjong is \"cape\" and pagar means \"fence\" or enclosed space, i.e. wharf where ships are moored."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "Tanjong Pagar probably refers to the location of PSA Gate 3 near Victoria Dock."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "Around Tanjong Pagar were mangrove swamps which were filled in with earth from Mount Palmer and other nearby small hills for extension of the wharves up to Telok Blangah."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "\nTanjong Pagar Road is known as tan jiong pa kat in Hokkien (Min Nan), which is phonetic."
}
] | Tanjong Pagar (Jawi: تنجوڠ ڤاڬر) in Malay means "cape of stakes", a name which reflects its origins as a fishing village situated on a former promontory. It has been surmised that the name was inspired by the presence of kelongs (offshore palisade fishing traps constructed using wooden stakes and cross pieces) set up along the stretch of coast from the village of Tanjong Malang to what is now Tanjong Pagar. It is possibly a corruption of the earlier name Tanjong Passar, a road which led from South Bridge Road to the fishing village and which appeared in George Drumgoole Coleman's 1836 Map of the Town.
A far more picturesque account of the naming of this part of the coast emerges from the realm of local legend. According to the Malay Annals, there was a time when the villages along the coast of Singapore suffered from vicious attacks from shoals of swordfish. On the advice of a particularly astute boy named Hang Nadim, the Sri Maharajah built a barricade of banana stems along the coast, which successfully trapped the attacking fish by their snouts as they leapt from the waters.
The original name for Tanjong Pagar is also said to be Salinter, a fishing village. When the Tanjong Pagar Dock Company (1864) was formed due to the growth of shipping activities in the 1850s, wharves were built. Tanjong is "cape" and pagar means "fence" or enclosed space, i.e. wharf where ships are moored. Tanjong Pagar probably refers to the location of PSA Gate 3 near Victoria Dock. Around Tanjong Pagar were mangrove swamps which were filled in with earth from Mount Palmer and other nearby small hills for extension of the wharves up to Telok Blangah.
Tanjong Pagar Road is known as tan jiong pa kat in Hokkien (Min Nan), which is phonetic. | Tanjong Pagar |
||
train/4e/4eb386ee67541cc7ca2f07c5bd0972e0ec89896332e4e9808a36839d1dc514b5.jpg | train/69/69f23523f7e11814bbe845fcb4f5e2f429bf3d71a4cd86513fe8c9ff7e0ae791.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "The Malaysian railway company (Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM)) ran trains to a terminal railway station here."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "Three daily train ran to Kuala Lumpur and other trains served other parts of Malaysia."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "\nFollowing an agreement between Malaysia and Singapore on 24 May 2010, the station ceased operation on 1 July 2011."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "KTM's southern terminus is now at the Woodlands Train Checkpoint near the causeway."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "\nThe Singaporean government has promised to conserve the Tanjong Pagar railway station building and may integrate it into future developments on the site."
}
] | The Malaysian railway company (Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM)) ran trains to a terminal railway station here. Three daily train ran to Kuala Lumpur and other trains served other parts of Malaysia.
Following an agreement between Malaysia and Singapore on 24 May 2010, the station ceased operation on 1 July 2011. KTM's southern terminus is now at the Woodlands Train Checkpoint near the causeway.
The Singaporean government has promised to conserve the Tanjong Pagar railway station building and may integrate it into future developments on the site. | Tanjong Pagar |
||
train/4e/4eb386ee67541cc7ca2f07c5bd0972e0ec89896332e4e9808a36839d1dc514b5.jpg | train/38/381ad2c5d3359b7a75354e43cafdfd1e1911be39bae97a88ff688c0f25eccd51.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "AIA Tanjong Pagar Building, built in 1920, recently restored to former glory."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "It is located at the junction between Neil Road and Keong Saik Road."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "AIA Tanjong Pagar Building houses the \"American Insurance Agency\"."
}
] | AIA Tanjong Pagar Building, built in 1920, recently restored to former glory. It is located at the junction between Neil Road and Keong Saik Road. AIA Tanjong Pagar Building houses the "American Insurance Agency". | Tanjong Pagar |
||
train/d8/d8f213f4468243b116fd285af56c7b8c114d3ed225b6bcebd6c387e75705026d.jpg | train/22/22973dfb9a58cbffe51c7d0e25ff1ec41791b8631b82cea7029aba56eb21eb1c.jpg | http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Senator_Tree%2C_looking_upward.JPG | [
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "The Seminoles and other Native American Indians who lived throughout Central Florida used this tree as a landmark."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "In the late 19th century, the tree attracted visitors even though much of the surrounding land was swamp; reaching the tree was done by leaping from log to log."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "A walkway was later constructed by the Works Progress Administration."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "In 1925, a hurricane destroyed the top of the tree, reducing its height from 165 feet (50 m) to 118 feet (36 m)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "\nThe Senator was named for Florida State Senator Moses Overstreet, who donated the tree and surrounding land to Seminole County for a park in 1927."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "In 1929, former US President Calvin Coolidge reportedly visited The Senator and dedicated the site with a commemorative bronze plaque."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "A photo that was published of Coolidge and his wife near the tree was reported by the Orlando Sentinel to have been doctored."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "The plaque and portions of an iron fence were stolen by vandals in 1945 and never recovered."
}
] | The Seminoles and other Native American Indians who lived throughout Central Florida used this tree as a landmark. In the late 19th century, the tree attracted visitors even though much of the surrounding land was swamp; reaching the tree was done by leaping from log to log. A walkway was later constructed by the Works Progress Administration. In 1925, a hurricane destroyed the top of the tree, reducing its height from 165 feet (50 m) to 118 feet (36 m).
The Senator was named for Florida State Senator Moses Overstreet, who donated the tree and surrounding land to Seminole County for a park in 1927. In 1929, former US President Calvin Coolidge reportedly visited The Senator and dedicated the site with a commemorative bronze plaque. A photo that was published of Coolidge and his wife near the tree was reported by the Orlando Sentinel to have been doctored. The plaque and portions of an iron fence were stolen by vandals in 1945 and never recovered. | The Senator (tree) |
|
train/d8/d8f213f4468243b116fd285af56c7b8c114d3ed225b6bcebd6c387e75705026d.jpg | train/e5/e59e9f28a74c8eacf0a82f44dc9e952b8b295668670df30a35585bc1e9383199.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "The Senator was the biggest and oldest bald cypress tree in the world, located in Big Tree Park, Longwood, Florida."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "At the time of its demise in 2012, it was 125 feet (38 m) tall, with a trunk diameter of 17.5 feet (5.3 m)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "The tree was thought to have been destroyed by a fire from a lightning strike, but it was later discovered that the fire was started by an arsonist."
}
] | The Senator was the biggest and oldest bald cypress tree in the world, located in Big Tree Park, Longwood, Florida. At the time of its demise in 2012, it was 125 feet (38 m) tall, with a trunk diameter of 17.5 feet (5.3 m). The tree was thought to have been destroyed by a fire from a lightning strike, but it was later discovered that the fire was started by an arsonist. | The Senator (tree) |
||
train/d8/d8f213f4468243b116fd285af56c7b8c114d3ed225b6bcebd6c387e75705026d.jpg | train/22/2298254a90cf171c19e7a368906148d824be422db7a69e474302248589cf1584.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "Located 40 feet (12 m) from where The Senator stood is another old cypress in the same Big Tree Park named Lady Liberty that was named companion tree to The Senator."
},
{
"n_tokens": 39,
"text": "It is 89 feet (27 m) high 10 feet (3.0 m) in diameter, and is estimated to be 2,000 years old; another one of the oldest trees in the world."
}
] | Located 40 feet (12 m) from where The Senator stood is another old cypress in the same Big Tree Park named Lady Liberty that was named companion tree to The Senator. It is 89 feet (27 m) high 10 feet (3.0 m) in diameter, and is estimated to be 2,000 years old; another one of the oldest trees in the world. | The Senator (tree) |
||
train/13/1395a1fcc6d3b4af157e3dbf227b5db54610833d9cc3ace5f9e5301bdfc2687b.jpg | train/1b/1bf5b2d5b6a69212c1118e20c6bec8035248eb4bc5b9b06dc47a484e677a5918.jpg | http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Mitsubishi_Dignity_rear.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "The entire Proudia/Dignity range was designed by Mitsubishi Motors and co-manufactured with Hyundai of South Korea, who marketed their own version as the Hyundai Equus (from 1999 to 2009)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 34,
"text": "The Dignity was introduced as a competitor to the Nissan President and Toyota Century as the top level flagship, however Mitsubishi chose to use a transversely installed engine with front wheel drive."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "A Dignity is used by Fumihito, Prince Akishino, the second son of Akihito the Emperor Emeritus of Japan."
},
{
"n_tokens": 105,
"text": "\nThe ¥9,990,000 Dignity (approximately US$87,709) (S43 chassis code) featured Mitsubishi's 8A80 4,498 cc V8, a 90-degree aluminium-block GDi engine producing 280 PS (206 kW) at 5000 rpm and 412 N⋅m (304 lb⋅ft) at 4000 rpm, and an extension of the Proudia's exterior dimensions in order to liberate more interior space for the rear occupants; the roofline was raised by 10 mm (0.4 in) and the wheelbase by 250 mm (9.8 in)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "It used MacPherson struts for the front suspension and a multi-link suspension for the rear wheels."
},
{
"n_tokens": 114,
"text": "The car was equipped with several advanced features like Driver Support System (CCD cameras to monitor adjacent lanes and behind the car for lane departure warning system and blind spot monitor, and a lidar activated adaptive cruise control), self-levelling multi-link air suspension with electronic damping control \nThe Dignity and Proudia's combined volumes fell far shy of Mitsubishi's forecasted 300 sales per month, and they were available for only fifteen months from their introduction on February 20, 2000, before Mitsubishi's financial difficulties forced the company to discontinue both models in an effort to streamline its range and reduce costs."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "However, the Hyundai Equus proved more commercially successful and would remain in production until replaced in 2008."
}
] | The entire Proudia/Dignity range was designed by Mitsubishi Motors and co-manufactured with Hyundai of South Korea, who marketed their own version as the Hyundai Equus (from 1999 to 2009). The Dignity was introduced as a competitor to the Nissan President and Toyota Century as the top level flagship, however Mitsubishi chose to use a transversely installed engine with front wheel drive. A Dignity is used by Fumihito, Prince Akishino, the second son of Akihito the Emperor Emeritus of Japan.
The ¥9,990,000 Dignity (approximately US$87,709) (S43 chassis code) featured Mitsubishi's 8A80 4,498 cc V8, a 90-degree aluminium-block GDi engine producing 280 PS (206 kW) at 5000 rpm and 412 N⋅m (304 lb⋅ft) at 4000 rpm, and an extension of the Proudia's exterior dimensions in order to liberate more interior space for the rear occupants; the roofline was raised by 10 mm (0.4 in) and the wheelbase by 250 mm (9.8 in). It used MacPherson struts for the front suspension and a multi-link suspension for the rear wheels. The car was equipped with several advanced features like Driver Support System (CCD cameras to monitor adjacent lanes and behind the car for lane departure warning system and blind spot monitor, and a lidar activated adaptive cruise control), self-levelling multi-link air suspension with electronic damping control
The Dignity and Proudia's combined volumes fell far shy of Mitsubishi's forecasted 300 sales per month, and they were available for only fifteen months from their introduction on February 20, 2000, before Mitsubishi's financial difficulties forced the company to discontinue both models in an effort to streamline its range and reduce costs. However, the Hyundai Equus proved more commercially successful and would remain in production until replaced in 2008. | Mitsubishi Dignity |
|
train/13/1395a1fcc6d3b4af157e3dbf227b5db54610833d9cc3ace5f9e5301bdfc2687b.jpg | train/cd/cdde5342ed995671c7bfc25a1c723082e064e27c718d0a6bfa9755e03cf1af2c.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "Mitsubishi decided to resurrect the Dignity name using the reintroduced Nissan Cima name to Japanese customers only starting April 26, 2012."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nThe second generation is slightly taller, but narrower and shorter, and is lighter by 200 kg (440 lb) over the previous model."
},
{
"n_tokens": 47,
"text": "This generation is the first hybrid car offered by Mitsubishi vehicles in Japan, and it complied with the 2005 emission standard, achieving a 75% reduction level over the previous model, and achieving the March 27, 2003 Japanese Governments fuel economy standards."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "While the Dignity is only offered with one engine option, the Nissan \"Pure Drive/Hybrid\" badge is not installed, and it differs cosmetically from the Cima on which it is based."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Many items offered on the Dignity are carried over from the Cima, including the lattice rear retractable window screen."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Also, Garnet Black Pearl body color are not offered on the Dignity, with Mitsubishi offering a different paint color."
},
{
"n_tokens": 45,
"text": "The Dignity is offered in only one trim package, called the \"VIP\", which is equivalent to the Nissan Cima HYBRID VIP G (series HGY51), however the Dignity is not available with AWD, while the Cima is."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "The term \"VIP\" reflects a high status car in Japan."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Prices have been reduced from its predecessor by ¥1,590,000."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Nissan's GPS navigation system called CarWings is also included."
}
] | Mitsubishi decided to resurrect the Dignity name using the reintroduced Nissan Cima name to Japanese customers only starting April 26, 2012.
The second generation is slightly taller, but narrower and shorter, and is lighter by 200 kg (440 lb) over the previous model. This generation is the first hybrid car offered by Mitsubishi vehicles in Japan, and it complied with the 2005 emission standard, achieving a 75% reduction level over the previous model, and achieving the March 27, 2003 Japanese Governments fuel economy standards. While the Dignity is only offered with one engine option, the Nissan "Pure Drive/Hybrid" badge is not installed, and it differs cosmetically from the Cima on which it is based. Many items offered on the Dignity are carried over from the Cima, including the lattice rear retractable window screen. Also, Garnet Black Pearl body color are not offered on the Dignity, with Mitsubishi offering a different paint color. The Dignity is offered in only one trim package, called the "VIP", which is equivalent to the Nissan Cima HYBRID VIP G (series HGY51), however the Dignity is not available with AWD, while the Cima is. The term "VIP" reflects a high status car in Japan. Prices have been reduced from its predecessor by ¥1,590,000. Nissan's GPS navigation system called CarWings is also included. | Mitsubishi Dignity |
||
train/85/85320fa5d52384d76aaa72774a9434670d4c63504443d56d07d886f18879ce8e.jpg | train/c8/c879553e1edd46da6a148fffe55b68445247f91646c30584a1c65302c35341e8.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "The Lonely Mountain: Lair of Smaug the Dragon is a board game produced in 1985 by Iron Crown Enterprises, designed by Coleman Charlton, which features groups of adventurers, either Dwarves, Elves, Orcs or Men entering Smaug's Lair to capture his treasure before he awakens."
},
{
"n_tokens": 34,
"text": "\n\"Erebor\", specifically the southern spurs of the Mountain and Dale, is a playable map in The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II."
},
{
"n_tokens": 31,
"text": "It has three gates, including the one Tolkien described and two which cannot be closed, to allow those playing as invading forces to easily enter the stronghold."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nThe Lonely Mountain appears in Peter Jackson's film adaptations of The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, The Desolation of Smaug, and The Battle of the Five Armies."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The actual setting was Mount Ruapehu in New Zealand."
}
] | The Lonely Mountain: Lair of Smaug the Dragon is a board game produced in 1985 by Iron Crown Enterprises, designed by Coleman Charlton, which features groups of adventurers, either Dwarves, Elves, Orcs or Men entering Smaug's Lair to capture his treasure before he awakens.
"Erebor", specifically the southern spurs of the Mountain and Dale, is a playable map in The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II. It has three gates, including the one Tolkien described and two which cannot be closed, to allow those playing as invading forces to easily enter the stronghold.
The Lonely Mountain appears in Peter Jackson's film adaptations of The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, The Desolation of Smaug, and The Battle of the Five Armies. The actual setting was Mount Ruapehu in New Zealand. | Lonely Mountain |
||
train/6a/6a55fcb512a3dddfe1c0ce29c73c0481ab12bf345f8d6187c2e8f9c033fa5a37.jpg | train/fc/fc902d3d494e6e8a2df3d567b2aba64157a2f6be041ee93b456ce8baff60b7f5.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "Phan spent the first five years of the 20th century living in Huế and traveling the country."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "Phan drew up a three-step plan to get the French out of Vietnam."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "First, he would need to organize remnants of the Cần Vương movement and other sympathizers of the cause."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "Second, he would need to attain support from the Vietnamese imperial family and the bureaucracy, many of whom had already come to grips with French colonial rule."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Finally, he would need to obtain foreign aid, from Chinese or Japanese revolutionaries, to finance the revolution."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nIt was only later that Phan realized that obtaining independence for Vietnam would be much more difficult than expected."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "He became familiar with the works of famed European thinkers, such as Voltaire, Rousseau and Darwin."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "Phan was also influenced by the writings of such Chinese Confucianists as Liang Qichao and Kang Youwei."
},
{
"n_tokens": 34,
"text": "The European and Chinese works, which had only entered Vietnamese circles a few years later, opened Phan's mind to more expansive thought regarding the struggle for freedom of his people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "Liang's Hsin-min ts'ung-pao (\"The Renovation of the People\") influenced Phan's revolutionary ideas and beliefs, as it criticized the Chinese government and proclaimed that the Chinese people's consciousness needed to be awakened to further the country into the modern era."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "\nKang, one of the major thinkers that influenced Phan, took the idea of Social Darwinism and discussed the survival of the fittest concept as it applied to nations and ethnic groups."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "He described the dire outcomes that would face China if the country did not embark on a series of reforms, similar to those faced by the Ottoman Empire and colonial India."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "He believed that reforms made by Peter the Great and Emperor Meiji were excellent examples of the political restructuring that needed to take place to save China."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "From Kang's work, Phan realized why Emperor Tự Đức's decision to ignore Nguyễn Trường Tộ's proposed modernization reforms had led to the downfall of Vietnam and had allowed for French rule in Vietnam."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "\nPhan continued to seek support from the scholar-gentry and the bureaucracy serving the French, before shifting his focus to obtaining support from members of the imperial family."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "Phan had moved to Huế, claiming that he was preparing for the metropolitan imperial examinations, but in actuality, he planned on drumming up support among the various factions of royal family."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "Phan traveled to Quảng Nam to meet with Nguyễn Thành, a contemporary anti-colonial revolutionary activist who was involved in the Cần Vương movement."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "Thành suggested that a royal associate of his, Tôn Thất Toại, could help lead the revolution."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "Phan rejected the offer, but took Thành's advice to seek support from direct descendants of Emperor Gia Long, the founder of the Nguyễn Dynasty."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "These direct descendants were still highly respected by wealthy Mekong Delta landowners who Phan hoped would raise the bulk of the money needed to finance the revolution."
}
] | Phan spent the first five years of the 20th century living in Huế and traveling the country. Phan drew up a three-step plan to get the French out of Vietnam. First, he would need to organize remnants of the Cần Vương movement and other sympathizers of the cause. Second, he would need to attain support from the Vietnamese imperial family and the bureaucracy, many of whom had already come to grips with French colonial rule. Finally, he would need to obtain foreign aid, from Chinese or Japanese revolutionaries, to finance the revolution.
It was only later that Phan realized that obtaining independence for Vietnam would be much more difficult than expected. He became familiar with the works of famed European thinkers, such as Voltaire, Rousseau and Darwin. Phan was also influenced by the writings of such Chinese Confucianists as Liang Qichao and Kang Youwei. The European and Chinese works, which had only entered Vietnamese circles a few years later, opened Phan's mind to more expansive thought regarding the struggle for freedom of his people. Liang's Hsin-min ts'ung-pao ("The Renovation of the People") influenced Phan's revolutionary ideas and beliefs, as it criticized the Chinese government and proclaimed that the Chinese people's consciousness needed to be awakened to further the country into the modern era.
Kang, one of the major thinkers that influenced Phan, took the idea of Social Darwinism and discussed the survival of the fittest concept as it applied to nations and ethnic groups. He described the dire outcomes that would face China if the country did not embark on a series of reforms, similar to those faced by the Ottoman Empire and colonial India. He believed that reforms made by Peter the Great and Emperor Meiji were excellent examples of the political restructuring that needed to take place to save China. From Kang's work, Phan realized why Emperor Tự Đức's decision to ignore Nguyễn Trường Tộ's proposed modernization reforms had led to the downfall of Vietnam and had allowed for French rule in Vietnam.
Phan continued to seek support from the scholar-gentry and the bureaucracy serving the French, before shifting his focus to obtaining support from members of the imperial family. Phan had moved to Huế, claiming that he was preparing for the metropolitan imperial examinations, but in actuality, he planned on drumming up support among the various factions of royal family. Phan traveled to Quảng Nam to meet with Nguyễn Thành, a contemporary anti-colonial revolutionary activist who was involved in the Cần Vương movement. Thành suggested that a royal associate of his, Tôn Thất Toại, could help lead the revolution. Phan rejected the offer, but took Thành's advice to seek support from direct descendants of Emperor Gia Long, the founder of the Nguyễn Dynasty. These direct descendants were still highly respected by wealthy Mekong Delta landowners who Phan hoped would raise the bulk of the money needed to finance the revolution. | Phan Bội Châu |
||
train/6a/6a55fcb512a3dddfe1c0ce29c73c0481ab12bf345f8d6187c2e8f9c033fa5a37.jpg | train/07/07e3b9a33c5b409d226b773b148da2f6474551fdcdb807c900ac98cce0d0c161.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "In 1925, Phan arrived in Shanghai on what he thought was a short trip on behalf of his movement."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "He was to meet with Ho Chi Minh, who at that time used the name Ly Thuy, one of Ho's many aliases."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": " Ho had invited Phan to come to Canton to discuss matters of common interest."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": " Ho was in Canton at the Soviet Embassy, purportedly as a Soviet citizen working as a secretary, translator, and interpreter."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "In exchange for money, Ho allegedly informed the French police of Phan's imminent arrival."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "Phan was arrested by French agents and transported back to Hanoi."
},
{
"n_tokens": 51,
"text": "This is disputed by Sophie Quinn-Judge and Duncan McCargo, who point out that this is a legend made up by anti-communist authors, considering that Lam Duc Thu's reports showed that the French already had all the information they needed from their own spies."
},
{
"n_tokens": 51,
"text": "Also, according to Quinn-Judge and McCargo, Ho was rapidly gaining adherence from the \"best elements\" of Vietnamese Quoc Dan Dang to his ideas, thus having no motivation to eliminate Phan, who considered Ho more like a successor, rather than a competitor."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "Thus Ho had plenty reasons to support such a respected activist as a figurehead for his movement."
},
{
"n_tokens": 43,
"text": "\nPhan himself wrote about this event:\n\"I did not realize that every minute of my activities was being reported to the French by Nguyễn Thượng Huyền, a man who lived with me and was supported by me."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "When this Nguyễn Thượng Huyền first arrived in Hangchow, he was with Tran Duc Quy; I was quite dubious about him."
},
{
"n_tokens": 46,
"text": "But later I heard that he was a great-nephew of Main Son (Nguyễn Thượng Hiền), well versed in literary Chinese, the holder of a cử nhân (juren, 舉人) degree and familiar with French and quốc ngữ."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "Owing to his capabilities, I kept him on as my secretary without suspecting that he was an informer for the French."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "\n\"At 12 noon on the eleventh day of the Fifth Month, my train from Hangchow arrived at the North Station Shanghai."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "In order to go quickly to the bank to send the money, I left my luggage at the depository and carried only a small bag with me."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "As soon as I came out of the train station, I saw a rather luxurious automobile and four Westerners standing by it."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "I did not realize that they were French, because in Shanghai there was a great mixture of Westerners and there were swarms of foreign visitors."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "It was quite common for cars to be used to pick up hotel guests."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "Little did I know that this car was there to kidnap someone!"
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "When I had gone a few steps from the station, one of the Westerners came up to me and said in Mandarin: 'This car is very nice; please get in.'"
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "I politely refused, saying 'I do not need a car.'"
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Suddenly, one of the Westerners behind the car with a great heave pushed me inside it, the engine accelerated and we were off like a shot."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "In no time we had already entered the French Concession."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "The car drew up to the waterfront, where a French warship was docked."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "I now became a prisoner on this warship.\""
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "\nWhen he was transported back to Hanoi, he was held in Hỏa Lò Prison."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "At first, the French authorities did not release his real name, in order to avoid public disturbances, but it quickly leaked out who he was."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "A criminal trial followed, with all the charges going back to 1913 when he had been sentenced to death in absentia."
},
{
"n_tokens": 43,
"text": "The charges included incitement to murder and supplying an offensive weapon used to commit murder in two incidents, which had resulted in the deaths of a Vietnamese governor on 12 April 1913 and of two French majors on 28 April 1913."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The court sentenced Phan to penal servitude for life."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "He was released from prison on 24 December 1925 by Governor General Alexandre Varenne, in response to widespread public protest."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "He was placed under house arrest in a house in Huế where Nguyễn Bá Trác lived."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Trác was a former member of the Đông-Du movement who had become an active collaborator with the French."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "Guards kept the house under surveillance, so visits by his admirers were a bit inhibited."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "More public protests against his house arrest caused the authorities to allow him to move to a house which had been organised by his supporters."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "It was a thatch"
}
] | In 1925, Phan arrived in Shanghai on what he thought was a short trip on behalf of his movement. He was to meet with Ho Chi Minh, who at that time used the name Ly Thuy, one of Ho's many aliases. Ho had invited Phan to come to Canton to discuss matters of common interest. Ho was in Canton at the Soviet Embassy, purportedly as a Soviet citizen working as a secretary, translator, and interpreter. In exchange for money, Ho allegedly informed the French police of Phan's imminent arrival. Phan was arrested by French agents and transported back to Hanoi. This is disputed by Sophie Quinn-Judge and Duncan McCargo, who point out that this is a legend made up by anti-communist authors, considering that Lam Duc Thu's reports showed that the French already had all the information they needed from their own spies. Also, according to Quinn-Judge and McCargo, Ho was rapidly gaining adherence from the "best elements" of Vietnamese Quoc Dan Dang to his ideas, thus having no motivation to eliminate Phan, who considered Ho more like a successor, rather than a competitor. Thus Ho had plenty reasons to support such a respected activist as a figurehead for his movement.
Phan himself wrote about this event:
"I did not realize that every minute of my activities was being reported to the French by Nguyễn Thượng Huyền, a man who lived with me and was supported by me. When this Nguyễn Thượng Huyền first arrived in Hangchow, he was with Tran Duc Quy; I was quite dubious about him. But later I heard that he was a great-nephew of Main Son (Nguyễn Thượng Hiền), well versed in literary Chinese, the holder of a cử nhân (juren, 舉人) degree and familiar with French and quốc ngữ. Owing to his capabilities, I kept him on as my secretary without suspecting that he was an informer for the French.
"At 12 noon on the eleventh day of the Fifth Month, my train from Hangchow arrived at the North Station Shanghai. In order to go quickly to the bank to send the money, I left my luggage at the depository and carried only a small bag with me. As soon as I came out of the train station, I saw a rather luxurious automobile and four Westerners standing by it. I did not realize that they were French, because in Shanghai there was a great mixture of Westerners and there were swarms of foreign visitors. It was quite common for cars to be used to pick up hotel guests. Little did I know that this car was there to kidnap someone! When I had gone a few steps from the station, one of the Westerners came up to me and said in Mandarin: 'This car is very nice; please get in.' I politely refused, saying 'I do not need a car.' Suddenly, one of the Westerners behind the car with a great heave pushed me inside it, the engine accelerated and we were off like a shot. In no time we had already entered the French Concession. The car drew up to the waterfront, where a French warship was docked. I now became a prisoner on this warship."
When he was transported back to Hanoi, he was held in Hỏa Lò Prison. At first, the French authorities did not release his real name, in order to avoid public disturbances, but it quickly leaked out who he was. A criminal trial followed, with all the charges going back to 1913 when he had been sentenced to death in absentia. The charges included incitement to murder and supplying an offensive weapon used to commit murder in two incidents, which had resulted in the deaths of a Vietnamese governor on 12 April 1913 and of two French majors on 28 April 1913. The court sentenced Phan to penal servitude for life. He was released from prison on 24 December 1925 by Governor General Alexandre Varenne, in response to widespread public protest. He was placed under house arrest in a house in Huế where Nguyễn Bá Trác lived. Trác was a former member of the Đông-Du movement who had become an active collaborator with the French. Guards kept the house under surveillance, so visits by his admirers were a bit inhibited. More public protests against his house arrest caused the authorities to allow him to move to a house which had been organised by his supporters. It was a thatch | Phan Bội Châu |
||
train/6a/6a55fcb512a3dddfe1c0ce29c73c0481ab12bf345f8d6187c2e8f9c033fa5a37.jpg | train/13/13d7b7673adfc7e92fd13a064d28d2d3030067b2cc03977d807a6763ac40fbcd.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "The Wuchang Uprising occurred in China on 10 October 1911."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "It quickly spread and declared itself the Republic of China."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "This greatly inspired Phan, since he had many friends among the Chinese revolutionaries."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "Phan thought this new regime would fix all that was wrong with the old China, and unite with Japan to defeat the Europeans and build a strong Asia."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "Leaving the farm in the hands of his comrades, he went to China to visit his friends there."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "\nThe old Vietnam Modernization Association had become worthless, with its members scattered."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "A new organization needed to be formed, with a new agenda inspired by the Chinese revolution."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "A large meeting was held in late March 1912."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "They agreed to form a new group, the Vietnam Restoration League."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "Cường Để was made president and chairman; Phan was vice-president."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nPeople voted to campaign for democracy instead of a monarchy, despite strong objections of people from southern Vietnam."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "The organization's sole purpose was to kick out the French and establish a democratic republic."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "However they had no funds and had great difficulty getting revolutionary leaflets into Vietnam."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Also, the new Chinese government was too busy and would not help the movement with anything other than allowing Vietnamese comrades into its education and training system."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The Vietnam Restoration League came up with a proposed flag design."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "Previously, Vietnam never had a flag, only banners to represent royalty."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Their flag idea had 5 five-pointed stars, arranged in a square with a star in the middle."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "It symbolized the five regions of Vietnam."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The national flag had red stars on a yellow background, and the military flag had a red background with white stars."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "The yellow represented their race, the red represented fire which represented their location to the south of China (see I Ching), and the white represented the metal of their weapons."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "They also created a book on military strategy and regulations for their army."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "They even printed their own currency, which they agreed to honour when, or rather \"if\", they attained power."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "If they won they could easily pay people back, and if they lost it wouldn't cost them anything."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "The \"money\" was printed in a similar way to the Chinese paper notes."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "\nThey also formed an organisation called the Association for the Revitalization of China."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "It was dedicated to getting support from China for independence movements in smaller Asian countries, starting with Vietnam of course."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "Using a medical centre as a front, and a fancy office they managed to create the false impression that they were a huge successful organisation."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "They got hundreds of people to join, and sold a huge amount of their made-up currency."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "They changed some of the leadership positions of the \"Vietnam Restoration League\" to allow the Chinese to take part."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "However, they could not get enough money to buy more weapons until they had proved themselves with a military attack of some sort."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "Everyone said they needed something big and explosive because the people of Vietnam were short on patience."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "So Phan sent five people with a few grenades to the three regions of Vietnam."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "The grenades they sent to the North were used on a minor target, the governor of Thái Bình province, two officers and a French restaurateur."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "They were meant to be used at the mandarin examinations when all the officials would be gathered."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "Those they sent to the centre via Thailand did not make it to Vietnam at the time, and they had to throw their grenades away."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "Those that they sent to the south were used on some Vietnamese."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "The attacks in the North enraged the French, and they demanded Phan be arrested, but the Chinese government refused."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "But the value of Phan's special currency dropped dramatically after the failure."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThey had no money, so they decided to trick a pharmaceutical company in Japan into providing many expensive drugs for them on credit."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "They then closed down their medical centre and didn't pay their debt."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "But their membership slowly dwindled, and the difficulty of getting into Vietnam increased."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "And changes in the government of their Chinese province mad"
}
] | The Wuchang Uprising occurred in China on 10 October 1911. It quickly spread and declared itself the Republic of China. This greatly inspired Phan, since he had many friends among the Chinese revolutionaries. Phan thought this new regime would fix all that was wrong with the old China, and unite with Japan to defeat the Europeans and build a strong Asia. Leaving the farm in the hands of his comrades, he went to China to visit his friends there.
The old Vietnam Modernization Association had become worthless, with its members scattered. A new organization needed to be formed, with a new agenda inspired by the Chinese revolution. A large meeting was held in late March 1912. They agreed to form a new group, the Vietnam Restoration League. Cường Để was made president and chairman; Phan was vice-president.
People voted to campaign for democracy instead of a monarchy, despite strong objections of people from southern Vietnam. The organization's sole purpose was to kick out the French and establish a democratic republic. However they had no funds and had great difficulty getting revolutionary leaflets into Vietnam. Also, the new Chinese government was too busy and would not help the movement with anything other than allowing Vietnamese comrades into its education and training system. The Vietnam Restoration League came up with a proposed flag design. Previously, Vietnam never had a flag, only banners to represent royalty. Their flag idea had 5 five-pointed stars, arranged in a square with a star in the middle. It symbolized the five regions of Vietnam. The national flag had red stars on a yellow background, and the military flag had a red background with white stars. The yellow represented their race, the red represented fire which represented their location to the south of China (see I Ching), and the white represented the metal of their weapons. They also created a book on military strategy and regulations for their army. They even printed their own currency, which they agreed to honour when, or rather "if", they attained power. If they won they could easily pay people back, and if they lost it wouldn't cost them anything. The "money" was printed in a similar way to the Chinese paper notes.
They also formed an organisation called the Association for the Revitalization of China. It was dedicated to getting support from China for independence movements in smaller Asian countries, starting with Vietnam of course. Using a medical centre as a front, and a fancy office they managed to create the false impression that they were a huge successful organisation. They got hundreds of people to join, and sold a huge amount of their made-up currency. They changed some of the leadership positions of the "Vietnam Restoration League" to allow the Chinese to take part. However, they could not get enough money to buy more weapons until they had proved themselves with a military attack of some sort. Everyone said they needed something big and explosive because the people of Vietnam were short on patience. So Phan sent five people with a few grenades to the three regions of Vietnam. The grenades they sent to the North were used on a minor target, the governor of Thái Bình province, two officers and a French restaurateur. They were meant to be used at the mandarin examinations when all the officials would be gathered. Those they sent to the centre via Thailand did not make it to Vietnam at the time, and they had to throw their grenades away. Those that they sent to the south were used on some Vietnamese. The attacks in the North enraged the French, and they demanded Phan be arrested, but the Chinese government refused. But the value of Phan's special currency dropped dramatically after the failure.
They had no money, so they decided to trick a pharmaceutical company in Japan into providing many expensive drugs for them on credit. They then closed down their medical centre and didn't pay their debt. But their membership slowly dwindled, and the difficulty of getting into Vietnam increased. And changes in the government of their Chinese province mad | Phan Bội Châu |
||
train/c7/c7d04b41cc98c169e2e3c4afa75b9d0e3ff6aaecea37da595d734ba9d466dac4.jpg | train/56/5605e953d944e1ca491986977fbbe599f1b7b654db1c3f0b641e6379919b3620.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "The history of the town dates back to the early Middle Ages, when it was a Western Slavic gord."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "Since the 12th century, until 1789, Iłża belonged to the Catholic Bishops of Kraków."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The settlement was twice destroyed by the Mongols (1241, 1260) during the first and second Mongol invasion of Poland."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "In around 1294 it received Magdeburg rights town charter."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "In 1340, a stone castle was built here by Bishop Jan Grot, which was expanded in the 15th and 16th centuries."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "In the 16th century, Iłża became famous for its potters and other artisans or craftsmen."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The town prospered, together with whole Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "It was conveniently located on a merchant route from the heartland of Poland to the Vistula ports at Solec nad Wisłą, Zawichost, and Sandomierz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "In 1576, a town hall was built at the main market square, Iłża had a defensive wall, and several Polish kings visited the castle."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "The decline of Iłża was brought by the Deluge (1655–1660), when Swedish and Transylvanian armies completely destroyed the town and the castle."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nOn July 17, 1789 Iłża ceased to be the property of the Bishops of Kraków, and became a state-owned town."
},
{
"n_tokens": 46,
"text": "Following the Third Partition of Poland, Iłża briefly belonged to the Austrian Empire (1795–1807), afterwards it was part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw, and since 1815, it was part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "The town suffered in the November Uprising (1831), and in 1850, a Jewish gmina was opened here."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "By 1857, Jews made up 26% of Iłża's total population."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "On January 17, 1864, during the January Uprising, a battle between Polish rebels and Russians took place here."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "In 1867, as a punishment for the uprising, Iłża lost its town charter and privileges and became a village."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "In 1870, a synagogue was built, and by 1897, 40% of the population was Jewish."
},
{
"n_tokens": 34,
"text": "\nThe village was once again destroyed in World War I (1915), and in 1918, the capital of the Iłża County (created 1866) was moved to Starachowice."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "In 1921, already in Kielce Voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic, Iłża regained its town charter."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "Throughout Invasion of Poland, the Battle of Iłża (also called Battle of Radom) took place here on September 8–9 1939, in which Polish Prusy Army was defeated by the Wehrmacht."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "During the subsequent German occupation, Poles were subject to mass arrests, tortures, massacres and deportations."
},
{
"n_tokens": 68,
"text": "In March 1940, Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles, who were then either murdered in the village of Góry Wysokie or deported to Nazi concentration camps, and in June 1940, they carried out another wave of arrests of Poles, who were then imprisoned and tortured in Skarżysko-Kamienna, and afterwards murdered in the Brzask forest near Skarżysko-Kamienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "All Poles were a target of German brutality, and Polish Jews were a special target, being nearly wiped out completely."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": " In Iłża in December 1941, Germans established a Jewish ghetto, whose 2000 residents were murdered at Treblinka extermination camp in October 1942."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "Polish police assisted in rounding them up for the deportation and searching the ghetto for those in hiding."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": " The number of survivors is unknown."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "\nIłża was an important center of Polish resistance, with a unit of the Home Army (AK), and local headquarters of Bataliony Chłopskie."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "Furthermore, the Communist partisan force Armia Ludowa (AL) was active in the region; on May 16–17 1944 its units took control of the town and on January 16, 1945 the Red Army entered Iłża."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "\nUnder the Polish People's Republic Iłża remained a small town, without an industry and located close to the quickly growing industrial center at Starachowice."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "Since the 14th century Iłża established a potter's guild and has been famous for its pottery."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "Particularly popular were figurines of birds, animals and people, based on keen observations of nature."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "Entire families participated in the industry each taking their own part in the production."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "In the 17th and 18th century great developments occurred when caravans of pottery were transported to Kraków and other Polish cities, from where barges would transport the ceramics"
}
] | The history of the town dates back to the early Middle Ages, when it was a Western Slavic gord. Since the 12th century, until 1789, Iłża belonged to the Catholic Bishops of Kraków. The settlement was twice destroyed by the Mongols (1241, 1260) during the first and second Mongol invasion of Poland. In around 1294 it received Magdeburg rights town charter. In 1340, a stone castle was built here by Bishop Jan Grot, which was expanded in the 15th and 16th centuries. In the 16th century, Iłża became famous for its potters and other artisans or craftsmen. The town prospered, together with whole Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was conveniently located on a merchant route from the heartland of Poland to the Vistula ports at Solec nad Wisłą, Zawichost, and Sandomierz. In 1576, a town hall was built at the main market square, Iłża had a defensive wall, and several Polish kings visited the castle. The decline of Iłża was brought by the Deluge (1655–1660), when Swedish and Transylvanian armies completely destroyed the town and the castle.
On July 17, 1789 Iłża ceased to be the property of the Bishops of Kraków, and became a state-owned town. Following the Third Partition of Poland, Iłża briefly belonged to the Austrian Empire (1795–1807), afterwards it was part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw, and since 1815, it was part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland. The town suffered in the November Uprising (1831), and in 1850, a Jewish gmina was opened here. By 1857, Jews made up 26% of Iłża's total population. On January 17, 1864, during the January Uprising, a battle between Polish rebels and Russians took place here. In 1867, as a punishment for the uprising, Iłża lost its town charter and privileges and became a village. In 1870, a synagogue was built, and by 1897, 40% of the population was Jewish.
The village was once again destroyed in World War I (1915), and in 1918, the capital of the Iłża County (created 1866) was moved to Starachowice. In 1921, already in Kielce Voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic, Iłża regained its town charter. Throughout Invasion of Poland, the Battle of Iłża (also called Battle of Radom) took place here on September 8–9 1939, in which Polish Prusy Army was defeated by the Wehrmacht. During the subsequent German occupation, Poles were subject to mass arrests, tortures, massacres and deportations. In March 1940, Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles, who were then either murdered in the village of Góry Wysokie or deported to Nazi concentration camps, and in June 1940, they carried out another wave of arrests of Poles, who were then imprisoned and tortured in Skarżysko-Kamienna, and afterwards murdered in the Brzask forest near Skarżysko-Kamienna. All Poles were a target of German brutality, and Polish Jews were a special target, being nearly wiped out completely. In Iłża in December 1941, Germans established a Jewish ghetto, whose 2000 residents were murdered at Treblinka extermination camp in October 1942. Polish police assisted in rounding them up for the deportation and searching the ghetto for those in hiding. The number of survivors is unknown.
Iłża was an important center of Polish resistance, with a unit of the Home Army (AK), and local headquarters of Bataliony Chłopskie. Furthermore, the Communist partisan force Armia Ludowa (AL) was active in the region; on May 16–17 1944 its units took control of the town and on January 16, 1945 the Red Army entered Iłża.
Under the Polish People's Republic Iłża remained a small town, without an industry and located close to the quickly growing industrial center at Starachowice. Since the 14th century Iłża established a potter's guild and has been famous for its pottery. Particularly popular were figurines of birds, animals and people, based on keen observations of nature. Entire families participated in the industry each taking their own part in the production. In the 17th and 18th century great developments occurred when caravans of pottery were transported to Kraków and other Polish cities, from where barges would transport the ceramics | Iłża |
||
train/c7/c7d04b41cc98c169e2e3c4afa75b9d0e3ff6aaecea37da595d734ba9d466dac4.jpg | train/91/91463e7224ad72d01786e77cbc12bd84dbe7034efebeb9d6adc56f77ee54435a.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "The history of the town dates back to the early Middle Ages, when it was a Western Slavic gord."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "Since the 12th century, until 1789, Iłża belonged to the Catholic Bishops of Kraków."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The settlement was twice destroyed by the Mongols (1241, 1260) during the first and second Mongol invasion of Poland."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "In around 1294 it received Magdeburg rights town charter."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "In 1340, a stone castle was built here by Bishop Jan Grot, which was expanded in the 15th and 16th centuries."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "In the 16th century, Iłża became famous for its potters and other artisans or craftsmen."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The town prospered, together with whole Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "It was conveniently located on a merchant route from the heartland of Poland to the Vistula ports at Solec nad Wisłą, Zawichost, and Sandomierz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "In 1576, a town hall was built at the main market square, Iłża had a defensive wall, and several Polish kings visited the castle."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "The decline of Iłża was brought by the Deluge (1655–1660), when Swedish and Transylvanian armies completely destroyed the town and the castle."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nOn July 17, 1789 Iłża ceased to be the property of the Bishops of Kraków, and became a state-owned town."
},
{
"n_tokens": 46,
"text": "Following the Third Partition of Poland, Iłża briefly belonged to the Austrian Empire (1795–1807), afterwards it was part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw, and since 1815, it was part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "The town suffered in the November Uprising (1831), and in 1850, a Jewish gmina was opened here."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "By 1857, Jews made up 26% of Iłża's total population."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "On January 17, 1864, during the January Uprising, a battle between Polish rebels and Russians took place here."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "In 1867, as a punishment for the uprising, Iłża lost its town charter and privileges and became a village."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "In 1870, a synagogue was built, and by 1897, 40% of the population was Jewish."
},
{
"n_tokens": 34,
"text": "\nThe village was once again destroyed in World War I (1915), and in 1918, the capital of the Iłża County (created 1866) was moved to Starachowice."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "In 1921, already in Kielce Voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic, Iłża regained its town charter."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "Throughout Invasion of Poland, the Battle of Iłża (also called Battle of Radom) took place here on September 8–9 1939, in which Polish Prusy Army was defeated by the Wehrmacht."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "During the subsequent German occupation, Poles were subject to mass arrests, tortures, massacres and deportations."
},
{
"n_tokens": 68,
"text": "In March 1940, Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles, who were then either murdered in the village of Góry Wysokie or deported to Nazi concentration camps, and in June 1940, they carried out another wave of arrests of Poles, who were then imprisoned and tortured in Skarżysko-Kamienna, and afterwards murdered in the Brzask forest near Skarżysko-Kamienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "All Poles were a target of German brutality, and Polish Jews were a special target, being nearly wiped out completely."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": " In Iłża in December 1941, Germans established a Jewish ghetto, whose 2000 residents were murdered at Treblinka extermination camp in October 1942."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "Polish police assisted in rounding them up for the deportation and searching the ghetto for those in hiding."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": " The number of survivors is unknown."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "\nIłża was an important center of Polish resistance, with a unit of the Home Army (AK), and local headquarters of Bataliony Chłopskie."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "Furthermore, the Communist partisan force Armia Ludowa (AL) was active in the region; on May 16–17 1944 its units took control of the town and on January 16, 1945 the Red Army entered Iłża."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "\nUnder the Polish People's Republic Iłża remained a small town, without an industry and located close to the quickly growing industrial center at Starachowice."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "Since the 14th century Iłża established a potter's guild and has been famous for its pottery."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "Particularly popular were figurines of birds, animals and people, based on keen observations of nature."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "Entire families participated in the industry each taking their own part in the production."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "In the 17th and 18th century great developments occurred when caravans of pottery were transported to Kraków and other Polish cities, from where barges would transport the ceramics"
}
] | The history of the town dates back to the early Middle Ages, when it was a Western Slavic gord. Since the 12th century, until 1789, Iłża belonged to the Catholic Bishops of Kraków. The settlement was twice destroyed by the Mongols (1241, 1260) during the first and second Mongol invasion of Poland. In around 1294 it received Magdeburg rights town charter. In 1340, a stone castle was built here by Bishop Jan Grot, which was expanded in the 15th and 16th centuries. In the 16th century, Iłża became famous for its potters and other artisans or craftsmen. The town prospered, together with whole Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was conveniently located on a merchant route from the heartland of Poland to the Vistula ports at Solec nad Wisłą, Zawichost, and Sandomierz. In 1576, a town hall was built at the main market square, Iłża had a defensive wall, and several Polish kings visited the castle. The decline of Iłża was brought by the Deluge (1655–1660), when Swedish and Transylvanian armies completely destroyed the town and the castle.
On July 17, 1789 Iłża ceased to be the property of the Bishops of Kraków, and became a state-owned town. Following the Third Partition of Poland, Iłża briefly belonged to the Austrian Empire (1795–1807), afterwards it was part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw, and since 1815, it was part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland. The town suffered in the November Uprising (1831), and in 1850, a Jewish gmina was opened here. By 1857, Jews made up 26% of Iłża's total population. On January 17, 1864, during the January Uprising, a battle between Polish rebels and Russians took place here. In 1867, as a punishment for the uprising, Iłża lost its town charter and privileges and became a village. In 1870, a synagogue was built, and by 1897, 40% of the population was Jewish.
The village was once again destroyed in World War I (1915), and in 1918, the capital of the Iłża County (created 1866) was moved to Starachowice. In 1921, already in Kielce Voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic, Iłża regained its town charter. Throughout Invasion of Poland, the Battle of Iłża (also called Battle of Radom) took place here on September 8–9 1939, in which Polish Prusy Army was defeated by the Wehrmacht. During the subsequent German occupation, Poles were subject to mass arrests, tortures, massacres and deportations. In March 1940, Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles, who were then either murdered in the village of Góry Wysokie or deported to Nazi concentration camps, and in June 1940, they carried out another wave of arrests of Poles, who were then imprisoned and tortured in Skarżysko-Kamienna, and afterwards murdered in the Brzask forest near Skarżysko-Kamienna. All Poles were a target of German brutality, and Polish Jews were a special target, being nearly wiped out completely. In Iłża in December 1941, Germans established a Jewish ghetto, whose 2000 residents were murdered at Treblinka extermination camp in October 1942. Polish police assisted in rounding them up for the deportation and searching the ghetto for those in hiding. The number of survivors is unknown.
Iłża was an important center of Polish resistance, with a unit of the Home Army (AK), and local headquarters of Bataliony Chłopskie. Furthermore, the Communist partisan force Armia Ludowa (AL) was active in the region; on May 16–17 1944 its units took control of the town and on January 16, 1945 the Red Army entered Iłża.
Under the Polish People's Republic Iłża remained a small town, without an industry and located close to the quickly growing industrial center at Starachowice. Since the 14th century Iłża established a potter's guild and has been famous for its pottery. Particularly popular were figurines of birds, animals and people, based on keen observations of nature. Entire families participated in the industry each taking their own part in the production. In the 17th and 18th century great developments occurred when caravans of pottery were transported to Kraków and other Polish cities, from where barges would transport the ceramics | Iłża |
||
train/e3/e308fc3d6bff4a4f13c045ac6d79214d3d5ebfc4fefebaf8d93ec06cbc791711.jpg | train/a6/a6831aa25a6c0cf0e297529ad0c09c0405d267a13589328fa1e3d52d126cef59.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Some of the Traditional\nornaments are : \nHarsurah or chondrohar - Silver necklace worn by women\nKatabaju - Pair of armlets made of silver."
},
{
"n_tokens": 6,
"text": "\nGalahicha - A Torc."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\nBuila - Pair of bangles made of silver."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "\nNot - Nose ring made of gold."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\nNolok - a nose ring made of silver."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "\nKoromphul - A pair of earrings made of silver."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "\nKankurya - A pair of earrings made of gold."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nBak Gunjri or Gujurâti - A pair of ornaments worn by women around the ankles made of silver."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nBak Kharu - A pair of ornaments worn by men around the legs made of silver."
}
] | Some of the Traditional
ornaments are :
Harsurah or chondrohar - Silver necklace worn by women
Katabaju - Pair of armlets made of silver.
Galahicha - A Torc.
Buila - Pair of bangles made of silver.
Not - Nose ring made of gold.
Nolok - a nose ring made of silver.
Koromphul - A pair of earrings made of silver.
Kankurya - A pair of earrings made of gold.
Bak Gunjri or Gujurâti - A pair of ornaments worn by women around the ankles made of silver.
Bak Kharu - A pair of ornaments worn by men around the legs made of silver. | Hajong people |
||
train/e3/e308fc3d6bff4a4f13c045ac6d79214d3d5ebfc4fefebaf8d93ec06cbc791711.jpg | train/5d/5d6788b169b71d575294b7dfe935d9ec87769c93e955320c465022e0b5a8a51b.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "Hajong people celebrate Hindu festivals like Durga Puja and Kamakhya Puja."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "They also celebrate a few traditional festivals of their own."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "It is conducted by a Dyaoshi or Nungtang, a Hajong shaman."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "Bastu pujâ does not involve idol worship and is celebrated in a particular location outside the village premises."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "Another festival is called chormaga in Mymensingh and chorkhila in India."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "Chorkhila is celebrated during the month of October in South-West Garohills Districts of Meghalaya."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "During this festival, group of young people goes around from house to house in the village, or from village to village, playing music and performing folklores, sometimes stories from the Ramayana."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "The parties receive some rice or money in return for their performance."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "Since every person, young and old, comes out to watch the play, this is considered a chance to check out prospective brides and grooms."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "The Hajongs also celebrate their pre-monsoon harvest festival known as 'Biswâ'."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "Kani pujâ, Kâtkâ pujâ, are also performed."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "\nHajong people also practice some of their traditional religious rituals."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "The Hajongs believe in some evil spirits like Machang Dyao, Jarang Dyao, Bhut, Muilâ Dyao, Jugni Dyao, Daini etc."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "They adore and worship different gods and goddesses like Kali, Durga, Lakshmi, Saraswati, Kamakhya, Manasa, Basanti and others."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "Kartik puja among the Hajongs are known as Kâtkâ pujâ and Manasa puja is known as Kani Dyao puja."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "The day of Lakshmi puja is referred to as 'Kujâi Ghor' ."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "In Bastu Pujâ tortoises and pigeons are sacrificed for Bastu."
}
] | Hajong people celebrate Hindu festivals like Durga Puja and Kamakhya Puja. They also celebrate a few traditional festivals of their own. It is conducted by a Dyaoshi or Nungtang, a Hajong shaman. Bastu pujâ does not involve idol worship and is celebrated in a particular location outside the village premises. Another festival is called chormaga in Mymensingh and chorkhila in India. Chorkhila is celebrated during the month of October in South-West Garohills Districts of Meghalaya. During this festival, group of young people goes around from house to house in the village, or from village to village, playing music and performing folklores, sometimes stories from the Ramayana. The parties receive some rice or money in return for their performance. Since every person, young and old, comes out to watch the play, this is considered a chance to check out prospective brides and grooms. The Hajongs also celebrate their pre-monsoon harvest festival known as 'Biswâ'. Kani pujâ, Kâtkâ pujâ, are also performed.
Hajong people also practice some of their traditional religious rituals. The Hajongs believe in some evil spirits like Machang Dyao, Jarang Dyao, Bhut, Muilâ Dyao, Jugni Dyao, Daini etc. They adore and worship different gods and goddesses like Kali, Durga, Lakshmi, Saraswati, Kamakhya, Manasa, Basanti and others. Kartik puja among the Hajongs are known as Kâtkâ pujâ and Manasa puja is known as Kani Dyao puja. The day of Lakshmi puja is referred to as 'Kujâi Ghor' . In Bastu Pujâ tortoises and pigeons are sacrificed for Bastu. | Hajong people |
||
train/e3/e308fc3d6bff4a4f13c045ac6d79214d3d5ebfc4fefebaf8d93ec06cbc791711.jpg | train/d1/d1beccbe015bcaeddccf2625a461ea63e98f275ec59e97ad3744c48a9f83bef1.png | [
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Some of the Traditional\nornaments are : \nHarsurah or chondrohar - Silver necklace worn by women\nKatabaju - Pair of armlets made of silver."
},
{
"n_tokens": 6,
"text": "\nGalahicha - A Torc."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\nBuila - Pair of bangles made of silver."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "\nNot - Nose ring made of gold."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\nNolok - a nose ring made of silver."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "\nKoromphul - A pair of earrings made of silver."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "\nKankurya - A pair of earrings made of gold."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nBak Gunjri or Gujurâti - A pair of ornaments worn by women around the ankles made of silver."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nBak Kharu - A pair of ornaments worn by men around the legs made of silver."
}
] | Some of the Traditional
ornaments are :
Harsurah or chondrohar - Silver necklace worn by women
Katabaju - Pair of armlets made of silver.
Galahicha - A Torc.
Buila - Pair of bangles made of silver.
Not - Nose ring made of gold.
Nolok - a nose ring made of silver.
Koromphul - A pair of earrings made of silver.
Kankurya - A pair of earrings made of gold.
Bak Gunjri or Gujurâti - A pair of ornaments worn by women around the ankles made of silver.
Bak Kharu - A pair of ornaments worn by men around the legs made of silver. | Hajong people |
||
train/e3/e308fc3d6bff4a4f13c045ac6d79214d3d5ebfc4fefebaf8d93ec06cbc791711.jpg | train/f1/f11dcc08bb503965430f344dcac2fc55823944370bd676c88e9f0274b43db4c9.png | [
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Traditionally womenfolk chiefly wear Pathin, a wrap-around skirt that covered the upper and lower part of the body from the bust till the calf of the leg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Women in the upper class wore a long pathin which falls down to the floor while women in the lower class wore a shorter pathin which length reaches to the ankle."
},
{
"n_tokens": 31,
"text": "The pathin is a horizontally striped, colourful, rectangular piece of cloth with alternate layers of different colours between red stripes called kan and thick horizontal borders called chapa."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "Pathins are woven by women at their family looms known as Bana or Tath."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "It is operated with hands and does not require the usage of feet."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "The upper part of the body of the women is covered by a Parsa or Argon."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "Modern Hajong women occasionally wear 'Patin' to cover the lower part of the body from waist to ankle similar to Garo and Mizo tribes."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "\nThe menfolk cover their bodies with a hand woven piece of cloth called as Ningti, a loin cloth and Gamsa used to cover the lower part of the body and during winter use a scarf called kompes."
}
] | Traditionally womenfolk chiefly wear Pathin, a wrap-around skirt that covered the upper and lower part of the body from the bust till the calf of the leg. Women in the upper class wore a long pathin which falls down to the floor while women in the lower class wore a shorter pathin which length reaches to the ankle. The pathin is a horizontally striped, colourful, rectangular piece of cloth with alternate layers of different colours between red stripes called kan and thick horizontal borders called chapa. Pathins are woven by women at their family looms known as Bana or Tath. It is operated with hands and does not require the usage of feet. The upper part of the body of the women is covered by a Parsa or Argon. Modern Hajong women occasionally wear 'Patin' to cover the lower part of the body from waist to ankle similar to Garo and Mizo tribes.
The menfolk cover their bodies with a hand woven piece of cloth called as Ningti, a loin cloth and Gamsa used to cover the lower part of the body and during winter use a scarf called kompes. | Hajong people |
||
train/e3/e308fc3d6bff4a4f13c045ac6d79214d3d5ebfc4fefebaf8d93ec06cbc791711.jpg | train/d8/d83c79b0ef04b48522ad4ee4a20c26de226f659826259e8b033a44bb61fd8193.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The Hajongs are Hindus and observe Hindu rites and customs."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "It is not known when the process of Hinduisation began."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The animistic beliefs are still prevalent among the Hajongs."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "Not much is known about the customs and beliefs of their pre-Hindu period."
}
] | The Hajongs are Hindus and observe Hindu rites and customs. It is not known when the process of Hinduisation began. The animistic beliefs are still prevalent among the Hajongs. Not much is known about the customs and beliefs of their pre-Hindu period. | Hajong people |
||
train/e3/e308fc3d6bff4a4f13c045ac6d79214d3d5ebfc4fefebaf8d93ec06cbc791711.jpg | train/3a/3a0c6057e52bc0795e6a639874e5d079e6590897cec1ed294c887f965cc4c4fa.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The Hajongs have a very rich culture."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Hajong culture has greatly influenced and has had a tremendous impact on the language, clothing, and culture of other tribes like the Koches of Meghalaya, Banais and Dalus."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "\nHajong women can be easily identified by their brightly striped red dress called a Pathin."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": " Traditionally, and in many present-day villages, women are accomplished weavers who make their own Pathin, Phula Agon, Phula Kompes, Gamsa, and their household's clothing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "\nTraditional Hajong houses consist of separate buildings centered on a courtyard."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": " Floors are earthen and walls are made of split bamboo plastered with cow dung."
},
{
"n_tokens": 91,
"text": "The buildings in a Hajong house are:\nBhat ghor - dining hall and also a bedroom\nAkhli ghor - kitchen\nKasri ghor - dormitory with provision for guests\nKhupra (Jura) ghor - bedroom for a married son or daughter\nChang ghor - granary\nDhiki ghor - husking house\nGuli ghor - cattle shed\nDiyao ghor - room for daily prayer and worship\nIn addition to the implements needed for rice farming, households have many bamboo fishing implements."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "The staple food is rice eaten with lentils and vegetables."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": " For special occasions, rice is ground to a powder and used to make steamed or deep-fried rice cakes called pithâ."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Tortoise is traditionally the favourite meat."
},
{
"n_tokens": 70,
"text": "The traditional Hajong dishes are:\nDingpura - A type of sweet rice cooked in a special type of Bamboo\nLibahak - Made from ground rice\nBukni Bhat - Fermented Rice\nBisi Bhat - A type of sticky & sweet rice cooked on vapour\nBhâtuwahak - Curry cooked with rice flour & rotten fish\nPutâmas - Small fish cooked by wrapping banana leave."
},
{
"n_tokens": 42,
"text": "\nChunsâhak - Small quantity of vegetable cooked for special guest\nTupla Bhat - Rice wrapped with banana leaves\nKharpani - Vegetable boiled with dry fish and Soda\nChungâhak - Curry cooked in bamboo with its mouth air tied"
}
] | The Hajongs have a very rich culture. Hajong culture has greatly influenced and has had a tremendous impact on the language, clothing, and culture of other tribes like the Koches of Meghalaya, Banais and Dalus.
Hajong women can be easily identified by their brightly striped red dress called a Pathin. Traditionally, and in many present-day villages, women are accomplished weavers who make their own Pathin, Phula Agon, Phula Kompes, Gamsa, and their household's clothing.
Traditional Hajong houses consist of separate buildings centered on a courtyard. Floors are earthen and walls are made of split bamboo plastered with cow dung. The buildings in a Hajong house are:
Bhat ghor - dining hall and also a bedroom
Akhli ghor - kitchen
Kasri ghor - dormitory with provision for guests
Khupra (Jura) ghor - bedroom for a married son or daughter
Chang ghor - granary
Dhiki ghor - husking house
Guli ghor - cattle shed
Diyao ghor - room for daily prayer and worship
In addition to the implements needed for rice farming, households have many bamboo fishing implements. The staple food is rice eaten with lentils and vegetables. For special occasions, rice is ground to a powder and used to make steamed or deep-fried rice cakes called pithâ. Tortoise is traditionally the favourite meat. The traditional Hajong dishes are:
Dingpura - A type of sweet rice cooked in a special type of Bamboo
Libahak - Made from ground rice
Bukni Bhat - Fermented Rice
Bisi Bhat - A type of sticky & sweet rice cooked on vapour
Bhâtuwahak - Curry cooked with rice flour & rotten fish
Putâmas - Small fish cooked by wrapping banana leave.
Chunsâhak - Small quantity of vegetable cooked for special guest
Tupla Bhat - Rice wrapped with banana leaves
Kharpani - Vegetable boiled with dry fish and Soda
Chungâhak - Curry cooked in bamboo with its mouth air tied | Hajong people |
||
train/e3/e308fc3d6bff4a4f13c045ac6d79214d3d5ebfc4fefebaf8d93ec06cbc791711.jpg | train/69/69bc44f2ff7c4a86c1270d8ab300b80302dd2b421488fc3c090e9f8f311b4707.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The Hajong belong to the Indo-Tibetan group."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "Hajongs are ethnically related to Garo and Koch, Garos after using plough introduced themselves as Hajong and the Hajongs after giving up non-hindu practices became Koch."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "There are different opinions on the origin of the tribe, its name, and migration to India."
},
{
"n_tokens": 48,
"text": "Some authors, like evangelist Sidney Endle and B.C. Allen opined that the Hajongs are an offshoot of the greater \"Bodo race\", in accordance with both fundamentalist Christian and racialist theories of community popular at the time among the societies of European colonial powers."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "They had come from the Tibetan Plateau, modern day Qinghai, to North-east India along the Brahmaputra and Tista rivers and their tributaries and had spread over in the Sankush Valley."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "The Hajongs claim that their ancestral home was in Hajo area of present-day Nalbari district of Assam."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "The meaning of 'Hajong' can be comprehended as 'descendants of Hajo'."
},
{
"n_tokens": 39,
"text": "According to a legend popularly prevalent among the Hajongs, they are Suryawanshi (Surjo bung-shi in Hajong) or the descendants of Surjo or Bila (the deity of the Sun) and are Kshatriyas."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "They are one of the least studied endogamous Bodo-Kachari tribe having a trans-border international presence in North-east India and in Bangladesh."
}
] | The Hajong belong to the Indo-Tibetan group. Hajongs are ethnically related to Garo and Koch, Garos after using plough introduced themselves as Hajong and the Hajongs after giving up non-hindu practices became Koch. There are different opinions on the origin of the tribe, its name, and migration to India. Some authors, like evangelist Sidney Endle and B.C. Allen opined that the Hajongs are an offshoot of the greater "Bodo race", in accordance with both fundamentalist Christian and racialist theories of community popular at the time among the societies of European colonial powers. They had come from the Tibetan Plateau, modern day Qinghai, to North-east India along the Brahmaputra and Tista rivers and their tributaries and had spread over in the Sankush Valley. The Hajongs claim that their ancestral home was in Hajo area of present-day Nalbari district of Assam. The meaning of 'Hajong' can be comprehended as 'descendants of Hajo'. According to a legend popularly prevalent among the Hajongs, they are Suryawanshi (Surjo bung-shi in Hajong) or the descendants of Surjo or Bila (the deity of the Sun) and are Kshatriyas. They are one of the least studied endogamous Bodo-Kachari tribe having a trans-border international presence in North-east India and in Bangladesh. | Hajong people |
||
train/e3/e308fc3d6bff4a4f13c045ac6d79214d3d5ebfc4fefebaf8d93ec06cbc791711.jpg | train/68/68f33393c85671d39d0e14826dadd6dd65c99f54543ffd242e89e3ae4479bb9e.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Some of the Traditional\nornaments are : \nHarsurah or chondrohar - Silver necklace worn by women\nKatabaju - Pair of armlets made of silver."
},
{
"n_tokens": 6,
"text": "\nGalahicha - A Torc."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\nBuila - Pair of bangles made of silver."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "\nNot - Nose ring made of gold."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\nNolok - a nose ring made of silver."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "\nKoromphul - A pair of earrings made of silver."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "\nKankurya - A pair of earrings made of gold."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nBak Gunjri or Gujurâti - A pair of ornaments worn by women around the ankles made of silver."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nBak Kharu - A pair of ornaments worn by men around the legs made of silver."
}
] | Some of the Traditional
ornaments are :
Harsurah or chondrohar - Silver necklace worn by women
Katabaju - Pair of armlets made of silver.
Galahicha - A Torc.
Buila - Pair of bangles made of silver.
Not - Nose ring made of gold.
Nolok - a nose ring made of silver.
Koromphul - A pair of earrings made of silver.
Kankurya - A pair of earrings made of gold.
Bak Gunjri or Gujurâti - A pair of ornaments worn by women around the ankles made of silver.
Bak Kharu - A pair of ornaments worn by men around the legs made of silver. | Hajong people |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/85/85a222b6e46474e7bb86501832967467fe68f7551ef1625910ae9d1246299ddc.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nThere are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 42,
"text": "\nThere are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nModern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm."
}
] | Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.
There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.
There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.
Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/c8/c8c739eacc46ab2ab992001b0b08779d9461baf289a399bc1896d4a847186064.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nThere are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 42,
"text": "\nThere are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nModern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm."
}
] | Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.
There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.
There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.
Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/c6/c692b9ef5151d5a4408b3fe6e9c5965af73481a4e64b20c1d788f874100c1727.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 39,
"text": "Vienna is well known for Wiener Schnitzel, a cutlet of veal (Kalbsschnitzel) or pork (Schweinsschnitzel) that is pounded flat, coated in flour, egg and breadcrumbs, and fried in clarified butter."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "It is available in almost every restaurant that serves Viennese cuisine and can be eaten hot or cold."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "The traditional 'Wiener Schnitzel' though is a cutlet of veal."
},
{
"n_tokens": 61,
"text": "Other examples of Viennese cuisine include Tafelspitz (very lean boiled beef), which is traditionally served with Geröstete Erdäpfel (boiled potatoes mashed with a fork and subsequently fried) and horseradish sauce, Apfelkren (a mixture of horseradish, cream and apple) and Schnittlauchsauce (a chives sauce made with mayonnaise and stale bread)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "\nVienna has a long tradition of producing cakes and desserts."
},
{
"n_tokens": 39,
"text": "These include Apfelstrudel (hot apple strudel), Milchrahmstrudel (milk-cream strudel), Palatschinken (sweet pancakes), and Knödel (dumplings) often filled with fruit such as apricots (Marillenknödel)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Sachertorte, a delicately moist chocolate cake with apricot jam created by the Sacher Hotel, is world-famous."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nIn winter, small street stands sell traditional Maroni (hot chestnuts) and potato fritters."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nSausages are popular and available from street vendors (Würstelstand) throughout the day and into the night."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "The sausage known as Wiener (German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany, is called a Frankfurter in Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "Other popular sausages are Burenwurst (a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled), Käsekrainer (spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), and Bratwurst (a white pork sausage)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "Most can be ordered \"mit Brot\" (with bread) or as a \"hot dog\" (stuffed inside a long roll)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "Mustard is the traditional condiment and usually offered in two varieties: \"süß\" (sweet) or \"scharf\" (spicy)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nKebab, pizza and noodles are, increasingly, the snack foods most widely available from small stands."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nThe Naschmarkt is a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, meat, etc.,"
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "from around the world."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "The city has many coffee and breakfast stores."
}
] | Vienna is well known for Wiener Schnitzel, a cutlet of veal (Kalbsschnitzel) or pork (Schweinsschnitzel) that is pounded flat, coated in flour, egg and breadcrumbs, and fried in clarified butter. It is available in almost every restaurant that serves Viennese cuisine and can be eaten hot or cold. The traditional 'Wiener Schnitzel' though is a cutlet of veal. Other examples of Viennese cuisine include Tafelspitz (very lean boiled beef), which is traditionally served with Geröstete Erdäpfel (boiled potatoes mashed with a fork and subsequently fried) and horseradish sauce, Apfelkren (a mixture of horseradish, cream and apple) and Schnittlauchsauce (a chives sauce made with mayonnaise and stale bread).
Vienna has a long tradition of producing cakes and desserts. These include Apfelstrudel (hot apple strudel), Milchrahmstrudel (milk-cream strudel), Palatschinken (sweet pancakes), and Knödel (dumplings) often filled with fruit such as apricots (Marillenknödel). Sachertorte, a delicately moist chocolate cake with apricot jam created by the Sacher Hotel, is world-famous.
In winter, small street stands sell traditional Maroni (hot chestnuts) and potato fritters.
Sausages are popular and available from street vendors (Würstelstand) throughout the day and into the night. The sausage known as Wiener (German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany, is called a Frankfurter in Vienna. Other popular sausages are Burenwurst (a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled), Käsekrainer (spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), and Bratwurst (a white pork sausage). Most can be ordered "mit Brot" (with bread) or as a "hot dog" (stuffed inside a long roll). Mustard is the traditional condiment and usually offered in two varieties: "süß" (sweet) or "scharf" (spicy).
Kebab, pizza and noodles are, increasingly, the snack foods most widely available from small stands.
The Naschmarkt is a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, meat, etc., from around the world. The city has many coffee and breakfast stores. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/0e/0e6a2ca6a73688a9c5b8dacd9bfd5862a9daef920473239ee88ec2b47c92a626.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The history of the city goes back to the Roman Empire."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "The Romans started a military camp called Vindobona."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "The camp was in today's first district on the Danube river."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "The name came from the Celts, so there was probably a Celtic settlement before the Roman invasion."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The Romans stayed until the 5th century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "In medieval times, the settlement was still in use."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "The present name was mentioned in 881 in the Salzburger Annalen, where a battle ad weniam is mentioned."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "\nIn 976 the House of Babenberg became rulers of the area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "They made Vienna their capital in 1155."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Vienna was already an important city."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "In 1156, Austria became a Duchy, and Vienna was where the Duke who ruled the Duchy lived."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "In 1221, Vienna got municipal rights."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": " It Is the second oldest city in Austria (Enns, in Upper Austria, is the oldest)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "\nIn 1278, the Duchy came to the Habsburg family."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "Rudolf IV started the university in 1365 and while he was duke the nave of the Gothic St. Stephan's Cathedral was built."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "Quarrels within the Hapsburg family caused an economic decline in Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "In 1438, Vienna became the residence of the Holy Roman Emperor."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nDuring the time of the reformation Vienna was a Protestant city, but in the times of the Counter Reformation, Austria and Vienna were mostly Roman Catholic."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "\nIn 1529, Vienna was first besieged by the army of the Ottoman Empire, which had a border only 150 km east of Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "This hurt Vienna economically, but led to people fortifying the city (making it stronger)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "After a second siege, the Ottoman Empire could not take Vienna, and the city started getting larger."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\nDuring the baroque era, Vienna was rebuilt."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "Many residences for the nobility were built."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach was an important architect in Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nAt the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century Vienna was the home of important composers like Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nAfter the revolution in 1848 Franz Joseph I. became emperor of the Austrian Empire, which was founded in 1806 after the liquidation of the Holy Roman Empire."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "He ruled till 1916."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Vienna became a center of arts, culture and architecture."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The city grew because the suburbs became part of the city."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "After 1858 the walls of the city were destroyed and the Ringstraße replaced them."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "Along that street houses of the rich citizens were built, as were public buildings like the city hall and the Burg theatre."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "The industrialisation started at the beginning of the century and made more people live there."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "In 1870, Vienna had one million people, and in 1910, two million people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "With the creation of a large working class and poverty in Vienna the Labour Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei) became stronger."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "\nKarl Lueger was the most important mayor in the time of Emperor Franz Josef."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "During his time important community plans were realized that made Vienna a modern city."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "However, Lueger was a radical anti-Semite."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "He was admired by the young Adolf Hitler, who spent some years before the First World War in Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "At this time, Vienna was an important place for the arts."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Composers like Arnold Schönberg, Anton Webern, Alban Berg and Ernst Krenek were important for the development of modern music."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "Also the psychoanalysis was founded in Vienna by Sigmund Freud."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "Also the so-called Jugendstil in arts was part of Vienna's modern arts scene."
},
{
"n_tokens": 47,
"text": "Founding fathers of modern architecture lived and worked also in Vienna at this time (Otto Wagner, Adolf Loos)\nAfter the end of the First World War the Austrian-Hungary Empire was dissolved and Vienna became capital of the Republic of Austria."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "In 1938, Austria was occupied by Germany."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "In Vienna the suffering of the Jewish inhabitants began."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "A lot of their properties was given to Austrians (Arisierung)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "\nAfter the Second World War, which destroyed 20% of Vienna's buildings, Vienna was divided into four parts."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "The city was controlled by the allies like the other parts of Austria."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "In 1955 the state treaty between the allies and Austria was signed in Vienna's Belvedere."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "After that Vienna became an important city for international organisations."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "The first was 1"
}
] | The history of the city goes back to the Roman Empire. The Romans started a military camp called Vindobona. The camp was in today's first district on the Danube river. The name came from the Celts, so there was probably a Celtic settlement before the Roman invasion. The Romans stayed until the 5th century. In medieval times, the settlement was still in use. The present name was mentioned in 881 in the Salzburger Annalen, where a battle ad weniam is mentioned.
In 976 the House of Babenberg became rulers of the area. They made Vienna their capital in 1155. Vienna was already an important city. In 1156, Austria became a Duchy, and Vienna was where the Duke who ruled the Duchy lived. In 1221, Vienna got municipal rights. It Is the second oldest city in Austria (Enns, in Upper Austria, is the oldest).
In 1278, the Duchy came to the Habsburg family. Rudolf IV started the university in 1365 and while he was duke the nave of the Gothic St. Stephan's Cathedral was built. Quarrels within the Hapsburg family caused an economic decline in Vienna. In 1438, Vienna became the residence of the Holy Roman Emperor.
During the time of the reformation Vienna was a Protestant city, but in the times of the Counter Reformation, Austria and Vienna were mostly Roman Catholic.
In 1529, Vienna was first besieged by the army of the Ottoman Empire, which had a border only 150 km east of Vienna. This hurt Vienna economically, but led to people fortifying the city (making it stronger). After a second siege, the Ottoman Empire could not take Vienna, and the city started getting larger.
During the baroque era, Vienna was rebuilt. Many residences for the nobility were built. Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach was an important architect in Vienna.
At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century Vienna was the home of important composers like Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert.
After the revolution in 1848 Franz Joseph I. became emperor of the Austrian Empire, which was founded in 1806 after the liquidation of the Holy Roman Empire. He ruled till 1916. Vienna became a center of arts, culture and architecture. The city grew because the suburbs became part of the city. After 1858 the walls of the city were destroyed and the Ringstraße replaced them. Along that street houses of the rich citizens were built, as were public buildings like the city hall and the Burg theatre. The industrialisation started at the beginning of the century and made more people live there. In 1870, Vienna had one million people, and in 1910, two million people. With the creation of a large working class and poverty in Vienna the Labour Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei) became stronger.
Karl Lueger was the most important mayor in the time of Emperor Franz Josef. During his time important community plans were realized that made Vienna a modern city. However, Lueger was a radical anti-Semite. He was admired by the young Adolf Hitler, who spent some years before the First World War in Vienna. At this time, Vienna was an important place for the arts. Composers like Arnold Schönberg, Anton Webern, Alban Berg and Ernst Krenek were important for the development of modern music. Also the psychoanalysis was founded in Vienna by Sigmund Freud. Also the so-called Jugendstil in arts was part of Vienna's modern arts scene. Founding fathers of modern architecture lived and worked also in Vienna at this time (Otto Wagner, Adolf Loos)
After the end of the First World War the Austrian-Hungary Empire was dissolved and Vienna became capital of the Republic of Austria. In 1938, Austria was occupied by Germany. In Vienna the suffering of the Jewish inhabitants began. A lot of their properties was given to Austrians (Arisierung).
After the Second World War, which destroyed 20% of Vienna's buildings, Vienna was divided into four parts. The city was controlled by the allies like the other parts of Austria. In 1955 the state treaty between the allies and Austria was signed in Vienna's Belvedere. After that Vienna became an important city for international organisations. The first was 1 | Vienna |
||
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{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "The Hofburg is the location of the Imperial Treasury (Schatzkammer), holding the imperial jewels of the Habsburg dynasty."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "The Sisi Museum (a museum devoted to Empress Elisabeth of Austria) allows visitors to view the imperial apartments as well as the silver cabinet."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "Directly opposite the Hofburg are the Kunsthistorisches Museum, which houses many paintings by old masters, ancient and classical artifacts, and the Naturhistorisches Museum."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nA number of museums are located in the Museumsquartier (museum quarter), the former Imperial Stalls which were converted into a museum complex in the 1990s."
},
{
"n_tokens": 69,
"text": "It houses the Museum of Modern Art, commonly known as the MUMOK (Ludwig Foundation), the Leopold Museum (featuring the largest collection of paintings in the world by Egon Schiele, as well as works by the Vienna Secession, Viennese Modernism and Austrian Expressionism), the AzW (museum of architecture), additional halls with feature exhibitions, and the Tanzquartier."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "The Liechtenstein Palace contains much of one of the world's largest private art collections, especially strong in the Baroque."
},
{
"n_tokens": 45,
"text": "Castle Belvedere, built under Prince Eugene, has a gallery containing paintings by Gustav Klimt (The Kiss), Egon Schiele, and other painters of the early 20th century, also sculptures by Franz Xaver Messerschmidt, and changing exhibitions too."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nThere are a multitude of other museums in Vienna, including the Albertina, the Military History Museum, the Technical Museum, the Burial Museum, the Museum of Art Fakes, the KunstHausWien, Museum of Applied Arts, the Sigmund Freud Museum, and the Mozarthaus Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 56,
"text": "The museums on the history of the city, including the former Historical Museum of the City of Vienna on Karlsplatz, the Hermesvilla, the residences and birthplaces of various composers, the Museum of the Romans, and the Vienna Clock Museum, are now gathered together under the group umbrella Vienna Museum."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "In addition there are museums dedicated to Vienna's individual districts."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "They provide a record of individual struggles, achievements and tragedy as the city grew and survived two world wars."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "For readers seeking family histories these are good sources of information."
}
] | The Hofburg is the location of the Imperial Treasury (Schatzkammer), holding the imperial jewels of the Habsburg dynasty. The Sisi Museum (a museum devoted to Empress Elisabeth of Austria) allows visitors to view the imperial apartments as well as the silver cabinet. Directly opposite the Hofburg are the Kunsthistorisches Museum, which houses many paintings by old masters, ancient and classical artifacts, and the Naturhistorisches Museum.
A number of museums are located in the Museumsquartier (museum quarter), the former Imperial Stalls which were converted into a museum complex in the 1990s. It houses the Museum of Modern Art, commonly known as the MUMOK (Ludwig Foundation), the Leopold Museum (featuring the largest collection of paintings in the world by Egon Schiele, as well as works by the Vienna Secession, Viennese Modernism and Austrian Expressionism), the AzW (museum of architecture), additional halls with feature exhibitions, and the Tanzquartier. The Liechtenstein Palace contains much of one of the world's largest private art collections, especially strong in the Baroque. Castle Belvedere, built under Prince Eugene, has a gallery containing paintings by Gustav Klimt (The Kiss), Egon Schiele, and other painters of the early 20th century, also sculptures by Franz Xaver Messerschmidt, and changing exhibitions too.
There are a multitude of other museums in Vienna, including the Albertina, the Military History Museum, the Technical Museum, the Burial Museum, the Museum of Art Fakes, the KunstHausWien, Museum of Applied Arts, the Sigmund Freud Museum, and the Mozarthaus Vienna. The museums on the history of the city, including the former Historical Museum of the City of Vienna on Karlsplatz, the Hermesvilla, the residences and birthplaces of various composers, the Museum of the Romans, and the Vienna Clock Museum, are now gathered together under the group umbrella Vienna Museum. In addition there are museums dedicated to Vienna's individual districts. They provide a record of individual struggles, achievements and tragedy as the city grew and survived two world wars. For readers seeking family histories these are good sources of information. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/2d/2d4c057a86f5d5988f0c517729f45ab1b5d9501a96b56b8c95fbe185bb7cf264.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "A variety of architectural styles can be found in Vienna, such as the Romanesque Ruprechtskirche and the Baroque Karlskirche."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "Styles range from classicist buildings to modern architecture."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "Art Nouveau left many architectural traces in Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "The Secession building, Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station, and the Kirche am Steinhof by Otto Wagner rank among the best known examples of Art Nouveau in the world."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "Wagner's prominent student Jože Plečnik from Slovenia also left important traces in Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "His works include the Langer House (1900) and the Zacherlhaus (1903–1905)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 46,
"text": "Plečnik's 1910–1913 Church of the Holy Spirit (Heilig-Geist-Kirche) in Vienna is remarkable for its innovative use of poured-in-place concrete as both structure and exterior surface, and also for its abstracted classical form language."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Most radical is the church's crypt, with its slender concrete columns and angular, cubist capitals and bases."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "\nConcurrent to the Art Nouveau movement was the Wiener Moderne, during which some architects shunned the use of extraneous adornment."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "A key architect of this period was Adolf Loos, whose works include the Looshaus (1909), the Kärntner Bar or American Bar (1908) and the Steiner House (1910)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "\nThe Hundertwasserhaus by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, designed to counter the clinical look of modern architecture, is one of Vienna's most popular tourist attractions."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "Another example of unique architecture is the Wotrubakirche by sculptor Fritz Wotruba."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "In the 1990s, a number of quarters were adapted and extensive building projects were implemented in the areas around Donaustadt (north of the Danube) and Wienerberg (in southern Vienna)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "\nThe 220-meter high DC Tower 1 located on the Northern bank of the Danube, completed in 2013, is the tallest skyscraper in Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "In recent years, Vienna has seen numerous architecture projects completed which combine modern architectural elements with old buildings, such as the remodeling and revitalization of the old Gasometer in 2001."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nMost buildings in Vienna are relatively low; in early 2006 there were around 100 buildings higher than 40 metres (130 feet)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "The number of high-rise buildings is kept low by building legislation aimed at preserving green areas and districts designated as world cultural heritage."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "Strong rules apply to the planning, authorization and construction of high-rise buildings."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "Consequently, much of the inner city is a high-rise free zone."
}
] | A variety of architectural styles can be found in Vienna, such as the Romanesque Ruprechtskirche and the Baroque Karlskirche. Styles range from classicist buildings to modern architecture. Art Nouveau left many architectural traces in Vienna. The Secession building, Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station, and the Kirche am Steinhof by Otto Wagner rank among the best known examples of Art Nouveau in the world. Wagner's prominent student Jože Plečnik from Slovenia also left important traces in Vienna. His works include the Langer House (1900) and the Zacherlhaus (1903–1905). Plečnik's 1910–1913 Church of the Holy Spirit (Heilig-Geist-Kirche) in Vienna is remarkable for its innovative use of poured-in-place concrete as both structure and exterior surface, and also for its abstracted classical form language. Most radical is the church's crypt, with its slender concrete columns and angular, cubist capitals and bases.
Concurrent to the Art Nouveau movement was the Wiener Moderne, during which some architects shunned the use of extraneous adornment. A key architect of this period was Adolf Loos, whose works include the Looshaus (1909), the Kärntner Bar or American Bar (1908) and the Steiner House (1910).
The Hundertwasserhaus by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, designed to counter the clinical look of modern architecture, is one of Vienna's most popular tourist attractions. Another example of unique architecture is the Wotrubakirche by sculptor Fritz Wotruba. In the 1990s, a number of quarters were adapted and extensive building projects were implemented in the areas around Donaustadt (north of the Danube) and Wienerberg (in southern Vienna).
The 220-meter high DC Tower 1 located on the Northern bank of the Danube, completed in 2013, is the tallest skyscraper in Vienna. In recent years, Vienna has seen numerous architecture projects completed which combine modern architectural elements with old buildings, such as the remodeling and revitalization of the old Gasometer in 2001.
Most buildings in Vienna are relatively low; in early 2006 there were around 100 buildings higher than 40 metres (130 feet). The number of high-rise buildings is kept low by building legislation aimed at preserving green areas and districts designated as world cultural heritage. Strong rules apply to the planning, authorization and construction of high-rise buildings. Consequently, much of the inner city is a high-rise free zone. | Vienna |
||
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{
"n_tokens": 31,
"text": "Vienna is one of the wealthiest regions in the European Union: Its gross regional product of EUR 47,200 per capita constituted 25.7% of Austria's GDP in 2013."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "It amounts to 159% of the EU average."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "The city improved its position from 2012 on the ranking of the most economically powerful cities reaching number nine on the listing in 2015."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "\nWith a share of 85.5% in gross value added, the service sector is Vienna's most important economic sector."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "Industry and commerce have a share of 14.5% in gross value added, the primary sector (agriculture) has a share of 0.07% and therefore plays a minor role in the local added value."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "However, the cultivation and production of wines within the city borders have a high socio-cultural value."
},
{
"n_tokens": 34,
"text": "The most important business sectors are trade (14.7% of added value in Vienna), scientific and technological services, real estate and housing activities as well as manufacturing of goods."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "In 2012, Vienna's contribution in Austria's outgoing and incoming foreign direct investments was of about 60%, which demonstrates Vienna's role as an international hub for domestic and foreign companies."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "\nSince the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, Vienna has expanded its position as gateway to Eastern Europe: 300 international companies have their Eastern European headquarters in Vienna and its environs."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "Among them are Hewlett Packard, Henkel, Baxalta and Siemens."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "Companies in Vienna have extensive contacts and competences in business with Eastern Europe due to the city's historical role as center of the Habsburg Empire."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "The number of international businesses in Vienna is still growing: In 2014 159 and in 2015 175 international firms established offices in Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "\nAltogether, approximately 8,300 new companies have been founded in Vienna every year since 2004."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "The majority of these companies are operating in fields of industry-oriented services, wholesale trade as well as information and communications technologies and new media."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "Vienna makes effort to establish itself as a start-up hub."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "Since 2012, the city hosts the annual Pioneers Festival, the largest start-up event in Central Europe with 2,500 international participants taking place at Hofburg Palace."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "Tech Cocktail, an online portal for the start-up scene, has ranked Vienna sixth among the top ten start-up cities worldwide."
}
] | Vienna is one of the wealthiest regions in the European Union: Its gross regional product of EUR 47,200 per capita constituted 25.7% of Austria's GDP in 2013. It amounts to 159% of the EU average. The city improved its position from 2012 on the ranking of the most economically powerful cities reaching number nine on the listing in 2015.
With a share of 85.5% in gross value added, the service sector is Vienna's most important economic sector. Industry and commerce have a share of 14.5% in gross value added, the primary sector (agriculture) has a share of 0.07% and therefore plays a minor role in the local added value. However, the cultivation and production of wines within the city borders have a high socio-cultural value. The most important business sectors are trade (14.7% of added value in Vienna), scientific and technological services, real estate and housing activities as well as manufacturing of goods. In 2012, Vienna's contribution in Austria's outgoing and incoming foreign direct investments was of about 60%, which demonstrates Vienna's role as an international hub for domestic and foreign companies.
Since the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, Vienna has expanded its position as gateway to Eastern Europe: 300 international companies have their Eastern European headquarters in Vienna and its environs. Among them are Hewlett Packard, Henkel, Baxalta and Siemens. Companies in Vienna have extensive contacts and competences in business with Eastern Europe due to the city's historical role as center of the Habsburg Empire. The number of international businesses in Vienna is still growing: In 2014 159 and in 2015 175 international firms established offices in Vienna.
Altogether, approximately 8,300 new companies have been founded in Vienna every year since 2004. The majority of these companies are operating in fields of industry-oriented services, wholesale trade as well as information and communications technologies and new media. Vienna makes effort to establish itself as a start-up hub. Since 2012, the city hosts the annual Pioneers Festival, the largest start-up event in Central Europe with 2,500 international participants taking place at Hofburg Palace. Tech Cocktail, an online portal for the start-up scene, has ranked Vienna sixth among the top ten start-up cities worldwide. | Vienna |
||
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{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "In 1804, during the Napoleonic Wars, Vienna became the capital of the newly-formed Austrian Empire."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Vienna remained the capital of what became the Austro-Hungarian Empire."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the First Viennese School (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nDuring the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the bastions and glacis into the Ringstraße, a new boulevard surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "In 1918, after World War I, Vienna became capital of the Republic of German-Austria, and then in 1919 of the First Republic of Austria."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "\nFrom the late-19th century to 1938 the city remained a center of high culture and of modernism."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler and Richard Strauss."
},
{
"n_tokens": 55,
"text": "The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the Vienna Secession movement in art, psychoanalysis, the Second Viennese School (Schoenberg, Berg, Webern), the architecture of Adolf Loos and the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "In 1913 Adolf Hitler, Leon Trotsky, Josip Broz Tito, Sigmund Freud and Joseph Stalin all lived within a few miles of each other in central Vienna, some of them becoming regulars at the same coffeehouses."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "\nAustrians came to regard Vienna as a center of socialist politics, sometimes referred to as \"Red Vienna\"(“Das rote Wien”)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 31,
"text": "In the Austrian Civil War of 1934 Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss sent the Austrian Army to shell civilian housing such as the Karl Marx-Hof occupied by the socialist militia."
}
] | In 1804, during the Napoleonic Wars, Vienna became the capital of the newly-formed Austrian Empire. The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Vienna remained the capital of what became the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the First Viennese School (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied.
During the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the bastions and glacis into the Ringstraße, a new boulevard surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after World War I, Vienna became capital of the Republic of German-Austria, and then in 1919 of the First Republic of Austria.
From the late-19th century to 1938 the city remained a center of high culture and of modernism. A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler and Richard Strauss. The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the Vienna Secession movement in art, psychoanalysis, the Second Viennese School (Schoenberg, Berg, Webern), the architecture of Adolf Loos and the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle. In 1913 Adolf Hitler, Leon Trotsky, Josip Broz Tito, Sigmund Freud and Joseph Stalin all lived within a few miles of each other in central Vienna, some of them becoming regulars at the same coffeehouses.
Austrians came to regard Vienna as a center of socialist politics, sometimes referred to as "Red Vienna"(“Das rote Wien”). In the Austrian Civil War of 1934 Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss sent the Austrian Army to shell civilian housing such as the Karl Marx-Hof occupied by the socialist militia. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/de/de6cfb2c8236c1547b49ef4427c6e6726f1883a1c29a570cd26f1e8c76f8429c.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nThere are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 42,
"text": "\nThere are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nModern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm."
}
] | Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.
There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.
There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.
Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm. | Vienna |
||
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{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nThere are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 42,
"text": "\nThere are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nModern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm."
}
] | Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.
There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.
There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.
Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm. | Vienna |
|
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/38/387686b206b8832be892572604a0c971fea46300b63b60d16a04c15a008e9b95.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 39,
"text": "Vienna is well known for Wiener Schnitzel, a cutlet of veal (Kalbsschnitzel) or pork (Schweinsschnitzel) that is pounded flat, coated in flour, egg and breadcrumbs, and fried in clarified butter."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "It is available in almost every restaurant that serves Viennese cuisine and can be eaten hot or cold."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "The traditional 'Wiener Schnitzel' though is a cutlet of veal."
},
{
"n_tokens": 61,
"text": "Other examples of Viennese cuisine include Tafelspitz (very lean boiled beef), which is traditionally served with Geröstete Erdäpfel (boiled potatoes mashed with a fork and subsequently fried) and horseradish sauce, Apfelkren (a mixture of horseradish, cream and apple) and Schnittlauchsauce (a chives sauce made with mayonnaise and stale bread)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "\nVienna has a long tradition of producing cakes and desserts."
},
{
"n_tokens": 39,
"text": "These include Apfelstrudel (hot apple strudel), Milchrahmstrudel (milk-cream strudel), Palatschinken (sweet pancakes), and Knödel (dumplings) often filled with fruit such as apricots (Marillenknödel)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Sachertorte, a delicately moist chocolate cake with apricot jam created by the Sacher Hotel, is world-famous."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nIn winter, small street stands sell traditional Maroni (hot chestnuts) and potato fritters."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nSausages are popular and available from street vendors (Würstelstand) throughout the day and into the night."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "The sausage known as Wiener (German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany, is called a Frankfurter in Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "Other popular sausages are Burenwurst (a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled), Käsekrainer (spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), and Bratwurst (a white pork sausage)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "Most can be ordered \"mit Brot\" (with bread) or as a \"hot dog\" (stuffed inside a long roll)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "Mustard is the traditional condiment and usually offered in two varieties: \"süß\" (sweet) or \"scharf\" (spicy)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nKebab, pizza and noodles are, increasingly, the snack foods most widely available from small stands."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nThe Naschmarkt is a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, meat, etc.,"
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "from around the world."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "The city has many coffee and breakfast stores."
}
] | Vienna is well known for Wiener Schnitzel, a cutlet of veal (Kalbsschnitzel) or pork (Schweinsschnitzel) that is pounded flat, coated in flour, egg and breadcrumbs, and fried in clarified butter. It is available in almost every restaurant that serves Viennese cuisine and can be eaten hot or cold. The traditional 'Wiener Schnitzel' though is a cutlet of veal. Other examples of Viennese cuisine include Tafelspitz (very lean boiled beef), which is traditionally served with Geröstete Erdäpfel (boiled potatoes mashed with a fork and subsequently fried) and horseradish sauce, Apfelkren (a mixture of horseradish, cream and apple) and Schnittlauchsauce (a chives sauce made with mayonnaise and stale bread).
Vienna has a long tradition of producing cakes and desserts. These include Apfelstrudel (hot apple strudel), Milchrahmstrudel (milk-cream strudel), Palatschinken (sweet pancakes), and Knödel (dumplings) often filled with fruit such as apricots (Marillenknödel). Sachertorte, a delicately moist chocolate cake with apricot jam created by the Sacher Hotel, is world-famous.
In winter, small street stands sell traditional Maroni (hot chestnuts) and potato fritters.
Sausages are popular and available from street vendors (Würstelstand) throughout the day and into the night. The sausage known as Wiener (German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany, is called a Frankfurter in Vienna. Other popular sausages are Burenwurst (a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled), Käsekrainer (spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), and Bratwurst (a white pork sausage). Most can be ordered "mit Brot" (with bread) or as a "hot dog" (stuffed inside a long roll). Mustard is the traditional condiment and usually offered in two varieties: "süß" (sweet) or "scharf" (spicy).
Kebab, pizza and noodles are, increasingly, the snack foods most widely available from small stands.
The Naschmarkt is a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, meat, etc., from around the world. The city has many coffee and breakfast stores. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/5d/5d3bb2434a63f03f92d9735de913deac8edee38277cef94896692c5ceb1ce573.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Vienna has an extensive transportation network with a unified fare system that integrates municipal, regional and railway systems under the umbrella of the Verkehrsverbund Ost-Region (VOR)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "Public transport is provided by buses, trams and five underground metro lines (U-Bahn), most operated by the Wiener Linien."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "There are also more than 50 S-train stations within the city limits."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "Suburban trains are operated by the ÖBB."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "The city forms the hub of the Austrian railway system, with services to all parts of the country and abroad."
},
{
"n_tokens": 44,
"text": "The railway system connects Vienna's main station Vienna Hauptbahnhof with other European cities, like Berlin, Bratislava, Budapest, Brussels, Cologne, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Ljubljana, Munich, Prague, Venice, Warsaw, Zagreb and Zürich."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "\nVienna has multiple road connections including expressways and motorways."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nVienna is served by Vienna International Airport, located 18 km (11 mi) southeast of the city center next to the town of Schwechat."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "The airport handled approximately 31.7 million passengers in 2019."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Following lengthy negotiations with surrounding communities, the airport will be expanded to increase its capacity by adding a third runway."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "The airport is undergoing a major expansion, including a new terminal building that opened in 2012 to prepare for an increase in passengers."
}
] | Vienna has an extensive transportation network with a unified fare system that integrates municipal, regional and railway systems under the umbrella of the Verkehrsverbund Ost-Region (VOR). Public transport is provided by buses, trams and five underground metro lines (U-Bahn), most operated by the Wiener Linien. There are also more than 50 S-train stations within the city limits. Suburban trains are operated by the ÖBB. The city forms the hub of the Austrian railway system, with services to all parts of the country and abroad. The railway system connects Vienna's main station Vienna Hauptbahnhof with other European cities, like Berlin, Bratislava, Budapest, Brussels, Cologne, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Ljubljana, Munich, Prague, Venice, Warsaw, Zagreb and Zürich.
Vienna has multiple road connections including expressways and motorways.
Vienna is served by Vienna International Airport, located 18 km (11 mi) southeast of the city center next to the town of Schwechat. The airport handled approximately 31.7 million passengers in 2019. Following lengthy negotiations with surrounding communities, the airport will be expanded to increase its capacity by adding a third runway. The airport is undergoing a major expansion, including a new terminal building that opened in 2012 to prepare for an increase in passengers. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/1b/1bc0bf61772edb4a6c7d37a968c5d68e4835d524140f50c4320967bee9fd8469.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nThere are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 42,
"text": "\nThere are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nModern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm."
}
] | Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.
There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.
There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.
Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/12/125334c6302401551cfa1649a8d59ebc066d6de98d653d122aee38fee6128777.png | [
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "After the war, Vienna was part of Soviet-occupied Eastern Austria until September 1945."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "As in Berlin, Vienna in September 1945 was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the Soviet Union and supervised by an Allied Commission."
},
{
"n_tokens": 46,
"text": "The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin: the central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted an international zone in which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "The control was policed by the four powers on a de facto day-to-day basis, the famous \"four soldiers in a jeep\" method."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "The Berlin Blockade of 1948 raised Western concerns that the Soviets might repeat the blockade in Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "The matter was raised in the UK House of Commons by MP Anthony Nutting, who asked: \"What plans have the Government for dealing with a similar situation in Vienna?"
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Vienna is in exactly a similar position to Berlin.\""
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nThere was a lack of airfields in the Western sectors, and authorities drafted contingency plans to deal with such a blockade."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "Plans included the laying down of metal landing mats at Schönbrunn."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The Soviets did not blockade the city."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "The Potsdam Agreement included written rights of land access to the western sectors, whereas no such written guarantees had covered the western sectors of Berlin."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "Also, there was no precipitating event to cause a blockade in Vienna. ("
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "In Berlin, the Western powers had introduced a new currency in early 1948 to economically freeze out the Soviets.)"
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "During the 10 years of the four-power occupation, Vienna became a hotbed for international espionage between the Western and Eastern blocs."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "In the wake of the Berlin Blockade, the Cold War in Vienna took on a different dynamic."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "While accepting that Germany and Berlin would be divided, the Soviets had decided against allowing the same state of affairs to arise in Austria and Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "Here, the Soviet forces controlled districts 2, 4, 10, 20, 21, and 22 and all areas incorporated into Vienna in 1938."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nBarbed wire fences were installed around the perimeter of West Berlin in 1953, but not in Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "By 1955, the Soviets, by signing the Austrian State Treaty, agreed to relinquish their occupation zones in Eastern Austria as well as their sector in Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "In exchange they required that Austria declare its permanent neutrality after the allied powers had left the country."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "Thus they ensured that Austria would not be a member of NATO and that NATO forces would therefore not have direct communications between Italy and West Germany."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background for Graham Greene's screenplay for the film The Third Man (1949)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "Later he adapted the screenplay as a novel and published it."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "Occupied Vienna is also depicted in the 1991 Philip Kerr novel, A German Requiem."
}
] | After the war, Vienna was part of Soviet-occupied Eastern Austria until September 1945. As in Berlin, Vienna in September 1945 was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the Soviet Union and supervised by an Allied Commission. The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin: the central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted an international zone in which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis. The control was policed by the four powers on a de facto day-to-day basis, the famous "four soldiers in a jeep" method. The Berlin Blockade of 1948 raised Western concerns that the Soviets might repeat the blockade in Vienna. The matter was raised in the UK House of Commons by MP Anthony Nutting, who asked: "What plans have the Government for dealing with a similar situation in Vienna? Vienna is in exactly a similar position to Berlin."
There was a lack of airfields in the Western sectors, and authorities drafted contingency plans to deal with such a blockade. Plans included the laying down of metal landing mats at Schönbrunn. The Soviets did not blockade the city. The Potsdam Agreement included written rights of land access to the western sectors, whereas no such written guarantees had covered the western sectors of Berlin. Also, there was no precipitating event to cause a blockade in Vienna. (In Berlin, the Western powers had introduced a new currency in early 1948 to economically freeze out the Soviets.) During the 10 years of the four-power occupation, Vienna became a hotbed for international espionage between the Western and Eastern blocs. In the wake of the Berlin Blockade, the Cold War in Vienna took on a different dynamic. While accepting that Germany and Berlin would be divided, the Soviets had decided against allowing the same state of affairs to arise in Austria and Vienna. Here, the Soviet forces controlled districts 2, 4, 10, 20, 21, and 22 and all areas incorporated into Vienna in 1938.
Barbed wire fences were installed around the perimeter of West Berlin in 1953, but not in Vienna. By 1955, the Soviets, by signing the Austrian State Treaty, agreed to relinquish their occupation zones in Eastern Austria as well as their sector in Vienna. In exchange they required that Austria declare its permanent neutrality after the allied powers had left the country. Thus they ensured that Austria would not be a member of NATO and that NATO forces would therefore not have direct communications between Italy and West Germany.
The atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background for Graham Greene's screenplay for the film The Third Man (1949). Later he adapted the screenplay as a novel and published it. Occupied Vienna is also depicted in the 1991 Philip Kerr novel, A German Requiem. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/ab/aba17d242b5c697cbd876762425acc0d0583357bedf62bd6ade79d21a10e5183.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nThere are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 42,
"text": "\nThere are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nModern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm."
}
] | Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.
There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.
There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.
Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/c0/c07d2d41258e20fd78c810595aba7141316f29f547f6e8155802b6b8cab060c9.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "Austria's capital is home to numerous football teams."
},
{
"n_tokens": 44,
"text": "The best known are the local football clubs include FK Austria Wien (21 Austrian Bundesliga titles and record 27-time cup winners), SK Rapid Wien (record 32 Austrian Bundesliga titles), and the oldest team, First Vienna FC."
},
{
"n_tokens": 77,
"text": "Other important sports clubs include the Raiffeisen Vikings Vienna (American Football), who won the Eurobowl title between 2004 and 2007 4 times in a row and had a perfect season in 2013, the Aon hotVolleys Vienna, one of Europe's premier Volleyball organizations, the Vienna Wanderers (baseball) who won the 2012 and 2013 Championship of the Austrian Baseball League, and the Vienna Capitals (Ice Hockey)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "Vienna was also where the European Handball Federation (EHF) was founded."
},
{
"n_tokens": 69,
"text": "There are also three rugby clubs; Vienna Celtic, the oldest rugby club in Austria, RC Donau, and Stade Viennois\nVienna hosts many different sporting events including the Vienna City Marathon, which attracts more than 10,000 participants every year and normally takes place in May. In 2005 the Ice Hockey World Championships took place in Austria and the final was played in Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 48,
"text": "Vienna's Ernst Happel Stadium was the venue of four Champions League and European Champion Clubs' Cup finals (1964, 1987, 1990 and 1995) and on 29 June it hosted the final of Euro 2008 which saw a Spanish 1–0 victory over Germany."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "Tennis tournament Vienna Open also takes place in the city since 1974."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "The matches are played in the Wiener Stadthalle."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "\nThe Neue Donau, which was formed after the Donauinsel was created, is free of river traffic and has been referred to as an \"autobahn for swimmers\" due to its use by the public for commuting."
}
] | Austria's capital is home to numerous football teams. The best known are the local football clubs include FK Austria Wien (21 Austrian Bundesliga titles and record 27-time cup winners), SK Rapid Wien (record 32 Austrian Bundesliga titles), and the oldest team, First Vienna FC. Other important sports clubs include the Raiffeisen Vikings Vienna (American Football), who won the Eurobowl title between 2004 and 2007 4 times in a row and had a perfect season in 2013, the Aon hotVolleys Vienna, one of Europe's premier Volleyball organizations, the Vienna Wanderers (baseball) who won the 2012 and 2013 Championship of the Austrian Baseball League, and the Vienna Capitals (Ice Hockey). Vienna was also where the European Handball Federation (EHF) was founded. There are also three rugby clubs; Vienna Celtic, the oldest rugby club in Austria, RC Donau, and Stade Viennois
Vienna hosts many different sporting events including the Vienna City Marathon, which attracts more than 10,000 participants every year and normally takes place in May. In 2005 the Ice Hockey World Championships took place in Austria and the final was played in Vienna. Vienna's Ernst Happel Stadium was the venue of four Champions League and European Champion Clubs' Cup finals (1964, 1987, 1990 and 1995) and on 29 June it hosted the final of Euro 2008 which saw a Spanish 1–0 victory over Germany. Tennis tournament Vienna Open also takes place in the city since 1974. The matches are played in the Wiener Stadthalle.
The Neue Donau, which was formed after the Donauinsel was created, is free of river traffic and has been referred to as an "autobahn for swimmers" due to its use by the public for commuting. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/0e/0e46212346b6f876d691866fec73730707119ac91b7e4177238bd119dd229725.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 124,
"text": "Vienna is the seat of a number of United Nations offices and various international institutions and companies, including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Vienna is the world's third \"UN city\", next to New York, Geneva, and Nairobi."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Additionally, Vienna is the seat of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's secretariat (UNCITRAL)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "In conjunction, the University of Vienna annually hosts the prestigious Willem C. Vis Moot, an international commercial arbitration competition for students of law from around the world."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "\nDiplomatic meetings have been held in Vienna in the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in documents bearing the name Vienna Convention or Vienna Document."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Among the more important documents negotiated in Vienna are the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, as well as the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Vienna also hosted the negotiations leading to the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on Iran's nuclear program as well as the Vienna peace talks for Syria."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "\nVienna also headquartered the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF)."
}
] | Vienna is the seat of a number of United Nations offices and various international institutions and companies, including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). Vienna is the world's third "UN city", next to New York, Geneva, and Nairobi. Additionally, Vienna is the seat of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's secretariat (UNCITRAL). In conjunction, the University of Vienna annually hosts the prestigious Willem C. Vis Moot, an international commercial arbitration competition for students of law from around the world.
Diplomatic meetings have been held in Vienna in the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in documents bearing the name Vienna Convention or Vienna Document. Among the more important documents negotiated in Vienna are the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, as well as the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. Vienna also hosted the negotiations leading to the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on Iran's nuclear program as well as the Vienna peace talks for Syria.
Vienna also headquartered the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF). | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/92/92c42bf4d7b6b3e43d067040ae1a58c570e645830e6d3ee5c9b930bb4474dd9b.jpg | http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Wien_Burgtheater_um_1900.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "In 1804, during the Napoleonic Wars, Vienna became the capital of the newly-formed Austrian Empire."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Vienna remained the capital of what became the Austro-Hungarian Empire."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the First Viennese School (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nDuring the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the bastions and glacis into the Ringstraße, a new boulevard surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "In 1918, after World War I, Vienna became capital of the Republic of German-Austria, and then in 1919 of the First Republic of Austria."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "\nFrom the late-19th century to 1938 the city remained a center of high culture and of modernism."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler and Richard Strauss."
},
{
"n_tokens": 55,
"text": "The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the Vienna Secession movement in art, psychoanalysis, the Second Viennese School (Schoenberg, Berg, Webern), the architecture of Adolf Loos and the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "In 1913 Adolf Hitler, Leon Trotsky, Josip Broz Tito, Sigmund Freud and Joseph Stalin all lived within a few miles of each other in central Vienna, some of them becoming regulars at the same coffeehouses."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "\nAustrians came to regard Vienna as a center of socialist politics, sometimes referred to as \"Red Vienna\"(“Das rote Wien”)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 31,
"text": "In the Austrian Civil War of 1934 Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss sent the Austrian Army to shell civilian housing such as the Karl Marx-Hof occupied by the socialist militia."
}
] | In 1804, during the Napoleonic Wars, Vienna became the capital of the newly-formed Austrian Empire. The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Vienna remained the capital of what became the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the First Viennese School (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied.
During the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the bastions and glacis into the Ringstraße, a new boulevard surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after World War I, Vienna became capital of the Republic of German-Austria, and then in 1919 of the First Republic of Austria.
From the late-19th century to 1938 the city remained a center of high culture and of modernism. A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler and Richard Strauss. The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the Vienna Secession movement in art, psychoanalysis, the Second Viennese School (Schoenberg, Berg, Webern), the architecture of Adolf Loos and the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle. In 1913 Adolf Hitler, Leon Trotsky, Josip Broz Tito, Sigmund Freud and Joseph Stalin all lived within a few miles of each other in central Vienna, some of them becoming regulars at the same coffeehouses.
Austrians came to regard Vienna as a center of socialist politics, sometimes referred to as "Red Vienna"(“Das rote Wien”). In the Austrian Civil War of 1934 Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss sent the Austrian Army to shell civilian housing such as the Karl Marx-Hof occupied by the socialist militia. | Vienna |
|
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/55/55996c5dd9734782a0001e28510aa184467564f767efe39a581101a7fccf81b3.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Musical luminaries including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler, Robert Stolz, and Arnold Schoenberg have worked there."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "\nArt and culture had a long tradition in Vienna, including theater, opera, classical music and fine arts."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "The Burgtheater is considered one of the best theaters in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the Akademietheater."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "The Volkstheater Wien and the Theater in der Josefstadt also enjoy good reputations."
},
{
"n_tokens": 31,
"text": "There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern, experimental plays or cabaret."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "\nVienna is also home to a number of opera houses, including the Theater an der Wien, the Staatsoper and the Volksoper, the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese operetta."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "Classical concerts are performed at venues such as the Wiener Musikverein, home of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra known across the world for the annual widely broadcast \"New Year's Day Concert\", as well as the Wiener Konzerthaus, home of the internationally renowned Vienna Symphony."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Strauss I, and Johann Strauss II."
},
{
"n_tokens": 62,
"text": "\nUp until 2005, the Theater an der Wien has hosted premieres of musicals, although with the year of the Mozart celebrations 2006 it has devoted itself to the opera again and has since become a stagione opera house offering one new production each month, thus quickly becoming one of Europe's most interesting and advanced opera houses."
},
{
"n_tokens": 54,
"text": "Since 2012 Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "Before 2005 the most successful musical was Elisabeth, which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "The Wiener Taschenoper is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "The Haus der Musik (\"house of music\") opened in the year 2000."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "\nThe Wienerlied is a unique song genre from Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "\nIn 1981 the popular British new romantic group Ultravox paid a tribute to Vienna on an album and an artful music video recording called Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The inspiration for this work arose from the cinema production called The Third Man with the title Zither music of Anton Karas."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "\nThe Vienna's English Theatre (VET) is an English theater in Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "It is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nIn May 2015, Vienna hosted the Eurovision Song Contest following Austria's victory in the 2014 contest."
}
] | Musical luminaries including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler, Robert Stolz, and Arnold Schoenberg have worked there.
Art and culture had a long tradition in Vienna, including theater, opera, classical music and fine arts. The Burgtheater is considered one of the best theaters in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the Akademietheater. The Volkstheater Wien and the Theater in der Josefstadt also enjoy good reputations. There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern, experimental plays or cabaret.
Vienna is also home to a number of opera houses, including the Theater an der Wien, the Staatsoper and the Volksoper, the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese operetta. Classical concerts are performed at venues such as the Wiener Musikverein, home of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra known across the world for the annual widely broadcast "New Year's Day Concert", as well as the Wiener Konzerthaus, home of the internationally renowned Vienna Symphony. Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Strauss I, and Johann Strauss II.
Up until 2005, the Theater an der Wien has hosted premieres of musicals, although with the year of the Mozart celebrations 2006 it has devoted itself to the opera again and has since become a stagione opera house offering one new production each month, thus quickly becoming one of Europe's most interesting and advanced opera houses. Since 2012 Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET). Before 2005 the most successful musical was Elisabeth, which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world. The Wiener Taschenoper is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century. The Haus der Musik ("house of music") opened in the year 2000.
The Wienerlied is a unique song genre from Vienna. There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder.
In 1981 the popular British new romantic group Ultravox paid a tribute to Vienna on an album and an artful music video recording called Vienna. The inspiration for this work arose from the cinema production called The Third Man with the title Zither music of Anton Karas.
The Vienna's English Theatre (VET) is an English theater in Vienna. It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district. It is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe.
In May 2015, Vienna hosted the Eurovision Song Contest following Austria's victory in the 2014 contest. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/d9/d9185d8898f70f3d185b6378651e8ebfe64e683fe12478b768c4ca1a9cb5e4f9.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nThere are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 42,
"text": "\nThere are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nModern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm."
}
] | Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.
There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.
There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.
Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/ab/abe34d09f6bd540f7ef813929bc66469093a42ec99439318388f43b75f2a6028.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Musical luminaries including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler, Robert Stolz, and Arnold Schoenberg have worked there."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "\nArt and culture had a long tradition in Vienna, including theater, opera, classical music and fine arts."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "The Burgtheater is considered one of the best theaters in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the Akademietheater."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "The Volkstheater Wien and the Theater in der Josefstadt also enjoy good reputations."
},
{
"n_tokens": 31,
"text": "There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern, experimental plays or cabaret."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "\nVienna is also home to a number of opera houses, including the Theater an der Wien, the Staatsoper and the Volksoper, the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese operetta."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "Classical concerts are performed at venues such as the Wiener Musikverein, home of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra known across the world for the annual widely broadcast \"New Year's Day Concert\", as well as the Wiener Konzerthaus, home of the internationally renowned Vienna Symphony."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Strauss I, and Johann Strauss II."
},
{
"n_tokens": 62,
"text": "\nUp until 2005, the Theater an der Wien has hosted premieres of musicals, although with the year of the Mozart celebrations 2006 it has devoted itself to the opera again and has since become a stagione opera house offering one new production each month, thus quickly becoming one of Europe's most interesting and advanced opera houses."
},
{
"n_tokens": 54,
"text": "Since 2012 Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "Before 2005 the most successful musical was Elisabeth, which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "The Wiener Taschenoper is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "The Haus der Musik (\"house of music\") opened in the year 2000."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "\nThe Wienerlied is a unique song genre from Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "\nIn 1981 the popular British new romantic group Ultravox paid a tribute to Vienna on an album and an artful music video recording called Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The inspiration for this work arose from the cinema production called The Third Man with the title Zither music of Anton Karas."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "\nThe Vienna's English Theatre (VET) is an English theater in Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "It is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nIn May 2015, Vienna hosted the Eurovision Song Contest following Austria's victory in the 2014 contest."
}
] | Musical luminaries including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler, Robert Stolz, and Arnold Schoenberg have worked there.
Art and culture had a long tradition in Vienna, including theater, opera, classical music and fine arts. The Burgtheater is considered one of the best theaters in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the Akademietheater. The Volkstheater Wien and the Theater in der Josefstadt also enjoy good reputations. There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern, experimental plays or cabaret.
Vienna is also home to a number of opera houses, including the Theater an der Wien, the Staatsoper and the Volksoper, the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese operetta. Classical concerts are performed at venues such as the Wiener Musikverein, home of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra known across the world for the annual widely broadcast "New Year's Day Concert", as well as the Wiener Konzerthaus, home of the internationally renowned Vienna Symphony. Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Strauss I, and Johann Strauss II.
Up until 2005, the Theater an der Wien has hosted premieres of musicals, although with the year of the Mozart celebrations 2006 it has devoted itself to the opera again and has since become a stagione opera house offering one new production each month, thus quickly becoming one of Europe's most interesting and advanced opera houses. Since 2012 Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET). Before 2005 the most successful musical was Elisabeth, which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world. The Wiener Taschenoper is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century. The Haus der Musik ("house of music") opened in the year 2000.
The Wienerlied is a unique song genre from Vienna. There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder.
In 1981 the popular British new romantic group Ultravox paid a tribute to Vienna on an album and an artful music video recording called Vienna. The inspiration for this work arose from the cinema production called The Third Man with the title Zither music of Anton Karas.
The Vienna's English Theatre (VET) is an English theater in Vienna. It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district. It is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe.
In May 2015, Vienna hosted the Eurovision Song Contest following Austria's victory in the 2014 contest. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/88/88c96cca4c6f57783e6f03a7a5247de714a5bdfd42fbdeb2ce9e82c5dd13d7fa.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Musical luminaries including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler, Robert Stolz, and Arnold Schoenberg have worked there."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "\nArt and culture had a long tradition in Vienna, including theater, opera, classical music and fine arts."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "The Burgtheater is considered one of the best theaters in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the Akademietheater."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "The Volkstheater Wien and the Theater in der Josefstadt also enjoy good reputations."
},
{
"n_tokens": 31,
"text": "There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern, experimental plays or cabaret."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "\nVienna is also home to a number of opera houses, including the Theater an der Wien, the Staatsoper and the Volksoper, the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese operetta."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "Classical concerts are performed at venues such as the Wiener Musikverein, home of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra known across the world for the annual widely broadcast \"New Year's Day Concert\", as well as the Wiener Konzerthaus, home of the internationally renowned Vienna Symphony."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Strauss I, and Johann Strauss II."
},
{
"n_tokens": 62,
"text": "\nUp until 2005, the Theater an der Wien has hosted premieres of musicals, although with the year of the Mozart celebrations 2006 it has devoted itself to the opera again and has since become a stagione opera house offering one new production each month, thus quickly becoming one of Europe's most interesting and advanced opera houses."
},
{
"n_tokens": 54,
"text": "Since 2012 Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "Before 2005 the most successful musical was Elisabeth, which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "The Wiener Taschenoper is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "The Haus der Musik (\"house of music\") opened in the year 2000."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "\nThe Wienerlied is a unique song genre from Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "\nIn 1981 the popular British new romantic group Ultravox paid a tribute to Vienna on an album and an artful music video recording called Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The inspiration for this work arose from the cinema production called The Third Man with the title Zither music of Anton Karas."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "\nThe Vienna's English Theatre (VET) is an English theater in Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "It is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nIn May 2015, Vienna hosted the Eurovision Song Contest following Austria's victory in the 2014 contest."
}
] | Musical luminaries including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler, Robert Stolz, and Arnold Schoenberg have worked there.
Art and culture had a long tradition in Vienna, including theater, opera, classical music and fine arts. The Burgtheater is considered one of the best theaters in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the Akademietheater. The Volkstheater Wien and the Theater in der Josefstadt also enjoy good reputations. There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern, experimental plays or cabaret.
Vienna is also home to a number of opera houses, including the Theater an der Wien, the Staatsoper and the Volksoper, the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese operetta. Classical concerts are performed at venues such as the Wiener Musikverein, home of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra known across the world for the annual widely broadcast "New Year's Day Concert", as well as the Wiener Konzerthaus, home of the internationally renowned Vienna Symphony. Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Strauss I, and Johann Strauss II.
Up until 2005, the Theater an der Wien has hosted premieres of musicals, although with the year of the Mozart celebrations 2006 it has devoted itself to the opera again and has since become a stagione opera house offering one new production each month, thus quickly becoming one of Europe's most interesting and advanced opera houses. Since 2012 Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET). Before 2005 the most successful musical was Elisabeth, which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world. The Wiener Taschenoper is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century. The Haus der Musik ("house of music") opened in the year 2000.
The Wienerlied is a unique song genre from Vienna. There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder.
In 1981 the popular British new romantic group Ultravox paid a tribute to Vienna on an album and an artful music video recording called Vienna. The inspiration for this work arose from the cinema production called The Third Man with the title Zither music of Anton Karas.
The Vienna's English Theatre (VET) is an English theater in Vienna. It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district. It is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe.
In May 2015, Vienna hosted the Eurovision Song Contest following Austria's victory in the 2014 contest. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/d6/d642d28ccec2f5e487e451d43e72f937317787a4aaa11874bf739a693d463199.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nThere are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 42,
"text": "\nThere are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nModern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm."
}
] | Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.
There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.
There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.
Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/18/18cc939bb218332661e4a777b5ea372bf3491be66cf150a4654a634cf7e4f6c3.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "Evidence has been found of continuous habitation in the Vienna area since 500 BC, when Celts settled the site on the Danube."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In 15 BC the Romans fortified the frontier city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "\nClose ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "The Irish monk Saint Colman (or Koloman, Irish Colmán, derived from colm \"dove\") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in the form of Vienna's great Schottenstift monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "\nIn 976 Leopold I of Babenberg became count of the Eastern March, a 60-mile district centering on the Danube on the eastern frontier of Bavaria."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "This initial district grew into the duchy of Austria."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "In 1145 Duke Henry II Jasomirgott moved the Babenberg family residence from Klosterneuburg in Lower Austria to Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "\nIn 1440 Vienna became the resident city of the Habsburg dynasty."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "It eventually grew to become the de facto capital of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) in 1437 and a cultural center for arts and science, music and fine cuisine."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "Hungary occupied the city between 1485 and 1490."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "\nIn the 16th and 17th centuries Christian forces twice stopped Ottoman armies outside Vienna, in the 1529 Siege of Vienna and the 1683 Battle of Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "The Great Plague of Vienna ravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population."
}
] | Evidence has been found of continuous habitation in the Vienna area since 500 BC, when Celts settled the site on the Danube. In 15 BC the Romans fortified the frontier city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north.
Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk Saint Colman (or Koloman, Irish Colmán, derived from colm "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years. Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in the form of Vienna's great Schottenstift monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks.
In 976 Leopold I of Babenberg became count of the Eastern March, a 60-mile district centering on the Danube on the eastern frontier of Bavaria. This initial district grew into the duchy of Austria. Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east. In 1145 Duke Henry II Jasomirgott moved the Babenberg family residence from Klosterneuburg in Lower Austria to Vienna. From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty.
In 1440 Vienna became the resident city of the Habsburg dynasty. It eventually grew to become the de facto capital of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) in 1437 and a cultural center for arts and science, music and fine cuisine. Hungary occupied the city between 1485 and 1490.
In the 16th and 17th centuries Christian forces twice stopped Ottoman armies outside Vienna, in the 1529 Siege of Vienna and the 1683 Battle of Vienna. The Great Plague of Vienna ravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/a0/a098adbaeaee5eb6e4c7efd773ea1758a2de7214e8f08880d68a7bbc5aec757f.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "The Hofburg is the location of the Imperial Treasury (Schatzkammer), holding the imperial jewels of the Habsburg dynasty."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "The Sisi Museum (a museum devoted to Empress Elisabeth of Austria) allows visitors to view the imperial apartments as well as the silver cabinet."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "Directly opposite the Hofburg are the Kunsthistorisches Museum, which houses many paintings by old masters, ancient and classical artifacts, and the Naturhistorisches Museum."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nA number of museums are located in the Museumsquartier (museum quarter), the former Imperial Stalls which were converted into a museum complex in the 1990s."
},
{
"n_tokens": 69,
"text": "It houses the Museum of Modern Art, commonly known as the MUMOK (Ludwig Foundation), the Leopold Museum (featuring the largest collection of paintings in the world by Egon Schiele, as well as works by the Vienna Secession, Viennese Modernism and Austrian Expressionism), the AzW (museum of architecture), additional halls with feature exhibitions, and the Tanzquartier."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "The Liechtenstein Palace contains much of one of the world's largest private art collections, especially strong in the Baroque."
},
{
"n_tokens": 45,
"text": "Castle Belvedere, built under Prince Eugene, has a gallery containing paintings by Gustav Klimt (The Kiss), Egon Schiele, and other painters of the early 20th century, also sculptures by Franz Xaver Messerschmidt, and changing exhibitions too."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "\nThere are a multitude of other museums in Vienna, including the Albertina, the Military History Museum, the Technical Museum, the Burial Museum, the Museum of Art Fakes, the KunstHausWien, Museum of Applied Arts, the Sigmund Freud Museum, and the Mozarthaus Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 56,
"text": "The museums on the history of the city, including the former Historical Museum of the City of Vienna on Karlsplatz, the Hermesvilla, the residences and birthplaces of various composers, the Museum of the Romans, and the Vienna Clock Museum, are now gathered together under the group umbrella Vienna Museum."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "In addition there are museums dedicated to Vienna's individual districts."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "They provide a record of individual struggles, achievements and tragedy as the city grew and survived two world wars."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "For readers seeking family histories these are good sources of information."
}
] | The Hofburg is the location of the Imperial Treasury (Schatzkammer), holding the imperial jewels of the Habsburg dynasty. The Sisi Museum (a museum devoted to Empress Elisabeth of Austria) allows visitors to view the imperial apartments as well as the silver cabinet. Directly opposite the Hofburg are the Kunsthistorisches Museum, which houses many paintings by old masters, ancient and classical artifacts, and the Naturhistorisches Museum.
A number of museums are located in the Museumsquartier (museum quarter), the former Imperial Stalls which were converted into a museum complex in the 1990s. It houses the Museum of Modern Art, commonly known as the MUMOK (Ludwig Foundation), the Leopold Museum (featuring the largest collection of paintings in the world by Egon Schiele, as well as works by the Vienna Secession, Viennese Modernism and Austrian Expressionism), the AzW (museum of architecture), additional halls with feature exhibitions, and the Tanzquartier. The Liechtenstein Palace contains much of one of the world's largest private art collections, especially strong in the Baroque. Castle Belvedere, built under Prince Eugene, has a gallery containing paintings by Gustav Klimt (The Kiss), Egon Schiele, and other painters of the early 20th century, also sculptures by Franz Xaver Messerschmidt, and changing exhibitions too.
There are a multitude of other museums in Vienna, including the Albertina, the Military History Museum, the Technical Museum, the Burial Museum, the Museum of Art Fakes, the KunstHausWien, Museum of Applied Arts, the Sigmund Freud Museum, and the Mozarthaus Vienna. The museums on the history of the city, including the former Historical Museum of the City of Vienna on Karlsplatz, the Hermesvilla, the residences and birthplaces of various composers, the Museum of the Romans, and the Vienna Clock Museum, are now gathered together under the group umbrella Vienna Museum. In addition there are museums dedicated to Vienna's individual districts. They provide a record of individual struggles, achievements and tragedy as the city grew and survived two world wars. For readers seeking family histories these are good sources of information. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/6d/6d11a50182ed99f0a2fefeee2ab2d962358914739df990dc0e5d18bb8b827dbd.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 78,
"text": "Vienna possesses many parks, including the Stadtpark, the Burggarten, the Volksgarten (part of the Hofburg), the Schlosspark at Schloss Belvedere (home to the Vienna Botanic Gardens), the Donaupark, the Schönbrunner Schlosspark, the Prater, the Augarten, the Rathauspark, the Lainzer Tiergarten, the Dehnepark, the Resselpark, the Votivpark, the Kurpark Oberlaa, the Auer-Welsbach-Park and the Türkenschanzpark."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Green areas include Laaer-Berg (including the Bohemian Prater) and the foothills of the Wienerwald, which reaches into the outer areas of the city."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "Small parks, known by the Viennese as Beserlparks, are everywhere in the inner city areas."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "\nMany of Vienna's parks include monuments, such as the Stadtpark with its statue of Johann Strauss II, and the gardens of the baroque palace, where the State Treaty was signed."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Vienna's principal park is the Prater which is home to the Riesenrad, a Ferris wheel, and Kugelmugel, a micronation the shape of a sphere."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The imperial Schönbrunn's grounds contain an 18th-century park which includes the world's oldest zoo, founded in 1752."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "\nThe Donauinsel, part of Vienna's flood defenses, is a 21.1 km (13.1 mi) long artificial island between the Danube and Neue Donau dedicated to leisure activities."
}
] | Vienna possesses many parks, including the Stadtpark, the Burggarten, the Volksgarten (part of the Hofburg), the Schlosspark at Schloss Belvedere (home to the Vienna Botanic Gardens), the Donaupark, the Schönbrunner Schlosspark, the Prater, the Augarten, the Rathauspark, the Lainzer Tiergarten, the Dehnepark, the Resselpark, the Votivpark, the Kurpark Oberlaa, the Auer-Welsbach-Park and the Türkenschanzpark. Green areas include Laaer-Berg (including the Bohemian Prater) and the foothills of the Wienerwald, which reaches into the outer areas of the city. Small parks, known by the Viennese as Beserlparks, are everywhere in the inner city areas.
Many of Vienna's parks include monuments, such as the Stadtpark with its statue of Johann Strauss II, and the gardens of the baroque palace, where the State Treaty was signed. Vienna's principal park is the Prater which is home to the Riesenrad, a Ferris wheel, and Kugelmugel, a micronation the shape of a sphere. The imperial Schönbrunn's grounds contain an 18th-century park which includes the world's oldest zoo, founded in 1752.
The Donauinsel, part of Vienna's flood defenses, is a 21.1 km (13.1 mi) long artificial island between the Danube and Neue Donau dedicated to leisure activities. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/8f/8fe25fedc11141cfd241753ede73b71cf374ce29297f46478f7288dbbeffe759.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "Viennese cafés have an extremely long and distinguished history that dates back centuries, and the caffeine addictions of some famous historical patrons of the oldest are something of a local legend."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "These coffee houses are unique to Vienna and many cities have unsuccessfully sought to copy them."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "Some people consider cafés as their extended living room where nobody will be bothered if they spend hours reading a newspaper while enjoying their coffee."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Traditionally, the coffee comes with a glass of water."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Viennese cafés claim to have invented the process of filtering coffee from booty captured after the second Turkish siege in 1683."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "Viennese cafés claim that when the invading Turks left Vienna, they abandoned hundreds of sacks of coffee beans."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "The Polish King John III Sobieski, the commander of the anti-Turkish coalition of Poles, Germans, and Austrians, gave Franz George Kolschitzky (Polish – Franciszek Jerzy Kulczycki) some of this coffee as a reward for providing information that allowed him to defeat the Turks."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "Kolschitzky then opened Vienna's first coffee shop."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Julius Meinl set up a modern roasting plant in the same premises where the coffee sacks were found, in 1891."
}
] | Viennese cafés have an extremely long and distinguished history that dates back centuries, and the caffeine addictions of some famous historical patrons of the oldest are something of a local legend. These coffee houses are unique to Vienna and many cities have unsuccessfully sought to copy them. Some people consider cafés as their extended living room where nobody will be bothered if they spend hours reading a newspaper while enjoying their coffee. Traditionally, the coffee comes with a glass of water. Viennese cafés claim to have invented the process of filtering coffee from booty captured after the second Turkish siege in 1683. Viennese cafés claim that when the invading Turks left Vienna, they abandoned hundreds of sacks of coffee beans. The Polish King John III Sobieski, the commander of the anti-Turkish coalition of Poles, Germans, and Austrians, gave Franz George Kolschitzky (Polish – Franciszek Jerzy Kulczycki) some of this coffee as a reward for providing information that allowed him to defeat the Turks. Kolschitzky then opened Vienna's first coffee shop. Julius Meinl set up a modern roasting plant in the same premises where the coffee sacks were found, in 1891. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/fe/fe5cd95932a128757f4a4fd57c0020971462961a5cab2b08d37794fb43d312f0.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 124,
"text": "Vienna is the seat of a number of United Nations offices and various international institutions and companies, including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Vienna is the world's third \"UN city\", next to New York, Geneva, and Nairobi."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Additionally, Vienna is the seat of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's secretariat (UNCITRAL)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "In conjunction, the University of Vienna annually hosts the prestigious Willem C. Vis Moot, an international commercial arbitration competition for students of law from around the world."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "\nDiplomatic meetings have been held in Vienna in the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in documents bearing the name Vienna Convention or Vienna Document."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Among the more important documents negotiated in Vienna are the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, as well as the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Vienna also hosted the negotiations leading to the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on Iran's nuclear program as well as the Vienna peace talks for Syria."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "\nVienna also headquartered the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF)."
}
] | Vienna is the seat of a number of United Nations offices and various international institutions and companies, including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). Vienna is the world's third "UN city", next to New York, Geneva, and Nairobi. Additionally, Vienna is the seat of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's secretariat (UNCITRAL). In conjunction, the University of Vienna annually hosts the prestigious Willem C. Vis Moot, an international commercial arbitration competition for students of law from around the world.
Diplomatic meetings have been held in Vienna in the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in documents bearing the name Vienna Convention or Vienna Document. Among the more important documents negotiated in Vienna are the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, as well as the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. Vienna also hosted the negotiations leading to the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on Iran's nuclear program as well as the Vienna peace talks for Syria.
Vienna also headquartered the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF). | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/76/76238b659a431140d36311b0c23526c80b41b4365e958a16b7be7c12707348af.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "Notable musicians born in Vienna include Louie Austen, Alban Berg, Falco, Fritz Kreisler, Joseph Lanner, Arnold Schönberg, Franz Schubert, Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Anton Webern, and Joe Zawinul."
},
{
"n_tokens": 66,
"text": "\nFamous musicians who came here to work from other parts of Austria and Germany were Johann Joseph Fux, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Johann Sedlatzek, Antonio Salieri, Carl Czerny, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Franz Liszt, Franz von Suppé, Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler and Rainhard Fendrich."
}
] | Notable musicians born in Vienna include Louie Austen, Alban Berg, Falco, Fritz Kreisler, Joseph Lanner, Arnold Schönberg, Franz Schubert, Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Anton Webern, and Joe Zawinul.
Famous musicians who came here to work from other parts of Austria and Germany were Johann Joseph Fux, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Johann Sedlatzek, Antonio Salieri, Carl Czerny, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Franz Liszt, Franz von Suppé, Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler and Rainhard Fendrich. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/7e/7e987859e0c2cba59aa9e47def77cd3efea66c6620c5dffd7f94b6931cdc017f.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nThere are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 42,
"text": "\nThere are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nModern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm."
}
] | Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.
There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.
There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.
Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/e9/e9a7baa62d7ac6995a7a50ec1509d20c4b887274a01430cb79bfb422457a8ad7.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In the twenty years before the First World War and until 1918, Viennese politics were shaped by the Christian Social Party."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "In particular, long-term mayor Karl Lueger was able to not apply the general voting rights for men introduced by and for the parliament of imperial Austria, the Reichsrat, in 1907, thereby excluding most of the working class from taking part in decisions."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "For Adolf Hitler, who spent some years in Vienna, Lueger was a teacher of how to use antisemitism in politics."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "\nVienna is today considered the center of the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "During the period of the First Republic (1918–1934), the Vienna Social Democrats undertook many social reforms."
},
{
"n_tokens": 31,
"text": "At that time, Vienna's municipal policy was admired by Socialists throughout Europe, who therefore referred to the city as \"Red Vienna\" (Rotes Wien)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 54,
"text": "In February 1934 troops of the Austrian federal government under Engelbert Dollfuss, who had closed down the first chamber of the federal parliament, the Nationalrat, in 1933, and paramilitary socialist organizations were engaged in the Austrian Civil War, which led to the ban of the Social Democratic party."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nThe SPÖ has held the mayor's office and control of the city council/parliament at every free election since 1919."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "The only break in this SPÖ dominance came between 1934 and 1945, when the Social Democratic Party was illegal, mayors were appointed by the austro-fascist and later by the Nazi authorities."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "The mayor of Vienna is Michael Ludwig of the SPÖ."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\nThe city has enacted many social democratic policies."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The Gemeindebauten are social housing assets that are well integrated into the city architecture outside the first or \"inner\" district."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "The low rents enable comfortable accommodation and good access to the city amenities."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "Many of the projects were built after the Second World War on vacant lots that were destroyed by bombing during the war."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "The city took particular pride in building them to a high standard."
}
] | In the twenty years before the First World War and until 1918, Viennese politics were shaped by the Christian Social Party. In particular, long-term mayor Karl Lueger was able to not apply the general voting rights for men introduced by and for the parliament of imperial Austria, the Reichsrat, in 1907, thereby excluding most of the working class from taking part in decisions. For Adolf Hitler, who spent some years in Vienna, Lueger was a teacher of how to use antisemitism in politics.
Vienna is today considered the center of the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ). During the period of the First Republic (1918–1934), the Vienna Social Democrats undertook many social reforms. At that time, Vienna's municipal policy was admired by Socialists throughout Europe, who therefore referred to the city as "Red Vienna" (Rotes Wien). In February 1934 troops of the Austrian federal government under Engelbert Dollfuss, who had closed down the first chamber of the federal parliament, the Nationalrat, in 1933, and paramilitary socialist organizations were engaged in the Austrian Civil War, which led to the ban of the Social Democratic party.
The SPÖ has held the mayor's office and control of the city council/parliament at every free election since 1919. The only break in this SPÖ dominance came between 1934 and 1945, when the Social Democratic Party was illegal, mayors were appointed by the austro-fascist and later by the Nazi authorities. The mayor of Vienna is Michael Ludwig of the SPÖ.
The city has enacted many social democratic policies. The Gemeindebauten are social housing assets that are well integrated into the city architecture outside the first or "inner" district. The low rents enable comfortable accommodation and good access to the city amenities. Many of the projects were built after the Second World War on vacant lots that were destroyed by bombing during the war. The city took particular pride in building them to a high standard. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/95/9520ea42b6ba412b28b256f892db39218e51be42ed2623157c9454d379a07fbe.jpg | http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Kohlmarkt_Vienna_June_2006_309.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nThere are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 42,
"text": "\nThere are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nModern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm."
}
] | Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.
There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.
There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.
Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm. | Vienna |
|
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/10/10b7db4d7c9e0a8571ff8ea3fa1ff8f3a28c3a50b81246d73bf377906ae427ed.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "Vienna is located in northeastern Austria, at the easternmost extension of the Alps in the Vienna Basin."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "The earliest settlement, at the location of today's inner city, was south of the meandering Danube while the city now spans both sides of the river."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "Elevation ranges from 151 to 542 m (495 to 1,778 ft)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "The city has a total area of 414.65 square kilometers (160.1 sq mi), making it the largest city in Austria by area."
}
] | Vienna is located in northeastern Austria, at the easternmost extension of the Alps in the Vienna Basin. The earliest settlement, at the location of today's inner city, was south of the meandering Danube while the city now spans both sides of the river. Elevation ranges from 151 to 542 m (495 to 1,778 ft). The city has a total area of 414.65 square kilometers (160.1 sq mi), making it the largest city in Austria by area. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/f1/f1d9d82771fb015f8cfe9242c24a232abd158fa3b12d1eda75ff7af3ea30d0c9.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nThere are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 42,
"text": "\nThere are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nModern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm."
}
] | Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.
There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.
There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.
Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/89/8976dda4d594b7f268cb7f611f65ec60b4bc929501e161f2eed909b4915899d6.jpg | http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/20080215-18_Wenen_%28460%29.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nThere are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 42,
"text": "\nThere are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nModern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm."
}
] | Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.
There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.
There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.
Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm. | Vienna |
|
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/cf/cf12292476a6e47386d61e72d2032668b6bf63462c55cba12bc7f386f33258b5.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 57,
"text": "Since Vienna obtained federal state (Bundesland) status of its own by the federal constitution of 1920, the city council also functions as the state parliament (Landtag), and the mayor (except 1934–1945) also doubles as the Landeshauptmann (governor/minister-president) of the state of Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "The Rathaus accommodates the offices of the mayor (de:Magistrat der Stadt Wien) and the state government (Landesregierung)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "The city is administered by a multitude of departments (Magistratsabteilungen), politically supervised by amtsführende Stadträte (members of the city government leading offices; according to the Vienna constitution opposition parties have the right to designate members of the city government not leading offices)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "\nUnder the city constitution of 1920, municipal and state business must be kept separate."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "Hence, the city council and state parliament hold separate meetings, with separate presiding officers–the chairman of the city council or the president of the state Landtag–even though the two bodies' memberships are identical."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "When meeting as a city council, the deputies can only deal with the affairs of the city of Vienna; when meeting as a state parliament, they can only deal with the affairs of the state of Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "\nIn the 1996 City Council election, the SPÖ lost its overall majority in the 100-seat chamber, winning 43 seats and 39.15% of the vote."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "The SPÖ had held an outright majority at every free municipal election since 1919."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "In 1996 the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), which won 29 seats (up from 21 in 1991), beat the ÖVP into third place for the second time running."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "From 1996–2001, the SPÖ governed Vienna in a coalition with the ÖVP."
},
{
"n_tokens": 34,
"text": "In 2001 the SPÖ regained the overall majority with 52 seats and 46.91% of the vote; in October 2005 this majority was increased further to 55 seats (49.09%)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 34,
"text": "In course of the 2010 city council elections the SPÖ lost their overall majority again and consequently forged a coalition with the Green Party – the first SPÖ/Green coalition in Austria."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "This coalition was maintained following the 2015 election."
}
] | Since Vienna obtained federal state (Bundesland) status of its own by the federal constitution of 1920, the city council also functions as the state parliament (Landtag), and the mayor (except 1934–1945) also doubles as the Landeshauptmann (governor/minister-president) of the state of Vienna. The Rathaus accommodates the offices of the mayor (de:Magistrat der Stadt Wien) and the state government (Landesregierung). The city is administered by a multitude of departments (Magistratsabteilungen), politically supervised by amtsführende Stadträte (members of the city government leading offices; according to the Vienna constitution opposition parties have the right to designate members of the city government not leading offices).
Under the city constitution of 1920, municipal and state business must be kept separate. Hence, the city council and state parliament hold separate meetings, with separate presiding officers–the chairman of the city council or the president of the state Landtag–even though the two bodies' memberships are identical. When meeting as a city council, the deputies can only deal with the affairs of the city of Vienna; when meeting as a state parliament, they can only deal with the affairs of the state of Vienna.
In the 1996 City Council election, the SPÖ lost its overall majority in the 100-seat chamber, winning 43 seats and 39.15% of the vote. The SPÖ had held an outright majority at every free municipal election since 1919. In 1996 the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), which won 29 seats (up from 21 in 1991), beat the ÖVP into third place for the second time running. From 1996–2001, the SPÖ governed Vienna in a coalition with the ÖVP. In 2001 the SPÖ regained the overall majority with 52 seats and 46.91% of the vote; in October 2005 this majority was increased further to 55 seats (49.09%). In course of the 2010 city council elections the SPÖ lost their overall majority again and consequently forged a coalition with the Green Party – the first SPÖ/Green coalition in Austria. This coalition was maintained following the 2015 election. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/29/29dbb28b87167ffedf046356fe911f7186cf86296d94ccaaf5a6d544ad234ded.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "In 1938, after a triumphant entry into Austria, Austrian-born Adolf Hitler spoke to the Austrian Germans from the balcony of the Neue Burg, a part of the Hofburg at the Heldenplatz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In the ensuing days, Viennese Jews were harassed, their homes were looted, and they were progressively deported and murdered."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "Between 1938 (after the Anschluss) and the end of the Second World War, Vienna lost its status as a capital to Berlin, because Austria ceased to exist and became part of Nazi Germany."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nOn 2 April 1945, the Soviet Red Army launched the Vienna Offensive against the Germans holding the city and besieged it."
},
{
"n_tokens": 43,
"text": "British and American air raids, and artillery duels between the Red Army and the SS and Wehrmacht, crippled infrastructure, such as tram services and water and power distribution, and destroyed or damaged thousands of public and private buildings."
},
{
"n_tokens": 6,
"text": "Vienna fell eleven days later."
},
{
"n_tokens": 43,
"text": "At the end of the war, Austria was again separated from Germany, and Vienna was restored as the capital city of the republic, but the Soviet hold on the city remained until 1955, when Austria regained full sovereignty."
}
] | In 1938, after a triumphant entry into Austria, Austrian-born Adolf Hitler spoke to the Austrian Germans from the balcony of the Neue Burg, a part of the Hofburg at the Heldenplatz. In the ensuing days, Viennese Jews were harassed, their homes were looted, and they were progressively deported and murdered. Between 1938 (after the Anschluss) and the end of the Second World War, Vienna lost its status as a capital to Berlin, because Austria ceased to exist and became part of Nazi Germany.
On 2 April 1945, the Soviet Red Army launched the Vienna Offensive against the Germans holding the city and besieged it. British and American air raids, and artillery duels between the Red Army and the SS and Wehrmacht, crippled infrastructure, such as tram services and water and power distribution, and destroyed or damaged thousands of public and private buildings. Vienna fell eleven days later. At the end of the war, Austria was again separated from Germany, and Vienna was restored as the capital city of the republic, but the Soviet hold on the city remained until 1955, when Austria regained full sovereignty. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/6d/6d2ee08dec576ea6a544665ebe44e732bc6bd77b4cb8f0054a4ca080653af5d0.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 63,
"text": "According to the 2001 census, 49.2% of Viennese were Catholic, while 25.7% were of no religion, 7.8% were Muslim, 6.0% were members of an Eastern Orthodox Christian denomination, 4.7% were Protestant (mostly Lutheran), 0.5% were Jewish and 6.3% were either of other religions or did not reply."
},
{
"n_tokens": 45,
"text": "A 2011 report by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis showed the proportions had changed, with 41.3% Catholic, 31.6% no affiliation, 11.6% Muslim, 8.4% Eastern Orthodox, 4.2% Protestant, and 2.9% other."
},
{
"n_tokens": 69,
"text": "\nBased on information provided to city officials by various religious organizations about their membership, Vienna's Statistical Yearbook 2019 reports in 2018 an estimated 610,269 Roman Catholics, or 32.3% of the population, and 195,000 (10.3%) Muslims, 70,298 (3.7%) Orthodox, 57,502 (3.0%) other Christians, and 9,504 (0.5%) other religions."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "A study conducted by the Vienna Institute of Demography estimated the 2018 proportions to be 34% Catholic, 30% unaffiliated, 15% Muslim, 10% Orthodox, 4% Protestant, and 6% other religions."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nVienna is the seat of the Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna, in which is also vested the exempt Ordinariate for Byzantine-rite Catholics in Austria; its Archbishop is Cardinal Christoph Schönborn."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "Many Catholic churches in central Vienna feature performances of religious or other music, including masses sung to classical music and organ."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Some of Vienna's most significant historical buildings are Catholic churches, including the St. Stephen's Cathedral (Stephansdom), Karlskirche, Peterskirche and the Votivkirche."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "On the banks of the Danube, there is a Buddhist Peace Pagoda, built in 1983 by the monks and nuns of Nipponzan Myohoji."
}
] | According to the 2001 census, 49.2% of Viennese were Catholic, while 25.7% were of no religion, 7.8% were Muslim, 6.0% were members of an Eastern Orthodox Christian denomination, 4.7% were Protestant (mostly Lutheran), 0.5% were Jewish and 6.3% were either of other religions or did not reply. A 2011 report by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis showed the proportions had changed, with 41.3% Catholic, 31.6% no affiliation, 11.6% Muslim, 8.4% Eastern Orthodox, 4.2% Protestant, and 2.9% other.
Based on information provided to city officials by various religious organizations about their membership, Vienna's Statistical Yearbook 2019 reports in 2018 an estimated 610,269 Roman Catholics, or 32.3% of the population, and 195,000 (10.3%) Muslims, 70,298 (3.7%) Orthodox, 57,502 (3.0%) other Christians, and 9,504 (0.5%) other religions. A study conducted by the Vienna Institute of Demography estimated the 2018 proportions to be 34% Catholic, 30% unaffiliated, 15% Muslim, 10% Orthodox, 4% Protestant, and 6% other religions.
Vienna is the seat of the Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna, in which is also vested the exempt Ordinariate for Byzantine-rite Catholics in Austria; its Archbishop is Cardinal Christoph Schönborn. Many Catholic churches in central Vienna feature performances of religious or other music, including masses sung to classical music and organ. Some of Vienna's most significant historical buildings are Catholic churches, including the St. Stephen's Cathedral (Stephansdom), Karlskirche, Peterskirche and the Votivkirche. On the banks of the Danube, there is a Buddhist Peace Pagoda, built in 1983 by the monks and nuns of Nipponzan Myohoji. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/d3/d34b33e523b54d27cdba6847ae799753ab076760b8c3922c458aa9904fbdf8f9.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "Vienna, along with Paris, Santiago, Cape Town, Prague, Canberra, Bratislava and Warsaw, is one of the few remaining world capital cities with its own vineyards."
},
{
"n_tokens": 54,
"text": "The wine is served in small Viennese pubs known as Heuriger, which are especially numerous in the wine growing areas of Döbling (Grinzing, Neustift am Walde, Nußdorf, Salmannsdorf, Sievering), Floridsdorf (Stammersdorf, Strebersdorf), Liesing (Mauer) and Favoriten (Oberlaa)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "The wine is often drunk as a Spritzer (\"G'spritzter\") with sparkling water."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "The Grüner Veltliner, a dry white wine, is the most widely cultivated wine in Austria."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "\nBeer is next in importance to wine."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "Vienna has a single large brewery, Ottakringer, and more than ten microbreweries."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "A \"Beisl\" is a typical small Austrian pub, of which Vienna has many."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "\nAlso, local soft drinks such as Almdudler are popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages, placing it on the top spots along American counterparts such as Coca-Cola in terms of market share."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Another popular drink is the so-called \"Spezi\", a mix between Coca-Cola and the original formula of Orange Fanta or the more locally renowned Frucade."
}
] | Vienna, along with Paris, Santiago, Cape Town, Prague, Canberra, Bratislava and Warsaw, is one of the few remaining world capital cities with its own vineyards. The wine is served in small Viennese pubs known as Heuriger, which are especially numerous in the wine growing areas of Döbling (Grinzing, Neustift am Walde, Nußdorf, Salmannsdorf, Sievering), Floridsdorf (Stammersdorf, Strebersdorf), Liesing (Mauer) and Favoriten (Oberlaa). The wine is often drunk as a Spritzer ("G'spritzter") with sparkling water. The Grüner Veltliner, a dry white wine, is the most widely cultivated wine in Austria.
Beer is next in importance to wine. Vienna has a single large brewery, Ottakringer, and more than ten microbreweries. A "Beisl" is a typical small Austrian pub, of which Vienna has many.
Also, local soft drinks such as Almdudler are popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages, placing it on the top spots along American counterparts such as Coca-Cola in terms of market share. Another popular drink is the so-called "Spezi", a mix between Coca-Cola and the original formula of Orange Fanta or the more locally renowned Frucade. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/17/17ce59bf3aaceeb8798fe5d574da8edc7ae0e1a531aa2472b440cc85e9df6571.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nThere are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 42,
"text": "\nThere are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nModern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm."
}
] | Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.
There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.
There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.
Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/a4/a445099a5398fa1ed9e2e4db37cd6927a758c6f97a15d6d4640dfb00a34df8d5.jpg | http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn%2C_Viede%C5%88%2C_Rak%C3%BAsko.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nThere are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 42,
"text": "\nThere are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nModern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm."
}
] | Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.
There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.
There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.
Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm. | Vienna |
|
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/89/89173f64b9b73df011a13292197e4b6a07a22be153675333dc10a6bb9e74f95b.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nThere are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 42,
"text": "\nThere are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nModern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm."
}
] | Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.
There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin Kunsthistorisches Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum, and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.
There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.
Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/4e/4e7b70ac8613083e1257d357ea7418b2ef21ce55fc9a2471b5e9869686cf823e.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the Austrian State Treaty was signed in May 1955."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "That year, after years of reconstruction and restoration, the State Opera and the Burgtheater, both on the Ringstraße, reopened to the public."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "The Soviet Union signed the State Treaty only after having been provided with a political guarantee by the federal government to declare Austria's neutrality after the withdrawal of the allied troops."
},
{
"n_tokens": 52,
"text": "This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neither NATO nor the Soviet bloc, and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's delayed entry into the European Union in 1995."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "\nIn the 1970s, Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky inaugurated the Vienna International Center, a new area of the city created to host international institutions."
},
{
"n_tokens": 78,
"text": "Vienna has regained much of its former international stature by hosting international organizations, such as the United Nations (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, United Nations Office at Vienna and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe."
}
] | The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the Austrian State Treaty was signed in May 1955. That year, after years of reconstruction and restoration, the State Opera and the Burgtheater, both on the Ringstraße, reopened to the public. The Soviet Union signed the State Treaty only after having been provided with a political guarantee by the federal government to declare Austria's neutrality after the withdrawal of the allied troops. This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neither NATO nor the Soviet bloc, and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's delayed entry into the European Union in 1995.
In the 1970s, Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky inaugurated the Vienna International Center, a new area of the city created to host international institutions. Vienna has regained much of its former international stature by hosting international organizations, such as the United Nations (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, United Nations Office at Vienna and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/ad/aded21bdbe2bb49c3d82fc3e29694f70ce8455f9976c80109c519964eb9e128d.png | [
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "Evidence has been found of continuous habitation in the Vienna area since 500 BC, when Celts settled the site on the Danube."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In 15 BC the Romans fortified the frontier city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "\nClose ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "The Irish monk Saint Colman (or Koloman, Irish Colmán, derived from colm \"dove\") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in the form of Vienna's great Schottenstift monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "\nIn 976 Leopold I of Babenberg became count of the Eastern March, a 60-mile district centering on the Danube on the eastern frontier of Bavaria."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "This initial district grew into the duchy of Austria."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "In 1145 Duke Henry II Jasomirgott moved the Babenberg family residence from Klosterneuburg in Lower Austria to Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "\nIn 1440 Vienna became the resident city of the Habsburg dynasty."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "It eventually grew to become the de facto capital of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) in 1437 and a cultural center for arts and science, music and fine cuisine."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "Hungary occupied the city between 1485 and 1490."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "\nIn the 16th and 17th centuries Christian forces twice stopped Ottoman armies outside Vienna, in the 1529 Siege of Vienna and the 1683 Battle of Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "The Great Plague of Vienna ravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population."
}
] | Evidence has been found of continuous habitation in the Vienna area since 500 BC, when Celts settled the site on the Danube. In 15 BC the Romans fortified the frontier city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north.
Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk Saint Colman (or Koloman, Irish Colmán, derived from colm "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years. Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in the form of Vienna's great Schottenstift monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks.
In 976 Leopold I of Babenberg became count of the Eastern March, a 60-mile district centering on the Danube on the eastern frontier of Bavaria. This initial district grew into the duchy of Austria. Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east. In 1145 Duke Henry II Jasomirgott moved the Babenberg family residence from Klosterneuburg in Lower Austria to Vienna. From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty.
In 1440 Vienna became the resident city of the Habsburg dynasty. It eventually grew to become the de facto capital of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) in 1437 and a cultural center for arts and science, music and fine cuisine. Hungary occupied the city between 1485 and 1490.
In the 16th and 17th centuries Christian forces twice stopped Ottoman armies outside Vienna, in the 1529 Siege of Vienna and the 1683 Battle of Vienna. The Great Plague of Vienna ravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/95/9580f2d4d823ba7ad1d279e4422713f25bba762cbadc58ac4de66567f6ad02f6.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "Vienna is composed of 23 districts (Bezirke)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 49,
"text": "Administrative district offices in Vienna (called Magistratische Bezirksämter) serve functions similar to those in the other Austrian states (called Bezirkshauptmannschaften), the officers being subject to the mayor of Vienna; with the notable exception of the police, which is under federal supervision."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "\nDistrict residents in Vienna (Austrians as well as EU citizens with permanent residence here) elect a District Assembly (Bezirksvertretung)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "City hall has delegated maintenance budgets, e.g., for schools and parks, so that the districts are able to set priorities autonomously."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "Any decision of a district can be overridden by the city assembly (Gemeinderat) or the responsible city councilor (amtsführender Stadtrat)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nThe heart and historical city of Vienna, a large part of today's Innere Stadt, was a fortress surrounded by fields in order to defend itself from potential attackers."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "In 1850, Vienna with the consent of the emperor annexed 34 surrounding villages, called Vorstädte, into the city limits (districts no."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "2 to 8, after 1861 with the separation of Margareten from Wieden no."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "2 to 9)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "Consequently, the walls were razed after 1857, making it possible for the city center to expand."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "\nIn their place, a broad boulevard called the Ringstraße was built, along which imposing public and private buildings, monuments, and parks were created by the start of the 20th century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "These buildings include the Rathaus (town hall), the Burgtheater, the University, the Parliament, the twin museums of natural history and fine art, and the Staatsoper."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "It is also the location of New Wing of the Hofburg, the former imperial palace, and the Imperial and Royal War Ministry finished in 1913."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "The mainly Gothic Stephansdom is located at the center of the city, on Stephansplatz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "The Imperial-Royal Government set up the Vienna City Renovation Fund (Wiener Stadterneuerungsfonds) and sold many building lots to private investors, thereby partly financing public construction works."
},
{
"n_tokens": 31,
"text": "\nFrom 1850 to 1890, city limits in the West and the South mainly followed another wall called Linienwall at which a road toll called the Liniengeld was charged."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "Outside this wall from 1873 onwards a ring road called Gürtel was built."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "In 1890 it was decided to integrate 33 suburbs (called Vororte) beyond that wall into Vienna by 1 January 1892 and transform them into districts no."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "11 to 19 (district no."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "10 had been constituted in 1874); hence the Linienwall was torn down beginning in 1894."
},
{
"n_tokens": 6,
"text": "In 1900, district no."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "20, Brigittenau, was created by separating the area from the 2nd district."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "\nFrom 1850 to 1904, Vienna had expanded only on the right bank of the Danube, following the main branch before the regulation of 1868–1875, i.e., the Old Danube of today."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "In 1904, the 21st district was created by integrating Floridsdorf, Kagran, Stadlau, Hirschstetten, Aspern and other villages on the left bank of the Danube into Vienna, in 1910 Strebersdorf followed."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "On 15 October 1938 the Nazis created Great Vienna with 26 districts by merging 97 towns and villages into Vienna, 80 of which were returned to surrounding Lower Austria in 1954."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "Since then Vienna has had 23 districts."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "\nIndustries are located mostly in the southern and eastern districts."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "The Innere Stadt is situated away from the main flow of the Danube, but is bounded by the Donaukanal (\"Danube canal\")."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "Vienna's second and twentieth districts are located between the Donaukanal and the Danube."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "Across the Danube, where the Vienna International Center is located (districts 21–22), and in the southern areas (district 23) are the newest parts of the city."
}
] | Vienna is composed of 23 districts (Bezirke). Administrative district offices in Vienna (called Magistratische Bezirksämter) serve functions similar to those in the other Austrian states (called Bezirkshauptmannschaften), the officers being subject to the mayor of Vienna; with the notable exception of the police, which is under federal supervision.
District residents in Vienna (Austrians as well as EU citizens with permanent residence here) elect a District Assembly (Bezirksvertretung). City hall has delegated maintenance budgets, e.g., for schools and parks, so that the districts are able to set priorities autonomously. Any decision of a district can be overridden by the city assembly (Gemeinderat) or the responsible city councilor (amtsführender Stadtrat).
The heart and historical city of Vienna, a large part of today's Innere Stadt, was a fortress surrounded by fields in order to defend itself from potential attackers. In 1850, Vienna with the consent of the emperor annexed 34 surrounding villages, called Vorstädte, into the city limits (districts no. 2 to 8, after 1861 with the separation of Margareten from Wieden no. 2 to 9). Consequently, the walls were razed after 1857, making it possible for the city center to expand.
In their place, a broad boulevard called the Ringstraße was built, along which imposing public and private buildings, monuments, and parks were created by the start of the 20th century. These buildings include the Rathaus (town hall), the Burgtheater, the University, the Parliament, the twin museums of natural history and fine art, and the Staatsoper. It is also the location of New Wing of the Hofburg, the former imperial palace, and the Imperial and Royal War Ministry finished in 1913. The mainly Gothic Stephansdom is located at the center of the city, on Stephansplatz. The Imperial-Royal Government set up the Vienna City Renovation Fund (Wiener Stadterneuerungsfonds) and sold many building lots to private investors, thereby partly financing public construction works.
From 1850 to 1890, city limits in the West and the South mainly followed another wall called Linienwall at which a road toll called the Liniengeld was charged. Outside this wall from 1873 onwards a ring road called Gürtel was built. In 1890 it was decided to integrate 33 suburbs (called Vororte) beyond that wall into Vienna by 1 January 1892 and transform them into districts no. 11 to 19 (district no. 10 had been constituted in 1874); hence the Linienwall was torn down beginning in 1894. In 1900, district no. 20, Brigittenau, was created by separating the area from the 2nd district.
From 1850 to 1904, Vienna had expanded only on the right bank of the Danube, following the main branch before the regulation of 1868–1875, i.e., the Old Danube of today. In 1904, the 21st district was created by integrating Floridsdorf, Kagran, Stadlau, Hirschstetten, Aspern and other villages on the left bank of the Danube into Vienna, in 1910 Strebersdorf followed. On 15 October 1938 the Nazis created Great Vienna with 26 districts by merging 97 towns and villages into Vienna, 80 of which were returned to surrounding Lower Austria in 1954. Since then Vienna has had 23 districts.
Industries are located mostly in the southern and eastern districts. The Innere Stadt is situated away from the main flow of the Danube, but is bounded by the Donaukanal ("Danube canal"). Vienna's second and twentieth districts are located between the Donaukanal and the Danube. Across the Danube, where the Vienna International Center is located (districts 21–22), and in the southern areas (district 23) are the newest parts of the city. | Vienna |
||
train/e1/e16f145ec08170b693eb7fb16031c43fdea0bab7610b02c6321de2a405487f2f.jpg | train/03/03b4e6786ace9c9358082bf046c04f3ef7dcb7f4fbe3696a30ee8ca6f2b10ea9.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "Musical luminaries including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler, Robert Stolz, and Arnold Schoenberg have worked there."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "\nArt and culture had a long tradition in Vienna, including theater, opera, classical music and fine arts."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "The Burgtheater is considered one of the best theaters in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the Akademietheater."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "The Volkstheater Wien and the Theater in der Josefstadt also enjoy good reputations."
},
{
"n_tokens": 31,
"text": "There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern, experimental plays or cabaret."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "\nVienna is also home to a number of opera houses, including the Theater an der Wien, the Staatsoper and the Volksoper, the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese operetta."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "Classical concerts are performed at venues such as the Wiener Musikverein, home of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra known across the world for the annual widely broadcast \"New Year's Day Concert\", as well as the Wiener Konzerthaus, home of the internationally renowned Vienna Symphony."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Strauss I, and Johann Strauss II."
},
{
"n_tokens": 62,
"text": "\nUp until 2005, the Theater an der Wien has hosted premieres of musicals, although with the year of the Mozart celebrations 2006 it has devoted itself to the opera again and has since become a stagione opera house offering one new production each month, thus quickly becoming one of Europe's most interesting and advanced opera houses."
},
{
"n_tokens": 54,
"text": "Since 2012 Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "Before 2005 the most successful musical was Elisabeth, which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "The Wiener Taschenoper is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "The Haus der Musik (\"house of music\") opened in the year 2000."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "\nThe Wienerlied is a unique song genre from Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "\nIn 1981 the popular British new romantic group Ultravox paid a tribute to Vienna on an album and an artful music video recording called Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The inspiration for this work arose from the cinema production called The Third Man with the title Zither music of Anton Karas."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "\nThe Vienna's English Theatre (VET) is an English theater in Vienna."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "It is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nIn May 2015, Vienna hosted the Eurovision Song Contest following Austria's victory in the 2014 contest."
}
] | Musical luminaries including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler, Robert Stolz, and Arnold Schoenberg have worked there.
Art and culture had a long tradition in Vienna, including theater, opera, classical music and fine arts. The Burgtheater is considered one of the best theaters in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the Akademietheater. The Volkstheater Wien and the Theater in der Josefstadt also enjoy good reputations. There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern, experimental plays or cabaret.
Vienna is also home to a number of opera houses, including the Theater an der Wien, the Staatsoper and the Volksoper, the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese operetta. Classical concerts are performed at venues such as the Wiener Musikverein, home of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra known across the world for the annual widely broadcast "New Year's Day Concert", as well as the Wiener Konzerthaus, home of the internationally renowned Vienna Symphony. Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Strauss I, and Johann Strauss II.
Up until 2005, the Theater an der Wien has hosted premieres of musicals, although with the year of the Mozart celebrations 2006 it has devoted itself to the opera again and has since become a stagione opera house offering one new production each month, thus quickly becoming one of Europe's most interesting and advanced opera houses. Since 2012 Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET). Before 2005 the most successful musical was Elisabeth, which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world. The Wiener Taschenoper is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century. The Haus der Musik ("house of music") opened in the year 2000.
The Wienerlied is a unique song genre from Vienna. There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder.
In 1981 the popular British new romantic group Ultravox paid a tribute to Vienna on an album and an artful music video recording called Vienna. The inspiration for this work arose from the cinema production called The Third Man with the title Zither music of Anton Karas.
The Vienna's English Theatre (VET) is an English theater in Vienna. It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district. It is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe.
In May 2015, Vienna hosted the Eurovision Song Contest following Austria's victory in the 2014 contest. | Vienna |
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