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5lljm1 | why do we salivate and gulp when we are nervous or put on the spot? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5lljm1/eli5_why_do_we_salivate_and_gulp_when_we_are/ | {
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"When you're in fight or flight response and your sympathetic nervous system is activated. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system actually shuts down saliva production, digestion and other rest and digest functions so you can use all your available energy to fight or run away. Some people think the nervous swallow is because saliva was building up before production was shut off, I personally believe it's a nervous reaction like saying 'umm'. It gives you that extra second before you need to respond. ",
"I've always seen this in cartoons etc but have never experienced it myself. Is this reaction common?",
"My take on it is that your body is preparing to vomit, and that is why the extra saliva is produced. (but after reading the top comment I'm not so sure)"
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5suj10 | power usage by smartphones is progressively growing, but battery capacity stays relatively same. why? | To clarify the question: we've seen impressive changes in their processing power, display size and resolution. However, there's little to no development of battery cell capacity. Why is that?
*Edit*: Thanks everyone for the answers! | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5suj10/eli5_power_usage_by_smartphones_is_progressively/ | {
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"Circuits in the phone follow Moore's Law (transistors double every ~18 months). The more transistors a phone has, the more power it uses. Moore's law says that number keeps increasing at an exponential rate. Even with good efficiency technology, that means power usage grows very fast.\n\nBattery technology is a more linear scale for many reasons. Most have to do with the difficulty of material technology and energy storage. We haven't yet discovered a set of technology that allows batteries to increase at the same rate as transistors.\n\nOne thing to note in your statement though is that battery tech isn't staying relatively the same. It's actually improved quite a bit over the last few decades, and especially with the discovery of Lithium Ion technology. It just hasn't kept pace with the power that a computer could draw if it wanted to.",
"For smartphones, power is king. People will buy phones because they run fast, because they can play high def videos, etc. So a huge amount of research and development goes into smaller, stronger components to give a device lots of power. And of course, plenty of development goes into other power-using components - screens, sound, etc.\n\nBut as for battery.... people don't really go nuts for battery life. For a lot of people it's a consideration, but for many, it's pretty secondary. People don't go into a shop asking for the longest-lived phone, they go in looking for the most powerful phone, the highest-def display, etc. So battery consideration is a little lower on the list for most developers - it wouldn't hurt them as much to put a weaker battery in compared to marketing a lower-resolution screen with better battery life, for example.\n\nAnd on top of that, battery capacity is harder to improve than the other components - we're getting really good at making smaller electronics, but batteries are a chemical thing, so it's a different beast to make them small and still hold lots of power.",
"Smartphone power consumption isn't really increasing by that much. \nNewer processors actually have less power consumption despite being more powerful. When new processors come out they can can increase efficiency by shrinking the size of the transistors. (upcoming processors are using the 10nm process, which means the transports have 10nm wide gates) They can also increase efficiency by adding specialized hardware like video decoders and low power background processors. \nScreen technology is trickier, increased resolution does increase power consumption. But they are also moving to more efficient screen technologies like OLED (additive display, each pixel lights itself) instead of LCD (subtractive display, white backlight and filter to let some colors through).\nAlso, software makes a huge difference. A well optimized device like the Pixel or iPhone will yield much better battery life than phone running on bloated crapware.\nAbout more energy dense batteries, how responsible is it to add more chemical energy to a device that already bursts into flames far too often?",
" > we've seen impressive changes in their processing power, display size and resolution.\n\nYes, technology goes forward a lot in these areas, both in performance and in decreasing the power consumption. However, with any decrease in power consumption it seems to be preferred to trade that off by increasing the performance instead (e.g. faster processor, larger screen), rather than being happy with the lower consumption and let it increase battery life. \n\nPerhaps they try both, but in general the model with better performance is selling better than the one with increased battery life.\n\n\n > However, there's little to no development of battery cell capacity. Why is that?\n\nWhen it comes to battery capacity, there is a lot of research going on too, but chemical batteries is a pretty well explored area, there is far less going on inside a battery that can be improved compared to all the little details in the rest of the phone. So battery capacity is pretty much only improved by increasing the volume of the battery, whatever research progress is made will not make many % of difference. We'd need to come up with a completely different battery technology to make big progress here. \n\nPeople have gotten used that their smartphones needs to be recharged once per day and are accepting that. At least that's an easy habit to follow, before the smartphone batteries could last about a week, but if you forgot to recharge it the wrong day, you're out of battery all the same."
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23q1qy | how to solve inequalities in algebra. | Could someone explain to me the procedure for solving inequalities?
Here's a sample problem:
640 - x > 2x + 40 | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/23q1qy/eli5_how_to_solve_inequalities_in_algebra/ | {
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"640 - x > 2x + 40 \n\n600 > 3x \n\n200 > x \n\nSimply add and subtract like terms. ",
"Start by rearranging like you would accross an \"=\"\n\n640-40 > 2x + x\n\nSimplify:\n\n600 > 3x\n\nReduce\n\n200 > x\n\nOR, alternatively,\n\nx < 200\n\nThe only thing to remember is that if you are dividing or multiplying by a negative, you also need to flip the direction of the inequality. "
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7t1c7s | how does one prove that data (such as text messages) recovered forensically is actually the data it is purported to be? | Specifically, when data is "recovered" forensically (which I understand) how does an individual (or group) present that data to someone and remove any doubt that the "data" wasn't just planted, made up, or otherwise fabricated to serve whatever purpose they need it to serve? What mechanism is in place to say, for example, that this "text message" was indeed recovered from the text messages on a phone after they were deleted. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7t1c7s/eli5_how_does_one_prove_that_data_such_as_text/ | {
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"Like all evidence, any recovered electronics would follow a chain of custody - a legal document which records the sequence of custody of the piece of evidence. So long as the chain of custody is intact and the people on the chain are trustworthy, the evidence should be considered secure. ",
"you place trust on each person thru the chain of evidence. from the collecting officer to the lab tech to the attorney. each person can fabricate evidence and place it into the chain...but rarely do they have a stake in the result of the case that makes the risk worth it. "
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a3bovj | what does the 'soap opera viewing' setting look like and why does it exist if evryone hates it? | I was scrolling through the comments on a post about some TVs today. The bulk of the comments seem to have been made by Americans and ALL OF THEM were complaining how bad this setting was and they all hated it. However where I am from we don't have this setting or anything like it so I am curious to say the least! I've owned a few high end 4K TVs and monitors so I'm super curious. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a3bovj/eli5_what_does_the_soap_opera_viewing_setting/ | {
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"It gives movement a weird look because the tvs processor makes up missing frames in the video. Movies and some shows are shot 24fps and a lot of tvs try to air 30fps. "
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4vwjpk | the current economic downturn in the middle east. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4vwjpk/eli5_the_current_economic_downturn_in_the_middle/ | {
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"Countries in the middle east tend to be dependent upon revenue from a single resource to power their economy - either oil or tourism. Because they are so simple, economies like that are strongly tied to the resource they are dependent on. When that resource does well their economy does well, when that resource does poorly their economy does poorly.\n\nOil is currently down 70% from where it was a few years ago, so countries dependent upon that are suffering. The only difference between the situation in Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, for example, is that Saudi Arabia has a huge amount of cash that its saved up over the years and which it is now able to draw on to mitigate the effects of low oil prices.\n\nTourism to the middle east is also down sharply because there have been a series of high profile terrorist attacks on foreign tourists over the past few years. Countries like Egypt are almost entirely dependent upon tourism, and so they are similarly suffering. The only reason that Egypt isn't in a much worse position is because its been getting loans and foreign aid from the west that have helped to keep it afloat."
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7xnvu3 | what kind of molecules are in everyday objects? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7xnvu3/eli5_what_kind_of_molecules_are_in_everyday/ | {
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"molecules aren't in everyday object. they ARE everyday objects. the air you breathe is made up of nitrogen molecules, oxygen molecules, co2 molecules. the water you drink, the food you eat, the chair you sit on, the clothes you wear.",
"Organic substances (your body, steak, cheddar cheese, wood, etc.) are mostly made up of different hydrocarbons (long chains of mainly hydrogen and carbon, some oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes sulfur, etc.).\n\nMost man-made substances (like types of plastic, etc.) are composed of some type of synthetic polymer (usually also mostly carbon and hydrogen, but some, like teflon, contain elements like fluorine).\n\nIn short, in the molecules you're likely to encounter on a daily basis, there's a lot of carbon and hydrogen. The vast majority of the world is made up of molecules significantly more complex than those you're likely to learn about in a high school chem course. Some are interesting, many are vastly boring."
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6toizc | what's the difference between shoe types? | I know that there are sneakers and trainers, but what is the difference? And how do I tell which shoes are which? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6toizc/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_shoe_types/ | {
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"There a many levels of classification. If you're looking for more \"high-level\" classifications then:\n\nDress Shoes (e.g. Blucher, Balmoral, Oxford)\n\nLoafers (e.g. penny loafer, camp moc, boat shoe)\n\nBoots (e.g. Work Boot, Chukka, Chelsea)\n\nCasual shoes (e.g. Sneakers, Espadrille)\n\nAthletic shoes (e.g. Trainers, basketball shoes, running shoes)\n\nThe difference between sneakers and trainers is fuzzy. Generally, trainers are specifically meant to be worn during sports or exercise, while sneakers are casual, canvas shoes meant for casual wear but also sometimes used for sports or exercise, and often taking inspiration from shoes developed for sports or exercise. Complicated I know. \n\n"
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3rl4zc | what are current active research areas in mathematics? and what are their eli5 explanations? | EDIT: Thank you all for the great responses. I learned a lot! | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3rl4zc/eli5_what_are_current_active_research_areas_in/ | {
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"Math is a huge subject, but here are a few. If you want to know more, look up the Millenium Prize problems, and if you want to read a book about the various objects that mathematicians study, a good book is Mathematics: Its Methods, Content, and Meaning.\n\n1. Number theory. This deals with the study of the integers. For instance, Fermat's last theorem is a statement about the lack of solutions to a certain equation. It just says that if n is any integer bigger than 2, it is not possible to find 3 positive integers x, y, and z that make the statement x^n + y^n = z^n come true. It was proven in the mid 90's by Andrew Wiles, who now works at Oxford in a building named after himself. There is a whole BBC documentary on it, and an interview on a YouTube channel called Numberphile with a mathematician named Ken Ribet, who made significant progress on the problem. The proof involves the study of objects called elliptic curves, which can be thought of as a geometric way of visualizing certain equations, sort of like how y=x+1 can be visualized as a line. These equations can then be studied by geometric methods. A whole branch of mathematics, called Algebraic Geometry, studies things like this.\n\nThere are basically 2 kinds of number theory: algebraic and analytic. Roughly speaking, algebraic number theory is about generalizing the properties of the integers (looking at other mathematical objects that resemble the integers in certain ways), and analytic number theory is about prime numbers, which are the \"building blocks\" of integers. There was recent progress on the \"twin prime problem\": are there an infinite number of pairs of consecutive primes? For example 3 and 5, 11 and 13... Terry Tao mentioned this in an interview on The Colbert Report.\n\nAnother question in number theory is called the abc conjecture. A few years ago a Japanese mathematician named Shinichi Mochizuki claimed that he solved it. Unfortunately nobody understands his arguments and in December there will be a conference where he will Skype with some of the world's top mathematicians and try to explain things to them. Some mathematicians think he might be crazy. He refuses to leave his prefecture in Japan (hence the Skyping) and his writing style is eccentric. But this is very much recent stuff! And it looks like he has produced a lot of insight into these general types of problems. There was an article published in Nature about this last month.\n\n\n2. Representation theory is the study of ways to write a group as a collection of matrices. A group is a collection of objects that satisfy a few axioms which I won't explain further. A matrix is an array of numbers that represents an action on a certain kind of space called a vector space. Such an action is called a linear transformation. Knowing how a group can be represented as a collection of matrices can give more information about that group, and has found applications in chemistry and quantum mechanics!\n\nNumber theory and representation theory are actually quite related. Wiles actually proved something called the Taniyama-Shimura conjecture, which is a statement relating elliptic curves to completely different objects called modular forms. A vast generalization is part of the Langlands program, which also generalizes a big part of algebraic number theory called class field theory. It ties much of number theory and representation theory together in very profound ways. It is very exciting because it takes very different parts of mathematics and blends them into each other. At this point it is absolutely impossible to give an ELI5 explanation. Most mathematicians themselves don't know much about it. There is a book called Love and Math, but it is not as accessible as the author would like to believe. The author, Ed Frenkel, also appeared on The Colbert Report.\n\n",
"A good starting place for this question is the [Millennium Prize Problems](_URL_0_). In 2000, the Clay Mathematics Institute offered a $1,000,000 prize for solutions to each of what they viewed as the seven most important unsolved math problems. In the past fifteen years, only one has been solved.\n\nThe problems themselves, except for one, are pretty difficult to explain like you're 5. The exception is what is known as the \"P versus NP\", or P = NP problem. It essentially asks: Can all solvable math problems be solved algorithmically, meaning without \"guessing and checking.\" Mathematicians expect the answer to be \"no,\" but there is no conclusive proof either way. The reason mathematicians both expect and hope that the answer is \"no\" is that this problem actually has huge philosophical consequences. If the answer turned out to be \"yes,\" it would mean that reading and comprehending the solution to a problem is no more difficult then coming up with it yourself. This would in turn go against everything we believe about creativity and its role in many different areas of study.\n\nWe currently believe (society as a whole, not just mathematicians,) that in order to solve a problem, one needs to make a \"creative leap,\" at some point. From a math perspective this means that knowing formulas isn't sufficient to solve a problem. You have to also make the connection between the problem and your knowledge to figure out which formulas to use. If P = NP, then knowing the necessary formulas is sufficient to solving a problem. It means you can somehow use logic to determine which formulas to use, without ever actually thinking about the problem. The biggest implication of this, though is in computing. Because computers only work with algorithms, they can't make the creative leaps necessary to answer many questions that a sufficiently educated human could. If P = NP, and the creative leap is removed, it means computers are as smart as people, which opens a whole new can of worms philosophically.\n\nThe other millennium problems are harder to explain because they have less connection to the real world, but I would recommend looking at them if you're interested in mathematical research.",
"check out the Princeton Companion to Mathematics TOC for a list of many of the current major areas in research mathematics",
"The Goldbach conjecture is a good one. The problem has been around for centuries and can be stated simply. Before we get to it consider the following\n3+5=8. 3+7=10 5+7=12\n\nHere are three even numbers greater than 2 which can be expressed as the sum of exactly two prime numbers. The Goldbach conjecture is that every even number greater than 2 can be expressed as a sum of exactly two primes. As with many of the classical number theory problems the statement is easy to understand but the proof (or a counter example) will likely be insanely difficult to come up with. See Fermat's last theorem for an example of a centuries old number theory problem which is easy to state but the proof is wicked heavy.",
"Not technically math (although it's calculus based), but my physics professor mentioned today that there are scientists who believe that it is possible to achieve only one pole of a bar magnet (could expand to other types of magnets I would assume)\n\nWhen you take a bar magnet (one pole north, one pole south) and break it in half, according to Gauss' law, you now have two different bar magnets, each with north/south poles. There are apparently physicists who believe that it is possible to break one of the magnets and achieve only one pole.\n\nEdit: they're called monopoles.",
"Is it possible to develop \"entirely NEW math\" \n\nLike ...It seems everything can be solved with Algebra or calculus. Is it possible to find \"problems\" that cannot be solved with mathematics as we know it? I mean sure we will have to write new formulas for new problems but they will still be algebra or calculus formulas and rooted in methods we already understand. \n\nLike in an episode of Stargate SG1 there is a puzzling formula taking up the entire board that is unsolvable. turns out its because its in base 8 counting, and it turns out to be a revolutionary way to calculate variations in distance between planetary bodies. But ....its still not a \"new\" math. ",
"Good answers here already, but no answers about computation yet. As you might now computers rely on math, and in order to make the computers do cooler and faster computation, new mathematical methods are helpful. ",
"In all honesty, the research being done by mathematicians today is completely unexplainable to the general public. Even more, much of the work on discovering 'new' math will have little practical use. The big discoveries in math such the value of pi, the structure if calculus, even modern notation, took centuries to be brought into what \"math\" is today. The research now is all based off this built framework of logic, and thus has very particular windows that have yet to be expanded upon. I know this doesn't fully answer the question, but I doubt algebraic topology is really what you're interested in.",
"Here are a few more. This could be a very long list. I'm basically copying over an answer I made to a similar question [here](_URL_0_).\n\n - I'm shocked that nobody has mentioned the [Langlands Program](_URL_12_) yet (link to the wikipedia page, which is actually not very enlightening, but I can't find anything better, sorry). This was originally a sweeping set of conjectures spelling out dualities between [number theory](_URL_10_) (the study of numbers, with an emphasis on numbers that satisfy polynomial equations with integer coefficients such as _x^2 +5x + 3 = 0_) on the one hand, and [representation theory](_URL_9_) and [harmonic analysis](_URL_2_) (the latter two basically study the symmetries of finite-dimensional objects and infinite-dimensional objects, respectively) on the other. It has since spread, having analogues in [algebraic geometry](_URL_3_) (the study of shapes like parabolas and spheres defined by multivariable polynomial equations) and quantum field theory and string theory, where it seems to be related to some of the dualities that string theorists have been trying to understand for decades. A nice popular book by someone working in this area is [Love and Math](_URL_7_) by Ed Frenkel.\n\n - One big theme over over the last 60 years or so has been ideas from [category theory](_URL_11_) (one approach to abstracting \"objects\" and \"relations\" between them from a sort of structuralist perspective) helping to make relationships between different areas of math more precise and to study them in more detail by moving to a more abstract perspective. Over the last 30 (or maybe 50) years, ideas from [algebraic topology](_URL_4_) (the study of rubber-sheet geometry) have been added to this toolkit, leading to the development of [higher category theory](_URL_5_) (similar to category theory, but now we're concerned with the idea that two objects can possibly be identified in multiple different ways, and those different identifications can themselves possibly be identified in multiple different ways, and so on up). These ideas are infiltrating most of the fields I've mentioned so far, and others.\n\n - One place this happens is in the nascent field of [derived algebraic geometry](_URL_8_), where algebraic geometry and number theory (the most _rigid_ forms of geometry) meet algebraic topology (the most _floppy_ form of geometry) in an unexpected way -- avatars of _specific_ rigid objects appear when studying _invariants_ of the floppy objects. An example of an object which motivates this field is an object called [TMF](_URL_1_).\n\n - Another place this happens is in logic. In the field of [homotopy type theory](_URL_6_), logic is redeveloped based on a notion of equality where two things can be the same in more than one way (for example, if an object has some kind of symmetry, then the different symmetry transformations are different ways that it is the same as itself). The potential applications of this field range from providing a new foundations for mathematics to leading to better computer proof systems.\n\nApplications? I don't know, other than to say that advances in number theory typically lead to better understanding of cryptography, advances in geometry typically lead to advances in physics, and so forth.",
"Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) are always a pretty hot topic. A PDE is an equation that involves the rates of change of things with respect to other things. For instance, if you're heating up a plate, the temperature of the plate might vary in the x and y coordinates, as well as with time. Turns out that these equations can be incredibly difficult to analyze, but are used to describe a vast amount of physical phenomena.\n\nSome examples would be the [Navier Stokes Equations](_URL_1_) which describe fluid flow and [Maxwell's Equations](_URL_0_) which describe electromagnetism. ",
"Honestly I would have to say that the millennium prize problems aren't the only active research in mathematics. \n\nSomething a little bit more layman is Common Core math standards. \n\nEssentially, educational institutions are designing and testing new and improved ways of thinking mathematically. For example, you could memorize that 45 - 18 = 27, or you could make the 45 into 40+5 and the 18 into 20-2. Now you do 40-20 + 5+2 which also gives you 27. \n\nWe are analyzing the methodology in which we think just as other sciences do. The millennium prize problems are like the physics equivalent of unifying gravity and the standard model. It's the biggest unsolved questions, but not the only ones. ",
"If you ask a Math question and don't know the answer, that's an open area for research. Heres one for you: what's the most efficient way to divvy up an N-dimensional sphere with smaller spheres, each of equal size",
"I'm a bit late to the party, but I am a mathematician that does mathematics research as my full time job. Trying to classify or summarize all active research areas in mathematics is a nearly impossible task. I just checked the website of the American Mathematical Society, and they have a list of mathematics subject classifications, of which there are over 60. Each of these has numerous sub-classifications, and within each sub-classification are entire universes of mathematical theories. The point is, as others have emphasized, that math is a huge subject.\n\nSome areas of mathematics, which you might hear referred to as \"pure mathematics\", are very abstract and don't necessarily have immediate real world applications. But that's ok- real world applications aren't necessarily the point of pure mathematics. But this isn't to say that this work won't find applications in the future. In other words, pure mathematics isn't necessarily concerned with finding solutions to real world problems- but sometimes real world problems arise such that a solution is provided by a piece of pure math that was previously discovered (or, invented, if you prefer that terminology). A classic example here is the work of Riemann on non-Euclidean geometry that turned out to be exactly what Einstein needed 60 or so years later to work out his theory of relativity. In other words, mathematicians come up with the pure math, and then people find the applications after the fact. A lot of research in pure mathematics is so specific to a particular field that even other mathematicians would have to spend years working to even be able to understand the statement of the open problems in those fields. For example, I don't know anything about what's going on at the cutting edge of a branch of math known as derived algebraic geometry.\n\nApplied math is exactly what it sounds like- mathematics oriented around applications to real world problems. Sometimes, we might think we have a bit of math all sewn up, but we find out later that we need a better understanding of it to apply it in the real world. For example, humans have known for a very long time how, in theory, to solve systems of linear equations. Many people these days learn this early in high school. But when the theory of solving linear equations was developed a long time ago, no one could have predicted that some day we would have computers and real world problems that require solving systems of millions of linear equations in millions of variables. Theoretically, we know how to solve any system of linear equations, but how would you actually do that for such a large system in practice? This is an example of something an applied mathematician might think about.\n\n",
"I'll write something about low dimensional topology. In two dimensions (think a piece of paper, or two dimensions of freedom: latitude and longitude), we very much know all the possible manifolds, which are spaces that locally seem flat. For example, the surface of the earth seems flat to us, but we know it is actually a sphere. Thus a sphere is a two dimensional manifold. We know all the qualitative properties of these manifolds (does it have holes? Does it have a boundary? Is it one sided?), and that's called topology. We also know all the quantitative properties of these manifolds (what's the biggest distance between two points? How many types of triangles are there? How many shortest paths are there from one point to another), and that's called geometry. We know these things because the topology and the geometry are intimately linked, in that one determines the other. In fact, for a special type of manifold (called closed and orientable, or no boundary and two sided), we know exactly how to build all manifolds: glue some donuts together, possibly mixing in some spheres. \n\nIn three dimensions, this is also (mostly) true, and was pioneered by Bill Thurston. The geometry and topology are once again linked, and we know how to build all closed orientable three manifolds (theoretically anyway), and it is very similar to gluing donuts, but this time possibly to themselves. Thurston made 23 conjectures about how the geometry and topology of three manifolds are linked; all 23 are now known to be correct!\n\nIn higher dimensions, the link between geometry and topology is not nearly as clearcut. In fact, its proven that no method could possibly build all these higher dimension manifolds. So we restrict our attention to simply connected and closed manifolds, that is, manifolds with no boundaries, and where every loop can be shrunk to a point (think sphere vs donut). \n\nSo what's the current research? In two dimensions, you might think there's nothing left. But actually, one very special type of geometry we can get (called hyperbolic), while standard and easy in its relation to topology, leads to very interesting questions in algebra. Namely, when are two geometries the same? This leads to mapping class groups, etc.\n\nIn three dimensions, Mostow rigidity makes these algebraic questions moot. But still people study the interesting geometries, and still the biggest one is hyperbolic. The questions now are actually closely related to the ones in two dimensions, with the added twist of allowing small equivariant changes in the geometry. (Or if you wanna look something up, dealing with orbifolds instead of manifolds).\n\nIn four dimensions, we stick with simply connected, and still we wonder whether the tie between geometry and topology is strong enough to answer a basic question: if it looks and feels like a sphere, is it a sphere? We are close to being able to answer this with a yes (BTW, the 3 dimensional version of this is the Poincare conjecture). \n\nI can answer any questions and fill in more depth if you need. ",
"Most of the stuff cropping up are pure but applied is incredibly active too. \n\nFluids: basically everything to do with them, down to the fundamental equations, are still being tinkererd with.\n\nQuantum systems: fleshing out the mechanisms physicists discovered. Also a fair amount of stuff to do with quantum fluids.\n\nBiological systems: modeling cells (cancer typically) and stuff, I never really pay attention to these speakers to tell the truth.\n\nEnvironmental flows: most of the models env scientists use are made by mathematicians.\n\nThe end goal of all these problems is to investigate pdes, chaotic systems, dynamical systems etc etc.",
"I'm a grad student in riemannian geometry. We like to think about what kind of shapes are possible.",
"Check out Graph Theory. There is tonnes of growth in this field and as a undergrad math student it is pretty exciting and understandable.\n\nYou can color any map of countries with just 4 colors and never have two of the same colors share a border. Why you may ask? Graph theory \n... that's why.",
"A very partial list. It's important to realize that they are all interrelated.\n\nNumber theory: Studying properties of the natural numbers 1, 2, 3,... Most problems have something to do with prime numbers. Shockingly, there's still so much we don't know. This seems to be the one most talked about in other answers because it's the only branch of math that has specific problems that can *honestly* be explained to 5 year olds. Includes solved stuff like Fermat's Last Theorem, and unsolved stuff like Twin Prime Conjecture and Riemann Conjecture.\n\nAnalysis: Studying how quantities change. Just as number theory covers everything to do with the natural numbers, analysis covers everything to do with the real and complex numbers. Usually, it involves studying *functions* of real (or complex) numbers. \n\nOrdinary and partial differential equations: This is a big chunk of analysis. These are equations that constrain how a function can change (from time to time, or also point to point in space), and the goal is usually to use the equation to see what properties the function has. Essentially all quantitative scientific phenomena are modeled on these equations, but mathematicians study them for their own sake. Includes problems like Navier-Stokes equation and problems related to Einstein's equations of general relativity (e.g. Cosmic Censorship).\n\nAlgebra: Now we're getting to harder to describe stuff. Algebra is so general that it could just be thought of as the study of abstract mathematical structures, which isn't such a helpful description.\n\nGroup theory: Part of algebra that studies symmetries of things.\n\nAlgebraic geometry: A super-fancy and abstract study of polynomials. Includes problems like Hodge Conjecture, Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture, \n\nRepresentation theory: The study of how to \"represent\" abstract algebraic objects more concretely, i.e. studying different ways to \"realize\" them.\n\nGeometry and Topology: Studying \"shapes,\" but typically not stuff like rectangles and triangles, but rather properties of things that are curvy or floppy (or worse, in the abstract), often times in higher dimensions than what we experience. In \"geometry,\" we can usually measure lengths of things, but in \"topology,\" we deal with much looser objects where distance doesn't matter, only much more general ideas of shape. Includes recently solved problems like Poincare Conjecture, Wilmore Conjecture.\n\nCombinatorics: How to count complicated things. Basically, any mathematical question that you can ask that starts, \"How many ways are there to...,\" can be a research question.\n\nApplied math: Any math that can be applied to anything outside of math. In this realm, you can start drifting out of math and into science, and the line become blurry. The most \"mathy\" parts of applied math are typically mathematical physics, which is often a purely mathematical study of mathematical models underpinning physicial theories (e.g. general relativity). Includes problems like the \"Yang-Mills and Mass Gap.\"\n\nOkay, I've only scratched the surface, but I'm out of steam. \n\nIf you really want to know what's going on in math from a layman's perspective, I recommend Quanta Magazine.\n\n_URL_0_"
]
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Prize_Problems"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3lmnzc/eli5_mathematicians_of_reddit_what_is_happening/cv7xfd6",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_modular_forms",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_analysis",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_geometry",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_topology",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_category_theory",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopy_type_theory",
"http://www.amazon.com/Love-Math-Heart-Hidden-Reality/dp/0465064957",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derived_algebraic_geometry",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_theory",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands_program"
],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equations"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.quantamagazine.org/"
]
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3av4mh | what does the correlation coefficient really mean? | Let's say two variables have a correlation coefficient. Let us say that this is 0.6, in sciency numerical terms.
What does this mean, really? That it applies in 60% of cases? Or that if you predict the dependent variable based on the independent variable, it could vary by some factor involving that 60? Or that you would be right in 60% of cases? What can you do with that number in order to predict stuff, apart from saying "how strongly it correlates"? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3av4mh/eli5_what_does_the_correlation_coefficient_really/ | {
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"If the correlation coefficient is 1.0, then the two variables move together in lock step. If one variable changes by a given amount, the other variable changes in direct proportion.\n\nIf the correlation coefficient is 0.0, then the two variables have nothing to do with each other. If one variable moves, the other does its own thing completely independently.\n\nIf the correlation coefficient is 0.6, then about 60% of the change in the dependent variable can be predicted by the first, while 40% of the variation is independent resulting from some other, possibly unknown variable."
]
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9h4vem | how do we not run out of 'desert'? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9h4vem/eli5_how_do_we_not_run_out_of_desert/ | {
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"Sand blows away exposing more rock. New rock is blasted by more sand at high winds and crumbles it into smaller pieces until they eventually turn into sand.",
"Where's it gonna go? It's gonna blow around for a bit and eventually get deposited in the ocean or something. But wind also erodes new rock, so the sand taken from a desert is replenished. Also, a desert doesn't necessarily need to be sandy. The Sahara mostly is, but it still has non-sand bits. Antarctica is not sandy and that's a desert. South+west(?) America is a desert, but not particularly sandy. You only get sandy deserts in areas of great erosion where the bedrock is sandstone. ",
"A lot of desert is not sandy. It is a rocky barren surface, such as [this](_URL_0_)\n\nSand tends to collect in environments where you have both some sort of capture mechanism (like a barrier of hills) and, upwind, an area of significant erosion (like a dry riverbed). The barrier blocks some of the sand from leaving, and the source replenishes that which escapes. This leads to a concentration of the sand at that location, and potentially the creation of dunes, also called an erg."
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5um0wn | why do americans hate paying taxes so much? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5um0wn/eli5_why_do_americans_hate_paying_taxes_so_much/ | {
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"Because people don't care where taxes go or what they do. They care that their bank numbers are going down.",
"Firstly, you mean IRS. Understandable since you aren't American. American culture is deeply rooted on opposition to authority and taxation. One of the principle causes for the American Revolution was taxation. In addition, nobody particularly likes paying taxes, but especially the more conservative and libertarian members of US society disagree on the level of taxation.",
"Personally, it's because the government is terribly wasteful.\n\nI don't mind paying a little out of my paycheck for safety nets, public projects, etc. I do mind when I find out the government grossly overpaid for something. Not sure if it's true or not, but the most well known example I can think of is paying $100 for toilet seats - and that was from decades ago. You buy in bulk, you should get bulk prices.\n\nI think the other thing is when I'm told my taxes are going to go up to pay for \"X\". (\"X\" being a bridge, or a tunnel, sidewalk, something like that). \"X\" gets built, and for some reason my taxes never go back down, or in the extremely rare cases when they do, it's never nowhere as much as they went up (ex: Taxes went up $10/month to pay for a bridge. Bridge gets built, taxes go down $1/month).\n\nI'm also a fan sales taxes only. No income tax. At least that way I have some control over my money, and it gives government the right incentives: encourage spending = more money for government."
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ek0izj | why do you have to pay for .com domain names? where did those websites get them from in the first place? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ek0izj/eli5_why_do_you_have_to_pay_for_com_domain_names/ | {
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"There is some upkeep required in owning a domain name, so part of the fee goes to support that.\n\nBut most importantly, the price needs to be high enough that people can't just buy millions of domain names to sit on them forever and prevent other people from buying them. -- This is a pretty common tactic in business, even for a \"low cost\" item, you price it higher so that a small amount of people can't use their resources to completely control it just by being first in line.\n\nThink about it this way: You go to the store to get the new hot iPhone. They are free this year. The guy in the front of the line just \"buys\" all of them. Well, that sucks. So what if we priced it at $200? Well, maybe he buys 2, then the next guy buys 2, and the third buys 1. Having a price on this makes sure that people can't just abuse the system and its a bit more fair. Not completely fair, but far more than free or cheap.",
"You have to pay for them as you ‘rent’ the name space.\n\nOtherwise someone could just snap up every domain quickly and annoy everyone else. It’s a way of ensure domains that are in use are actually still needed.\n\n.com and .uk are top level domains.\n\nnominet are in charge of .uk.\n\nWhen you register a domain i.e from 123 reg; if you pick a .uk domain they register it on behalf of you by letting nominet know.\n\nYou can google ‘whois’ and type a domain name to see the owner and the expiry/renewal date."
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f6e2or | temperature changing the taste of water | If it’s just too much or too little heat, why does it taste so different? Also, why does hot water taste bad? We need water to survive, but hot water tastes so bad I’d rather stay thirsty than drink it | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f6e2or/eli5_temperature_changing_the_taste_of_water/ | {
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"Oxygen makes water taste better, and the hotter the water is, the less oxygen that the water contains",
"1. Cold water is generally an acquired taste and deviating from that can feel odd \n\n2. Cold water prevents your taste buds from responding to any impurity in the water that you otherwise would have if the water was hot. Cold water is essentially a numbing agent to an extent. By extension, taste buds are more sensitive when they are in a hotter environment.",
"Tasting in general works better when food is hot. This is why most food is eaten hot, and foods that are supposed to be eaten cold can taste weird when warm. (Have you ever eaten warm melted ice cream? It's sickeningly sweet, because when it's cold you don't taste it as much)."
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3bsg4b | president obama's plan to allow workers who make less than ~$50k/year on salary to qualify for overtime. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3bsg4b/eli5_president_obamas_plan_to_allow_workers_who/ | {
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"Most Americans who are employed by a company are paid in one of two ways. Either you are paid a set rate for each power of work or you are paid a salary per year.\n\nIf you are paid by the hour, then working more hours will earn you more money. There is also a rule that if you work \"overtime\" – more than \"full time\", which is forty hours in a given week – then hours above forty are paid at a higher rate.\n\nIf you are salaried, working more or fewer hours will not change your pay. However, there is still a rule that you have to be paid more for working \"overtime\". But there is an exception. If your salary is more than a certain amount, and a few other conditions are satisfied, you may be \"exempt\" from earning overtime pay. This exemption is meant for upper-middle-earning managers and professionals. However, the threshold for exemption did not rise over time with inflation, so that many lower-earning Americans worked overtime and were not paid for it. Now, the threshold is higher, more like what it used to be (adjusted for inflation), so it once again applies to people who earn higher salaries."
]
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7eyynl | how does nano technology work and can we get objects, such as tiny cameras, into little creations that can fly? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7eyynl/eli5_how_does_nano_technology_work_and_can_we_get/ | {
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"Asking that is like asking “how does normal sized tech work”. Nano is just a prefix used here to describe the general size of an object.\n\nThe reason it’s considered special “nanotechnology” is that it’s hard to create these objects and it’s hard to come up with new ways of cutting corners to bring down total size."
]
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9hm5px | how does a thumbprint sensor on a mobile device work, and why does it have to be recalibrated every once in a while? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9hm5px/eli5_how_does_a_thumbprint_sensor_on_a_mobile/ | {
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"Most fingerprint scanner are made of capacitive touch sensors, just like the ones on most touch screens. The simple explanation is that it's a bunch of capacitors, which are devices that can store small amounts of electrical charge. The capacitors are tiny, smaller than the ridge of a fingerprint. When you touch a capacitor, at least one this small, it changes how well the capacitor can hold a charge. Since a ridge on your finger makes direct contact it changes how much charge the capacitor can hold more than a valley on your fingerprint, which has a layer of air between it and your skin. The sensor then basically measures the difference in voltages across all of the sensors, and can tell which capacitors are in contact with your skin (ridges) and which have the layer of air between them (the valleys). It can use this to then construct a kind of image of what your fingerprint looks like. \n\nWhat it does with that image probably depends on the phone. Usually they look for significant features like where ridges and valleys intersect and tries to find matches for those, as opposed to making sure every ridge and every valley lines up with what it has stored since that would be computationally more work and also more prone to problems. \n\nWhy do you have to recalibrate it? Well that depends on a lot of things. I've never had to recalibrate mine, but it could just be the equipment stops working properly, maybe the sensor is dirty, but you shouldn't have to redo it normally if everything works as intended."
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6gmg9s | why do people stick a 'sold' sticker on a previously 'for sale' house's billboard? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6gmg9s/eli5why_do_people_stick_a_sold_sticker_on_a/ | {
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"Because it's still an advertisement for the real estate agency, and it shows results. You see a \"sold\" sign and people can see that the agency is doing its job. ",
"As other people said it is advertisement for the real estate agency but also sales for houses fall through fairly frequently so at almost not time before the new owner gets the keys in the sale for sure. They can just get rid of the 'SOLD' sign if the sale falls through."
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2mi79l | why does it take longer for an iphone to charge from a dead state to a percentage to turn back on than the same percentage charge takes when the phone is not dead? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2mi79l/eli5_why_does_it_take_longer_for_an_iphone_to/ | {
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"The percentage is a little bit arbitrary. The percentage is determined from the voltage, which is not linearly related. So someone had to actually decide how it would relate. Surely they did a lot of work to ensure that it's close but it's but going to be perfect.\n\n Then on top of that, that voltage is not linearly related to the charge of the battery. So there's more separation between the number and the actual charge of the phone.\n\nFinally, the percentage is actually purposely fudged, to hide the fact that when left plugged in, it bounces around 95-100%. And constantly recalculated to try to be more accurate.\n\nSo basically, the number it gives you is not actually a super accurate representation of what's going on. *Especially* if you are at the extreme of an almost drained battery.\n\n"
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ejun37 | how does the sky appear red in australia right now? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ejun37/eli5_how_does_the_sky_appear_red_in_australia/ | {
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"text": [
"Thick smoke lit from below by massive fires, and filtering the sunlight in the same way lots of atmosphere does (which is why sunsets are red)."
]
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10xsxy | what are banned books and why are we celebrating them? | I'm assuming they're not literally banned, so what's the deal here? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/10xsxy/eli5_what_are_banned_books_and_why_are_we/ | {
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"No, many of them *are literally banned* in certain parts of the world. We celebrate them because people have a right to know and there are many institutions and governments in the world that try and suppress forms of thinking or don't want their people to know certain things.\n\nHarry Potter is banned in some counties because people think it encourages witchcraft and sorcery. The Anarchist Cookbook details how to make explosives from commonly obtainable chemicals and household items. Lady Chatterley's Lover was banned in the United Sates and a few other countries for violating obscenity laws.\n\nIts a way of celebrating freedom of expression and information with a bit of civil disobedience thrown in.\n\nHere's a list of books banned by country [for your reading](_URL_0_) ",
"\"Banned Books\" refers to books that people have attempted, successfully or not, to have removed from libraries or school reading lists, or to have their publications blocked. We celebrate Banned Books week as an act of defiance against this kind of censorship.\n\nGenerally the bans or attempted bans are based on the content of the book. It can be for religious reasons, such as Salman Rushdie's *The Satanic Verses*, which was seen as blasphemous to Islam, or the Harry Potter books, which some claimed \"promoted witchcraft and Satanism.\" \n\nOr it could be for content that is seen as harmful to children; Mark Twain's *The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn* and Harper Lee's *To Kill A Mockingbird* are two depictions of racism in the American south, which, in the interest of historical accuracy, don't shy away from the word \"nigger,\" which was in common use during the times the books took place. \n\nSometimes it's less about the language and more about the *overall* content; in the case of William Golding's *Lord Of The Flies,* they object to the story of a group of boys, stranded on a desert island, who descend into savagery.\n\nIn almost every case, the people attempting to ban the books haven't read them, and refuse to do so (the old \"I don't need to have cancer to know it's bad\" argument). Banned Books are celebrated to show that knowledge and education must triumph over ignorance and suppression."
]
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3nzpko | how can cable send hundreds of hd channels at the same time but my internet is slow? | Basically, the cable coming into our house gives us access to hundreds of HD channels (that's a lot of data)
| explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3nzpko/eli5_how_can_cable_send_hundreds_of_hd_channels/ | {
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"text": [
"Cable TV sends all these channels to every subscriber at the same time. When you're on the Internet, the cables have to send different data to every single subscriber. ",
"It's the difference between using a megaphone to talk to 100 people, and using 100 telephones to talk to 100 people. There is no two-way communication with cable (TV at least), and you are only handling 1 signal instead of a separate signal for each person.",
"Because the bottleneck in bandwidth isn't between you and your cable company, but past them, where you're sharing the bandwidth with all of their other customers.\n\nWith the TV signal, it comes into them via satellite so there's no upstream bottleneck and they can send it all to you.\n\nAlso, despite what others have said, all of the channels *are* sent to you at the same time, unless you have an IPTV service like uverse.\n\n",
"Former Cox Communications employee of over 10 years here who currently works for a global tier 1 provider.\n\nThe issue is three fold. First, the bandwidth is shared between all customers on the same coax feed from the node in your neighborhood. This bandwidth is utilized by voice and internet. This is always oversubscribed sometimes up to 100x what the physical cabling can provide based on the idea that only a fraction of your customers will be using their Internet and phone services at the same time. This is the first potential bottleneck.\n\nSecond, your cable company purchases transit from a tier 1 or tier 2 provider to reach the internet which is really just all the tier 1 providers meshed together. Ip transit is extremely expensive and can be in the range of multiple thousands of us dollars per gigabit connection. These links are also oversubscribed up to 100x.\n\nThird, tier 1 providers route traffic not based on best path but based on the cheapest path. If it's cheaper to send your traffic down a saturated link or on a trip that is an extra few hundred or thousand miles to your destination that is the path chosen.\n\nSo ELI5, you and all your neighbors are chipping in to buy and share bandwidth. Your local provider hopes to make a little money in the process. The Internet is a very expensive place."
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|
34xslh | comcast. | I've never used Comcast myself, but I see lots of stuff that tells me it is a terrible company with bad business practices. I'm curious as to what keeps the business going if they're doing these things?
How does it not effect their number of users? I've heard about random hundreds of dollars being added to bills, horrible customer service, and other ethically wrong and almost illegal stuff. What keeps Comcast from just failing? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34xslh/eli5_comcast/ | {
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"In most cases it's because Comcast has exclusive agreements with local governments, so the choices come down to them or nobody for many people, or at best them or slow DSL for Internet.",
"Cable services are a monopoly. Most consumers who are using Comcast can only use Comcast as a cable service unless they go satellite. And even then internet options outside cable aren't very good in most parts of the US. So in short, most people are stuck with them if they want TV, internet in their coverage zones.",
"Most cable companies have regional monopolies. That is to say that in certain regions they are going to be the only provider of this service. Sometimes that is due to agreements with local governments, mostly it is due to the fact that laying down the infrastructure to provide cable is very expensive, so competitors are not going to move into an area where they are not certain they can recoup these costs. When there is already a long time established provider, that is very hard to compete against. Especially when people, for all their complaining, are actually very reluctant to switches services like this. "
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2dhnh4 | when you work out/do cardio do you burn the same amount of calories when you first start off compared to when you are conditioned if you do the same workout? | When you first start a work out you are less conditioned, so it seems hard at first. But once you get adjusted after a little while it seems easier and you have more endurance, but does that mean you are burning less calories? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dhnh4/eli5_when_you_work_outdo_cardio_do_you_burn_the/ | {
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"Yes, as you get more in shape, your body becomes more efficient at exercise, and you burn less calories. This effect is mediated by the fact that more in shape people can exercise at a higher intesity rate, usually more than enough to compensate for the increase in effiency.\n\nFor example, if you start running 5k every day. After a few weeks, you will be burning less calories than when you started, but you should be able to run those 5 kilometers either much quicker or with much less effort than when you started. Suppose instead, you decide to simply run 30min at medium intensity. After a few weeks you will be burning more calories because the increase in speed will mean that you can cover more distance in the same amount of time.\n\nFurthermore, people often find it easier to lose weight when they are very overweight to start with. Partially this is because it takes more work to move a heavy body than a light one. If you lose a lot of weight, the same exercise may not burn as much calories as before because you don't have as much weight to move around. This is when you need to start adding weight to keep the difficulty of the exercise the same."
]
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5j8h7c | the "iron peak" in nuclear reactions | I can grasp the difference between fusion and fission and the conditions to trigger them, I just can't understand why heavier elements behave inversely to lighter elements when it comes to binding energies. Put simply, what is different about heavy elements that makes their binding energy inverse? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5j8h7c/eli5_the_iron_peak_in_nuclear_reactions/ | {
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"text": [
"The force holding protons and neutrons together in atomic nuclei is called the [nuclear force](_URL_0_), and is a a part of the strong force, but has a very limited range, so for large nuclei begins to weaken. On the other hand, you have the electrostatic forces trying to push the protons apart, since they all have a positive charge. This does depend on distance too, but not as strongly as the nuclear force.\n\nWhen a nucleus gets large, the nuclear forces get weaker in general, whereas the electrostatic forces get larger due to the increased numbers of protons."
]
} | [] | [] | [
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6badaj | why do people get sore throat when they keep eating chocolate? | i have tonsillitis and whenever i eat lots of chocolate, i will get sore throat. why is that so? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6badaj/eli5_why_do_people_get_sore_throat_when_they_keep/ | {
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"text": [
"The sugar in chocolate candy dehydrates you, and that makes your throat burn. Oddly enough, hard candies made with pectin and sugar will coat the throat, and can soothe sore throats. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
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|
2f401v | please explain to me preference utilitarianism as a belief system/religion? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2f401v/eli5please_explain_to_me_preference/ | {
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"Utilitarianism is a system of belief based on making and doing things that have use. Utilitarianistic design has less flair and more practicality.\n\nBy extension, Preference Utilitarianism is a system where morals are defined based on how things make people feel. \n\nIf I kill you because youre a murderer, morally I'd be fufilling the preference utilitarianist system if that makes people happy.\n\nIf I kill you because you design cheap houses that are affordable, a preference utilitarianist society would be unhappy and as such, by the system, Id be in the moral wrong"
]
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[]
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||
28dnfc | how does a phone vibrate? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28dnfc/eli5_how_does_a_phone_vibrate/ | {
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"A motor spins a weight around quickly.",
"An unbalanced weight, called a counterweight is mounted on the end of the shaft of a small high speed electric motor inside the phone.\n\nWhen the motor spins the counterweight causes the phone to vibrate.\n\nHere's a decent explanation with some visuals...\n\n_URL_0_\n",
"There's a very small motor that spins an off-balance weight (I say weight, obviously its tiny, but heavy relative to the torque of the motor), this causes vibrations. Think of it like when your washing machine shakes during the spin cycle, but on a much smaller scale"
]
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||
21ogl7 | since light is flying about in all directions from all surfaces, how come don't just see a blurred mix of all the light entering our eyes? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21ogl7/eli5_since_light_is_flying_about_in_all/ | {
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"This is what the lens of our eyes does. It focuses light from one direction into our eyes, and doesn't allow light from other directions to enter.",
"It's not the pupil of your eye that sees the world. Your pupil is a hole through which light enters, and falls upon the back of the eye - that's where the light sensitive cells are.\n\nLight coming from directly in front of you can only fall upon the very back of the eye. Light coming from any given direction can only enter the eye at a very specific angle, falling upon a very specific part of the inside of the eye. Get it?",
"I've photoshopped [this diagram of the eye](_URL_0_) to show all the extra light rays flying about in every direction (shown as black and blue lines). Some light rays are shown from 2 places on this flower, in reality every bit of the flower would be giving off light rays in every direction.\n\nBasically only the light rays going at just the right angle can enter your eye, go through the lens (which focuses them) and shine on your retina",
"Stop whatever you are doing and immediately watch Feynman ask/answer your question: _URL_0_"
]
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"http://i.imgur.com/j2adi2D.jpg"
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"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FjHJ7FmV0M4"
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||
4778k3 | how do we know how fast the sea level rose 2000 years ago? | According to [this article](_URL_0_) the sea levels are rising faster than they have in 2800 years, how do we know how fast the sea was rising in 800 B.C.? I could see how they might be able to figure out what the sea levels were at that time, but how they get how fast it rose is confusing me.
Edit: To clarify I am not a climate change denier, I just seems like an odd claim to make if we don't have very specific data. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4778k3/eli5_how_do_we_know_how_fast_the_sea_level_rose/ | {
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"Here is the blog of one of the scientists in the study. _URL_0_\n\nOn the second page, you'll see they talk about drill cores of coastal sediments, and here is an article talking about how that is done: _URL_1_\n\nThe new paper uses statistical modelling techniques to use a wide variety of data points from those drill cores from around the world to produce the sea level rise (independent of factors like land uplift, etc., etc.)."
]
} | [] | [
"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/02/22/seas-are-now-rising-faster-than-they-have-in-2800-years-scientists-say/"
] | [
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"http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2016/02/millennia-of-sea-level-change/",
"http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2011/06/2000-years-of-sea-level/"
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|
c9yswh | why does fog in a forest look brighter than the actual forest itself even though there is no light source anywhere near it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c9yswh/eli5_why_does_fog_in_a_forest_look_brighter_than/ | {
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"text": [
"The fog is white, while the forest is colored. Anything white on a colored background looks brighter than the background, because white reflects more light than any other color.",
"Anytime you see something is because it has reflected light rays to your eye. Fog scatters light in all directions. If you look at a tree, there is only one way that light can reflect off it and reach your eye. However, there are an astronomical amount of water molecules in the fog between you and that same tree, each of which can reflect light into your eye. More light gets to your eye=looks brighter"
]
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[],
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||
9iapsz | how does marijuana/other drugs give you a uppy feeling and or make you see things? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9iapsz/eli5_how_does_marijuanaother_drugs_give_you_a/ | {
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"All drugs function by binding to other molecules or cellular structures. The ones that produce mind-altering effects are binding to molecules and cellular structures in the brain that regulate our emotions and perceptions. This changes how active or effective those molecules or cells are, which changes how we feel or interpret the sensory data we receive. "
]
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||
4ara85 | is it safe for people to live in places like hiroshima and chernobyl now? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ara85/eli5_is_it_safe_for_people_to_live_in_places_like/ | {
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"Hiroshima is perfectly safe to live in.\n\nChenrobyl is not safe to live in. People can enter most of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone without much danger if they follow safety protocols, but it is not a safe place to live.",
"[Hiroshima](_URL_0_) is safe, there's over a million people living there now. \nThe other reactors of Chernobyl continued to operate, they only started decommissioning them in 2015. \nThey evacuated the area and limit how long people can stay near the power plant, but they still allow it. \nThe reason Hiroshima quickly recovered is that there was only as much nuclear material as could fit in one bomb, Chernobyl had a lot more stuff on hand and a lot more stuff got out.",
"Hiroshima yes. Compared to a nuclear power plant, there was very little radioactive material in the bomb, and being air-detonated, the radioactive material was spread out. As such, the amount of radiation in the area due to the bomb is well below dangerous thresholds for life.\n\nChernobyl, no. It had a lot more radioactive material and a lot more contamination. Animals within the region show symptoms of prolonged exposure to radiation such as more birth defects and more prone to cancer.",
"Hiroshima? Yes. Chernobyl? No (though people can visit the exclusion zone for limited periods). The events irradiating Hiroshima occurred around 40 years before Chernobyl's and contained maybe 200lbs of radioactive material versus the tons of material ejected from Chernobyl.",
"Hiroshima ? Sure, no problem, there's a big vibrant city built around Ground Zero. \n\nChernobyl is another story, there is an entire ghost city, complete with empty apartments, restaurants, gas stations, amusement parks, all of them completely empty and being reclaimed by nature, a very eerie looking and dangerous radioactive place!\n"
]
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1v64q9 | would a baby look different if the parents were young when it was conceived, rather than old? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1v64q9/eli5_would_a_baby_look_different_if_the_parents/ | {
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"This is the idea of [Lamarckism](_URL_0_), which was a popular theory for evolution prior to and contemporary with Darwinism. Larmckism basically says that characteristics aquired by parents in their lives would get passed on to their offspring... sort of. For example, say an organism lost its right forelimb and then later became a parent. Lamarckism would expect to see the offspring have a slightly shorter right forelimb. \n\nYour question is the same idea: would aging affect the child? This is not the case because our DNA doesn't really change throughout our lives. The DNA you get when you are born is the same as when you die. And it is the mixing of the parents' DNA that determines the look of the baby/child. ",
"No. The phenotype (appearence) of the offspring is determined by the combination of the DNA of the mother and father. The DNA you were born with is the same DNA you will have to your death. So age does not determine phenotype",
"No, although there risks associated with late pregnancy, e.g. Down's Syndome."
]
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5x4xhe | will a more obese person burn more calories with the same daily activity as a thinner person strictly because of the amount of effort necessary to keep up? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5x4xhe/eli5_will_a_more_obese_person_burn_more_calories/ | {
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"Yes, absolutely. Hauling a 300 pound body up a flight of stairs takes around twice as much work (and calories) as a 150 pound body. ",
"That's right, it takes more calories just for a larger person to keep on living compared to a smaller one, simply because they have to fuel more cells. This also means that lots of exercises (even walking) burn more calories for larger people, who are moving a larger load.",
"Yes, and that's one of the reasons why people who are dieting, etc. see more weight loss early on and then the rate of loss slows as they progress. They no longer burn as many calories just living as they did when carrying more weight.",
"So - I was curious about this as I had wondered how muscle mass played a factor. I suppose this depends on how you actually define \"thinner\" (i.e. lighter.. or more fit - but still the same weight).\n\n_URL_0_\n\nEDIT: and the reason I was thinking about this is that I recalled hearing that once you start getting \"back in to shape\" the benefits are not linear as you might assume, because as you get thinner, but build muscle, the additional muscle requires more energy even at rest.\n\nAnd now I'm just talking out of my ass.. but I imagine this also becomes a thermodynamics problem. What if that thinner person generates a ton of heat just sitting there.. and the not-thin person has an idle temp much lower. I assume this would also play a factor.\n",
"This is also why \"fat people are sweaty\". The total energy being consumed and so re-expressed as heat, is maybe double but the surface area they have at their disposal to dissipate is not twice as large so they have to sweat more to mitigate that extra heat.\n\nMeanwhile, they are more resistant to cold since that surface area to volume thing reduces the rate at which they lose vital warmth when exposed to threatening cold.\n\nSo there are a lot of sliders in the biological mixer that trades the various body types benefits and drawbacks.",
"By this logic, this must be the reason people lose a lot of weight when they first start dieting, but are always struggling to lose those last few pounds.",
"Check out \"base metabolic rate\" and play with the calculators a bit. Obese people even take more calories *just to survive daily* before they do anything, which is part of why it's a hard cycle to break, since you *need* more calories baseline as it is, but need to work in a deficit to lose weight as well, making the margin of error far slimmer.",
"My slightly overweight wife and her obese mother joined Weight Watchers together. WW gave her mother twice as many \"points\" because she would have to eat much more just to keep herself going.",
"Most exercise equipment that count your calories burned ask you to input your weight for this reason.",
"According to my Apple Watch, yes\n\nI see the daily move goals people set for themselves and I blow through those first few hundred calories within the first three I'm at work. I usually walk between three and 5 miles a day and up-and-down a single flight of stairs 20 to 30 times.\n\n\nLast week was the first opportunity I've had to get on the scale that could actually measure me in quite some time. I came in at 427lb (194kg, 31stone) ",
"Yes. That's also why a 300 pound person can follow the exact same diet and exercise plan as a 200 pound person over the same period of time and lose almost twice as much weight.",
"Yes, but not necessarily. An obese person usually has poor cardiovascular capacity, that alone will reduce the ability to perform any type of exercise long enough to burn enough calories, a thinner person (aka common weight, not anorexic), will be able to burn more calories (proportionally to their weight) than an obese person. \n\nNow, some obese men can carry some muscle and can actually have a normal (or at least decent) cardiovascular capacity and those will burn more calories at the end of the day, because they can withstand exercise for longer periods of time and their pre-existing muscular mass will help burn some more and reduce fatigue.",
"TL:DR - Yes. \n\nSource: I've recently lost 60 pounds. From 210 down to 150. I did it in about four months. \n\nThree step process\n\n1. Cardio your guts out. Swim Bike Run 2-3 hours a day\n2. Eat less than you burn. I averaged about 1100 cals a day in\n3. Repeat every damn day\n\nIn the beginning I could swim/bike/run for 45-60 each and I'd burn 1500 to 2000 a day easy. The first ten pounds flew off. The second ten came off easy. By the third ten pounds things slowed down. I was doing the same work. Maybe even harder (more resistance, incline, etc) and burning less. I had to talk to a trainer and discuss my situation to figure out that my body had someone acclimated and I needed to refocus. I went from long term cal burns to shorter burst of carb/cal burns with things like higher intensity reps with short intervals of rest between. I also adjusted my diet to actually eat a little more because I was eating to little. After that adjustment I was able to drop the second thirty pounds. Now if I do a swim/bike/run for 45-60 each (I'm preparing for Ironman!) I can burn about 1000-1200 ish with the same work that burned me 2000 before. \n\nIt was not fun but I finished last November and haven't looked back. ",
"Does it take more energy to move 100 pounds or 200 pounds? That is your answer"
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a9bjek | if light is mass-less, what is keeping it from having an infinite velocity? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a9bjek/eli5_if_light_is_massless_what_is_keeping_it_from/ | {
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"This is *exactly* the line of thinking which started Einstein on the path to relativity. His solution was to posit that the speed of light *is* infinite from the standpoint of the universe. This is why it is never possible to exceed, or even reach, the speed of light in a vacuum. So it’s less that the speed of light is a cosmic speed limit that nothing can ever surpass, and more that it’s a cosmic horizon that nothing can ever catch up to.\n\nThe triumph of relativity is in explaining why it is that light doesn’t instantaneously propagate between two points in space. How it does this gets quite complicated, but one way to think about it is that the time it takes light to move from one point to another is actually the time it takes for space time itself to change to accommodate a changed state in some other location. The propagation of changes in space time itself is what gives light its perceived velocity.",
"So, as it turns out, no time passes when traveling at the speed of light. Imagine that a little photon of light has intelligence and understands the passage of time. From the moment it's emitted from a distant star in some far-off galaxy to the moment it hits our upper atmosphere and slows down a little, *no time whatsoever passes for it*. From its perspective, it did have \"infinite velocity\". \n \nPhotons, of course, don't have intelligence. And anything that could can never travel at the speed of light, because it would have mass, and to reach light speed the mass would become infinite, as would the amount of energy required to accelerate it a little more towards light speed. \n \nSo if light traveling in a vacuum experiences any distance in no time (i.e. close enough to \"infinite velocity\"), why do we think it has a measurable velocity? That's where the special relativity comes in that others have replied about, where the warping of time and space results in a velocity determined by universal constants regardless of the relative velocity of the observer. \n \nHere's another take on the same thing I just posted. He uses the same analogy (I swear I didn't copy his): \n_URL_0_",
"What trips me out is that if light has no mass, why is it effected by gravity? Shouldn't a gravitational force only apply to something in which it can exert that force on? We have observed the light from distant stars being bent by other celestial bodies using telescopes and the event horizon of a black hole is the point in which light can no longer escape the gravitational force of the black hole. WTF is up with that?",
"Maybe not the answer you were looking for, but what made the 'speed of light' thing click for me was this:\n\nThe speed of light itself isn't a boundary. It isn't like the speed of sound, that can be surpassed.\n\nThe speed of light (299,792,458 meters per second) is the fastest speed that anything operating in the laws of our universe can travel, and light goes that fast because it has no mass.\n\nBecause it has no mass, it can go as fast as anything can possibly go.",
"Further question: if light has no mass, why does it exert a force when reflected/absorbed by an object?",
"Maybe a more simple approach. Velocity affects time. At the speed of light you don't experience time. You arrive in an instant. So as time goes, photons never experience time. "
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78mvq7 | how are property lines decided and recorded for residential purchases? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/78mvq7/eli5_how_are_property_lines_decided_and_recorded/ | {
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"Property lines are drawn when the area is first developed. If the area was first developed in modern times, it would have been split up into individual parcels and each parcel's lines would have been drawn quite precisely. If it was first developed a long time ago, there may be some uncertainty in the lines and records of usage can be necessary to determine who owns a particular piece of land.\n\nThe details of how they're recorded vary depending on the jurisdiction, but there's usually a governmental office that is in charge of recording property lines. In England and Wales, for instance, it's HM Land Registry."
]
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||
32vjgv | how to blind people write? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/32vjgv/eli5how_to_blind_people_write/ | {
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"text": [
"Braille typewriters. [Here](_URL_0_) is a video describing how they work. That guy answers lots of questions about the blind btw, worth watching."
]
} | [] | [] | [
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"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hj51UuxwjaE"
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3tzv99 | why do people appeal to the public about climate change and not campaigns for companies to change? | I've been thinking about his because of that day YouTube is having currently. My main idea is that companies the own the factories are much more easily shifted than individual people. They can be shifted by laws for example. But people won't change when they know that it makes an insignificant impact because not many people will change. So why would people pin the onus on the public and not the lawmakers to reduce emissions through regulations. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3tzv99/eli5_why_do_people_appeal_to_the_public_about/ | {
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" > Companies can be shifted by laws for example\n\nand the people who pass the laws that regulate the companies are elected by the public. People appeal to the public on climate change issues because they are the relevant actors in any debate about climate change. People, individually, are investors, voters, and, lest we forget, carbon emitters themselves."
]
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|
34el7h | what are the financial dynamics that allow pacquiao/mayweather to make 100 mil for one fight, when the highest paid players in the most popular sport (nfl) take home 20 mil for the whole season? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34el7h/eli5_what_are_the_financial_dynamics_that_allow/ | {
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"It's really just PPV, ticket sales and sponsorships or a projection of those. When a fight is this big, everyone wants in and they are charging $99 which is the highest amount for a Sports PPV ever.\n\nWhen you have an event like that, sponsors want in more and ticket buyers will pay top dollar to get into the building. Tickets were insanely high.",
"Also who the fuck is still paying money to watch boxing?",
"If Tom Brady decides the night before the Superbowl that he wants to retire then and there, the game still happens the next day and everyone who has business related to the Superbowl (the NFL, the advertisers, the t-shirt salesmen) still get paid. If either Mayweather or Pacquiao decide the night before the fight that he wants to retire, then nobody makes any money.\n",
"You want people to explain something to you as if you were five, but then you use the words \"financial dynamics\".\n\nI just found that funny, carry on.",
"Surprised I haven't seen this yet, but to me the obvious answer is that boxing is an international sport with a much larger audience, thus the market for generating revenue is much larger.",
"They will each make FAR MORE then 100 million. Hell each fighter was given 4800 seats and they will each make EASILY another 10-20 million on their tickets alone. They deserve every cent, every dollar being generated is being generated by these two men alone. Players salaries on team sports have many mitigating factors the players don't control in anyway. Championship fighters salaries in sports are the most balanced salaries in big time sports. They essentially split what they generate at the negotiated terms. Those terms reflect who is the bigger draw. As absurd as the numbers are, it's as perfect a sports model that exists. ",
"The pay per view will cost $100 Dollars in america with an estimated 4 million buys in america. that doesn't count international pay per view, ticket sales, sponsors, etc.",
"The math is easy. Even when a player is making $20 million, there's still about 30 other guys for the team. Make that twice so you have a match and the total paid out is probably more or equal to $100 million. Plus the whole world is gonna watch this. Not just one country. Way more cash for a fight match",
"Pacquiao/Mayweather promote their own fights. You always make more as your own boss.\n\nIn addition, a single boxing match is more physically hazardous than a single football/nba game. Consider that top level boxers have 30-50 fights before they break down, and half of those fights early in their career are against no-names that generate minimal income. Mayweather/Pacquiao are on the downsides of their careers, and are looking for paydays.",
"It's a one vs one fight. The kind of high profile fight that only happens once in a blue moon. There are 1600+ players in the nfl to pay.",
"No disrespect to the answers so far, but I'm seeing circular reasoning along the lines of \"it makes a lot of money because people are charging a lot\". I'd say the core answer is the match's marginal value, or put another way, the elements of the match are more scarce in a couple dimensions.\n\nWhen you think about the NFL, even most superstar players aren't so dominant that no one else can compete; Drew Brees is considered an elite QB, but so is Aaron Rodgers, Peyton Manning, Jay Cutler (just kidding). Point being, while relative to the population of earth Drew Brees' skills are exceedingly rare and special, compared to the population of NFL QB's, Brees' skills are simply uncommon. I'm not a huge fan of boxing, but as far as I understand it, Pacquiao and Mayweather are literally once-in-a-generation, era-defining boxers. In their own fields, Pacquiao and Mayweather's skills are rarer than superstars of the NFL.\n\nAdditionally, the best players (Tom Brady and Peyton Manning) are likely to meet several times during the course of their careers, and the best teams could even a couple times in a single season. This is very likely the only Mayweather will fight Pacquiao, ever. So if you want to see them fight (on TV or in-person), you probably won't have the chance to save your money for the next time around. The same mechanism in reverse explains why two all-timers in tennis, Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal, probably aren't making as much for one tennis match against each other (strictly speaking) because it's happened 33 times now and it's not out of the question that it will happen again. The matchup itself is a rarer occurrence. \n\nTogether it's a perfect scarcity storm and allow exorbitant revenues like what we're seeing currently.\n",
"NFL the most popular sport in the world?????? Ummm no. \n",
"An NFL team has a bazillion people, a boxing team has one. Also, people outside the USA give a shit about boxing.",
"Bruh. Hockey is more popukar worldwide than football, no one outside of the U.S. cares about the NFL. ",
"I would assume the number of people that have to be paid in the NFL for each team would mean less per person and also the fact that boxing is an international sport that has millions worldwide that will pay for the live stream of the event while NFL is just in the U.S.",
"There's one boxer to be paid, whereas on an NFL team, there's a bunch of them. I would imagine administrative costs are similar.",
"While it won't be as watched as the Super Bowl, I would imagine this event is going to be very popular. Not to mention it will be paid access compared to the Super Bowl which is available on broadcast TV. Factor in that it is a 1 v 1 match rather than an entire roster to split the cut. The NFL also pockets a good chunk of the revenue.",
"Boxing is more appetizing than NFL. This is a huge fight between east and west on a global scale. just imagine the number of people that will be watching this. think of the marketing, bookies, viewers it is probably second to the Fifa world cup in terms of anticipation I may be wrong but that's my 2 cents worth.",
"I've asked a similar question to this before and the answer that made the most sense to me was that with the level of popularity that boxing has here in America, it's hard for us to understand how they make so much money. What we fail to account for is the world wide interest in the sport. We don't really care about soccer but it's the most popular sport in the world with some of the highest paid athletes in it. Conversely we love the NFL but most of the rest of the world doesn't give a shit.",
"Pay Per View worldwide. I am in the Philippines now, and every home in the country is paying to watch the fight.\n\nSecondly, you have to imagine how many high-rollers will be coming in to Vegas to watch the fight from extremely expensive seats, and then gamble afterwards. I am sure Vegas is happy to chip in for a large draw.",
"I read some where, in order for Buffalo Wild Wings to show the fight in all their stores. They would have to pay $5,100. That shit is insane! And they roughly have 1100 stores.. So $5.6 million if Buffalo Wild Wings were to order the fight. I know this doesn't answer your question but I just wanted to share! ",
"For anyone who does not know, us boxing fans have been waiting for this fight for around 7-8 years, it will be THE fight of the century, no ifs or buts.",
"Something that wasn't mentioned yet...gambling money. Vegas and other legit places make a killing. I'm sure they are putting up some money too. ",
"The simplest way I could think about it is like this.. Your NFL team might generate 20 boxes of cookies over the course of a season, but the cookies in those boxes have to be split between 60+ players (roster and practice players) and a lot of staff members. There are also years in which the players can only take home a certain amount of cookies because of a cookie cap. \n\nThis fight might only generate 10 boxes of cookies, but all of those cookies are being split between 2 people. There is also no cap to how many cookies they can take home with them.\n\nNevada also has no cookie income tax, which means what they get more or less is what they can take home with them. Most other states have a cookie tax, so an NFL player does not get full value from their cookie contract.\n\nedit: I'm surprised so many people liked my explanation. Just keep in mind that there is obviously a lot more that goes into the finances of how much money (I mean cookies) they will take home, but I tried to keep it as simple as possible since that is what this reddit is designed for.",
"lotta guesses in this thread...here are the biggest discrepancies you are looking for:\n\n1. there are no owners in boxing. in other sports like football and basketball, revenues are split between owners and players per a collective bargaining agreement, contracts which can span decades. For instance, in the new NBA CBA, players get 50% of league revenues, so for every $20 mil that lebron is pocketing, so is his owner (not exactly, due to other factors like profit sharing).\n\n2. the money that floyd and pac get is unique to most other boxers, especially floyd, since he owns his own production company. each fighter is repped by a production company which puts on fights by working with other companies to sign matches, secure venues, select boadcasters, etc. most fighters sign with the largest production companies like Golden Boy, but mayweather created his own, Mayweather Productions, thus he is cutting out the middle man who takes a large rake (think Don King and Bob Arum). pac has floated between production companies and commands lucrative deals not available to other fighters.\n\n3. most important, boxing revenue is based on PPV purchases worldwide, unlike most mainstream sports whose revenue is based on long-term tv deals. only the top boxers can secure a % of total PPV buys as a part of their deal. in addition, venues like MGM, Mandalay Bay and local sports stadiums pay a premium to host fights, since they will typically earn residual income from concessions or casino traffic; these deals can reach tens of millions per fight.",
"The payperview ticket price is insane. A lot of bars that usually show fights are skipping out on this one.",
"The NFL has salary caps. Player salaries in the NFL are pretty small compared to other sports.\n\nPlus the NFL doesn't broadcast worldwide. Hell, each regular season game doesn't broadcast nationwide. NFL teams have to split up their costs amongst way more parties.",
"Simplest answer: Mayweather and Pacquia will get a direct cut of ticket sales and pay per view sales. Mayweather handles his own promotion so he gets that money as well.\n\nPay Per View is $100 per. Lowest Ticket Price is over $3,500. Ring side is selling for up to $350,000. \n\nOther sports athletes are usually only paid a set salary and whatever bonus they contracted if any. ",
"The HBO boxing program did a segment on the finances behind this fight last week. I can't remember all of the details, but the MGM rep said ticket sales would be around $70M, and he estimated that 3 million households would order the PPV (which would be another $300M)... ad in another $40-$50M in advertising (plus things I'm forgetting), and you're looking at a LOT of topline revenue to offset those large payouts to the fighters.",
"The cookie analogy is great.\n\nI was just going to snarkily assume it's because only one of them is being paid to get punched in the face repeatedly. ",
"While SOME team sport players can make $20 million/season, the average NFL player doesn't make NEAR that much. I would also expect the average boxer doesn't make anything close to $100 million for one fight, either.\n\nAverage NFL salary is $1.9 million. If you took all the quarterbacks out of the equation, it's probably more like $1 million or less. Average NBA player is around $5 million, MLB $3 million and NHL more than NFL...so popularity doesn't really have a lot to do with it. Size of roster has a lot to do with it.\n\nLook at it this way...those are probably the two biggest names in boxing in the world. Who is third? Boxing isn't what it used to be. We may be looking at the last huge cash grab for boxing pay per view for many years to come.",
"Ownership without infrastructure. \n\nFor MMA, UFC is a promoter, who controls locations, event lineups, money spits etc. Boxing does not have any organization that controls high end fighters. Pacquiao and Mayweather own the rights to make, promote, and host their fights. They can control everything from venue to prices of tickets and TV rights. However, they also have no guaranteed income from an extended contract or rights to other benefits, like medical car, that one might get from being under someone like the NFL's umbrella. Instead, they work like contractors taking on the risk that they might never get paid again, but reaping the rewards for being superstars. \n\nThey also don't have to own any facilities. Boxers can rent anything from hotel ballrooms to large arenas that have other uses to host fights. While they have to pay their own staff, they can limit, share and scale the size of that staff depending on income level. I am sure Mayweather spends millions per year on lawyers, trainers, etc. to prepare contracts and do advertising for the fights, as well as cash in on other merchandising revenue, but those costs come out of his take.",
"\"I made how much?!\" - Floyd Mayweather in 20 years with his early onset Alzheimer's",
"The aftermarket Gate is at about 200 million + about 300 in ppv revenue. Not too mention all the other sponsorships and tv hype and anything else that can be sold",
"American football isn't nearly as popular as Americans think it is. Really the only people who watch are Americans and they are a small percentage off earth's population. This is why soccer players and boxers make much much more money. It's worldwide. ",
"Since when was NFL the worlds most popular sport?",
"In what universe is American football the most popular sport? Try again, champ.",
"The NFL isn't so popular outside of the US. And sponsors only care about the popularity of the event, or instance. Not for the sport.",
"Nobody cares about a murican rugby copy.instead boxing is a global sport more ppl more propaganda more money",
"This fight will draw a global audience that will dwarf the super bowl. The NFL is only most popular in the US. The rest of the world prefers soccer, golf, boxing and local sports over our football.",
"In addition to other responses, NFL isn't really paid attention to(properly) outside USA.,whereas boxing has a worldwide following, so a larger audience which will usually use pay per view. \n\nIf you look at American football as a sport globally, it ranks quite far down way past football, cricket and even table tennis (if I remember right) in terms of fans. Boxing is probably much lower, but has less people involved so a nicer split.\n\nSource is a bit dodgy, but seems about right. _URL_0_",
"The really funny shit is when all these people shell out 400 million bucks for the fight and then one of the guys gets knocked out in 6 seconds of the first round. What do we watch now???",
"Because boxing is more popular globally unlike American Football which is popular in... Well... America. ",
"NFL the most popular sport? You need to broaden your horizons a little bit my friend.",
"How many players are on a boxing team? There is your answer.",
"Simplest answer? The price is set by the **countervailing** forces of **supply** and **demand**. **Fungibility** also gets a chunk of the action. There is likely to only be one Pacquiao/Mayweather fight ever, while the NFL is a going concern, and has 256 games per season. Thus, relative demand for the fight is much higher. That disparity between quantity supplied and the price demanded will also bear out when you look at NFL Salaries. [This link](_URL_0_) shows the overall salary schedules. I plugged it into a spreadsheet and divided the sum of the salaries for offense and defense by the number of games, and the average salary pool paid out to all the players is $9.5MM. I'll admit that I don't know how NFL pay is structured, so if anyone has a better grasp of the numbers, by all means get after it. Now, fungibility. There is less chance that a consumer wanting to pay to see Pacquiao/Mayweather is going to settle for a substitute event. When football games are on, many consumers can do just that, and do flip between channels. The NFL and the NCAA even keep their distance from each other, for the most part, because they would present even more alternatives to each others events.\n\n\n\n\n**Key Terms:**\n\nContervailing = to offset with equal force\n\nSupply = the quantity firms are willing to supply at a given price\n\nDemand = the quantity demanded by consumers at a given price\n\nFungibility = how easily one thing is substituted for another",
"Both these boxers represents a brand of boxing style. One is the best defensive boxer of all times. One is the best offensive boxer of all times. It's like one is Pepsi. And the other is Coca-Cola. This fight is like Pepsi vs Coca-Cola.",
"It's a huge worldwide audience, the fight won't even start until around midnight on the USA east coast, a time which provides better availability to a world-wide audience. \n\nThe price of advertising during the event is very high, and the fighters get a cut. Plus, pay-per-view costs are around $100 to see the fight. Ticket sales at the venue, while millions, is a drop in the bucked compared to ad revenue and pay-per-view. ",
"It's a pay per view fight. $100 a pop for a household, and $3-5,000 for bars showing the fight. On top of that, imagine how expensive the actual tickets are, and that it's being split between only 2 people.",
"It is the superstar effect, it should be on wiki. Basically any player on a team is replacable, the one guy doing the boxing is not.",
"As a side question: How come I never hear about boxing and then all of a sudden this event comes along and it's huge? Are there a legion of secret underground boxing fans or what?",
"I think there are some pretty basic differences to consider. In the top professional leagues, they operate as essentially a monopoly where the only competition is between the franchises of the league itself, and the use of drafts and collective bargaining agreements helps further minimize access to true competition even among those small number of franchises. Some leagues are worse than others depending on the sport.\n\nFighters and promoters can sell their products to a number of parties who can not easily collude from the outset on what constraints may exist in negotiation. This is more like true free agency if we can put it that way. \n",
"Perhaps the fact that one punch could end his life? I mean, dont get me wrong, a skate blade could easily end a life... But I think the odds of taking a hit to the temple with enough psi are more likely to happen",
"Boxing is on pay per view, and the ringside seats are going for over 30k, and the cheapest over 1000 still. Its because people are willing to pay it, basically. They also just rent out a hotel for the night, while the NFL has to pay for year round stadium maintenance "
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3mg3gy | why do we awww everytime we see a baby animal, regardless if its a dog, cat, snake or even moose? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3mg3gy/eli5why_do_we_awww_everytime_we_see_a_baby_animal/ | {
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"Mammal evolution. U.S. Mammals are not born ready to survive, babies are cute so that their parents feel more attached and don't abandon them.",
"\"...even moose.\" Wtf is that supposed to imply? Shitting on the glorious moose. Not cool man. Not cool."
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2mvvnq | why is ocean life profoundly more diverse than freshwater life? | Specifically, how do fish and species alike, become so diverse with amazing ranges of colors and functions?
| explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2mvvnq/eli5why_is_ocean_life_profoundly_more_diverse/ | {
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"The oceans are much larger, with much more variable conditions.\n\nFreshwater life is generally restricted to shallow depths, relatively stable temperatures, and small size.\n\nOceans are huge and have all sorts of conditions:. Pressures can vary from atmospheric all the way to a thousand times the atmospheric pressure (Marianas Trench). Temperatures can range from below freezing in the Arctic Ocean to over 400 Celsius (underwater hydro-thermal vents). More varied conditions mean that there are more, different niches that organisms can fill to survive, which allows very different organisms to survive."
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fnfzrk | why does a high ratio differential mean higher torque? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fnfzrk/eli5_why_does_a_high_ratio_differential_mean/ | {
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"Basically when you short gear you’re losing potential top end speed for that boost off the line \n\nYou go through the gears faster with the same amount of power. \n\nThink of it this way if you have a 0-100 of say 8 seconds, with a potential (not speed controlled limit) of 150 with stock gearing. Now if we short gear that vehicle your 0-100 will go down let’s just say to 7 seconds. But your top end max may drop to 130. And vice versa."
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3ajbqv | we keep hearing about how america "allegedly" goes to war for oil. if that is true, how does it work? they can't just drill for oil and transport it across the globe without anyone noticing! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ajbqv/eli5_we_keep_hearing_about_how_america_allegedly/ | {
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"Why do you think no one has to notice? It isn't done in secret. Companies like Shell and Exxon got contracts to work on Iraqi oil fields after the invasion.",
"The argument is that the US only gets their military involved in human rights issues when their access to cheap oil is being threatened.",
"It's like when the big kid in a group of small kids recognizes some potential in a small kid. The big kid defends the little kid and picks on other kids that pick on the little kid. The big kid ends up with a little kid friend that will sell them oil at a discount, either out of good faith or because the big kid starts strong arming them for loyalty. Source: Confessions of and Economic Hitman (book)",
"The idea of \"war for oil\" was mainly born out of [the Gulf War](_URL_1_) in 1991, also known as Desert Storm. This pretty much was just a war for oil. Kuwait sold us a lot of oil, driving the price down. Iraq invaded Kuwait. Normally we wouldn't care about things like this, but Iraq was going to seize the oil fields and then refuse to sell to us. This would have driven up the price we pay for oil, which would have hurt our economy.\n\nSo we we fought Operation Desert Storm, fought off the invasion, and preserved our oil trade with Kuwait. While this was happening, many were looking at the coffins of Americans coming back from the conflict and crying \"War for oil?!\" It might have been an advantageous reason to fight, but not a particularly noble reason to fight.\n\nAfter that mess, we moved away from importing foreign oil under Clinton. Whereas before the Gulf War, most of our oil came from the Middle East, now it mostly comes from North America. It's a global market, so oil anywhere effects the price of oil everywhere, but if the Middle East refused to sell to us tomorrow, we'd be relatively fine. \n\nAnyway, a decade later, when the second Bush went [back to Iraq](_URL_0_) and killed Saddam, the reasons were confusing and hard to believe. Since Iraq didn't have any direct links with 9/11, and didn't actually have the weapons of mass destruction we were told about, some people assumed it must be another damn war for oil. This may have been partially true, because the American oil company Halliburtn sent in contractors to rebuild the oil wells in Iraq and made billions. But that money went to the private corporation and the average american didn't see oil prices drop at all.",
"It's not secret, people noticing isn't important. The Majnoon oil field, for example, has an estimated value of 2.2 trillion dollars. Until 2003 it was owned and administered by Iraqi companies and union groups. After the US Invasion of Iraq (2003) the rights to the field were given to Chevron Corporation. It wasn't a secret back-door deal, it was in all the papers, and Chevron had been openly training Iraqis and sending executives to Iraqi oil ministry meetings for a year prior."
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6eefdz | how can east-timor (timor-leste) use the us dollar as its official currency, despite having no ties to the us? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6eefdz/eli5_how_can_easttimor_timorleste_use_the_us/ | {
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"The simplest part of this is that the government will accept payment of taxes in US dollars. That will usually be enough to get people using whatever the government takes for tax payments. Especially if nobody's printing anything else.\n\nPeople in East Timor, and the government, can buy and sell U.S. dollars like anyone else. The US doesn't really have any interest in stopping them from doing so, and I'm not sure if they could if they tried.\n\nFor a very young country like East Timor, especially given the fragile state of its economy, there's some real benefits to using dollars as their currency: you don't have to ride the rocky currents of inflation and deflation as the markets try to figure out what the heck your money is actually worth. They can get outside lenders more easily, who know they'll be paid back in dollars, not a local currency that could have a very different value in ten years.\n\nIt's not without risk, though: American monetary policy does not consider the needs of East Timor, and so the US could tighten up the supply of dollars at a time when Timor needs a looser policy, or vice versa.\n",
"Many nations do this actually. The US dollar is a highly stable currency that's unlikely to experience significant inflation or dramatic swings in exchange rates. Taking the local government's currency controls away makes it impossible for corrupt/inexperienced officials to manipulate the monetary supply and cause a Venezuela/Zimbabwe style inflationary death spiral.\n\nIt also makes it much easier to do business with US companies and government agencies. The US is often the largest single trade partner for nations that adopt the USD currency.\n\nIf you can get your hands on enough actual paper money to run the local economy many smaller nations go with the US dollar for the extreme stability it provides.\n\nThe downside is that you lose a lot of economic control. Inflation and interest rates are dictated to you from the US and they may not be what's best for a developing nation.",
"There's nothing to prevent a country from using any foreign currency it wants. All it needs to do is acquire enough of the particular foreign currency. The upside is they don't have to pay to print the money. And if they use US currency, it'll be fairly stable. The downside is they have no control over the value of the currency. The US government can take measures to raise or diminish the value of the dollar for economic benefit. But other countries that use the US dollar (like East Timor) can't.",
"The same way that, assuming you're in the US, you do. Accept and make financial transactions in dollars - just declare that that's official rather than doing it on an *ad hoc* basis. Doesn't take any more than that.\n\nThe challenge with being a minnow using someone else's currency is that you have no control over it; your own national economy and policies are highly unlikely to affect its value. And in theory, if it tanks, your economy could go with it. The dollar has historically, been strong enough and stable enough for people in plenty of countries to be happy to take that risk."
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16osae | could someone please explain some of the most common reddit abbreviations? | Like OP, for example. TIL I found out by myself. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/16osae/eli5_could_someone_please_explain_some_of_the/ | {
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"OP - original poster (the person who made the thread)\n\nOC - original content (not copied from tumblr, 4chan, 9gag, any news source, etc)\n\nDAE - does anyone else\n\nTL;DR - too long; didn't read\n\nMFW/MRW - my face/reaction when\n\ni know i am missing some\n\nedit: ITAP/IDAP - i took/drew a picture\n\nAMA - ask me anything\n\nGGG - good guy greg (meme - opposite of scumbag steve)\n\nDFW - dat (that) feeling when",
"If you come accross something you dont know, try [Urban Dictionary](_URL_0_) first. That way you can find out and not risk sounding like a n00b. I find its helpful for alsorts, though often NSFW.",
"IANAL - **I** **A**m **N**ot **A** **L**awyer, used as a disclaimer when advice of a legal nature is posted by someone who is not a practitioner of the law.\n\nYSK: **Y**ou **S**hould **K**now\n\nLPT: **L**ife **P**ro **T**ip\n\nFTFY: **F**ixed **T**hat **F**or **Y**ou\n\nThese next ones may not be unique to Reddit, but they do appear frequently:\n\nGF/BF: Girlfriend/Boyfriend\n\nSO: Significant Other\n\nAFAIK: As far as i know\n\nIIRC: If I recall correctly\n\nLMGTFY: Let me Google that for you\n\nI'm sure there are more...",
"IANAL = I am not a lawyer.\n\nWTF = what the fuck?\n\nSRS = Shit Reddit Says - a subcommunity and [subreddit](_URL_1_) that finds things on Reddit they don't like then goes and massively downvotes it.\n\n_____Porn = In redditspeak, usually not pornography, just something really, really interesting or cool. Some examples: cityporn, foodporn, and (confusingly) animal porn, all of which just feature really nice photos of those topics, with no pornography at all. [LIST](_URL_2_)\n\nSFW = Safe for work. Notice that something that might look questionable is actually not, and is safe to view. The above example link is SFW is spite of it having \"porn\" in the name.\n\nGodwin = from [Godwins Law](_URL_0_), relating to how eventually in any online arguement someone will compare someone else to Hitler. International internet protocol is to declare the thread over and whoever posted the Hitler reference the loser, though this is not always followed, especially in highly political subreddits.\n\nCake day = on your yearly anniversary of your account joining reddit, a little cake appears beside your name. It is traditional to announce it's your cake day and post a picture of a cat, or a picture of something else while saying you don't have a cat picture. This gets you karma, further diluting any and all meaning of the term.\n\n",
"IQTMPOA\n\nI've quietly taken my pants off again. "
]
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[],
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"http://www.urbandictionary.com/"
],
[],
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin%27s_law",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/ShitRedditSays/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/earthporn+villageporn+cityporn+spaceporn+waterporn+abandonedporn+animalporn+humanporn+botanicalporn+adrenalineporn+destructionporn+movieposterporn+albumartporn+machineporn+newsporn+geekporn+bookporn+mapporn+adporn+designporn+roomporn+militaryporn+historyporn+quotesporn+skyporn+fireporn+infrastructureporn+macroporn+instrumentporn+climbingporn+architectureporn+artporn+cemeteryporn+carporn+fractalporn+exposureporn+gunporn+culinaryporn+dessertporn+agricultureporn+boatporn+geologyporn+futureporn+winterporn+foodporn"
],
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8dznlp | question about energy and space. | Where originally did the potential energy that makes everything revolve around the center of the universe come from? Because the enrgy that makes us turn must have come from somewhere. Every scientist i've asked has just told me that there are many theorys but none of them care to elaborate on it. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8dznlp/eli5question_about_energy_and_space/ | {
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"Literally, no one knows. The Big Bang was the release of a stunningly large amount of energy which condensed into all the matter and energy we see in the universe today—indeed, it created the universe we now live in—but we do not know where the Big Bang came from.",
"We do not orbit around the center of the universe. The universe has no center. I think you might have meant the galaxy? If thats the case than it goes like this. The galaxy formed out of a giant cloud of gas. Gravity slowly started pulling it together. It started speeding up until all of the gas in the cloud was falling very fast into its center of gravity. For science reasons beyond the scope of ELI5, the universe likes to make rotating disks. All of the kinetic energy that came from all of that falling gas became rotational energy, which is why the galaxy spins (orbits the center of the galaxy)"
]
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[],
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9o6gcz | how can a bunch of text characters crash a ps4? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9o6gcz/eli5_how_can_a_bunch_of_text_characters_crash_a/ | {
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"Crashes typically happen when a program is caused to enter a state which is unexpected by the programmers, resulting in incorrect behavior such as infinite loops or the attempt to execute instructions which cannot be performed.\n\nIn the case of a message causing a system to crash it might be due to how certain kinds of text are produced. Different languages use different characters which are stored in packages. When a message is received it contains instructions on what packages of characters are to be loaded so the message can be displayed, and it is possible that there is an error somewhere in loading one of those packages where perhaps it does not exist, or causes other problems.\n\nFor example there are some languages which attach certain symbols to other characters, such as above or below them, to modify their meaning. The character packages contain instructions for how a symbol can be attached to another character, and sometimes you can even attach more than one symbol to a character, or nest them so a character has a symbol attached which itself has a symbol attached. A malicious user might then craft a message that has thousands of symbols attached to one character which results in the system trying to display something which the programmers never anticipated would be attempted, leading to unexpected behavior and a crash."
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||
sf1lw | capitalism and socialism; and pros and cons of both. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/sf1lw/eli5_capitalism_and_socialism_and_pros_and_cons/ | {
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"Capitalism: a system of buying and selling things (goods and also services) where the price of everything is determined by the people or companies that are making or doing it. The companies have to make sure their prices are low enough so people will buy, but also high enough so they can make money. This is called \"market driven\" economics, because the market (that is, the combination of buyers and sellers) is thought to determine the price. Charge too much, nobody buys, charge too little, you go broke, hopefully you find the sweet spot. \n\nCapitalism is good because it encourages people to come up with new ideas that they will try to sell for money. It also encourages companies to try to make their things as cheaply as possible so they can sell more. \n\nCapitalism has problems too. Because the cost of a product often decides if it succeeds, things that are good ideas but are expensive may not catch on (solar cells, electric cars, etc.). Other times, the cost of a product may not really show how much it is REALLY costing, by which I mean things like pollution and use of limited resources. Pollution is what's called an externality. You make a hat that sells for $10, but actually the pollution caused by the hat factory will end up costing someone $100 in damage to their water or forest or lungs. Capitalism can not always react quickly enough to make sure everything is safe or actually a good idea.\n\nSocialism: Means different things to different people, but let's talk about how it applies to money and buying/selling things. In capitalism, people are mostly free to buy/sell/make whatever as long as they have the money or the means to make money off of it. In socialism, the government decides or helps to decide the cost of certain goods/services and may even decide how much of a product will be made. This is in attempt to increase the overall happiness, health, and prosperity of its people. \n\nWhen you hear about \"socialized\" items in the US or European countries, it's often healthcare. Socialized healthcare means that the government of a country provides most of its people with medical services with money from taxes. The government decided it is important, so the government pays the bill. In America's capitalist system, people have to pay for medical service or pay for insurance to do so; the government doesn't usually help or decide prices. \n\nSocialist markets are good because they can help make sure everyone has what they need, especially important stuff like medicine. The government can help fix prices low or even give everyone what they ask for (within reason). They can encourage people to buy things that are good for them, and prevent them from buying things that might hurt them.\n\nSocialism has problems because it can be hard for a government to decide exactly what everyone in the country needs, and if they get it wrong either money will be wasted or people will not have enough. Also, there might be something that only a few people want but won't ever be able to find. Plus, if the government decides that one product is good, the people who make/do it don't have a lot of reason to make it better (\"My shoe factory is paid by government to make bad shoes, but what do I care? I get paid and don't have to work hard to make them better!\")\n\n"
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7gbnmq | why is religion still so big in a hyper-informed world? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7gbnmq/eli5_why_is_religion_still_so_big_in_a/ | {
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"The world is not hyper informed. Information is easily accessible, but this also makes *mis*information easily accessible. Basically, you can find a community of thousands that support any crazy belief you have. \n\nThis also drives people into more niche social groups. The fact that you can be in an online community of thousands of evangelicals only makes you *more* evangelical.",
"You have to be aware, that \"hyper informed\" bit is MAYBE 20 years old. The internet is still unbelievably new and still not openly accessible in a lot of the world. Religion is basically as old as humanity, its not something that just goes away in a couple of years. \n\nNow, the youngest generation now is significantly less religious than any previous generation, which sortof answers your question ",
"Organized religion is on the decline in every major country, including the US, which has traditionally had higher levels of religious participation. In the meantime, old habits die hard.\n\n\n\n",
"Another thing to be aware of, in addition to the factors already mentioned, is intelligence. There is a [negative *correlation* between intelligence and religiosity] (_URL_0_). The word *correlation* is important: it's a statistical term, like a trend, that describes populations but not individuals. So there will be exceptions, but the trend is still statistically real."
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61an43 | how does a satellites stay positioned on a geostationary orbital target that is not on the equator? | If a satellite maintaining a geostationary orbit on the equator stays on that spot above the earth, how does a communication satellite, say serving Norway, maintain its position? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/61an43/eli5_how_does_a_satellites_stay_positioned_on_a/ | {
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"Geostationary orbits are only above the equator. Geosynchronous orbits are at the same distance but not necessarily in the plane of the equator.\n\nCommunications satellites are not necessarily geostationary or geosynchronous; if there are enough of them all at different orbits then they can cover most of the earth. ",
"Have you noticed that, for instance, satellite TV dishes don't point straight up? They usually point more or less due south (in the northern hemisphere), and closer to the horizon the further north you get.\n\nThat's because geostationary sats are always above the equator, or they wouldn't be geostationary (geosynchronous is a thing, but has different uses).\n\nHowever, geosynchronous orbit is far enough out that it is far enough from the horizon even from high latitudes, so it's not really a problem.",
"Well, the short answer is that the geostationary satellite serving Norway is also physically placed over the equator.\n\nThe longer answer is that a satellite transmits with a well aimed signal. Any place where you can reasonably easy with consumer electronics receive the signal is called *signal footprint*. As in, that is a place where the signal is easy to receive.\n\nIf you point the signal towards Norway from the geostationary satellite above the equator, the signal will spill over to other nearby countries as well. It will however not be as easy to tune in. If the signal is *intended* for Norway, it's probably possible to receive with a 80cm dish anywhere in the country. But in..say...Germany, it will also be possible to tune in the signal. But you will almost certainly need a larger dish. Say...150cm or thereabout.\n\nThe example I just gave is a bit flawed because Norway is a pretty long country (as in, it's far from the most northern point to the most southern point.) and you will probably have different reception requirements in different parts of the country. It will be difficult to point one single transmitter footprint that is equally optimal in the entire country."
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7dhuv7 | how can people like ajit pai, who is trying to reverse the regulations that the fcc exists to create, come into power as the chairman of such an organization? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7dhuv7/eli5_how_can_people_like_ajit_pai_who_is_trying/ | {
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"The President nominates someone. The Senate confirms them (or doesn't). That's pretty much the extent of it, although I suppose that if the FBI background check failed, that would also end the process.\n\nTrump nominated a radio talk show host to be chief scientist of the Dept of Agriculture. And someone to be a federal judge who has never tried a case in a courtroom and was rated \"not qualified\" by the ABA. And where Obama's first Secretary of Energy was a Nobel Prize winning physicist, Trump picked Rick Perry, who famously wanted to eliminate the DOE.\n\nTrump bashing aside, the reality is that the Senate is supposed to act as a check on Presidential nominations. If they fail to do their duty and rubber stamp unqualified nominees, there is literally no process in place to prevent this. \n\nAll Presidents have had some questionable nominees (Bush chose someone with NO relevant to lead FEMA, all presidents tend to choose political donors to field important Ambassador posts)\n\nIt used to be worse. Before the advent of the Civil Service system, almost ALL executive branch positions were filled as political favors (the \"spoils\" system). Garfield was assassinated by a disgruntled office-seeker who did not get the job he wanted. Garfield, ironically, was the first to introduce substantial Civil Service reform, and the law was signed by his successor.\n\nAnd while I agree that Pai is a poor choice to head the FCC, \"corrupt\" is really not appropriate."
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2e2s6d | why is it that soccer players seem to get injured so often and for such long durations yet "rougher" sports like rugby seem to have less injuries? | Edit: Would just like to clarify that I was asking about actual injuries, not "faked" injuries players often use to get free kicks and penalties.
Players like Robben, Pato and Walcott seem to spend the majority of their time healing
Edit2: How you know the Americans have woken up _URL_0_ | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2e2s6d/eli5_why_is_it_that_soccer_players_seem_to_get/ | {
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"Because the game is different, in rugby the torso is what is hitting the most often and it is really strong when in soccer legs are the part taking the hits and it is much easier to break a leg than breaking your torso.",
"Soccer injuries are mostly related to the immense strain of running around for 90 minutes. In soccer you only get to substitute players three times (one player at a time), which means that at least eight players will be on field for the full duration of the game.\n\nThis is why lesions in soccer are mostly in leg ligaments etc. It's not necessarily the physical violence, but the strain those muscles are put under for the whole duration of the game. This is also why players throw themselves to the ground so often - if you trip even the slightest bit, you should drop and roll immediatly, or risk breaking a tendon or worse from dropping your tired feet wrongly. \n\nSometimes players are so strained they pull a muscle just by running forward with the ball. \n\nThat being said, people get injured in rugby all the time, I don't think it's any less than in soccer. \n\nEdit: Of course every time a soccer player drops to the ground, he'll try and score a foul for his team, which is why most people get mad at the payers for falling. But they do it for safety reasons. \n\nEdit 2: Getting constantly kicked, pushed and stomped in the legs doesn't help either. \n\nEdit 3: People pointed out that you can sub all three players at once, which is true. So to explain myself better I meant you can pull three substitutions, and each \"substitution\" is one player per another player. If you substitute two players at the same time, that counts as two substitutions, and you can only do one more in the game. That's what I meant - sorry for the confusion.\n\nEdit 4: Two major points people have been arguing:\n\n- I was trying to explain why people get injured so much in soccer, since that's the OP's main question. I don't know whether that happens more often than in rugby like the OP suggests, I always assumed rugby players have it worse but I really don't have the numbers. Really I don't care about comparisons, I think they are both great sports played by athletes at the peak of their physical performance. \n- I explained myself poorly when I said that players fall often to not get hurt. It's of course more complicated than that: players are instructed to fall for safety reasons at the slightest twist, at a sharp pain, etc. Of course, it's really difficult to tell the difference between falling for safety or a straight-out dive, and that leads to players trying to cheat and score a foul. This happens, though, because there's a legitimate reason for players to fall in the first place - that's what I meant!\n\nAlso I've been calling it soccer because of the OP but I'm portuguese so I call it football like all the cool kids :)",
"I am not even sure the premise of the question is correct except that it might \"seem\" that this is the case. You'd have to look at statistics of injuries per minute played, etc.",
"Rugby players get injured all the time.",
"* because legs, knees, ankles and tendons are more fragile than the torso, shoulder or head. your upper body is made to protect your wital organs, the legs have no such protection.\n* because legs move at a higher speed than the torso while running. if you run at 5 m/s (~19 km/h ~14 mp/h), your forward moving leg is moving 10 m/s. due to that the impact velocities in association football are much higher.\n* because the game takes longer for each player and the players are more exhausted. being exhausted means that the probability that a simple trip damages the muscles or tendons is much higher.\n\nthere are some association football players who are known to be prone to injury (*verletzungsanfällig* in german) because they get tackled often, refuse to avoid being tackled or simply don't know how to fall properly (i.e. without further strain on the tackled leg). take arjen robben for example.",
"Rugby players are built to take hits and no so much for speed, where as for soccer players this is the reverse, especially for the attacking players.\r\rAlso if you think about it you are more in control of something when using your hands and can be more precise. When you are running at speed with a ball at your feet and the other player can only use their feet to get it off you things are gonna get mistimed. Same for when they are contesting hearders.",
"Well this sorta Awkward...[My broken femur from rugby](_URL_0_) NSFW I think",
"There are a number of reasons but the main one is that in rugby, players are trained to take hard hits. In soccer, they're not. They're trained to roll in a certain way because if they stumble or trip at the speeds they run at, they will likely break a leg or tear a tendon. ",
"I read somewhere that Rugby players have the most injuries of any sport. Whether they are more minor (you often see bashed up faces after games) or not I am unsure. Football (soccer) they are under quite a lot of strain, they can easily run up to 10k or more a game. Add in that tackles come in at ankle level, if this hits you when running at full speed, you may well roll over a few times.",
"This kind of thing can happen in football...\n\n_URL_0_",
"(Admittedly anecdotal) The piece of my patella operating as my Acl tells me rugby players get hurt a good deal too. \n\nOne thing I find interesting with rugby, at least on the social level, is the focus on safety when tackling. That emphasis I would guess cuts down on the number of injuries. \n\n",
"There are a lot of great answers here. Constant running for ninety minutes with few breaks, and leg muscles are more fragile to begin with. However, I think there's one more factor to take into considerations:\n\nSoccer players play for more games during the season too. When you've played forty games and you're sprinting at full speed after ninety minutes of running up and down the pitch when a six-foot-five center-back the size of a water buffalo gets a running start and then rams your cruciate ligament from the side, it's bound to do some damage (look up Marco Materazzi videos on youtube. The man is a butcher). There are times when they have to play three games a week (League, Cup-Ties, and European Competitions). Regardless of injuries, that's very taxing. (although teams normally try to implement squad rotation systems to avoid this). ",
"You would be amazed at just how hard some football tackles hit. Even a body check can put you flat on your face.",
"Everything said in this thread about how soccer injuries occur is true however I also think some of it just has to do with a culture of playing through injuries. Rugby, hockey, and American football are three sports I am familiar with that have a mentality of fuck it just keep going. I know guys who get told they have to have surgery and just keep playing making it worse and only get surgery in the off season. Offensive linemen who played entire seasons with broken hands. Bobby Baun scored the game winning goal for the Stanley cup on a taped broken ankle. This approach is arguably stupid and it often leads to further injuries however there is a greater culture of playing hurt in those sports than all other sports I have played (although I never played higher level soccer). ",
"There are some injuries you can't play through like running around with an injured hamstring on a grass pitch. There are other injuries like a foot injury that will still allow you to skate and get by since the pressure involved on the leg in skating is different from the type of pressure involved on the leg in running however this doesn't stop hockey players, those guys are psycopaths and will basically play through anything during the playoffs/championships. It's always interesting to see the injuries that they were playing through after the series ends:\n\nPatrice Bergeron played durign the playoffs through 4 playoff series with a broken rib, torn cartilage obtained in the final, and a separated shoulder. Dustin Brown played through a PCL injury, Marc Vlasic played with a hairline fracture which was frozen before every game, Justin Braun played through a hand operation, etc\n\nOh yeah and there was some guy who broke his leg then stayed on the ice during a penalty-kill until his shift ended...",
"There is obviously a lot of diving in football but when players do get injured you've got to remember that the typical football player isn't build like a rugby player so cant take a tackle as easily.. also, the injuries tend to mostly be with the ankle or lower leg which isn't really affected from a rugby tackle.",
"In Rugby especially there's a culture of ignoring small injuries. It's the opposite in Soccer. \n\nThe athletes are also much bulkier and can't get up to top speed in the short distances they sprint. Soccer players run longer distances before impact and hit at higher speeds. It's the same reason in American Football that you don't see Linebackers with season ending injuries as often as a Wide Receiver. They have more time to get up to full speed ",
"There is also the fact that if someone gets injured in football, especially a big name pro like Walcott etc its international news, if a Premier League rugby player gets injured, unless its an international player just before a tournament you don't hear about it. Football players (at least English premier league ones) are more likely to be in the papers with paparazzi following them around.\n\nRugby players are also trained at how to 'fall' e.g. how to hit the ground and protect the player and the ball. ",
"I've played both high level school boys rugby and football(soccer) and from anecdotal evidence, there were more injuries in rugby. They were more minor ie broken fingers,black eyes, cramps, strains and the like. Football injuries were less common but more significant, stuff that can put you out all season. But that's just me :/ ",
"Just from personal experience growing up playing the game, the injuries to your legs are amplified more so than injuries in other sports. If I pull a muscle in my leg I cannot get much power or accuracy on the ball until the injury is fully healed or very close to fully healed. So if, for example, I don't properly stretch before a game and pull something in my thigh or my calf starts to hurt, I have to come out because I will be ineffective and useless. \n\nI also played basketball growing up. When I hurt my legs or upper body in basketball I simply switched my style of play a bit to compensate for that injury. If I hurt my arms I might start driving or posting up to get closer shots than I would by shooting 3's with a bad arm. You cannot make this adjustment in soccer because you have to play the whole field for the whole game. \n\nSimply put, the injuries are likely similar levels to other sports, you just cannot play through them in soccer as easily.",
"Of course nobody remembers a few years ago when American football players said they fake injuries to slow down the tempo of the game and catch their breath. It's just not as noticeable because there's violent contact on every play. ",
"Rugby players typically are pretty much running in one direction. Footballers are twisting and turning in every direction for 90 minutes +, and most injuries are the result of awkwardly twisted joints.\n\nAlso since football is played with the feet (obviously) you're likely to get a lot of wear and tear, made worse by the fact that players use metal or hardened plastics studs/blades. Bones in the feet are very delicate and when you get a player (perhaps trying to get the ball, perhaps trying to get you out of the game) stamping down on the top of your foot -or raking down the back of your heel - with a boot sole lined with metal blades then injuries are liable to occur.\n\nWhile in Rugby you do get funny business happening in rucks/scrums/mauls, tackling technique is actually *relatively* safe, especially since 'spear tackling' has been outlawed. It's harder to break a rib getting tackled in rugby than it is to break your metatarsal playing football.",
"There are more serious injuries in soccer than rugby because the majority of the contact occurs with low level load-bearing joints such as ankles and knees. In rugby the hits are bigger but shoulder to shoulder is far easier to absorb than foot sliding into ankle.",
"I would say firstly the media profile of football is a lot higher you only have to watch ssn for a few minutes to see who is out for the match on the weekend, yet you rarely see any rugby injury news, also as the contracts are so much higher in football you would expect the clubs to protect their investment more and rest players when necessary rather than as said in previous comments in Rugby where players are more likely to play through minor injuries ",
"Growing up I played American football, lacrosse and soccer - 3 different seasons every year. Football we all know is extremely rough and in lacrosse you are hitting people with metal sticks all day (such a fun sport!), but I saw way more serious injuries in soccer than the other sports! From balls breaking arms (which is still unbelievable to me) to elbow blows knocking people unconscious to serious leg breaks. It is a much rougher game than it appears from afar; two people running at top speed while smashing into people (unprotected) while trying to maintain your balance/jump/swing your leg/etc. can result in spectacular collisions. Adding the fatigue element in only compounds this.",
"There is a school of thought that the NFL is much more dangerous because all of the pads give the wearer a greater sense of invincibility - and things like helmets can be used as weapons. If NFL players didn't wear helmets, they wouldn't tackle/laumch/crush their skulls like they currently do.\n\nThat said, also, aren't concussions just as common in soccer due to headers and what not? I understand this is the case at say the US highschool level.",
"there are a lot of good reasons here but the biggest reason of all?\n\nConfirmation bias.",
"Because rugby is based on body tackling, and more contact, professional rugby players are generally a lot stronger and have more muscle supporting the structures around joints. This helps to prevent breaks and ligament injuries. \n\nAlso, football contains a lot more dynamic movement, in terms of constantly changing direction, rather than the mostly forward moving nature of rugby. Knee ligaments mostly help to keep the joint stable when changing direction, so this structure is put under more strain in football.\n\nComplete ACL tear and meniscus tear sufferer speaking.\n\nEdit: Or should I say, \"Soccer\"...",
"When I was growing up in South Africa, I saw way more injuries coming from Rugby. They were often serious too.",
"I'm a physio - colleagues of mine have given up working for football teams to work with rugby teams precisely because there are more (and more varied) injuries in rugby. Gives them more to do.",
"I think a lot of it has to do with direction. A lot of collisions in soccer happen at 90 and 180 degrees from each other, while rugby and 'murican ball are often more or less parallel to each other, or (in the case of the qb) some derp just sitting there getting nailed. They're higher velocity collisions, I suspect, even if it doesn't look like it.",
"A lot of people have already mentioned a few factors such as:\n1. Running for 90 minutes with few breaks\n2. Limited substitutions \n3. The stress on the joints from transition from sprinting to long distance running.\n4. Number of games\n\nI would also like to add that soccer training is probably the most difficult of any sport because at some positions you have to be a borderline collegiate sprinter AND collegiate distance runner. In addition to being a world class actual soccer player. All of this is very taxing on your body, but more importantly it takes time to build this type of endurance back up so that you are match fit and can play the entire 90 minutes.",
"Rugby player here with a gf that plays soccer.\n\nTwo points that I haven't seen ITT\n\n1. Rugby might have less injuries than American football because since no one has pads and no helmet there is less of the dangerous spearing/flying into someone tackles. Obviously there are crazy ruggers who will do it all the same but I believe it happens less. \n\n2. Rugby might have less injuries than soccer because of how the game of soccer places players, specifically their legs, in vulnerable positions. Since soccer players are typically on one leg when making a play it is likely a slide tackle will hit the flexed leg supporting a persons entire weight. This can easily result in the ankle/knee damage so common in soccer.\n\nHowever, everyone saying rugby isn't intense probably hasn't played a full game... Or maybe they were a back haha. Pros make it look easy because they know strategy and form and can back each other up on plays, but try an 80 min collegiate game at any level and tell me how you feel after.",
"As a side note though a lot of Americans really seem to hate the fact that the rest of the world likes something they don't...",
"Honestly at high speeds the slightest touch to your legs( which is the place contact happens in soccer) will cause you to fly. Essentially you try to take another step so your legs off the ground and your other leg just doesn't come. Yes there's more contact in rugby but it's at a much lower speed and the players tend to not WANT to hurt each other whereas soccer and even American football some players want you out of the game. If you're a good dribbler or something all bets are off. Also, contact while running +15mph is generally very painful, your body's going that fast so you're legs are moving even faster to carry you.",
"Because you are running and trying to complete precise tasks with your feet at the same time. A tackle can be like throwing a stick in the spokes of someone's front bike tire.",
"There's a saying in the UK (or at least Scotland) that football (soccer) is a gentleman's game played by thugs. And Rugby is a thugs game played by gentleman.",
"I'd like to take a hack at this one. As far as my experience goes, I played collegiate rugby in the Pac-12 and my long-time girlfriend is in her senior year for soccer at the same school. \n\nI know for my team and the entirety of the time that I played, there was a pride element to play through injuries. Most sports do the same thing too, especially male ones, but in a sport like rugby where as soon as you mention it it seems that people are taken aback by how you could basically dismantle one another on the pitch for 80 minutes it sort of becomes stupid to complain about little injuries. Myself, my last season this year I pulled my psfirmous muscle, no idea how to spell it, it's a supporting muscle for the hamstring. Anyways, I couldn't sh*t without it raging something fierce because of having to sit on it, and I could run and do everything else on it but the minute I even hit the ground on that side my leg would go numb. And for better or worse, I didn't pull myself out. Nothing was broken, I could sprint, run, lift etc-it was just a pain tolerance. A hard as hell tolerance to let go off, put none the less. I think that type of attitude is more ingrained in sports like rugby and football that push that stereotype of warrior on to their competitors, in rugby it's almost of badge of honor to get hurt---you know you're doing something right? I can't tell you how many times I've seen team mates get a concussion, act like new born deer and keep on trucking. I myself am guilty of that once or twice. \n\nNow, as for soccer, a lot of the hits they do take aren't really seen. I hear complaints about swollen ankles and knees just from practice because they have situations set-up to closely mimic those frantic times in the games where everyone is kicking shins. Also, knowing there training regiment, for this school at least, a lot of the weight training is based on endurance, quickness, and speed. Not so much overall power that would increase leg size that might aid in taking some of these beatings. The guys team is incredibly fit, string beans, but fit. In rugby you're trying to as much as you can pack on a lil mass to protect your joints. In soccer, that mass will likely only be a hinderance to you. \n\nAlso, to say that rugby you can take a step or two off and not in soccer is absurd. I'd argue there is the same amount of down time with ever position comparatively. In soccer if you're in the back line and your team is down on the opposite end, you're a spectator. Same thing can happen in rugby if it's a break away, but if you're trying push it in then you're all down there. So I'd call it close.\n\nBut generally, to wrap this awkward post up, it's early here, I think the fact that they need to sell it is a major point for soccer. So much of there injuries are dirty little moves that kind of go unseen. Almost like beneath the water in water polo. At the collegiate plus level everyone knows how to get away with it, and if you have to roll on the ground to save your knee. So be it. That culture/aspect just doesn't exist in rugby. \n\nOverall, it's still apples and oranges although we use the same pitch!",
"Soccer players have a lot of injuries but the reasons for this are multi factorial. 90 minute games, playing pretty much year round, contact sport...you could go on but for me it's how you move.\n\nCompare how you run in any other contact sport your feet and knees go in the most stable position for you to either avoid contact or prepare for it. Not in soccer.\n\nThe position of your legs is changed by where the ball is. Players contort themselves into unstable positions to reach it a ball to control or tap it in a direction. Making your knees, ankles and feet vulnerable, and on top of that these are the times players get hit. \n\nIt's not the level of contact the gets players injured (most of the time), it's how that contact is delivered. Are they twisting, was their weight on the same leg, did hit come from the side, etc. I think soccer players get less hard hits but they have way more off balance hits meaning more injuries.",
"Body composition plays a huge part in it. Rugby players carry a lot of muscle which supports the joints, soccer players have to be much leaner due to speed and agility being much more valuable to a soccer player than brute strength. The trade off is that they're much more prone to muscular tweaks, particularly in the hamstring.\n\nSoccer is one of the trickiest sports to optimise body composition for as there is a near enough 50:50 split between the need for stamina and sprinting i.e. Slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibres. In trying to have the best of both worlds, soccer players' bodies are often (figuratively) pulling their muscles in two different directions which leads to the many strains that seem so prevalent. \n\nAlso there is a major difference in the contact in the two sports. In Rugby, near enough everything is head on, and despite the big impacts, it's usually spread across a large area. In soccer, the impact is a lot more localised, and often unexpected. A winger who cuts inside and doesn't realise there's a player there might have his ankle taken by a sliding tackle. The impact of the studs means there impact area is smaller and the risk of injury greater. In Rugby you can often prepare for the tackle, more often than not in soccer you're unaware it's coming. ",
"as you can see, it is pretty fucking annoying being a soccer fan in the united states. no respect for the history and finesse of the sport. \n\njust a \"pussy sport\" when everyone would rather watch men in tight pants tackle each other for five seconds at a time. ",
"i think you just don't hear about rugby injuries as much because it's not as popular. Football players are higher profile and are paid more.\n\nalso, as @ceelar said, there's a lot of strain in running for 90 minutes. \n\non top of that, there's a lot of short burst sprinting. think of how a rubber band snaps easier if you stretch it fast rather than slowly. notice that the three players you pointed out are players that are known to have very quick sprints.\n\non top of THAT, the mechanics of the kicking motion cause crazy amounts of strain on joints and muscles.\n\nON TOP OF THAT, top tier soccer players play 2-3 games a week with league games, cup games, international cup games and so on. I dont know about rugby, but the soccer schedule is insane (as opposed to one game a week in american football. baseball has multiple games A DAY, but, c'mon. it's baseball. yea)\n\nhope that helps.",
"Because soccer *cough*football*cough* is a gentleman's sport played by hooligans, whereas Rugby is a hooligans sport played by gentlemen.",
"I think a huge factor is that, as rugby is such a rough game, the players really *know* how to do it *safely*. It sounds counter-intuitive but the players in professional rugby can tackles, and do scrums and rucks, in a fashion that minimises the chances of serious injury.\n\nInjuries (especially back and spine injuries) are prevalent in high-school rugby as the players just aren't as experienced.",
"The obvious answer is that they *don't*. None of the studies I've seen regarding injuries in sport have come close to suggesting that football has more injuries than either code of rugby (union or league). \n\nAs a regular viewer of all three sports I can say quite confidently that the injury count in football doesn't begin to compare from what I've seen. \n\nYou only have to look at the current NRL rugby league competition in Australia. Damn near every team is missing half their first-choice player. In the Aviva Premiership the other year they did a study which found that more than a 3rd of the competition were injured at any one time. I've never in my life seen anything like that in any football competition (admittedly I've followed the Premier League and English Championship primarily). \n\nI'm not sure how they compare at a youth level as I've often heard youth rugby (both kinds) are surprisingly safe. ",
"Has the OP provided proof that soccer has more injuries than rugby? Everyone is responding to him as if his post is matter of fact - it's bogus. \n\nFootball is relatively safe by comparison to rugby. Rugby has ridiculously more injuries than football. ",
"I play rugby, football, and occasionally soccer. My experiences have been that when I am done with any rugby match I am \"hurt\". The pain is just superficial stuff like scrapes and bruises. Soccer and American football always seem to leave me either unscathed or injured. That's usually because in rugby you are literally intended to have regulated collisions and most players are smart about it. Injuries in soccer are usually unintentional and at least one party involved in a collision was not ready, thus serious injuries happen. American football is similar to rugby in terms of collisions except that pads and helmets give players a false sense of security it seems. ",
"For the record, I am American and I think Football is awesome because it is actually played with feet and requires skill and large amounts of endurance. Endurance is what mankind is known for in the animal kingdom and soccer shows just how great Hoomans are.",
"It looks like the players hardly touch, but they are running so fast that they impact into eachother with great force, here is a perfect example, Henke Larsson's cleats are dug into the ground preventing his foot from moving, the other players shin looks like it barely touches but Henke's shin explodes from the impact.\n\nWarning Leg Break footage: _URL_0_\n",
"Firstly football (soccer) players play for longer, with less breaks and more times a season than most athletes. Also, tackles in football are concentrated at the legs, if your legs are planted on the ground and they get hit they can move like the rest of the body so they just snap. But the big thing is that they have to turn and change pace and jump around much quicker than most athletes. Especially with overworked legs this causes a lot of pressure on the joints and muscles. ",
"I haven't played soccer since AYSO in elementary school but I played basketball and football in high school and then rugby in college. I suffered injuries in basketball more than rugby. A lot of it has to do with body type. My body type was not made for the sharp cutting basketball requires - it destroyed my knees and ankles. But I played two years of rugby and never got injured. I got minor sprains and every game gave me a body-mapping of bruises and cuts, but those were nothing. The clean contact of rugby's torso on torso (when playing with people who know how to use proper form) subjects you to less risk of minor but still serious injuries. Rugby does subject you to the risk of concussions but as there are not as many sharp cutting movements the knee and ankle problems virtually went away. Also, in basketball the unforgiving wood floor is probably worse than the grass fields in rugby that give way to sharp cutting movements (though that doesn't really explain soccer). ",
"What constitutes an injury is really what will make you less effective. A pulled ham in soccer is devastating. In rugby, its bad, but you can still be on the field. \n\nI was playing baseball and football in the same week and bruised some ribs. I couldnt swing a bat correctly, so I had to sit out. But the ribs only hurt when I really hit someone, so I was able to keep playing with no real risk of doing more damage. ",
"I think it's mostly because of the way soccer players position their legs.\n\nI play soccer and last season I dislocated my kneecap, got a contusion on my femur, and tore my quad in two places. What happened is I planted my front knee and tapped the ball back to my other foot. When I turned my hips and torso a defender's thigh hit the inside of my knee which is what dislocated my kneecap. The force of the impact is what caused the contusion and my leg was forced out in a weird way which is what tore my quad. \n\nAll in all it was a pretty bad injury but it was a pretty routine play. Turning back and to both sides is pretty common in soccer because the ball can go basically anywhere while football and rugby very vertical games. Most hits happen straight forward and you can brace for them. Most of the times in soccer when I get hit it's from the sides and sometimes the back although it's hard to get a good tackle from behind that isn't a foul. Trying to tackle someone straight on in soccer is usually pretty silly because they can just tap the ball around you. \n\nI don't know if the number of injuries is actually all that different. I think a big part of it is that playing soccer while hurt even a little bit can seriously hurt your performance, especially late in the game when fatigue sets in. You can't adjust your game in soccer to not use your right leg because it's hurt since you have to pass and receive and carry your weight on both legs. In most other sports you could change your play style a bit to play around your injury. Instead of shooting threes with a bad arm you could try to drive in or focus on passing the ball but in soccer, the most injured body part is also the one that we can't live without. ",
"As a physio for one of the top rugby club's in Europe and also having experience in football (soccer), I can tell you that injury rates are much much higher in rugby - in my experience. The difference comes in that rugby is a collision sport and so there are more traumatic injuries such as dislocations, fractures, concussion. On top of the contact, you are asking very large, heavy men to run up to 16km in a game at mid-high speed. They are also training 5 days a week, most of which involves one rugby session and one strength & conditioning session. The physical demands are huge. As such the amount of work going in behind the scenes in terms of injury prevention is also huge. Also remember that these guys are phenomenally strong and adaptable so can continue to play with injuries that would put your average Joe out of sport for a long time. In rugby there is an emphasis on getting players into the treatment rooms.\n\n\nMy experience in football was to try and keep players out of the treatment rooms as much as possible. Your average footballer will be physically smaller than a rugby player, however will on average be faster and cover more distance. They will also jump more in a game and utilise more change of directions in a game and at a faster pace. This places them under greater risk for muscle strains, especially hamstrings and adductors. \n\nSo, to summarise, my experience in professional sport is that there are more injuries in rugby than football, and the injuries tend to be longer term.",
"The rate of injury is going to be higher in more contact driven sports like rugby. That's a fact.\n\nWhat I think you mean is that the injuries in soccer are more apparent. \n\nIn soccer, the rules reward players for exaggerating injuries more.\n\nIn games like American Football, Hockey, or Rugby, the rules do not reward exaggerating injuries to the same degree. In fact, all of these sports place a cultural value on being tough, giving players a reason to hide minor injuries.",
"ITT : people who clearly don't play or even watch football giving their expert opinions",
"FOOTBALL\nthank you",
"Bit of easy physics. Get a stick of softwood and partially anchor it to the ground (dig it an inch into some soft dirt). Hit the top - stick falls over unharmed. Hit the bottom - stick breaks. When you hit something close to it's anchor leverage works against you. When you hit something far from it's anchor it works in your favour. Soccer is centred around the leg. When the foot is dug in to soft soil impact on the leg will lead to breakage. Rugby is (ideally) centred around the upper body, which isn't anchored. Obviously there's more at play. Softwood isn't a great stand in for a human body. But the experiment does a good job of showing that specific principal.",
"soccer players typically run for about 11km per match... more than most other sports... your typical quarter back in NFL covers just 2km per match... _URL_0_\n\nsoccer players also tend to twist and turn more both with and without the ball and can be tackled from all angles so it can be difficult to anticipate where a tackle will come from and difficult to prepare / adjust your body for it..\n\nin some sports e.g. Rugby & NFL you could have damaged legs / strained muscles in legs but still play a full match and be an asset to a team... if you can't run and kick a ball in soccer, you're a complete liability... so any leg injuries must be fully healed before a player can play again.",
"My only qualification here is soccer player. I've never played or studied rugby in depth at all, so please feel free to correct me if I'm wrong. \n\nBasically, Rugby is a contact sport with lots of contact. Soccer is a non contact sport with lots of contact. \n\nIn Rugby, there's an emphasis on safety. You plan to hit and get hit and train accordingly. In soccer, you train to get the ball. Not the other players. But when you DO get hit in soccer, it's often not the tackle that you'd see in rugby. In rugby, you're hitting body to body. In soccer, when you get hit, it's usually a kick or a bad tackle, which has more potential to cause injury. It's a large amount of energy (your leg muscle at maximum strength) concentrated in a small area (your foot) which causes a significant amount of force (usually on the ball). But when that force is accidentally delivered to a players leg, or ankle in my case today (ow), it can cause a lot of damage. A bad tackle can take out your knees and ruin them basically forever. Imagine throwing a stick between the spokes of a speeding bicycle, except with your delicate little human knees.\n\nBasically, soccer players deliver a similar amount of strength to a play, but it's much more focused than in full contact sports, and players aren't meant or equipped to take those blows.",
"My guess its because rugby is much more rule driven. The action flows in very controlled and predictable way. Play is limited by the rules of the game. Football is incredibly random and varied in its action and as a player its very very easy to suddenly find yourself in a physically risky situation where damage is likely to be done. There's just more randomness in football. ",
"Any ideas? Cheers.",
"Any recommendations? Kudos...",
"I'm surprised that I didn't see anything in the top comments about equipment and flow of play.\n\nIf you look at the bottom of soccer footwear these days, you'll often see fairly firm, elongated rectangle-like studs. Some of the \"flops\" you see in soccer are just human beings reacting to the immense pain of taking these hard cleats to the bony parts of the legs/ankles. When I watch soccer with friends, sometimes they will say \"He barely got hit!\" and all I can think of is how much that kind of contact hurts. \n\nAlso the run of play makes a big difference in rugby since there is not a lot of long run-ups from tackling player to tackled player, and a great deal of the movement is lateral (and as mentioned in lots of the top posts, rugby has more down-time in the run of play that helps muscles get little rests). In soccer, a tackling player might come in directly at full-speed to a player in the opposite direction (high force), or from behind (unexpected force) which leads to many of the injuries I see in soccer.",
"There's enough \"Soccer's for pussies and they really DON\"T get injured\", and \"tougher sportsmen actually just play injured, even paying off doctors to okay them\" posts on here, that I don't really have anything to add here.",
"Soccer is a gentleman sport played by animals, and rugby is an animal sport played by gentlemen.",
"In soccer there is very little \"stopping\" once the game starts. Since you play in halves, the only real break comes in the middle for halftime. Once the whistle is blown you are running up and down the field and from side to side pretty much constantly unless your team is really killing it and you are a defender/keeper. \n\nIn addition to the constant intense cardio exercise for 45 minutes at a time, you have regular impacts with other players. Sometimes it is short and quick like when you bounce off of each other or kick each other going for the ball or sometimes you get the real crash and burn moments where heads collide (sometimes with other heads), a slide kick goes awry and takes someone out, you get the idea. These regular impacts and constant motion add to fatigue and cause the body to give out more.\n\nSo TLDR; sometimes it is just harder to pull yourself from the brink of whole-body physical exhaustion that a soccer game induces, so you use it to delay and get a chance to breathe. Sometimes your body is just so fatigued that injuries take longer to heal, plus you have to be able to heal up enough to go full throttle again when you hit the field. \n\nSource: not an expert. Played soccer for 10 yrs, basketball for 5, and various other sport-like activities throughout my life. Soccer is legitimately hard.",
"The best and most accurate answers i've seen here have simply pointed out the different nature of various sports.\n\nRugby or American football, while very physical and potentially very dangerous, require players to expect hits in most instances and therefore players are, for the most part, prepared to defend themselves/brace themselves for the hit.\n\nSports like soccer and basketball require players to play loose, to almost ignore the idea of there being any contact, in order to perform the skills.\n\nSo when a soccer player is tackled hard or a basketball player is knocked off balance in mid-air and lands on hard-wood, they've had to consciously disregard preparing themselves for it/their bodies are in more vulnerable positions.\n\nDifferent sports contain different perils.",
"Soccer has you doing something unnatural to a delicate part of your body.\n\nI play many sports. Tennis, running, volleyball, etc. Sports that are typically known for being hard on joints and ankles. No problems for years. I took up soccer about 6 months ago, and sprained my ankle. It was baaaad. 6 Month recovery. My girlfriend tore her acl and her mcl a few years ago in the same way, soccer. It's a combination of cleats (they stick into the ground causing more of a roll), and using your feet to manipulate the ball as well as balance that makes it so awkward. You find yourself in these positions with torques on your ankles and knees that no other sport does to them. You might roll off of the ball and then a spoke of your cleat catches a clump of dirt. Can you picture it? I can't get it out of my head and it hurts every time I re-imagine it. POP! I've never heard a tendon explode before. It's loud! It's very easy to come down on an ankle while it's to the side. It's hard to know how to land.\n\nAnyways that's my two cents.",
"This makes sense because of how easy it is to get a cramp/sprained anything/messed up knee in football. There's more running over a longer period of time. Rugby, on the other hand, is more like American Football...shorter controlled bursts of power and energy. Less likely of a small cramp/what have you due to the nature of the actions the sport takes. Bigger envelope for a more devastating injury",
"When you say rougher you mean contact. contact brings the arms into play (shock absorption) and causes the players to get bigger (reducing speed). The knowledge that contact isn't just allowed but expected means players who encounter each other are going to move defensively.Also pressure to perform can breed recklessness (bigger stage = bigger risk).",
"Because they kick the ball really hard. A lot of times they miss and their opponents legs are in the way. In rugby they hit hard but they hit in fairly protected areas. The arms, the chest, the head. ",
"All explanations here are bullshit. It's quite simple:\n\nFootball is a game for gentlemen, played by thugs.\n\nRugby is a game for thugs, played by gentlemen.\n",
"It's because they do a lot more twisting and direction changing than rugby players do. This puts stress on the knees. They also run further for longer which effects the hamstrings (this happens a lot with wingers and strickers). Finally, the studs on the boots of other players can cause injury when they're hit. \n\nIgnore the dicks on here going on about them being pussies. Yes, they feign injury, but just for free kicks or penalties, not to go off. They want to play. So if a player goes off with an injury, it's legit. ",
"lold at edit2",
"Italians don't play rugby?",
"This about sums it up _URL_0_",
"Most top answers here are not correct. First, your premise doesn't hold. You think injuries in those sport are worst, but until you can provide numbers that demonstrate that the statement is true, all possible explanations basically are not valid.\n\nDiscussing specifically soccer: I'm not an expert, but I've played soccer all my life. I'd say that in soccer, hard injuries hit sensible parts, like ankles and knees. They are easily injured. Without much force, hitting your ankle in the air can take you out for months or years (happened to me). Another problem is that soccer is a more diverse sport, as opposed to basketball or rugby or American football. You get short and tall people, slim and muscular. Is easier to injure somebody way smaller and way weaker.\n\nI'd not agree with injuries coming from running 90 minutes. Those are basically not very common in professional soccer, only in office leagues.",
"Soccer players are the most tender?",
"Smaller injuries to the leg might totally compromise a soccer player's effectiveness whereas in rugby most upper body injuries can be played through. Also there's far more money in football so it's cost effective for a slightly injured player to come off when a small injury presents itself rather than play on and risk a longer term injury. There is more of a culture of toughness in rugby too. Having said that about 5 years ago when I followed rugby consistently there was a serious injury blight so I'm not sure if this is not just a common misconception.",
"It's because rugby is a thugs game, played by gentlemen and soccer is a gentlemens game played by thugs.",
"There are alot of responses here but I'll try to give you an answer from the other side of the coin. In rugby and in rougher sports, contact is very much expected. As such, it is heavily regulated and only certain things are allowed. On top of that players in rugby and hockey and other sports are taught day in and day out how to tackle properly, how to check properly. Non-freak injuries that occur in these sports occur often because a person made a lapse in judgement of how to make contact or someone screwed up how they landed. Which after years and years of training becomes second nature to all these people playing in these sports. \n\nThere are two reasons that soccer players would have different kinds of injuries that I haven't seen mentioned too much below. 1) The muscles the often become injured are smaller muscles that may be more difficult to recover from and these accidents are exactly that. They are accidents. Soccer players and basketball players don't train for hours on end what they should do if they've been hit by something resembling the strength and speed of a freight train. So often times, their falls may be less coordinated and cause more problems. A great example is to watch a rugby player after a tackle or a hockey player after a check. The movements that they make are not necessarily intuitive but years of training where they will land in a manner that will minimize damage, not putting the arm down - curling the body - etc. Alternatively, when a soccer player or basketball player gets hit, they release all the energy in the body and almost flail out - which often likely will lead to injury (but may lead to blocking a shot or a passed ball). 2) Most rough instances in \"rougher\" sports are trained roughings if you will. The tackle in rugby is actually an extremely well choreographed move and not a simple putting someone to the ground. The rough instances that happen in \"softer\" sports like soccer and basketball are often entirely accidents that are not choreographed and almost impossible to deal with in a split second. \n\nTLDR; Rougher sports have rough moves that are choreographed to prevent injury. \"Softer\" sports don't necessarily train their athletes the same ways to take a hit. Finally, \"softer\" sports are not designed with so much thought into contact because almost any contact beyond simple pushing and shoving is a violation and/or an accident.",
"It's the reason I can't watch soccer. There is legitimate injuries in soccer, but there is a strategy to draw cards from the other team, getting free kicks and if your in the box, a penalty kick. There is no doubt people who feign injuries, which sometimes go uncalled, but often time they are successful at drawing a call. Not all players are like this, not all leagues are like this, but it's definitely more prevalent than any other sport I know. \nI played soccer growing up so I understand the rules, and find it pretty unsportsmanlike. I also play hockey, where if you feign a trip or injury you can get a penalty. If soccer moved to this, I may find it more enjoyable to watch. ",
"Soccer doesn't so much have more injuries, but more dramatic ones.\n\nIn rugby, there's a lot of rules to stop dangerous play (with harsh penalties) so the common injuries are generally impacts gone wrong. You're getting injured in a tackle, a scrum, a ruck or another contact. It's a moving object hitting a brick wall and coming to a stop. It's hard to see when someone's injured, which is why refs have to be so on-guard for concussions (which, on a pitch, are extremely dangerous). The exception is the backs who might tear or sprain something but as, generally, such an injury results in a tackle shortly afterwards you don't really see the drama.\n\nIn soccer, injuries are generally sprains, strains and tears, and happen when changing direction or moving at speed. This means someone is going to fall over, and do so hard. Even pro athletes probably take a fall as a chance to catch their breath, assess the damage and proverbially kick themselves for letting the ball get away from them. There's a bit of lingering on the ground in a sport where most people are standing and moving the whole time, and it sticks out. \n\nAdditionally, in soccer, the game stops when someone is on the ground. In rugby, play goes on until the ball is dead. If you go to a live game you'll see the medical staff running on to patch someone up off to the side. These obviously aren't the focus of the camera and in a TV game they are omitted.",
"I wonder which of the pro sports has the highest injury rates. ",
"Non expert here. About as versed in this subject as a kindergartener. My friend, who plays soccer for fun a lot and he/his brother have torn their ACLs from it, said that in soccer the motions are quit different from other sports. Other sports you run in a lot of straight patterns and even in contact it is direct motions, generally. In soccer there is a ton of twisting motions while using your legs to guide a ball. So the limbs that are also supporting all of your weight/momentum are the limbs you have to be the most agile with.\n\nThink of the turning motions used while stopping/twisting/kicking a ball. If you do this and are off balance the knee/ankle are in very vulnerable positions considering the amount of weight/motion being distributed all to one leg. One wrong movement and you didn't just pull something... you ripped it apart.\n\nIdk how close to accurate this is. But I am sure it isn't 100% wrong. I will hope for a C",
"Although muscle strain is a large cause, I personally think that there is also a psychological factor. Because soccer players are so willing to pretend to be injured, their body sometimes starts to be unable to withstand a slight strain. For example, when soccer players get slide tackled, they immediately go down even if the opposing player just slightly clipped the ankle or shin. Doing that continuosly builds a habit and the body starts the lessen the amount of strain or pain it can endure. This explains most of the bone breaks and injuries but maybe not all muscle injuries. I may be wrong but this is just a personal explanation that I've always believed.",
"American football players are pretty much always injured to some degree during the season. Source: interview on NPR with a football player a week or so ago.\nNot saying this says anything about soccer players. Maybe their game is set up better to deal with people sitting out. Baseball also has people sitting out for longer stretches.\n",
"Sorry, sadly really off topic here, but it'd improve this subreddit a lot if people who don't comment on topic or derail the topic with comments like \"Bunch of pussies lololol\" be temporarily banned for such a violation. Or at least warned.",
"You get injured less when you expect to be hit. I didn't hurt myself a lot playing American Football with friends because I knew I was going to be tackled and looked to minimize the damage. I got injured a lot playing basketball because I would get hit from the side or behind when the contact was illegal and unexpected. I rarely got injured playing soccer, but I don't remember being successfully tackled a lot (I was young when I played). \n\nOh, and being strong helps to prevent injuries. Have you seen the muscle bulk on some rugby players? \n\nTLDR: You get injured less often when you expect to be hit and can prepare for it. \nEdit: grammar and word choice.",
"I heard at anytime approximately 40% of international rugby players are out injured, which is why the international teams change so much more compared to football teams.\n\nI have no reliable source to base this on though!\n",
"Football (soccer) players and faster, more nimble. Basically they break easier. Other sportsman often have muscles of gods. The only problem, is football players dive too much. ",
"Soccer is a gentleman's sport played by hooligans, while rugby is a hooligan's sport played by gentlemen."
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18xdxf | why are we still using gas powered vehicles | Seems like we have enough brain power to do away with gas and it's high prices. And the fact it's not great for the earth. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/18xdxf/why_are_we_still_using_gas_powered_vehicles/ | {
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"Cause they're awesome.\n\nIn order to do work, you need energy. Energy isn't a *thing,* but rather a property of matter. Some matter has lots of energy stored in it, other matter has only a little … some matter actually has none at all, and can't be used by itself to do work.\n\nWhen you're talking about *carrying energy around with you,* you need to consider two types of energy *density.* There's mass density — how much useful energy is there in a pound of stuff — and there's volumetric density — how much useful energy is there in a cubic foot of that stuff.\n\nWhen you consider both metrics together, gasoline is at the very tippy top of the chart. Like *way* up there at the top of the chart, way higher than everything else. The next thing up the chart is freakin' *uranium,* and we all know how tricky it is to get the energy out of *that.*\n\nThe race is very much on to find a better way to carry energy around than gasoline. But between mass density, volumetric density and what it takes to get that energy out and turn it into work, it's a *hard problem* to solve. Nothing else really even comes close."
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13nksq | how can countries that are geographically close and have the same language family , develop vastly different languages? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/13nksq/how_can_countries_that_are_geographically_close/ | {
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"Mass transportation and communication are relatively new inventions. For most of history, people lived and died without travelling more than 10 miles form their homes.\n\nAdd in a geographical feature, like a big river or a mountain range, and they might as well be thousands of miles apart."
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1pw99h | why do some people consider obama a communist/socialist/hitler, and what exact powers does he have? | I know this is very controversial, but try to keep answers unbiased, please.
I've seen countless "Like if you think Obama is worse than Hitler" posts on Facebook, and I've overheard people stating he's some sort of socialist or communist. I'm confused as to why people think that. I haven't been politically aware for a long time (I'm only 20), but from what I can see everything seems to be running as it usually has.
Addressing the second question, I've also heard people say things like "Obama needs to do something about these gas prices." or "How could Obama allow the NSA to blahblahblah." Are these things he can directly control? I was under the impression all he could do was propose bills/veto them and a few other things, and that most of the power in government lay in the House/Senate. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pw99h/eli5_why_do_some_people_consider_obama_a/ | {
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"The President is always a scapegoat for all of our problems, because people want to blame someone because it makes them feel better. Then, people love exaggerating things, so they call him Hitler.",
"They call him a socialist because he's further involving the government in private industries. They call him \"Hitler\" because they greatly dislike him.",
"Until Obama starts rounding up some ethnic minority and putting them to death, it's pretty safe to ignore anyone saying that he's Hitler. ",
" > and what exact powers does he have?\n\nlaser eyes",
"It is mostly under-educated Republicans that call him that. The reason they claim this is that he has expanded \"government control\" in various private sectors including car manufacturing, loans, health care, among other things. The fact that they don't realize is that although Obama (figurehead of the government) bailed out the \"big 3\" auto makers here in the U.S. The U.S. government made their money back with interest and is now completely out of the auto manufacturing industry. Furthermore, when the government took over Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae (mortage backing institutions, more quasi-governmental) opponents claimed the gov. was taking over mortgages, which they did for a time but Freddie and Fannie have since become profitable paying the federal government over $60 billion. Yes that's billion with a B, thus the gov. has recouped their investment yet again. People who call Obama socialist look at the industries he saved from going under but do not accept that the gov. has since turned control back over to the private sector or is in the process of turning it back over (Fannie and Freddie will find their fate within the next few months based on Senate hearings). \nObama does have a good amount of power but nothing like Hitler or Stalin. Obama can send troops to countries for 60 days without Congressional approval but Congress has to pass a budget to fund the excusion so Congress still has a check. Additionally, the Supreme Court can check the presidency (Marbury v. Madison) which is has done time and time again. The Supreme Court has upheld the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) as constitutional, but if they decided it wasn't then it wouldn't be being implemented right now. Obama can't do anything about gas prices or your local sales tax. Gas prices are set by the free market, which the president has zero control over. Obama can check the NSA because it is an executive agency but it is more so Congress' and the Court's job to do this. Congress gets briefed weekly on what the NSA is doing and the NSA has the FISA court which has to approve its surveillance operations. In short, Obama can do stuff about the NSA but it isn't really his prerogative, he is one guy dealing with everything versus 535 members of Congress. \nHope that helped!\nEdit- being an idiot on spelling"
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3qycc8 | did every culture have a breakfast/lunch/dinner before the world was connected? | E.g. did Japan have breakfast/lunch and dinner separately and so did Great Britain before countries started trading? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3qycc8/eli5_did_every_culture_have_a/ | {
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"Anthropologists have found that breakfast is a universal common denominator. You literally *HAVE* to have a first meal of the day. Almost as common is the *last* meal of the day. Sometimes this coincides with breakfast, but more often than not, multiple meals are eaten each day.",
"Yes, every culture has the concept of eating multiple meals a day. Not all necessarily had 3, but they all had multiple meals. \n\nBritain for instance actually has 4 meals. You have Breakfast, Luncheon, Tea, and then Supper late in the evening. Other cultures would have 3 meals, or 2 meals. Few had a single meal unless they were going through a period of starvation. "
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6dlret | why are newspapers so big? wouldn't halving the size and doubling the pages be approximately the same cost? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6dlret/eli5_why_are_newspapers_so_big_wouldnt_halving/ | {
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"Even if it was, it's easier to read a larger font. \n\nEspecially in this day and age you have to make something big that catches people's attention or they ignore it. ",
"I don't know why they're still large, but a bit of the historical reason for their size can be found in the Wikipedia page for '[Broadsheet](_URL_0_).'\n\n*Historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. Larger formats, however, had long been signs of status in printed objects, and still are in many places, and outside Britain the broadsheet developed for other reasons, including style and authority, unrelated to the British tax structure.*\n\n*The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, and official notices. Eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the competing penny dreadful. In this period newspapers all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets. However, in the United Kingdom, the main competition for the broadside was the gradual reduction of the newspaper tax, beginning in the 1830s, and eventually its dismissal in 1855.[4]*\n\n*With the increased production of newspapers and literacy, the demand for visual reporting and journalists led to the blending of broadsides and newspapers, creating the modern broadsheet newspaper.*",
"Two reasons occur to me.\n\n1. The cost is not the same actually. Cost of printing one large page may be less than printing two small pages. For one thing, the time it takes to print the same content is now double. Then the machines have to work twice as often - which causes proportional wear and tear (which is a cost).\n\n2. The larger page can accommodate larger advertisements - which may command a better price, or just be more appealing to advertisers (i.e. more demand).",
"In Britain there are virtually no broadsheets left - The Guardian is small, The Times is small.... And so on. The US papers feel so old fashioned now! "
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7jdq35 | what makes jazz music sound 'jazzy'? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7jdq35/eli5_what_makes_jazz_music_sound_jazzy/ | {
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"Often jazz musicians add extended harmonies to chords, such as 7ths, 9ths, and 13ths. Basic chords are comprised of a root note, a third that makes it major or minor, and the perfect fifth. If you add other notes, they keep their basic sound but have a destiny flavor. \n\nExample: C minor is C, Eb, G. C minor 7 is C, Eb, G and Bb. The Bb adds a jazzy, warm sound. ",
"Interesting question! There are a few different answers to this.\n\nThe most obvious is instrumentation. Most rock music uses electric guitars and bass guitars, often with some kind of distortion or other effect on the sound. In general, jazz will use acoustic piano, upright bass, and clean guitars (more modern groups may use synthesizers and electric instruments, but they aren’t typically associated with the classic jazz sound). Additionally, a jazz drummer may use a metal brush on the snare drum instead of a stick, producing a very distinct sound.\n\nAnother thing is harmony. With some exceptions, most chords in rock and pop music consist of two, three, or four unique notes. In jazz, it’s almost rare to play a chord with less than five. This gives jazz a more “complex” sound than many other forms of music.\n\nFinally, and perhaps most importantly, is the swing rhythm. In most rock and pop music, you will have four beats in a measure. You can pretty easily count “one, two, three, four.” Because they divide the measure into four parts, we call each beat a quarter note. Now try saying “and” between each beat, dividing each quarter note into two parts, like “one and two and three and four and.” Because we’re dividing each quarter note into two parts, these are called eighth notes. Most likely, if you’re counting along to a rock song, the time between each eighth note is the same. However, jazz will often give these divisions unequal lengths, resulting in a kinda bouncy feel called “swing.” This isn’t unique to jazz, and not all jazz music uses it, but it’s certainly associated with the jazz genre.\n\nHope that helps!",
"In addition to the comments so far about extended structure of chords, syncopation and improvisation, there are a few more things in the example you link that are worth noting.\n\nOne of my favorites is the use of the 2-5 (ii-V) turn around to transition between key areas or to reinforce the current one. That's a chord built one note up from where you're resolving followed by a chord built on the note 4 higher than where you're resolving. Check out the beginning of [this piece](_URL_0_). The looping pattern at the beginning is (assuming they're using the standard key for this song) A minor (1), B half diminished (2) E7 (5). The B and E chords are the 2 and 5 reinforcing the 1, A minor. Once the vocal comes in, they do it twice more, but after the next A minor the chords are D minor to G7, which are the 2 and 5 of a C major, which is where it lands next and you can feel that a change has happened. In your example, you'll hear a transition like that at 0:35. ",
"One thing that hasn't been touched on is the use of non-resolving tritones, which is one of the core building blocks of jazz chords.\n\nWhat does that mean? Well we'll have to go with a quick trip down some theory for that.\n\nA Tritone, aka the devil's interval, is 6 half steps. C-F#, G-C#, Db-G, etc. Sometimes it'll act as a diminished 5th, sometimes an augmented 4th.\n\nTritones are super unstable sounding, and we generally \"want\" them to resolve. So diminished 5ths collapse inwards, aug 4ths expand outwards, whatever it takes to get to a \"stable\" interval like a Major 3rd or 6th\n\nThe most common uses of tritones are in V7 chords. If we're in C major, the V7 chord is G-B-D-F. The tritone is between B and F. V7 will sound *great* going to a I chord. The B would move up to a C, the F down to an E, and the unstable tritone collapses satisfyingly to a third. This is super, super, super common.\n\nYou can also do fun things with tritones like making a key change feel more natural, or doing things called \"secondary dominants\", where, say, if you're in C major again, you can add a Bb to a C major chord, which is a tritone with the E in the chord. Then you move to an F major chord, collapsing the E-Bb tritone to an F-A major third. You've basically turned the C chord into a V7 chord *of* the IV chord of F.\n\n\nSo what jazz is built on is basically having tritones collapsing to... tritones. \n\nTake the first part of 12-bar blues\nI-I-IV-I. \nLet's add some key to it\nC7-C7-F7-C7.\nOk, so We have the C7, except when we move to F, instead of moving the E up to the F, we bring it down to an Eb. So now we have the E-Bb tritone not-collapse into an Eb-A tritone. It then goes just right back up to the E-Bb to get back to the I.\n\nThis basically gives us a sound where we always feel a unstable and like we want to resolve the tritone, but we just keep going to the next tritone.\n\nThere's a lot more to jazz theory(since there are more chords than Dom7s!), but like, the most basic of basic building blocks is the idea of these connected unstable tritones that never really stable up.\n\nThen of course, syncopation which other people have talked about, different timbres, that sort of thing."
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515376 | why do some optical illusions show on camera while others do not? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/515376/eli5_why_do_some_optical_illusions_show_on_camera/ | {
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"Well, there are illusions that occur entirely in the eye, like the grey dot illusion. \n\nHeat haze however isn't so much an illusion as the hot air moving and so distorting the light, so it can be captured by a camera. \n\nSome illusions only occur on cameras due to frame rates - for example fast rotating objects like helicopter rotors can appear to be moving very slowly or even backwards. ",
"A large moon can totally appear through a lens, but a wide angle lens will make the moon appear much smaller than it actually looks to the eye, while a telephoto lens will do the [opposite](_URL_0_). ",
" > but the water on a road illusion still appears.\n\nThis is caused by the hot air above the road surface bending light. This curves the light coming from the sky away from the road, so that instead it is angled towards the receiver. Whether that receiver is a camera, or your eyes, it has no way to determine that the light is not coming at it in a straight line. \n\nSo as far as it is concerned, there is 'sky' in that direction."
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fhwks6 | how exactly does physical exercise make our immune system stronger? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fhwks6/eli5_how_exactly_does_physical_exercise_make_our/ | {
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"Basically, stronger is stronger. No one part of the body improves without dragging the rest along with it. Run alot and your legs get stronger, but so does your heart, lungs, and blood vessels. Also your holding your arms up while you run so they are getting stronger, too. The reverse is also true. Gain fifty pounds of lard. Your knees are carrying more weight, heart is being strained, etc.",
"It doesn't make your immune system stronger, it makes your body more resilient. More efficient heart, lungs, muscles, stronger bones etc will all help you to function despite illness and mean that your body has more energy to fight the disease.",
"No one is exactly sure and you are only half true in your assumption: Extreme exertion will actually compromise your immune system, worse than being sedentary, but moderate exercise boosts your immune system. \n\nThis could be because liesurely exercise reduces stress, which hurts your immune system. Extreme exercise actually causes a stress response.\n\nBlood flow and oxygen intake is improved during exercise which could help circulate your immune cells. With extreme exercise these are needed to deal with cell damage from the workout, but a leisurely workout won't have as much. \n\nYou also raise your body temp, which is exactly what a fever does to try to kill some infections, but by exercising this happens before the illness gets a foothold, so in theory it's more effective. \n\nThen of course, in general being fit makes your whole body better at just about everything. Exercise maintains fitness."
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ci7at1 | does dyslexia only effect reading and writing, or visual input in general? either way, how? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ci7at1/eli5_does_dyslexia_only_effect_reading_and/ | {
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"Sort of, your brain interprets the image wrong to fit what it thinks is a better match something you may already know, you see the interpretation not the actual , so new words and images can be confusing.. i drove by a sign that said \" folklife museum\" and for 3 yrs would swear it said \"forklift museum\" fork lifts where something I had heard of, and I actually saw those words that weren't there",
"For me it does different things. It's not just reading or writing, because I find it difficult to read I require a good memory when things are explained. Because of this I can imagine and almost design something in my head with a CAD like 360° view. Not sure if everyone is the same\n\nHere's the different types \n\n\"Primary dyslexia: This is the most common type of dyslexia, and is a dysfunction of, rather than damage to, the left side of the brain (cerebral cortex) and does not change with age. There is variability in the severity of the disability for Individuals with this type of dyslexia, and most who receive an appropriate educational intervention will be academically successful throughout their lives. Unfortunately there are others who continue to struggle significantly with reading, writing and spelling throughout their adult lives. Primary dyslexia is passed in family lines through genes (hereditary) or through new genetic mutations and it is found more often in boys than in girls.\n\nSecondary or developmental dyslexia: This type of dyslexia is caused by problems with brain development during the early stages of fetal development. Developmental dyslexia diminishes as the child matures. It is also more common in boys.\n\nTrauma dyslexia: This type of dyslexia usually occurs after some form of brain trauma or injury to the area of the brain that controls reading and writing. It is rarely seen in today's school-age population.\"\n\n\n_URL_0_\n\n\n\nFrom what I understand its still an on going study but some research shows that it's to do with the different matters that the brain is made up of. That people with dyslexia often have a different make up to nondyslexic people. \n\nThis website explains more\n_URL_1_\n\n\n\nSorry for the long post (mainly copy and paste) \n\nI love being dyslexic, I think I see the world differently. I would never change it",
"I do assessments for dyslexia. The testing involves evaluating an individual’s ability to manipulate and differentiate phonemes (sounds). Very little of it actually has to do with visualization of letter shapes or visual input."
]
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"https://www.medicinenet.com/dyslexia/article.htm#what_causes_dyslexia",
"https://www.readingrockets.org/article/dyslexia-and-brain-what-does-current-research-tell-us"
],
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||
ky0wn | why are other primates considered as non-human, and not as an indigenous tribe of humanity? | This question is not an affront to indigenous tribes, rather, it just got to me that if most primates can utilize tools and go in groups, why are they considered as non-human primates? What consitutes a genetic cousin, ignoring skin covered with hair (which a number of humans has anyway). And what constitutes a human tribe? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ky0wn/eli5_why_are_other_primates_considered_as/ | {
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"They are a different species genetically. You could not successfully have a child with an orangutan.",
"Some people have defined a *species* as a a group of organisms that naturally breed with each other and produce viable offspring^1. A viable offspring means that it can reproduce; i.e. have kids of its own, and its kids can have kids, and so on. Humans naturally breed with each other, even across races. However, this does not work between humans and other species of primates. A human sperm almost never fertilizes a egg of another primate, or vice versa. Even if it does fertilize it, the resultant offspring often dies early, or in the exceptional case that it survives, it is usually unable to have kids of its own (e.g. Lion-Tiger hybrids, known as ligers or tigons, are infertile; so are mules, which are horse-donkey hybrids). Some primates also have different number of chromosomes (groups of genes) in their cells, so any potential offspring with humans would also exhibit far worse symptoms than Down's syndrome (which is caused by one extra chromosome).\n\nAs an aside, dogs, if left in the wild, frequently breed with wolves and beget totally healthy wolf-dog hybrids; as such dogs and wolves are the same species -- *Canis lupus* (note that dogs are a subspecies of that: *Canis lupus familiaris*. \n\nNote^1: Obviously this definition does not work for organisms that reproduce by, say, binary fission. For that, species are determined by genetic similarity and other stuff.\n\n--------------------------\n\nAnyway, most laws refer to humans only as the scientific species for human, *Homo sapiens*, which according to the above definition, does not include other primates. \n\nWhether or not other primates deserve rights and privileges of humans is beyond the scope of this comment.",
"They are a different species genetically. You could not successfully have a child with an orangutan.",
"Some people have defined a *species* as a a group of organisms that naturally breed with each other and produce viable offspring^1. A viable offspring means that it can reproduce; i.e. have kids of its own, and its kids can have kids, and so on. Humans naturally breed with each other, even across races. However, this does not work between humans and other species of primates. A human sperm almost never fertilizes a egg of another primate, or vice versa. Even if it does fertilize it, the resultant offspring often dies early, or in the exceptional case that it survives, it is usually unable to have kids of its own (e.g. Lion-Tiger hybrids, known as ligers or tigons, are infertile; so are mules, which are horse-donkey hybrids). Some primates also have different number of chromosomes (groups of genes) in their cells, so any potential offspring with humans would also exhibit far worse symptoms than Down's syndrome (which is caused by one extra chromosome).\n\nAs an aside, dogs, if left in the wild, frequently breed with wolves and beget totally healthy wolf-dog hybrids; as such dogs and wolves are the same species -- *Canis lupus* (note that dogs are a subspecies of that: *Canis lupus familiaris*. \n\nNote^1: Obviously this definition does not work for organisms that reproduce by, say, binary fission. For that, species are determined by genetic similarity and other stuff.\n\n--------------------------\n\nAnyway, most laws refer to humans only as the scientific species for human, *Homo sapiens*, which according to the above definition, does not include other primates. \n\nWhether or not other primates deserve rights and privileges of humans is beyond the scope of this comment."
]
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4y0u0k | what are these terms as simple as possible, and how do they interact? -computer -server -database -network -router -modem -wifi -packets | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4y0u0k/eli5_what_are_these_terms_as_simple_as_possible/ | {
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"Computer: box that does some stuff. Usually stuff that only exists inside the computer. It's kinda like it's OEM entity that can interact with other computers and people.\n\nServer: gives computers stuff through the internet\n\nDatabase: holds data, which is just information.\n\nWifi: usually computers get to the internet with wires, wifi is internet without wires.\n\nNetwork: a connection of things. In this case, connects computers somehow\n\n\nIdk how to explain modem, router, or packets",
"* **computer** - a box that follows a plan...can be a **client**, **server**, **database**, or other roles\n* **client** - a computer a person sits at, that makes **request**\n* **request** - a message send from a **client** to a **server** asking for something, like a web page\n* **network** - two or more **computers** that can talk to each other\n* **packets** - data, like **requests** and **responses**, travelling between **computers** on a **network**\n* **router** - a device that makes sure **packets** as sent to the right **computer** on the right **network**\n* **modem** - gateway between one type of **network** (your home network) and another (telephone line, cable)...often also a **router**\n* **WiFi** - a type of **network** that works with radio signals instead of wires\n* **server** - computer that receives **requests** from a **client** and builds **responses**\n* **database** - a computer with a large amount of information on it that the **server** references to build **responses**\n* **response** - a message, like a completed webpage, a **server** creates and sends to a **client** over a **network**",
"**Computer** Kinda of catchall, but an electronic device for storing and processing data.\n\n**Server** A computer that provides resources to other people, usually remote (as in, people seldom use the server locally).\n\n**Database** An application that stores data on a server. It has the ability to group data into sets, and parse huge amounts of data quickly.\n\n**Network** A way to connect computers together.\n\n**Router** A device that connects different networks together\n\n**Modem** Technically, it's a device that converts digital signals into analog ones (and vice-versa), but it's used as a catchall term meaning to connect to the Internet (which is a network).\n\n**Wifi** A network that is wireless, or over the air.\n\n**Packets** Data transmitted over a network.\n\n**Interaction**\nOk, so trying to keep this eli5 as possible... A computer can be called a personal computer, meaning it's designed for a single person to use. A network connects two or more computers together. Wifi does the same thing, but no wires. A server usually holds some sort of shared data, that users using a Personal Computer (or PC) can access. A web page, for example. A database is a large collection of data, so you might use your PC to access a web page. For example, _URL_0_. There's a database server that holds all the products Amazon sells. The web server will access a database server in the background to show you products based on your search. A modem in your house connects your local network (Local Area Network, or LAN) to the Internet. The Internet is a huge collection of different networks all connected together by routers. And finally, packets are the way your computer uses to \"talk\" to other computers over the network. If computers were people, packets would be words.\n\nWhew.",
"**computer** - something that does math. Modern digital computers use this math to store information or draw pictures on screens. \n**server** - a computer which holds data necessary for processing. This can be account data for logins, webpages, lists of data, or game state information. \n**database** - a collection of data. Often collected into related tables (CUSTOMERS have ORDERS which include ITEMS, ORDERS have SHIPPING data, etc.) \n**network** - a collection of computers that can send / receive data between each other. \n**router** - a network device that connects different networks. Each network has a specific set of numbers (netmask). The router keeps track of which netmask connects to which wire and sends the data the appropriate direction. \n**modem** - (old) MODulator DEModulator - a device that connects a computer to other computers over phone lines by turning networking electrical impulses into sound and back. (Modern) a device that connects a home network to a network service provider through any of several communication methods. \n**WiFi** - A network protocol that sends over radiowaves instead of physically cabling computers together.\n**packets** - essentially an envelope for network data. Different protocols (ethernet between systems in your house, IP (Internet Protocol) to worldwide computers) need ways to address a message to other computers. This addressing is normally handled by attaching a header that says where the data is from, where it is going, what is contained in the packet, and how long the packet is. The header is placed at the beginning of the data going over the network and sent out. \nI will add for this explanation: \n**Ethernet** - A network language most often used for home networks. This works on both WiFi and cabled connections. This protocol is used for computers which are directly connected to each other. \n**Internet Protocol** (IP) - Part of the main protocol for the Internet Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP / IP). The addresses here can access a computer anywhere on the internet. **Routers** are used in this protocol to direct traffic the most efficient way to the end destination. \n\n \nso your **Computer** creates a message to request information from a **Server**. The information is broken into **Internet Protocol** (IP) **Packets** and addressed from your computer to the server. The IP **packet** is wrapped in an **Ethernet packet** to get from your **computer** to the **Router** in your home. Your home Network runs over the physical layer of **WiFi** (or CAT5 if you have plugged in wires). To get to the **server** you need to access a **Router** to figure out where to send it. In a home network, this is part of the **Modem** (Cable Router or DSL Modem) which speaks both the **Ethernet** (WiFi or Cat5, or older cabling network) network in your home and the protocol (Cable or DSL) that your service provider uses to connect your home. The **modem** removes the **Ethernet** header used in your home network and appends the appropriate header for the outside protocol to the **packet**. This is necessary because your home network will use addresses that cannot be broadcast on the internet (starting either 10.x.x.x or 192.168.x.x) and it needs to put a usable address on the packet. The use of the reserved network addresses allows home networks to be setup without having to register a broadcastable address to every device in the world. The **Router** part of your device keeps track of the translation between the inside and outside networks and translates the numbers appropriately.\n**Routers** allow several networks to speak to each other: \n Your home (Ethernet) \n The ISP (Cable or DSL) \n Between network providers (Several protocols here depending on whether you are running on fiber between multiple points, copper or fiber in a data center, satellite, etc.) \n The Data Center where the Server you want information from lives. \n \nThe **server** reads the packet, based on information in the **packet** (which address, servers sometimes have multiple, and which Port (Think television channel) it is sent to selects an appropriate program to read the data, prepare a response and send the response back. \n"
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dsjtfy | how do large area wlan networks work? | For example the WLAN in a Uni or in a convention center.
Are there like 50 routers with the same Login data?
How does your phone know to switch to a different WLAN source? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dsjtfy/eli5_how_do_large_area_wlan_networks_work/ | {
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"exactly like you suggested.\n\nThere are a lot of Access Points (not routers) that broadcast the same network (ESSID), with the same security settings.\n\nEvery Access Point has a unique ID (BSSID), which a client also sees.\n\nSo your PC or phone or whatever notices that the same network is broadcasts by different devices. It then choses the one with the best signal. Your phone constantly checks whether it sees a different access point with a better signal. It then switches the acces points it connects to without you noticing."
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6gsnmr | why do some animals like hummingbird want to have such high metabolism? | Wouldn't it be disadvantageous for them having to search for food almost constantly or they'll die of starvation within hours. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6gsnmr/eli5_why_do_some_animals_like_hummingbird_want_to/ | {
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"Hummingbirds have to have a super high metabolism because they beat their wings so fast, and they have to beat their wings so fast because they have to hover to get the nectar inside flowers that bloom on stems that won't support their weight. And they evolved to get that nectar because it existed and was an underused source of calories.\n\nWe could ask what would happen if hummingbirds didn't have such an extreme metabolism, and the answer is, they couldn't hover, so they couldn't eat as much nectar, so they'd be completely different birds."
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c771jq | how does the nba salary cap work? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c771jq/eli5_how_does_the_nba_salary_cap_work/ | {
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"Simple answer. Each team is allotted 107 million dollars to fill 13 roster spots. This, in theory, encourages parity and avoids the pitfalls the MLB has with teams like the Yankees and dodgers, who can simply buy whatever players they want due to lucrative local media deals in big markets and ubiquitous fan bases. Further, there are maximum contract amounts they can pay to a given player, a player can only make a certain percentage of the cap. With a lot of exceptions and incentives. Contracts are commodities that balance out the values of the players talent. Chris Paul is better than Patrick Beverley, but he makes 42 million a year against the cap, and Beverly makes 10. The clippers have much more flexibility than the rockets due to better value at point guard. \n\nThat’s a shitty explanation. There’s also the luxury tax given to teams that decide to pay more than the cap. Contract, dead money, sign and trade, expiring contracts, rookie deals. Mid level exception. All things to research if you want to know the minutiae \n\nOne notable fact is that a player who has been with a team a long time can sign a 5 year deal worth roughly 225 million dollars. Whereas another team could only pay that player 170 over 4 years. This comes into play because players in the last years of there deals are usually diminished by the time they hit the 3rd contract, lasting to their mid 30s. All nba contracts are fully guaranteed\n\n\nIt’s a fuckload of money."
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b1k5ll | sex ed not being taught in some schools while it is taught in others | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b1k5ll/eli5_sex_ed_not_being_taught_in_some_schools/ | {
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"Public school curriculum in the U.S. has traditionally been decided at a very local level. There may be some things that the state or even federal government mandates, but for the most part every school district does things their own way, and depending on where that district is there may be different views on how sex education should be taught, or even whether it should be taught at all. ",
"Angry conservative parents complain to the school board that sex Ed programs give kids ideas and instructions on how to have sex and \"get into trouble.\"\n\nThese parents usually think they're best qualified to teach their kids about sex, but often find the topic too difficult to bring up, or try to push abstinence-only, or give misinformation because they themselves were taught falsehoods about sex in their puritanical upbringing. Hence all the issues of kids not knowing how to use condoms and getting pregnant/STIs at a young age. ",
"Many parents object to schools intervening in what they consider a parental responsibility, especially as they view sex education as normalizing immoral behavior.\n\nNor is it just a matter of some wacky religious nutjobs and their weird morality. Sex education is representative of *someone's* morality. When it's not your morality, you get upset.\n\nConsider objections to abstinence-only sex education. Now, if you're a parent, it's hard to see why you'd object to that. After all, you can simply supplement that education with your own talk about contraceptives. Yet some people get highly offended by such programs because they don't want what they see as someone else's morality imposed on their children.\n"
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bg0n7f | why do some forms of pain, like stretching a sore back or picking a scab, feel so incredibly satisfying ("hurts so good")? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bg0n7f/eli5_why_do_some_forms_of_pain_like_stretching_a/ | {
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"I don't think there's a simple, single explanation to all of the situations you're asking about, but in regards to stretching a sore muscle, your movement pushes your body to the pain threshold, which draws your attention to it, and then you release. The pain dissipates so quickly, the relief hits you like the most sublime freight train.",
"Removing scabs is part of healing. A giant big crusty scab works well at first to stop the bleeding and keep infection out, but after a while it's size can hinder healing. It itches to signal it might be time to remove it. The new skin under the removed scab is better off exposed so it can grow and the new smaller scabs can heal faster. And I've pulled infected looking scab and had healthy looking ones grow in, so sometimes a little bleeding is good. Your body is telling you it's time.\n\nStretching feels good because both imobillity and movement are good for muscle healing. You strertch to loosen up and get blood flowing which let's the muscle dump waste and gain nutreants, then go back to imobilizing it to protect it."
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xrmmw | why bills like sopa and acta keep coming back when they seem to get beat by a large margin every time they're voted upon. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/xrmmw/eli5_why_bills_like_sopa_and_acta_keep_coming/ | {
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"Because there's very powerful moneyed interests which want them to pass, and they lose little by trying. It worked in the past on many occasions. ",
"Because the huge corporations want to see them passed, so they changed a few things and submit it again. Or they submit two things, with one much more extreme so the other idea looks fine by comparison. It is a war of attrition to them. ",
"Because there are bad men in this world. But if we keep fighting them we will win.",
"All of the other answers make sense-- but don't forget about **voter fatigue** (and just general public apathy). If Jimbo Wales were to black out Wikipedia again, fewer people would care and more people would just get annoyed."
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313cp2 | how do the self check out scanners at the library work? | After scanning your library card, you put your stack of books on the scanner and it just knows what they are. you can put a stack of like three books or whatever, one on top of the other, how does it know? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/313cp2/eli5_how_do_the_self_check_out_scanners_at_the/ | {
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"**R**adio **F**requency **ID**entification (RFID) tags.\n\nThese are cheap microchips (often in sticker form) that can respond to a radio frequency signal requesting information. In most cases, the chips are powered by the wireless signal itself, so they don't need batteries (and thus can be made extremely tiny [paper-thin] and long-lasting). A typical (passive) RFID scan only works from a few inches though, so that's one of the reasons why the books/items have to be very close to the scanner.\n\n\nExamples of other uses of RFID technology:\n\n- Chips embedded in debit/credit cards for wireless 'tap and go' type payments\n\n- Chips embedded in passports to provide enhanced security and identity information to border officials\n\n- Chips embedded in consumer products that set off an alarm if not deactivated before crossing a barrier (note: there are other similar technologies that are not RFID based).\n\n- Chips embedded in employee ID cards or hotel keycards for 'tap and enter' door access control systems\n\n- Package and inventory tracking\n\netc."
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3zni8w | is it just luck or some other reason why germs that spread easily aren't nearly as deadly as harder to contract germs (like aid's or rabies or the like). | The Flu spreads like wildfire but generally isn't deadly, yet rabies and AID's have very specific ways of spreading, and don't "randomly" or "easily" spread among a population and both are extremely deadly, much more so than the cold or flu.
Is there a reason for this? Why hasn't some super virus killed us all? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3zni8w/eli5_is_it_just_luck_or_some_other_reason_why/ | {
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"You're comparing different things. Virus, germs, bacteria etc are all different things. Aids is a virus that is spread in a specific manner. Do those things and it is terrible easy to get. Rabies is also a virus that again behaves in a specific manner. \n\nThe manner of transfer is important also. The above mentioned diseases spread differently than the cold or flu. Both the cold and flu are airborn, which is one of the easiest ways to catch a disease. You can't catch aids from breathing the same air as an aids victim. \n\nSARS, seine flu, and bird flu are all airborn spread and deadly which is why there were panics when they happened.",
" > The Flu spreads like wildfire but generally isn't deadly,\n\nThe flu kills hundreds of thousands of people, every year, if it's a *good* year. It's still quite a dangerous disease. \n\nHowever, to your point, a disease that is *too deadly* tends to limit itself. It burns out its infected population and loses its ability to spread. This, for instance, has potentially been one of the limiting factors in the spread of ebola. If it wipes out a village with terrifying speed, there's no one left to spread it to the next village.\n\nStill, super viruses have happened in the past. The flu has been one of them, the 1918 pandemic killed somewhere between 50 to 100 million people. The bubonic plague killed somewhere between 25 and 60 % of Europe. Smallpox may have killed 1/3rd of Japan, and devastated the Native Americans. \n\nBut we're not all identical. It'd be hard for a disease to kill everyone, and killing everyone is not very efficient for a disease anyway, that potentially wipes out its 'food' as it were. So there's not necessarily a huge selective pressure for 'murder your host,' since a long term infection is quite successful for reproduction. ",
"Diseases are trying to evolve to spread as much as possible. Killing the host is a very bad move for them, so they'll generally evolve to be less harmful, and to spread faster. HIV, for instance, is a bit of a failure, perhaps because it evolved to be a monkey virus and only crossed over to humans recently (in the 1920s, probably). Most of the most dangerous diseases normally affect other animals, but can be spread to humans, where they may be a lot more lethal than in their normal host, but are also likely to have trouble spreading. \n\nMeanwhile, Ebola virus is pretty good at spreading, and very lethal; but that situation makes it rare. It's easy to spot an outbreak, and people don't tend to have time to travel between contracting it and getting sick. \n\nThe perfect storm would be a new virus that spreads like the cold, kills like Ebola, but takes a longer time between you getting infected, and you getting sick. If that happens, humanity is in big trouble. "
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b51xcj | why ads like mcdonald's aren't considered misleading advertising, despite the fact that the product showed isn't even something like the offered product? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b51xcj/eli5_why_ads_like_mcdonalds_arent_considered/ | {
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"The product shown is the optimal, best case scenario version of the food they make. All of the food you see in a McDonald’s commercial is actual McDonald’s food cooked in an actual McDonald’s Kitchen. The ad agency just makes a lot (like hundreds) of versions until they get the best one and then instead of putting it under a heat lamp or leaving it in a box for however many minutes, they surround it with food that is not being advertised that can be as fake as they want as well as light it, frame it and film it to look as good as possible.",
"The product shown is actually about the same as the one you can get, it's just less squished. The same components are shown, in accurate amounts. It would be hard to make a legal case that \"since your products are less fluffy than those in the ad, consumers are being hurt.\"",
"Those hamburgers you see on TV are actually the same burgers you receive - including the fact that they have to use the same amount of meat and ingredients they serve in-store (i.e. 1/4lb beef, 3 onion rings, etc.) \n\nHowever, they are allowed to stack it towards the front of the photo. So, while the front may look delicious in the picture, the back side of that one burger is probably quite empty."
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352bjc | why do race for life only allow women to enter? aren't they losing out on thousands of potential donations? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/352bjc/eli5_why_do_race_for_life_only_allow_women_to/ | {
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"It's likely that because of it being a woman only event, more women are likely to feel comfortable about competing since they're on a more equal playing field (men tend to be larger, have more muscles, and thus more likely to win), and also because it makes it a woman-only social event. \n\nThose factors probably counteract the donations they'd get from allowing men. "
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||
6ko5ic | what does it mean that new jersey & maine government has 'shut down'? | Is it a big deal? What are the implications/how are people affected? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ko5ic/eli5_what_does_it_mean_that_new_jersey_maine/ | {
"a_id": [
"djnhvkw",
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"djnosdw"
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"score": [
7,
17,
4
],
"text": [
"The New Jersey government is shut down. All non-essential services are not going to be provided until the budget problem is fixed. There are still essential services (police, prisons, ...), but other workers are on furlough. I presume it's the same deal in Maine, but I haven't been following that.",
"When a government \"shuts down,\" they basically stop operating anything considered to be a non-essential service--things like parks, tourist bureaus, etc. In addition, a lot of paperwork-related things are curtailed if not shut down--so if you're waiting for a car registration or a licensure or some other thing, you may not get it at all or it will be heavily delayed while the shutdown is in place. \n\nThe state employees are not paid while this happens (at least by the state--some state unions have funds specifically for this to keep paychecks coming in.) although benefits will continue. Sometimes they are reimbursed after the shutdown, sometimes not. ",
"Every year, the state government has to pass a budget in order to authorize the various government entities to spend money. If the politicians cannot come to a budget agreement, money cannot be spent, state workers don't get paid, and the government stops providing services.\n\nTypically, essential services, like police and fire fighting, are still provided, either through existing legal channels, or an emergency spending agreement."
]
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[],
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|
2wto6x | why is the body so dehydrated after a full body deep tissue massage? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2wto6x/eli5_why_is_the_body_so_dehydrated_after_a_full/ | {
"a_id": [
"cou0ptl"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"I don't think it's necessarily dehydrated. They tell you to drink lots of water because the act of massaging the muscles releases lactic acid. The water intake helps to flush this out of the muscle tissue because otherwise it will cause you to be incredibly sore. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
38end0 | can insects really make a home for themselves inside a human's ear canal? | I saw this video and was wondering if this really is possible? [NSFL] _URL_0_
Or is this just a hoax? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/38end0/eli5_can_insects_really_make_a_home_for/ | {
"a_id": [
"crugi1j",
"crujo9e"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Yes. Yes they can. There are also blowfish which can lay eggs in your eye and then grow maggots inside your eyesocket. There are also 3 foot long nematode worms which can get into your feet, grow into your leg, and then spend weeks crawling out when they die. Fortunately, we are pretty close to wiping out that particular one.",
"There's a fish that can swim up your urine stream in Africa or South America or something. Darn right they can crawl in your ear. "
]
} | [] | [
"http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=b97_1432926848"
] | [
[],
[]
] |
|
1p72s8 | why does the internet not come together and rally for a 4th party candidate for the next us presidential elections? | ELI5: why does the internet not come together and rally for a 4th party candidate for the next US Presidential elections | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1p72s8/eli5_why_does_the_internet_not_come_together_and/ | {
"a_id": [
"cczdx52",
"cczdxrf"
],
"score": [
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],
"text": [
"Well a 3rd party candidate would be good for a start. But the problem is that the way US elections are set up, voting for a third party candidate tends to work against your own interests. Imagine this:\n\n* There are 2 main party candidates, A and B. You think A is meh, but B is really bad.\n* There is a 3rd party candidate C, that you really like. \n* Because A and C are both candidates you like at least sort of, they probably share views on some major issues, meaning that a lot of people will at least sort of like both of them. \n* Generally elections go roughly half each way, so in the next election, *at best* half of the voting population likes A *and* C, and half likes B. \n* Some of the people who like both A and C vote for A, some vote for C.\n* Candidate B wins because the people who voted for A and C split the vote of the other.\n\n",
"Because the internet is not all American's, for one, and the internet has such divisive opinions on what a 'good' 4th party candidate would be that selecting one would be extraordinarily difficult.\n\nAlso, for that candidate to stand a chance, the internet would have to make up enough of a majority where we could even get the candidate on the ballot and win in enough states to take the electoral college. I'd bet that if you looked at the makeup of American redditors in particular, while there might be a lot of them, there is not enough of a concentration in any one area to make more than a few percentage points of different during an election."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] |
|
27gxs1 | if the dosages on otc medicine are for the average person, how dangerous would it be to increase the dosage slightly? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/27gxs1/eli5_if_the_dosages_on_otc_medicine_are_for_the/ | {
"a_id": [
"ci0olmg",
"ci0qvlr"
],
"score": [
4,
2
],
"text": [
"For legal reasons I don't think anyone here can safely give you medical advice. You should probably just ask your doctor/pharmacist.",
"_URL_0_\n\nDr. Cox, answering all your questions!"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlzEJ-GdQfY"
]
] |
||
29r209 | how does a pulse width modulated digital to analog converter work? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/29r209/eli5_how_does_a_pulse_width_modulated_digital_to/ | {
"a_id": [
"cinqm5y"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"The converter produces a pulse train at a fixed frequency, but with a variable ratio of on to off time. It is easy to manipulate the on/off ratio digitally, with good precision. Now consider the average value of the pulse train.\n 100% ON full scale\n 50% ON half scale\n 0% ON bottom of scale\n\nSo all that is needed is an averaging circuit to extract the analog value from the on/off ratio. It turns out that an analog averager is easy to build.\nThis is a cheap form of DAC.\n\nLike anything cheap, it has its disadvantages. In this case, the problem is speed. By the time you have scaled down your clock rate to obtain the required resolution, then allowed for the lag of the averager, the speed of response is not good. For many applications this is acceptable."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
3v25ut | how does the map app on my ipod (which has no cell phone function) track my course when it is not connected to wifi? it accurately tracks down to a few meters. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3v25ut/eli5how_does_the_map_app_on_my_ipod_which_has_no/ | {
"a_id": [
"cxjnq0i",
"cxjobbp"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"iPods are integrated with Google Maps and use nearby wireless signals to locate themselves. You don't have to connect to a wifi network for the iPod to identify it and use the signal to find it's location.",
"The magic behind is that you don't need to connect to a Wi-Fi network to get the metadata like SSID. Google tracks every Wi-Fi router that doesn't have \"[_nomap](_URL_0_)\" at the end of it's SSID. Your's, mine, everyone's. They build a database of what SSID is where based on the related IP address. And while your ipod is still connected to the Wi-Fi, it updates the database. So, you disconnect the wifi, but don't turn the radio off and once you get close enough to a pre-mapped Wi-Fi router, your ipod sees the the SSID, checks the position and plots it on the map. The more Wi-Fi SSIDs there are available, the narrower the location is. Also there's a bit of guesswork relating where there are roads and so on. While there are absolutely no Wi-Fi networks in range it can only rely on it's accelerometer to kind of get a feel of which way you're moving and how fast. But that's not very accurate."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"http://www.ghacks.net/2014/10/29/add-_nomap-to-your-routers-ssid-to-have-it-ignored-by-google-and-mozilla/"
]
] |
||
65tgfj | why do you see individual pixels in small droplets of water on an led screen? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/65tgfj/eli5_why_do_you_see_individual_pixels_in_small/ | {
"a_id": [
"dgd3ok2"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"The droplets form a kind of lens which magnifies the screen under them, showing the colored segments which make up the pixels of the screen."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
aleudh | why does it feel so damn weird to walk after running on a treadmill | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aleudh/eli5_why_does_it_feel_so_damn_weird_to_walk_after/ | {
"a_id": [
"efdhumi",
"efdksg7"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Your muscles are used slightly differently on a treadmill vs running on solid ground. This is caused by the moving belt, you aren't propelling yourself forward in the same way compared to running on the ground. \n\nIt may also have to do with you spending time \"running\" but not moving (your view generally stays the same) when on a treadmill, no source for that but I'd imagine it takes your body a second or two to readjust to the world moving around you when you move.",
"My best guess is vection. It’s the sensation of movement (you have something similar to Carpenter levels in your ear for the x,y, and z axes) But the thing is you’ve inhibited this sensation partially (information from your vision overrides your inner ear levels) . \n\nSo imagine when you were a kid and you put your arms (press the back of your hands) against the frame of a doorway for 30 sec and then move out the doorway your arms “float” up. It’s like the opposite of this? \n\nIdk if I explained it well enough for 5 year olds"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] |
||
2e0st5 | how did people more than a thousand years ago handle epidemics? | Medicine and knowledge wasn't all that advance way back then. With that, shouldn't epidemics wipe out a vast majority of life a thousand years?
So how were the diseases stopped? How did people deal with epidemics? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2e0st5/eli5_how_did_people_more_than_a_thousand_years/ | {
"a_id": [
"cjuy9ab"
],
"score": [
9
],
"text": [
"They died. The black plague wiped out something like a third of Europe. Even 100 years ago, the Spanish flu killed more people than combat did in World War One"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
3o29wx | why our bodies can recover from common cold and then forget how to next year? | Also, why don't we get stuck in a loop of infecting ourselves over and over during the sickness. Do we get some kind of temporary resistance? what makes it go away? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3o29wx/eli5why_our_bodies_can_recover_from_common_cold/ | {
"a_id": [
"cvtdreg",
"cvtebbf",
"cvtej3c"
],
"score": [
5,
4,
5
],
"text": [
"The common cold is not one disease. It's *hundreds* of different diseases. Once you're over a cold, you're now immune to that specific strain of the virus, but you can still be infected by a different strain.",
"The word 'cold' is an umbrella term for a bunch of different viruses, and these viruses are always mutating, so new ones are 'created' every day. You become immune to each one you get, but there will always be more. ",
"Common cold yes many different viruses but if in fact you happen to attract the same virus it's not actually exactly the same. Viruses adapt and mutate to better combat and evade your immune system very similar to how parasites adapt to over come gmo pesticides on crops every season. Mother Nature is a bitch virus gotta eat and eatin is good. Buckle Homo sapiens up its virus season."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
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] |
|
3p14hb | the current situation with the kepler space telescope and what it might have found. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3p14hb/eli5_the_current_situation_with_the_kepler_space/ | {
"a_id": [
"cw29azk"
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"text": [
"With regard to the star KIC 8462852, it's important because while it is over 1,400 light years away, it has been the focus of astronomers because Kepler had been watching it for planets. It does this by measuring the flux (how much the intensity of light drops when something such as a planet in orbit passes in front of it). Normally, the flux drops by a tiny amount: a Jupiter-sized planet, for example, would cause it to drop about 1%. The astounding thing is that the drops in flux have been measured at a staggering 22%, which indicates that something massive around it could be causing it. \n\nThere are some proposals: \n\n-A comet broke up or otherwise passed around it, with the tail causing the dip. The problem is, comets generally don't have enough mass to cause that. \n\n-A dust or debris field in orbit. This is almost always only possible around a very young star, because over time the dust and debris clumps together to form asteroids or planets. KIC is a main sequence star that is far too old for this. \n\n-A wandering star passed through the neighborhood of KIC, and its gravitational influence caused cometary material to be deposited into orbit around the star, but again, this is thought highly unlikely. \n\n-The report goes on to say it may be possible that an alien intelligence has constructed a Dyson Sphere, which encloses the star so the civilization could absorb all the sunlight and convert it into energy to fulfill their needs. This is unlikely, because it would still radiate waste light in the infrared range, which doesn't measure any differently than we'd expect. It is more likely that it could be a Dyson Shell, millions or billions of satellites forming a shell-like structure around the star while allowing some sunlight through. \n\n-The alien intelligence hypothesis is probably the most unlikely. What it most likely is, is probably some unknown natural phenomena that, while natural, would still be an exciting observation and addition to our knowledge of astronomy. However, it is still considered a great candidate for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (much more than your average star), which is why the authors of the paper have requested a radio telescope to be pointed at the star to see if anything is coming from it. If such megascale construction was ongoing there 1,400 years ago, there's a good chance that they're emitting some form of electromagnetic radiation such as radio. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
9mkyau | the keto diet and how it is different from actually starving | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9mkyau/eli5_the_keto_diet_and_how_it_is_different_from/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Starving you don't eat. Keto you eat a higher percentage of fat and a lower percentage of carbs to change the way your body produces energy. You have a caloric deficit usually, but the higher fat foods make you feel more full.",
"Your body has a priority list for how to metabolize calories for energy depending on their source. That list goes: 1. Alcohol, 2. Carbohydrates, 3. Fat, and 4. Protein. A ketogenic diet is a diet so low in calories from carbohydrates, and higher in calories from fat, so that the body \"skips\" the carbohydrate step in the priority list. \n\nThis has many effects, including changing how your blood sugar and insulin responses work, which can make you feel less \"hungry\" throughout the day, and have your energy levels less tied to increases and decreases in blood sugar. It is entirely possible to be at a caloric maintenance or surplus while eating a low-carb ketogenic diet, but many people find it effective for losing weight, because they find their appetite no longer tied to the \"rush\" and \"crash\" that often comes from high-carb diets, and therefore find it easier to ingest at a caloric deficit."
]
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[],
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||
5t99ee | - health insurance companies have grown exponentially over the past 15 years and post record profits year after year - why do premiums and out of pocket expenses keep rising? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5t99ee/eli5_health_insurance_companies_have_grown/ | {
"a_id": [
"ddl2v0t"
],
"score": [
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],
"text": [
"1) Hydraulic despotism. Our country runs medicine as a business, and so it allows capitalist businessmen the power of life or death. If you let someone have control over a resource people need in order to live (like medical care) they can charge whatever they want for it. \n\n2) Since the ACA was passed, health insurance literally became mandatory. Insurance companies can no longer reject sick people (which defeats the whole point of having insurance) and so they have to charge more for the services they are providing.\n\n3) People keep voting Republican, whose entire platform is built on opposing socialized medicine. Countries that have socialized medicine have lower medical costs overall because the government has more power to dictate medical costs and negotiate low prices with drug providers. But America says: Fuck the sick people, it's their own problem."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
4agu36 | the transition from greek gods to their roman counterpart? | Did the Romans and Greeks develop their beliefs at the same time? And why they were so similar. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4agu36/eli5_the_transition_from_greek_gods_to_their/ | {
"a_id": [
"d109bvc"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"The Greek pantheon emerged first as Greece developed earlier.\n\nRome though did have a sort of animalistic, spiritualist religion. Very observant of family and household gods, and the spirits that dwelt all around them in almost anything and hey did begin building early gods and myths, influenced in part by their neighbors the Etruscans, developing a heavy focus on ancestor veneration for instance. \n\nItaly though was heavily settled by Greeks and Greece began to be seen as the standard of cultured living. And through a few centuries the pantheons merged for the Romans, the Greek gods being seen simply as aspects or parts of the story of their Roman gods, helped along by more and more distinctly Roman writers, poets, etc. \n\nWhere as the Greeks began to see their gods in a much more metaphorical view in some ways the Romans never lost that early superstition, and were very transnational about it all(much like Judaism) such and such a sacrifice was required so that such and such a positive omen would be given, before such and such ana ction could be done to assure success. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
2f8hsb | why do we get paid by the hour/salary instead of getting paid for how much work you get done? | Would a system where you get paid for how much you help a company work better or worse than the current system where people get paid for their time on the clock?
| explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2f8hsb/eli5_why_do_we_get_paid_by_the_hoursalary_instead/ | {
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"text": [
"For lack of better words, there are people with no skills that still need to feed their families ",
"Some places do that. It's called working for commission. The more productive you are the more you make. The problem is that at a point quality becomes inversely related to productivity. ",
"Mostly because it's much easier to measure time:\n\nTo pay **by time**, you just need to know the start time and end time that the person was working.\n\nBy contrast: If you paid **by unit of work**, you would need a reliable system to measure quantity of work completed. The specifics depend on the type of job (and there are some jobs that actually do pay per unit of work completed.) But generally, this is much harder and/or more expensive to measure. ",
"My company tried paying workers by the piece instead of by the hour at one of our factories. Quality plummeted as workers rushed to make as much as possible as quickly as possible. After a few months they went back to paying an hourly wage with an expectation of completing a certain number of pieces an hour. If you consistently fail to produce at the (usually reasonable, and sometimes downright easy) expected rates, you'll eventually either get smaller raises or a one way ticket out the front doors.",
"Before all the sewing jobs got outsourced to sweat shops overseas my mom used to sew dresses, she got paid something really small like $0.05 per dress. (it was done in an assembly line fashion so she just sewed one part of the dress like a zipper on). The problem is it's hard to keep track of how many you've sewn in an assembly line especially when you've got multiple people doing the exact same part.\n\nThere was also a picture posted on /r/wtf a few months ago encouraging migrant workers picking lettuce not to shit in the fields; paying people by hour won't encourage this since it doesn't matter if you take 2 minutes using the restroom or 10 minutes to use the restroom and wash your hands."
]
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|
d5w8ik | is water infinite? | I know technically it isnt infinite- but from earths perspective, could we ever truly
Consume every last drop of water? Wont rain just keep refilling the lakes/oceans/etc? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d5w8ik/eli5_is_water_infinite/ | {
"a_id": [
"f0obpif",
"f0op679",
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2,
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"text": [
"Water is a constant, rather than being infinite. Through normal use, the amount of water on earth stays constant over time; it just relocates, or gets turned into ice, or vapour. \n\nThe only exception to this is conversion of water into hydrogen and oxygen, but generally the hydrogen is then converted back into water through burning or other forms of oxidisation (which also uses the oxygen).",
"The earth does actually lose several kilograms of oxygen and hydrogen off into space *per second*, but not a relevant amount to have be noticeable over some millenias.\n\nOf course, we cannot drink all the water. There is salt water, contaminated water, biologically polluted water and large bodies of ice...",
"Only 2 things are inifinite, the universe and mankinds stupidity, and we are not sure about the universe."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
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|
2ycouk | why is "pounds" shortened "lbs"? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ycouk/eli5_why_is_pounds_shortened_lbs/ | {
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1586,
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"text": [
"Lb is short for the Latin Libra, meaning scales.",
"\"Lb is an abbreviation of the Latin word libra. The primary meaning of libra was balance or scales (as in the astrological sign), but it also stood for the ancient Roman unit of measure libra pondo, meaning “a pound by weight.” We got the word “pound” in English from the pondo part of the libra pondo but our abbreviation comes from the libra. The libra is also why the symbol for the British pound is £—an L with a line through it. The Italian lira also used that symbol (with two lines through it), the word “lira” itself being a shortened version of libra.\" - [source](_URL_0_)\n\n*Edit* - huh, cool, gold. thanks anonymous person.",
"It has been already answered, bud I'd like to add that british currency, GBP, is known as \"Libra Esterlina\" in spanish.\n\nMy two ~~cents~~ pence. ",
"Libra! I know everybody else has said it, but I will push ahead and say it anyway. I always push the back button when I see the question's been answered, but not today! Sorry.",
"Remember how many times reddit reminded you to use the search function before submitting a new post? First, the \"request an explanation\" button changes to \"please search first\". Then, on the submission page, this button is repeated.\n\nThe sidebar also states:Search before submitting with keywords from your topic. The search box is in the upper right corner of the subreddit.\n\nThen, when you type in your post it says: \n\n > submitting to /r/explainlikeimfive\nSEARCH FIRST SEARCH FIRST SEARCH FIRST\nSEARCH FIRST SEARCH FIRST SEARCH FIRST\nSEARCH FIRST SEARCH FIRST SEARCH FIRST\nSEARCH FIRST SEARCH FIRST SEARCH FIRST\nSEARCH FIRST SEARCH FIRST SEARCH FIRST\nSEARCH FIRST SEARCH FIRST SEARCH FIRST\nSEARCH FIRST SEARCH FIRST SEARCH FIRST\nSEARCH FIRST SEARCH FIRST SEARCH FIRST\n\nSo let's see what a precursory search turns up:\n\n[ExplainedELI5:Why is the abreviation for pounds LBs?](_URL_4_)\n\n[Why is the weight unit \"pounds\" abbreviated \"lbs\" instead of something else that makes sense?](_URL_0_)\n\n[ELI5: Why do we use 'lbs' for an abbreviation to pounds? Where did it come from and what does it mean?](_URL_3_)\n\n[ELI5: In the Imperial Measurement System, why are \"pounds\" abbreviated as \"lbs.\"?](_URL_1_)\n\n[ELI5: Why do we use Lbs to abbreviate pounds?](_URL_2_)\n\nThe top one is flagged as \"Explained\", so that might be a good place to start. Or alternatively, this question is easily answered via a search engine.\n",
"Stands for the Latin \"Libra\", meaning pounds. \n\nI'm not American either and for the longest time, I thought it meant \"limbs\". I would \"This bag seems to be about 3 limbs\"."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"http://mentalfloss.com/article/52058/why-are-%E2%80%9Cpound%E2%80%9D-and-%E2%80%9Counce%E2%80%9D-abbreviated-%E2%80%9Clb%E2%80%9D-and-%E2%80%9Coz%E2%80%9D"
],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/13uh66/why_is_the_weight_unit_pounds_abbreviated_lbs/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zjq0l/eli5_in_the_imperial_measurement_system_why_are/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2p4gcl/eli5_why_do_we_use_lbs_to_abbreviate_pounds/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2td9s4/eli5_why_do_we_use_lbs_for_an_abbreviation_to/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1z0xav/eli5why_is_the_abreviation_for_pounds_lbs/"
],
[]
] |
||
2lpbve | if i do something illegal that becomes legal the next day, am i still guilty of the crime? why or why not? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2lpbve/eli5_if_i_do_something_illegal_that_becomes_legal/ | {
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"text": [
"Yes. \n\nPeople in jail for marijuana posession etc are still in jail in the states that legalized it.",
"You're still charged with the crime. You still violated the law at the time, regardless when the law was repealed.",
"Yes, you are still guilty of a crime because it was a crime at the point you did the action. Similarly if you do something that is not a crime that later becomes one you are innocent at the point that you did it. ",
"You are still guilty of the crime because what you did was illegal when you did it. ",
"As long as the law doesn't go in retroactively, and generally laws *don't*, you still will be guilty of breaking the law *when it was still a law*.",
"Though to expand on what others said, even though it is still illegal, courts might be more lenient with the punishment"
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7ouff3 | engine oil ratings | I know there are different standards to which engine oil is rated for gas, diesel, motorcycle/atv and I am wondering about effects of using let's say a car oil in a motorcycle or vice versa. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7ouff3/eli5_engine_oil_ratings/ | {
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"This question has many answers. I can answer the car/motorcycle one with authority: motorcycles use wet clutches (engine oil lubricates the clutch). Most modern car oils have friction modifiers which decrease friction between parts. If you used oil with friction modifiers in a vehicle with a wet clutch (ie. almost all motorcycles) the clutch would slip, which is obviously pretty bad.\n\nYou can use diesel oil in motorcycles no problem. One of the most popular motorcycle oils out there is actual a diesel oil.\n\nSo a lot has to do with what kind of crap they're including in their product, since no oil is pure oil, they all have additives.\n\nThe other stuff, like 5w-40, 10w-30 is temperature ratings. The first number is how viscous it is when cold, the 2nd number is viscosity when hot."
]
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[]
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fy5k3k | the effect of regular exercise on bone health. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fy5k3k/eli5_the_effect_of_regular_exercise_on_bone_health/ | {
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"Exercise makes good bones. The best type of exercise for bone health is what's called resistance training, but any exercise that requires you to 'use your bones', essentially, is great. For this reason, a lot of aqua-based exercise isn't optimal -- you ideally want to be forcing your bones to help keep you standing.\n\nThe reason why is that bone is made up of lots of different stuff. There's different minerals, proteins, and even about 25% water. There are specialised cells that live inside your bone, that monitor how much of each of these components are in the bone already, and how much of each the bone needs. If you're using your bones to carry lots of weight (by exercising), then these cells sense that, and build stronger bones. If you're very sick and have to lay in bed for 3 months, then the bone cells will think that you don't really need all that good, strong bone mineral and will break it down and send it to other places in your body, where it can be used.\n\nAll adults over 50 should be participating in some form of regular exercise to help their bone strength. Bone naturally decays as we get older, so adults over 50 should also speak to their doctors to see if they need to get their bone density checked. If you have low bone density, there are only 2 ways to find out about it -- the first is to get a simple scan, and the second is to break a bone (often with something as minor as falling from standing height).\n\nFinally, balance exercises are exceptional. They don't have as good an effect on bone strength, but can help prevent falls which is super important."
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3dgcxp | why do some people who wear costumes paint black around their eyes? | I was just watching a Star Wars Episode VII behind the scenes trailer and noticed that Peter Mayhew (Chewbacca) had black makeup all around his eyes, even though he would be wearing the full Chewbacca suit. I remember also seeing this in one of the Jackass movies (where one of the guys dressed up like a gorilla in the hotel room). What does this accomplish when wearing the costume? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3dgcxp/eli5_why_do_some_people_who_wear_costumes_paint/ | {
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"The eye holes of the costumes show some of the actor's skin, so it's best to paint the area around the eyes a similar color to prevent any human features from slipping through and breaking immersion.",
"The costume doesn't fit right down to the eyeball. This would look weird (like Leatherface's mask) and not let the actor communicate with his eyes.\n\nThe costume is attached with an adhesive around the eye, and the exposed skin painted to match. This way the eyelid and skin around the eye can still move naturally and maintain expressiveness. "
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1q4esa | in computer networking, what is the difference between a port and a socket? | I've googled this but get mostly very technical explanations and I'm no programmer. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1q4esa/eli5_in_computer_networking_what_is_the/ | {
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"If your computer were an apartment building, with programs living in the apartments, the address of the building would be your computer's IP address, and the apartment numbers would be the ports. So if you want to talk to a specific program, you need to know which computer, as well as which *port* on that computer the program is listening on.\n\nA socket is the entire communication link between two computers, and is defined as the combination of the local address and port, the remote address and port, and the protocol being used. It would be like one of those tin-can-and-string telephones that your little brother has set up with his friend in the apartment across the alley behind the building. ",
"In computer programs, it would get very messy if we always had to tell the operating system the full details of everything.\n\n\"Give me bytes 0-4095 of file c:/users/jim/file.txt\"\n\n\"Give me bytes 4096-8191 of file c:/users/jim/file.txt\"\n\n...\n\nKeeping hold of the file name is tiresome. Passing the file name from the program to the operating system all the time is tiresome and inefficient. Surely the operating system knows you want to read that file!\n\nWhat operating systems have is an \"open file\" function. Programs call that function with the file name they want to open, and the operating system gives them back a *file handle* or *file descriptor*. This is just a single number, like 5 or 0x80241358, but the operating system keeps track of it. It keeps a list of files your program has open right now. It can even use the same number in different programs, or recycle the number if you close a file and open another one. It's much easier to ask for the bytes of open file #5 than it is to keep passing the filename back and forth.\n\nSo, you use the operating system to open files. You give it a *file name* and it gives you a *file handle* or *file descriptor* to work with. Likewise, you use the operating system to open network connections. You give it a *network address* and it gives you a *socket* to work with. Why are they called sockets rather than handles or descriptors? It's just because [the people who invented them called them sockets, and the name stuck](_URL_0_). But that's all sockets are; bookkeeping numbers made up by the operating system, so it knows which of your network connections you want to use without having to tell it the network address all the time.\n\nAnd that's where ports come in. Just like files have *file names* that uniquely identify them, network connections have *network addresses* that uniquely identify them.\n\nSome network connections actually use filenames as the address! But mostly these days you want an Internet connection, and Internet addresses have two parts - the number that identifies another computer (the IPv4 address or IPv6 address), and another number that identifies which program/service *on* that computer you want to talk to - the *port*.\n\nYou're free to pick any port number you like, and if you're the client rather than the server, your connection will be given a random port number so the server can respond to you. But servers wouldn't easily be contactable unless ports were agreed in advance. Sometimes this is de-facto (the game DOOM used port 666 just because it was cool), sometimes it's de-jure (the IANA brokers which ports should be used for which software/protocols, e.g. LDAP is on port 389, HTTP is on port 80, Microsoft Exchange is on port 691).\n",
"A port is a mailbox. It's a thing that messages go into and out of.\n\nA socket is correspondence. It represents an active conversation.\n\nOnce a program receives data on a port, it opens a socket to be able to read it and respond to it.",
"A port is, basically, just a number. Like saying \"PO Box #337\". I can say \"Box #337\" whether or not there's actually a box with that number at my post office.\n\nA socket is one (of several) ways to think about the way a program can ask the operating system to give it the data that arrives addressed to a particular port. This might involve setting aside some memory to act like a metaphorical mailbox #337, or just making an entry on a list somewhere saying \"if a packet shows up addressed to port #337, hand it to Joe.\" Usually a socket actually represents an ongoing conversation between two computers, so that a program can send some data to a socket, and inside the OS this means the data gets addressed to a particular port on a particular other computer, and sent out on the network, and the OS keeps track of checking that the data actually got there and other details like that.\n\nSoftware is built out of metaphors, and sockets are just a particularly popular metaphor for the way a program uses the network."
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3cf4gk | what happens when you blank-out whilst driving and realise 5 minutes later you haven't paid attention, but also haven't crashed? | This is a really hard thing to ask unless it's happened to you (and I am sure that it has).
So you're driving a car. One minute you are paying complete attention to the road/traffic/etc, the next some thought forms in your head, or you just go blank and after getting side-tracked, you suddenly realise that you haven't been fully concentrating on the road. Yet you're waiting before a traffic light, or still driving etc. all without having an accident.
What happens? It's almost like some kind of 'auto-pilot' brain mode. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3cf4gk/eli5_what_happens_when_you_blankout_whilst/ | {
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"Forming new memories requires two mechanisms to work properly and run in sync. Your short term memory has to pay attention to the thing, and your long term memory has to think it's important and file it away. They have to synchronize to properly communicate. \n \nWith things like what you're describing one of two things are happening. Either you're not paying attention to it, which is the more likely thing. Or you're long term memory just isn't marking it as important. If it did then it would have to file a new memory every time you drove to work. \n \nBut it's far more likely that you're going through the motions and not paying any attention to what you're doing, so you don't remember having done it. ",
"Once something is \"learned\" - like hardwired into your brain cells -, you don't have to use as much \"resources\" as you had the first few times. Here, repetition and interaction is the key. The brain can be \"programmed\" in the sense that if you do the \"same\" task over and over again, the brain \"builds\" a specific set of combinations that facilitate the travel of the electrical pulses that help your motor coordination to work smoothly. \n\nWhich means that the workload that was executed in your brain to performed that task gets \"memorized\" and \"optimized\". It's more technical than that, but essentially the brain devises shorter routes and faster pulses to deal with that task. In some way, is like the brain \"understands\": \"*Ok, this is somehow important, let's make it semi-reflexive.*\"\n\nYou can still maintain focus on it, since the parts of the brain that deal with attention, the right cerebral hemisphere, the \"back\" part of your parietal lobe, the cerebellum a little and the brain stem, can take control some of our reflexive actions, such as breathing, which you normally do regardless of your attention to it, but can also control it if necessary. \n\nIn a way, you brain works together with you and what you do. When you \"space out\", the brain - obviously, it does not have its own will, but it works based on what you do or don't do - takes control of the now well known process necessary to drive. Since you have done it before plenty of times, the brain \"doesn't need\" you to do it anymore. You are still paying attention in some way, which is why you can remember what happened and realize that you weren't exactly completely focused, but the brain power necessary to perform that task was optimized, so sometimes you don't need to feel so \"alert\", specially if you heart beatings are low - if you are calm or sleepy, in a way.\n\nHowever, it's important to point out that driving is a highly complex task for the brain. Your \"auto-pilot\" **cannot deal with unexpected stimuli**. Which means that it will do what you have done a thousand times before, but not something new. If someone cuts you off or breaks too suddenly, everything is \"shut down\" and the part of your brain that deals with self-defense kicks in. Blood pressure goes up and the brain starts to handle this as a \"fight or flight\" situation. Now, in a way, you're on your own. If you were in auto-pilot, it takes \"a little longer\" for the brain to get everything ready to kick ass than it would take if you were paying attention - since this paying attention side of your brain also works together with other parts in a \"fight or flight\" situation. It's partially activated already, so your reflex is faster.\n\nTo sum up, if you're in a deserted road, it's ok to space out a little every now in then. If you're going Fast & Furious Detroit Drift, than you better pay attention to what you're doing. It might not look like it, but you're carrying a very heavy weapon. ",
"Most professional athletes/whatever do this regularly as well. \nThey did some tests on professional soccer players and found that their level of brain activity was much lower than that of low/mid level ones because they had so much of what they do in muscle memory.\n\nPretty sure if you did it with professional gamers, you'd get a similar result. "
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9fmxnn | how do autoimmune diseases work? | What causes the immune system to differ from that of a healthy person?
Relatedly, are autoimmune diseases like the opposite of cancer (overactive vs underactive immune systems)? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9fmxnn/eli5_how_do_autoimmune_diseases_work/ | {
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"Autoimmune diseases come in two flavors: “kill everything” and “nah, bro.” We don’t know why it happens, but they’re starting to understand how they work. ",
"Your immune system works sort of like combining different lego pieces. Combining these leads to different places they can fit onto. We have a system to try and break down the combinations that don't work or that hurt us, but sometimes that system fails. \n\nFrequently in an autoimmune disease you form a combination of lego pieces that attach to your own cells causing your own body to mount an immune response. This is commonly due to genetic factors and an environmental event that occurs.\n\nThere are also things your immune system wants to attack but that look a lot like your own body, which can confuse your immune system and lead to an autoimmune disease. ",
"I can answer this as I have a very rare one. Either at birth, or sometimes through trauma, medicine, etc, our immune system gets switched from \"auto\" mode to always on mode. In the always on mode, the cells including white blood cells, work on a specific part of your body, constantly trying to destroy it. We combat this by taking immuno suppressant drugs and steroids to tell our immune system to \"relax, have some red wine with dinner\". You will often see this in organ transplants, even in the closest matches, the body often sees the new organ or tissue as a foreign invader and try to \"reject it\".",
"To answer your second question. Yes, exactly. Cancer does a good job pretending to the immune system that there's no problem. The whole answer to this question is that there are a few immune cell types that are usually good at nipping cancer in the bud, just that the worst kinds of cancer will bypass these immune cells by being tricky and either prevent immune cells from initiating apoptosis (signaling the cancer cell to kill itself) or from being recognized as a harmful cell in the first place. A very recent therapy called CAR-T cells used in some leukemias overcomes the limits of not being able to recognize lymphomas. Basically they pull out your own T-cells (aka killer cells), use some gene editing to place receptors to the cancer on the surface of those T-cells, and when put back in your body the T-cells go gangbusters, dividing rapidly and killing cancer while ignoring other healthy cells. They can do this because these cancer cells will have one thing different on the surface of their cells, and \"training\" a T-cell to see this will allow it to safely kill cancer cells without an autoimmune reaction. \n\n & #x200B;\n\nThe answer to your first question is complicated. Like some of the other answers, there is often a genetic predisposition to getting autoimmune diseases followed by an initiating event. And because this is good practice for me to remember immunology I'll break it down in a few examples with painful ELI5 detail(I'm still going to leave out a ton). \n\nType 1 diabetes:\n\nYour pancreas makes insulin to lower blood sugar. Cells that make insulin are called ß islet cells. In adolescence there's an inciting event (inflammation), and a cell (probably lots of cells, really) called a Natural Killer cell arrives in the pancreas destroys all the ß islet cells in a case of mistaken identity. Now you can't make insulin and need an insulin pump. Without it you starve to death.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nRheumatoid Arthritis: \n\nYou've heard of antibodies, maybe. These aren't cells, they're just sticky proteins that have an amazing quality. They stick to 1 type of thing only. But when they do they can signal immune cells (there are a few types) to come and attack whatever they're stuck to. B-cells make antibodies. Sometimes bad B-cells that recognize normal human cells or harmless human proteins get made by the body, and worse, they mature. When a harmless protein comes in contact with that 1 lone B-cell, that B-cell will divide, throw out more antibodies, and keep dividing. In the case of Rheumatoid Arthritis, that \"harmless protein\" is simply another antibody (called IgG). When an antibody sticks to another antibody, it forms a complex, and gets stuck somewhere. And these complexes stick together, growing larger and larger, all winding up in the tissue of the joints, which is usually pristine and smooth. \n\nStill with me?\n\nComplexes use a special chemical pathway called complement to call for help from two types of immune cells that do damage, Macrophages and Neutrophils. The complement pathway marks cells for destruction, and since all this complement is sitting in joint tissue, the macrophages and neutrophils arrive by the bloodstream and start destroying the joints. This leads to painful joints that will start to deform as more and more damage ensues. The treatment is to use drugs that prevents immune cells like Macrophages and neutrophils from growing/dividing, or preventing these from entering the tissue space (aka extravasation). But there's no cure, because those B-cells won't stop. And as you can imagine, RA is a terrible disease. \n\n & #x200B;\n\nand finally\n\nLupus:\n\nYou get a sunburn. That kills some of your skin cells, inside which there is your DNA and some nuclear material, which spills out into your body. Unluckily, you have one of those bad B-cells that makes antibodies that (absolutely randomly) recognizes that DNA and nuclear material from your skin cells. Antibodies from that B-cell complex with the DNA/nuclear material. \n\nBy a twist of even worse fate, some of that antibody-DNA complex is consumed by a Dendritic cell. The job of a Dendritic cell is to stand guard against invaders by eating things and presenting the chewed up remains to... B-cells. Normally this is the signal that expedites the process of ramping up an immune system against a bacteria. In Lupus, it causes all the problems. Now the B-cells make even more antibodies and start cloning themselves. More antibody complexes start depositing in places where sunburn/skin damage happened first, in the skin, causing a butterfly rash (google an image). But eventually this process can cause larger clumps complexes to deposit throughout the body, particularly areas that are thin and membranous where these complexes physically get stuck, like the kidney or the brain, blood vessels, the heart valves, the tongue, the lymph nodes. Just like Rheumatoid Arthritis, complexes activate complement, calling for immune cells to visit and start killing normal tissues. \n\n & #x200B;\n\nThere is a ton of nuance with these diseases, which have different processes and origins. This is because the immune system really isn't one \"switch\". Its a lot of switches that work in harmony to make sure that bad infections are dealt with, cancer cells are eliminated, and normal cells are not killed. For something to go wrong, multiple factors are usually at play, many I haven't mentioned. But hopefully this gives you a better picture of what an autoimmune disease is, rare and devastating. \n\n & #x200B;\n\n & #x200B;"
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19p3wm | how is it possible for gopro to capture those video shots where the camera is rotating around the person mid-action? | I was watching [this GoPro video](_URL_0_) of the that "Hero 3" camera the other day and I have no clue how the get some of the shots where a camera pans/rotates around the person while they're doing something, but it doesn't seem to be connected to their body at all? Specifically I'm looking at 1:10-1:14, 1:25-1:27, 2:18-2:20, 3:37-3:40, & 4:49-4:50.
Obviously there's no problem capturing most of the video, the camera is simply mounted on the person or on their equipment or filmed from a different source.
The video claims it's all shot on their cameras, but I don't see how it's physically possible to achieve some of the shots they've recorded. How can another film crew be that close to another person while the actors are traveling at 40-60mph? And on top of that manage to film stable video? Does this film technique have a name? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/19p3wm/how_is_it_possible_for_gopro_to_capture_those/ | {
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"Looking at the segment as 1:10 I'd say that the camera is mounted on an arm which is connected to the snowboarders helment. Which can rotate freely. Inertia keeps the camera in the same position while the snowboarder spins around.\n\nKind of like how if you stir liquid in a glass it will keep going after you've stopped stirring.\n\nedit: At 1:36 you can see the biker tapping the camera and it begins to swing on an arc which shows the camera has free range of motion along the horizontal plane.\n\nSecond edit: I don't know how they get the video so stable though. It's quite impressive considering motorcycles vibrate like there's no tomorrow at those speeds. Curious as well.",
"The camera is on a pole that swivels loosely. Notice how in those shots you cant see the top of the helmet.\n\nHere is how to do it yourself!\n\n_URL_0_"
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