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2fcv2j | when a door leading outside on the main floor of my house is opened my bedroom door on a different floor moves a little bit. how/why does this happen? | I could understand the air pressure thing if the doors were in the same room or close. The thing that is really interesting to me is even though there are quite a few turns (walls) and floor levels between the 2 doors the upstairs door will move/creak immediately.
I don't think my house is anywhere near air tight. Why does this happen? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2fcv2j/eli5_when_a_door_leading_outside_on_the_main/ | {
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"Slight changes in pressure and drafts are created when you open the door. \n\nOn a side note, a house that does not have a constant flow of people coming and going is more likely to have mold growths. Foreclosed houses that sit for long periods have been found to have extensive mold growth because they don't get this changing airflow that is created by doors opening and closing."
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2ilx5v | in movies when people point guns at each other is there actually a chance that if you shoot first the other person will shoot as he/she dies? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ilx5v/eli5_in_movies_when_people_point_guns_at_each/ | {
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"guns are only instantly lethal if they hit very specific parts of the body. Sure you'd have a very hard time shooting someone after being shot just about anywhere, but it's possible.",
"Of course. Unless the guy who shoots first points the gun at a vital point like the fingers to pull the trigger or the upper part of the body starting from the neck then there there's a high chance that the other guys will shoot back. ",
"There is a spot in the head that is called the \"T\" Zone. This is because the area is made up of the eyebrows and nose. While headshots are particularly deadly, the \"T\" Zone stops a man in his tracks by severing the brain from the stem. Anywhere else and there is a possibility that your perpetrator could fire back at you.",
"There's a chance, but it's a small one. You have to sever the brain stem in order to instantly kill someone, and not give them a chance to shoot back. This is easy from behind (assuming your aim is good), but if you're facing them, you have to shoot through the skull, which is hard bone. The slightest obstruction will send a bullet on an unintended path, even teeth (personally seen this happen).\n\nSource: Army vet and current police officer. I have a lot of experience with firearms."
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1t3iqf | why does gum liquefy after eating chocolate while chewing? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1t3iqf/eli5_why_does_gum_liquefy_after_eating_chocolate/ | {
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"Wait, it does what? Brb op, trying this out!",
"Can confirm, I did this a couple times as a kid and the gum just sort of melted. The two great tastes that self-destruct if you try to taste them together...",
"It does what now?",
"Phlegm also does it.",
"Gum is made up of a mix of ingredients including sweeteners, flavorants, colors, and fillers, but the part that makes it \"gummy\" is a gum base. The gum base is hydrophobic, meaning it doesn't dissolve well in water and so it stays gummy in your mouth (interestingly, many gum bases contain large amounts of butyl rubber, the same stuff that bicycle inner tubes are made of).\n\nGum base may not dissolve well in water, but it does dissolve well in fats and oils, and chocolate is loaded with both. Chocolate also has lots of emulsifiers, which allow fats and oils to mix with water. This makes a lot of sense for chocolate, since it is a mixture of fatty and water-based substances.\n\nSo, chocolate causes gum to \"liquefy\" in your mouth because it dissolves some of the hydrophobic gum base in its fat content and also acts as an emulsifier. Really, any mix of fats and emulsifiers should do, although we tend to find these mixes in things like salad dressings and skin creams, so try at your own risk."
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29wq8w | what causes some people to be "toe walkers"? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/29wq8w/eli5_what_causes_some_people_to_be_toe_walkers/ | {
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"Chronic tight calf and hamstrings can cause it, along with inflexibility of the ankle. I\"m sure there are plenty of other causes though.",
"I can't speak for everyone but mine was caused by stress fractures in the shin. I used to run 6 miles everyday a lot of them on the beach and tore my legs up. By walking more on the balls of my feet it helps with the pain.",
"I know a boy with sever autism. I think he's about 13 years old now, but when he began to walk as a child, he was a toe walker. He walked only on his toes for about 8 or 9 years until his muscles and tendons in his calf, shins, ankles, needed surgery to correct. Even standing, he would be on his toes, at all times bouncing slightly. \n\nI can't say with any authority or cite any research (because I haven't done any), but I think its not a stretch to say that it can be connected with autism.",
"I have plantar fasciitis, so walking on my heels for any length of time is painful. It led to me walking on my toes a lot as a child, until my parents noticed and got me prescription shoe inserts to remedy it.",
"Just to better understand this question, can someone ELI5 what toe walking is?",
"According to the Mayo Clinic:\n\n > Typically, toe walking is simply a habit that develops when a child learns to walk. In a few cases, toe walking is caused by an underlying condition, such as:\n\n > - **A short Achilles tendon.** This tendon links the lower leg muscles to the back of the heel bone. If it's too short, it can prevent the heel from touching the ground.\n\n > - **Cerebral palsy.** Toe walking can be caused by cerebral palsy — a disorder of movement, muscle tone or posture that is caused by injury or abnormal development in the immature brain, most often before or surrounding birth.\n\n > - **Muscular dystrophy.** Toe walking sometimes occurs in muscular dystrophy, a genetic disease in which muscle fibers are unusually susceptible to damage and weaken over time. This diagnosis may be more likely if your child initially walked normally before starting to toe walk.\n\n > - **Autism.** Toe walking has also been linked to autism, a complex group of disorders that affect a child's ability to communicate and interact with others.\n\nSource: _URL_0_",
"When I was growing up, I got into the habit of trying to move around as quietly as possible and just naturally got into the habit of toe-walking, although I didn't realize until this thread that it was a thing. ",
"I always have since i was a kid untill i started wearing boots for work around 20, can't tip toe with those things on. It always seemed natural to me, you were quiet, and when you ran you heels don't touch the ground so why should they when walking? was my thought process.\n\nNo negative effects except my calf's are huge, they are taught against boot cut jeans and when i was in high school i could do sets of 15 with 900 lbs on the incline leg press with just my feet.",
"Huh TIL.\n\nMy girlfriend says i walk \"like a raptor\".\n\nIve been a \"toe walker\" all my life. I was also diagnosed in the autistic spectrum when i was young. - Never realized \"toe walking\" was a feature.\n\nits most noticeable when im walking on stairs.\n\nI also cant stand flat for long, and almost always end up up on the balls of my feet bouncing.\n\ni always attributed it to letting my calf and ankles act as springy suspension to protect my bad knees.\n\nLike other commenters - I also have huge calves from it. \n\nAlso like other commenters, it makes me want to be in shoes far less than others i know- Im bare footed 75%+ of the time, most shoes are uncomfortable and pinch when standing on the balls of my feet (and boots dont letmy ankle bend to support my weight correctly).\n\n**edit to add** - i ALSO had shin splints like some of the above commenters, any others noone else has pieced together? Knee problems? lower back/sciatica? longer second toe? seemingly random tangentially related issues anyone? ",
"Toe walker here. I have short Achilles tendons so I naturally walk on my toes unless I focus on walking normally but even then I look a bit weird. I also sleep in \"boots\" so my feet don't point straight down while I sleep. On the bright side I have huge calves. ",
"Took karate when I was 12 at the local community centre. My sensei said to try walking on the balls of your feet to help with balance or sometching. Tried it and didn't stop. I never knew it was a thing tho.",
"Cold wooden floors as a kid",
"Courtesy to lower neighbors. Source; apartment living.",
"Pediatric physical therapist here.\n\nThere are certain neurological conditions which can cause toe walking. There are also some kids who have congenitally tight heel cords. A lot of times, though, toe walking is idiopathic. That is, we have no idea why it happens. \n\nIn my experience, idiopathic toe walkers tend to have some degree of sensory processing dysfunction (and there's at least [one article](_URL_0_) with similar findings). These kids tend to be sensory seeking (that is, they like a lot of sensory input - touching, hugging, spinning, crashing, etc). My personal hypothesis is that they come up on their toes in order to increase the pressure on the bottom of their foot (same weight + smaller area = higher psi), which they like more. In addition, it helps them ground where their body is in space through increased tactile input.\n\nI did a little work with an orthotist in the past making custom insoles that have a smooth toe area and textured mid/hindfoot with the idea that the texture would provide increased tactile input and promote a good heel strike during gait. We had decent success with mild toe walkers and minimal success with the severe cases.",
"I'm in heels most work days, in an office with hard floors. I toe walk because I neither want to sound like a herd of ruminants, nor land wrong on my stiletto and wipe out in front of clients."
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86fqup | why don’t cars use one large cylinder versus a v6/v8/v12 for additional horse power? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/86fqup/eli5_why_dont_cars_use_one_large_cylinder_versus/ | {
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"Vibration issues. The more cylinders a car has, the better balanced the engine should be. If you had one big one, your car would probably shake itself to death",
"Think of how much power it takes to pedal a bike in the highest gear setting. Now imagine you are stopped and have to take off quick in that same gear. The reason multiple small pistons are used ia because it takes a lot less energy to move them from the get go. Also one big cylinder would require the engine to be built with a lot more material to handle the momentum and sheer energy that piston will be producing. ",
"The fewer cylinders you have the more irregular the power supplied is. Of course you can put a large flywheel inside the engine in order to carry the cylinder through the cycle where power is not being supplied, but this adds weight and again an unavoidable irregularity to the power and movement of the engine. The large flywheel mass also means the speed of the engine cannot as easily be changed.\n\nSo you could certainly do it but it wouldn't work as well. Taking off from a stop light would be more sluggish because you need to accelerate the large flywheel, and it would likely rattle around like crazy even to the extent of tearing itself apart.",
"There is an optimal size for a cylinder at a specific RPM, you'll notice most cars don't have cylinders much over 0.6L, and most are around 0.5L.\n\nA huge cylinder would have a lot of issue. It would have very low RPMs so it would be very rough. It would have a huge volume and likely not completely combust the fuel in the chamber so it is very inefficient. It would have a very large volume to surface area ratio so it would likely get very hot and that will hurt things more.\n\nMultiple smaller cylinders result in a much smoother and more efficient engine, especially at higher RPMs",
"Lots of smaller cylinders gives a smoother, more continuous push. Single-cylinder engines almost always have a worse power to weight ratio than a multi-cylinder design, and they're more prone to vibration.\n\nYes, you can have a one cylinder engine - they're used in e.g. model aircraft, some motorbikes, rickshaws, lawn mowers and so on, and those use cases demonstrate by example why you probably wouldn't use a single-cylinder engine design in a higher-end car.",
"it would work for a steam engine because you can build up the force for that kind of torque over time.\n\ngasoline pops when it pops. it would have to make a huge explosion to have enough torque to push a single piston for an automobile.\n\ni've ridden single piston motorbikes.",
"A cylinder only makes power every 2 rotations in a 4 stroke engine. The piston has to travel up twice and down twice just to get one combustion stroke. The more cylinders you have the more combustion strokes you get per revolution of the engine which, all things being equal, makes the engine run more smoothly. ",
"Have you ever tried riding a bicycle using only one leg?\n\nIt can be done, but it's not a very smooth ride, because you only have power on the down-stroke, and you have to push hard enough that the momentum will carry you back to the top to begin another down stroke.\n\nIt would be a very jerky ride, and that's what it would be like with only one cylinder in an engine. Single cylinder engines produce a lot of vibration.\n\nUsing both legs is a smoother ride because you have twice as many down-strokes where you can deliver the power.\n\nNote, it's even worse with cylinders on a car. They only deliver power every other down-stroke!"
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3xiv7d | why are things shiny (or shinier) when wet? | what is it about wet substances that make them more reflective than dry substances? (for example a puddle of wet paint is very reflective until it dries) | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3xiv7d/eli5_why_are_things_shiny_or_shinier_when_wet/ | {
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"When you look at something - anything - what you're really seeing is light bouncing off of that object and then traveling to your eyes. When light strikes a surface, it will reflect at the same angle that it struck the surface at, 100% of the time, according to what is known in optics as \"the law of reflection\". \n\nNow, look at the nearest flat surface. It *looks* perfectly flat, but it isn't. If you zoom in, to a molecular level, you'd be able to see that the surface is really, really bumpy. Imagine playing ping-pong on a table that wasn't flat but was instead covered in bumps and deformities. When the ball hits the side of a bump it wouldn't reflect and keep moving to the other side of the table; it would probably be deflected to the left or the right or maybe even straight back to you. The exact same thing happens with light: when it strikes the surface that's bumpy at the molecular level, it can bounce in pretty much any direction. \n\nMost dry surfaces are pretty bumpy, but water likes to lie flat and isn't as bumpy as those surfaces. When light strikes the water, it's more-or-less deflected all in the same direction because now the surface is much smoother. This is why wet things are shiny: because the water is making the surface smooth (again, on a molecular level!) which makes any light that strikes it reflect not randomly, but in the same direction. "
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6f6hli | why do countries have gold reserves? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6f6hli/eli5_why_do_countries_have_gold_reserves/ | {
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"Imagine for a minute you're a nation. The nation across the ocean wants to buy some cruise missiles from you, and they want to pay you 12 billion Flerbos for the pleasure.\n\nThe first question that should come to mind is this: **What the f__k is a Flerbo?** The Flerbo is made up crap, just like every other currency on the planet; the US Dollar, the British Pound, the Euro, Yen, Yuan, Peso, etc are all paper currencies, and have value because the govt says they have value. Meaning, they have exactly as much value as the government printing them says they have...\n\nSo say now that you make the deal, sign the papers, and agree to deliver the missiles in exchange for 12 billion Flerbos... which your business partner delivers in freshly printed bills, a few hours after they devalued the Flerbo. Those bastards didn't actually have the money when they made the deal, and they just watered down their own currency. Those cruise missiles are every bit as deadly as when they were made, but your compensation just dropped sharply in value. You still have 12 billion Flerbos, but they don't have the same buying power you thought they would.\n\nLets wind back a bit, and see the deal again if the buyer doesn't deliberately screw you. You build the missiles, they draw the Flerbos from available stocks, and the exchange happens. Now you're holding on to 12 billion Flerbos. Do you have any idea what a nation can do with 12 billion Flerbos? That depends pretty strongly on how many other nations like the Flerbo; just because you were willing to make a deal for them doesn't mean your peers around the globe will also accept them for business. They may not do enough business with the issuing nation to justify keeping Flerbos on hand, or they may be actively opposing the Flerbo for fear that it will become a more important international currency than their own, and so on. Now you are holding money that doesn't spend universally. \n\nAnd now, lets go all the way back to the beginning. They offer you the Flerbos, which you accept... in the form of the equivalent quantity of gold all those Flerbos could buy, to be physically transferred to you, half on purchase, half on delivery. You lock in the quantity of gold to be delivered when the deal is made, making you immune to any financial screw-jobbery on the part of the buyers. When the deal is done, you are physically holding 12 billion Flerbos worth of gold. All those nations from the last paragraph who didn't want to do business in Flerbos? They're perfectly happy to do business in gold. Gold is virtually universal, and can be used to do business in virtually any currency simply by virtue of setting a price per ounce in the relevant currency. "
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21tc2j | why doesn't it matter that an ssd is fragmented? | I checked for fragmentation on my SSD and external HDD, when my classmate said that fragmentation on an SSD doesn't really matter. After some googling, I found that he was right, but I'm not entirely sure why. Something about how the disk reads and writes the data? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21tc2j/eli5_why_doesnt_it_matter_that_an_ssd_is/ | {
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"Fragmentation causes problems with a normal hard drive because the drive has to take time to move a physical head from the location of the first part of the file to the location of the second, wait for the head to settle, and wait for the disk to rotate until the data is under the head. All this extra time makes access slow.\n\nNone of this applies to a SSD. No matter where in the memory the data is, it is instantly available.",
"Search times. Hard Drive Disks have moving parts and have to move between different areas when the files are fragmented, but Solid State Drives have no moving parts and can access any area in any order without pause.",
"Unlike a hard disk that has an arm that swivels back and forth and reads/writes to the plates like a record player, a SSD is read right off the circuitry like RAM or USB drives. It's still fragmented, but the delay is negligible compared to a hard drive where the arm may have to move to the inside of the plate and back to the outside hundreds of times.",
"Not only is fragmentation irrelevant on SSDs as explained by other comments, defragmenting an SSD is damaging. The storage medium has a limited lifetime and frequent large-scale rewriting operations like defragmenting weekly could significantly shorten the life of your drive.",
"Data is stored in segments. An traditional HDD will have to rotate and move the arm to reach the said segment physically on the magnetic disc. \n\nSSDs do not store data in discs nor do they have any moving parts so no time is used up in getting to the fragments.",
"Simply put, an HDD is physical platters or disks stacked together in a tightly yet heavily controlled environment. A disk header moves back and forth, changing the magnetic fields within the platters to write and read data. Because each piece of data has a physical location on the disk, there is a seek time, and during common usage, this data is moved around back and forth.\n\nThink of it as a series of PO Boxes at a post office. After so much usage, trying to move things around to access them, the boxes become out of order, and maybe a box you use so commonly is now a mile down the long hall of PO Boxes. De-fragging means that, for a moment, you remove a few boxes and place them in an empty spot, using the new room to re-organize all the PO boxes, or the file locations, into a proper order so very common files, such as system files, are found with a low seek time.\n\nFor an SSD, the data is saved in flash memory, which leaves no need for seek time. The sheer difference in space between where on the SSD is almost non-existent to even care. In this case, there is no seek time to work with. All the PO boxes in an SSD post office are instantaneously obtained. The one most common box can be 1 mile down the hall, but you can reach it at the same time as the rarely if ever touched word document for a project long ago sitting a two feet down the hall.\n\nNow, why we don't de-frag an SSD is a bit different.\nFor HDD's, they degrade over use from spin ups and spin downs. Theoretically, an HDD that spins constantly doesn't degrade, or rather degrades at a rate lower than spin ups and spin downs. For a de-frag, the HDD is spinning constantly during the whole proccess but is read and rewritten back and forth constantly, which is no problem to an HDD.\n\nFor an SSD, each read/write session degrades the flash memory, and a de-frag reads and rewrites thousands of times over and over. The result is, you're wasting time messing around with PO boxes for no reason, while also shortening the operation life of the post office greatly.\nThis is why an SSD should not be de-fragged.\n\nIn the end, de-fragging an SSD doesn't just do nothing and not matter, it is detrimental to the life span of the SSD."
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1pviq8 | moles (not the animal) | So I know how to use moles (stoichiometry) but I don't really understand what a mole represents. If you could explain that to me that'd be great! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pviq8/eli5_moles_not_the_animal/ | {
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"A mol represents 6.022 x 10^23 individual atoms or molecules. Each element of the periodic table has a weight in grams next to it. That is the atomic mass unit (amu) and shows how many grams 1 mol of the element will weigh. For example, oxygen has an amu of about 16. This means 6.022 x 10^23 atoms of O will weigh 16 grams, 2 moles 32 grams, etc.\n\nThis is important when you start combining substances for reactions. You can't do this based solely on the weight of two or more substances; it has to be based on a molecule to molecule ratio. That's why chemical equations have a number in front of the element or compound. For every x molecules of an element, you need y molecules of another. You almost always have to then refer to your periodic table to multiply those numbers into a weight.\n\nIf I want to make OH^- , I need 1 oxygen and 1 hydrogen. Oxygen weighs 16 gams per mol, and hydrogen weighs 1 gram per mol. If I take the 1 to 1 ratio as a literal measurement of weight (1 gram of oxygen, and mix it with 1 gram of hydrogen) I won't have enough oxygen to finish the job. "
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2wkygm | why does moss only grow facing north | I have heard this all my life and it has always baffled me. Is this true or just a myth? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2wkygm/eli5_why_does_moss_only_grow_facing_north/ | {
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"It doesn't. \n\nIt just doesn't grow well in direct sunlight. So in the northern hemisphere it generally only grows on the North side of things. It will grow on the south side of something as long as it doesn't get too direct sunlight, or it's in the southern hemisphere, and all the other conditions for growth are met. ",
"It depends on where you live. If you live on the Northern hemisphere, the north side of the tree is the part where its shady and moist, the ideal conditions for moss to grow. \n\n\nIf you live on the southern hemisphere its vice versa. \nThat beeing said the side of the tree doesnt really make the moss exclusively grow there. If your tree is equally shady all around your moss will grow everywhere. "
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36ek4r | does my iphone soak up data while apps are open but not in use? | As in...my phone is not in use, the apps haven't been "closed" but are available when I open the phone and double click the home button. If the screen is dark, not in use, that means my apps aren't using any data when I'm away from WiFi? Or not so much? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/36ek4r/eli5_does_my_iphone_soak_up_data_while_apps_are/ | {
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"Yes they will use some, for updating info, like facebook gives you notifications. The amounts will be very small and shouldn't make a difference unless you have really, REALLY shitty plan. You should be able to turn off mobile data if you want it to use nothing."
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16y6bx | what is the difference between being "legally blind" and blind in the colloquial sense? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/16y6bx/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_being_legally/ | {
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"Legally blind means that even with glasses you can't see enough to function (e.g. you can't read, navigate or drive). But you can still see some shapes, the eyes are still working. Blind blind means everything is gone. ",
"Visual impairment is a spectrum, ranging from needing glasses to drive to barely being able to make out the shapes of objects to completely unable to detect any lights. Although we often think of blindness as someone who cannot see, there is no real definition for \"blind\" the same way there is no real definition for \"smart\", but there is a definition for \"legally blind\" (visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the US) just like there is a definition for \"genius\" (with an IQ of 140-180 or above). \n\nLegally blind is a certain degree of visual impairment or above set up by the government or other organizations where if a person meets that requirement, he or she will be entitled to certain assistance (free guide dog, disability benefit, etc). "
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2e0ifn | does "beginner's luck" have any truth to it in various games or sports? | The words "beginner's luck" gets thrown around often in board games, card games, sports and other subjects. Is there any science to it or is it just random chance? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2e0ifn/eli5_does_beginners_luck_have_any_truth_to_it_in/ | {
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"Well, beginners tend to be unskilled and inexperienced by definition, so they're usually considered the weakest link. This can cause other players to underestimate the newbie, and either play more carelessly, or focus on more experienced opponents.\n\nOf course, most of the time it's just chance. Most games have at least some element of randomness to them, so just about anyone can win. In addition, when a complete beginner wins, it sticks out in our memory, but if they loose, it's to be expected and no one cares. So most of the phenomenon is just confirmation bias. ",
"Experienced game players go in with prepared strategies. A new player doesn't know the strategies, so the opponents may not know how to best deal with the non-strategies. ",
"Beginner's Luck often happens because the beginners have no idea of the probabilities or strategies that are used. Where experienced players will understand when to advance or retreat, these players will charge forward blindly and sometimes win big. Nobody notices when a beginner loses, but when a beginner wins it's an anomaly that gets noticed. Statistically it's a minor effect at best.",
"It definitely can in darts. Especially Cricket, where scoring wedges are always bordered by non-scoring wedges. As you get better you miss by a smaller margin, meaning you reach a point where you either only hit what you were aiming for, or its worthless neighbor.\n\nNewbies can throw randomly and get a double or triple point every once in a while, which can set them ahead of someone a little more experienced.",
"Not in Dota. ",
"I have seen it multiple times in Texas Hold'em -- beginners are kind of winging it, haven't learned about the odds and are cavalier with their chips. More experienced players might go easy on them as well."
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32pdil | why doesn't greece just refuse to pay it's debt? | Yes yes I know that they would possibly be kicked out of the Euro and there would be other consequences, but seriously - is being in the Euro really that great with that price tag? Clearly Greece shouldn't be in the Euro because they are unable to fiscally control their economy by devaluing the money supply, which is one of the reasons they got in this mess. Why is Greece hanging onto such a bad relationship?
If they just said they are not paying any of the money back then would it really be so bad? It is the people of Greece who will pay and it is not morally fair for them to pay - why not let the banks take a hit instead.
I feel like no-one has any balls anymore in the world - Greece is a sovereign country! Why take so much s***? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/32pdil/eli5_why_doesnt_greece_just_refuse_to_pay_its_debt/ | {
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"If you lent money to your friend and one day he just said \"I'm not gonna pay you back\". How would you like that? Would you ever lend him money again? Would you even be friends anymore?",
"Devaluing the money doesn't fix massive tax evasion and corruption, also there are ideological reasons for staying in the Euro. \n\nArgentina had balls like you say and look at where that's got them. ",
"If Greece defaults on its debt: \n1) No one will loan any more money to them - which is kinda a big deal since they got into the current dilemma by spending more money than they have. They will have to fire thousands of public works, slash pensions, close schools, etc to make up the difference. \n2) No longer part of the Euro, they will have to create their own currency... which no one will want to use outside of Greece because it is backed by the full faith and credit of a government that just walked away from its debt obligations. Any one that wanted to do business with them, or any bank that would ever consider loaning them money ever again, would not do so in Greece's currency, they would insist on the transactions being fulfilled with Euros, putting Greece right back in their original problem of not having control of the currency.",
"Because then you could possibly have everything up to Civil War.\n\nYou think the average resident of Greece is going to be very happy if their governmental leaders do this?\n\nYou think their law enforcement will go on Riot Duty when they have no idea how they are going to get paid tomorrow? What about basic law enforcing? What about other civil services? People don't work for free. You think the guys guarding their leadership are going to work for free as well?\n\nIts part of the reason too that they continue to get help as well. If you were a bordering country with them, the last thing you want is that kind of stuff going on and having it spill over into your borders.\n\nIts not about having balls. Its about having your citizenry not just up and revolt against you the moment they find out they have no way to pay for anything they owe money for or to even survive. If you're lucky enough, you might have your balls still when you're sitting in a jail cell. If you make it to one.\n\nKeep in mind, the citizens are already quite pissed where their leaders have got them thus far because of their \"rule.\" Try kicking the hornets nest thats called the citizenry thats already buzzing pretty hard and see what happens."
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v8u9r | why do some dishes heat up quicker than the actual food contents? | Tasted the food in a dish after a minute or so, it was tepid. Then got scalded trying to pick up the dish, as that had reached a ridiculously hot temperature. Not the first time... I don't learn, eh?
What is it in some dishes that causes them to heat up so much more that the food they contain?
EDIT: typo, thank you TFB82... I did mean scald, and not being verbally assaulted by a teacup. My spelling has gone to pot recently. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/v8u9r/eli5_why_do_some_dishes_heat_up_quicker_than_the/ | {
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"Well dishes are made of ceramic, which is made of dirt. Some types of dirt have little bits of metal in them. When you put these dishes in the microwave, the metal \"short-circuits\" the electrical waves, causing them to heat up.",
"Today you learned there's a difference between scold and scald.",
"Certain materials have different heat capacity. This affects how quickly it warms up, and how long it stays warm for. Water has a high heat capacity, which means it takes a long time to heat up, but it also takes a long time to cool down, whereas something such as dirt has a lower heat capacity. It can get hot fairly quickly, but if you take it out of the heat, it will quickly cool down.",
"1. Ceramic has a high heat capacity than food...gram per gram, it can store more heats\n2. Ceramic has a lower thermal conductivity than food...when it is hot, it cools down more slowly\n3. Food has lots of water in it, which vaporizes and carries heat away at 100 C...ceramics keep all that heat inside"
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1agdcx | how is reddit free? i can't wrap my head around the business model. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1agdcx/eli5_how_is_reddit_free_i_cant_wrap_my_head/ | {
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"The vast majority of the work is done by volunteers. So they have very few expenses.\n\nThe expenses that they do have are covered by ads, reddit gold donations, etc."
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1lqxj2 | why the new trend to shave pubic hair? | I was reading a magazine article the other day (science illustrated) that said that pubic lice is all but extinct in the west because of the recent(ish) prevalent trend for women to shave their pubic hair, hence the lice cannot spread.
It got me wondering - this has never been a "thing" in the past (in fact, in the 70's a huge bush was the bees knees, by the 90's it was trimmed/landing strip. Now it seems to be that almost every woman shaves completely.
Why? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1lqxj2/eli5_why_the_new_trend_to_shave_pubic_hair/ | {
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"The ubiquity of pornography with the rise of the Internet and the desire to mimic the \"actors\".",
"According to my girlfriend, because her vagina leaks over it, which is disgusting, and because it's less itchy. \n\nAlso.\n\nWhy do girls shave their lips and underarms? Why do men shave their chest hair? It makes just as much sense.\n\nIt's also interesting that this started up during the 90's, when Japan still had a taboo against showing women's pubic hair. It was the world leader in both console videogames and geek oriented animation, story oriented or adult...right as the world wide web hit the mainstream consciousness. At the same time, some adult stars were shaving it completely off, in order to shock the mainstream with very exposed genitals, and even if you ignore all the internet porn available, so much of 90's culture was flirting with giving the adult porn industry more respectability in order to show how vaguely outlaw it could be. ",
"I'll jump in and give my bit on it. It has to do again, largely with the trend of \"sexualization\" seen in western society. This tend is only getting worse with \"twerking\" taking off, and the lot.\n\nAs Iateheidegger mentioned, it has been fueled but the porn industry and adult modeling where it first became popular. That's where this all got it's roots, but it is not the full cause.\n\nHair trends among men also changed, the \"hair is sexy\" era of 80s faded and chest hair went the way of the dinosaur. The socially accepted trend of women being \"hairless\" (legs & armpits) was definitely intensified as it began to apply to men as well.\n\nNext we have the impact of the \"sex sells\" and sexual role models influencing the younger age groups. Our youths being exposed to sex as a primary theme in almost all media, entertainment, etc. We are just a more sexual culture at a younger age now than we have been in a very long time. I'll use thong underwear as an example. Very quickly girls wearing thongs became a social norm even in their early teens and sometimes younger! There is even a Wikipedia article dedicated to this.\n\n_URL_2_\n\nMoving on we have the extreme increase in the popularity of oral sex. At one time it was even more taboo than anal is now. However, it is now a staple of our sexual lifestyles. While I am no prude and going to say a girl needs to be shaved, as far as oral sex on a woman goes, it is better when she is shaven.\n\nTo further my point I want to mention that anal sex's popularity is on the raise in a big way. Again, giving the sexualization of today's society to \"take it further\".\n\n_URL_3_\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_\n\nNow lets put this all together -- what we have is the media, social/cultural trends and other factors causing a \"brainwashing\" effect, especially on the younger age groups to the point that shaving pubic hair (especially/mainly for girls) has become the expectation in the same way that it is expected for a girl to shave her legs. It is viewed as abnormal NOT to do it.\n\nThis trend is being fueled by the younger generation and the older women/men whom are doing it are mainly following suit and have gotten on the bandwagon.\n\nTo a teenage girl in 2013, a shaven vagina is just a normal vagina."
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_thong_underwear",
"http://www.marieclaire.com/sex-love/relationship-issues/anal-sex-popularity"
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46i6my | why the more dangerous vehicles (scooters, small cars) are available to teenagers, while the safer ones are not? | This question won't count for the US, but I know in many EU countries scooters and small cars are available to teenagers while safer cars are only available from 18+ | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/46i6my/eli5_why_the_more_dangerous_vehicles_scooters/ | {
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"Scooters and small cars may be more dangerous to their driver, but they are less dangerous to everyone else. If you hit something with a scooter you might kill yourself, if you hit something with a large sedan you stand a much higher chance of damaging the other thing/people. \n"
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4a6csl | what is the deal with the unholy trinity of kroger, cvs pharmacy and walgreen's? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4a6csl/eli5_what_is_the_deal_with_the_unholy_trinity_of/ | {
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"You should probably search the sub for why businesses tend to open by similar businesses. I've also seen a pretty good video on YouTube about the concept, but the name eludes me \n\nIn short, opening near each other is strategically better, it actually causes more business",
"Kroger store manager here...\n1) Proximity to one another allows stores to potentially steal customers away from eachother based on better service, instocks, cleanliness and speed of checkout.\n\n2) there really arent a ton of high traffic intersections available to retailers, and it gets even lower when you factor in the size of the lots we need to build on.\n\n3) cvs and wal-greens break even on scripts and make their money on the convenience goods and impulse products they sell. Compare their OTC prices to a Kroger, Target or Wal-Mart and it is stunning.\n\nYou will typically find us at the exits to freeways entering area zoned as residential....\n\nAnyway, not a full list but definitely some of the answers I have received over the years from our Real Estate department! \n\nI suggest you get your scripts transferred to Kroger! :)",
"I work in a kroger pharmacy, and as far as I know, the pharmacy is profitable on its own. Even if the pharmacy isn't profitable, the rest of the store is and will cover the losses from pharmacy. It's more about convenience for the customers than it is about making tons of money. If we end up turning a profit, it's just a bonus. The idea is that if someone has to come in to pick up their medicine, they'll probably buy other things that they need while they are there. Obviously that isn't always what happens, but I'm guessing it does for the most part.\n\nWe have a CVS in the same parking lot as our pharmacy, and the kroger and cvs pharmacy staff are actually really friendly with each other. Some days we have way to many prescriptions to fill or we run out of a certain drug that a patient absolutely needs that day, so we send them over to the CVS, and they will send their people to us when they are in the same situation. \n\nWorking in the pharmacy, we aren't really trying to beat the competition, we're trying to be partners in health with our customers/patients. \n\n",
"I live down the street from a Kroger. Right across the street is another Kroger. \n\nAnd they're both doing business. ",
"Imagine you have a cart, selling popsicles. You sell your popsicles on a public beach about 400m long. Where will you place your cart to attract the most business? Well, right in the middle, of course. If you placed the cart to one side or the other, some customers would have to walk disproportionately far to get to the cart. With me?\n\n\n\nNow someone else, let's call him Wally, also has a cart selling the same stuff (popsicles), and he wants to come get a bit of the action. The prices are basically the same, and you're selling the same items. \n\n(We're assuming that customers will go to the closest popsicle cart to get their popsicle. Barring things like customer service and variety of products, this is a pretty safe assumption)\n\nWhere will Wally place his cart to get the maximum customers? If he places it 20 m to the left or right of your cart, you will have a greater radius of customers that will come to your cart. You will get all the customers on your \"side\", plus the customers from 10m away in the direction of the other cart. In order to be on equal footing, he must place his cart as close to yours as physically possible. \n\nThis is why you always see a CVS/Walgreens across the street from each other, as well as grocery stores, gas stations, fast food restaurants, and other \"commodity\" type stores where you could go to any one of them to meet your needs. "
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a67plc | what is ideal mechanical advantage and how can i calculate it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a67plc/eli5_what_is_ideal_mechanical_advantage_and_how/ | {
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"Ideal mechanical advantage is the number that your force is multiplied by in the absolute best case scenario when using a simachine (no friction or other ways to lose force applied.) How it's calculated varies depending on the machine you're using but can be generally expressed as: amount of force output divided by, force applied "
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293hee | can someone please explain for me the nba salary cap and luxury-tax threshold? | Just reading up on LBJ opting out of his final 2 years of his contract with Heat and how it can enable the Heat to restructure their roster (possibly making room within the salary cap for Carmello) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/293hee/eli5_can_someone_please_explain_for_me_the_nba/ | {
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"The NBA has what is called a soft-cap. This means that there are certain rules that allow a team to go over the salary cap. Contrast this with the NFL, which has a hard-cap: a team cannot, under any circumstances, go over the NFL's cap.\n\nThe luxury tax threshold is a level that is higher than the salary cap. When a team has a total salary above the luxury tax threshold, then they have to pay a fine to the league for every dollar over the threshold."
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ajpsso | in difderent languages, what influences the way every number is called or pronounced as ? | Why do some languages, Like Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati assossiate a separate word for every number ?
While some languages, Like English, German stick to a pattern where a larger number is spoken by addressing the tens, units place as a combination ? Eg: 21 is twenty one, 22 is twenty two.
I had this observation today. While traveling in South India, languages down south follow the pattern like English and languages up north associate a different word for every number.
Trying to understand the reason behind it.
| explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ajpsso/eli5_in_difderent_languages_what_influences_the/ | {
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"French is the absolute WORST about this. They don't have a word for a lot of numbers. Example: 80 is said as two forties. 70 is seven tens. 90 is the worst, it's four twenty ten. It got so confusing that Switzerland (IIRC) invented their own version of the French number system.",
"It depends on the language's history and its contact with other cultures and other number systems. For instance, english. Eleven and twelve descend from old english words that basically mean ten and one left and ten and two left. Probably because they were rarely counting above ten when they first started using them. But then they stuck around through common usage as more complex usages evolved. That's also why we have a word like \"dozen\", as do other languages - as systems get a little more complex, we found twelve is a super useful number as it is divisible by 2, 3, 4 and 6, so a lot of languages base counting words and numbers in some small way at least in reference to twelve in their history. Likewise with twenty - the word \"score\" in English.\n\nBasically lots of daily usage stuff and changes that fossilized over time. ",
"I should tell you that hindi is a non-decimal naming system for numbers. i.e. each number has its own unique name, and is not based on the 10 system like we're used to.\n\nFor a better example, in Malayalam, a language spoken in the south indian state of kerala, eleven is 'pathinonnu' which means ten-one. (pathi is ten, onnu is one) but in hindi its gaara, which has no relation to the number ten, its just a new name for a new number, just like how six is after five, but isnt called five-one.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nMalayalam has some strange number names. 9 translates to 'ten-minus-one'. 20 is 'two-tens'. Also there are alternative names as well. 14 can be pronounced 'ten-four' or 'seven-by-two'."
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2ozos8 | why do i tense my body and brace myself when i know a loud noise is imminent? does it help at all? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ozos8/eli5_why_do_i_tense_my_body_and_brace_myself_when/ | {
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"my guess would be it has to do with your fight or flight response, and more importantly you trying to consciously control a subconscious response. If you tense your muscles up and bite down on your teeth when you know something that might startle you is about to happen, you wont jump or make an embarrassing noise like you would if someone jumped out of a doorway when you weren't expecting it.\n\nno source, just a guess.",
"You are preparing for \"fight or flight\". Even if you know there is no real danger, your instincts cut in just as they would if the loud noise was a nearby lion getting ready to roar.\n\nYour conscious brain notices that the noise is imminent, and your subconscious blindly says: \"loud noise: could be danger - better prepare for fighting or running away\".\n\nIt could also be that there was once a loud noise near you which *did* lead to danger. Your subconscious then flagged up loud noises as *really* bad and still reacts as if it were that same time, happening over again.\n\nRegular exposure to loud noises will lessen your reaction. That's not always a good thing, because sometimes having that danger sign get raised is a good thing.\n\nDoes it help? Not if the noise isn't dangerous. It'll help if it does turn out to be dangerous: your muscles will be prepped to take explosive reactionary measures.\n\n\n**EDIT** bloody hell, reddit. I hang out on the rising threads and try not to talk total shit. Normally this means that I get three upvotes or downvotes in a largely forgotten thread. This is the second post in as many days to blow up on me. I have to confess that I'm not an expert (put it this way: I wouldn't have made this a top-level reply on /r/AskHistorians). I merely sound plausible sometimes, when I lose concentration. I also change accounts whenever I hit 10k karma. I only got this account a few days ago and I've only had one vicar so far (and technically he was a priest but I was too polite to point that out to the lovely chap who PM'd me). Show mercy: I want more vicars.",
"Your senses are all intertwined to some degree and work via multi-modal effects. For instance, a subject can turn a volume knob to match the intensity of the light they are observing. If a subject hears 'ba-ba' but this sound track is voiced over a projection of a person mouthing 'ga-ga' the subject will actually hear an intermediate sound of 'da-da' (McGurk effect). And if a subject is tapped on the wrist once and this stimuli is paired with two sounds, the subject will report the feeling that they were tapped on the wrist twice. These are just some examples among others. I'm not going to go into dorsal, ventral streams and distal and proximal stimulus but just know there are theories as to why we have this intermingling effects.\n\nAs to the loud noise and body tensing, it is a result of this multi-modal processing. We have associated loud noises with something dangerous (like a car crash or a tree falling in the forest) and so we have also in turn learned to respond to this. Since the sound usually implies danger this engages our sympathetic (fight or flight) system and so we get those adrenaline feelings.\n\nAnd yes, it helps if the loud noise actually was something dangerous like a car barreling towards you. But it is easy to trick the mind so its not always helpful. The process is an automatic, reflexive one so our mind has developed in such a way to not require higher analysis and say, \"should we get scared about this noise\" because if you take that time then the danger may have killed you before you could respond. Instead, the brain just processes this in an automatic, instinctual way to save time and make a person act.",
"Am I allowed to ask something else?\nIs the fact that drunks do not do this key to why so many of them survive in car crashes? \nJust wondering..... ",
"To avoid a more violent, startled reaction when the noise actually comes. The flexing, or \"tensing\", prevents you from the physical effects of being startled.\n\nI actually do it at haunted houses after loud noises.",
"Ligyrophobia, or fear of imminent loud sounds, is something I suffer from. Things like fireworks and balloons make me ultra nervous.",
"Also a loud noise can instantly trigger your blood vessels to relax and possibly cause you to faint. Tensing your body helps mitigate the effect of your widened vessels, maintaining blood flow to your brain. ",
"It's a survival instinct. Preparing your body for imminent danger is just part of what makes us survivors.\n\nEnjoy your carnal nature."
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47o4iw | how is the correction for astigmatism different to the correction of nearsightedness? | Apparently I have astigmatism as well as myopia and I am wondering how these two eye conditions are different. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/47o4iw/eli5_how_is_the_correction_for_astigmatism/ | {
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"So nearsightedness is when there's an aberration in the lens (technically in the length of the eye itself), that prevents the incoming light from focusing to a point on the retina. The light still *would* focus onto a single point, though, when properly corrected.\n\nWhen considering astigmatism, the lens isn't able to focus the light onto a *single* point, no matter what kind of spherical correction is applied. The correction for astigmatism involves a cylindrical shape applied to the lens.\n\nThis is because normally, the cornea (the front part of the eye) (edit: and sometimes, though less occasionally, the lens itself) is shaped like a section of a sphere. In an astigmatic cornea, it looks more like a football, with two different curvatures along two different lines, or meridians.\n\nApplying a nonstandard cylindrical correction makes the incoming light, after it passes the cornea, focus onto a single point again.\n\n[This site is a fairly good resource.](_URL_0_)",
"To add to other responses - if you had only nearsightedness, all things distant would be just blurry.\n\nAstigmatism makes things not sharp in specific axis. [This image from wikipedia](_URL_0_) will tell you how you would see if you had only astigmatism.\n\nI have both too, and I can say astigmatism is the one that drives you crazy, once you get the glimpse of good seeing with glasses/contact lenses."
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5h4zvc | the final fantasy universe. are each series separate stories or part of a bigger storyline? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5h4zvc/eli5_the_final_fantasy_universe_are_each_series/ | {
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"They're separate stories and in many cases, they take place in completely different fictional worlds. Some are very loosely linked, but all of them are self-contained stories. If you were to play Final Fantasy VII, then Final Fantasy XII, and then Final Fantasy IV, the order you chose to play the games in wouldn't have impacted your understanding of the story in each one.\n\nThat said, they do share many common elements. There's certain monsters that will spring up in each one, certain species (Moogles, Chocobo), and certain items (for example, Gil being the currency). You'll also see some character names reused, such as Cid, but each time its a new character (many of the Cid-named characters share some common elements, but they're different people).",
"The main numbered games are all independent, set in separate universes with no knowledge of any of the other games. Some of the games do have sequels, but the sequels are given the same number as the original- Final Fantasy X-2 is the sequel to Final Fantasy X, for example, and Final Fantasy XIII-2 is the sequel to Final Fantasy XIII. "
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9epc6z | how are people with insomnia able to be simultaneously exhausted and yet unable to sleep? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9epc6z/eli5_how_are_people_with_insomnia_able_to_be/ | {
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"Being exhausted and being able to sleep are two separate states. For most people being exhausted makes it easy to sleep, but for someone with insomnia those mechanisms are disrupted in some manner and they cannot sleep. This means they cannot rest and thus they cannot get out of exhaustion. "
]
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ffcgrk | alcohol percentage? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ffcgrk/eli5_alcohol_percentage/ | {
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"If the amount in both glasses were the same, then the amount of alcohol in both would also be the same. It is a percentage, so the small bottle would have less total alcohol then the large one because it is a lower volume. But having the same percentage per volume means the same about of alcohol if the volume is the same.",
"If the glasses are the same size (8 oz), you would both be the same amount of drunk, all other variables the same.\n\nBecause the percentages are the same and the amounts are the same, meaning the amount of alcohol is the same.\n\nBut if you drank your smaller bottle with a smaller glass (4oz), then he would get more fucked up than you.",
"It would be the same if both are 37.5% alcohol and poured in the same amount. Of the liquid in each cup, 37.5% is alcohol. Double this to get an alcohol's \"proof\". You poured two glasses of 75 proof alcohol and each had one. Equal alcohol. Your tolerances however...that's the deciding factor on who would get more drunk.",
"Alcohol percentage is known as \"alcohol by volume\". That means that for X amount of that liquor, Y% will be pure alcohol/ethanol.\n\nA 500mL bottle of 40% vodka will have 200mL (500 * 40% ) of pure ethanol, and 300mL of other byproducts of the distillation process (the things that give vodka it's flavor).\n\nA 1L bottle of 40% vodka will have 400mL of pure ethanol.\n\nThis means if you pour a 35mL shot of vodka from the 500mL bottle, and a 35mL shot of vodka from the 1L bottle, both shots will have the same amount of ethanol - 14mL.\n\nAnd as a side note, the \"other 60%\" is what makes a 40% vodka and a 40% scotch whisky taste different."
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7gz7ee | how and why do our brains make up the color magenta? | Magenta isn't on the visible spectrum, which means it doesn't have a wavelength, which means it doesn't exist as a color of light. So...like it says on the tin. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7gz7ee/eli5_how_and_why_do_our_brains_make_up_the_color/ | {
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"It's a mixture of colors and can't be defined by one wavelength. So is any kind of brown. No big deal. ",
"Because 'colour' doesn't exist in the real world. In the real world it's just photons of a certain wavelength right? \n\nWhat you truly see as colour is an interpretation by your brain of the signals that come from your eye. \n\nYou're might be familiar with these optical illusions: _URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_\n\nA very similar thing is going on here. \n\nYou are not seeing the world as it truly is. You are seeing the world as your brain interprets the world. \n\nMagenta is what your brain \"sees\" when your red and blue, but not green, cones are activated in your eye. \n\nHumans also don't have a colour receptor for yellow (well.. most don't), yellow instead works like an \"anti-blue\". If your eye sees green and red, but not blue, then your brain turns it into yellow. "
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1ma9lb | who exactly are the syrian rebels? | And who is the Muslim Brotherhood? Are they against the government? They seem to be terrorizing the citizens too. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ma9lb/eli5_who_exactly_are_the_syrian_rebels/ | {
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"60,000 - Free Syrian Army (non-Sectarian defectors)\n\n37,000 - Syrian Liberation Front (Islamists)\n\n13,000 - Syrian Islamic Front (More Islamists)\n\n5,000+ - (growing) Jabhat al-Nusra (Al-Qaeda allies)\n\n1,200 - Saudi Death-row inmates released and sent to fight Assad\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"Right let's get a proper answer with some sources. \n[\nThis article](_URL_0_) from the Telegraph has some actual numbers rather than the one's /u/spiderhuman has pulled out of thin air. \n\nFirst the rebels are not some monolithic organisation, they are comprised of numerous different groups who are loosely aligned in different alliances. The two main alliances, **the FSA (Free Syrian Army)** and **SIF (Syrian Islamic Front)** differ in ideology. **The FSA** being a **secular organisation** with some of the groups within being Islamists. **SIF** are an **Islamist organisation**, specifically Salafist, who are funded by clerics in the gulf, they have distanced themselves from the FSA but are also wary of al-Nusra. \n\nWe then have a third group named **al-Nusra**. These are an offshoot of the **al-Qa'ida affiliated Islamic State of Iraq**, they have been declared a terrorist group in the US since December 2012 and are not part of any alliance. Whilst they work with the FSA and SIF they do not like them, the two alliances tolerate al-Nusra but there has been occasional fighting between the groups. \n\n\n**The FSA** consists of around **80,000 fighters**, **SIF** contains around **25,000** and **al-Nusra** just **5000**. \n\nThe FSA and SIF have within them a number of different groups from different parts of the country and I'll list them here, just to note the numbers here are included in the FSA and SIF totals. \n\n* **Farouq Battalions, FSA**: Approximately **14,000** strong, they are a national group but originate in **Homs**. They are an **Islamist leaning** group. \n\n* **Islamic Ahrar al-Sham Movement, SIF**: Possibly as many as **10,000**, SIF have claimed that they have 25,000 fighters but this is unlikely. A Salafi group, they originated in the **Idlib-Hama region** and were key in creating the SIF alliance, they are an **Islamist group** and seek a state based on sharia law. \n\n* **Syria Martyrs’ Brigade**s, FSA: Up to possibly **10,000** though **most estimates put that slightly lower**, originally from **Jabal al-Zawiya, Idlib** they are a **secular group**.\n\n* **YPG – Popular Protection Units, PKK**: A **Kurdish group** which **control Northern Syria** and consist of a **few thousand men**. Affilated with the Turkish PKK, a Turkish socialist group who want independence for the Kurds.\n\n* **Islam Brigade, FSA**: From **Damsacus**, they have **\"thousands\" of fighters** but refuse to give any estimates. Ideology is not mentioned but the leader's son is a salafist so **Islamist** can be assumed. \n\n* **Tawhid Brigade, FSA**: Around **11,000**, these rebels are from the **countryside surrounding Aleppo**, whilst they want some form of **Islamic government** they say that religious minorities should be treated equally. \n\n* **Suqour al-Sham Brigades, FSA**: **10,000 fighters** from the town of **Sarjeh in Idlib’s Jabal al-Zawiya region**, they are an **Islamist group**. \n\nNot mentioned are the numerous smaller rebel groups as well as numerous army defectors. "
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7z7nn7 | why did adultery become decriminalised in many western countries? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7z7nn7/eli5_why_did_adultery_become_decriminalised_in/ | {
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"In a secular society, a marriage is just a contract. There are no criminal penalties for violating other types of contracts (aside from things like fraud,) and no harm to society from violating a marriage contract. So it makes no sense to criminalize a matter that's ultimately between two people, when there's already civil courts to deal with the financial consequences of adultery (i.e divorce, alimony, division of assets, etc)",
"Because once we allowed for no-fault divorce there was no reason to consider it a crime. It does no harm to society as a whole, and with the civil dispute aspect of it negated with the elimination of needing to prove why you needed a divorce there was no functional need to keep it as a crime. ",
"There are also pragmatic reasons for adultery being legal. Do you want police officers knocking on doors asking if they can see your marriage license to determine if it was a legal sexual encounter?",
"If I’m not mistaken, it is still illegal for members of the military per the [Uniform Code of Military Justice](_URL_0_) \n\nAs I understand it, this is mostly to avoid espionage through the use of honeypots and blackmail. "
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3cbmk0 | why do forearms and calves stay relatively skinny on fat obese people? | Emphasis on 'relatively' | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3cbmk0/eli5_why_do_forearms_and_calves_stay_relatively/ | {
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"Because there is limited value in moving fat to the extremities. All of the organs that need protection and warmth are in the chest & abdominal cavities.",
"There's a mechanical disadvantage to having extra weight at the end of limbs that doesn't contribute to the strength or movement of that limb. Your central mass tends to stay in place for fine movements, and it's actually pretty common to see some very agile people with guts. Imagine carrying 10 pounds at the end of your arm versus ten pounds in a backpack. Which do you think is more difficult and more tiring? ",
"I realize the title is shit for the redundancy of 'fat obese people' - that's what happens when you get drunk at 2 in the afternoon on your day off",
"Fat collects in different places at different rates. Belly and thighs are the first place to start collecting fat (and the last to lose it), while calves are one of the last.",
"Paramedic here - Obviously I see many more obese people than the average person who doesn't work in healthcare. Really obese people are fat all over. Forearms, lower legs, necks, hands, fingers... You name it, and eventually the body will store fat there. "
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n5inf | what happens to your stuff when you die if you don't have a will? | To cover all the bases:
1. If you have a spouse? If you have no spouse? (What is the order? If your parents are alive, do they trump your siblings? What if you only have one distant cousin, etc. is an effort made to find them? By whom?)
2. If you have a mortgage? If you have other debts?
3. If you have wholly-owned property? Partially-owned (i.e. there are other co-owners) property?
4. What happens to your bank accounts?
5. Who is in charge of doling everything out if you haven't declared anyone? The government?
6. Are there taxes involved? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/n5inf/eli5_what_happens_to_your_stuff_when_you_die_if/ | {
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" > If you have a spouse? If you have no spouse? (What is the order? If your parents are alive, do they trump your siblings? What if you only have one distant cousin, etc. is an effort made to find them? By whom?)\n\nIt depends on jurisdiction. Since 16 states have adopted the Uniform Probate Code, let's look at that.\n\nUnder the UPC:\n\n1. If no parent or descendant (child or grandchild) of the dead guy survives, the spouse gets the whole thing.\n2. If the only surviving relatives are children of the dead guy and the spouse, the spouse gets the whole thing *if the spouse has no kids who aren't from the dead guy*\n3. If a parent of the dead guy is alive (and no kids), the spouse gets the first $200,000, and 75% of whatever's left over.\n4. If the dead guy has no parents or kids alive, but the spouse *does* have kids alive not from the dead guy, the spouse gets the first $150,000 an 50% of the remainder\n5. If the dead guy has surviving kids who are not from the spouse, the spouse gets $100,000 and 50% of the remainder.\n\nFor the part the spouse doesn't get (or the entire thing if there is no spouse), it goes:\n\n1. To the kids of the dead guy.\n2. If there are no kids, equally to his parents (if they're both alive), or all to the surviving one\n3. If no surviving parents or kids, then to brothers or sisters (including half-brothers and sisters) in equal share\n4. If no parents, kids, or brothers or sisters: half to the paternal grandparents, half to the maternal grandparents. If no grandparents on one side, it goes fully to the other. If no grandparents either, then to the grandparent's descendants.\n\n > If you have a mortgage? If you have other debts?\n\nDebts are always paid out of the estate before it goes to the heirs, even if you have a will.\n\n > If you have wholly-owned property? Partially-owned (i.e. there are other co-owners) property?\n\nThat depends on how the property is owned (joint tenancy versus tenancy in common versus tenancy by the entirety). Here's the short version:\n\n1. Tenancy in common: if you die, your share becomes part of your estate.\n2. Joint Tenancy: If you die, your share goes to the other owners (note that joint tenancy doesn't happen often). This is called the right of survivorship\n3. Tenancy by the entirety. It's only for marriages. There's a right of survivorship, it goes to the spouse.\n\n > What happens to your bank accounts?\n\nThey become part of the estate.\n\n > Who is in charge of doling everything out if you haven't declared anyone? The government?\n\nThe state will appoint an administrator (called in some jurisdictions, including Colorado, a Personal Representative) whose job it is to sort this stuff out. It's a gigantic mess, and plenty of probate lawyers make their entire living working on these kinds of cases.\n\n > Are there taxes involved?\n\nIt depends on the size of the estate. But, AFAIK there are no more taxes than if you had a will.\n\nAnd if you have literally no one who can inherit it, it may go to the state.",
" > If you have a spouse? If you have no spouse? (What is the order? If your parents are alive, do they trump your siblings? What if you only have one distant cousin, etc. is an effort made to find them? By whom?)\n\nIt depends on jurisdiction. Since 16 states have adopted the Uniform Probate Code, let's look at that.\n\nUnder the UPC:\n\n1. If no parent or descendant (child or grandchild) of the dead guy survives, the spouse gets the whole thing.\n2. If the only surviving relatives are children of the dead guy and the spouse, the spouse gets the whole thing *if the spouse has no kids who aren't from the dead guy*\n3. If a parent of the dead guy is alive (and no kids), the spouse gets the first $200,000, and 75% of whatever's left over.\n4. If the dead guy has no parents or kids alive, but the spouse *does* have kids alive not from the dead guy, the spouse gets the first $150,000 an 50% of the remainder\n5. If the dead guy has surviving kids who are not from the spouse, the spouse gets $100,000 and 50% of the remainder.\n\nFor the part the spouse doesn't get (or the entire thing if there is no spouse), it goes:\n\n1. To the kids of the dead guy.\n2. If there are no kids, equally to his parents (if they're both alive), or all to the surviving one\n3. If no surviving parents or kids, then to brothers or sisters (including half-brothers and sisters) in equal share\n4. If no parents, kids, or brothers or sisters: half to the paternal grandparents, half to the maternal grandparents. If no grandparents on one side, it goes fully to the other. If no grandparents either, then to the grandparent's descendants.\n\n > If you have a mortgage? If you have other debts?\n\nDebts are always paid out of the estate before it goes to the heirs, even if you have a will.\n\n > If you have wholly-owned property? Partially-owned (i.e. there are other co-owners) property?\n\nThat depends on how the property is owned (joint tenancy versus tenancy in common versus tenancy by the entirety). Here's the short version:\n\n1. Tenancy in common: if you die, your share becomes part of your estate.\n2. Joint Tenancy: If you die, your share goes to the other owners (note that joint tenancy doesn't happen often). This is called the right of survivorship\n3. Tenancy by the entirety. It's only for marriages. There's a right of survivorship, it goes to the spouse.\n\n > What happens to your bank accounts?\n\nThey become part of the estate.\n\n > Who is in charge of doling everything out if you haven't declared anyone? The government?\n\nThe state will appoint an administrator (called in some jurisdictions, including Colorado, a Personal Representative) whose job it is to sort this stuff out. It's a gigantic mess, and plenty of probate lawyers make their entire living working on these kinds of cases.\n\n > Are there taxes involved?\n\nIt depends on the size of the estate. But, AFAIK there are no more taxes than if you had a will.\n\nAnd if you have literally no one who can inherit it, it may go to the state."
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54c660 | what is so special about baking soda? why does it have such amazing properties for everything? | I know baking soda has ubiquitous applications in cooking, cleaning, deodorizing, and many others I don't even know about. What is is about it that makes it great, and how has something so awesome stayed so cheap also. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/54c660/eli5_what_is_so_special_about_baking_soda_why/ | {
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" > how has something so awesome stayed so cheap also.\n\nBaking soda is made from a reaction of easily obtainable items, so costs to produce are low. If I recall correctly, its carbon dioxide, salt and ammonia. \n\nSome commodities stay low in price, regardless of their high demand and large scale production of an item, generally lowers the price per gram; producing 1kg would be more expensive compared to producing 10,000 tons. I don't know enough about economics to explain this further. \n\n",
"So, it's a cheap to produce, non toxic base. This is important because added to common acids in foods, like buttermilk, it produces gasses which provide food lift. This makes food less dense. So, you get a pancake instead of hardtack.",
"Baking soda is great at neutralizing smells, which are usually organic acids or ammonia-based bases because it is both an acid and a base. NaHCO3 (baking soda) can react with long smelly acids such as butyric acid, making them ionic and not able to become gaseous and smelly. Also, it has a large adsorption capacity due to its high surface area, lending it further as a good deodorizer. Molecules can stick to its surface and not offgas later. Further, bicarbonate crystals as just tough enough to scratch off organic debris but not hard enough to scratch glass/metal.",
"Baking soda is a chemical full of energy. Because of that, the energy can be used to do all kinds of tasks on it's own, or when reacted with Vinegar. In cooking, that energy is used to create gases and create air pockets we associate with softness. When people forget to add it, that's when you get hard flat muffins and cookies. \n\nIts chemical properties make it great at \"sticking to\" a lot of organic odors. These odors then end up locked into the powder instead of floating around the air. \n\nBaking soda is also hard and jagged. This makes it great for scrubbing, like steel wool. Although baking soda is commonly \"in\" toothpaste, it isn't great, because it can accelerate enamel loss. \n\nBaking soda is cheap because it's natural ingredients are common and it takes little energy. Most raw materials are priced on how abundant they are (iron vs gold) and how much energy it takes to create it (charcoal vs artificial diamonds). \n\nIf you want a more detailed history of how it's made, [this website I found](_URL_0_) has a pretty good, short explanation. ",
"Years ago I used to drive by this plant when I worked in the nearby oilfields. I finally looked up what it was. This is why baking soda is so cheap to [produce](_URL_1_) They pump it out of natural [nahcolite](_URL_0_) formations.",
"it is close to alkalinity, is widely available (sodium bicarbonate) but is very versatile; it can both potentiate and neutralize but also be a catalyst *generally without caustic or harmful agents of the like. (*vinegar + no 02 + NaHOC3...yeah)\n\n",
"Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogen carbonate, *if you're a pedant*😉) has several chemical properties which are generally useful, and relatively few disadvantages.\n\n* Shortest Answer: It's cheap to produce and very chemically reactive, but won't melt your skin off or poison you.\n* The obvious one: It reacts strongly with acids, giving off CO₂ and water in the process. This is useful to turn certain baked goods from a solid mass of baked flavoured flour to a fluffy porous network filled with gas bubbles that you can actually bite through.\n* Although it's mildly alkali (\"base\" or \"anti-acid\") in solution, and reacts strongly with acids, it's actually an *amphoteric salt*, meaning it can react with alkalies as well as acids (though not quite as strongly).\n* Many (but not all) common chemicals associated with \"bad smells\" are volatile acids. When they react with baking soda, they are turned into less-volatile salts - they'll tend to stay solid instead of becoming a gas, and what little does evaporate is less \"smellable\" by human noses (it binds more weakly or not at all to scent receptors).\n* It's non-toxic (in quantities needed for functional results), so it can safely be used in food and on food-contact surfaces.\n* Despite being non-toxic in normal quantities, it can cause gastrointestinal distress in humans from released CO₂ if consumed in large quantities. Yet, for some insects (particularly cockroaches), this gas release can cause their internal organs to *explode*, if you mix baking soda with suitable bait.\n* It dissolves in *enough* water, but if there's not enough, it'll just get wet without fully dissolving. This makes it a mild fine-textured abrasive that can be used for scrubbing, which can still be rinsed away fully.\n* When it gets very hot, it starts to break down into simpler compounds and carbon dioxide. This reaction absorbs quite a bit of heat - so throwing it on a fire will *both* cool down the fire *and* drive away oxygen with CO₂.\n* The alkalinity breaks down pectins and hemicelluloses in plant cell walls - compounds which give plants rigid structure. Adding it to cooking water helps soften vegetables faster - particularly beans and pulses, which require longer cooking times to be edible. This used to be much more common for cooked vegetables in general, but too-mushy vegetables have fallen out of fashion, and baking soda has been found to accelerate the breakdown of vitamin C (an acid) and some other nutrients in cooking.\n* It interferes with protein coagulation - the ability of proteins to stick together and form a semi-rigid network. Gluten in flour is formed by is formed by two proteins, glutenin and gliadin, which stick together and form a stretchy network when hydrated and kneaded. Disrupting gluten network formation helps the texture of less-leavened or unleavened baked goods, as they won't be held together by so much gluten - they'll be more tender or even crumbly, depending on the amount used. (Also, this works on meat proteins, by making it harder for the protein to bind into a tough matrix while cooking.)\n* As an alkali, it can steal hydrogen ions from the amino acids in proteins, making them more chemically reactive. These \"deprotonated\" amino acids and proteins can then more easily react with reducing sugars, speeding up the \"Maillard Reaction\" - the tasty browning that happens on cooked meats and baked goods.\n* Many microoganisms and fungi can only survive in a limited range of pH. Baking soda works as a mild disinfectant/antifungal agent, by raising the pH beyond what the microbes/fungi can survive.\n* It's (currently) made out of carbon dioxide, common salt, and ammonia - three *very* common compounds. The process (Solvay) is relatively easy and inexpensive, as far as industrial chemical synthesis goes. If there was a \"baking soda cartel\" that conspired to raise the price of baking soda, they'd be easily outcompeted by any other manufacturer that charged even a little less. (Unlike, say, diamonds, which can be monopolized by controlling diamond-rich regions and investing in expensive processing equipment.) Eventually, the price would fall to the point of just barely covering production, distribution, wages/salaries, and factory maintenance.\n\n\n^(*Edit: Cockroaches won't explode as dramatically as I had previously ~~hoped~~ described. Still messes 'em up but good, though.*)",
"Love this whole post. Baking soda is what's keeping me alive. I have to ingest mass amounts every day due to a health problem where there's not enough oxygen in my blood. \nI use it for everything now. From medicine to a home made face wash, to a deodorizer, to pot scrubbing. That shit better than Frank's red hot. I use that shit for everything!",
"Recently I came across a recipe for pork chops that called for baking soda in the marinade. The claim was that it would significantly tenderize the meat. I tried it and have never had pork so moist and tender.\n\nWhy does this work for meat?",
"I get terrible rashes if I use baking soda in my deodorant. Why is that, and is there any thing I can do about it?",
"Follow-up question:\n\nWhy do drug dealers use baking soda?"
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1yhylj | why do people shit themselves after they die maybe nsfw | What causes it | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1yhylj/why_do_people_shit_themselves_after_they_die/ | {
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"The intestines are loaded with bacteria, which start to eat you once you're dead. They produce gaseous waste, and eventually the gas can build up enough pressure to push poo out. The anal sphincter is also no longer active, so there's nothing really to hold the poo back. This is also why things that have been dead for a moderate amount of time get all bloated. \n\nIf anyone wants to know more about what happens to dead bodies after they die, I highly recommend the nonfiction book [Stiff](_URL_0_) by Mary Roach. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
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] |
|
75usfs | why are overtones produced? | I understand what overtones are, but how can a single string (or whatever is making the frequency) produce the overtones. Thanks in advance. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/75usfs/eli5_why_are_overtones_produced/ | {
"a_id": [
"do96thj"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"From what I understand, a plucked string will play one note (like C for example) but different parts of the string are moving differently relative to one another. The part you pluck, where you start the vibration, has a larger degree of movement than the same string further down it: this causes different \"frequencies\" of that note to be heard, and the frequencies can build to form the characteristic noise of an overtone, even though only one string is being played. \n\n(Huge disclaimer: i was taught this a long while ago, If ive misremembered this please don't hesitate to correct me!) "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
6ikb5t | why do graphics cards, ram and hard drives have such different prices per gb? | Obviously it's not the same type of memory, but why does a 4GB graphics card cost ~10x as much as a 1TB HDD? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ikb5t/eli5_why_do_graphics_cards_ram_and_hard_drives/ | {
"a_id": [
"dj6x0tq",
"dj6xb8w",
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],
"score": [
2,
2,
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],
"text": [
"A graphics card and a hard drive are very different components. The main component of a graphics card is the graphics processing unit which is a processor that is dedicated to generate graphics. The 4GB refers to a secondary component on the graphics card which is graphics RAM. So the comparison is not fair at all. However if you look at the price of RAM, NVMe, SSD, HDDs, etc. it is a more apples to apples comparison, or at least fruit to fruit comparisons. These are all very different technologies with different price tags and performance. RAM does not maintain its data after a power loss but is extremely fast. SSDs are slower but will maintain the data in the event of a power loss and are much cheaper to manufacture. HDDs are very cheap but also very slow.",
"Because you are not measuring anywhere near the same thing.\n\nThe RAM in the computer itself and the memory on the graphics cards are similar enough but obviously the graphic cards has a lot more on it than just a few memory modules. So the memory has little to do with the price of the graphics card.\n\nThe size of your hard disk is measured in the same sort of units but it measure something differently. It is not memory at all but hard drive storage.\n\nThe bytes thing just measures the size of the data. But that can measure a lot of different things. ",
"Read / Write speeds (usually) is what makes a difference in prices. The Rule of thumb here is Faster access speed - > Expensive parts. I will explain why difference memories need to have difference speeds.\n\nRAM and hard-drives work \"almost\" the same way, you store information there that you are going to use later. The only variables are \"time stored\" and \"access speed (speed that the CPU gets the information)\". There are also SSD, that work the same way as Hard-Drives but are way faster (and expensive as well).\n\nThe major differences are that you can access RAM several times faster (from 50 to 600) but the information on the RAM is lost when you turn the power off. So RAM is good to hold information you are working (like videos that are playing, programs in execution, etc) and Hard-Drives are good to store information for long times ( albums you \"downloaded\", images, etc)\n\nThink of that like: Hard-Drives are for storing information \"for ever\". And RAM is to temporary store information for the Central Processor.\n\nGraphics Card work differently compared to Hard-Drives. The Graphics card contain the GPU and that's is a Processor very similar to the CPU, that's optimized to work with Matrices and Arrays, that are the basis of most images / 3D objects.\n\nAs all processing units, it needs a bit of memory to help it out. That's where the 4GB / 2GB part comes in: It's basically the RAM for the Graphics Card / GPU.\n\nThere are 2 types of GPUs: Integrated and dedicated. Integrated is often seen in small devices and it does not have \"RAM for GPU\", It steals from the RAM. However most Graphics card nowadays are Dedicated, meaning they have their own memory (most seen values are between 1 to 8GB).\n\nThere are other factors in a GPU that can affect performance. Don't look just to the amount of memory it has. GPUs also have working speeds. But a general rule is that more memory = faster / better graphics\n"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
7cy7lj | why is the sahara a desert when other places at the same latitude are tropical rainforests? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7cy7lj/eli5_why_is_the_sahara_a_desert_when_other_places/ | {
"a_id": [
"dptmz5x",
"dptnt44"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"Look across the United States, if you draw a band across the US centered around San Francisco, CA. Coastal community, fairly foggy and cool year round. Nothing like the climate in Salt Lake City, Denver, and so on. \n\nLatitude, geography, wind patterns, proximity to the ocean plus others are all factors in the weather patterns.",
"That's not really the case. If you look at a map it's pretty much desert all the way across. The only place you could really describe as tropical rainforest at that latitude is Myanmar and that's got some quite serious monsoon and rainshadow effects going on.\n\nMore generally here are the reasons behind the [six](_URL_0_) kinds of desert. Sahara is a trade wind desert, and as you'll see they're pretty much a continuous band around the earth."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/worldbuilding/comments/738oxx/heres_an_elevation_map_for_my_world_where_should/dnohret/"
]
] |
||
1wyrc9 | can internet porn really result in erectile dysfunction and lower libido? | Does it really physically change your brain in re-wiring its rewards system? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wyrc9/eli5_can_internet_porn_really_result_in_erectile/ | {
"a_id": [
"cf6lpj2"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"EDIT: Thanks to those who replied regarding the error in my interpretation of OP's question. I have replied to the intended question in [a different post](_URL_0_). "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wyrc9/eli5_can_internet_porn_really_result_in_erectile/cf6m5w6"
]
] |
|
11xawl | what happens if an incumbent president running for reelection loses the election to a challenger but the challenger and running mate are assassinated before being sworn in? | I'm not sure if there is an answer to this since it hasn't happened before. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/11xawl/eli5_what_happens_if_an_incumbent_president/ | {
"a_id": [
"c6qcq8j"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I think it would go to the current speaker of the house. I'm sorry, i couldn't think of a way to make it ELI5"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
310fge | why do they bother to try and "hide" cell phone towers? | Most of them are really obvious. If they really wanted to hide them, they would have put more effort into it. But they look like someone gave up halfway and just say "Meh, good enough". Why even bother to hide them? We don't try to hide electric poles, phone lines, etc. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/310fge/eli5_why_do_they_bother_to_try_and_hide_cell/ | {
"a_id": [
"cpxgury",
"cpxh9hw",
"cpxhrfv",
"cpy30d6"
],
"score": [
8,
6,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Because it simply looks more aesthetically pleasing. Cell phone towers are an eyesore ",
"Same reason LA hides their oil rigs in the city, they're ugly and nobody wants to look at them. Doesn't matter if we rely on them, we still don't want to see them",
"They're only obvious when you look right at them. When going about your day-to-day the disguised ones blend into the background while bare ugly ones will still catch your eye.",
"The biggest reason is that cell towers fall under FCC jurisdiction and subsequently are considered an *undertaking*, which is basically, anything that is paid for or requiring a permit from the feds.\n\nThis kicks in various federal environmental protection regulations like NEPA and NHPA, and potentially state/local laws. If a cell tower is going to *adversely effect* a *resource* listed on the National Register, steps have to be taken to mitigate this impact. This generally involves an architectural historian, working for a cell company, negotiating with the regulatory agency overseeing the project. \n\nThose weird looking tree-tower things are a compromise solution. They're supposed to look relatively normal from the perspective of whatever resource that is being protected, even if they look ridiculous from other locations. \n\n > We don't try to hide electric poles, phone lines, etc.\n\nDepending on when they were built, who is paying for them, and what exactly they're being used for, they may or may not fall under the same regulations.\n\ntldr; Cell towers are camouflaged as a way of mitigating their impact on places listed on or eligible for the National Register."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2vcyz6 | why did it hurt so badly when the anaesthetic was injected into my iv? | I had surgery today (6 impacted teeth, 4 wisdom, 2 molars) and the anaesthetic being injected into my IV was by far the worst pain all day. It hurt so bad that I probably would have cried if there had been time, but the anaesthetist said it was normal. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2vcyz6/eli5why_did_it_hurt_so_badly_when_the_anaesthetic/ | {
"a_id": [
"cogjxo4"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I'm assuming you had propofol given to you for your anesthetic. A milky white fluid? The pain/burning is not unusual when administered in a smaller vein (relatively speaking). Different people have different sensations to it... from nothing, to slight tingling, to a burning, to outright pain... though most sensations are fairly mild. That's the best answer as to why... some feel it, some don't. It's normal. \n\nWhat can be done next time is to give IV Lidocaine immediately prior to the administration of IV Propofol. *A LOT* of anesthesiologists do this to moderate/minimize the pain felt... in addition to other physiologic benefits of the IV lidocaine at the start of an anesthetic. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
1f99w5 | what were the manson family's motives? | I get that it was something to do with growing tensions between black people and white people, but I can't really get my head around it. And the wiki articles don't seem to provide much on motive. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1f99w5/eli5_what_were_the_manson_familys_motives/ | {
"a_id": [
"ca80why",
"ca83gkk"
],
"score": [
21,
8
],
"text": [
"I don't blame you for not being able to wrap your head around it. It's very confusing. \n\nBasically, Manson believed that an all out race war was coming between whites and blacks, and that the blacks would eventually win. However, Manson believed that blacks weren't smart enough to govern themselves. So, Manson was going to take himself and his selected cult members (The Family) and hide underground until after all the whites had been killed offed. Then, they would reemerge and lord over the blacks. \n\nNow, Manson believed in a coming race war before the whole Beatles obsession. However, when he started listening to the Beatles, he began to interpret their lyrics to mean that THEY knew it was coming to, and cited a whole bunch of lyrics as being \"clues\" to their knowledge. Not only that, he believed the Beatles, as well as popular music in general, was trying to spark the race war, the scenario itself named by Manson \"Helter Skelter\" (after the Beatles song). \n\nSo, Manson was going to help this race war along by making even more inspiring and revolutionary music. However, he wanted to give Helter Skelter a push. The way he chose to do that? By murdering high profile white entertainment icons (Tate-LaBianca) and making it seem like it was blacks that did it, hence sparking the race war, which, as we all know, worked out really well for The Family in the end. ",
"There is a great book discussing motive, and means and almost anything else you would like to know about Manson's case. It's called Helter Skelter, and it's written by Vincent Bugliosi."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] |
|
9f2tm7 | in light of the us open women's final, why was 'coaching' considered a violation and what constitutes a sign of coaching? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9f2tm7/eli5_in_light_of_the_us_open_womens_final_why_was/ | {
"a_id": [
"e5tf9sv"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"A tennis match is considered to be a contest between two (or four, for doubles) athletes, without any outside help. That's a little different than, say, football, soccer, or baseball, where the coach is considered an integral part of the team and is responsible for strategic plays. In tennis, since it's not a league or team structure, coaches are considered less like team members and more like employees or consultants, and aren't allowed to interfere or assist during the actual matches. Of course, since they're close to their players and need to watch the game for things to coach them on later, they're usually sitting pretty close to the action.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nSo almost anything the coach does that the player can see could be considered a sign of coaching, besides the normal sports-watching activities like cheering or groaning. Verbal instructions or hand signals are certainly going to be the most common ways that a coach could try to communicate with the player. And according to the rules, it doesn't matter if the player saw/heard the coaching at all - if the coach did anything that can be considered coaching, the umpire can penalize the player. In the US Open situation, this is what happened - Serena Williams's coach admitted that he was making hand signals (he also claimed that the opposing player Osaka's coach was doing the same thing and that it's very common), and Serena was penalized for it. That part's fairly uncontroversial, and it's the miscommunication that started with that penalty that led to all of the more controversial stuff. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
vdjbe | the difference between weight and resistance training. | Just curious about the difference and how each is beneficial. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/vdjbe/eli5_the_difference_between_weight_and_resistance/ | {
"a_id": [
"c53j3eh"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Weight training is a sub category of resistance training. Weight training involves the use of weights to build strength. Resistance training uses cables, machines, bodyweight, or weights to build strength."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
ygez2 | recorded sound quality | So I just bought a CD and figured I should import it to iTunes. At the bottom, there was a settings option. It allows me to choose what quality I want to import the CD. I know that 320kps is the highest quality, but the standard iTunes import quality is around 180~ ish. I like the best quality for my music, but importing at 320 takes significantly more disk space than the iTunes default. Can someone explain what these values mean in detail, how significant is the difference in quality, and will I be able to hear the difference without extremely expensive headphones? I use [Turtle Beach X12s](_URL_0_) with my computer and [Bose IE2s](_URL_1_) when I'm on the go. Also, how can I mark this as answered? Thanks :) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ygez2/eli5_recorded_sound_quality/ | {
"a_id": [
"c5vcdks"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"So your three questions are:\n1. What the values mean?\n2. how significant is the difference in quality?\n3. can you hear the difference?\n\n1. The values are whats know as bit rate. The easiest way to describe them is ; audio is a [sine wave](_URL_2_) and they way this audio is captured is every second a number of snapshots are taken of this sine wave. So with an MP3 that's at 320kbps (kilobits per second) 320,000 snapshots of this wave are taken every second.The lower you go the less snapshots and the less accurate a picture you get. \nMP3's are able to be smaller in size due to psychoacoustic models. What this means is that with mp3's they take out parts of the audio that the brain cannot detect without help. Anything outside the human hearing range , which is [20hz to 20khz](_URL_5_) it gets rid off and also uses a technique called masking. This is where the numbers come into play. Masking is simply when two frequencies are next to each other it takes a average of the two frequiencies and then captures at the frequency. [Like this](_URL_4_). This then reduces the number of frequencies needed to be captured. The lower the bit rate the more it does this.\n\n2. The difference in quality between mp3's and other formats can be huge or tiny dependant on whats done with them. This will depend on what file container you have used . for example MP3's are what is know as lossy, the same as AAC this means is compresses the file to make it smaller. However files such as .wav and .aiff which are lossless. .wav and .aiff do not have sample rates as they are captured differently. So your CD will be at 44.1khz ,16 bits , which is the highest quality possible and will sound like [this](_URL_3_).\nA MP3 at 256kbps will sound slightly less than that, as it looses a lot of quality and sounds like [this](_URL_1_).\nand finally a MP3 at 32kbps sounds like [this](_URL_0_).\nYou should be able to hear the difference between the tracks.\n\n3. As that last answer showed yes you can hear a difference between MP3's however between mp3 and WAV probably not so much, so if you want your music at the best quality that you will need don't go any further than 320kbps mp3 but of your on a mac use AAC as i know this is natively supported and is better quality for the nearly the same size files. If you want to make your music so you could have an exact copy of your CD rip it as either a .WAV or a . AIFF if your on a mac.\n\nIf you need any more info just give me a shout =)"
]
} | [] | [
"http://www.turtlebeach.com/products/xbox-gaming-headsets/ear-force-x12.aspx",
"http://www.bose.com/controller?url=/shop_online/headphones/audio_headphones/in_ear_headphones/index.jsp"
] | [
[
"http://www.knowzy.com/Computers/Audio/Digital_Audio_Files/audio_files/Israel_Kamakawiwo%27ole-2001-Alone_In_IZ_World-10-Over_the_Rainbow-Short-32Kbps.mp3",
"http://www.knowzy.com/Computers/Audio/Digital_Audio_Files/audio_files/Israel_Kamakawiwo%27ole-2001-Alone_In_IZ_World-10-Over_the_Rainbow-Short-256Kbps.mp3",
"http://www.csounds.com/ezine/winter1999/beginner/sine.gif",
"http://www.knowzy.com/Computers/Audio/Digital_Audio_Files/audio_files/Israel_Kamakawiwo%27ole-2001-Alone_In_IZ_World-10-Over_the_Rainbow-Short.wav",
"http://media.soundonsound.com/sos/jan12/images/QA_2.jpg",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nUkNvl8mQw"
]
] |
|
1jzmu6 | how does the british parliament function, and how is it different from the us government? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jzmu6/how_does_the_british_parliament_function_and_how/ | {
"a_id": [
"cbjwt3g"
],
"score": [
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],
"text": [
"So basic overview:\nAmerican: Three Branches; Legislative, executive, and judicial. The Legislative and head of the Executive (e.i President and Congressmen) are elected separate from one another. Legislative is bicameral, meaning two parts called houses. Each house has power of lawmaking.\n\nBritish: Executive derives from the Legislative. Executive branch is headed by the British Prime Minister. The Legislative is also bicameral, but only one house has lawmaking powers, The house of Commons. The house of lords is more of a formality and respect for past times. The House of Commons is split among several parties. Whichever party has the majority can elect a PM from its ranks. The PM pretty much runs the show (albeit has to deal and work with other parties in order to ensure his agenda). If the majority party ever decides to change PMs, they must show a \"vote of no confidence.\" This means that the members of Parliament pretty much leave the PM out to dry during a vote he has overstayed his time. Usually PMs will step down after that.\n\nI took AP Comparative Government my last year. So if any actual Brits want to confirm/change/disprove anything, please do."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
8h8une | do objects still emit infared radiation at absolute zero (-273°c)? | Just wondering | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8h8une/eli5_do_objects_still_emit_infared_radiation_at/ | {
"a_id": [
"dyhxee9",
"dyi5k35"
],
"score": [
10,
3
],
"text": [
"We don't know, such a temperature has never been achieved and is theoretically impossible to obtain. So there really isn't a definite answer to that question.",
"The theory that exactly describes blackbody radiation is [Planck's law](_URL_1_), and predicts a black-body emits no radiation of any kind in the limit of 0K.\n\nIf you are concerned with a more practical answer, since absolute zero has many problems: every (black-body) object emits all wavelengths of radiation, but each wavelength with different amounts depending on the temperature. At 1K a black-body object emits very little radiation in infrared. The radiation at this temperatures peaks in the microwave area.\n\nYou can use [this site](_URL_0_) to \n quickly find the radiation curve for any temperature."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"https://lampx.tugraz.at/~hadley/ss1/emfield/blackbody.php",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%27s_law"
]
] |
|
2jl3w2 | why is there such border dispute/flexibility/movement in the middle east when the rest of the world has permanent borders? | while reading this ELI5 _URL_0_
I came across comments talking about splitting parts of Iran and Iraq and Turkey to make a new country.
IMHO the rest of the word has borders that have been stagnant for decades - why can't this part of the world just commit to borders? Is it just resources or something deeper? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2jl3w2/eli5_why_is_there_such_border/ | {
"a_id": [
"clcq8a2",
"clcqkln"
],
"score": [
2,
6
],
"text": [
" > why can't this part of the world just commit to borders? \n\nA few reasons:\n\n* The Middle East Borders are artificial; they were made after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in WWI. These borders did not account to demographics, cultural similarities, and ethnic majorities. Most other nations have borders determined by negotiations or some common cultural aspect. \n* Only a few Middle East nations actually have border disputes. Most of the other nations have fairly stagnant firm permanent borders. I.e. Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and etc. \n\nThe reason there is a border conflict between Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Turkey is because of the Kurdish people. The Kurdish people settle in each of these countries; what the Kurdish people want to do is make a independent nation and have violently done so to achieve this goal. If you look at the world map, create a square around Syria-Turkish-Iraq border to Iran-Iraq-Turkish border and that would be where the independent Kurdish country would be located. The comment about splitting parts of Iran/Iraq/Turkey was most likely talking about creating a Kurdish state. ",
"The rest of the world *doesn't* have permanent borders. Off the top of my head...\n\n* Ukraine is being torn asunder by Russia.\n\n* Scotland just decided not to leave the UK\n\n* Folks in and around Barcelona want to leave Spain.\n\n* South Sudan broke off from Sudan a few years ago.\n\n* Taiwan and PRofChina are still disagreeing over who is the Real China.\n\n* The Tamil Tigers were defeated a couple years ago."
]
} | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2jk67g/eli5_how_is_isis_able_to_sell_oil_on_the_black/"
] | [
[],
[]
] |
|
3jzgq6 | how can bing rewards be doing any good for microsoft? | Is the amount of money they give away really worth having that many more visitors to their site? Do they get some added benefit from the program? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3jzgq6/eli5_how_can_bing_rewards_be_doing_any_good_for/ | {
"a_id": [
"cutj8ls",
"cutlvbg"
],
"score": [
2,
5
],
"text": [
"Yes, more visitors means more money for advertising, and depending in the tax laws in the country they are in, they may be able to write off the money for the rewards",
"The points you get per search are pennies compared to the drive to the website you're creating.\n\nWhen they try to get advertisers to advertise on Bing, those click counts mean they can charge more money for the same ads.\n\nThey make the money back tenfold, probably, especially since you're limited on the number of searches a day you get reward points for. They hope you go beyond that, and most people who choose a search engine don't watch to see if they have ran out of credits to obtain for that day."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] |
|
64i0wo | how is it people can jab themselves in the thigh without finding a vein? wouldn't there just be muscle and nothing to inject to? | Thank you. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/64i0wo/eli5how_is_it_people_can_jab_themselves_in_the/ | {
"a_id": [
"dg2b54m"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Some medications, vaccines, etc are meant to be injected intramuscularly. Your muscles have tons of blood vessels that can get the medication into your blood stream.\n\n_URL_0_"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuscular_injection"
]
] |
|
7zid4b | 'bulking' and 'cutting' | Is it literally required to bulk in order to gain muscle? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7zid4b/eli5_bulking_and_cutting/ | {
"a_id": [
"duo8boy"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Technically yes, in reality most people go *way* too far when they \"bulk\".\n\nWhile it is true that you do need a calorie surplus to build larger muscles, the speed that you can build muscles is generally limited more by genetic factors than by how much you are eating. As such when you move into the \"bulk\" phase of your workout you will want to eat at a caloric surplus, but not the thousands of extra calories per day that many people will claim. Your goal when you are bulking should be to eat enough calories that your body uses basically all of those extra calories to build muscle, so you can stay in that building phase for a little longer than if you eat a huge amount, gain lots of weight, and then need to start cutting earlier to lose all that extra fat you accumulated from outpacing your ability to build muscle\n\nFinal note: For many people who are overweight and just starting it's completely possible to lose weight and build muscle at the same time. Cutting and bulking should be things you worry about after you start to get into shape. New people to exercise should focus more on establishing sustainable healthy eating and exercise habits first and only start to worry about cutting and bulking cycles later."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
5gmi0e | why does stale bread get softer when you warm it up? shouldn't the heat evaporate whatever water is left and make it harder? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5gmi0e/eli5_why_does_stale_bread_get_softer_when_you/ | {
"a_id": [
"datcyl8",
"datdtsr"
],
"score": [
2,
18
],
"text": [
"_URL_0_ \n \nBy heating up the water, it causes the starch in the bread to gelatinize, making it softer again.",
"Bread doesn't go stale because it dries out, it goes stale because the starches crystallize. If you weighed fresh vs. stale bread, you'd find the stale bread retains most of it's original weight, meaning it retains most of it's water. Weighing fresh or stale vs. dry would show a significant difference in weight, but dry bread isn't stale, and is delicious drenched in oil and spices!"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/11606/why-does-bread-soften-after-heating-it-up"
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dlgf5i | if our body replaces cells that are damaged/old regularly, then why do donated organs still require the use of anti-rejection medicine years after the surgery? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dlgf5i/eli5_if_our_body_replaces_cells_that_are/ | {
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"Cells regenerate with the more of the same cells, basically. As cells replicate, the goal is to copy the previous cell as perfectly as possible. So, a successfully donated organ will always be the same organ essentially, even though it's been completely replaced, many times over, with entirely new cells."
]
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[]
] |
|
27ozbu | why do i hate foods that i enjoyed when i was younger, and now love foods that i hated as a child? | As per title. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/27ozbu/eli5_why_do_i_hate_foods_that_i_enjoyed_when_i/ | {
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"According to a study by the university of Copenhagen which is behind a paywall so I can't access it, during puberty there is a significant change in people's taste buds that allows them to discern a larger variety of flavours than they did as a child. So children will like simple foods with a single strong taste, and are suckers for sweet things, but as you become older your tastes in food quite literally change.",
"Our tongues aren't finished developing until [age 16](_URL_0_). "
]
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[],
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"http://chemse.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/05/23/chemse.bjt022"
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1zajo1 | what physical (or non physical) thing determines a unit of memory? | I don't understand how memory is measured. I understand that memory is measured in bytes but how do you use bytes to [measure how much memory is in sperm.](_URL_0_) What are you actually measuring? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zajo1/eli5_what_physical_or_non_physical_thing/ | {
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"A sperm's \"memory\" is not a digital memory. So expressing it in bits and bytes doesn't mean much. You can say that every base pair is a byte and try to convert the DNA information into digital information.\n\nOther than that every storage device stores bits differently. An HDD stores them in magnetic fields, a punch card stores them as holes etc... It depends on the system.",
"A sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes of DNA. DNA is written in (G, A, T, C) so it's essentially just text written with 4 letters. Bits are written in (0, 1). So for each DNA basepair you need two bits. Fx\n\n > G = 00\n\n > A = 01\n\n > T = 10\n\n > C = 11\n\nNow you have a way to store the human genome as bits on a computer. There is about 3 billion basepairs in a human cell and half of that in a sperm cell. And remember each basepair require 2 bits. So that's\n\n > 1.5 billion x 2 bits = 3 billion bits. \n\nConverting to megabytes that's 375MB. 37.5MB doesn't seem like the right number. It's probably a bit less than 375MB because you can do compression (like a zip file), but I'm surprised if you can get it down to 37.5MB. \n\nEDIT: Bad math. \n\nEDIT2: Full human gnome in 2-bit format. _URL_0_"
]
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"http://www.reddit.com/r/funny/comments/1z9k0v/but_what_if_the_data_is_corrupted/"
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[],
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"http://hgdownload.cse.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/hg19/bigZips/hg19.2bit"
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261mk3 | why is congress allowed to take so many breaks, many of which last weeks at a time? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/261mk3/eli5_why_is_congress_allowed_to_take_so_many/ | {
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"The Congress is required to meet on the first Monday of December (unless they choose another date) but other than that they have the ultimate authority to dictate their own schedule. ",
"Two separate points.\n\nFirst is all the breaks. The breaks are not time off from the job. That is merely when congress is not in session. The congressmen still have responsibilities within their state, and their time is split between those functions. So even though congress is not in session, that does not mean they are sitting around doing nothing.\n\n > Every day this bill doesn't pass it affects 3.5 million unemployed folks. How is this allowed?\n\nThere is no guarantee the bill will ever pass. There is no requirement that they even vote on it. Ultimately the congress, though its own procedures determine how/when/if it handles its business. ",
"1. Because the Constitution is very vague, and in this case only sets the minimum for how often Congress must be in session. \n > *The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.* \n\n2. Then the question become *why* this is the case. When the Constitution was written there wasn't the concept of a professional politician (to the extent there is today). Senators and Congressmen were expected to spend more of their time back in their home state/districts([The 5th Congress of the US met for 372 days between 1797 and 1799, just over 50% of the time).](_URL_0_) These breaks allowed this.",
" > Every day this bill doesn't pass it affects 3.5 million unemployed folks. How is this allowed?\n\nCongress doesn't have to pass any laws at all. In fact the most recent congress has passed one of the fewest in recent history.\n\nThere's no reason to think that if they were in congress more often they would pass this specific bill. They might just discard it sooner."
]
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_United_States_Congress"
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||
3umigs | during famines, children get huge stomachs while the rest of their body is nothing but skin and bone. why is this? | [NSFW example](_URL_0_) | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3umigs/eli5_during_famines_children_get_huge_stomachs/ | {
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"It's called kwashiorkor. It's caused by a deficiency in dietary protein. Basically they can no longer properly retain their fluids and it builds up in the abdomen. Normally proteins in our blood stream help to maintain the right amount of dissolved \"stuff\" to keep our fluids properly balanced due to osmosis. When there isn't enough protein the fluid can't be retained properly and leaks, causing the typical swelling."
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|
8mepxo | why does root beer foam so much when poured onto ice cream? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8mepxo/elif_why_does_root_beer_foam_so_much_when_poured/ | {
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"It's a combination of two major factors:\n\n- Ice cream has a lot of surface area, which means more nucleation points. More nucleation points mean more bubbles.\n\n- Milk and cream have a higher surface tension than water. This means the bubbles are stronger.\n\n-----\n\nThe reason why Mentos in soda makes it fizz is because all the pits and holes means the surface area is ***huge*** compared to the volume. You could get similar effects from a spoonful of sugar or sand.\n\nEasy experiment: Get a bottle of seltzer or clear soda. Get it nice and cold before opening and pour it into a glass. Pour slow so it doesn't fizz too much. Wait for the bubbles to stop and drop in a few grains of sugar or salt. You will see that the bubbles will form around the granules until they dissolve. Use a few grains of sand and it the bubbles will keep forming until there is none left, which will probably be longer than you are willing to sit around.\n\n-----\n\n/u/GaidinBDJ has the dissolved gases issue backwards.\n\nHot liquids will hold more solids (salt, sugar, minerals, etc.) while cold liquids will hold more gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) \n\nOne of the worries with global warming is the amount of methane dissolved in the ocean. Warm up the ocean and the methane comes out. Methane is a much more effective greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. If enough methane gets into the upper atmosphere, the global temperature will skyrocket in a runaway reaction and life as we know it is ***fucked***.",
"More importantly why does root beer and ice cream become more delicious than the sum of its parts? ",
"Thats a good explanation, but why does root beer foam more than others? I've used cream soda and orange soda (I'm pretty sure it was orange) and they didn't foam nearly as much as RB. But the explanation suggests that it should be the same, or nearly the same, no matter the flavour of soda",
"Rootbeer has foaming agents added to it. Originally it was made with sassafras that naturally had a head when poured. Well turns out sassafras will give you cancer so when they replaced it they had to add stuff to keep the head. \n\n[Here's a good write-up](_URL_0_)"
]
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[],
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||
34jxlv | how do bullets get loaded in the gun from the magazine? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34jxlv/eli5_how_do_bullets_get_loaded_in_the_gun_from/ | {
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"As the bolt travels forward it catches the top of the back of the bullet, pushes it forward and onto a ramp and into the chamber.\n\n_URL_0_",
"There is a spring at the bottom of the magazine. As the empty cartridge is ejected the spot in the chamber is opened. The next bullet in the mag is then pushed up into the chamber. ",
"The gun uses some of the energy of the firing of the bullet to bring up the next round into the chamber. [This illustration might help.](_URL_0_)"
]
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fpfnrh | how do n95 masks reduce lung capacity? | I've read in a few places that prolonged use of these filters can cause diminished lung capacity. Wtf is it doing to your lungs other than blocking particulate matter? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fpfnrh/eli5_how_do_n95_masks_reduce_lung_capacity/ | {
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"Your lungs have to work harder, to force the air through the filter membrane. Working harder can have side effects, but you can accommodate to it (like living at a higher altitude) over time. It's more of a near term problem that you recover from if you work in a job where you wear a respirator all the time.",
"It takes more energy to breath and you have reduced ability to breath out moisture/heat in a way that doesn't matter at all if you wear it for an hour or two hours or ten hours, but if you live in it begins to screw up your lungs. Because you are breathing hotter, wetter air and using more force to do so than your lungs expect to do 24/7.",
"Those masks are used also in some sports activities, because of the mild impact on red blood cell numbers",
"The same reason breathing through a bedsheet makes it harder to breathe. You're trying to force air though an object that air does not permeate easily. So it requires more force to breathe in. So for your average breath in you are inhaling less fresh air as well as inhaling more carbon dioxide so less oxygen altogether.\n\nAt a resting heart rate the effect isn't noticeable. Maybe wearing it for hours you'll feel a little more stressed and worn out. The issue is when you have to do moderate or strenuous activity. For typical n95 level filters you'll notice a more rapid increase in heart rate and respirations than you'd normally expect, but your body usually can handle it well. Some people may have a slight feeling of suffocating but usually they can overcome it.\n\nThe higher the filter level the more pronounced this effect can be. For instance those in CBRN (chemical biological radiological nuclear) protective gear if they start exerting themselves heavily they have a chance of blacking out from suffocation because their filters are harder to breathe through but block more contaminants."
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1o9m2p | the ssl handshake protocol. | I understand that at some point public keys are exchanged and all communications are from that point encrypted. But if there was a "man in the middle" listening the entire time, couldn't he/she/it simply also decrypt on the fly? How can SSL actually be secure? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1o9m2p/eli5the_ssl_handshake_protocol/ | {
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"There are common secure key exchange protocols. An example is [Diffie-Hellman](_URL_0_). That page has a great ELI5 example that I'll narrate:\n\nSuppose 2 friends, Alice & Bob want to paint their awesome super-secret clubhouses the same color, but they don't want anyone else (especially the mean girl Eve) to be able to make the same color (this is the shared encryption key).\n\nIn this example, the \"public keys\" would be Alice & Bob's \"awesome super-secret club\" membership cards...they're only used to prove that each person is who they say they are (i.e. authentication, but not secrecy).\n\nThey agree ahead of time that they'll start off with yellow paint. It's OK that Eve knows this.\n\nThen, both Alice & Bob choose their own secret color. Alice chooses red & Bob chooses blue. Alice mixes her red paint with the yellow & gives some to Bob. Likewise, Bob mixes his blue paint with the yellow & gives it to Alice. Eve can see Alice & Bob trade their paints, but it's difficult to tell exactly what color each person mixed with the yellow.\n\nBoth Alice & Bob mix some of their own secret paint in with the paint mixture that they got from the other person. Now, both Alice & Bob have the same mixture of red, yellow, & blue paint, an Eve never sees the final mixture.\n\nOf course, the real thing uses math to accomplish the same thing, and it relies on the fact that there is a certain type of problem that we can't easily solve: the [discrete logarithm problem](_URL_1_).\n\nAs an aside, this is part of the reason that quantum computers (if/when we're able to make them) are so interesting. Some mathematicians have proven that the discrete logarithm problem can be efficiently solved by a quantum computer, so this type of cryptography would be broken."
]
} | [] | [] | [
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffie-hellman",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_logarithm_problem"
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39y5jl | if you are flying in an airplane and it is storming, can you get struck by lightning if you are flying above the clouds? | I had a flight about a week ago and it got delayed for a bit because of thunderstorms in the area. I am a frequent flyer and know that the majority of the flight is spend above the clouds, so it made me wonder... If you are flying above the clouds in an airplane can you still get struck by lightning? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/39y5jl/eli5_if_you_are_flying_in_an_airplane_and_it_is/ | {
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"Lighting hits planes all the time as most of the time it just passes thru the plane\nbut some times it can make the plane explode.\n[the plane explode ](_URL_0_)"
]
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_214"
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8shu0w | these child internment camps. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8shu0w/eli5_these_child_internment_camps/ | {
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"Crossing the border illegally is a crime.\n\nDuring processing before deportation, the illegal migrant is held in jail so they don't vanish into the US.\n\nWe don't send kids to jail with their parents, but we have to put them *somewhere*.\n\nThis is not a new policy, it's only being more strictly enforced."
]
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4ufuww | how does "duty free" work? why do they have it? who is it helping to have overpriced bulky gifts at the airport? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ufuww/eli5_how_does_duty_free_work_why_do_they_have_it/ | {
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"Duty free goods allow a person exiting a country to buy certain goods tax (aka \"duty\") free, as long as they are not going to use the products in that country and are confirmed to be leaving.\n\nIn many countries taxes on certain goods, particularly \"sin\" goods like alcohol and cigarettes are be particularly high, as can higher priced goods or luxury goods. So being able to buy these goods without having to pay taxes on them can make them a bit cheaper.\n\nWhy do we have this? Well airports like making money. It's a good source of income, and govts have OK'ed it, because since its leaving the country, they don't care, its not their responsibility anymore.\n\nYou often see people who come from countries with high taxes on some goods, like alcohol, buying a lot at duty free, because it will end up a lot cheaper when buying a bunch of stuff. They may also be able to get goods that are not easily available in their country or area.",
"Well when else would you buy a Toblerone?"
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2cd889 | why are the demonyms for countries like america, canada, and china (american, canadian, and chinese) different even though they all end with a? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2cd889/eli5_why_are_the_demonyms_for_countries_like/ | {
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"Why isn't a Canadian from Canadia?",
"Because the demonym for a country isn't determined by which letter it ends with. More often than not it's just a matter of which suffix sounds the best.",
"There's probably some linguistic reason that goes back a while for why some countries demonyms end with -n or -ian or -ese or -ish. Some demonyms are shorter than the country's name itself. Turkmens from Turkmenistan, for example. ",
"The \"Chinese\" is of Italian origin. Marco Polo was the one to give us many of the names of Asian countries, and that's one reason so many countries there all have \"-ese\" endings like Vietnamese, Burmese, and Japanese. You can still see this in Italian in a number of words that use the same suffixes that we don't do in English: inglese (English), francese (French), danese (Danish) etc.\n\nAmerican / Canadian are from normal Latin conjugation, but I have no idea why Canadian isn't Canadan, since that how you would normally conjugate a name ending with an \"a.\""
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8yccdw | if blood is a biohazard, why are feminine hygiene products not thrown away in a more careful way? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8yccdw/eli5_if_blood_is_a_biohazard_why_are_feminine/ | {
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"If you're a hospital or medical facility, it's important to dispose of blood in a careful way, because a lot of the blood that comes from people at those facilities is infected with diseases. If you're the average woman, your blood can't hurt anyone.",
"In a hospital setting it's treated as a biohazard because there is a much higher change that the owner of the blood is infected in some way (otherwise they wouldn't be in a hospital). Also, the blood isn't treated as a biohazard for the protection of the patients, it's more for the nurses and employees. They have to come into contact with blood far, far more often and from a much wider range of individuals than a typical person does. This increases their statistical change of being infected; thus it becomes wise to put more strict and careful controls in place.",
"because that'd be really tedious and people wouldn't do it. but the people who deal with trash in bathrooms are \\*probably\\* going to be wearing gloves anyways.\n\nkinda a misnomer to call it a 'biohazard' anyways, small amounts of blood are only treated as biohazards in certain safety contexts as a broad precaution.",
"The basic answer is that for safety purposes, feminine hygiene products ideally *should* be disposed of as biohazardous waste and treated accordingly. Blood should always be treated as infectious regardless of circumstances or where it comes from. \n\nIn practice, though, collection of feminine hygiene products as biohazardous materials and treating them appropriately (i.e. sending them to a biohazardous waste incineration facility) is very impractical. In a world where some women struggle even to afford basic feminine hygiene products, it just is not feasible to ask all women to collect their feminine hygiene products in appropriate (relatively expensive) biohazard containers and then pay to have them compliantly shipped and treated. When the current method of \"just throw them in a trash bag that will eventually be tied up to contain the blood-saturated hygiene products\" works nearly just as well but costs infinitely less, it's a lot easier practically speaking to say the benefits of disposing in this manner far outweigh the minimal risks - despite the fact that a minimal risk is present. ",
"As a single father. \nIf a female child hitting puberty is educated then they are taught how to collect the menstrual waste and how to best dispose of it then normally everything is good. \nDepending upon the person insertions or pads require slightly different techniques for disposal. (You must also be aware that toxic Shock Syndrome is a real (fast) Killer). Depending upon the product some are biodegradable, some are not. \nYour question: \n\"why are feminine hygiene products not thrown away in a more careful way?\" \nThey are. (Because of the wish for dignity) \nThey really are, everywhere I go, throughout the world there are females menstruating. It's kinda what they do. Everywhere there is information to tell you where the best place to put your waste is. Often a separate receptacle for female hygiene. Especially in the case of establishments which you pay to lodge within. If not, ask. Normally tied up in a landfill is fine. \nMen cut themselves shaving everyday. Same evil blood. But nobody asks where they put their 'rags'. Basketball players get hit in the face every day... I have yet to see a basketball wiped before play carries on. \nIt's just blood n bodily stuff. IT's EVERYWHERE. \nEverything is a bio-hazard if you plan enough. Dumb Enough. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"Blood as a biohazard is a medical definition, any body part or body fluid that has the capability of transmitting disease readily is a biohazard. Blood well absorbed on a gauze pad, bandaid, or hygiene product is not a good medium for transfer of a disease, because it would require direct and open contact. In the hospital a bloody piece of gauze can go in the normal trash, i.e. is not a biohazard, unless it is saturated to where it is dripping. ",
"Blood is actually pretty safe. Especially if it doesn't get inside you. You could even drink the blood of a healthy person, or even a sick one, and the likelihood of anything happening would be very low. If you think about it, many people eat the blood of animals all the time. Sometimes, like Sushi and Steak Tartar, they eat it completely raw. While people do occasionally get sick from doing that, it is pretty rare. \n\nWhat is dangerous is blood from someone who is sick. Especially if that blood gets directly into your blood. Like from a needle. So at a hospital, where you have sharp needles, lots of blood, and plenty of sick people you have to be extra careful. Even unlikely things can happen if you have lots of chances for them to happen and nurses and doctors are encountering blood all day everyday. \n\nFeminine hygiene products are usually only directly handled by the person using them. A person has little to fear from their own blood. Responsible people dispose of them in the garbage or other places where no one else has to touch them directly. So the risk that someone would even touch it, much less get the blood into their body is incredibly low. Even if that did happen, the chance that would make someone sick is very low. \n\nUsing the same kind of procedures for feminine hygiene products that hospitals use for blood would be very costly but wouldn't really make anyone safer. \n\n\n",
"For the same reason we don't dispose of used bandaids or tissues in a more careful way: the risk of passing a disease on via used menstrual product is very low by normal disposal (flushing a tampon or throwing in the trash). That said, anyone who uses any of the above-mentioned items and has a blood-borne or body-fluid-transmitted illness should take precautions to reduce exposure to others.\n\nFun fact, only about half of menstrual fluid is blood, with the rest of it being mucous, epithelial tissue from the endometrium, and vaginal secretions.",
"For the same reason that restaurants treat uneaten cooked food differently than we do at home. There are laws in hospitals have to follow to control illness, because so many illnesses end up there.\n\nAt home, there are less people and less illness. Should people follow biohazard rules at home? It isn't a bad idea. \n\nWill 100 people get sick if it doesn't happen? Probably not. ",
"They ideally should be. If you are in a public setting the janitor will *love love love* you if you make it as wrapped up and easy to dispose of as possible. So...do it.\n\nAnyway, the answer is a mix of cost and not caring enough. A business, a church, a store, a park bathroom--they're generally not going to pay for extra disposal options when \"wrap it and toss it\" is \"good enough.\" Some will, most won't. ",
"Could you imagine if men had periods? There would be blood everywhere.",
"I dont know if its the same or not in your country but in the UK ladies have a special bin in the public toilet cubicle with them that looks similar to a sharps bin (needles bin) where they put ol' dracula's teabag",
"They are. Women's public toilets, especially in bars and restaurants in the UK, often have special sanitary waste bins in each toilet cubicle so that tampons can be properly disposed of.\n\nThey're designed so that things can be dropped in, but nothing can be taken out. They're collected and emptied on a regular basis by the sanitation company that provides them.",
"But they are aren't they? I always see the bin in unisex toilets for hygiene products",
"In Australian cities this is big business because the law does require biohazard-like handling. Companies provide the sanitary bins and disposal services.\n_URL_0_\n_URL_2_\n_URL_1_\n\nPS PSA: DON'T FLUSH YOUR TAMPONS AND PADS!!!",
"In the UK business are legally required to have a bin for that purpose as well as qualified personnel to handle and dispose it. \n\n* The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) \nRegulations 1992\n* The Water Industries Act 1991\n\n* The Environmental Protection Act 1990",
"Kind of unrelated, but only 50% of menstrual “blood” is actual blood. The rest is mucus and endometrial tissue among other vaginal secretions. If you think about how much a woman actually gets on a feminine hygiene product before she changes it out, it’s a pretty small amount of actual blood. As far as I know, hospitals actually don’t consider most feminine hygiene products a biohazard unless they’re completely saturated, since the likelihood of contact with something that’s only got some fluid on it is much lesser than with say a gauze that’s totally soaked in blood. (I realize every woman is different so saturation is obviously different from woman to woman)",
"A used needle that someone could accidentally or otherwise poke into a vein is very different than a cotton pad. ",
"Loads of wrong answers here. It's because OSHA and the DOT don't recognize them as biohazardous waste. In order for it to be considered biohazardous it would have to release liquid blood when squeezed. It's the same reason that bandages with dried blood can be thrown in the trash and don't have to be in bio. \n\nThe real difference between normal trash and biohazard is that there are different regulations on how it has to be handled, shipped, and disposed of. The small amount of blood that is captured by a tampon or pad does not pose a risk.\n\nSource: [OSHA has provided some additional guidance for the determination of regulated waste. OSHA stated that bandages which are not saturated to the point of releasing blood or OPIM if compressed would not be considered as regulated waste. Similarly, discarded feminine hygiene products do not normally meet the criteria for regulated waste as defined by the standard. Beyond these guidelines, it is the employer's responsibility to determine the existence of regulated waste.](_URL_0_)",
"Here in my country there is a special trash can in every stall of every bathroom for feminine used products. 🤔"
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1viyub | how do scene and torrent groups remove tv show drm?? | So i've been seeing all these torrents that obviously originate from the scene, and they are from HBO. Doesn't HBO flag all recordings as copy once so that you can't edit them and re encode them? I've heard a few explanations but I don't really get them | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1viyub/eli5_how_do_scene_and_torrent_groups_remove_tv/ | {
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"That kind of flag just send a signal to a device not to allow copying, and relies on circumventing it being illegal under the DMCA. It is kind of like the lock on most homes...pretty easy to overcome, so the deterrent is more about having to commit a serious crime.\n\nTechnically, DRM on video is a difficult problem. Unless your output device is also going to enforce your DRM, at some point it has to receive a clear, unencrypted signal, which can be recorded. Every attempt to put DRM in video has been laughably hacked within days."
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8wundx | why do airlines force people to keep their seat belts on for so long when people in private planes can lay down, sleep, party, etc.? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8wundx/eli5_why_do_airlines_force_people_to_keep_their/ | {
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"Airlines are concerned about people falling over and injuring themselves while taxiing, the ability of people to exit in an emergency, etc. To prevent this they want people seated when the aircraft is moving as much as possible. Their insurance against people suing probably requires such a policy.\n\nPrivate aircraft though only answer to their owners. If they want to walk around while taxiing and potentially bust their face it is their own choice.",
"Seatbelts aren’t just for collisions or sudden stops while taxiing. They are primarily there to keep you in your seat in the event of bad turbulence. Turbulence can happen suddenly and without warning. If you’re not secured you can easily fly up and hit the ceiling. On your way back down, you can land on another passenger and injure them too. \n\nOn private planes, it’s more of a “your house your rules” deal as no one will be liable for injury but you, but I can guarantee the pilots up front who know what’s up are wearing theirs at all times. \n\nEdit: pilots are required to wear seatbelts at all times. Even in private aircraft. What I meant to imply was that given their awareness of clear air turbulence, I’m sure they would do so regardless of requirement. ",
"[Last year a private jet got into the wake turbulence of an A380 over the Arabian Sea.](_URL_0_) \n\nThe result: “One passenger suffered from head injuries and a broken rib; another fractured a vertebra. The other passengers and the flight attendant sustained minor injuries.”",
"In Australia the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA), mandate that as part of the rules and regulations, seat belts technically only need to be worn on takeoff and landing. As one can understand due to inertia this is to prevent injury to people during these segments of the flight. Though airlines will ask that you keep your seat belt fastened at all times to again prevent any injury should unsuspected turbulence occur. It's more so a measure to cover their own bases and say, \"Well hey, it could've been avoided if you wore your seat belt.\" It's also a requirement as part of the pre-flight safety brief that the Pilot In Command, or in the case of airlines the flight attendants, cover the use of seat belts. You'll notice that they emphasise that they be worn on takeoff and landing, however more so ask or advise passengers to wear them during all times whilst seated.\n\nIn the case of private jets etc, as /u/Dickulous01 mentioned it's more of a \"your house, your rules\" scenario. However again, at least in Australia due to the aviation regulations here, (and presumably elsewhere in the world), the passengers in private jets will be asked to wear them for takeoff and landing for safety, but then after or before those respective parts they can do as they please. ",
"This is actually one of my pet peeves with people flying. The moment the seatbelt sign is off, you can hear dozens of click-clacks yet no-one is standing. What the hell is wrong with people, why would you ever remove your seatbelt if you don't intend to stand up? I can't understand this at all, and it annoys me. I don't care if you bang your head, but given bad enough turbulence, you could become a projectile. Wear your damn seatbelt, people! ",
"Liability. If you’re able to afford the ability to fly on a private jet, you A) aren’t going to sue the operator for minor “damages” incurred on your flight or B) won’t get much sympathy from the courts if you try. \n\nContrast that economic status versus the average Joe who bumps his head and incurs significant medical bills because a commercial airline was negligent in enforcing its seatbelt policy when the plane was flying through hazardous conditions (ie. turbulence), and you see why it’s prudent for the airlines to be as conservative as possible with the seatbelt sign. \n\nAlso, a completely different set of rules applies to scheduled air carriers (Part 121, read: commercial airlines) and charter/on-demand carriers (Part 135). ",
"Also in serious turbulence with a dreamliner you have several hundred people to keep in place. With a private plane you'd have no where near that many.",
"Since this is ELI5, I'm going to keep it simple. In the United States, the government sets rules (laws) that tell pilots and owners/operators of planes when they must wear seatbelts. The rules are the same: everyone in the plane needs their seatbelt on for taxi, takeoff, and landing. Passengers can unbuckle outside of these times, although it may not be wise. Airlines set 10,000 ft as a transition point. Takeoff (at least for our seatbelt purpose) ends here, and the landing process begins when the plane crosses 10,000 ft again in descent. It normally doesn't take long at all to climb to 10,000 ft.\n\n\nPrivate planes don't necessarily have the 10,000 ft transition point; it takes me a good 15 minutes to climb that high on a good day. If my passenger wants to take their belt off and go to sleep in the back, I'll let them know when I feel that it's safe outside of the immediate takeoff and landing phases (typically above 1000 ft).",
"People have mentioned turbulence but I didn't see anyone post about if the pressure vessel is punctured via foreign debris, metal fatigue, etc. As recent as early this year, there was a flight in the states where one of the engine's compressor blades detached(on a fairly new Boeing I believe) and propelled through the fuselage, puncturing it, and the unlucky woman on the other side nearly got sucked through the hole(she later died from blunt force trauma from striking her head on the way out). Nearby passengers were able to pull her back in.\n\nThere also was an incident where a pilot's windscreen was forced outwards(imagine the outward pressure? You're flying at hundreds of miles per hour against the windshield)due to the wrong fasteners being used(too short), and the pilot got sucked out. Again, he was held in place by his crewmates until they landed, but he survived!\n\nSo yeah, keep your seatbelt on. If the pressure vessel is broken, it could be bye-bye!",
"The lady on the southwest flight that partially got sucked out of the window and died, probably didn't have her seat belt on properly. Otherwise, she'd still be in the seat.",
"Because if your body is flying around a public plane injuring people during heavy turbulence the airline is going to have a lot of lawsuits on its hands.\n\nIf you fly around and kill yourself on your own plane it's your own damn fault.",
"Easiest way I can explain why you SHOULD wear your seatbelt on a plane: In case of turbulence, you don't get thrown against the ceiling, *the entire plane slams against you*. That's because you're free-falling inside the airplane while the airplane itself is suddenly pushed downwards by aerodynamics and air pressure. ",
"And why does the FAA think there's anyone left who doesn't know what a seatbelt is, or how to buckle & unbuckle it?",
"I would guarantee that even on those private planes they still have seat belts and warning lights. ",
"I fly a lot and always keep my seatbelt on, and while it hasn't exactly saved my life, it's kept me from a lot of random bullshit injuries I've witnessed. Severe turbulence is literally always a possibility. I'd say about every 10th flight i've experienced notable turbulence that made me glad I had the belt on. About a year ago a kid (about 5) from the row in front of me, got thrown up and back into my row. He was mostly just terrified.",
"There also was [Aloha Airlines Flight 243](_URL_0_) where the roof of the plane ripped off during flight and a flight attendant was sucked out. Since the passengers had seatbelts on, no other fatalities occurred. The incident was caused by failure in some of the rivets due to the high number of pressurization/depressurization cycles because that particular aircraft was used mainly for short flights. Ever since I learned that in a materials science course, I’ve always kept my seat belt on at all times.",
"Not sure how it is in your country, but in my country the seatbelt light goes off when the plane hits cruising altitude, and doesn't come on again until you're beginning descent. Unless they are coming across very strong turbulence. That is the same as flying private. The only difference is, in private you don't have to stay in your seat the whole fight.\n\n\n\n\nIt's like.. riding a public bus vs. riding a party bus. In one, the sole goal is to get the destination with as few issues as possible. The other, the journey is part of the entertainment and is treated like that.",
"There's a few reasons. \n\nFirst off, when you OWN the plane, you basically take more responsibility for your own safety and comfort. An airline has to maintain the safety of ALL the passengers, or they face serious federal and legal liabilities. \n\nSecondly, aircraft do not see clear air turbulence. An air pocket can make a plane drop several hundred feet in a couple seconds. The plane can handle this pretty easily. The passengers, not so much. Basically, everything in the airplane goes weightless for a second or two, and then everything falls back to the floor again. If you are strapped into your seat, no worries. You have a scary story, you may have a bruise on your waist, the overhead bins may jostle around, your drink splashes you, but not a big deal. If you're NOT strapped in, you may hit your head on the ceiling compartment. You may fall into the seat in front, to the side, or behind you. You could end up with broken bones or worse. People have died from clear air turbulence hits. \n\nThe cost (wearing a seat belt while you're sitting, anyway) is better than the alternative (getting seriously injured). \n",
"Was on a commercial airline,that hit \"severe turbulance\"....there was an announcement and a mad rush to get seatbelts on. Passengers would have been thrown into ceilings and bulkheads if we weren't belted in. Even with seatbelts on we were grabbing on to the armrests. I developed a fear of flying that lasted over 5 years from that event.",
"Can you say \"lawyers\"?",
"It's mostly a liability thing. Airlines don't want to be sued by the idiot who was wandering around the cabin when the airplane hits turbulence. You can, however, be as stupid as you want on your own property like a private plane at 10,000 feet on the understanding that you're paying for it if you hurt yourself because, what are you going to do, sue yourself when you get hurt?",
"FAA requires seatbelt use during taxi, takeoff and landing, even in private aircraft. Once out of airspace, you can remove your seatbelt. \n\nHowever, turbulence can be unexpected. If my dad is flying me in a Cessna, he'll just call me a dumbass if we hit turbulence and I hit my head on the roof. If I'm flying Delta, and the same thing happens, I could try to sue them. So for liability sake, they keep the \"fasten seatbelt\" sign illuminated. Legally, though, once you're cruising you don't need to wear it. ",
"I've flown private a fair amount. I'm not remotely rich, but I've worked for several very rich guys. \n\nThey keep their seatbelts on! When we move seats to change the conversations we take the seatbelts off in the old seat and put them on in the new seat. One of my bosses often takes a nap on the couch of his jet if we have an early morning departure. He wears a seatbelt around his middle while he's napping. \n\nRich guys are usually pretty smart. Just because no one there is forcing them to put on their belts doesn't mean they don't understand the risk/reward of doing so. ",
"Same reason I‘m allowed to hold our twin babies on my lap but my wife has to take the purse off her shoulder and put it under the seat in front of her...It’s all about $$$ and plausible denial.",
"I am a pilot. I fly private jets (Mostly Citations) for private clients.\n\nFirstly let me make something clear. There is a considerable difference in what occurs in regards to seatbelts when the question is whether you are \"Renting\" a private aircraft, and owning a private aircraft and having a pilot on staff. I will come back to this as it's kind of relevant.\n\nSo why are you forced to wear a seatbelt on take off and landing on a commercial flight? Safety, as you might suspect. Take off and landing are the two most dangerous phases of the flight and traditionally where the most accidents occur. By wearing a seatbelt during this phase, you reduce the risks somewhat, particularly when it comes to flying bodies. It's actually advisable to keep your seatbelt on for the duration of the flight, even if it's loose around your waist.\n\nQuite often, during turbulence you will be asked to return to your seat and put your seatbelt on. While turbulence can in very rare and extreme circumstances be so bad as to force you out of your seat and sometimes cause injuries, the general reason most airlines ask you to do this is because they do not want you up and about if the aircraft is getting thrown about as a fall can result in serious injury to yourself or someone else. By making you return to your seat, this is mitigated. Buckling your seatbelt up makes you less likely to want to stand up again for any reason. In short, it reduces their liability and makes a very packed aircraft a safer place to be.\n\nNow, back to what I said about the difference between commercial air and the world of private hire aircraft. ICAO rules actually require you to be restrained during take off and landing regardless of the aircraft you are in, so the rules do not actually differ for private aircraft when it comes to the use of seatbelts. To that end, when you hire a private aircraft, the crew will quite often require you to still wear your seatbelt during the take off and landing phase, particularly if you have hired the aircraft and will brief you accordingly.\n\nThese days I find myself flying a lot of \"Dead leg\" passengers. This is basically when someone has hired the aircraft to fly somewhere as a private hire, and then the aircraft has to return to it's home airport. In previous years the aircraft would fly back empty and the cost of the fuel for this part of the journey, known as the \"Dead leg\", would be written into the hire fee the client pays for the journey. However in recent years most private aircraft operators have realized they can make more of a profit from the aircraft by \"Selling\" the seats at a knock down price on the return journey and removing that portion of the charge from the original hirer. Thus the original client gets a better deal and the aircraft makes an actual profit on what would have been a empty return trip or the \"Dead leg\" of the journey rather than just cost recouping.\n\nThese dead leg seats have become so popular, a number of services have popped up to market them. You don't really get much choice in locations or timings as it's strictly limited to when the aircraft has to return so you have to fit your travel arrangements around it but it's quite an effective way of getting your own private jet or aircraft at a knock down price. For example I flew out to Italy the other week and the return seats where booked up by a stag party returning to England, they got each seat for £2000 each which is great considering it would have cost them a hell of a lot more to hire the aircraft for the bespoke journey!\n\nNow the point is these passengers, regardless of whether they hired the aircraft directly for a bespoke journey or they are dead leg passengers, are still required to observe the rules regarding seatbelts. That means in their seats and buckling up for the take off and landing. The difference is, nobody is enforcing it. There's no air steward or stewardess back there (Sometimes there is, but not always and it's generally an exceptional case). As long as they aren't running up and down the aircraft we are more interested in safely operating the flight. Once we are at the cruise portion of the flight they can do whatever they like (Within reason naturally).\n\nWhen it comes to private plane ownership, as long as the pilot has asked the owners to put their seatbelt on, he generally isn't going to press the issue. That's the boss you're flying after all! If he/she chooses not to wear their seatbelt then that is on them as you have exercised your safety mandate, you can't physically after all fly the plane and watch that he/she is wearing his/her seatbelt.\n\nSo in short, your required to be in a seatbelt for take off and landing regardless of what aircraft your in. It's just enforced differently in the two different types of air travel for liability reasons.",
"they should too\n\nthe reason is turbulence unless you like the idea of hitting the top of the cabin at 50mph ",
"Safety. Bad turbulence can come out of nowhere and they are responsible for your being on the flight. Private planes have different charters so different regulations.\n\nIt also helps identify anyone who might be rushing rhe flight deck or to assault a flight attendant which may present a present threat.",
"Are people allowed to smoke on private planes? I know this is a dumb question because doing so is probably illegal but imagine you buy your plane outright and your pilot was interviewed and hired by you, you employ and control everything and everyone on the plane. Could you just light up? What if the captain (who totally depends on you financially to keep her and her family fed) was totally turning a blind eye? ",
"You don't fly much do you? I have always left my seatbelt on and I've been flying for over 50 years. It is the smart thing to do because planes can move around very fast and in unexpected ways. A quick drop and your head is in the ceiling.",
"400 souls on board vs. 4.\n\nIt’s really about natural selection not being allowed to play out on airlines. You have children who would run the aisles, adults who would stand around and block the flight attendants’ service, etc...",
"They do this so they can more easily identify the bodies in the event of a crash.\n\nPrivate planes file manifests as well so its easy to know who is who, ut on a larger commercial airliner things get far more difficult.",
"different conditions. fulfill wishes, conditions, insurance, guarantees 100 passengers- against one",
"When I was a restaurant food safety manager, one of my charges asked me a probably obvious question: Do I follow all these food safety guidelines at home? No, of course not. So are all those rules valid, and backed by sound science? Yes, they are. So why are you allowed to do that at home, but not at the restaurant?\n\nIt comes down to liability. Liability is, to select one popular and relevant definition, \"the quality or state of being legally obligated or responsible; the position of one who, by actual or threatened wrongdoing, is subjected to legal proceedings, whether criminal or civil in nature.\" (Black's Handbook of Basic Law Terms, 1999) For practical purposes, liability is the risk of exposing yourself to consequences for injury or damages which might result from choices that you make. Liability can be extremely expensive.\n\nWhen you're at home, the liability for your choices is limited pretty much to you and whomever's around you. If you're a business, liability for those same choices may be many times greater. If I'm a private pilot and I do something foolish and crash my plane and kill a passenger, that can cost me a lot. If I'm an airline and I do that, it could be many millions of dollars and even financial ruin. And because airline operators are also answerable to regulators and shareholders, it could mean years of painful litigation and in the most extreme cases even prison time.\n\nIt is in the airline's interests to not take chances with stuff like that, but to adhere to both the guidelines of regulators and the prescriptions or requirements of their private insurers, to minimise their liability.\n",
"I see a lot of misinformation on this thread, people in private planes still follow most of the rules the airliners do. They still receive a safety briefing, they still need to comply with the seatbelt sign and any crew instructions. And crew members are required to stop serving alcohol to drunk passengers. They don't get away with anything because they are rich, but when you own you're own plane you can bring your own beer, listen to your own music and pay for passenger seats that fold flat. \n\nI hope that helps!",
"The captain can *always* turn on the fasten seatbelt sign at their discretion and the aircraft must have enough seatbelts for all passengers to comply. This includes all types of flights regardless of whether it's a charter flight, corporate jet, passenger jet, etc.\n\nCommercial carriers want you to be safe so that they don't have to deal with your lawsuits. If there's risk of turbulence then they'll turn that sign on so that you don't get hurt if the plane suddenly drops ~5 ft and then rebounds and smacks you. Most passengers expect this as well. They *want* the captain to tell them to put their seat belt on if that's going to keep them from getting hurt. But a chartered flight *hired for a party* is expected to be fun and to allow passengers to move around the cabin as they please. The captain will only turn the sign on when there is a serious issue and everyone absolutely needs to be seated with belts fastened.",
"I've never really understood the mentality of some folks who regularly choose not to use provided safety devices. I'd much rather wear a seatbelt (even when the light is off) if one is provided than have any chance of being physically harmed by not wearing one.",
"We were descending through 8000’ to anchorage international airport in a Pilatus PC-12. I was in the right seat in the cockpit and was wearing the double shoulder lap belt harness when we encountered turbulence or wind shear. The force was so violent that it threw me upward against the should harness. The next morning my shoulders were bruised. I can assure you that I always wear my seatbelt on commercial flights and I only leave my seat if it’s absolutely necessary ",
"The private planes essentially have the same rules, but the biggest reason why there is a difference is that private planes, more often than not, do not have cabin crew to enforce those rules.",
"While I was still active duty military (roughly 2005), I recall a loadmaster on a C-130 cargo plane broke his leg when it was caught in a microburst. He had been walking across the cargo compartment when the plane dropped roughly 200 feet in seconds, and he was bounced off the ceiling and slammed into the deck when the plane stopped falling.",
"My dad was a crew chief -lead mechanic for a major airline in the 40's to 70's after being in the Army Air Force in WW II. Very strict about those seat belts because he had seen the results of bad turbulance many times - carts thrown around, toilet contents flying out (I am still, an old woman now, the quickest person in those bathrooms!), overhead bins crashing down, etc. I know planes are larger and safer now, but all the flying I did as a kid taught me well. Leave it on, even if it's loose - it could prevent a ton of hurt.",
"What I don't get is, why can't the seats be reclined during takeoff and landing? I mean, those shitty seats only recline like 10 degrees anyway, so I don't really see how it'd improve safety or anything. ",
"Maybe I’m going senile in my middle age, but I seem to recall that domestic airlines in the USA were more relaxed about this until some widely publicized incident that happened in the early 1990s where a plane hit some sudden unexpected turbulence and quickly lost a few thousand feet in altitude. After that the messaging in the planes about the seatbelt sign going off changed—airlines started saying that when the light went off you could go on short walks around the plane but should still keep your seat belt on at all times while you sat.\n\nOr at least that’s how I remember it, and we had to do it uphill, both ways, in the snow.",
"As a pilot who has flown aircraft, both with all the amenities like the ability to lay down, party (I guess?), as well as full economy class layouts. I can say it's not because of a lack of rules in private or chartered aircraft. It's more of a \"I own this, I will do what I want\" mentality.\n More than 99% of the time you would be perfectly fine standing up the whole flight. You've probably noticed flight attendants moving around well before and after we turn the seatbelt sign off. It's really just a liability issue where if something happens an airline doesn't want to be sued. I've had a regular passenger who would bring a hammock stand and sleep in a hammock from before takeoff to after landing most days. Is that unsafe? Probably. But they were only endangering themselves, and it wasn't the kind of person who would sue anyone over it. \n\nEven when the sign is off it is highly recommended that you keep the belt on and you will nearly always find a sign in front of your seat stating that. That being said if you are having an emergency, just go and do what you need to do. I've never met a flight attendant who would rather clean up any \"mess\" over just letting you get away with it. \n\nAs a pilot I have no way of accurately predicting if there will be turbulence (other than the obvious large convective clouds, and mechanical turbulence caused by terrain.) it might be reported by other people, but unless you are on a busy route that could be quite old information. In the cockpit our seatbelts (usually a four point harness) are almost always kept on. \n\nBack to the private jets. If we truly ever thought there was going to be more than light turbulence we would tell the flight attendant who would nicely let people know in advance. Or if we were caught off guard we would make an announcement telling the flight attendants to sit down. People usually get the hint pretty quickly when that happens.\n\nTl;dr: us pilots (and airlines) don't want anyone getting hurt. I care, and airlines don't want to get sued. If you are the only person who will get hurt, I care less so do what you want and don't sue me, you're rich and important already suing will make you look bad anyways. ",
"Why is it okay for children less than 2 years old to sit on a parents’ lap??? This sounds like it should be illegal yet it’s common.",
"I always thought that seat belts on airplanes are there so that if the plane crashed and burned or end up in the ocean, it's easier to collect the bodies and identify them using the passenger name and seat list. Since private plane has very small number of people on board, it's not a requirement.",
"This is like asking why at McDonalds you have to stand in line at the counter to get food, but at home you can just go to fridge and grab something to eat.",
"What we really should be asking is why school buses don't have seatbelts?",
"I think it same reason I get in trouble at movies when I take off my pants but not so when I do it on couch watching movie at my house. ",
"It really comes down to ‘my house my rules’. With commercial airlines there’s a certain level of liability involved where as on a private jet it’s exactly that, private. This puts the liability on you, the owner and not an airline where you’re essentially borrowing a seat on their plane. ",
"Based on the context, the correct word is \"lie\" instead of \"lay\". \n\n[Usage Chart](_URL_0_)",
"I’ve been around long enough to remember cars without seatbelts (chipped a tooth on the steel dashboard of a ‘52 Pontiac when my Dad slammed the brakes). I even had an uncle who believed that wearing a seatbelt in a car posed a greater danger of injury than being unbuckled and thrown clear of the vehicle in an accident. Years of frequent air travel overcame any issues I may have had with seatbelts, and yes, I’ve had experiences with heavy turbulence where they really proved their worth. The last thing I want to be is a human projectile in a confined space with lots of hard, sharp edges. Whether as a driver or passenger, if a vehicle has a seat belt I buckle up when I get in and don’t unbuckle until the vehicle’s stopped. Reminds me of a pet peeve: I was in a carpool at one time and a couple of my fellow passengers insisted on unbuckling their seatbelts when we were about a quarter of a mile from our destination and still moving. They claimed they couldn’t stand to be restrained any longer and “nothing can happen when we’re this close.” Unbelievable.",
"All the turbulence stuff everyone else mentioned, but probably also just to keep people in order. Sure you can lay down and party up on a private jet, but that's not the case when you're using public transport and have hundreds of other people who will complain to the airline about your stupidness.",
"From what I understood it is to maintain the plane's balance. If everyone is seated properly there is little likelihood of the plane tipping from the humans inside shifting to one spot like the bathroom area. ",
"Private planes (135) are required as well....they just don’t enforce it like we do (121) I assume. Source: Captain at a major airline for 11 years.",
"There's the story when some Greek-Cypriot politicians where killed in an accident back in 1999. Those in the cockpit were sitting in the plane not knowing that the passengers they were carrying did not wear their seatbelts. It was only after they landed that they realised passengers were gone as a result of turbulence during the flight. BBC article tells the story:\n\n_URL_0_",
"Because people in private planes are under their own responsibility.\n\nCommercial airlines are responsible for their passengers.",
"There is an excellent book written by Michael Crichton titled ‘Airframe’ that illustrates how sudden and severe turbulence mixed with un-seatbelted passengers can produce ghastly results. "
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7u234k | does eating spicy food destroy beneficial bacteria in your colon? | I read on a previous ELI5 post that spicy food kills bacteria. Does this mean people who eat lots of spicy food have less beneficial bacteria in their digestive tract? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7u234k/eli5_does_eating_spicy_food_destroy_beneficial/ | {
"a_id": [
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"I am not an expert by any means, but [this article](_URL_0_) suggests that capsaicin, the active ingredient in spicy food, actually has a beneficial effect on your gut flora. Giving mice capsaicin increased the number of good gut bacteria and reduced the number of bad gut bacteria."
]
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"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5442453/"
]
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|
55fdhw | why was america online (aol) unable to become a popular internet service provider after the dial-up days ended? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/55fdhw/eli5_why_was_america_online_aol_unable_to_become/ | {
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"What replaced dial-up was faster connections directly to your home. Companies that already owned the connection to your home - the phone company and the cable company - were the only ones in a position to exploit those and offer broadband. That's why most people only have a choice of at most two broadband providers, and sometimes only one.\n\nIf you're lucky and you live in a major city, you might have a choice of a new fiber connection. But it's very expensive to set that up - approximately $1000/home to run a new wired connection of any kind. The phone companies already did this 100 years ago and the cable companies did 40 years ago, and very few companies have the capital to fund running new wires to everyone's homes.\n\nSo what could AOL do? The only infrastructure they had was lots of dial-up modems around the country. That didn't help them provide broadband even if they wanted to.\n\nOf course, there are a lot of other reasons they failed. They could have transformed their business in some way to stay successful - maybe by partnering with cable or phone companies, or by becoming a hosting company instead.\n\nBut they didn't - they just kept milking their existing customers for money for as long as they could and never really did anything new.\n\n"
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||
buk2yo | why do some gasses have an odour while others are odourless? | Why is it you can smell sulphur but you can’t smell nitrogen or oxygen?
And why does the air around some hot appliances have a distinctive odour. I can smell that my clothes iron is hot. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/buk2yo/eli5_why_do_some_gasses_have_an_odour_while/ | {
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"I believe it’s because some interact with chemical receptors in our noses while others don’t.",
"Nature has sculpted all living things through evolution for billions of years. Species tend to evolve ways to avoid deadly gasses. Sulfur for instance is highly toxic. We would want to be instinctually repulsed by that odor, otherwise our natural curiosity may end up killing us. I imagine the reason there are noxious gasses that are odorless is because they have become prevalent only in recent times. I’m pretty sure carbon monoxide isn’t a major threat in nature (if it is, maybe the native life would develop a method to detect it ). I would say it’s why lots of toxic foods and like, poop for example smells like, well, shit. When food rots, we are repulsed by it. Cats hate citrus and it happens to be toxic to them I believe. \n\nAnyway I have no idea the bio-mechanism behind the actual detection of these molecules but I think we need specific receptors and also a brain designed to process the varying signals properly\n\nEdit: typos",
"Around electronics or electrical applicanaces, you often smell ozone. Ozone is created when oxygen molecules in the presence of a lot of energy, fuse together to form a 3 atom molecule instead of a 2 atom molecule (the form oxygen takes naturally). We can't smell oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, etc. normally because we literally are breathing that in all the time. Our bodies are good at ignoring something we smell all the time. You notice how if you are in the presence of a noxious odor, after a little while it doesn't seem as bad? Our bodies ignore that signal after a while. So gasses we smell all the time we don't even smell any more. I think evolutionarily speaking, this is good so we notice when the smell changes or we smell something different, such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, etc. that can be dangerous to us.",
"Odor is not a property of the gas. \nOdor means that receptors in your nose interact with the gas, send electrical signals to your brain and the brain processes these signals to establish the sensation of 'smell'. \n\n\nAny sensation is an interaction between your sensors, your brain and the object that triggers your sensors.",
"You know that smell gas has? They put that in. \nYou see the gas is odorless but they add the smell so that you know when there's a leak.",
"It would be more correct to say that some gases fall outside of the human ability to detect. I've read somewhere that dogs the ability of a dog to detect odors is anywhere between 10,000-100,000 times greater than ours.\n\nIt is wildly held that bears have the keenest sense of smell with polar bears reported can detect the scent of a seal through three feet of ice.\n\nHot appliances cause changes in their surrounding environment which can cause elements that have no detectable scent by humans at room temperature to become detectable at higher temperatures.\n\nThink about a frozen pizza, at room temperature it does not smell strongly, but when heated in an oven, the scent is detectable throughout the house. Popcorn is also another good example."
]
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336y43 | when i am really angry, why does throwing something make me feel better? | For example - one time I was having problems with a desktop keyboard. I finally got so frustrated I just smashed my fist into it, which made me feel better. On other occasions (rare - it's not a pervasive problem) throwing things has had the same effect.
I'm an electrical engineer - I know that (at least in this case) applying a large amount of elastic force to a random spot on the keyboard with my fist will not only *not* solve the problem, it will in all likelihood make it worse.
So what specifically creates the urge to strike it, and more interestingly, why does striking it actually ease the rage? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/336y43/eli5_when_i_am_really_angry_why_does_throwing/ | {
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"I would say that it's the release of energy that eases you. I actually do a set or two of push ups when I'm mad. I put that energy towards something productive instead. ",
"Bioenergetics\n\nI would say it is because of muscle tension related to the anger. Your body is connected to your head through your nervous system and it reacts to your thoughts and emotions. some people get a tight jaw, clenched fists Etc. without concious attention, this tension can remain held past the point where you get past the emotion mentally. \n\nWatch some of these videos, he explains it very well.\n\n_URL_0_"
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3yoa10 | how does the rest of the world find out so much about north korea when they're so isolated. | Like the second most powerful man there going to work in the mines. Do they just put out news somewhere and somehow we find out about it? Why would they even broadcast that? Is there some deal that they have to abide by as far as information sharing...? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3yoa10/eli5_how_does_the_rest_of_the_world_find_out_so/ | {
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"There's a few ways actually: \n\n* Official NK news sources. Many of these such as Rodun Simuun (sp?) and the like can be accessed from outside the DPRK. Whilst /r/Pyongyang has become something of a Reddit joke, if you look in the sidebar then you'll find there a fairly long list detailing various DPRK media. \n\n* Radio. Those living close enough to NK (either from South Korea or China) can pick up radio and other broadcasts from North Korean stations. Whilst much of DPRK radio is propaganda, there is also factual information. \n\n* Defectors. Although a somewhat biased source of information, defectors have often provided sometimes massively detailed information that would otherwise not be known, including the existence of some prison camps. However there have been accusations that some defectors, in a bid to try and make accounts sound more interesting, have doctored their accounts to be more graphic/horrible/brutal than it may actually be. \n\n* Inter-government sources. NK is not totally isolated in that it does share diplomatic relations with other countries, which collects, collates and uses information regarding activity and information within North Korea. \n\n* Satellites and geosurveying. It is easy using a basic orbiting satellite to view such things as roads, buildings and other physical landmarks from space, as has been done by the likes of Google and the US military. There is a famous picture from some time ago of the Earth at night. North Korea is famously almost in pitch blackness. \n\n* Travelling to North Korea. The tourist industry within DPRK is relatively new but growing steadily, and the country sees a steady stream of those who wish to see the country for themselves. With this there is a growing amount of raw, primary source material including pictures and verbal accounts of what they saw there. \n\n* Many elderly Koreans remember the unified Korea, and also the split. Many still have family living in DPRK and attempts have been made to reunite families. \n\nAs to the story you mention, I would hazard a guess that the primary motivation for the story about the mines was simple- fear. The basic premise seems to be about creating an atmosphere in which no-one feels safe, because here they have an example of a very high-ranking person being punished with their rank meaning nothing when it comes to enforcement of the rules. ",
"As has been mentioned there are a few avenues like official NK media and defectors. The other side of it is that we don't. Kim Jong-un's disappearance earlier this year is the perfect example of the fallibility of NK watchers. With all the official sources quiet on the issue every theory from \"He's dead and NK will enter democratic transition in weeks\" to \"He broke his ankle after eating too much imported cheese\" got play because nobody knew what else to fill the void with. That's not to say that everything is completely made up or we're wholly reliant on NK propaganda to size up the country but often the more \"definitive\" a source claims to be on North Korea the less seriously you should take it. "
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11sfyf | why do you get that awful feeling in your stomach when you hear bad news or feel betrayed or jealous? | Google failed to provide reliable answers. Sorry if someone's already asked. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/11sfyf/eli5_why_do_you_get_that_awful_feeling_in_your/ | {
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"Your intestines are lined with nerves, to the point they're practically a second brain. Sometimes they react to feelings, like when you're having butterflies in your stomach.",
"\"Butterflies in the stomach\" is caused by the fight or flight response, adrenaline draining blood from the stomach to other areas. I would guess it is a similar biological response, if not the same one. Jealousy particularly is more defined by your reaction to the feeling (sadness, anger, etc).",
"Reading that question and the answers actually gave me that feeling in my stomach. (that and the fact that i've been on a 10h procrastination streak from writing a paper)",
"I get this feeling extremely often for almost trivial things.\n\nWalking to a party? Nauseous.\n\nSomeone knocks on the door? Nauseous.\n\nIt's been more than 8 minutes in the lesson and the lecturer hasn't turned up? Oh god, I don't recognise these people, am I in the right class, where is the tutor?"
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4vthdw | tpp, ttip, and tisa and what they're (doing) trying to do. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4vthdw/eli5_tpp_ttip_and_tisa_and_what_theyre_doing/ | {
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"All three are trade agreements between the U.S., Asian countries and the E.U. They are all designed to reduce trade barriers that exist between countries. Beyond that, things get very political, very fast. "
]
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[]
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||
3pb6ed | what happens to a deceased person's phone number, bank account, etc? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3pb6ed/eli5_what_happens_to_a_deceased_persons_phone/ | {
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"Usually they close the bank account and give the remaining balance to the beneficiary labeled on the account. A phone number is taken out of circulation for a certain period and then given back to the system as a new.number. "
]
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||
2x1oqv | what is reddit built on and how does each of the technologies used work together? | I'm a first year computer networking student and I like knowing what companies are looking for in employees in order to ensure I'm prepping myself for the real world. A Reddit Admin mentioned they were looking for an infrastructure Engineer and I decided to take a look at what they wanted in someone. They say "reddit is written in Python on Pylons talking to Cassandra, PostgreSQL, Memcached, ZooKeeper"
* **What is Python on Pylons talking to Cassandra?** It sounds like a bad IT sitcom. I know Python is a general purpose programming language, that makes things easier to express but that's about it.
* **PostgreSQL?** I know SQL is a database programming language, I'm about to learn it in class (after spend 3/4s on the year on MS Access :'(. )
* **Memcached and Zookeeper** as well, never heard of those languages.
| explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2x1oqv/eli5_what_is_reddit_built_on_and_how_does_each_of/ | {
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"[Python is a programming language](_URL_1_).\n\n[Pylons is a web framework for Python](_URL_0_). Basically, it's a toolkit that gives you some of the generic pieces of a web application, allowing you to focus on the bits that make your site unique.\n\n[Cassandra is a database originally written by Facebook](_URL_4_) that's optimized for giant data sets. In comparison, [PostgresSQL](_URL_2_) is a standard SQL-using relational database.\n\n[Memcached](_URL_5_) is a simple way to story recently used data without having to actually query it from the database.\n\n[Zookeeper](_URL_3_) is a tool for handling configuration of lots of servers. This is useful since Reddit runs across dozens (hundreds?) of VMs on the cloud."
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Cassandra",
"http://memcached.org/"
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6bsrm2 | why do schools in the us invest so much money in sports when education appears to be falling behind? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6bsrm2/eli5_why_do_schools_in_the_us_invest_so_much/ | {
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"College sports are billion dollar industries because the nation as a whole is invested in alma maters, student athletes, sports in its \"purest form,\" and the idea that \"I followed this player before he made it big.\" That's why people like Coach K have multimillion dollar salaries. It's economics, supply-and-demand.\n",
"There are a few justifications. For starters, *physical education* is still education. Schools should also teach their students about their bodies and the best practices to stay healthy. Like or not, sports are an important part of our culture and schools *should* be teaching them. So even if we don't want schools to be spending [literally tens of millions of dollars](_URL_0_) on a stadium, we *do* still want schools to spend *some* amount of money on physical education.\n\nIt also just helps kids stay healthy. Even high school kids are still *kids*, they need time to be active and do something they find *fun*. Sports are a fantastic way to do that, and many will justify the cost of sports activities for school by saying it keeps kids healthy and keeps them out of trouble. If you care about your place on the football team, you'll be too busy practicing to be out doing drugs or drinking. You will probably also avoid a lot of drugs even when you have the time because you know it will hurt your performance.\n\nThose are fine arguments for sports, but not really a good argument for spending *millions* of dollars. A side-note: it's important to understand how the education budget works. People can donate money to a school or school system with stipulations on how it can be used. If someone donates $10 million for a stadium, the school can't say, \"Sorry, we decided to use your money for books instead\" no matter how good if an idea it might be. Likewise, if the state legislature approves a budget of such-and-such dollar amount for a stadium, that money has to be spent on the stadium. Why would the legislature approve that budget? Because the voters want it. The point is, often it's outside of the control of educators and even the administration over the educators. Usually at the chagrin of the educators that would very much like that money to be spent elsewhere.\n\nThe usual justification for spending *millions* on sports is that it will supposedly produce millions in revenue for the school. If you know that 4000 parents want to see a high school football game, and you know they'll pay for tickets, then building a huge stadium that can seat that many people and create a spectacle that will encourage more people to come is actually an *investment*. **Personal opinion time**: This is bullshit. Schools aren't about making money, they're not about profit, and if I actually believed that revenue was being funneled back into giving the students a better education away from the stadium, I might be in favor of it. But it never is, it always gets recycled back into the sports activities to make more money for more sports for more money...etc. But as I said, it's usually not up to the educators (which is one of many reasons I did not finish my teaching Master's degree and go into education).\n\nFor the voters' part: they get just as caught up in celebrity worship as they do for college or pro level sports. Parents want their kids to succeed at sports, they vote for better sports stuff because they believe it will help their kids get to the pros. Or they just want a bigger stadium so they can watch the game.",
"With high schools, we don't necessarily invest a lot into it. To play sports costs money. Football players had to pay $1,000 per season! When I was in high school, the budget was always getting cut, and sports (especially JV) were the first ones to be cut. Many sports had booster clubs to help raise money to hire coaches and pay for equipment. ",
"Because there's no billion-dollar March Madness for academics. Even if there were, no one would watch it.",
"Because sports makes more money and that means fatter paychecks for the top people at universities who don't give one flying fuck about the students or education, they are only there to pad their pockets. Universities are the biggest scam in the world.",
"Because sports are essentially another part of the education system. They teach teamwork, leadership, and since many underfunded schools are in crime ridden areas, the most important thing at the time for those communities may be to invest in a program that keeps their youth out of trouble. "
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fzhtsr | how do silly bands (the weirdly shaped plastic bands from a decade ago) retain their shape even after stretching them for long periods of time? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fzhtsr/eli5_how_do_silly_bands_the_weirdly_shaped/ | {
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"Plastics are made of extremely long, skinny molecules, and a good analogy for what that's like is a big bowl of spaghetti. Weaker plastics are held together by weak attraction between the molecules, as well as the molecules being tangled up. \n\nSome plastics, like rubber, have additional strength and the ability to spring back into shape by adding crosslinking sites, which are permanent connections between random spots on two different polymer molecules where they touch. When stretched, the crosslinking prevents molecules from sliding past each other, so if you let it go, the molecules all spring back to where they were when they were crosslinked, which restores the rubber to its original shape. \n\nHowever, if the rubber is stretched too hard, permanent shape change can still happen because this starts to break the molecules. How long you stretch the rubber for can eventually cause permanent shape change, but this process is very slow because of the crosslinking. I've only noticed it happen in natural rubber bands, which seem to degrade pretty fast compared to a lot of other common plastics.\n\nSource: My Bachelor's is in Materials Science, though I'm not a polymers specialist, so if anyone has something to add, please do!"
]
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81q122 | why do little kids like sweet flavors so much more than adults do? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/81q122/eli5_why_do_little_kids_like_sweet_flavors_so/ | {
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"Is there evidence to back this up? I have never thought little kids like sweets more than adults; I love sweet (especially fruity) flavors every bit as much now if not more than when I was little.",
"There's a few factors.\n\nFirstly, children don't have an upper limit on how sweet a food they'll eat. Finding sweet food sickly isn't something developed until adulthood. Apparently this has something to do with bone growth.\n\nSecondly, children have a lot more taste buds than adults. We lose taste buds as we age.\n\nThirdly, children are much more sensitive to bitter foods than adults, beyond simply having more taste buds. This is thought to be an defense against accidental poisoning.\n\nAll of these add up to children having no reason to dislike sweets, and more reasons to dislike other flavours.",
"\"A study conducted by the University of Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, comparing young male subjects between the ages of eight and 10 to adult males found that the adolescents had a higher anterior papillae density than the adults, making them more sensitive to sucrose or sweet flavors.\"\n\n_URL_0_\n\nI couldn't find the study, but I recall something about children having no limit on what's too sweet. ",
"Another factor to consider is the fact that children's sweet foods are limited (if you parent right, that is).\n\nFor example, a child that can only have sweets after dinner, would probably enjoy it that much more because they don't get it as often as they would like to. The point is, to keep it like a treat, that way they get the happiness along with it, and make the flavour that much more enjoyable.",
"Small children are among one of the highest energy expending creatures in the universe. They're always running around, screaming, picking their noses, and putting spaghetti on their cat's head.\n\nThe only sustainable fuel sources for a creature like that, short of nuclear fusion, is sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, and red dye number 41",
"On the opposite end, elderly people tend to prefer sweeter foods as tasting capability is diminished with age. This is especially evident in dementia and Alzheimer’s patients. Many of these patients refuse to eat anything other than desserts. I’ve spoken to several members of the care staff at a local skilled nursing center and they will often add sugar to foods to encourage the residents to eat their meals. Overall perhaps not the best option diet-wise, but at a certain point you just try to maximize day to day functioning over long term effects. ",
"Growing children burn up an incredible amount of energy as their cells divide and multiply. After hundreds of thousands of years of evolution, our brains have learned that sweet = sugar = energy. So it's not really a matter of kids loving sugar, it's that they need it to grow. As you get older you need much less energy to function, so you lose your taste for sweet things.",
"I think I recall an article that said something along the lines of \"Children are instinctually programmed to chose food with more calories to grow, and since sugary foods generally are high in calories, kids prefer them\".",
"Sugars are very dense energy containers: they contain a relatively large amount of carbon atoms, which the body uses most easily to generate heat and movement—energy for short.\n\n\nAn interesting hypothesis currently being debated is that this fact is why children seem to have a disposition to like it: the children that did—over the span of centuries if not millennia—had better chances of survival than those that went for bitter or sour foods.\n\n\nA simple, elegant proposition that seems sensible. There's no consensus yet, though, so keep an open mind. "
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6dphvs | why we get lot of sticky spit in our mouth when we are crying and lot of snot in nose? | Always wondered this | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6dphvs/eli5why_we_get_lot_of_sticky_spit_in_our_mouth/ | {
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"There is actually a duct running from your eyes into your nasal cavity (nasolacrimal duct), and liquid can run down the back of your nasal cavity into your throat.\n\nApparently, this means medicine applied into your eyes (like eye drops) can end up running into your mouth.\n\nAlso, excess mucus can run up these ducts out of your eyes if your nose is very obstructed."
]
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e8oxa8 | can a human fetus grow inside an animal? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e8oxa8/eli5_can_a_human_fetus_grow_inside_an_animal/ | {
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"Unless very specific conditions were met that resembled a human womb, no. If you somehow got the zygote to implant successfully whether it would be able to form a umbilical cord with the host would be an immediate question.",
"Almost certainly not. Doing so would be like doing an organ transplant on steroids. Not only would the doctors/scientists have to find a way for the carrier not to reject the fetus, the larger underlying problem is how to nourish the fetus inside the animal. You’d have to find an animal that has super similar pregnancy demands. For a human fetus, it’d have to be done in an ape, almost certainly, if even done at all. \n\nI suppose it’s theoretically possible, but for all intents and purposes not really possible. And from what I can tell, has never been tried. At least not for legit and ethical scientific purposes. Maybe some “mad” scientist did it. \n\nThey are, however, working on creating artificial wombs that seems to show progress.",
"You can grow a baby in any container given the right circumstance I think what's going to most likely happen when you say human-animal hybrid is going to be the two genetics most likely starting with human and adding in a Outsource gene growing in a random box full of anything it needs in the moment not impossible. Especially using crispr. It might come down to developing new genes entirely"
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63yihl | if japanese is read top to bottom how do their text boxes work? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/63yihl/eli5_if_japanese_is_read_top_to_bottom_how_do/ | {
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"text": [
"It can also be read and written left to right the same way as English and other such languages. So it works no differently. "
]
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43tqc7 | how do particle accelerators work? how do they achieve the accuracy to collide one atom or subatomic particle with another, especially considering that we can't create true vacuum? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/43tqc7/eli5_how_do_particle_accelerators_work_how_do/ | {
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"I guess the most important thing to remember is that atoms are mostly empty space. Even when there's a stack of them, they don't tend to talk to each other much, because they're so small and don't influence things unless they're really, really close together.\n\nAs for how big those numbers appear to be, don't let them fool you! Some back of the envelope calculations tell me that there are approximately 2.55 x 10^22 air molecules (nitrogen and oxygen) floating around us at sea level... which means this terrible \"vacuum\" is 12 orders of magnitude (that's 1,000,000,000,000 times) better than regular air pressure.\n\nAs for the actual operation of particle accelerators, they work off the idea that particles with charge can be accelerated by electric fields, and squeezed together with magnetic fields. So, it's possible to get some gas, heat it up (so that the particles become charged - we call them ions), and stick them in the accelerator so that the electric and magnetic fields speed them up to close to the speed of light! (*300,000* kilometres per second)\n\nFinally, you are correct in saying it's tricky to hit individual particles together... that's like two people shooting machine guns near each other and trying to cross the streams so the bullets hit. But again, it's a numbers game. You may only have a 0.0000001% chance for any two particles to hit head on, but if you're operating with a trillion trillion (no, I didn't stutter) charged particles heading towards each other, a few are bound to hit. When they do, huge amounts of energy are produced, and since E = mc^2 we get all kinds of strange, new particles produced in the explosion, which we have fancy sensors to detect (usually by their decay products, we used to use cloud chambers to track their paths, and that would let us work out things like their electric charge and their mass).\n\nSource: I'm a physicist."
]
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6z9eau | why is it that an image appears large to the naked eye but once i take my phone out to take a picture it's not at the same scale? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6z9eau/eli5_why_is_it_that_an_image_appears_large_to_the/ | {
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"The lens on your phone's camera is equivalent to a 30-35mm lens on a 35mm format camera. That gives the ability to have a fairly wide angle field of view. \n\nThe focal length which best mimics the perspective of the human eye is closer to 50mm. "
]
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||
dhovsn | why do diamonds sparkle but other carbon-based materials do not? | Does coal not sparkle because of its colour or because light does not refract / reflect from the cut facets? Thanks! | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dhovsn/eli5_why_do_diamonds_sparkle_but_other/ | {
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"I’m not positive but I’m guessing you could polish coal and it would shine if not sparkle. \n\nDiamonds are different because the material is transparent, you get reflections from the outside facets and reflections from light that passes through those facets and hits other facets. Light is bouncing around everywhere, aka sparkle. \n\nA good diamond cut has geometry that intensifies the effect.",
"Coal doesn’t sparkle because it’s not a crystalline solid, and it’s not transparent. It has randomly distributed particles so any light that falls on it gets absorbed (because it’s black), or reflected in random directions and difused. Light that falls on a cut diamond gets focused by internal reflection into certain paths, which is why you see “no sparkle-blinding sparkle-no sparkle-again” when you rotate it.",
"Diamonds are specific arrangement of carbon atoms that just happen to reflect light really, really well. Other things might be made of carbon, but they dont have the same structure. \n\n\nNatural, uncut diamonds are a lot less shiny than you might think. Diamonds are cut and polished *very* specifically in order to reflect as much light as possible. Imperfections like cloudiness or inclusions (other minerals trapped inside) or fractures will all make the diamond a little less shiny and sparkly.",
"Diamonds are unique in terms of forms of carbon in that they are transparent and very optically dense. This means that light slows down a *lot* when it passes through diamonds. The result is that it bounces around the inside of them a lot, and gets sent off in all directions. Other carbon arrangements will happily absorb this light, and would be much less optically dense even if they didn't, so they could not sparkle.",
"Maybe off-topic but here's why diamonds are transparent:\nA diamond consists of a 3 dimensional array of carbon atoms bound together. A chemical bond is just electrons moving around two atoms binding them together by electrostatic forces. Electrons can absorb light, which raises their energy level, and they loose the energy in form of heat for example. When a compound absorbs light (=the bond electrons absorb light), and that light has a wavelength within the visible spectrum, the compound has a color. When every visible wavelenth gets absorbed, the compound is black.\nMore tightly bound electrons need more energy (=smaller wavelength of light) to be excited to higher energy levels. Lets compare diamonds and graphite. The electrons in diamond are too tightly bound to the carbon atoms , they only absorb high energy UV light, which is invisible - so diamonds absorb no color, they are transparent. The carbon atoms in graphite are arranged in sheets, and these sheets are bound together by weaker bonds called pi-bonds. These pi-bond electrons absorb light at almost every wavelength in the visible spectrum - so graphite is black. These pi-bonds are also the reason why graphite conducts electricity and diamonds don't."
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2l1k1y | why cant humans have a food that brushes their teeth? | We apparently can make food that is good for other species' teeth, but we can't make something that works for ours and makes brushing obsolete? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2l1k1y/eli5_why_cant_humans_have_a_food_that_brushes/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Um. Any crunchy fruit (apples, pears) or vegetables (carrots, celery) all help to keep our teeth clean?"
]
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[]
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|
8sjj63 | why do our eyes start to get watery after staring at something for awhile? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8sjj63/eli5_why_do_our_eyes_start_to_get_watery_after/ | {
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"text": [
"Your eyes get dry when you \"stare\" at something (without blinking), so a gland near your eye produces a small bit of tears to keep things moist",
"Because you aren't blinking so the moisture that lubricates your eyes (tears) is evaporating. Your body responds by producing more tears."
]
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8o9xv4 | why is it that a car journey feels less bumpy if you are the driver? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8o9xv4/eli5_why_is_it_that_a_car_journey_feels_less/ | {
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"For regular 5 seat cars, the location of the driver seat right behind the front wheel helps because the suspension is there for you. My parents have a 8 seater, and sitting in the last row feels like bumps would throw you in the air. I bumped my head in the roof on too many occasions in that car\n\nEdit: fixed several typos. Autocorrect attack",
"I also think it’s because as the driver you know what bumps and curves are coming up and are making adjustments with your body to minimize how much they jostle you. And I’m not just talking about leaning into a turn. I think while you watch the car in front of you hit a bump or you see a dip in the road ahead your own body (even subconsciously sometimes) makes adjustments by shifting its weight or flexing certain muscles or keeping other body parts loose. I don’t know if this is true but I’ve thought about it a lot when my head is bouncing all over while riding shotgun in my wife’s car. ",
"For the same reason that you cannot tickle yourself: *anticipation of effect dampens perception of effect*. When you are driving a car you control the speed, direction, and changes in velocity while also viewing road conditions that generate bumps. Using all of this information, you can usually correctly anticipate movement (bumps) and anticipated movements are accounted for in the brain and somewhat canceled out in our perception. Passengers do not control any of these factors and generally do not pay attention to the road in the same way and thus do not dampen perceived movement. Neuroscientist Daniel Wolpert brilliantly explains these effects in his talk, [The real reason for brains]( _URL_0_;).",
"It's because in *most* cars the driver is sitting exactly in the middle between the front axle and the rear axle (it may not seem like it, but next time you see a passing car, notice that the driver's head and the wheels form a perfect isosceles triangle). Therefore, he is least affected by any bump that hit either the front or the rear wheels.\n\nThe driver also has an advantage over the passenger beside him: by holding onto the steering wheel at all times his body movement is more restrained."
]
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59dcdv | how does apple cider vinegar help relieve heartburn? | My doctor told me to give it a shot. I bought a bottle, but I'm not sure how adding acid to a problem caused by acid is anything short of counterintuitive. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/59dcdv/eli5_how_does_apple_cider_vinegar_help_relieve/ | {
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"text": [
"Not a Dr but this what mine told me. Also it works for me. There is some reason why you stomach is making more acid than it needs, by taking an antacid you are neutralizing acid and therefore your stomach makes even more to compensate. By adding acid in your stomach is all like \"Hey we are good to go on acid so stop making it.\" Also equalizes your pH. "
]
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2qzolw | why do car companies name their cars a year in advance? | Why do the 2015 cars come out in 2014 and so on? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qzolw/eli5why_do_car_companies_name_their_cars_a_year/ | {
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"text": [
"The 2015 cars are just 2015 models that are released early. The are normally released in the last few months before the year ends. This stops the lull in sales that occurs when people decide that they want to wait to buy a car until next years model comes out, because it already has."
]
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1do3kc | how do they make 3d sound work? | I play empire total war. I can play a battle and hear battle sounds based on where the camera is. It took me a long time to realize that I'd, for example, react to the sounds of a cavalry charge behind me to the right. But how??? I have 2 speakers and a subwoofer. It's all in front of me! Please explain this wizardry; i think it's really cool | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1do3kc/eli5_how_do_they_make_3d_sound_work/ | {
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"They do it the same way they create the 3D illusion for your eyes -- by controlling how long it takes the information to get to your brain. In the case of 3D vision, the image going to your left eye comes from a slightly different place than your right eye, and your brain fills in the blanks to create 3D.\n\nFor audio, it's the same thing. Your ears are very sensitive to the timing and apparent direction of sound signals coming in. You really only need two speakers, or headphones to do this -- by controlling the combination of the main signal coming into one ear and the echoes and delays that come to the other ear as if they were bounced off a wall, or whatever, your brain fills in the blanks and decides that a certain sound came from a certain place.\n\nHere's a great example to play with using headphones -- two speakers only, but the illusion is that you're sitting in the environment and everything is happening around you: _URL_0_."
]
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5y0zpd | what happens when astronauts clog the toilet in space? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5y0zpd/eli5what_happens_when_astronauts_clog_the_toilet/ | {
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"There's not really anything to get clogged because space toilets don't have plumbing like Earth ones do. For solid waste, the astronaut \"sits\" over the opening which has a plastic bag underneath. There's gentle suction so the waste collects at the bottom of the bag. When he or she is finished, they push the bag through a hatch into a larger conainter that holds all the bags until eventually they get loaded into a cargo spacecraft that burns up in the Earth's atmosphere.",
"One of the astronauts has to put on the suit and go outside the ship. He has to reach up the poop chute and pull out the clog. Sometimes they use a plastic bag to put it in, but usually they just leave it floating in space.\n\nSometimes another ship comes along and runs into it This is why the shuttles have windshield wipers.",
"I feel like astronauts diet's are well regulated enough that they don't have massive pizza/whiskey/beer shits every morning like us real American men."
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er6iqj | why is it when you experience anxiety or fear your body starts getting hotter? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/er6iqj/eli5why_is_it_when_you_experience_anxiety_or_fear/ | {
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"Because stress increase blood pressure. Heart begins to pump aggressively, blood is going through the body faster and more regularly, like when you’re working out. So the body becomes incredibly overheated from the body flipping out.",
"Fight or flight. Your body is ramping up your heart rate and pumping extra blood in case you need to fight or run away real quick. It's the product of the brain giving itself a rush of adrenaline."
]
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bx7n2k | how does increasing government spending affect aggregate demand in the economy? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bx7n2k/eli5_how_does_increasing_government_spending/ | {
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"The general idea is that aggregate demand is comprised of _all_ of the entities buying goods. That includes individual consumers, businesses, foreign firms and governments. If any of those groups starts buying more, then aggregate (i.e. total) demand goes up, so increasing in spending from any of them can increase aggregate demand.\n\nThe US Government is somewhat special in this regard, though, as it basically has access to unlimited funds over the short term. If the economy is flagging due to low demand, it can take on debt with incredible ease and spend that money in the economy buying goods and services. The firms that sell goods to the government then take that money and buy goods and services of their own, so every $1 spend by the government could have a 3-6x effect on demand. Then, once the economy is good again, spending can be reduced, taxes increased and the debt paid back. \n\nOf course, that is a very Keynesian opinion. Ask a Chicago-school economist and they will tell you that government spending has zero effect on aggregate demand...",
"If the government increases spending, then they are creating more aggregate demand for goods and services that they consume... if they buy new Tahoes for National Park rangers, and missiles, and upgrade computers at the Dept. of Agriculture those all create demand for those goods. Additionally, the companies supplying those goods, selling those goods, pay their workers who then have money to spend on whatever it is that they need/want. They factory worker building missiles picks up overtime shifts to pay for his family'd Disney vacation. The Wyoming Chevy dealer that sold 10 trucks for use in Yellowstone buys a new pair of cowboy boots. The sales rep at Dell decides to move to a nicer apartment."
]
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d5sqxb | the lack of goal line replay technology in american football as compared to other sports | For example, tennis has hawk eye and soccer has goal line technology. How come football still doesn't have anything capable of accurately measuring where the ball is on the field for touchdowns, first downs etc.? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d5sqxb/eli5_the_lack_of_goal_line_replay_technology_in/ | {
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"The more interesting proposals in football actually doesn't involve cameras. Instead they would have chips embedded in the ends of the football that would send a signal if it breaks the goal line.",
"In Football a lot of it is that the ball moves and stuff after the play anyway, and often it's not a matter of 'did it go this far' its' 'did it go this far before his knee touched here and did he have control and was it grounded etc... \n\n\nIn Tennis the location is like 99% of the call. In Football, its not very common that the ball's specific location is the problem, its the timing of it being in that location relative to other events",
"There are cameras in the pylon and at the endzone along the sideline and most light based approaches sort of fall apart because the case where you'd need it is a goal line scrum, and if you placed something on the ball like a transmitter there's questions over how it impacts how the ball travels in flight."
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5l12pq | how do we not run out of stuff? like metals, helium, plastic, salt, anything? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5l12pq/eli5_how_do_we_not_run_out_of_stuff_like_metals/ | {
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"Metals are recycled and mined. There's actually a shitload of metal on earth, for example the earth is about 8% aluminum. It will be hard to run out of aluminum.\n\nHelium, we are running out of. It's the smallest molecule, and the second lightest, so it tends to escape any container it is put in and float away into space.\n\nPlastics, we are also running out of. Plastics are synthesized from oil (hydrocarbons), nitrogen, and oxygen. We won't even run out of oxygen (because of our atmosphere, and the fact that the Earth is 48% oxygen), or nitrogen, which makes up 70% of our atmosphere. We can run out of oil though, so once all our oil is gone, expect the plastic industry (and the chemical industry as a whole) to grind to a halt. Hopefully we'll have fusion by then so we can have the energy to synthesize the needed hydrocarbons from graphite and water. (Edit: or from plants, as someone else mentioned)\n\nThe ocean is 3.5% salt, so it's unlikely we'll ever run out of that either. If we ever did though, that would be rough, because while sodium is very common (2.3% of Earth's mass), chlorine is rare."
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2prims | realistically speaking, are there any benefits to continuing an embargo on cuba? | I grew up in the 80's and 90's, and the Cuban embargo has always seemed to be this ridiculous relic of the past. If the goal was to induce regime change, well, that's been failing now for 40+ years. If the goal is to somehow reduce terrorism by Cubans, well, I don't think that was ever a serious threat when viewed in the global context and when viewed against our own threats against Cuba. Isn't the embargo of Cuba just a relic of the cold war that's used as a political tool by a special interest group in a swing state? Or do I have this wrong? Please help educate me! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2prims/eli5_realistically_speaking_are_there_any/ | {
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"America has a lot of Cuban refugees and immigrants who were trying to escape Cuba. Many of them were political prisoners. Others just wanted a better life. They held such a gross animosity towards Castro.\n\nSo they all live in Florida. And, roughly 1/3 of all elections are decided by the Florida swing state. And, all the Cubans are in Florida. If you can promise continued embargo on Florida, you can insure that this group won't vote against you in the next election.\n\nFor Obama and the Democrats normalized relations with Cuba is very risky. They already lost the House and the Senate due to the Pipeline states. They could now lose the presidency to the Cuban stance if the Republicans were to say they'll continue embargoing Cuba."
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4omsyl | if dogs can just eat dog food and be healthy, why can't humans eat "human food" equivalent and be healthy? | I feel like humans need such a large variety of foods to be healthy, yet dogs can live just fine on one dog food their whole life. Why is that? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4omsyl/eli5_if_dogs_can_just_eat_dog_food_and_be_healthy/ | {
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"Dog Food is basically a dried up paste that is made by tossing a balanced diet in a blender. There are \"human food\" equivalents, such as Soylent, but they are far from popular.",
"Mainly that the dog doesn't mind the monotony. Would you be hopping up and down excited to eat the same thing every day? There are thing like [Soylent](_URL_0_ (which is also DIYable for cheap) and [Nutraloaf](_URL_1_) if you're really interested. ",
"Straight dry food is enough for your pet to live off of, but it's not especially healthy. dogs and cats are carnivores, they are supposed to eat meat. Yet all of these pet foods are filled with mashed peas, corn, rice, etc, as a protein filler.",
"It's what's in the foods. Theoretically, we could exist just fine as long as the nutritional needs are met. That we get those nutrients through eating is just a preference.\n\nThe idea of Soylent is pretty old. Some company actually makes a bar, kind of like a granola bar, and claims you can eat only the bar a few times a day indefinitely and be fine. I forget the name u unfortunate.\n\nOthers have done their own experiments. Take them with a healthy dose of skepticism though. For instance: _URL_0_",
"In addition to what everyone else has said, dogs have a pretty short life-span compared with humans. It may be fine(ish) for them to eat that for their lifespan, but on a human scale life-span health problems might crop up that simply wouldn't have time to develop on the shorter time scale.",
"From my understanding, and this will not be a popular response I'm sure since it pushes buttons, dogs aren't at their top healthiness eating dog food. They also have complex dietary needs and do prefer variety, just like us. Humans are just lazy and don't want to make their own meals for dogs, they want convenience of pouring kibble into a bowl. It has all sorts of additives that damages them. ",
"\"Healthy\" is objectively relative, especially in animals. How much longer would a dog live if they were given ideal/beneficial nutrition like a human?\n\nA bigger question for me, though, is how much longer would a dog live if they could brush their own teeth? That is a serious question. Think about it. What would happen to your health if you never brushed your teeth?\n\nEdit: like a human.",
"i remember my first dog. many years ago. my parents told me that it was my responsibility, so my 13 year old mind went hog wild over raising it. i fed it everything i ate. however, it got to the point where my dog started eating literally nothing. it would refuse to eat whatever i gave it, and i've only had it for 3ish months. it was then that the unhealthy dog was put on a dog food diet and helped by my parents. not only was it a harsh and valuabe learning experience for me, but there were things about diet i never understood. such as dogs have a different digestive system. and more importantly, some dog food companies have it down pat. as long as you buy the good stuff, they provide all the nutrients they need. supplement it with fresh veggies and clean unflavored unprocessed meats, if you wish, but that's it. our systems are more adaptive but more sensitive as well. dog systems are simple and much smaller. so it is easier but you can also easily screw it up.",
"Best Korea would beg to differ. Hard times have proven humans can eat very little variety and survive. 99% of people just two centuries ago ate far less variety than the poorest people you've ever met today. Now even a poor person is literally eating food from the other side of the planet. Macdonalds fries are an extreme example of circling the globe more times than most Americans who eat them.",
"They can.\n\nThere is a company called \"Soylent\" that is manufacturing \"complete\" human food.",
"Most people do feed the same food, though there is reason to give some variety. Dogs that eat the same food their life can slowly become allergic to it and develop an intolerance for other foods.\n\nI feed a good quality food, and rotate between flavors and recipes occasionally, mix in a little bit of healthy foods such as banana, ham, carrots, blueberries, cheese, etc.",
"I think you'll really enjoy reading about the monkey chow experiment. A gentleman decided to live off of the nutrient complete for primates chow fed to chimpanzees and gorillas in Zoos. I particularly enjoyed his revulsion upon adopting a completely mono food diet in that his poop smells a lot like his food. _URL_1_. \nEdit: that link wasn't the one I was thinking of, other people have been inspired by the project and done similar things. _URL_0_",
"We don't need a large variety of food to be healthy. People can get all of their nutritional needs from a product called Soylent. It's just that people generally like variety in their food, while dogs don't really care.",
"They can. It's called Soylent (and there are a few knockoff varieties). There are some people who do eat almost exclusively these things, it's just not common because we like variety.",
"Kibble dog food can be some of the most cancerous food your dog can eat. Unless you are buying extreme premium kibble you are not doing any favours to your dog. I dont know how to link but a site called dog food advisor is a completely unbiased website that will tell you exactly what is in any brand of food. There are studies that have been done where they tested a certain brand of dog food and they found sodium phenobarbital which is a vet drug used to euthanize pets. That unique smell that dog food has is most often rendered animal fat, unfortunatley there are no laws about what can and cannot be put into dog food so alot of companies will go the cheapest route. This is just stuff that I have found while searching the web trying to find the best food for my dog, and i found out what the best food was and that was raw... anyways sorry about the rant im kind of passionate about my dog.",
"Think about it like the potato. We could only eat mashed potatoes. That is the only way we would consume them. But that would get boring! So we eat baked potatoes, french fries, scalloped potatoes, mashed potatoes, chips, etc...",
"Because humans tend to complain a lot, especially when their food is tasteless little pellets (Bachelor Chow! Now with *Flavor*!). ",
"Checkout r soylent, I've been using it to replace snacking, lunch and sometimes breakfast. It's surprisingly satisfying and tastes pretty good cold. I put some fruit and ice in it and it's delicious. I can't bring myself to solely eat soylent primarily due to my desire for variety."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soylent_(drink%29)",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutraloaf"
],
[],
[
"http://robrhinehart.com/?p=298"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.nathanedwardwilliams.com/fun/monkeydiet.htm",
"http://www.angryman.ca/monkey.html"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
23ys13 | the cliven bundy cattle grazing situation (not the racist remarks) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/23ys13/eli5_the_cliven_bundy_cattle_grazing_situation/ | {
"a_id": [
"ch1vexh",
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"score": [
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2,
2
],
"text": [
"A rancher, Bundy, paid the government money to use their land to let his cattle graze (pretty common practice). He quit paying the bill so the government told him to stop using their land. He still used the land for his cattle so the government confiscated some of the cows. A bunch of gun nuts went down and stood around with guns to try and intimidate the government. They even put women in front of them and talked about shooting the cops if things went south. The government backed down and the gun nuts are claiming it a victory against a tyrannic government.\nPlease no comments about the term \"gun nuts\". I'm a gun owner. I don't need a lecture. But these guys are, in fact, nuts.",
"Guy has cattle. Guy grazes cattle on federally owned land. Federal government charges a grazing fee on land they own. Guy refuses to pay grazing fee (he says now he doesn't recognize the existence of the federal government). Court orders him to pay grazing fee. Guy refuses to pay grazing fees over many years. Federal government seize cattle. People nearby are upset about this and come out to protest, cattle are returned. As far as I'm aware guy still hasn't paid grazing fees.\n\n",
"A 20-year legal dispute between the United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and cattle rancher Cliven Bundy in southeastern Nevada over unpaid grazing fees eventually developed into an armed confrontation between protesters and law enforcement. The dispute began in 1993 when grazing rules were changed and Bundy refused to pay the new bills to the US government for his cattle grazing on BLM-administered lands near Bunkerville, Nevada. Bundy was eventually prohibited from grazing his cattle on the Bunkerville Allotment by an order issued in 1998 by the United States District Court for the District of Nevada in United States v. Bundy.[2] The BLM complaint was supplemented when in July 2013 the George Court ordered that Bundy refrain from trespass on federally administered land in the Gold Butte, Nevada area in Clark County.[3]\n\nAfter years of repeated violations of multiple court orders, in early April 2014 the BLM began rounding up Bundy's cattle that were trespassing on the land. While they were doing so, they were confronted by protesters and armed supporters of Bundy.\n\n_URL_0_\n"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[
"http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Bundy"
]
] |
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