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9i2xbr | how do hemispherectomy patients regain functionality in their whole bodies? | I'm under the impression that the motor and sensory neurons for each side of the body are routed to their respective side. If this is the case, when one half of the brain is removed, wouldn't that half of the body be permanently "unplugged"? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9i2xbr/eli5_how_do_hemispherectomy_patients_regain/ | {
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"This rerouting only is possible for very young patients. I know a teen who had it done and he has incomplete use of one half of his body. So he limps and such. But a baby who has this done will likely be completely fine. Some physical therapy is likely necessary. The young have a lot of neuroplasticity."
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1pb3lj | if eli5 suggests we search eli5 or google before asking an eli5 question, and i can find the answer to every eli5 question on google without reading any of the comments, what is the motivation or psychology behind people using eli5? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pb3lj/eli5_if_eli5_suggests_we_search_eli5_or_google/ | {
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"Karma, intellectual laziness, or simply lowering the barrier to entry I would think. ELI5 having been made a default subreddit reminds me of when WoW replaced their detailed talent trees...",
"It presents interesting questions (that don't have to be thought up) to individuals and then presents an answer. How many people ask themselves questions like those here."
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4aufls | how are we still speculating about and uncovering tombs from pyramids we explored almost 100 years ago? | Story published today states Nefertiti's tomb may be in the same pyramid as King Tut's. If we've had access to these passages since the 20's, how are complete passageways and rooms still unnoticed? _URL_0_ | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4aufls/eli5_how_are_we_still_speculating_about_and/ | {
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"Not the same pyramid - Tutankhamun was not buried in a pyramid. Same tomb, though. No one noticed the \"ghost\" doorways because they were bricked and plastered up. It wasn't until the recent high-res scans that tiny differences and cracks in the walls were noticed.",
"a large part of this comes from us having the inclination to try and preserve what remains. we could have torn it down brick by brick and discovered everything that was there, but at the same time it would destroy the history of it for others. \n\nThis means that no excavation could take place unless there was significant evidence to back up that there would be something to find. \nAdvances in thermal and radio geology have allowed us to essentially see beyond the walls and look for cavities large enough to potentially be rooms or corridors, which would elude to something worth digging for. \n\n"
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1r67zq | what exactly is "missing" in the brain/mental processes when someone has above average written communication skills, yet poor/below average verbal communication skills? | I see this "discrepancy" quite a bit. Using myself as an example, I have always been above average when it comes to written communication. English was my best class as early as first grade, I've always written A+ papers without even having to try very hard, and professors compliment me on my writing style. I can present my ideas and arguments very clearly through writing.
But when it comes to ANY sort of verbal communication, I come across as a blithering idiot. I'm sure people who don't know me and have a brief conversation with me assume I have an IQ of 70. My words come out jumbled, I have no idea how to explain things or argue my points. I often end up saying the exact opposite of what I really mean. My brain enters a state of confusion that prevents me from saying anything meaningful when I'm on the spot. If I could speak at the same level as I write, a lot of things in life would change.
So, I want to know, what exactly is going on in the brain that would make someone an adequate writer versus speaker? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1r67zq/eli5_what_exactly_is_missing_in_the_brainmental/ | {
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"When speaking your brain has to translate the words in your head, into impulses that go to your vocal cords and lungs. This is a synced process I.E your body has to send the impulse continually or you won't get the word out. This takes brain power which you could normally use to create better arguments. It also prevents you from correcting mistakes mid sentence.\n\nWritting doesn't have this problem as you can stop, think, and rewrite correcting for mistakes this makes communication less taxing and can lead to better argument.\n\nMy suggestion is to sign up for debating class (I.E Kung-Fu with words) or join a club they'll help you practice your verbal skills and show you various tricks to make better verbal arguments."
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5d441a | why do liquids like beet juice stain so effectively? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5d441a/eli5_why_do_liquids_like_beet_juice_stain_so/ | {
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"The bonds of the compound that give beet juice (and other things that stain) their deep color are oriented in a way that make them very strong. These compounds (called chromophores) absorb visible light so you see them as colored. \n\nIt is quite difficult to break these bonds using just soap or water. However, something like bleach (an oxidizing or reducing agent) can break or reorient these bonds so that the chromophore loses its ability to absorb light, and becomes invisible to you.",
"Absorbence is equal to e\\*c\\*l. e is the extinction coefficient, c is concentration, and l is path length. Concentration and path length are ways to think about how much stuff you're looking through. If there are more colorful molecules, then the color will be darker. Similarly, with path length, if you're looking through an inch of solution you are looking through less stuff than with a foot of solution. Extinction coefficient is a sort of objective measure of darkness, with compounds that have larger extinction coefficients, needing less stuff to get just as dark as compounds with smaller extinction coefficients. Beet juice has a high extinction coefficient, so it takes very little of it to turn everything red for a long time. ",
"Different things, even close in color, are made up of very different color compounds. \n\nIn beets the vibrant magenta colors are mostly from a compound called \"betalains\" [beets, betalains....get it. (-= ]. These are a natural color class that also happen to be anti-oxidants. Betalains can span a few colors, but typically fall in the magenta, purple, pink, orange realm and are also found in prickly pears, bougainvillea, rainbow chard, and a few other foods. \n\nIf you change over to the purple and red colors in berries (strawberry, raspberry, etc...) those deep dark purple to blue colors come from a class of compounds called anthocyanin, a very common anti-oxidant. \n\nIt is really a large number of different compounds that give us these colors - each with its own unique property. Some stain, some are water soluble, some are UV resistant, others are alcohol resistant. \n\nLiquid Colors seem to stain more since they are already dissolved in a liquid. When it hits your cloths it soaks in and around the fibers. While a powder or dry coloring agent could largely get brushed off and is mostly attached on the surface (not absorbed into the fibers). Similar things come into play with pen inks - more permanent inks can soak into the fibers while standard ones just \"sit on top\" of the fibers. (note from experience and anecdotal evidence). \n\nFWIW, betalains, the compound in beets, is actually water soluble. If you are having big issues maybe try an \"enzymatic\" stain remover but before the stain is set. ",
"they have a really low surface tension and absorb readily. an example of this take a drop of water and put it on a water resistant suitcase it will bead off. then take a soapy drop of water and do the same thing and it will readily absorb into the material. add color and youve got yourself a stain"
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4r08sd | how do they put empty space into a flash drive? | When they make flash drives and the like, what is it that gives them their capacities? Example: 16gb flash drive
How do you develop memory space and where does it come from? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4r08sd/eli5_how_do_they_put_empty_space_into_a_flash/ | {
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"The answer from /u/WRSaunders is almost correct. The charge isn't really stored on capacitors, it is stored on the \"floating gate\" of [special-purpose transistors](_URL_0_). The gate is called floating because it is not electrically connected to anything. The charges are forced onto/off the floating gate through a thin insulating oxide. \n \nThey are similar in certain ways to capacitors, but not quite the same thing. \n\n \n",
"you know those tests you take with all the bubbles you have to fill in for the answers...well imagine a whole bunch of those (in the case of a 16GB drive 128 billion of em) initially they are all blank, not filled in. there is 128 billion bubbles each can store an on or off (filled or not) so there is 16 GB there.\n\nsame basic premise with a flash drive, except they have little mechanisms that can be turned on or off but there are 128 billion of em, and those denote the maximum capacity."
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23v76t | why does the united states require a census at great expense, beyond article 1 section 2, to count its citizens when there is more than ample computerized data (state id cards, passports, birth certificates, tax statements, intelligence records, etc.) on its population to complete the task? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/23v76t/eli5_why_does_the_united_states_require_a_census/ | {
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"Not everyone currently in the country has all of those things. Some people don't have state ID's, some are here illegally and don't have a passport, birth certificate, some people don't get tax statements, and most people aren't on intelligence records. \n\nThe census literally goes door to door. It's the most accurate way of compiling this information since most of the things you listed don't apply to everyone and all that information is spread among 50+ different governments within the US. "
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bo6hdu | why isn't the regrowth of nerves and other key cells using stem cells not more popular or more researched if it works so well? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bo6hdu/eli5_why_isnt_the_regrowth_of_nerves_and_other/ | {
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"The ethics of Stem Cells are a little fuzzy. \n\nThe best Stem Cells for use in Humans come from Human Fetuses. That means harvesting cells from freshly dead babies. \n\nAny situation that leads to a researcher extracting fresh stem cells is going to stumble afoul some dark decisions by one party or the other."
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3d4zom | how is bacon made? | I see the little picture near explain like I'm five, but I don't think that its been asked/answered. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3d4zom/eli5_how_is_bacon_made/ | {
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"Bacon is made out of [pork belly](_URL_1_) that has been [cured](_URL_2_ or [smoked](_URL_0_.\n\nIt can then be sliced (as you often see in the supermarket) or left whole.",
"Basically, thin cuts (usually from the side or back) of pig meat are salted and smoked. It's usually dried for several weeks or months. Usually, people then prepare bacon by pan frying it."
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63iv55 | how do chemical attacks work? ie. the one that recently happened in syria? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/63iv55/eli5_how_do_chemical_attacks_work_ie_the_one_that/ | {
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"Some type of chemical agent is loaded into a shell, and fired as an artillery projectile. [This](_URL_1_) is a picture of a firing mechanism circa WW1, and [this](_URL_0_) is a picture of the effects. Different gasses do different things. Some are automatically fatal, some can be fatal, some are strictly irritants.",
"Apparently it wasn't a Chemical attack, it was an bombing run on an Islamic state stronghold that happened to contain chemical weapons. ",
"Conventional weapons typically involve explosives as their payload. They explode, the pressure wave and shrapnel cause damage, but then it's done.\n\nChemical weapons replace the explosive payload with one that spreads a specific chemical gas into the air. Once the chemical comes in contact with a person, it reacts in some way that causes pain and/or death. The specifics varies depending on what chemical is used. The news doesn't specify which chemical was used in today's attack in Syria, but it causes airways to close and leads to suffocation."
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21ehyu | when i have a company and someone buys it for 2 billion, do i get all the money or does it not work that way? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21ehyu/eli5_when_i_have_a_company_and_someone_buys_it/ | {
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"Are you the sole owner? Do you have shareholders? Do your employees have stock options or stake in the company? It really depends on the circumstances, but rarely will a company be big enough to sell and only have one person with their hand in the cookie jar. ",
"I'm assuming you're asking because of Facebook buying Oculus\nRift VR. In this case they accepted 400 million cash 1.6 billion in Facebook shares. If you really wanted to you could just sell all your Facebook shares and you would just have 1.6 billion dollars in the bank.. You already spent the 400 mil on fast cars, hot bitches, copius amounts of coke and a massive estate somewhere in the world on the first day.",
"As [BlazerMorte's comment](_URL_0_) points out, you'd have to be the sole owner to get the whole $2B.\n\nThe two other thing to add are that:\n\n1. Large acquisitions like this are rarely cash-only transactions;\n2. If you're a key person in the business (like the owner), the buyer will normally impose some conditions on you to stay past the sale date and help them.\n\nThe first point is that the more common way companies \"buy\" each other is by paying with *stock* instead of cash. For example, suppose Apple buys your company for $2B. Apple's stock is currently at $545, so instead of $2B in cash they could offer you 3,669,725 shares of Apple stock. Normally large acquisitions are a mix of cash and stock—part of the purchase is done in cash, but the bulk is in the stock of the buyer.\n\nThe second point usually works like this: since you are very important to the running the business that Apple is buying, they wouldn't want you to just go away the day they pay you for your company—they probably need you to at least explain how things work to them for a while. So as part of the offer for your company, they will put in some conditions for you to meet. For example, they may require you to stay in the company for 18 months to help them understand how things work, and they might restrict how much of your Apple stock you may sell during that period.\n\nTo give one example, a company I worked for got bought for $150 million + $40 million in escrows and conditional bonuses that we later qualified for (see below). Most of the transaction was in stock. My company's two founders each owned about 35% of the company, so that means each got $66.5 million, but it was mostly in the buyer's stock, they were required to stay for 18 months, and there were restrictions on how soon they could sell that stock.\n\nThe remaining 30% of the company was owned by a mix of outside investors and employees (including me). Most of these people just got paid in cash, but some of the executives were paid in stock and required to stay 18 months. Employee option holders were either paid in cash (for options whose vesting date had arrives) or issued equivalent options in the buyer's company (for options that were not yet exercisable).\n\nThe $40 million escrows and bonuses that I mentioned were, basically, money that the buyer said that they would pay between 6-18 months after the sale if certain conditions were met. For example, one was a sales tax escrow; if our company had not paid some state sales taxes that we were required to, it would be taken out of this escrow. There was also a performance bonus—if my company met certain sales targets after the sale, we qualified for an extra $20 million.",
"In most cases the transaction happens like this: \n\nYou get some cash and stock in the company that buys your company. The shares that you get cannot be sold/traded for a long-ish period of time. "
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1dr68c | why some people have dimples and some people dont? | Also, how come they can appear in different places on everyone? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1dr68c/eli5_why_some_people_have_dimples_and_some_people/ | {
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"Random chance and genes, just like red, black, blond hair, eyes etc..",
"It's the same reason why some people have different colors of hair, different facial features, and different skin colors. It's genetic, if your parents have dimples, you are also likely to have dimples.",
"from wikipedia:\n > Dimples may be caused by variations in the structure of the facial muscle known as *zygomaticus major*. Specifically, the presence of a double or bifid zygomaticus major muscle may explain the formation of cheek dimples.\n\nfrom what i was told in anatomy class, everyone has dimples but it usually disappears over time due to the zygomaticus major muscles. genetics plays a large part into how these muscles behave over time, much like the rest of the body."
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7lb3c0 | what do neo-nazi's want to achieve? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7lb3c0/eli5_what_do_neonazis_want_to_achieve/ | {
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"It really depends on the person, but neo-nazism generally emphasis creating a white aryan ethnic state through exportation of non whites and genocide. They believe that white men should be the only ones with rights. Basically, they want to fulfill hitters vision of an aryan nation. ",
"Ask ten neo-Nazis and you'll probably get ten different answers.\n\nNazism is a blend of fascism and straightforward racism (in the form of white supremecism): originally, it was what happened when Hitler met Mussolini and added his hatred of Jews to the mix.\n\nFascism is the belief that both capitalism and communism have failed, and that democracy is weak and ineffective. A strong country is independent, so fascists believe their country should be self-sufficient and not have to trade with other countries. A free market economy is useful to improve industry, but if it fails the state should step in and take over.\n\nFascists also believe that every able-bodied member of society should have military training and be able to defend the country against attack at a moment's notice -- in other words, the whole citizenry forms part of the military, and is run with a military-style hierarchy (this is why you often see fascist leaders wearing military uniforms).\n\nConflict and war are inevitable, but they're also good because they purge society of the weak, thus strengthening society as a whole (Hitler once claimed that \"democrats\" who opposed the Nazi movement actually did it a favour, because that had the effect of stripping away those not fully committed to the cause, leaving a hardened core of the truly fanatical). Fascism is very big on social darwinism.\n\nNazism added to that a bunch of pseudo-scientific mumbo-jumbo about how the \"Aryan\" white race is inherently superior to everyone else, and the Germanic people are the true \"Aryans\" that gave birth, as it were, to European culture -- they were, in that sense, the \"master race\". It is the natural destiny of the Germanic people to be the leaders of western culture, and indeed the world. There's evidence that the Nazis were in the process of slowly replacing the Christian religion with a mix of old Nordic and Germanic mythologies and a personality cult around Hitler.\n\nWhether most neo-Nazis know any of this I can't be sure. I think it's more likely that individual neo-Nazis have a range of different aims (that was, to an extent, true of the original Nazis as well). But you will usually find a few things they have in common:\n\n* the belief that white races are superior to others\n* the belief that capitalism and communism have both failed, and that it's time for a \"radical new approach\"\n* the belief that Jews are unjustly in a powerful position, controlling all the money and the banks\n* the belief that Muslims are waging war against \"us\""
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3zf3li | how does side by side 3d video work without glasses? | how ? is the brain just really smart? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3zf3li/eli5_how_does_side_by_side_3d_video_work_without/ | {
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"Depth perception works by your brain taking two separate pictures, one from your left eye and one from your right, then smushing them together. 3D works the same time way, by having two different pictures that look like depth when smushed together a certsin way. Glasses help focus your eyes to the new convergence point (where they smush). But if you relax or cross your eyes to refocus not on the real world but pn the picture, they can settle into the new depth perception of the image. It works like those Magic Eye pictures.\n\nThe brain is built to smush a similar image from two angles into one 3d one. So that's basically how it works."
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54xgrr | could someone explain me the d-day? (normandy landings) | In my german class we are studying a bit of history and if someone could explain me this event I would be very glad.
thank you! | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/54xgrr/eli5_could_someone_explain_me_the_dday_normandy/ | {
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"It depends upon what you want to know. In the summer of 1944 the allies were in a strong enough position to invade France to then move through to Germany. They landed in Normandy because it was not as heavily defended as the Calais area and had plenty of beaches where they could quickly land large quantities of troops. ",
"The Normandy landings were a major amphibious assault by the Allies on June 6, 1944 during World War 2. The goal was to establish a foothold in Nazi-occupied France from which they could break out, liberate France and eventually invade Germany. ",
"The D-Day invasion happened during WWII. Several military units landed along the coast of France simultaneously and stormed inland to create a beachhead from which the Allied forces could launch an offensive to conquer continental Europe. ",
"At the start of WWII, Germany very quickly conquered France and much of Western and Southern Europe, all the way to the coasts (Spain was still independent but effectively neutral). \n\nIn order to drive Germany from France, the allies (primarily, in this part of the world, consisting of Great Britain, the US, and Canada) needed to first secure a section of coastline to bring in troops, equipment, and supplies from Great Britain. The Germans knew this, of course, so they had heavily fortified all of the suitable coastline.\n\nThus we get to D-Day: a massive land invasion conducted by the allies with the intention of breaking through the German defenses and secure a section of coast from which to launch their counter-invasion of France. \n\nThe beach at Normandy was selected for two reason:\n\n1) It was a suitable landing point\n\n2) The Germans weren't really expecting the invasion to come there\n\nNormandy was fortified, but not *as* fortified as many other places. Thus, at H-Hour on D-Day (the codenames used when planning the invasion), the allies launched the largest sea-born invasion in modern military history.",
"A massive amphibious assault against Nazi held Western Europe that began with an airborne invasion behind enemy lines the night before, followed by a 5 beach amphibious assault the next morning conducted by the U.S., Britain and Canada",
"In order to fight a battle it is necessary not only to get the men there buy to get the supplies needed to keep them there. DDay was the method chosen to bring the fight back on to continental Europe. \nIt needs to be thought of not only as the establishment of the beachhead, D day itself but the whole Normandy campaign. \nThe Allies landed across five beaches and rapidly pushed inland, although not as deeply as they wished. The Germans pushed back hard but failed to reach the beaches. This allowed the allies to resupply their forces (through Mulberry harbours and across the beaches themselves) and thus continue the fight. \nWW2 was more about attrition than grand sweeping strikes and with the Allies able to resupply and support their troops, eventually the greater depth of resources would tell. ",
"the \"D-Day\" landings had several requirements to be successful: #1: the Allies needed to set in motion CONVINCING deception plans to utterly convince the German leaders that the 1st landings were a decoy so that they would not attack and push them into the sea. this revolved around the need to capture a seaport to unload the vast supplies needed to have a sustainable landing. #2: the Allies had to design, build and gather 2 separate artificial harbors (\"Mulberrys\") that they brought with them and set up within 24 hours of the 1st troops going ashore. #3: the Allies needed absolute \"air superiority\" where the Allied air forces aircraft ruled the skies. #4: they needed naval superiority to prevent German U-boats (submarines) and PT boats from attacking Allied ships on both ends of the English Channel. #5: they needed very detailed knowledge of every German Army unit, its numbers of men and equipment, morale, ect which French soldiers help gather..."
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2o0ab6 | why does school primarily focus on impractical textbook knowledge rather than teaching practical skills like fixing computers, hunting, or self defense? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2o0ab6/eli5_eli5_why_does_school_primarily_focus_on/ | {
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"I honestly was always taught it makes you a better learner ",
"k-12 school provides background education, to give students the tools and practice needed to choose a career. a blanket \"teach 'em everything\" approach would either: A)not provide adequate information about the subject matter or B) take several decades per student.",
"In most countries, there are two different streams of schools available for students during the upper (high-school/teenage) years.\n\nOne stream is academic (which is typically the standard type of school that most students attend and focuses on theory / textbook knowledge). The other stream is vocational (which is the type of school that students attend when they want to learn practical hands-on skills or trades that directly correspond to a real-world occupation).\n\nIn some countries, you may be expected to graduate from an academic school before transitioning to a vocational college or trade-school later on (e.g. at age 18) whereas in other countries students may have the choice to attend vocational schools from a much younger age (e.g. age 16 or younger). \n\nSome academic schools also offer a limited number of vocational courses that teach practical hands-on learning in certain fields (e.g. mechanics, wood-working, plumbing, computer repair/networking etc.).\n\nNote that many academic colleges/universities will not accept students directly from vocational schools, so that's why academic schools are still preferred (as they give you the option of later attending a vocational school/college or an academic college/university).\n\nThe idea of an academic school is that it teaches you general background theory and knowledge that can be applied to any job. The idea of a vocational school is to teach kids to become skilled in specific trades/occupations so that they are better qualified to enter a job right out of school. The problem with these schools is they limit future academic and career choices and they don't teach you as much background knowledge, theory and critical thinking skills that can be applied to other areas of your life.\n\nObviously the type of academic and vocational schooling options available to you depends on what country/state/region you live in, but in general what I said is usually true.",
"School is less about learning and more about teaching you the ways of how to learn. \nThere is little reason we would need to know American or Canadian History in my case. \nIts about teaching kids how to act and what is expected of them in later years. Don't be tardy gets us in the routine of being on time. \nTeacher student relations teaches us how to interact with authority.\nBasic Math and English sets us up for success in the work force and later higher education.\nSchool is about introducing us to the ideas and themes of our work force. \n Most of what is taught is simply routine, and a product of a time gone by. For instance we are taught the correct way to write a letter, yet when has any of us done this?\nPhysical education is to get us to regularly exercise and so on and so forth. \n\n",
"Your question is loaded by assuming that the textbook knowledge taught in school is \"impractical\".\n\nHow to do algebra is going to be more practical in a society that increasingly uses computers and has much more theoretical work than hunting does.\n\nFurthermore, many schools do teach you how to fix computers, and many more offer self-defense classes through phys ed departments.",
"Schools teach whatever skills and deemed by current society. Back in early 1900's schoolkids learned about planting cycles and climate so they would know how to farm"
]
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9kmb5q | what is regression analysis? | I know its used for forecasting, but I don't quite get it. I can do it in excel, but the reasons why or concepts aren't clicking yet. I feel like I just press buttons, produce the output, without really knowing what or why. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9kmb5q/eli5_what_is_regression_analysis/ | {
"a_id": [
"e71nx1q"
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"text": [
"Regression analysis is a way to statistically estimate the relationship between variables. You can have one or more independent (predictor) variables, and one dependent (outcome) variable. With regression, you will estimate this relationship based on a set of observations, essentially a list of measurements for a number of cases.\n\nLet's take a concrete simple example, of say, using people's height to predict their weight. Taller people are, in general, heavier. You measure a bunch of people and get their height and weight. Regression will fit the line that best describes the relationship between height and weight. Mathematically, what it's doing is minimizing the distance between the actual (observed) values of height and weight and the predicted values that fall on this best-fit line.\n\nIn most real-world cases, you would likely have multiple independent variables. Weight doesn't just depend on height, it might also depend on the person's gender, age, body-fat percentage, or other factors. Multivariate regression will use multiple predictors and fit them to construct a best-fit line. Again, it is minimizing the distance between observed values (along multiple dimensions) and predicted values on this best-fit line."
]
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[]
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|
1f684u | adding the city and state to a us postal address when the zip code could suffice. | I have always been puzzled by the supposed requirement to list a city and state on an envelope when the zip code contains that information. As far as I know, no zip code is located in two states, nor do any have multiple streets with similar names and block numbers. And it could also be possible for two similar addresses to be located within the same city and state.
Additionally, zipcodes are small enough that the local postmasters wouldn't need the extra information even if there could be two places with the same address within the zip code considering all of the above. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1f684u/eli5_adding_the_city_and_state_to_a_us_postal/ | {
"a_id": [
"ca777aq",
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"text": [
"City and state are not required in addition to zipcode. They are there as an intentional redundancy in case you get the zipcode wrong.",
"It's a checksum.\n\nAs the other posts say, the only necessary pieces of information are the number, street, and zip. 123 Fake Street 12345. Were that a valid address, that'd be all you need.\n\nSaying that the letter is for John Doe and that John lives in Fakerton, NE (NonExistant) means that if a letter for Jane Smith 123 Fake Street, NR (NotReal) 12345 shows up, they can look at it and determine that.. no, that's not right. NotReal's Zip is 54321, so it gets returned.\n\nIn addition, if Jack Brown lives next to John Doe, and a letter arrives for Jack Brown, 123 Fake Street, NE 12345.. the person delivering the letters can put it in 125 Fake Street's mailbox along with Jack Brown's other mail. Because Jack Brown lives at 125 Fake Street.\n\nAnd.. it also tells people who live in the place who the letter is for, something the Postal Service doesn't actually care about."
]
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[],
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2uh255 | why is it that the majority of reddit seems to be atheist, but /r/atheist gets so much hate. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2uh255/eli5_why_is_it_that_the_majority_of_reddit_seems/ | {
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"I'd say because they're just as preachy as the preachers they hate.",
"Because circle jerking is annoying even if you agree with them. ",
"It's because /r/atheist is not an atheist sub. It's an anti-theist sub. Most atheists are not anti-theists. Generally, anti-theists tend to be immature. This gets them a lot of hate. ",
"/r/atheism used to be a default sub.\n\nWhenever the normal sort of circle jerking or just plain stupid stuff you see in every subreddit got posted, everyone would see it and get irritated by it. \n\nIt was kind of like if your favorite sports team was a default sub. You might like that team, and enjoy the subreddit when the mood struck your. But after a while, the trash talking would get old, and you'd like to take a break from it.",
"/r/atheist is the Atheists that the average Atheist doesn't like. ",
"Because a lot of the members are evangelical about their atheism, which is just as tiresome as religious evangelism. Most atheists just want to live and let live like everyone else, not prove how much cleverer they (think they) are than religious people."
]
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bwjifa | why when inhaling water vapor (like in a hot shower or humidifier) is fine, but even the slightest inhalation of liquid water stings our sinuses for a period of time? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bwjifa/eli5_why_when_inhaling_water_vapor_like_in_a_hot/ | {
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"text": [
"Percentage and volume. Even 100% humidity like in your shower is still like 99% air. You just see the vapor because the water molecules are bigger and tend to clump together and refract light differently. If you took all the vapor out of the shower assuming you have a normal sized bathroom you'd maybe have a cup or two of water. Inhale that and you die. But in each breath there just simply is not enough to do anything. A drop or two at most.",
"Air saturated with water vapor at 37 degrees Celsius contain 44g of water per cubic meter. A single normal breath is approximate 0.5 liter so there is 2000 breath per cubic meter of air. The result is that there is 22mg of water in a normal breath. 1ml of water have the mass of 1g So you need to breath in 1000/22=45 times to inhale 1 ml or 227 times to inhale a 5 ml tea spoon of water. \n\nNormal breath is 10-20 times per minute so you talk about 11-22 minutes to inhale a teaspoon. In practice the water in the air you breath in will not condensate in your nose but will be exhaled back out.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nHuman breath out a lot of water each day and we loose 300 to 500 milliliters of water by breathing it out per day. For 300 ml/day that is 12.5ml per hour or 2,5 teaspoons per hour. That is on tea spoon per 60/2.5= 24 minutes. So our normal breath out is approximate the same as berating in saturated air with water. There is a reason that you see condensation if you breath out on a cold object and fog the windows if you sit in a cold car with the engine and fans off.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nSo the explanation is that there is not a lot of water vapor in air compared to even small amount of liquid water and that air saturated with water is what you breath normally. So the air you breath in have the same amount of moisture that the one you breath out."
]
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[],
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||
3na1zx | how could gun control work in the united states, when drug contol doesn't work at all | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3na1zx/eli5_how_could_gun_control_work_in_the_united/ | {
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"It's *a lot* harder to secretly mass produce guns than it is to secretly mass produce drugs. Modern firearms have lots of metal pieces that have low tolerances (which requires big, hard-to-hide machining tools). Ammunition requires gunpowder, which in turn requires chemical manufacturing. \n\nAlternatively, they can be smuggled across borders, but that's also more difficult than smuggling drugs. ",
"I can't imagine that it could work. If any limits are placed on ownership, the advantage immediately goes to the criminal who wants to do crimes and now has an unimpeded playing field. The irony of limited gun ownership, is when you need help because of an armed bandit, you are going to call for help from an armed helper. \n\nbtw, I do not and will not own a gun. ",
"The short answer is, it wouldn't. There's an out-of-control illegal gun problem as it is, even the *existing* laws aren't being enforced properly, and there's no reason to suspect harsher laws would be enforced any better. If the US were to pass even stricter gun control laws, there's a well-known anecdote from my country that would probably apply - \"the harshness of the law is offset by the fact that nobody follows it\"."
]
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[],
[],
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||
1rjjye | what exactly does it mean the the pentagon "can't account for" $8.5 trillion? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rjjye/eli5_what_exactly_does_it_mean_the_the_pentagon/ | {
"a_id": [
"cdnweop"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"It means a combination of three things:\n\n - They are really bad at accounting and overspending\n - They really like to be wasteful (extravagant conferences, private flights for the higher ups for non-business, really *really* nice pens instead of plain Bics)\n - There are a lot of programs going on that they don't want anyone to know about.\n\nI think it's a lot of the last two, there are probably a lot of things going on that they don't want to mark in their budgets for the public to see. So they'd rather tell us that they don't know where the money went. Think of how people (or other countries) would react if there was a long list of black ops programs just out there for people to look through.\n\nAs for the second, there is probably a lot of pork and waste that's spent on things and they don't exactly want people to know about either."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
aqsb42 | how are photos chemically developed from photographic negatives? | As done in a darkroom? What chemical process develops the film? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aqsb42/eli5_how_are_photos_chemically_developed_from/ | {
"a_id": [
"egi996n"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"When light hits the film it makes a little piece of silver from the chemicals on the film. The more light that hits an area the more little pieces of silver you get. The chemical used in the developing process, called developer, make those little pieces of silver grow into bigger pieces of silver. Another chemical is added after a certain amount of time that stops the developer from working, called the stop bath. This makes sure the silver doesn't get too big and is the right size to form the final image. Finally the silver is made permanent with the film by fixing with a fixer. The fixer is a chemical that dissolves the parts of film that weren't exposed to light. This stops the film from being light sensitive so the negatives can be used."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
28yeav | does taking antihistamines mess up our chance to create a natural resistance to allergies? | I refuse to take them now because they knock me out. Even the non drowsy ones. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28yeav/eli5_does_taking_antihistamines_mess_up_our/ | {
"a_id": [
"cifn26v",
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"score": [
5,
2
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"text": [
"The reason why you have allergies is because you have too much immune response. The antihistamines reduce swelling by acting on the blood vessels, not the immune system. ",
"No.\n\nAntihistamines block histamine receptors on cells. These receptors are different from the ones which control whether an immune cell recognizes an allergen."
]
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[],
[]
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|
4bov4y | in terms of computer science, what exactly happens when malware is quarantined? | I know that when a file is deleted, its index is removed, marking the drive space as available for new data. What actually happens when a file is quarantined? What changes are made to the software to keep it from affecting the system? I've seen a couple sources saying that the file is renamed, but how does that change its functionality? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4bov4y/eli5_in_terms_of_computer_science_what_exactly/ | {
"a_id": [
"d1b3n46",
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"score": [
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3
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"text": [
"It's moved out of its original directory structure and renamed, so attempts by external software to call/access that file result in failure. Also, software checks are put in place to specifically prevent that file from being executed or loaded into memory.",
"Though different methods are applied, what usually happens is that the quarantined files are converted and stored in internal binary formats, where they can do no harm to the system but be kept intact."
]
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[],
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|
2hrywj | why do cuts stop hurting after a while? | So I cut myself while cooking today, and it's pretty deep.
But after 5 minutes it goes from pain to nothing. How does that happen? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2hrywj/eli5_why_do_cuts_stop_hurting_after_a_while/ | {
"a_id": [
"ckvg9o9"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Your central nervous system gave your brain the information that something harmful was happening at the other end of your severed nerves. After a while the signals stop unless re-triggered to prevent you from going insane."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
3x0yi8 | why do car washes always have a small amount of dry time? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3x0yi8/eli5_why_do_car_washes_always_have_a_small_amount/ | {
"a_id": [
"cy0jsnr"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Drying as you drive is much more efficient then adding in a jet dryer to dry your vehicle wile you sit there. Its not like drying your hair."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
aioomq | why is gene editing in babies viewed so poorly by the public? what are the good and bad things that could happen in result of the edits? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aioomq/eli5_why_is_gene_editing_in_babies_viewed_so/ | {
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"text": [
"I think a lot of people are worried that if we start designing our babies it will be ethically wrong because people will most likely choose \"superior racial traits\" like white skin instead of black etc",
"I’m not an expert at all but I am a Stephen Hawking fan and he made some great points about the ethical issues with gene editing.\n\nThe primary issue is that this will create a world where the wealthy are genetically superior to the poor. It isn’t hard to imagine all the terrible things that could happen in that scenario. Hawking believed that this race of “superhumans” would seek to take over the world and treat the non-edited people like less than humans.",
"Two things:\n\n1) it's concerningly close to master race eugenics, trying to build the perfect human with superior genetics.\n\n2) there are considerable risks involved and the unborn baby cannot consent to what is effectively a science experiment with permanent and potentially harmful results."
]
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5oz1w4 | how do judges put a monetary value to intangibles such as emotional damages/distress and how do they reach the ridiculous values that we see in the media? (i.e. the spilled mcdonald's coffee lawsuit) | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5oz1w4/eli5_how_do_judges_put_a_monetary_value_to/ | {
"a_id": [
"dcn58nl"
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"text": [
"There are a combination of factors that are specific to each individual case. If there is a demonstratable loss of income, then the damages will have to cover that. Beyond the measurable values, damages are also proportioned to cause effective loss to the defendant. In your example of the McDonalds hot coffee suit, where McDonalds served boiling coffee to a lady that gave her 3rd degree burns, the damages settlement amount had to be big enough to cause McDonalds pain. For a multi billion dollar corporation, the settlement has to be in the millions to actually cause them concern enough to not let the incident be repeated."
]
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[]
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||
1pgsbp | if humans go vegetarian now, is there enough agricultural produce to meet the needs of all or will there be famine ? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pgsbp/if_humans_go_vegetarian_now_is_there_enough/ | {
"a_id": [
"cd24hnv"
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"text": [
"If it was done fairly gradually it'd be fine. Meat requires more land and effort to produce compared to the amount of food it provides than non-meat. If we no longer demanded animal meat then the demand for food for those animals would drop over time and those farmers would have to transition to more in demand products. \n\nOf course, this would never happen, because people love their meat."
]
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[]
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||
768mga | why was the usa represented as a stereotypical black man on italian wwii propaganda posters? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/768mga/eli5_why_was_the_usa_represented_as_a/ | {
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"doc4ful",
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"text": [
"I don't know exactly what poster(s) you're talking about, but I've seen similar stuff before and think I can answer.\n\nThere are a lot of black people in the US vs. Italy and there were black US army units fighting in WWII, so the association of the US with blacks would have been plausible to Italians. Taking advantage of this, the Italian propaganda sought to exploit racist fear and hatred of blacks to rally Italian morale to fight the American invaders.\n\nThe propagandist was looking to arouse this sort of racist thought process in his audience's mind:\n\nGetting invaded by nice white guys? Sucks, but maybe we can deal. Getting invaded by black daughter-rapers? No way, we'll fight to the last bullet!",
"Playing upon racist attitudes, according to which blacks were sub-human. Helped to dehumanize the enemy when you can play upon already existing racist ideas. To this should be added that Fascist Italy had invaded Ethiopia (then called Abyssinia) in 1935 and committed many war crimes, including genocide, against the Africans there. So they were already primed and experienced in killing black people "
]
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[],
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||
64rtr5 | do clouds move around the globe because of wind currents or does gravity have anything to do with it? | I've always wondered if clouds move solely because of wind or does gravity actually have anything to do with it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/64rtr5/eli5_do_clouds_move_around_the_globe_because_of/ | {
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"text": [
"Clouds move on the wind.\n\nGravity has *something* to do with it, but only in that it is the force that prevents everything from just drifting off into space.",
"Clouds are in the earth's atmoshpere and the atmosphere moves with the earth along with everything in it. So there is no way for gravity to be involved. So, winds it is. \nWhen there is rain in a particular place, it will go away if a strong wind blows. This is because the wind takes the rain cloud with it. ",
"I would disagree with other answers in that gravity is inextricably linked with wind.\n\nHeating and cooling of air masses causes upwards and downwards movement of air due to gravity/buoyancy. This together with the Coriolis effect causes the winds that carry the clouds. "
]
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7aiuxo | how do microservices work | I often encounter microservices being mentioned in terms of IT structures to enable IT products. However I feel that I am not understanding exactly what it does or how it differs from the traditional IT operations. Could someone please explain the use cases and benefits of this. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7aiuxo/eli5_how_do_microservices_work/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Software developer here,\n\nI write micro services! These are very tiny server apps that basically do one thing. They will often have a dedicated database, one per instance. This way, they can scale quite easily. You'll throw something like a gateway or load balancer in front that will direct traffic based on, say, a user ID, to the same instances so their data is always there. Requests that would span instance data would go to a micro service that would farm out the work across all the instances and composite the results itself. A complex request that performs multiple actions will farm that work out to micro services that perform the individual steps.\n\nEDIT: Our apps are [RESTful](_URL_4_), which is to say, we use the HTTP protocol to interact with our micro services and pass data. HTTP does not mean websites, though that's what most people know it for. The protocol allows you to address a service like _URL_5_, include \"header\" information like authentication tokens that indicate who you are, and a body which contains a payload of data. When it comes to a website, the payload would be HTML, but between services, this is typically [XML](_URL_6_) or [JSON](_URL_2_). This is simply structured data that could go along some request for service, or it could be the result of some computation, transaction, or database query.\n\nBecause these apps are so small, the programming language of choice is a variable, not a constant. Our micro services were written in [Ruby](_URL_3_) until the language itself was determined to be a performance bottleneck. We were looking at [Golang](_URL_7_), and one of my colleagues accidentally rewrote a whole service in an afternoon, and his naive implementation, his first Go app, was 17x more performant. He's a seasoned Ruby developer, too. Ruby is a piece of shit language, and I'm not bitter or resentful about it at all...\n\nWe use [Cucumber](_URL_1_) to write self-documenting integration tests, independent of the services implementation language. We define use cases and it runs against a running instance of the service. With adequate coverage, any two implementations that pass the tests are equivalent. This is how we can trash a whole implementation in an afternoon. And we still write unit tests.\n\nCheck out [12 Factor Apps](_URL_8_), and [here](_URL_0_) for more on micro services.\n\nUnlike traditional business models, we don't own our own hardware, we don't have a data center, and we don't colocate hardware in one. We host our services \"in the cloud\". Google, Microsoft, and Amazon, are just three companies that offer cloud services. These services are expansive and laborious to explain in appreciative detail, but needless to say, they host our services and databases, and our domain points to public IP addresses from their service. We pay for the computing power and storage we need, and rates are reasonable.",
"Imagine that this is about coffee instead of IT. You can get one of those fancy coffee machines that grinds the beans and heats the water and steams the milk all in one machine, and you just select which coffee you want. But what if you want to make a new kind of coffee? Well, you'd have to get a new machine. Even though the water would be heated the same way and the beans would be ground the same way. \n\nThe microservices method would be to have a coffee grinder for the beans, a kettle for the water, a french press to brew in, and a fridge for the milk. If you needed more water, you could get a bigger kettle, and your grinder and your french press could still be used just like before. Or you could add a second french press. If you wanted to add steamed milk, you could get a milk steamer and add it to the collection without changing any of the other parts."
]
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[
"http://microservices.io",
"https://cucumber.io",
"http://www.json.org",
"https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/",
"https://restfulapi.net",
"http://example.org/doWork/?With_This_Text_As_Data",
"https://www.w3.org/XML/",
"https://golang.org",
"https://12factor.net"
],
[]
] |
|
ao0595 | when you watch a movie for the second time, why do you notice things you didn’t notice the first time? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ao0595/eli5_when_you_watch_a_movie_for_the_second_time/ | {
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"text": [
"Your brain can predict what’s coming because it’s familiar and this frees up more space to focus on new details. ",
"you know what hints to look for because you've seen what they all point to",
"Because you know the basics of the movie the second time you watch it, that gives you time to watch other less important things."
]
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||
6gx0z7 | what will happen to britain if they don't finish negotiating the brexit by the deadline? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6gx0z7/eli5what_will_happen_to_britain_if_they_dont/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"They become \"just another country\" without treaties covering trade. It's the hardest of \"hard BRexit\" scenarios."
]
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[]
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||
6fgl7o | on a celestial body with no forms of life could a wound become infected? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6fgl7o/eli5_on_a_celestial_body_with_no_forms_of_life/ | {
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"What's being wounded if there's no life forms? If you're talking about a human that somehow managed to end up there, then yes. Bacteria/viruses from other parts of the body can infect the wound.",
"Yes, because your skin contains more than enough bacteria to infect you if you're unlucky. And even if your skin were completely sterile, you'd eventually poop or open your mouth, and your skin would get contaminated again. And if you made your intestines completely sterile, you'd die.",
"Absolutely. I'm assuming that the wound is on a human body, though I'm pretty sure this applies to plenty of other animals too.\n\nThe human body is filthy, inside and out. Plenty of microbial life lives on you epidermis, and would happily infect an opening in your skin if given the chance. \n\nOn top of that, plenty of places like your mouth or gut contain other microbial life that could cause a wound to get infected if there's proper exposure.",
"Theoretically yes. Your body has its own bacteria in the gut and on the skin. Normally they're pretty harmless, but if they can get in the wrong place, like your bloodstream, they can act like any invasive species and establish a potentially lethal infection.",
"are you totally sanitized? if so, no, it would not be infected. \n\nNot sure you could ever be \"totally\" sanitized, what latent dormant bacteria might be loitering on or in your body. If you cut yourself on mars and proceeded to rub your own feces into the wound, it would probably be bad."
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2qpq9k | what exactly is funny about the bombardment of stupid/offensive/off topic comments from "le reddit armie" on many youtube videos? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qpq9k/eli5_what_exactly_is_funny_about_the_bombardment/ | {
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"They are not funny. It's just trolls doing what trolls do. They do it to get attention. If probably fills some void in their otherwise sad, empty lives I suppose.",
"It's over-exaggerated satire, which pokes fun at the various Reddit personalities that Reddit Culture has spawned. People like redpillers, pseudo-intellectuals, social justice warriors, and arrogant Atheists are kind of a hallmark of Reddit, and it's funny to other Redditors to see a character that has been inflated to the point of absurdity. "
]
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5qj4hx | why do 5 firetrucks show up whenever my condo has a false alarm? | I totally understand the "because seconds count in a real fire" scenario, but it seems inefficient to not address the vast majority of times when it's a false alarm or small fire situation. Is it always just "send everything we got!" for every single case?
| explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5qj4hx/eli5_why_do_5_firetrucks_show_up_whenever_my/ | {
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"Fire spreads quickly, a small fire in one apartment mat cause the whole building to go up, its better to be over prepared then under prepared",
"It's because you live in a condo. One or 2 engines may be fine for a lone house but if a fire breaks out in a condo multiple people are at risk, as well as a very large amount of property. It's better to send a ton of people to a fire at a condo because that way they can cut off the fire quicker before it spreads to other places, along with being able to extract civilians quicker and more efficiently. ",
"They have to send enough trucks to deal with a real fire, even if they think it's probably a false alarm, or they might as well not send anyone. And fires in a high- or even mid-rise building need a lot of men and equipment to bring under control.",
"Fire departments have protocols for various types of buildings, based on size, height, usage, etc. Always better to have equipment there that's not needed than have a tragedy occur while waiting for reinforcements to arrive.",
"Another reason is because it allows them to practice the driving route, where the hydrants are, what is the parking scenario, how they would set up and deploy against the fire, etc. Sometimes fire departments use the dry run as practice.",
"Even when someone calls in to 911 and can describe an emergency there may always be something that requires a more in depth response. \n\nThe FD is working off the principle that you don't know what you need until you need it and that's why everything goes. \n\nThat's how my local fire chief explained why didn't like the idea of paramedics on motorcycles or smaller fire dept vehicles for traffic collisions. Both would arguably help with response times but at the risk of being unprepared in an emergency. "
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2b5764 | how do aimbot hacks in battlefield and other first person shooter games work' | So i recently got battlefield 3 and very quickly discovered that people where hacking, and i am just wondering how the hack works and how it finds targets etc. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2b5764/eli5how_do_aimbot_hacks_in_battlefield_and_other/ | {
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"text": [
"The program gets data where the opponents are. The program shoots at the exact coordinates of the opponent",
"In normal operation the game will receive the location of all other players, in order to render them on the screen. This data would not be revealed to you, the player, unless the opponent is actually on your screen. However, that location data is still sitting in memory. The aimbot program finds a way to intercept or somehow access the enemy player location data and from there it just stimulates whatever mouse motion would be required to move your cross hair from wherever it is pointing to pointing at their head."
]
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3e0rnp | how do multiple studious work together to make one video game? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3e0rnp/eli5_how_do_multiple_studious_work_together_to/ | {
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"The simple answer is they collaborate. Much like films, you will have a primary production studio that's going to do a bulk of the work and/or act as the primary liaison for the project leadership. This studio, or producer may sub contract out pieces of the game to either the lowest bidder or to a studio with a previous collaborative or client relationship. There are a few people at the primary studio who's job now becomes checking in on the sub contracted studios and facilitating the flow of information to all necessary parties."
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||
233njw | why is allergy medicine so expensive? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/233njw/eli5_why_is_allergy_medicine_so_expensive/ | {
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"A lot of the newer allergy drugs have a narrower focus than previous generations of allergy drugs. Benadryl is an antihistamine, but it affects the whole body system much more than more modern drugs. Drugs like Afrin can clear congestion, but at the expense of elevated blood pressure and tolerance buildup. Its effects go beyond relieving the targeted symptom. The newer medicines take a lot of research to find the specific molecules that will fit into the specific receptors in order to block an allergen from filling the receptor and causing an immune response. The newer medicines try to have a targeted approach for the symptom they are taken to alleviate. A lot of allergy treatment medicines are forms of steroids. The amount is small, but it can help the body lessen its reaction to allergens like dust and pollen. If one takes stronger steroids, it ends up causing damage. That is why many of the drugs do not go over-the counter, because there are risks that need medical monitoring, above and beyond the common drugs found on store shelves. Many allergy medicines today are truly better than the ones of 20 years ago.",
"It isn't. Here in the UK I can buy a month's supply of once a day antihistamines (loratidine or cetirizine) for less than £2 (less than $3.34USD) and a generic equivalent of \"Afrin\" (oxymetolozine) for £1. Basically I can buy antihistamine tablets + sodium cromoglycate eye drops + a nasal spray (either beclometasone or oxymetolozine) for less than £10 a month ($16.70USD). Sorry to once again point this out, but Americans get screwed in the healthcare service department. Most people here in the UK buy their allergy medicines from pharmacies and supermarkets, etc. Very few people get them on prescription and that's usually because they get free prescriptions or they need prescription only medicines."
]
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z7kz9 | how does bain (mitt romney's company) make money? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/z7kz9/eli5_how_does_bain_mitt_romneys_company_make_money/ | {
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"It's private equity (and also a little VC, but that's unimportant). They invest (and often guide) companies and receive both money and equity (part of, or stock in, the company) as payment. Usually they give the company money to spend on whatever they need in return for a piece of the company-- therefore, it is in the private equity firm's best interests that the company succeed so their investment pays off. If the company goes big, the firm usually sells off all of their equity and makes even more money.",
"It's a private equity company, and private equity groups look for public companies that they feel are not being run as well as they could be. When they find such a company, they buy up all the stock and take it off the stock market, so they don't have to explain themselves to the SEC, to stock analysts, other shareholders (this is the \"private\" part of private equity). Then they make whatever changes they think will make the business run better, and sell the stock back into the stock market. If it works, the company emerges stronger, the stock is worth more, and they get rich when they cash out.\n\nPrivate equity is controversial for two main reasons: first, one of the primary ways in which private equity groups try to make a company more profitable is by laying off any and all redundant employees. Often times these are smallish companies with a \"family\" environment, and the managers are too nice to fire people, even when the company could save a few bucks by doing so. So when a heartless P.E. group comes in, not only do people lose their jobs, but their sense of corporate community or family is shattered, making it all the more controversial.\n\nThe second big criticism of private equity is that they usually borrow most of the money to buy the company. Then, as soon as they are in control of the company they borrow money in the company's name to pay themselves back. This isn't a problem if their plan to turn around the company works, because the company will make plenty of money to pay back the loans, and everything is peachy. But, if their plan doesn't work out, it means that the company is almost certainly headed for bankruptcy and liquidation.\n\nThere are examples of private equity deals that have worked out well, and a stronger, more profitable company emerged when the P.E. group left. But, there are also plenty of examples where the P.E. group's plan didn't work and it left behind a company that was still not very profitable, but now had a huge amount of debt that it couldn't pay, forcing it into bankruptcy.\n\n",
"Shouldn't you know this considering how often you post about it in r/politics?"
]
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2oaftl | why is it with all the advances in digital technology does "on-hold music" still have the broken, terrible, staticky, playback quality it did in the 1970's? | So I called UPS the other day (not to single them out -- lots of companies including phone companies have the same problem) and due to "unusually high call volume" was placed on hold for an interminable ten minutes all while being subjected to that dreadful broken record music soundtrack that has been around since the 1970's in some form or fashion if not earlier. What gives? Couldn't we have a nice pseudo-hi-def sound experience while waiting? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2oaftl/eli5_why_is_it_with_all_the_advances_in_digital/ | {
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"It's because of the audio fidelity of telephone networks, which is garbage. That has to do with a combination of backwards compatibility with a hundred year old system and lack of competition among telephone providers so there's no incentive to make it any better. ",
"We could. But no one has successfully brought that to market. No one will suddenly become happier to be on hold because the audio quality is better. The music itself is intended to be nondescript blandness so as to neither please nor offend anyone.",
"Your telephone lines are still two thin copper wires, and your telephone earpiece is still a 3-cent 2-inch driver",
"Closer examination very often will reveal a circa 70's 8 track in a closet somewhere still scratching out its same old tape from the 70's. The call center is a backwater, the phone trunks that serve it are frequently even older and less attended. ",
"Cd quality digital sound is 16 bit, 44100 hz sampled audio (x2 for stereo). That allows for 65536 levels of sound and easily handles the 20-20,000 hz audio frequency humans can hear. \n\nPhone digital sound is 8 bit, 8000 hz sampled audio. This allows for only 256 levels of sound and covers 20-4000 hz of the audio spectrum. Good enough for the human voice and everybody's favorite fax machine. Not so great for listening to music. "
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2mqbup | how can both hot and cold relieve muscle soreness? | I've heard to apply ice, heating pads, and several people have suggested both. It seems counterintuitive for both extremes to be helpful. How can this be? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2mqbup/eli5_how_can_both_hot_and_cold_relieve_muscle/ | {
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"Usually you use cold (which restricts blood flow to the area) for the first 1 or 2 days to reduce swelling and inflammation, followed by heat (which increases blood flow to the area) after that to help recuperate the muscle. ",
"inflamed muscles get cold.\n\nTight muscles get heat"
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361v7u | how do the time differences between planets work in interstellar? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/361v7u/eli5_how_do_the_time_differences_between_planets/ | {
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"It's a consequence of General Relativity. It's called gravitational time dilation. What it means is an object's mass (or it's ability to warp the space time fabric) will effect how that object experiences time compared to a difference reference frame. The gravitational force of that planet is so large that for anything moving through that field time slows (it doesn't mechanically move slower) it just does compared to something else that is not in that gravitational field. ",
"Excerpted from this article: _URL_0_\n > In a 1632 treatise, Galileo Galilei set forth what would become the classic version of relativity. He invited you, his reader, to imagine yourself on a dock, observing a ship moving at a steady rate. If someone at the top of the ship’s mast were to drop a rock, where would it land? At the base of the mast? Or some small distance back, corresponding to the distance that the ship had covered while the rock was falling?\n\n > The intuitive answer is some small distance back. The correct answer is the base of the mast. From the point of view of the sailor who dropped the rock, the rock falls straight down. But for you on the dock, the rock would appear to fall at an angle. Both you and the sailor would have equal claim to being right—the motion of the rock is relative to whoever is observing it.\n\n > Einstein, however, had a question. It had bothered him for ten years, from the time he was a 16-year-old student in Aarau, Switzerland, until one fateful evening in May 1905. Walking home from work, Einstein fell into conversation with Michele Besso, a fellow physicist and his best friend at the patent office in Bern, Switzerland, where they were both clerks. Einstein’s question, in effect, added a complication to Galileo’s imagery: What if the object descending from the top of the mast wasn’t a rock but a beam of light?\n\n > His choice wasn’t arbitrary. Forty years earlier, the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell had demonstrated that the speed of light is constant. It’s the same whether you’re moving toward the source of light or away from it, or whether it’s moving toward or away from you. (What changes isn’t the speed of the light waves, but the number of waves that reach you in a certain length of time.) Suppose you go back to the dock and look at Galileo’s ship, only now the height of its mast is 186,282 miles, or the distance that light travels in a vacuum in one second. (It’s a tall ship.) If the person at the top of the mast sends a light signal straight down while the ship is moving, where will it land? For Einstein as well as Galileo, it lands at the base of the mast. From your point of view on the dock, the base of the mast will have moved out from under the top of the mast during the descent, as it did when the rock was falling. This means that the distance the light has traveled, from your point of view, has lengthened. It’s not 186,282 miles. It’s more.\n\n > That’s where Einstein begins to depart from Galileo. The speed of light is always 186,282 miles per second. Speed is simply distance divided by, or “per,” a length of time. In the case of a beam of light, the speed is always 186,282 miles per second, so if you change the distance that the beam of light travels, you also have to change the time.\n\n > You have to change the time.\n\nI hope that is ELI5 enough as to why time is relative.",
"Time as we experience it in our lives is not always constant, it may be different relative to different observers. It is possible for different people to experience time differently. This has been proven scientifically. Time dilates depending on speed and gravity. The most famous example is things moving at high speeds close to the speed of light. If you can put a man on a space ship and fly it around the earth at say 90% of the speed of light, then time would pass slower for the man in the ship than the rest of the earth. So when the man stopped, he would have experienced say, a days worth of time but the rest of the earth would have experienced months or years. This is a kind of \"time travel\" but only into the future. The effect is logarithmic and you really need to be moving at very close to the speed of light to experience significant time differences and the amount of energy needed to do that is impossible to harness. Modern GPS satellites have to actually take into account time dilatation calculations when calculating distances. They need to account for very small differences in time between their internal clocks and earth clocks due to their speed using the \"Lorentz function for time dilation.\"\n\nThe second thing that affects time is gravitational pull. Einstein postulates that we exist in something called \"spacetime\" (one word!) fabric. Spacetime can be imagined as a fabric sheet. Gravity has the effect that it will pull and deform spacetime in a way that people close to the gravitational field experiences time slower than those without the pull of a gravitational field. Just like if you dropped a bowling ball on a soft bed, the spacetime warps into the sheet. It's importnat to remember that time doesn't really slow down, but it SEEMS slower relative to a different observer. For example, we on earth experiences time slower (incrementally) than an astronaut far out in space! \n\nIn the movie, the planets are close to a very very massive black hole so the planets that orbit the black hole experiences strong time dilation from the black hole's gravity field. Planets closer to the black hole experience more time dilation than the planets that are further away. "
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||
2fi1me | why does my brain seemingly freeze up when i realize in attracted to someone? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2fi1me/eli5_why_does_my_brain_seemingly_freeze_up_when_i/ | {
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"Because at that moment, you also realize that your words and actions will matter and you dont have the confidence in yourself to believe you won't screw it up.",
"Because the blood rushes elsewhere.",
"Boobs make men stupid.\n\nThe bigger the boobs (to a point), the faster they get stupid. Or stupider.\n\nAt least, that's what I was told :-)"
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1y4lf4 | what determines if i bleed a little or a lot? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1y4lf4/eli5_what_determines_if_i_bleed_a_little_or_a_lot/ | {
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"text": [
"The size/depth of the cut and where it is.\n\nYour blood flow and pressure.\n\nWether or not you have haemophilia."
]
} | [] | [] | [
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||
25219e | why do i feel the effects of caffeine or alcohol when i stand up after sitting for a long time? | As I am studying in the library this morning, I am drinking a Monster, but I still feel groggy. After I get up for a 2-minute bathroom break and come back to staring at my laptop for more studying, I am in a completely different mood and feel refreshed. Why is this? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25219e/eli5_why_do_i_feel_the_effects_of_caffeine_or/ | {
"a_id": [
"chcuznn"
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"text": [
"When sitting, you blood \"pools\" at the joints, or where it's pinched. When you get up, you circular system can flow freely and carry oxygen to your body and caffeine to your brain more efficiently. "
]
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[]
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|
1z3hmp | how is the bandwidth divided when multiple user are using from one source? | Like say I have a 20Mbps internet and 10 of my friends are using it at the same time thru wifi,
Is there a limit on what speed a person might get?
Would the summation of speed on each user be equal to 20Mbps? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1z3hmp/eli5_how_is_the_bandwidth_divided_when_multiple/ | {
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"Most home wifi gear, if you leave it at the default config, will just let everything pass up to whatever the uplink will take. The bandwidth is consumed on a first-come-first-serve basis, which usually means that faster devices will hog more of it, just because they can reply faster.\n\nThere are things you can do to manually divide this, it's called 'shaping,' and you need gear that is able to do it and you also need to know what you are doing.",
"If the total bandwidth capacity of the internet connection is 20 Mbps, then it means that all the (internet) bandwidth usage from all the users on your local/home network combined cannot exceed that capacity so the bandwidth is divided up among the people using the connection in your home. \n\nTypically, the bandwidth will be divided up fairly such that if 10 people on the network stream a video at the same time, each user may be able to stream at a bitrate of up 2 Mbps (10x2 Mbps = 20 Mbps).\n\nThere are a lot of factors that complicate the matter however. For instance, some routers support Quality of Service (QoS) technology which prioritizes some types of data packets over others. E.g. web browsing and email traffic may be slowed down (throttled in bandwidth) to allow for other 'more important' or time-sensitive traffic (e.g. audio/video phone calls, online video games, etc.) to get guaranteed bandwidth.\n\nAlso, the issue is further complicated with matters such as Wi-Fi channels. Your Wi-Fi access point / router will typically be set to use one channel / range of frequencies. That channel is physically limited in terms of the maximum bandwidth it can support. Thus, if you use a channel which is already congested (e.g. is also used by neighbors), then your Wi-Fi bandwidth will not just be limited by your 20 Mbps connection, but also by anyone else nearby using the same channel.\n\nAlso, interference and signal quality issues can also result in packet-loss and reduced bandwidth rates... and the more active Wi-Fi devices you have on the network, the less likely you are going to be able to achieve maximum bandwidth throughput."
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3y4yyz | why don't ups trucks have doors? | I don't live in the US so please don't mind my ignorance. I just don't see why. Is it that much more efficient to not have to open a door? Isn't it really unsafe and way too cold on rainy or snowy days? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3y4yyz/eli5_why_dont_ups_trucks_have_doors/ | {
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"text": [
"[They do have doors](_URL_0_) but can keep them open (the door slides) to make it easier to hop in and out."
]
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"https://internetshipping.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/ups-truck.jpg"
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87q80y | why is space oftenly referred to as a fabric? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/87q80y/eli5_why_is_space_oftenly_referred_to_as_a_fabric/ | {
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"text": [
"If you look at [the defintion of fabric](_URL_0_) one of the meanings is \"the basic underlying structure of things\", such as in the phrase \"the fabric of society\".\n\nDon't try to read into it too literally.",
"Essentially it's poetic license used in order to make it easier to talk about and visualize.\n\n > \"....First of all, space-time is not a fabric. Space and time are not tangible 'things' in the same way that water and air are. It is incorrect to think of them as a 'medium' at all. No physicist or astronomer versed in these issues considers space-time to be a truly physical medium, however, that is the way in which our minds prefer to conceptualize this concept, and has done so since the 19th century. Back then physicists talked of an ether. Today we know that ethers of the kind that behave like a physical medium are simply not present. \n- [Reference](_URL_0_)\n\n It isn't a fabric at all, but the term fabric can be used to refer to the basic structure of a thing ([see definition 2.2](_URL_1_))"
]
} | [] | [] | [
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"https://einstein.stanford.edu/content/relativity/q909.html",
"https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/fabric"
]
] |
||
2e112b | what do people mean when they say something of a certain subject matter is a 'trigger'? | I've seen the term used all over the internet and I've no idea what it refers to. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2e112b/eli5what_do_people_mean_when_they_say_something/ | {
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"text": [
"They mean that that particular thing triggers some particular type of behavior in them.\n\nThe most common example is those who suffer from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Loud noises (like a car backfiring) can be a trigger for them. Something that sounds like a gunshot can trigger fright, anxiety, anger, and other emotions from the disorder. ",
"From what I understand, it's something that causes a panic attack in the person seeing it. The obvious one is a rape survivor watching a movie and suddenly there's a rape scene (with no warning in the beginning about scenes of rape, sexual violence, etc). It's a chance for people who have strong reactions to that kind of material to avoid it, just like the discretion warning that pops up with most media today.",
"the phrase \"free beer\" triggers my inner alcoholic.",
"It's basically become a sort of warning system for consumers of the internet. Some people are rape survivors, for instance, and want to avoid media/stories/etc that contain material related to rape, because it brings them back to that time in their lives when they were violated. This can occasionally trigger a panic attack, as well.\n\nMostly it's just used to be respectful to people with such issues -- if you're going to be talking about rape in your blog, it's nice to throw a \"trigger warning\" up for people who do not like to read about rape."
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2hhox9 | what is the difference between a finance and accounting degree? | What are potential future career paths/pay etc? Ease of getting a job? I'm really torn between the two and any advice or information is appreciated. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2hhox9/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_a_finance_and/ | {
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"Accounting is the standardized documentation and analysis of balances and transactions. Finance is the study of profit optimization. Economics is the study of allocation of resources. \n\nYou need accounting and econ for finance, plus finance. You need to know accounting for accounting. And you need to know history philosophy stats political science and sociology for economics. Economics is the softest and most social science of the bunch, called the dismal science. An accountant can live his whole life only knowing accounting practices. The best people in finance are the ones who see it all. The best people in economics wear bowties and have rich parents that got them into Harvard and then the government. \n\nThis is all my own thoughts and over simplified. I accept that someone will disagree. ",
"If you want to easily find a job after graduating, definitely go for accounting. A benefit of doing accounting is that a person who does an accounting degree can do jobs that a person with an economics and a finance degree can do, but not the other way around.\n\nIf you want to make big bucks, go for finance. But a warning is that jobs are difficult to get, but once you're in, you're set. Also, the work hours are likely going to exhaust you in every humanly way.\n\nEconomics is tough math (in your upper years) and a tonne of theory. People who study economics can go into finance, but usually work for banks and low- to mid-level government positions. An economics degree is great for grad school though because it's a degree that really makes you think.",
"The simplest way I've heard it explained is that accounting looks at the past and finance looks into the future\n\nEdit: Thanks for the gold kind stranger, cheers!",
"Finance teaches you to make money. Accounting teaches you to count money. ",
"I have a Master's in Accounting along with my CPA license, so I'll be a little biased towards accounting...\n\nShowershitters' answer is pretty good, though I'd like to expand on the accounting aspect a little more. Most people say that getting an accounting degree is harder than getting a finance degree; I'm one of them. Generally, if you get your accounting degree, you start working for a public accounting firm where you'll check to make sure a company is keeping their records properly. You're generally looking backwards, unlike finance (I'll get to that in a moment). It's not too hard to get a job in accounting, the field is hot right now. You'll start out around 50-60K generally and you can be looking at 80-100K in 5 years if you kick ass and take names. The work is pretty grueling so after gaining the experience, most people switch to working for one company. You don't serve clients in this role, you only keep accounting records for one company. If you happen to stay in public accounting 13-15 years, you make partner and can expect somewhere in 300K-500K range. It's really hard to reach that level though, the attrition rate is pretty dramatic (it's not really worth it IMO).\n\nA finance degree is a little easier to get generally but I feel that it's not really more or less automatic that you'll get a position, unlike accounting. You gotta have a good well-rounded resume. Among my friends that have finance degrees, I feel like a lot of them work in finance departments doing analysis on forward-looking trends (eg, what products will be popular, where should we invest our money, etc.). There does seem to be a broader spectrum to it, lots of variation, more than accounting. I will admit I don't have as good of a handle on the day-to-day activities of a finance degree-holder. Your average starting salary is probably a little less, around 40-50K or so (and since this is Reddit, I'm sure someone will argue that figure and bring up someone they know who made 100K+ right out of school... I'm talking averages here people). But if you're a rockstar in a finance department, you're looking at some pretty significant raises - usually 100K+ in 5 years or so.\n\ntl;dr - Accounting is not as sexy but is safer from a money and employment aspect - very predictable. Pays start comparable, but finance can be lucrative in good economic times (and bad in downturns).",
"I read that as fiance, and thought this was a /r/dadjokes post and thought wow thats the worst punchline ever",
"In short, accountants track the figures and provide reports. In finance, you help advise management which decisions make most financial sense. It's a lot more forecasting and analysis. But a finance degree will no longer get you eligible for the CPA exam in CA. \n\nBTW - I switched majors from Accounting to Finance. It was more fun but I later had to take an additional 6 accounting courses to sit for the CPA exam. I do not enjoy accounting at all. ",
"Finance major here.\n\nGenerally speaking, Finance teaches you to look at and interpret a business' financial reports (i.e., information that gets reported to **external** sources). This is helpful for company valuation (stock trading, M & A, and generally seeing how money trades hands outside of the company).\n\nAccounting looks at a business' **internal** financials, and matches them up to the \"General Ledger,\" so that the company can track their own performance before the data is spit out into a public Financial Report.\n\nThat said, the job I have barely incorporates anything I learned from my Finance degree. I'm in more of a business strategy/contract negotiation position right now. Most people with Finance degrees feel like they're supposed to go into a banking/financial analyst job right out of college. I was tired of reading financials by the time I graduated. If you go into Accounting, you should expect to be positioned for something more like an internal auditing job.\n\nAlthough, unless you're aiming for very specialized positions that require you to have your CPA or CFA certifications, many companies will view these degrees interchangeably as \"Business Degrees.\" They are both very marketable degrees, and viewed much more favorably than a basic Business Administration degree.\n\nEdit: a word",
"I have bachelors degrees in both. Accounting relates to the recording and reporting of financial information. Most of finance relates to the use of this financial information for the purpose of valuation. \n\nAs far jobs go, I had a 3.7 in finance and a 3.0 in accounting and it was way easier getting interviews and offers for accounting positions. I graduated last year (2013) and now work as an accountant in Oil & Gas. \n",
"Tongue in cheek answer. \n-Finance has 5 beans. They propose several plans (including doing nothing) which will cost some beans but gain more beans then you have over t. \n-Accounting tells you which planter boxes and subsequent flower pots you can take beans from, and which ones you can put them in. \n-You don't fully understand each other, and probably make fun of each other. But you need and respect each other's contribution to the garden.",
"Don't forget to consider forensic accounting. It's becoming a growing subset of accounting. Combines elements of external reporting, internal auditing, investigations, and regulatory compliance. Companies are being urged more and more to have forensic accountants within the company to help manage transactional risk. I think the largest advantage of an accounting degree is the ability to break down and understand a business at a transactional level. \n\nedit: 1 word",
"If you embrace \"the gray\", go for finance. If you prefer more \"black and white\", go for accounting.\n\nEDIT: OK, folks. This was a generalization and why I included the word *more*. Of course, accounting is not *all* black and white. However, I stand behind my comment that those who have a preference toward \"the gray\" would likely find finance a better fit. ",
"I am drunk often and am super stressed out otherwise. I drink way too much coffee everyday and yet I can never seem to be done with work. My friends ask me to hang out but I tell them I have to work or sleep early. I have put on 20 pounds since I started work less than a year ago. Guess which path career path I took!",
"Investment banker here. BA economics. MBA. CFA. CPA / accounting career is the low beta route to a solid financial future. IB is high beta based on company, group and individual performance. People are always looking over their shoulder. You travel incessantly (I'll do 25k+ air miles. In September.). But if you are successful, you can do very, very well. But that is a big if. I've seen many more (smart, talented) people blown out of firms than promoted. ",
"No graduate level economist around??\n\nSorry, just a lurker :(....",
"For some reason I thought this was a setup line for a joke LOL. Someone write the punchline",
"I don't know much about it, but I'd imagine its a lot like the differences between a computer science, computer engineering, and software engineering degree, being that one is on the very practical side of things and easy to get a job in its field while the other is more theory focused and is more about analyzing and creating new methods but a fair bit more difficult to get a job in, but the skills needed for both are rather similar.",
"Finance deals with investing money. Accounting deals with tracking, recording, and monitoring transactions and balances. \n\nFinance people hope to get a job in something like banking or financial planning, where they'll look at trends and analyze reports to make sound investments. Accounting people hope to get jobs recording transactions and preparing reports. Generally speaking, accountants prepare the informatiom that finance people use to make decisions. \n\nAnother big part of the accounting industry is auditing. Auditors will inspect a company's records to provide **reasonable assurance** to investors that the company's books are properly prepared and the company has safeguards in place that reduce the risk of fraud and mistakes. Reasonable assurance means that there is a strong, but not absolute, chance that a company's reports are free of material errors. We say **reasonable** because it is impractical (and likely impossible) to ensure that an entity's reports are absolutely free of errors large enough to affect a investor decisions. The reports that I'm talking about are released in an **annual report**. All the big companies that you've heard of have audited financial statements. \n\n\nAs far as the benefits of earning either a finance or accounting degree goes, both of these industries are in demand, and likely will be for a long time. A number of people here have talked about how automating bookkeeping or easy to use accounting software like QuickBooks will make this profession obsolete. This really isn't the case. I've worked with a number of clients that have used software like QuickBooks and most of them have some serious errors that occurred when they tried to record something or fix a mistake. \n\nAs far as difficulty goes, I think most people will agree with me when I say that accounting coursework is more difficult than finance coursework. Most of the people I know that went into finance started off in accounting and later switched to finance (not all of them though). A benefit of accounting is that accountants will usually have an easier time transition into a finance role than a finance person would trying to move into an accounting role. \n\nBoth professions pay well, but finance is usually a little higher in the beginning. Accountants that go into auditing usually have great exit opportunities, meaning that they can get great jobs after working as auditors for a few years. This is because auditors are exposed to a lot of different industries and scenarios, and in doing so they develop a wide set of skills. I know people that worked in public for < 5 years and ending up getting jobs with 6 figure salaries. \n\n\nIn business school you'll a little bit of accounting classes and a little bit of finance classes, so you'll be able to figure out which field you like best. \n\n\n\nSource: am accountant ",
"Another way to put it simply is that Accountants, at least in audit, check the information going into the financial statements to make sure it's accurate and follows the rules. Finance majors analyze and use the figures on the financial statements to help companies invest and grow.",
"Accountants are record keepers. They record all the business activity in dollars and cents. Finance folks interpret those numbers to predict how the business may continue to perform. \nAccounting basically gives you a box score. Finance tells you who to play, who to sit, who to bet on/against. ",
"I have a Bachelor's in Finance, and have been a Financial analyst for nearly 9 years, 8+ years with a Fortune 500 company, just moved to a small < 200 person start-up. \n\nThere might currently be more accounting jobs in most markets, but financial analyst positions are not extremely hard to come by. Financial planners are basically sales positions. (According to a FP I know)\n\nBasically, all businesses know they need accountants since they have to organize money coming in and going out constantly, and they have to file/pay taxes, not to mention payroll, etc... accountants figure out how to keep track of the money.\n\nBusinesses hire financial analysts when they need to figure out how to maximize their income and cash flow, while minimizing their costs - financial analysts figure out how to make the company more money. \n\nThat being said, I spent the first 4 years of my career in supply chain accounting and learned valuable information on the 'ins and outs' of the business... wouldn't trade that knowledge and experience, but don't miss the job. The never ending cycle of month-end closes and repetitive work is draining and boring. But, to each their own, I can only speak to my experience.",
"It's like the difference between a wizard and a sage in games. Wizards take long times to cast but deal tons of damage, like finance plans ahead and generates tons of money. Sages are support like acc.. You know what I'm drunk don't nevermind",
"Accounting:\n\n- low risk\n\n- mundane\n\n- better work/life balance\n\n- comfortable salary (generally 50k - 100k)\n\n\nFinance:\n\n- higher risk\n\n- less mundane\n\n- say goodbye to your personal life\n\n- excellent salary (80k+)\n\n\n\nP.S. Anyone who tells you that software will replace accountants does not understand how subjective accounting can be. It could fulfill bookkeeping roles down the line, but replace accountants? Ridiculous.",
"Accounting is about the past and finance is about the future. Finance is more fun, but if you're not going to a top tier school, you have no chance in landing a job. Typically people in a top tier school would study economics anyways. \n\nAccounting in general is more difficult, but it is also more rewarding in terms of its flexibility when it comes to the job market. Every company needs an accountant. As long as you have your CPA, employers assume you have met a certain standard in terms of your competence and credibility. As for Finance, you would have to do something outstanding to be noticed. In terms of flexibility for accountants, you are not limited to that job. You can always branch out into another job such as management consulting or even IB. Usually, by the time people are done grinding it out in accounting, they have built a large enough network, that they can go anywhere else to work.",
"Exaggerated career paths:\n\n - becoming a grey mouse accounting/auditing expert with a steady career to partnership and nice retirement. \n\n - becoming a hectic fast-paced quick descision maker that could lead to huge bonusses or being fired instantly. If you do it well you can retire at the age of 35, spending your days playing golf. If done wrong you end up a coke addict in the gutter. ",
"Well one is boring as shit and the other is boring as shit.",
"Accounting gets paid Finance rarely does. ",
"I have 2 accounting degrees and a finance degree. I would have slaughtered this question! 10 hour late for karma, so typical.",
"Auditors look at the past.\nAccountants record the present.\nFinancial analyst look at the future.",
"50% Accounting + 50% Economics = Finance\n\n100% Accounting = 100% Accounting\n\nAccounting helps in being able to look at historical data and show how a company is growing, and finance helps project potential growth and opportunities to expand the business. ",
"Accounting is the language of finance. I double majored, and went into the IT side of business. My finance major required a lot of accounting classes, and a fair amount of financial ones. Then when I got to start working, not only did I understand our financial releases and how the market was affecting my company, but I understood basic accounting principles that helped be a broader more company minded IT person. \n\nI think if you end up with a job doing something other than those two fields all day/every day, finance will be of much more use to you.\n\nYes, accounting jobs are always available, but I find that work extremely boring and frustrating, and it does require long hours at certain times of the month/year. But that's just my preference.",
"Now's my chance! I am doing both right now\n\nFinance: finance is all about making money. You learn about how money grows and the different ways you can invest it. You learn about time value of money and different valuation techniques for investment vehicles\n\nAccounting is all about showing people the money you made. You track actions and the financial ramifications of those action. It's all about preparing financial statements and tracking money.\n\nBut you didn't ask about that, you asked about job prospects. Accounting is WAY easier to get a job. It may be boring to some and you might not be Gordon gecko rich, but if you graduate with above a 3.3 and do internships it's almost the easiest way to get a job that will pay 6 figures by the time you retire. Finance is fun and everyone sees the prospects of wall street, but the fact of the matter is all of those jobs are going to math majors now. You MIGHT be able to get a job in investment banking, but you usually need undergrad and MBA at a top finance school in the country, most finance graduates will end up in sales.\n\nOf course the easiest way to get around this is to just do both. Almost every school will let you double major in finance and accounting, and they play off of each other really well. If you have to pick one, do accounting if you can make the grades. One final piece of advice is that accounting majors are almost always qualified for mid level corporate finance jobs, but finance majors can almost never take an accounting job\n\nEdit: you should check out /r/accounting it's gonna be one sided, but they do a good job of dispelling a lot of the myths about accountants being boring",
"Hopefully its not too late to input here but I had the same dilemma. If you can pursue both, do it. You have to keep in mind that as students we're really nothing special. A high GPA is great but its not unique by any means nor is it based off of a standardized benchmark. A 4.0 in one college could be a 3.5 in another. \n\nThat's where certifications come in. A CPA designation (Accounting) is a pain in the ass to get but its a solid benchmark to measure someone against, *especially* undergrads. Likewise the CFA (Finance) looks amazing but is probably much more expensive and possibly harder with lower potential use (its like making Eagle scout in the finance world). My friends double majored in accounting and finance and got either their CPA or CPA hours in which coupled really well with finance. It gave them a huge edge on others, especially coming out of a state school. \n\nUniversity sucks but its a short period of discomfort that pays off big if you treat it like a job. Coming out of a university with certifications will make the job placement part much easier and will likely lead to a higher pay rate down the road. \n\n",
"be sure to look at /r/accounting if you want to go that route. \n\nAs for the ELI5, an accounting degree is required to become a Certified Public Accountant, which is a professional designation, like a license to prepare financial statements. It's kind of like a lawyer for a company's books. You are the expert and people pay you to do the financial statements. You can still pursue other careers, but the primary reason to go accounting is to prepare yourself for the CPA. There is always a demand for someone with a CPA. \n \nA finance degree is more broad and can lead to a wide range of career paths, however earning a CPA is much more difficult without an accounting degree (might be impossible, I graduated from college 15 years ago and don't know the detailed requirements to qualify for a CPA these days). \n\nEither is a valid option. Success is not guaranteed for any degree, remember to work hard and then the chips will fall where they may.",
"Accounting is an actual profession, whereas finance is a bunch of nonsense that can be taught on-the-job to anyone with half a brain.\n\nSOURCE: I work, and have worked, in 3 of the largest and most influential financial services firms. Also am pursuing an MBA in finance.",
"CPA here, Accounting is gathering financial data and interpreting that information so that end users (i.e. Management, shareholders, government agencies) can make educated decisions. The job outlook for accounting is growing due to government regulations requiring better financial reporting. Finance deals more with projecting future results and obtaining and using money. Finance jobs are usually found in the banking industry, but all major companies have finance and accounting divisions. The careers are related. I think accounting jobs are probably easier to obtain and more secure, but both can pay well.",
"Accounting more has to do with the record keeping related to financial activities. Accountants keep and balance the books, produce the firm's financial documents, and provide financial advice. Finance has more to do with deciding what to do in terms of spending/saving/earning money. Finance majors are more likely to end up working for banks, being a financial adviser, or involved in securities trading. The world's always going to need accountants and finance guys, and most schools have robust career assistance in these fields. In terms of pay they will be close starting but finance has more potential for growth while accounting is more stable. Traders with finance degrees can make insane amounts of money, but a shift in the market could put them out of a job tomorrow. Firms will always need accountants, but their value is well established and it's difficult to go much higher without some differentiation. In terms of education, your first two years will be pretty much the same. After that accounting moves more towards learning the detailed regulations, legal environment, and different principles of accounting. Finance on the other hand would begin to study things like investments, insurance and risk, and corporate financial planning. \n\n\nIf you haven't started school yet I wouldn't worry about which one you choose. Both will be in the business school and if it's anything like mine, changing a major takes 15 minutes if you're staying in the business school. You'll have plenty of time before you're taking credits that wouldn't apply to both majors and you can use the intro finance and accounting classes to gather information yourself. ",
"I didn't read the \"ELI5\" and thought I was on /r/jokes. I was slightly confused and sad when there wasn't a punchline ",
"Finance focuses on making money, accounting keeps track of money made.",
"BBA in accounting and MS in Information Systems. I was a managerial accountant for over 20 years and went back for my master's. I now own my own business which I work with my husband. My husband has a degree in marketing with an emphasis on finance. My husband agrees that accounting is a better degree program. \n\nAccounting is about managing and interpreting financial records and data. Finance is about investing. As someone else posted here, accounting provides far more opportunities. Its much easier to get a job and there are a lot more things you can do. I read someone else's post that finance is more lucrative and I would strongly disagree. I rarely see finance majors in the upper echelon, but I see tons of accountants.\n\nAccounting isn't just about financial statements and debits and credits, especially if you aren't a public accountant. I love cost accounting. I love analyzing what people do and how much it costs to produce something or provide a service and comparing it against what is earned. How much does it cost us to make that hamburger patty, or how much does it cost us to process these kind of prescriptions? Also, I love opening people's eyes to things that change their life, such as saving someone's business by explaining why they might consider selling a product at a loss during their slow season to cover contribution margins. There is lots of interaction with different people and departments. \n\nAlso, accounting crosses every field and industry. I hated \"bookkeeping\" type activities and ended up spending most of later years running the IT departments. I helped people develop useful reports and taught people how to interpret them. IT people can write something, but they don't necessarily know if it is correct without an accountant to tell them. There are lots of management duties, some jobs have lots of travel (if you like that) and you are definitely treated with a great deal of respect. \n\nMy accounting skills have been invaluable in my own business. When we started our family, we wanted to spend more time at home and with less travel. We were able to do anything we wanted. The hardest part was just choosing. I strongly recommend an accounting degree instead of a finance degree. "
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52kc1a | why do airport fire departments have those massive futristic looking fire trucks? | I've noticed this seems a pretty standard thing in a lot of the worlds airports and have always been curious as to why this is. Also they look pretty freaking cool. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/52kc1a/eli5_why_do_airport_fire_departments_have_those/ | {
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"They need to be low to the ground to fit under plane's wings and to lower the center of balance for quick response (jet fuel burns so fast they only have about 3 min to respond and airports are HUGE), and have tanks full of firefighting foam instead of pumping water.",
"Aircraft fire fighting has different challenges as compared to structural or wildfire.\n\nAirplanes contain very large amounts of flammable fuel, which requires foam to extinguish.\n\nAirplanes rarely crash near a fire hydrant, the firetruck has to carry the all the foam to the scene of the crash.\n\nAirplanes crash off paved roads and runways, so the firetruck needs to be off-road capable and needs large tires to avoid sinking into the dirt.\n\nAircraft fires are fought from the outside, so there's no need to bring fire hoses; they need a water cannon to shoot water from far away."
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a6ttw3 | what causes water to foam up when boiling noodles? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a6ttw3/eli5_what_causes_water_to_foam_up_when_boiling/ | {
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"The starch in the noodles will absorb more and more water until the starch molecules pop which transfers the starch to the water resulting in the foam. That's not super technically but I'm pretty sure that's the gist of it. ",
"The dissolved starch in the water increases the surface tension of the water which makes the bubbles stronger and less likely to pop. All the un-popped bubbles build up into a foam."
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fzmmzy | how did long pre-industrial ship voyages deal with drinking water? | It seems like the amount of fresh water you'd need for a crew of say 15 for months or even years would be massive. Food is more easily stocked but how did they deal with drinking water on long voyages? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fzmmzy/eli5_how_did_long_preindustrial_ship_voyages_deal/ | {
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"They carried one month's worth of barrels of drinkable water onboard and refilled them every time they reach land.\n\nEDIT: beer, wine, or brandy were often mixed with the kegs of fresh water to keep the water from developing algae and making it palatable. In the 17th century, these beverages were replaced with Rum which brought forward the existence of ['Grog'](_URL_0_).",
"You bring it along. In form of straight water, Mead, or beer. You ration it for per person per day. Yea that's alot of beer for a months long voyage",
"They would also take advantage of rainfall, setting up collection points. But for the most part, water was the most limited resource on a sail age ship, every opportunity to replenish was taken advantage of. In a voyage of more than a month, some stop for water was planned.",
"They never stayed out to sea the whole time. A 15 month voyage would involve several resupply stops, either at a nearby port or a beach.",
"It only took Colombus 36 days to sail across the Atlantic. Most of the time ships were just sailing back and forth from trading ports so they stayed close to the coast.",
"They often drank beer instead, even children. Beer at the time had a lower alcohol content. Since beer is boiled during its manufacture and contained healthy bacteria, it was a much safer alternative to regular water. Beer also has higher nutrients and vitamins than regular water.\n\nNautical voyages also gave rise to punch, since higher proof alcohol keeps for long periods of time. Often the alcohol was not as refined (read: tasted horrible) so it was mixed with sugar and juices. There is an old rhyme for making punch from the 1600s that I still use to make punch today: “one part sour, two parts sweet, three parts strong, and four parts weak”.\n\nIn a practical recipe, that would be one part lemon juice, two parts simple syrup or juice, three parts alcohol (I like to mix Cava and vodka), and four parts seltzer. And add some citrus to keep the scurvy at bay.",
"It's also worth mentioning that it regularly rains at sea. It sounds funny, but it's true. This wasn't something you could rely on like islands and ports and things, but it did help lengthen the rations a fair bit.",
"The ancient Chinese (in the 1400s) reportedly would use an on-ship distilling process where they boiled seawater and collected the steam moisture as pure water to drink. But this was dangerous because it involved fire, on wooden ships.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nEdit: I do need to point out that this comes from Gavin Menzies' book *1421*, which has been challenged as historically inaccurate.",
"Wouldn't they have a rudimentary steam still of some sort to make fresh water from sea water? They could use the left over salt for seasoning food.",
"Ships often made frequent stops to fill up on basic supplies. Ships had to be pretty big to handle open-ocean crossings, and even then did them in hops when they could. If you study ocean maps, a lot of these tiny and ignored islands used to be thriving pit stops, and shipping routes would account for this.",
"People didn't drink a lot of water like you'd think, even outside of long sea voyages. They drank alcohol. Water, while being the giver of life, also gives life to malaria, cholera and all sorts of other bad bacteria. The fermentation process that makes beer, wine, rum and other alcohol kills the harmful stuff in water. The biggest ingredient in an alcoholic beverage is still water, and even then they watered that down with regular H2O a bit to stretch it out. Grog, for example, was rum mixed with water. On long voyages they rationed it out, but there was always the problem of not having enough of everything. As was said elsewhere, most voyages were not extremely far from land with fresh water (in case of the unpredictability of rain) for extremely long periods of time. Voyages of discovery usually hugged coastlines and stayed close enough to where people had been before so they could make maps and find their way back. It was rare that they would just sail out into the open ocean without an idea of where they were going and how long it would take to get there.",
"They typically carried three types of beverage. \n\n1) clean water, this didn’t last long. \n2) beer, like 2% alcohol. Everyone could drink this and not really be “drunk” but it lasted a while in barrels. \n3) liquor, like Rum. This was the last source of liquid that would be safe to drink. \n\nRefill those supplies anytime you got and call it good. Low alcohol beer was used for people on land too. It was safe to drink, even somewhat nutritious, and lasted a while in storage.",
"I believe they used to cut it with rum to stop the water from growing any nasties. Also that is why the VOC put up a halfway station in the cape of good hope. Ships replenished their water and food there before sailing onwards to Indonesia or back to the Netherlands.\n\nThere is a channel on youtube who does videos on exactly this. Your life as a VOC sailor. Very informative I learned some stuff I wasnt aware of.",
"Grog...\nThey mixed alcohol with water to keep it fresher longer.\nIPA. India Pale Ale has a higher alcohol content than other Ales of the day so it wouldn't spoil on the voyage from Britain to India.\nAlcoholic beverages, for a very long time, we're common due to fresh drinking water being hard to come by.",
"They also used rainwater. And sometimes they just ran out. Like in the Rome of the Ancient Mariner. \"Water water everywhere, but not a drop to drink.\"",
"Polynesians would cook ti plant roots for 4 days and suck the moisture and nutrients out of it as one example",
"Mostly weak beer and rum after the water had gone bad. And not just a shot of rum either, unbelievable amounts. 8 pints beer, half a pint of rum per day according to wiki but I have read that the rum ration was much larger. _URL_0_",
"They drank alot of rum as lasts forever. Mixed rum and water to make there 'grog'. Eventually figured adding lime helped with scurvy",
"i know on some routes they used giant turtles as a source of meat and water, they used to stack them alive on the decks and select one for the chop whenever it was needed. apparently the meat of the turtle rivalled or bettered that from calves, lamb, chicken and pork.\n\n & #x200B;\n\n > The meat of a giant tortoise has variously been described as tasting superior to chicken, beef and pork whereas their fat is likened to tasting better than the [purest butter.](_URL_0_) \n\n & #x200B;\n\n [_URL_1_](_URL_1_)",
"I've read that they also used water that had natural contaminants that retarded algae growth but didn't harm people (much). One example: water from the Great Dismal Swamp, which has a lot of tannins in it and looks like tea.",
"I would actually like to hear about this problem from the point of view of polynesian sailors in double hulled waka. who didn't have things such as barrels and sailed from eastern polynesia down to New zealand, up to Hawaii and across to Rapanui (Eaater Island).",
"If I remember correctly the discovery of the Galapagos tortoise extended time at sea as well. They could be laid on their backs inside the ship and survive up to a year for fresh meat and they had a fresh water bladder that could actually provide some fresh water too (though I've no idea if it was a useful quantity)",
"I'm really thankful that you asked this question, OP! My father is a historian, and he's done a podcast about exactly this question! It's in french though, and it's called \"Les maladies de l'eau\" meaning litterally \"Water's illnesses\".\n\nHere's the link if you want to watch it: _URL_0_\n\nQuick answer like you're five (according to pre-industrial era knowledge)\n\n- First, water is potable;\n\n-Then it isn't. (Worms and such);\n\n- Worms die, water is potable, but not tasty;\n\n- Then other bad stuff happens to water;\n\n- Then again it is potable. (Still doesn't taste good though);\n\n- For one last time, it turns bad;\n\n- After that, it's good for a looong time. But, you know, still not like a clear spring water.",
"Poorly, actually. History is rife with stories and accounts of sailors resorting to extreme measures when the water supply ran out, such as rigging sails as tarps to catch rainwater and fill barrels, drinking their own urine and so on, and just plain dying of thirst.",
"They used wooden barrels for almost every liquid, so the problem was that water after a while starts to create a layer of mold and algae inside the barrels, as it wasn't distilled water of course. Usually it was one of the major limits of longer voyages, and one of the most important aspects to keep in mind for sailors. They used to stop along the way on the coasts, but that could help up until a certain point.\nThe best solution though, was alcohol and spirits. They prevented molding, it lasted forever, and it was cheap and usually easily produced everywhere.\nThis is one of the main reasons why it was in every ship, and why the general image of a pirate is a guy drinking rum! Also, it kept the morale high, so it really was perfect for long travels, where you wouldn't see land for months at times.",
"I don’t think it has been mentioned but rain collection is also useful. Simply rig a sail into a trough shape and place a barrel at one end.",
"Rum. Water goes bad. So they add enough alcohol to sterilize the water but not enough to dehydrate you more than the water hydrates.",
"Reading this post has made me realize I've found a new fascination about the lives of sailors. Can anyone recommend any books or documentaries on the subject?",
"My washing machine has a silver anti-bacterial setting. Anyone know how that works, and dose the silver need to be replaced periodically?",
"The supply of fresh water was notoriously scarce, but sailors discovered some tricks to prevent the water from greening. These techniques supplemented stopping for water, because a ship cold go for many months without seeing land, but only a month before the water gets algae.\n\nThe most famous technique is the use of rum to turn the water into grog. Generally there's two ways of doing this, either start by putting rum in the water supply, or top every cup of water with rum. The obvious drawbacks, of course, included drunk sailors and the expense of sourcing rum. You may hear tell of the crew of a brig taking some grog and placing grains of gunpowder on the surface, and the gunpowder couldn't explode from the light of the sun through a magnifying glass, there was too much water in solution, and the ship's accountant, the purser, would be thrown overboard got being cheap with the rum. Simple rule of thumb, if the gunpowder blow, green won't grow.\n\nThe use of metal was also used, but compared to the relative inexpensiveness of wood barrels, this meant a premium. You could make an iron drum, which would keep the water clean up until rust contaminates the solution, or you could add silver or copper, and I'll let [him](_URL_0_) tell you why that one works.",
"I have a client that works 6 months of the year on a freight ship. He told me that they take the water from the great lakes and boil it to drink. They don’t save drinkable water on the ship because it would take up too much space."
]
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"https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k-T-PC6p0u4C&pg=PA98&dq=giant+tortoise+tasty&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC6tyuq4rQAhWlLcAKHU72AEwQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=giant%20tortoise%20tasty&f=false",
"http://www.factfiend.com/tortoise-delicious-live/"
],
[],
[],
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"http://104histoires.com/030-les-maladies-de-leau-bord-des-bateaux/"
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"https://youtu.be/DjZ6b20LSoc"
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b6rc41 | how can iodine strips be used to prevent infections on a wound, but at the same time iodine itself is dangerous to handle? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b6rc41/eli5_how_can_iodine_strips_be_used_to_prevent/ | {
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"Like anything it's about the right amount for the right use. Without enough water we die, with too much we die. ",
"Iodine used as a disinfectant is usually at very low concentrations in solution. It also irritates the skin when applied, but that is considered a small price to pay to keep a wound clean. Iodine is most toxic when drunk/eaten, but pure iodine will also damage skin."
]
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[],
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2f6wgg | why isn't dr. oz cancelled yet? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2f6wgg/why_isnt_dr_oz_cancelled_yet/ | {
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"Even among general practitioners, medical jargon is hard for most people to understand, and a lot of people can't afford to go to the doctor about everything that they have questions about. \n\nDr. Oz addresses both of these things and while he can be flat-out wrong, he gets people thinking about their health on a wide variety of topics, which is the important thing. Even if you ask a stupid question to your GP/etc, at least you are asking questions instead of feeling intimidated by the wealth of information you don't have. "
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||
3n98mq | why are there so many "engineers" for everything? as in: what even are "social engineers?" | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3n98mq/eli5_why_are_there_so_many_engineers_for/ | {
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"An engineer is a professional practitioner of engineering, concerned with applying scientific knowledge, mathematics, and ingenuity to develop solutions for technical, societal and commercial problems.\n\nA social engineer is not usually a real profession, it's a term used for applying engineering principles to social situations to build a desired outcome.\n\nEngineering is heavily based on defining things, understanding them, modeling how they work, and making changes till they think they'll get the desired outcome, then building, testing, and tweaking it.\n\nA social engineer will gather a lot of information about the situation/people at hand, make some theories about how the interactions work, use some widely held mostly proven theories defining social interaction to predict future outcomes of current actions, And try and figure out what actions to take to get the desired outcome, based on their model.\n\nThe term social engineering is most often used in an illicit sense, such as gaining access to places or information you shouldn't have by exploiting social interaction in specific ways, although it's not necessarily such, it can be used neutrally or in normal situations as well.",
"Being called an engineer is a way of saying that you know how to work/fix/manipulate something that is fairly complex. A social engineer is someone who is adept at manipulating people (as opposed to machines) in order to get their desired outcome. Being called a social engineer is generally done in a negative way (social engineering is a huge issue for corporate security teams trying to make sure people who are trying to steal their stuff don't get access to their internal resources), but extremely charismatic people are also social engineers by nature so it doesn't always have to have the implication that you're after something that isn't yours.",
"Engineering can generally refer to any activity that requires investigation, analysis, and design of a \"solution\" to some \"problem.\"\n\nNeed to cross that river? Civil engineer will design a bridge.\nNeed to blow up that bridge? Aerospace engineer will design the weapon.\n\nAs far as a \"social\" engineer, this refers to specifically to people who work with other people to modify or exploit behavior for a specific type of outcome. Almost always this refers to some form of deception as a method of hacking (pretending to be a help desk to get someone's password, for example; or phishing e-mails)",
"Social engineer is a bullshit invented title that is a slap in the face to those with engineering degrees and iron rings.\n\nLikewise, we have a number of systems architects and engineers at work who are actually IT folks (some with a CS degree, most without). None of the good ones seem to like being called architects or engineers, because they have too much respect for those professions.\n",
"Dr. Jan Itor, Master of Custodial Arts, employed as a Sanitation Engineer in the department of Janitation, would like a word with you.",
"An engineers is someone who uses science to do practical things. A scientist studies, and engineers takes those results and finds a way to make it useful to everyone.\n\nThe term has been overgeneralized as of late to include taking a scientific approach to tasks that aren't always seen as science. Social engineering, for example, uses foibles of human behavior, instead of technology, to accomplish something. It is the different between hacking into a computer, and tricking someone into giving you their password.\n\n"
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2jc8vf | why is it considered rude to take food home you paid for from a restaurant outside of america? | Saw in another thread many Europeans saying the felt it was rude to take food home in a doggy bag from a restaurant, even if you've already paid for it, but none said exactly why. What gives? In my mind I paid for the food, its mine, wouldn't it be more rude to leave it and not eat it? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2jc8vf/eli5_why_is_it_considered_rude_to_take_food_home/ | {
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"German here. Most places I go even pack leftovers up in in a plastic bag for you if you ask them nicely.\n\nI've never met anyone who considered it rude.",
"Because we worry it make us look fat and greedy instead of stupid and wasteful.",
"Well portion sizes here are typically much smaller than in the USA, so it would be a rare occurrence to reach the end of a meal and have enough food to make it worth taking home."
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3ggsz4 | why did english evolve to have letters with multiple sounds rather than accents on letters or even extra letters? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ggsz4/eli5_why_did_english_evolve_to_have_letters_with/ | {
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"So all languages evolve over time. This is a basic fact of language change. Words, expressions, grammar, and especially pronunciation all drift over time. [This is explained nicely in this Merriam Webster video](_URL_0_).\n\nThe way we write English is based on how it was spoken centuries ago, and without an organization to specifically update English spelling (like the RAE for Spanish), English spelling continues to stay that way. The same is true for Thai (where spelling reflects how words were pronounced thousands of years ago), [as this video explains](_URL_1_).\n\nTLDR: Since speech changes over time, writing systems will become increasingly \"out-of-sync\", unless there is an organization that updates them.\n\n",
"Like JoseElEntrenador said, writing is much more conservative than pronunciation. Accents change all the time, but it's much harder to change the spelling of a word. Languages that people have been writing down for a really long time drift further and further away from the pronunciations that they originally codified, unless spelling systems are consistently updated, as is the case with Spanish. German, French, Russian, and Greek are also not written very phonetically. I've also heard that Thai and many Indian languages are totally out of sync with the way they're written. Some particularly weird things have happened to English vowels since the printing press was introduced to England in 1470. Many of the most egregiously spelled words really do reflect a very old pronunciation: \"knight\" was pronounced with a K and a throaty sound represented by GH; \"name\" was pronounced \"nam-uh\", basically the way the same word is pronounced in standard German.\n\nI'll contrast this with another language I speak and know about the history of, which is Czech. Czech is not totally phonetic, but it is way more phonetic than English -- probably about as phonetic as Spanish is. Czech is as old a language as English is, but it was used much less frequently than English for literary, administrative, or legal purposes. It was first standardized by Jan Hus in the 1400s and was revived as a literary language in the nineteenth century. When people did start using it consistently, there was a very strong movement to create dictionaries and standardize vocabulary, pronunciation, and spelling, which was tied to the growth of Czech national identity and statehood. Similar things happened in other European countries too. Language never really played the same role in the development of national identity in any English-speaking country, so (Noah Webster notwithstanding) there was nowhere near as intense of a push to promote a standardized English orthography. And the people who did think this was a good idea were seen as weird cranks rather than brave revolutionaries. \n\nAlso, English is very receptive to loanwords, and when we take them, we don't change the way they're spelled -- but we change their pronunciation. We say \"orderves\" even though we write \"hors d'oeuvres\"; we say \"psychiatrist\" without the P, etc. Many languages do change the spelling of loanwords, at least some of them, while attempting to preserve their pronunciation. Czech borrowed the French word \"arrangement\" (meaning a musical or a flower arrangement) and spells it \"aranžmá\", which is much closer to the way it's pronounced in French than the English word \"arrangement\" is. "
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"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKVtpCByEy4"
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fp605w | how come sometimes when you close your eyes to sleep and try to imagine something, your imagination takes what you imagine way out of proportion? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fp605w/eli5_how_come_sometimes_when_you_close_your_eyes/ | {
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" Because when you immagine a thing in your head you don't have the measuring and proportion that the eyes give, you in your head live in a place were isn't a real space and time, call it magic 😎",
"When you look at object to determine how far or how close it is, what color it is, how big or how small it is and what shape it is your brain quickly looks at clues to determine the information. Because your brain constantly does that you don’t hold all of that information in your head. \n\nYour memories are not as clear as you think they are. There is a show that’s called brain games or explained. One of those shows have an episode that explains this concept. Remember how you look at these clues to perceive an object as quickly as possible so your memory doesn’t hold all of that information, so when you think back it does the same thing looking for clues. Hence why it you are convinced an object is as green and when you think back you will remember it as green and if you later on realize it was blue you will still be able to think back to your memory only this time retrieve the same object as blue in that memory. Your brain is one gigantic auto complete and it needs the similar clues (from the first paragraph) to remember the same information as a memory and since many of us can only remember few things are off. Unless you force your brain and train it to process that information and retain it. \n\nFor instance I see my living room everyday but without a doubt a bird-eye sketch I draw of it always off, because when I look at the living room I don’t say of this wall is 2 parts to 4 parts comparing to the long wall and this couch is 80% the length of the width of my living room. So when I sit down to sketch it I can’t remember the clues my brains need to get those proportions right despite knowing whole bunch of other details about my living room.",
"Sounds like Alice in Wonderland Syndrome, which is known to sometimes coincide with sleep onset. (Personally I’ve only ever experienced it applying to my own body—getting very large or very small.)\n\n\n_URL_0_"
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f4r7zq | why are wrecks so mesmerizing for drivers to look at? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f4r7zq/eli5_why_are_wrecks_so_mesmerizing_for_drivers_to/ | {
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"That depends on where you live. If it’s in america, people there slow down and wanted to see the situation. Depending if the cops is there or not, people goes there to see if they can help whenever there’s no cop around. \n\nWell in some other places, as far as i heard about it, people doesn’t give a damn whenever there’s an accident. \n\nAll in all, people can be fascinated by things that don’t usually happened in their lives. Some don’t give a damn, some does. It’s just that.",
"I don't think it is a sense of pleasure, but more an intense curiosity. Seeing the level of damage caused is very relatable to a driver, because we could all be in an accident.\n\nAnd then there are other reasons to slow down - to reduce risk from running over debris, to avoid sending high speed pebbles/stones at anyone involved in rescue work, or even to see if assistance is needed."
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519yqj | what is the difference between a workstation gpu and a gaming gpu? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/519yqj/eli5what_is_the_difference_between_a_workstation/ | {
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"Workstation GPUs are a bit like tractors: the average consumer will look at it and ask why it's so expensive when their sedan is a faster car, but certain professionals will look at it and understand the sort of work it can do.\n\nGaming GPUs are optimized for high FPS during gaming. For the typical consumer, that is what matters.\n\nWorkstation GPUs have more advanced features, precision, firmware, and vendor support that can be important in fields like fluid simulation, architecture and engineering, CAD, video production, and so on.\n\nThe average person doesn't need a tractor."
]
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[]
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||
cl1gl7 | what’s the difference between coconut milk and coconut water? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cl1gl7/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_coconut_milk/ | {
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"Coconut water is the fluid inside the coconut, coconut milk is made with the pulp and water, kinda like almond milk.",
"Coconut water is the water-like substance found in the coconut.\n\nCoconut milk is what you get from squeezing ground (usually mature) coconut meat."
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2k43jd | why are pumpkins carved for halloween? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2k43jd/eli5_why_are_pumpkins_carved_for_halloween/ | {
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"In the rural areas where Halloween first became popular, people would carve out turnips or gourds and put candles in them as lanterns when they went from house to house pretending to be spirits of the dead. Carving faces in them made them creepier and more like a wandering spirit. Pumpkins eventually became popular because they grew like crazy, they became ripe in autumn, and they're MUCH easier to carve.",
"It's the story of Stingy Jack: The TL/DR version is something like: Jack tricked the devil several times and made a deal that he couldn't go to hell, so the devil wouldn't let him in hell when he died, and heaven won't take him. Satan gave him an ember from hell to light his way, which he put in a carved turnip, and he's trapped between heaven and hell forever. I've never quite gotten why that means we should carve pumpkins, though...\n\n\nA more complete version of the story is here: _URL_0_"
]
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1dj72o | why is conservatism/republicanism so intertwined with christianity in america? | Is there a statistic for religion vs political affiliation? What aspects of the religion coincide with the party platform? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1dj72o/eli5_why_is_conservatismrepublicanism_so/ | {
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"_URL_0_\n_URL_2_\n_URL_1_\n\nBasically christian denominations in the 1960's didn't like increasing secularism and the counter culture(hippies, liberalism, drugs). And while traditionally they shunned being involved in politics. They started to get involved starting in the early 1970's. And ever since, protestant christians are 70-85% of the republican base(numbering 60 million as of the past three elections) , while a third(20 million) being evangelicals. Making them a core component of the republican party.\n"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention_conservative_resurgence",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Grant_(Christian_Leader)",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_Majority"
]
] |
|
621z3p | - how bets are placed during illegal fights like we see in the movies? | There's always an animated crowd yelling and exchanging bets, money often changes hands mid fight. What is gambling protocol for underground fighting? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/621z3p/eli5_how_bets_are_placed_during_illegal_fights/ | {
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"text": [
"Someone at the event is a bookie. people yell out saying they want to put money on said action. The bookie can make odds and start taking bets, or choose not to take the action",
"The bettor places his bet. The guy writes a betting slip, takes the cash and gives the slip to the bettor."
]
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[],
[]
] |
|
ftzgb0 | why do whips make that big “wuh-psssh!” sound? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ftzgb0/eli5_why_do_whips_make_that_big_wuhpsssh_sound/ | {
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"text": [
"The tips of the whip actually break the speed of sound. The crack of the tip is making a sonic boom.",
"IIRC, the loop travels along the whip, and when it breaks the sound barrier, you hear the crack.",
"The crack of a whip comes from a loop traveling along the whip, gaining speed until it reaches the speed of sound and creates a sonic boom",
"Don't you mean \"WhaaHH PAAHHH\"?"
]
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[],
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||
320yoj | what do we reference a unit of measure to? how do we know an inch is an inch? | If all units of measure suddenly disappeared (rulers, tools, etc) how would we reset the measurements? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/320yoj/eli5_what_do_we_reference_a_unit_of_measure_to/ | {
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"text": [
"Right now, the meter is based on the speed of light in a vacuum, which is absolute and relatively easily reproducible.\n\n\"the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second.\"",
"Back in the old days (like 60 years ago) most measures of distance were the precise distance between two scratches on a metal bar. Now the definitions are considerably more esoteric (strange). Distance is defined by how far light goes in a vacuum in an tiny amount of time. \nBut if all the tools, rulers, etc., disappeared, we'd get a chunk of metal, make some scratches in it and say, \"This is a meter.\" Or, \"This is an inch.\"\n\nIn the *really really* old days, a yard was defined as the distance from the King's nose to his outstretched fingertips, and the original meter was a tiny fraction of the distance from the North Pole to the Equator."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
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|
2dzh73 | how do games make you smarter? | In what aspects, and what kind of games? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dzh73/eli5_how_do_games_make_you_smarter/ | {
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"cjuqxu7"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"Usually RTS games make you think critically and use resources efficiently. MOBAs teach you to deal with assholes."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
4nlo3p | why do muslims believe it is empowering for women to cover their bodies? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4nlo3p/eli5_why_do_muslims_believe_it_is_empowering_for/ | {
"a_id": [
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"score": [
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"text": [
"I don't see how anyone can think it is empowering or not feel like an object when you literally have a sheet over you like some entrepreneur's big new invention."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
4xslcz | why is the average temperature of the earth still rising due to global warming even as holes in the antarctic ozone layer are healing? | source:
_URL_0_
_URL_2_
_URL_1_ | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4xslcz/eli5_why_is_the_average_temperature_of_the_earth/ | {
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"text": [
"Global warming is not entirely due to human action, and it was not caused by the hole in the ozone layer at all. \n\nWe are in a natural upswing of temperature that has been occurring since the end of the last ice age. Human action has most assuredly sped up that process, but we have no legitimate way to calculate by how much. That process is still going on. ",
"These 2 things are unrelated. Global warming is mostly caused by an excess of greenhouse gasses. The holes in the ozone layer were caused by our use of CFCs which damage the ozone layer. Since CFCs were banned the ozone layer has been able to recover.",
"Two quite different concepts.\n\nGlobal warming is the measure of how much the world is increasing in heat due to green house gases and other pollution created by humans. CO2 is a better insulator to heat than the rest of the gases in our atmosphere, and as a result, global temperatures rise as our use of CO2 creating substances also increases.\n\nThis does not relate to the Ozone Directly.\n\nWhat was destroying the Ozone layer was substances called chlorofluorocarbons which were often used as propellants for spray cans (Hairspray, deodorant, more industrial things) and various other major industrial uses.\n\nThose DO destroy Ozone.\n\nAnd so a law was passed to limit them, and since we have seen the Ozone layer slowly heal."
]
} | [] | [
"http://phys.org/news/2016-06-scientists-antarctic-ozone-layer.html",
"http://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature/",
"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/06/antarctic-ozone-hole-healing-fingerprints/"
] | [
[],
[],
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] |
|
2aib47 | why do websites such as pandora need to pay a licensing fee to play an artist's song, but websites like youtube don't have to? | Or does YouTube have to pay? I'm not sure.
EDIT: I think I meant to say "royalties", not "licensing fees". Sorry about that. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2aib47/eli5_why_do_websites_such_as_pandora_need_to_pay/ | {
"a_id": [
"cive4wv",
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"score": [
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"text": [
"Youtube is just hosting the videos. If an artist's \"official\" youtube channel posts a full song, the artist is already involved, and thus Youtube doesn't have to pay a fee. If the artist is not involved, they can send a claim to youtube, and youtube will take the song down - thereby not having to pay for use of the song.\n\nPandora, though, is attempting to directly profit off of the music - artists don't upload their own stuff to Pandora, Pandora itself collects the music and tries to bring it to users - therefore the artist only gets any sort of benefit (other than exposure, which not many of them need from Pandora) by charging a licensing fee.",
"Pandora has rights to distribute the music, and thus it pays for those rights. All youtube content is uploaded by its user base, not youtube, so it does not have to pay for the right as it is only hosting a site for people to upload what they want. "
]
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[],
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7boou7 | where does the bank interest on a savings account actually come from? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7boou7/eli5_where_does_the_bank_interest_on_a_savings/ | {
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"They loan the money in your account to various borrowers, who in turn pay interest back to them, some of which gets passed on to you.",
"When you deposit $1000 in a bank account earning 1%, they take most of that money and loan it out to someone else at, say, 3%. 1% goes to you, and 2% goes to the bank, to cover overhead, defaults, and to provide profit to the shareholders.",
"It comes from what the bank does with your money. \n\nSee, when you deposit that money with the bank it doesn't just \"sit\" there. The bank actually uses your money to go out and make even MORE money. \n\nJust so no one panics, there are a whole bunch of rules governing this. For example, they have to hold... as cash... significant amounts to cover a certain % of their customer's accounts. Like if a bank's deposits are $1M, they would have to have on cash at least $300k.... just in the unlikely chance that everyone (err, a 1/3rd in this case) showed up one day and demanded to withdraw all their money. Second of all, all of the money deposited in the bank is guaranteed by the government... so if they get robbed or the bank does something stupid like invest your money in shitty real estate, you will always be able to get YOUR money out again. \n\nSo, what does the bank do when they \"borrow\" your money?\n\n- loan it to other people. Where do you think loans and mortgages come from? its money from other customers. They charge the loan holder 10%, they keep 3% as their profit and they pay you 7% on your savings account. \n\n- institutional investment - they take a bunch of money and invest it, just like you can or a mutual fund broker, in stocks and bonds. And just like you, the bank's investment arm has a mixture of safe (bonds, government debt) and risky (high risk stocks) investments. \n\n- service f$$s - that $1 etransfer fee they charge you, they keep half as profit, they take the other half and use it to pay interest on someone's savings account. \n"
]
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9ziy0m | what is the "hierarchy" and difference between the different kinds of courts i hear about? | Obviously I understand the Supreme Court is the highest and that the justices are appointed. Also, I understand county judges are elected. But I hear about appellate and appeals and circuit and all the different numbers--what's the hierarchy and types of courts? Does an appellate court outrank a circuit court? Thanks. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9ziy0m/eli5_what_is_the_hierarchy_and_difference_between/ | {
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"Assuming you are talking about the United States, there are two types of courts - Federal and State. \n\nCourts, broadly, are either courts of first instance (the first court that you file a lawsuit or start a trial in,) or appellate courts (courts that hear appeals from lower courts.) Some courts are courts of first instance for certain matters and appellate courts for other matters.\n\nState courts vary from state to state. Taking California as an example, they have the Superior Courts of California (one for each county) which are the courts of first instance. Decisions from the Superior Courts are appealed to the California Courts of Appeal, of which there are 6. The court of last resort is the California Supreme Court, and decisions from that court can be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States.\n\nFederal courts start out with the District Courts, which are courts of first instance for Federal matters. Each state has between 1 and 4 District Courts. Appeals from the District Courts are heard by the United States Court of Appeals, of which there are 12 different Circuits responsible for various District Courts. Appeals from the US Court of Appeals are heard by the Supreme Court of the United States.\n\nSome states have separate Criminal and Family courts, which are courts of first instance for Criminal and Family matters respectively.",
"Trump today is complaining about the 9th circuit. He means The US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. This is a federal court. Decisions from federal district courts in the 9th circuit area can be appealed to \"the 9th Circuit.\" Also, some appeals from decisions made by federal agencies in Washington, DC could end up in the 9th Circuit (just as they could end up in other circuits). Here's a map that shows the geographic areas covered by each federal circuit. \n _URL_0_\n\nSo a case could start in a federal district court in CA, be appealed to the 9th Circuit, and perhaps be appealed to the US Supreme Court.\n\nWhile you may vote for county judges, we don't vote for federal judges. Federal judges are nominated by the president and affirmed by the Senate. \n\nAs of September 22, 2018, the United States Senate has confirmed 68 ... judges nominated by President Trump, including 1 Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, 26 judges for the United States Courts of Appeals, 41 judges for the United States District Courts.\n\nEdit:added district somewhere.",
"There is a federal and state court track in the US. \n\nThe federal track has district courts. A single judge decides those questions and can be appealed to the circuit courts where a panel of 3 will rule. Additionally, parties can request the whole court sit en banc to rehear it if they are still disatisfied. California's 9th circuit is so large that in en banc hearings only section of them sit. Finally, they can request the US Supreme court to review a decision. SCOTUS only reviews a minority of cases each term so usually the circuit courts have the last word. On matters of the constitution, SCOTUS has the last word.\n\nFederal judges are nominated by the president and confirmed by the senate.\n\nOn matters of state law / state constitution the state supreme courts are the last word. They are binding even on federal courts. Federal courts can only over-rule a state court if there are federal questions. Theoretically, state supreme courts could en-masse disobey SCOTUS because SCOTUS reviews very few cases from the states. \n\nThe court hierarchy within states depends on the state. Some had no appellate courts and the state supreme court had to hear every case which meant they were rather busy. Most state supreme courts will pick and choose which cases to review but some cases must be reviewed eg. capital punishment. In some states their supreme courts will actually have first pick over cases and kick the rest over to the appellate courts. The reason for that is so they can develop caselaw for new types of cases quickly rather than have them spend years in the system before reaching the top as is the norm.\n\nWhether state judges are appointed, elected, elected and then subject to retention elections depends on the state and the judgeship. Some judicial elections are rather crass and make you lose faith."
]
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5cav8o | how is the futures trading market different from gambling or betting? | You're purely speculating price of something in future that is uncertain value today. You're just betting your money of future outcome of a stock price. How that is different from sophisticated betting or gambling? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5cav8o/eli5_how_is_the_futures_trading_market_different/ | {
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"Gambling is totally random based on odds of things happening. Futures are still based on the same fundamentals that stock purchases are made. There is some additional risk because you are adding a time component, but you are still using the available information about the underlying asset and economy as a whole in order to trade. You can research and determine whether the economy will slow down or speed up. You can research how demand is shifting. You can research weather patterns.\n\nLet's say you're trading wheat futures... you can see how the economy affects demand -- do people eat less wheat when they cut back, or do they shift to wheat-based products (pasta, for example) as a cheaper alternative to meat-based meals? Has China or India suddenly discovered the wonders of fresh bread? Or has the U.S. and Europe jumped on the low carb craze? Have drought conditions impacted the wheat crop in the Midwest? Or was there a bumper crop this year? All these are things that can be researched and used to determine which way futures will move and trade accordingly.\n\nAdditionally, the fundamental purpose of futures is to mitigate risk, for those creating the good (oil company, farmer, mining company) and those consuming it (oil refineries, food producers, steel makers) because the seller and buyer can both lock in a price for the resource."
]
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2459lx | why do so many different species (whales, humans, pigeons) have such similar bodily structures (2 eyes, 2 ears, digestive tract)? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2459lx/eli5_why_do_so_many_different_species_whales/ | {
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"In most cases, common descent - we all share an ancestor that, however long ago, had two light-sensing organs or a digestive system or whatnot.\n\nIn quite a few cases, convergent evolution - two different species develop a trait independently from one another due to similar selection pressure or to \"solve\" a similar problem - such as wings in insects, birds and mammals."
]
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||
d6tr9k | why is bob my uncle? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d6tr9k/eli5_why_is_bob_my_uncle/ | {
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"“Bob's your uncle” is a way of saying \"you're all set\" or \"you've got it made.\" It's a catch phrase dating back to 1887, when British Prime Minister Robert Cecil (a.k.a. Lord Salisbury) decided to appoint a certain Arthur Balfour to the prestigious and sensitive post of Chief Secretary for Ireland. Not lost on the British public was the fact that Lord Salisbury just happened to be better known to Arthur Balfour as \"Uncle Bob.\" In the resulting furor over what was seen as an act of blatant nepotism, \"Bob's your uncle\" became a popular sarcastic comment applied to any situation where the outcome was preordained by favoritism. As the scandal faded in public memory, the phrase lost its edge and became just a synonym for \"no problem”.\n\n(Copy and paste from the first google result)"
]
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] |
||
13tks4 | why are the violent drug cartels not considered terrorist groups? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/13tks4/why_are_the_violent_drug_cartels_not_considered/ | {
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"text": [
"A \"terrorist\" is a person who is trying to use terror (fear) to influence politics.\n\nThe drug cartels aren't in it for the politics. They're in it for the money. So that makes them not terrorists, just regular criminals.\n",
"Cartels are basically illegal businesses where terrorist groups are deadly political parties. Cartels only want to make money while terrorists have a political agenda. They are two completely different things that warrant different definitions. "
]
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[],
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||
4qmk6y | how do competitive eaters fit all the food they eat in their stomach? | Just watched Matt Stonie down 61 hotdogs in 10 minutes. The dude is 5'8 and has a normal frame where does it all go? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4qmk6y/eli5_how_do_competitive_eaters_fit_all_the_food/ | {
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"text": [
"Watch furious pete. He has a video about it. You literally train your body to intake that much food. ",
"You eat massive amounts in training and it stretches out your stomach. The stomachs of competitive eaters are much more elastic than normal people. ",
"They drink lots and lots of water or eat stuff like watermelon to train their stomach to expand a lot. The reason you don't see fat people winning competitions is that fat doesn't stretch as well as skin does.",
"I'm pretty sure iv seen interviews where eaters say they don't always digest the food, so it's not just their stomach they're filling up, it's being pushed straight into their intestines, meaning they get whole bits of food come out the other end ",
"How do they not get fat ingesting so much calories for training? Normal americans pack on the pounds just casually messing up on their diet, and here they are taking in way more than the casual american.",
"Competitive eaters eat mass quantities of lettuce to expand their stomachs and take in minimal calories. "
]
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6ohpgh | can the president be arrested? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ohpgh/eli5_can_the_president_be_arrested/ | {
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"text": [
"Probably not. It's not settle law because normally the President isn't a criminal.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nPresident Grant was once given a speeding ticket though.",
"If the President is assumed to be guilty of a crime he can be impeached, which is one of the few things no President can pardon. At that point they can face criminal charges in a normal court for the crimes they have committed, and because they are connected to his impeachment they cannot be pardoned by the next President. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://dcist.com/2012/10/dc_police_once_gave_the_president_a.php"
],
[]
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||
1pl1ir | how come the percentage of left handed people is so much higher in the mlb than in real life? | After watching the MLB postseason this past month, I found it odd how many left handed batters/pitchers there were in the games. In school, it seems like left handed people are very rare. But in the MLB, it seems so common. I did some research and found that 10% of the human population is left handed, while about 20% of position players and 30% of pitchers in the MLB are left handed. Why is that? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pl1ir/eli5_how_come_the_percentage_of_left_handed/ | {
"a_id": [
"cd3e4ic",
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"text": [
"It gives them an advantage - right-handed players will be used to playing against other right-handers, so their pitches won't be as effective against left-handers (ball that curves away from RHer curves towards LHer and vice-versa)",
"Left-handed hitters are a couple of steps closer to first base.\n\nLeft-handed first-basemen have their glove hand in a better position to catch pickoff throws. \n\nLeft-handed pitchers have a better view of the runner on first.",
"On the other hand (pun oh-so-intended), the last major league game with a left-handed catcher in it happened in 1989!"
]
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5qzgg9 | how do computers recognize different styles of code? | I realize that computers read code as 0's and 1's, but how do they determine the difference between python, and javascript? Or other languages. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5qzgg9/eli5_how_do_computers_recognize_different_styles/ | {
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"They don't. The user does, or sometimes the os.\n\nA computer program is written in some language or another, but the computer can only execute one language, machine code.\n\nThe user, who knows what language the program is in, selects a program to process that language into machine code (or sometimes the os uses the three letters on the end of the file name to find a suitable program).",
"Generally there is a program that converts this code into a version that the computer can read (e.g. 1s and 0s). This program is known as a compiler. So each language or style of code has its own compiler that converts that human-readable code to that low-level code. ",
"They don't.\n\nComputer actually have only one style of native code. everything else needs to be translated into that.\n\nUsually this is done with a compiler a program that turns human readable code into machine code.\n\nSometimes for code in programming languages that are used for scripting, instead of compiling the code once and running the resulting binary executable again and again the code gets translated \"on the fly\" every time it is run by an interpreter program.\n\nThe computer \"knows\" which interpreter or compiler to use for which sort of code the same way that it knows to use for example Word to open a word-file or paint to open an image file. Mostly a combination of the extension (and sometimes the mime format) of the source file and the user manually selecting the file from the right program.",
"These are high level languages, which are translated using a special program (a compiler or an interpreter) into the kind of code that the computer can execute.\n\nSome programming languages, such as C and C++, are translated directly into machine code that the computer can execute. This is done using a special program called a \"compiler\". There's a compiler specifically built for each language (usually even more than one).\n\nOther languages are interpreted, as /u/hU0N5000 explained: the code is fed into another program that can read and interpret the instructions.",
"A computer only understand machine code which is defined by is instruction set. All programs no matter what language is used just end up being converted (compiled) to machine code so there is no difference to a computer the difference at the higher level is purely for the sake of humans."
]
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3hfpof | why do different engines need different fuels? what is the difference between these fuels? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3hfpof/eli5why_do_different_engines_need_different_fuels/ | {
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"So, you put fuel into an engine and the engine then also takes in air, and then either the spark plug sparks it, causing the fuel to combust OR with diesel fuel, compressing the fuel causes it to ignite on its own. The difference in octane rating (89, 91, 93 etc) is that the higher the rating, the less it \"knocks,\" or, basically combusts too soon while it's being compressed inside the piston. In higher performance vehicles, the higher octane fuel is needed for \"timing\" - the turning of the crankshaft in time to the combustion of the pistons as the system turns around. Basically, octane ratings relate to how soon the fuel combusts inside the piston. In real time, we're talking about milliseconds difference, but this timing makes a HUGE difference over the life of the engine. If you ran 89 octane in a vehicle that needed premium, you probably wouldn't see a huge difference immediately, but over time the valves, cams, pistons - everything associated with combustion and timing - would be thrown off and would wear funny. Not only that, but you would start to get that characteristic pinging or knocking sound that comes from premature firing.",
"Octane rating is a measure of how much *compression* fuel can take before combusting on it's own.\n\nDiesel (CI-compression ignition) engines work by compressing a fuel/air mixture under a lot of pressure and heat until it explodes. They use fuel that makes this easier-diesel has a lower octane rating than gasoline.\n\nGasoline (SI-spark ignition) engines work by using a spark plug to ignite the fuel/air mixture after it has been compressed to a certain point. Since you do not want it to self combust, higher octane ratings are used. Generally, the higher the performance, the higher the compression(whether mechanical or from forced induction like a turbo), the higher the octane rating needed.\n\nFlex Fuel cars have ethanol replacing up to 85% of the gasoline. Ethanol works pretty much like gas, and only some minor changes (different fuel lines, different timing) is needed to make the switch.\n\nBeyond that, there's Methanol, which is basically just gasoline on steroids. It can take a lot of compression and has a lot of energy, making it great for super high performance engines (drag cars, monster trucks, etc).",
"The difference comes from how the engines work. Diesel engines work by igniting from compressing the fuel. In a diesel engine the cylinder compresses the air and when it it close to fully compressed or top dead center the fuel is injected into the cylinder. This fuel immediately ignites because of the pressure and heat of compression and the presence of oxygen in the cylinder. Diesel fuel doesn't need to be able to withstand compression without igniting like gasoline does so it is made difderently. Gasoline is injected on the intake cycle of the engine with the air and then compressed as the cylinder approaches top dead center. Near top dead center the spark plug fires and ignites the fuel. Higher octane fuel is fuel that resists igniting by compression. In high performance engines there is higher pressure when the air is compressed so the fuel in there could ignite from the pressure before the cylinder reaches top dead center. If this happens then the gas starts to expand hard against the direction the piston is traveling and this causes knocking and premature wearing out of the engine.\n\nEdit: leaded fuel is fuel with tetraethyllead added. TEL is an octane booster. It started being used in the 20s and the higher octane fuel enabled better fuel economy and higher performance engines."
]
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5mkq5q | why do we go from 11am to 12pm then 1pm and 11pm to 12am then 1am. shouldn't it be 11pm, 12pm, 1am? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5mkq5q/eli5_why_do_we_go_from_11am_to_12pm_then_1pm_and/ | {
"a_id": [
"dc49kuj"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"AM stands for ante-meridian. PM stands for post-meridian. Meridian in both these contexts talking about noon"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
37uhi6 | amiibos | What are they? What are their purpose? And why do they sell out do fast? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/37uhi6/eli5_amiibos/ | {
"a_id": [
"crpwkoa",
"crpxnu4",
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"score": [
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"text": [
"They sell out so fast mostly because they are highly collectible (like limited edition action figures and other related toys). There are people who like to collect large numbers of them even though they don't actually use most of them for their intended purpose.\n\nAmiibos are basically figurines of Nintendo video game characters. They have a special RFID type chip built-into them which lets you gain access to bonus video game content and/or save game states by holding the Amiibo characters against a wireless transceiver built-into a Wii-U or 3DS XL.",
"The production for certain tiers (rare) amiibo are greatly insufficient for the demand. As such, there is a problem with scalpers who buy up a bunch and sell at an inflated cost. Not much different than any other rare collectable.\n\nThey are collectable plastic figurines of Nintendo characters that have NFC functionality allowing them to interact in different ways to Nintendo's software on WiiU and 3DS.\n\nIn my opinion, if the availability of all the desired amiibo actually sufficed, there would be a lot less hubub over it. But given that there are so many different characters it makes sense somewhat that only a select number of characters are \"mass\" produced.",
"I'm going to piggyback OP's questions. So they're just plastic DLC of the same characters? Can someone give an example of what they do? For instance, Mario is already in Smash Bros. - what does the Mario Amiibo do?"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
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|
bcyhjs | how do electric vehicles cut down on carbon emissions? i know they don't use gas but don't we still have to burn coal etc to power them up? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bcyhjs/eli5_how_do_electric_vehicles_cut_down_on_carbon/ | {
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"Power from power plants is often times much more efficient. It’s like how BNSF advertised that, by scale, a train gets roughly 340mpg compared to other shipping methods like trucks. \n\nAlso, power comes from multiple sources including clean sources like hydro, wind, solar, nuclear, etc. Tesla’s Gigafactory is also powered by renewables. \n\nThe idea is that overtime, as renewables take over, the carbon footprint of electric cars will fall even further.",
"Think about oil. First you have to drill into the ground to get it. Then you have to put it on a ship to transport it to another country. Then you have to put it on trucks to transport it to gas stations. Then you have to fill it up in your car. Then you have to drive around with added weight as your engine burns it at a suboptimal thermal efficiency.\n\nNow think about an electric car. You drill for coal. Turn that coal into electricity. You transport that oil to your house. You drive around your car. You get significantly more \"miles per gallon.\" (e.g., 130 instead of 30). And if your area uses nuclear power, solar power, hydroelectric power, etc. then your initial electricity source wouldn't produce any greenhouse gasses.\n\nUltimately, oil is still the cheapest/best energy source on the planet. If it wasn't so bad for the environment, it would still be considered a miracle. But now that we have to account for carbon dumped into the atmosphere, alternative energy source are better options. Electric cars are better able to tap into these alternative energy sources than traditional gas powered cars.",
"EVs are able to cut down on carbon emissions because they are far more efficient at utilizing energy - while the average gasoline-powered car [has a tank-to-wheels efficiency of 17-21%, electric cars have a grid-to-wheels efficiency of 59-62%](_URL_1_). The practical upshot of this is that even if you account for the contribution of coal and other fossil fuels to the grid, [99% of the US' population](_URL_2_) live in places where driving an efficient EV will yield lower per-mile emissions than even a Prius. In Europe, EVs [also realize significantly lower lifecycle emissions than diesels](_URL_0_)."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[
"https://www.transportenvironment.org/press/electric-cars-emit-less-co2-over-their-lifetime-diesels-even-when-powered-dirtiest-electricity",
"https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/evtech.shtml",
"https://blog.ucsusa.org/dave-reichmuth/new-data-show-electric-vehicles-continue-to-get-cleaner"
]
] |
||
3vs3h6 | deficit goes down but debt ceiling goes up. why? |
How can the US deficit be going down under the Obama administration yet there's an obnoxious vote every year to raise the debt ceiling? Isn't that counter intuitive? Shouldn't both debt and deficit go down at the same time? Not knocking Obama, I just don't get it.
────────
I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. Please contact the moderators of this subreddit if you have any questions or concerns.
| explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3vs3h6/eli5_deficit_goes_down_but_debt_ceiling_goes_up/ | {
"a_id": [
"cxq5ttz",
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"text": [
"If you spend $1000 in a year, and you earn $500 in that same year, your deficit is $1000 - $500 = $500. You have to borrow $500 to make it up.\n\nNow imagine next year you spend $900 and make $600. Your deficit is $300, which is lower than the previous years'. But you still have to borrow $300 which, when added to the existing debt from the previous year, gives you $800 of debt. Your deficit has gone down but your debt has gone up.\n\nDebt goes down when the deficit is *gone*.",
"Imagine you have a friend who gets $10 pocket money every week but one week he wants to buy $11 worth of candy, so he borrows $1 from you.\n\nThat $1 he borrows is his deficit for the week. He also now owes you $1. That's his debt.\n\nNext week, he borrows another $1 from you. His deficit for that week is $1, but he now owes you $2. His debt is now $2.\n\nNow, if in the third week he only borrows 50 cents from you, his weekly deficit is less than the previous week (when he borrowed $1 from you). He has reduced his deficit that week. But he now owes you $2.50. His debt has increases from $2 to $2.50.\n\nSo in the third week, he has reduced his deficit, but his debt has increased.\n\nThat's how it works with the government. They can decrease the amount of money they borrow each year (the deficit), but they are still adding to the amount of money they have borrowed in total (the debt).\n\n"
]
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[],
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|
2xhb2g | when you shake a bowl of nuts, why do the larger ones come to the top? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2xhb2g/eli5_when_you_shake_a_bowl_of_nuts_why_do_the/ | {
"a_id": [
"cp02yu6"
],
"score": [
7
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"text": [
"Because the gaps between items are small and the small items find it easier to fall through those small holes."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
5yzrtl | why can dvd movies only so videos at a low resolution but games on a dvd can hold hd textures? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5yzrtl/eli5_why_can_dvd_movies_only_so_videos_at_a_low/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"A movie needs to store every frame, while a game actually generates new frames as you play it. The only things that need to be on the disk are the raw resources from which the frames are generated, and those can be heavily re-used. If a texture is used in ten hours of gameplay, it's still the same single texture that only takes up so much space on the disk, while if you had ten hours of video footage of the same object, the video file would still need to store ten hours' worth of frames.\n\nAlso, a DVD can actually store quite a lot of data. DVD movies look bad because they use an old, primitive video encoding method that is very inefficient. You can easily store two or three full-length high-quality 1080p movies on a single DVD if you use a modern codec like H.265, which is much better at packing videos into small files while preserving quality.",
"Because DVD video is an obsolete format with inefficient compression standards. It's as good as the chips of the time could handle. You could easily fit a HD movie on a DVD, but it wouldn't play on standard DVD players.",
"A DVD (The actual disc) can hold whatever data you want. A DVD video is a specific format, so DVD players can actually play it. When DVD was introduced, HD was extremely rare. So they chose 720x480 (or 720x576 PAL) using MPEG 2 compression.\n\nThere's nothing to stop you putting a 1080p movie on disc instead, or using a different compression format. You could even put a 4K or 8K video on the disc if you want. But regular off the shelf DVD players won't play it because they don't know what to do with the data. "
]
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||
c9qdr6 | why are we not in full control of our brains although we are the host? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c9qdr6/eli5_why_are_we_not_in_full_control_of_our_brains/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Imagine if you could alter how the engine in your car performs at any moment. Chances are, you'd tweak settings that might ruin the engine permanently. Same thing with your operating system -- there are settings you can't change (or have very restricted access to) because messing around with those settings can cause a lot of damage.\n\nYour brain is largely the same way. If you could consciously change how your body behaves, you'd have a very high likelihood of hurting yourself. In addition, if the processes in your body were controllable, you'd have to *always* be monitoring them, which would consume a lot of your time. By having them automatic and \"in the background,\" you can focus on more important things, like staying alive.\n\nAnd \"important\" brings up another point: there's no real benefit to having these things consciously controllable vs having them be automatic.\n\nSo in the end, there's no real reason to have conscious control over the things that are automatic.",
"Our biological systems, including the major organ in our central nervous system (*i.e.*, the brain), have been tuned through evolution over countless eons to maximize the ability to survive long enough to pass on our genetics through reproduction. That's it. Whatever extent we can \"control\" our brains (and all other body parts) is guided largely if not exclusively by that one principle. We can speculate about the underlying reasons behind the limitations we have, but fundamentally they are the product of millennia upon millennia of evolution. For example, having the ability to \"turn off\" pain may seem like a good idea in the modern world, but it would likely have led to increased injury and damage to the body in pre-modern age times. Besides, there are those who can seemingly turn off the pain response (but not the pain itself) - google \"monks who don't feel pain\" and it will take you down a wild path."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
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] |
|
6zo1qx | what is the deal with equifax breach to a non-american | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6zo1qx/eli5_what_is_the_deal_with_equifax_breach_to_a/ | {
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"Equifax is a credit reporting agency, meaning that they track the financial activity of Americans and provide information on their credit worthiness to banks and other institutions. If you want a loan, open a credit card, even get a new job in some cases, they will pull a report of your credit from one of the three credit reporting agencies. \n\nThis means they have an enormous amount of deeply sensitive information on Americans. Your name, all your past addresses, social security numbers, what outstanding loans you have and more. The fear is that with the information leaked, identity thieves will have all the information necessary to impersonate you and take out credit fraudulently without anyone knowing. If they get the information from Equifax and the bank calls Equifax to verify your identity, they'd never know the difference. \n\nWhat makes this worse is that this didn't just happen, in fact it happened months ago. On top of that, executives at Equifax made a number of sales of the company's stock in the time between when the breach happened and when it was reported, raising concerns that they knew and sought to cash out before the value fell. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
1zoy3j | why can i get my right leg almost over my head while my left leg i can barely get within a foot of it? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zoy3j/eli5_why_can_i_get_my_right_leg_almost_over_my/ | {
"a_id": [
"cfvlsb7"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"The simple answer is just that your right hip joint is more flexible than your left. Could be a combination of hyper-mobility (increased range of motion) in your right joint and/or ankylosis (decreased range of motion) in your left joint. Being more flexible in one joint but not the opposite it pretty common actually."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
5ymc81 | if a gallon of gasoline weighs only 6 lbs, how does it produce 20 lbs of co2? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ymc81/eli5_if_a_gallon_of_gasoline_weighs_only_6_lbs/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"because the gasoline is only providing the carbon for the reaction, the O2 is taken out of the air and contributes the bulk of the weight. 2 oxygen for 1 carbon and oxygen weighs more than carbon.",
"In a combustion equations, hydrocarbons (gasoline) react with oxygen from the atmosphere to produce CO2, H2O, and heat. Two oxygens have a molecular weight of ~32 while a single carbon has a weight of ~12. ",
"The gasoline supplies only the carbon (C), the oxygen (O2) comes from the atmosphere. Carbon weighs 12 grams per mole, oxygen weighs 16 grams per mole, so for every kilogram of carbon you need 2.67 kilograms of oxygen. The carbon content of gasoline depends on which molecules are in it; if we assume pure octane (C8H18), then 6 pounds of gasoline contains 5 pounds of carbon, ~~which should produce 13 pounds of CO2~~ which requires 13 pounds of oxygen and produces 18 pounds of CO2 (also, the 1 pound of hydrogen will, after combustion, produce H2O (water) which should weigh 8.5 pounds, if I've done the math correctly).\n\nEdit: math correction. Full points to /u/tyr02 for finding the mistake.",
"The carbon in carbon dioxide comes from what your are burning, the oxygen from the air.\n\nA carbon atom weighs about 12 atomic units, an oxygen atom 16. That means about 73% of the mass of the carbon dioxide molecule comes from the air.",
"The basic form of burning a hydrocarbon in oxygen looks like this:\n\n hydrocarbon + O2 - > energy + CO2 + H2O + stuff\n\nThe hydrocarbon, like its name implies, is a molecule with a bunch of hydrogen and carbon.\n\nFor example, burning Octane looks like this:\n\n 2 C8H18 + 25 O2 → 16 CO2 + 18 H2O\n\nNotice that your hydrocarbon here is the C8H18, and the O2 is coming from the environment.\n\nSo, the CO2 ends up with the mass of all the carbon from the fuel, plus 64% of the mass of the O2 from the environment. All the mass of the H ends up in the H2O, but remember that H is Hydrogen which is the lightest element (in this reaction, by an order of magnitude).",
"If I have two pounds of eggs then how can i make 6 pounds of pancakes?",
"Also consider -\n\nHow does a whole cake get made from just two eggs? Because there are other ingredients."
]
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||
bcgtrd | is a sneezes volume/style hereditary, learned behavior, some other influences or are there no influences whatsoever? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bcgtrd/eli5_is_a_sneezes_volumestyle_hereditary_learned/ | {
"a_id": [
"ekqoard"
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"score": [
15
],
"text": [
"Style is definitely learned. We attache some syllables to the act of sneezing that vary by geographic location.\n\n_URL_0_"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"https://www.lifehack.org/articles/lifestyle/how-people-sneeze-across-the-world.html"
]
] |
||
209twu | how did the internet grow to be the way it is today? | I was interested in Tim Berners-Lee's AMA partly because I don't understand quite what it means to invent the WWW. I guess I was wondering exactly how the Internet grew so big and who the inportant people involved were. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/209twu/eli5_how_did_the_internet_grow_to_be_the_way_it/ | {
"a_id": [
"cg15vt0",
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"text": [
"WARNING: What follows is a layman's understanding and may be totally wrong. I was only half paying attention during my IT lecture.\n\nThe distinction between the WWW and the Internet is often missed, but is an important distinction to make. The World Wide Web is the thing we use day to day, but it is enabled by the internet. The Internet is the connection of a bunch of computers so that information can be transferred from one to the other. The WWW is the configuration of ISPs, servers, and personal computers through which HTML files (webpages) are transferred.\n\nThe role of the internet is that rather than having to create a connection between any two computers, you can connect both to the internet and they can exchange information rather like giving a letter to a mailman rather than handing it to its recipient.\n\nThe WWW consists of a bunch of servers, or buildings full of computers with tons of storage space and direct connections to all of the other servers. ISPs sell you a connection to one of these servers, from which you can connect to all the other servers and therefore any computer you want.",
"Let's use some analogies, they are like stories, and five year olds love stories. Lets think of it like the phone system. Before the Internet if you wanted to call someone you had to install a connection directly to that other persons house. This was expensive an inefficient. The Internet is basically the \"phone company\" for computers. It allows me to contact anyone else who is \"hooked up\" to the by having some sort of address. A phone number in the case of the phone company, or something you may have heard of on computers, an \"IP address\" that might lead to their web page or their email server.\n\nExcept that it was a little hard than that. At first this new \"internet\" provided a way for us to \"call\" each other, but we didn't have a common language to communicate. I spoke in one way, my neighbor might speak in another, if we wanted to communicate we had to agree in advance how we would do that. The World Wide Web provided a common, published language for us to do that in.\n\nSir Tim Berner Lee, I feel it necessary to add the Sir out of respect, originally conceived the WWW methodology as a way for scientific researchers to share documentation in a common, easily shareable language. He soon realized it had much wider applications.\n\nAnd then (cover your five-year-old ears), porn."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] |
|
rd0ha | why does turning canned air upside down spray cold liquid? | I'm not the brightest person in the world and I was wondering why this happens. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/rd0ha/eli5_why_does_turning_canned_air_upside_down/ | {
"a_id": [
"c44why3"
],
"score": [
2
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"text": [
"At high pressure, gas can turn into a liquid, regardless of its temperature. Since liquid gas is a lot denser than normal gas, you can put more into the container. As a bonus, liquid gas tries to turn into normal gas if it's exposed to lower pressures (like normal air), so you can just put liquid gas in a can with a valve, and it will come out of the valve really fast without a pump. If you fill the can part way, it will boil off until the gas above the liquid gets to a high enough pressure to keep the rest of the liquid liquid. The liquid sits on the bottom of the can, so if you flip it upside-down, you force out the liquid instead of the gas (which sits on top).\n\nThe reason why it is cold is because expanding gas gets colder as it expands, and the liquid itself boils, removing more heat from itself and its surreoundings. (think about a pot of boiling water; you have to keep adding heat in order for it to boil)\n\nSome more non-ELI5 reading about why the liquid and gas behave this way:\n\n[_URL_1_](_URL_1_)\n\n[_URL_0_](_URL_0_)"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_pressure"
]
] |
|
101mhw | the rna world hypothesis | as shown here
_URL_0_
What is this? I tried reading it but I don't understand... :( | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/101mhw/eli5_the_rna_world_hypothesis/ | {
"a_id": [
"c69lybh",
"c69m56r"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"[Simple Wikipedia](_URL_0_) might be able to help you a bit.",
"Currently: DNA- > RNA- > protein=functional enzymes\n\nDNA codes for proteins that are enzymes that do things in your body such as copying DNA.\n\nAs it so happens, RNA can perform both functions: holding information and acting as an enzymes.\n\nThe RNA world hypothesis is that RNA was the first biopolymer and performed both as an enzyme and as a template for making more copies of itself. Later DNA was evolved as a more stable information carrier and proteins as better (more diverse/stable/more modes of regulation) enzymes."
]
} | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis"
] | [
[
"http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis#RNA_world_hypothesis"
],
[]
] |
|
9nqd3u | how would synthetic meat be better than normal meat environmentally? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9nqd3u/eli5_how_would_synthetic_meat_be_better_than/ | {
"a_id": [
"e7o9sms"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"[Yes](_URL_3_). [Immensely](_URL_1_).\n\nHow, exactly? Well, let's take a cow. There's a lot of parts of a cow that aren't used for meat. The cow has to live for a few years, eat, grow, walk around, expel waste, all that jazz. That just eats up time and energy.\n\nIn a lab, that time gets [cut down](_URL_0_) (5 oz in \\~ 2 hrs). Every bit of meat that you grow can be cooked and eaten directly - minimal processing needed. \n\nRight now, it takes [10 lbs of feed and 8 gallons of water](_URL_4_) per pound of beef. In a lab, that gets cut down to [0.1 gallons per pound](_URL_2_) (if I did the math right) (I couldn't find numbers on feed). Cows are usually fed grain or corn, so that's less crops dedicated to livestock, and thus (maybe) less farms. Less cows expelling methane and carbon dioxide. Overall, less everything. Except meat. Lots of meat."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"https://phys.org/news/2013-08-world-lab-grown-burger-london.html",
"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es200130u",
"https://www.popsci.com/article/science/what-does-it-take-make-meat-stem-cells#page-2",
"http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2011-06-21-lab-grown-meat-would-cut-emissions-and-save-energy",
"http://www.beefresearch.ca/blog/cattle-feed-water-use/"
]
] |
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