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1jyxkc | why do things take longer to cook when i make more of them? | For example, lets say I bake a potato. 45 minutes. But if I bake two, it might take an hour. Why do things take longer to cook when the temperature is still the same? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jyxkc/eli5_why_do_things_take_longer_to_cook_when_i/ | {
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"The temperature is not the same. If you have 250 degree oven and you drop in a 70 degree potato, the temperature dips slightly while it brings the potato up to 250 degrees.\n\nNow, if you put in ten potatoes, the temperature dips a lot more and it takes longer to get them all up to 250.\n\nThought experiment - Boil water, drop in an ice cube. Now drop in ten. Now fifty. You can see how the more uncooked items you put in, the longer it takes for the temperature to get back up to where it needs to be.",
"When you bake a potato. what's really happening? Is it baked because the temperature is high? Not really, actually. The potato bakes because it becomes a high temperature itself. How does it become hot? It 'steals' heat from the oven.\n\nThermodynamics demands that the potato, because it's cold relative to the oven, will take on heat from the air around it in the oven. A system is pretty much always trying to even out the temperature of all the things with in it. Your potato, therefore, takes heat on from the air in the oven, and this heat is no longer in the air in the over. The air, therefore, cools down because that heat was absorbed into the potato.\n\nThe heating element in the oven is working to heat that air right back up so that heat can continue to flow into the potato.\n\nIf you have two potatoes though, the air is getting its heat drawn out twice as quickly though; the air in the oven cools faster and the heating element in the oven is only able to heat the air back up so quickly. The result? It takes longer to get the two potatoes up to the temperature desired for a good bake."
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4vdm86 | how do we know where hackers are from? | In particular I'm referencing the latest DNC hack that anylists are saying the hackers are from Russia. I don't want the politics just the technical aspects. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4vdm86/eli5_how_do_we_know_where_hackers_are_from/ | {
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"We don't. A good hacker (hackers who are intentionally hacking government servers) won't leave a trace. Or at least they will be behind so many proximity it'd take forever to find them"
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8apt6z | what is that little grey bar that moves ahead of the progress bar on a youtube video? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8apt6z/eli5_what_is_that_little_grey_bar_that_moves/ | {
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"The grey bar is supposed to indicate how much of the video has loaded already.\nSo the red line represents the point of the video you are watching, but the grey bar represents the point till where you could watch without any connection rn."
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64uy22 | why is it bad to eat carnivores? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/64uy22/eli5_why_is_it_bad_to_eat_carnivores/ | {
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"it isn't inherently bad.\n\ncarnivores that humans regularly eat in no particular order\n\nfree range chicken\n\nwild turkey\n\nsnake\n\ntuna\n\nshark\n\nalligator\n\ndog\n\nwhale\n\nproblem with carnivores is that feeding them is expensive. meat doesn't grow on a tree. you need to make meat with an herbivore and plants that grow from the sun. so there's vertical supply chain you need to worry about",
"There's also a much smaller population of carnivores in the wild, since their population is controlled by their food source. Because of that, hunting carnivores can easily decimate their population and upset the ecosystem by allowing their prey species' to reproduce unchecked.\n\nSadly, we see this happening a lot anyway, even though we don't typically eat carnivores.",
"It is bad to eat carnivores because of the ecological impact that a carnivore has. \n\nIf you eat a herbivore, the herbivore eats plants, and gains weight, and then you eat it. \n\nTo eat a carnivore, you get much less mean per pound of plant material. The carnivore eats herbivores for every meal, and for every pound the herbivores eat, the carnivore gets very little nutrition. \n\nSo, living in a world where there are food shortages, the waste of eating a carnivore, when for the same energy input you could feed herbivores to a LOT more people) is wasteful. \n\nAs far as your health goes, the higher up the food chain you go, the more environmental toxins accumulate, too. Pesticide ingestion, mercury, lead, a herbivore absorbs a limited quantity of these. The carnivore eating the herbivores gets many times that amount, because the carnivore eats many herbivores. \n\nIt's just not a great thing to do. ",
"If you're asking why it is or is not acceptable to eat carnivores because it is Haram or not kosher...ask a Muslim or Jew, respectively. Those are religious reasons, not objective reasons.\n\nObjectively, there's nothing inherently wrong with eating carnivores. They're just inherently difficult to get. Farming them can be difficult, since you now need to farm their prey. When you raise cattle, you need grain. When you raise, I dunno, mountain lions, you need cattle for them to eat, *and* grain for the cattle to eat. You're increasing the burden on yourself.\n\nThey're also going to be more difficult to domesticate. Taming means taking an individual and making them friendly (or \"friendly\") to humans and useful to humans. Domestication means breeding them so that the offspring are, more or less, automatically friendly towards humans. A pissed off bull isn't exactly something to sneeze at, but I'd rather deal with a pissed off bull than a pissed off mountain lion. Most carnivores are not easy to handle when they do not want to be handled, which makes it far more difficult to breed and domesticate them. Dogs and cats both basically domesticated themselves for us.\n\nIt's generally wasteful since you're losing energy in the system. Again, consider cattle: energy from the sun gets turned into food by plants. But we can't use most of that energy because our digestive system isn't designed for it. So we let cows eat the plants, and their digestive system breaks the plant matter into meat, which makes the energy way more available to us. In the process, energy is lost: the cows use some of it to move around and grow parts that we don't/can't eat, and some of it is lost to inefficiency. That cow meat is at the maximum of availability to humans already. Feeding it to a mountain lion doesn't make the energy easier for us to use, and all the same losses of energy that happened from grass to cow happen from cow to mountain lion. So you lose a lot but gain nothing.\n\nSome poisonous things bioaccumulate. The easiest example is mercury in fish. Invertebrates like shrimp absorb the mercury as they eat, and it gets stored in their tissues. Then fish eat those inverts and the mercury gets stored in *their* tissues. Since the fish eat a lot of shrimp, they get a lot of mercury. Then bigger predatory fish like swordfish eat *those* fish and the mercury content just keeps accumulating. Some compounds containing mercury can get metabolized and removed, but many don't: once it's eaten, it stays there. Since predators are at the top of the food chain, anything that can't be metabolized and removed ends up in their bodies. So *sometimes* carnivore meat can contain more toxins like mercury than meat from lower on the food chain, but it greatly depends on what animal it is. Fish are worse because there are usually more steps between the bottom and the top, where most land predators go from plant to herbivore to apex carnivore pretty quick.\n\nAs others have pointed out, carnivores are more likely to be \"keystone species\" - that is, a species that has a proportionally greater impact on their environment than others. For example, there are a lot of things that eat grass: rabbits, deer, tons of insects like grasshoppers... If you remove rabbits entirely, there will be plenty of things to eat the grass and keep it under control. But not a whole lot of things eat rabbits. So if you remove one of the main predators, like coyotes, the rabbit population is going to increase dramatically, which is not so good for all the things competing with them to eat grass."
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9z7a3j | why is it that 12oz soda almost always comes in a tin can whereas other sizes of soda--1 and 2 liters--as well as most bottled water come in plastic? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9z7a3j/eli5_why_is_it_that_12oz_soda_almost_always_comes/ | {
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"Screw-on tops.\n\nCans are great for one-use drinks, but not for very large sizes. You do see some drinks sold in larger cans, but after about 16-18 ounces you're not expected to finish them in one sitting."
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28lfnx | do fifa referees in the world cup matches have to speak the language of both teams? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28lfnx/eli5_do_fifa_referees_in_the_world_cup_matches/ | {
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"No. All of the referees have to have decent English to be at the World Cup. Most of the players will have rudimentary English too.",
"No, they just have to speak English to guarantee that refereeing teams can communicate among themselves.\n\nThere are universal hand signals for the major calls that need to be made during a game, though.",
"Is English the universal language of soccer (football) or FIFA?\n",
"They do need to learn the most common curse words of the two languages they make calls tho"
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2fr1ng | how do people photograph or take videos of mirrors? | Wouldn't you see the camera crew's reflections in the windows? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2fr1ng/eli5_how_do_people_photograph_or_take_videos_of/ | {
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"They either shoot from an angle where the camera and operator are not visible or they are removed with editing software.",
"Mirrors are never filmed head-on; usually the camera is a little to the side so that it doesn't appear in the shot.\n\nWhen an actor looks at the mirror and appears to be looking into their own eyes, they're actually just looking into the reflection of the camera."
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1jr8i0 | why are browsers still not able to have an effective pop-up blocker? (especially given the fact that they all implement and adhere to a standard rfc) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jr8i0/eli5_why_are_browsers_still_not_able_to_have_an/ | {
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"Obviously it would be possible to design a browser that simply didn't allow any pop-up windows. The problem is there are many genuine and legitimate uses for pop-up windows, and many existing websites depend on pop-up windows to function correctly. \n\nThus, the browser is given the almost impossible task of trying to distinguish between undesired (spam) pop-ups and legitimate pop-ups that the user wants to see.\n\nModern browsers now typically block websites from loading pop-ups from code which executes autonomously. For example, you can't tell the browser to simply open a pop-up window when a page loads any more -- most browsers will simply ignore such a request because it could be seriously abused.\n\nIn most cases, browsers only respond to pop-ups that are triggered by user input (e.g. clicking on a web page element like a button), because it is assumed that the user genuinely wants to see the pop-up if they are clicking the button. \n\nThe problem is that websites may exploit this as a vulnerability and simply put an invisible 'button' over the whole webpage (for example), and then as soon as the user clicks anywhere on the page, the browser opens the pop-up (assuming the user requested the pop-up by clicking a button).\n\nSo basically there is no easy solution. Some browsers block everything and notify you of any attempts to load pop-ups so you can choose which ones to allow yourself. Other browsers employ the method I described above where only pop-ups triggered by some user action are permitted."
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3j632d | why is the uae so amazing and secular when it comes to technology and engineering but poor when it comes to social justice? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3j632d/eli5_why_is_the_uae_so_amazing_and_secular_when/ | {
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"It's a country made of smaller countries, the parts that are very modern are generally pretty modern on social issues too. The parts with very bad social situations are pretty far away from the technology and engineering parts. \n\nThere are of course human rights issues in the more modern parts too but where isn't that the case?",
"Quite surprised you admire engineering and technology in the UAE. So many of their megaprojects are shoddily built and very, very little isn't just a case of throwing oil money (or in Dubai's case, debt) at foreigners. ",
"American and European architects and engineers built those building. They just have a shit load of money from all the oil to throw at cool buildings",
"They throw money at european/North American companies to build expensive shit\n\nThey're xenophobic against people of a lower class than them (even other arabs)."
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60k69d | how do we know so much about a planet by just looking at a picture | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/60k69d/eli5_how_do_we_know_so_much_about_a_planet_by/ | {
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"Well, we know a lot about planets and chemistry more broadly.\n\nIf we see a planet pass in front of its star relative to us, we can see how big it is. We can also see how much its gravity makes its star wobble to get an idea of the planet's mass. Together, these give us the planet's density (and, thus, whether it's a rocky planet or a gaseous one). \n\nAdditionally, if it passes in front of its star, we can look at what color light passes through its atmosphere. Different chemicals absorb different wavelengths of light, by looking at light that passes through an exoplanet's atmosphere, we can get a pretty good idea of what its atmosphere is made out of.",
"You don't just look at a picture, you look at different pictures, at different wavelengths. \n\nDifferent elements and chemical reacrions emit different forms of radiation, from infrared to gamma rays. By looking at this radiation, we can guess what elememts the planet is made off, whete those elemrnts are, and what elements were there in the past based on complicated calculations involving physics and chemistry. "
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flasba | how can a woman's body be able to hold a baby inside without damaging her insides? | As far as I'm aware, the baby forms inside the womb but isnt the skin tightly covering all the organs and bones? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/flasba/eli5_how_can_a_womans_body_be_able_to_hold_a_baby/ | {
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"It is contained inside a flexible squishy bag, but sometimes the mother is damaged inside especially during the birth itself.",
"It doesn't.\n\nSome people have \"easy\" pregnancies with limited long term effects. Most people don't. In not unrare cases, the bones begin breaking inside of the body. Permanent bladder and sphincter damage is very common. Permanent pelvic floor damage is very common.",
"The abdomen has [muscles](_URL_1_) to \"hold everything in\", and the skin and abdominal muscles CAN grow and stretch over the 9 month period to [accommodate](_URL_0_) the baby's size.\n\nBut pregnancies are not easy, and neither is the birth process, so in a lot of cases there are complications and unsuccessful pregnancies or deliveries."
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ep8rws | why does smoking cigarettes have a significantly higher chance of someone developing lung cancer as opposed to vaping e-liquid or smoking marijuana? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ep8rws/eli5_why_does_smoking_cigarettes_have_a/ | {
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"There are many many many other chemicals in cigarettes such as formaldehyde (that liquid your dissection frogs in high school sit in so they don’t rot), battery acid, rat poison, etc in them. If you were to grow tobacco dry it and roll your own cigarettes they would be significantly safer and less cancerous.",
"There's not enough data about vaping to say it doesn't.\n\nBut as for cigarettes vs marijuana it's because one is a plant in raw form and the other has 500+ chemicals including arsenic (main ingredient in rat poison) and formaldehyde (used for embalming dead bodies) to name a couple",
"Also, just the quantity.\n\nA 'pack a day' smoker is fairly common.\n\nYou'll be hard pressed to find someone who smokes 20 joints a day.\n\n\nLike, Snoop and Willie and my roomate in college is about it.",
"It all ties to carcinogens.\n\nLet's get e-cigarettes out of the way. The principle components are propylene glycol and nicotine.\n\n* Propylene glycol has not been classified for carcinogenicity. All this means is DHHS, IARC, and the EPA hasn't bothered to classify this compound. However, animal studies have not found a link to cancer.\n* Nicotine is not a carcinogen.\n\nUnfortunately, e-cigarettes haven't been sufficiently evaluated yet, either, and you're smoking more than just the liquid. The principle problems are:\n\n* Ultra-fine particles that can cause pulmonary inflammation and a wide range of far reaching adverse health effects.\n* The heating elements contain heavy metals, which can lead to poisoning. Some of the recent deaths due to e-cigarettes has been correlated to cadmium poisoning.\n* Adjuncts in the liquid for color, flavor, odor, viscosity, vaporization, and other illicit effects may be carcinogenic.\n\nNow for tobacco. In/Around 1955, the tobacco industry successfully lobbied to be able to use apatite for fertilizer. Apatite is a porous, phosphorous rich mineral; which is good for the crop, but over geological timelines in which those deposits have formed, they have captured radioactive elements from the environment.\n\nThat means all American grown tobacco is nuclear-fucking radioactive. You're inhaling Hiroshima and exhaling Nagasaki. 1st, 2nd, and 3rd hand smoke are all literally radioactive fallout. Everywhere a smoker smokes is measurably more radioactive than background. It's in you. It's on you. It's on your clothes. It's in your car seats. It's by your back door. On your porch. It's everywhere smokers smoke and on everything they come in enough contact with.\n\nRadiation and carcinogen exposure is cumulative. This is why 3rd hand (contact) smoke is so dangerous to babies and smokers shouldn't touch or hold babies without a shower, clean set of clothes, and a towel as a barrier. Small bodies and a young age makes exposure more damning to them than to an older full grown adult.\n\nHow bad is it? When I worked in logistics; bulk tobacco was a HAZMAT material - a truck load would set off radiation detectors. I did some napkin math and came up with a pack-a-day smoker was receiving the equivalent of 2,000 chest x-rays a year. The recommended safe maximum exposure for one year is 4.\n\nAnd what makes it worse is farmers may change their contaminated fields to grow produce, grain, or animal feed, so it's getting into the food supply. It's also contaminating the water table and environment surrounding the farm.\n\nFurther, tar isn't \"in\" cigarettes. Tar is, by definition, the byproduct of combustion. Smoking a cigarette produces tar. And the molecules that are byproducts of that combustion can be carcinogenic. Not just carcinogenic, but aggressively so, and stable. These chemicals can stay in your body for years, causing continuous damage in your cells.\n\nIn all, we are seeing deaths related to smoking (1st, 2nd, and 3rd hand) reaching all-time highs even though smoking among the population reaching all-time lows.\n\nIf radiation scares you, as it should, then \"carcinogenic molecule\" should make you shit your fucking pants, because they're far more prevalent and aggressive."
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g0buga | how do businesses that are normally worth billions fail/file for bankruptcy after just a couple of months of being out of work? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/g0buga/elif_how_do_businesses_that_are_normally_worth/ | {
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"Just as an example, let's take a look at Walmart. If we look at Walmart's [income statement](_URL_0_), they make about 523 billion dollars a year, but spend about 503 billion dollars, resulting in a profit (before taxes) of about 20 billion dollars. \n\nFundamentally, this is the problem. If their revenue drops by 20%, or 100 billion, they go from profiting 20 billion dollars to losing about 80 billion dollars. Meanwhile, if we look at their [balance sheet](_URL_1_), they have about 10 billion in cash. \n\nIn general, businesses do not expect their revenue stream to dry up overnight. Businesses are \"worth billions\" because their investors expect their revenue streams to continue on like normal. For pretty much any business, if their annual revenue was 83% of what it was supposed to be (that's 10/12 months of revenue), they wouldn't be making money."
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2cap6o | why does wal-marts "great value" brand ice cream not melt? | And is this something I should be concerned about eating?
Edit: mobile is giving me issues marking this as solved. Thank you for your answers!
Edit 2: got it! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2cap6o/eli5_why_does_walmarts_great_value_brand_ice/ | {
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"Walmart answers in this [article!](_URL_0_)\n\nSomething about this quote makes me not trust Walmart on this.... I think it's the \"real ice cream\" part :P\n\n\"It is 'real ice cream'; it just has more cream, Walmart spokesman Danit Marquardt explained to Newsday.\"",
"The milk and the cream part does melt but it's held in suspension by the various gum bases that they use, the same gums used in yogurt and shakes to give body and to act as a stabilizer. The gums act as a mesh. No sense getting upset that Wal-Mart uses a stabilizer in its product that in fact stabilizes the product. ",
"It's a fake story, anyone who's had the ice cream sandwiches knows that they begin to melt in your hands before you're even finished, let alone a much hotter summer day under the sun for *an hour*. The video wasn't a proper time-lapse and had screen-wipes between \"alleged\" time checks, where somebody could easily slide in a new sandwich fresh from the freezer. \n\nNow I don't really like Glenn Beck but I can trust him to [slap some sandwiches down on plates and stick them under the sun](_URL_0_). \n\nThis isn't rocket science, grab a wal-mart ICS and a Haagen-Dazs one if you really want to find out for yourself. Of course you have to have a smidge more control than me since the sandwiches mysteriously disappeared under my vigilance while conducting these experiments. \n\nNow the various binders and stabilizers *may* let it survive longer in heat, but not for a whole hour like the story claimed, not even close. ",
"Haven't tried that brand of ice cream.\n\nBut generally, ice cream products that do not melt as quickly have a lower air% composition. It's also why smaller containers of ice cream can weigh more than larger containers.",
"I wish I had the link but Alton Brown explains this very well referring to ice cream and Bread I believe. But the fillers or additives let them whip it up into a very strong foam that holds its shape its a lot cheaper to fill the container with whipped up air bubbles held together than the cream and sugar of the icecream. His point being that more expensive icecream has more actual ice cream and less air and tastes better too.",
"After I saw the video I decided to cut my ice cream sandwich in half and let it sit in room temp. The inner layer melt like any other ice cream but the outer layer did not. It's just looks like there's a cream/gum substance on the outside. It's actually good otherwise anyone eating the sandwich will get ice cream all over their hand and pants. ",
"Maybe it is \"Frozen Dessert\" instead of \"Ice Cream\"? There is a difference between the two. Frozen Dessert is chilled margarine and maintains its shape when thawed. Ice Cream is made from food and tends to melt when heated, often rapidly. At least in Canada, the label has to say which one you're buying. Once I learned the difference, I've never bought Frozen Dessert again.",
"Its just gelatin mixed in. Its just bones people.",
"In Canada, Great Value doesn't sell ice cream. \n\nThey call it ice milk. There is no cream in the Canadian version. \n\nIts more like the stuff yuou get in a cheap icecream bar.\n\n",
"Its not just walmart. Target brand does the same thing. But it does indeed melt! The structure of the sandwich gets soggy from the ice cream and all thats left in the center is a flavorless structure, like unsweetened marshmallow\n\nEdit: Source: my work freezer is terrible",
"[Obligatory link to a reddit user's rant about 'Frozen Dairy Desserts' and Breyer's 'Ice Cream'](_URL_0_).",
"because it's not ice cream, it's more like cool whip ",
"I find it silly that people think 80F is a hot sunny day.",
"Cheap ice cream without artificial ingredients melts quicker than expensive ice cream be uses the fat content is usually lower and the air content is higher. Aka there is less \"stuff\" to melt in cheap ice cream. Walmart just uses stabilizers probably to cheaply add volume and make it so it seems more expensive when it doesn't melt ",
"Just to clear something up in the \"ice cream\" vs \"frozen dairy dessert\" confusion. All ice cream is a dairy dessert. It is dairy and it is frozen. Pretty simple, right? All frozen dairy dessert is not ice cream, though, because in order to be called ice cream in the US, it must contain at least 10% dairy fat. In the US, gelato, while being the Italian word for ice cream, may or may not technically be ice cream according to US standards because it only needs to contain 3.5% dairy fat. \n\nThat said, ice cream, gelato, frozen custard, frozen dairy dessert are all delicious and you should treat it with more respect than what walmart sells. \n\nedit: fixed some wording. ",
"They are like the milkshakes at Krusty Burger...Partially-Gelatinated-Non-Dairy-Gum-Based-Beverages.",
"it has harmless things in it that makes it a bit like chewing gum."
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"http://www.newsday.com/news/nation/walmart-s-great-value-ice-cream-sandwiches-don-t-melt-in-80-degree-weather-video-shows-1.8929140"
],
[],
[
"http://www.glennbeck.com/2014/07/25/mother-says-sons-ice-cream-sandwich-didnt-melt-after-12-hour-in-the-heat-glenn-puts-the-claim-to-the-test/"
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"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/20m9wp/what_productitemappliance_will_you_never_ever_buy/cg4ob7o"
],
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[],
[],
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|
26innq | what do companies like accenture exactly do? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/26innq/eli5what_do_companies_like_accenture_exactly_do/ | {
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"I'm assuming that you're referring to business consulting firms. \n\nBasically one business has a problem that they don't have the experience to handle so they pay money to the consultancy firm to fix the problem for them. \n\n\n\n",
"Jimmy Kimmel sums it up in 30 seconds \n_URL_0_\n",
"LY5: \nlittle jimmy wants to build a sandcastle...hes made a few but now wants to try his hand at a super-castle. That takes skill. and if he makes some mistakes it could fail completely. Jimmy would be embarrassed. \nBut wait: little tommy built a super sandcastle last year, and another one last month. Maybe he could give jimmy some tips? \nTommy agrees provided jimmy gives him some pogs (or whatever the heck kids are into these days :-) \nTommy hangs round for the time your building the super castle: and recommend to you how to start/what to watch out for/ where to put it. Tommy even suggests how you could make some money off it. \nYou listen and decide if you're going to take tommy's advice...which you do. (tommy still gets his pogs even if you dont). \n\nonce its built you thank tommy, and give him his pogs. \n\nTurns out, tommy works for accenture. \n\nJimmy has been consulting tommy, and Tommy is a consultant. \n---------------------------------\nAccenture supplies all kinds of consultants (business experts), and is a Consultancy. \n\nConsultancies (like Accenture) generally send experts (consultants) into a company in times of change. \nYou might run a company that realises that if it changes the way it does xyz it could lower price/improve quality/innovate quicker: i.e. compete better and be more successful. \n\nbut you're experts in doing xyz, not in the process of making business changes. That needs (maybe...) : \n-A project manager (Project management consultant) \n-IT expert in that fancy hardware/software you need. (IT consultant)\n\nMaybe you're thinking of expanding abroad? \n-foreign business consultant \n\nor your tax management needs looking at, to get a nice efficient process, and not pay more than necessary: \n-Tax consultant \n\nFor every part of business there's a consultant who can advise. Your business employs people to make those parts work, but you might need other expertise to help improve/change/develop.\n\nConsultants have done the exact same change a dozen times in a dozen other companies. You pay them to help you do it right, as the costs/risks of screwing up are too great. They advise you - but you make your own final decisions. \n\nonce the change is done successfully, you can get rid of the consultant: he goes back to accenture where they tlel him his next assignment. \n\n\nThese days accenture dont only do consulting, they've used their various expertise to provide all kinds of services.\n\n\n\n"
]
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[],
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"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOMSGMo6zB4"
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||
1npryj | how come some animals like dogs go in heat, while humans don't and why don't we? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1npryj/eli5_how_come_some_animals_like_dogs_go_in_heat/ | {
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"text": [
"Okay, the first step to answering this question I think relies upon an understanding of what \"going in heat\" actually is; the process of procreation dependent upon specific times of the year and specific mating behaviours is known as a [fixed action pattern](_URL_0_) (yep... the acronym is fap.... I don't think it has any relation to jerking off though haha). These behaviours are usually associated with 'lower order' animals; by virtue of humans' intellect and evolution, we no longer need these specific environmental stimuli to tell us when to have sex.\n\nbut there are some other factors such as pheremones, etc.",
"The secret is we are always horny. Seriously... Animal need a function to tell them to procreate. We enjoy sex, so we want to do it. ",
"Animals going into heat is just like a menstrual cycle in humans. It's just that animals are more in tune to this and come from all over to get a chance to get laid. \n\nYou see selective breeding cycles in deer and other animals because a doe will go into \"heat\" and get knocked up. She stops having her menstrual cycle. After she has the baby she is breast feeding and still does not have her menstrual cycle. This is the same in humans. When the baby is weaned, the doe will go into heat again. This just happens to be almost exactly a year later. If a doe does not get bred the first time she comes back into heat, she will come back in 28 days later just like humans. ",
"Who told you we dont?"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://www.en.wikipedia.org/fixed_action_pattern"
],
[],
[],
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||
3ruqyz | with the technology available today, why would a u.s. congressman or senator ever have to miss a vote? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ruqyz/eli5_with_the_technology_available_today_why/ | {
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"text": [
"Security. \n\nThey do not vote electronically for the same reason we as the populace do not vote electronically. It is too easy for someone to hack the system and rig the outcome. ",
"it is the rule. They must be present to vote. The cannot even be in a committee meeting down the hall."
]
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[],
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||
40t66w | how/why did los angeles, the second-largest us city, not have a home nfl team for 20+ years? | I am not a very sports-savvy person and I feel like it might be the case for a number of reasons. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/40t66w/eli5_howwhy_did_los_angeles_the_secondlargest_us/ | {
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"text": [
"3 primary reasons. 1 - The NFL has TV blackouts in the area if the local team doesn't sell out their home game. LA had two teams in two different divisions, so games would be blacked out all the time when one of the teams wasn't great and didn't sell out. So when the two teams left, and LA could watch all the football it wanted, it was kind of nice.\n\n2 - La refused to build a stadium. If someone wanted to move a team, the owner had to pay for it themselves. Smaller cities felt it was more important for civic reasons to keep a team, so they would help build a new stadium. When teams threatened to move to LA, the current city would offer help in building a brand new stadium and LA would not, so the teams would stay. And LA did not in part because...\n\n3 - There's a ton to do in LA; lots of other professional teams, multiple high-level college teams, the beaches, hollywood, etc. So LA didn't care as much about having a team as a city that is more defined by its sporting program to get on the map. So in general, the attitude from LA was \"sure, we'd like another team, but we're not going to make a huge effort over it because we're kind of too cool to show we care\""
]
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[]
] |
|
zs6na | what does "entropy decreasing in a closed system" mean? | Dinosaur Comics has finally made me ask this question. I did look it up, but apparently I don't science enough to understand. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/zs6na/eli5_what_does_entropy_decreasing_in_a_closed/ | {
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"text": [
"Is [this](_URL_0_) the one you're talking about?\n\nBasically, entropy is a measurement of chaos. If all the air in a room is moving in the same direction at the same time, it's both fairly well organized and has fairly low entropy. Since all the air is moving in the same direction, you could put a windmill in there and extract energy from it, but doing so would cause the air to scatter and start to go in different directions. Eventually, the air would no longer be at all organized, and you could no longer extract any energy from it. If you wanted to reorganize the air to make it useful again, it would require more energy than you took out of it.\n\n\nEven if you didn't try to get energy out of the air in that room, it would eventually become more chaotic, just by bouncing off the walls or whatever. This is so well documented it's part of the laws of something called *thermodynamics*, which is all about heat and entropy. Basically what it has to say about this is that in any closed system, the overall entropy will only ever increase with time, and can only be decreased if provided energy by some outside influence.\n\nBecause of this, there are some processes that can't really be undone, like shattering a glass or, as the comic mentioned, scrambling an egg.",
"Decrease in entropy means that there are places with lower temperature, or higher pressure, or something. Increase in entropy means that this stuff is getting equalized. \n\nWater falling from a waterfall is increasing entropy. You can extract energy from that fall and pump it back up again, but there will always be a bit of loss on transport, so entropy of the system of a waterfall and your generator will slowly increase. \n\nIf you were to open that system, get energy from another source, then waterfall + pumps is no longer closed system, but waterfall + pumps + some distant powerplant is. \n\n---\n\nWhat that means, is that Universe, being ultimate closed system, is increasing in entropy, and stars will eventually get cooler and temperature everywhere will eventually be more or less the same.\n\nIt also means, that perpetum mobile can't work, because it'll be able to break that law."
]
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[
"http://www.qwantz.com/index.php?comic=1049"
],
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|
dt2fh0 | why do men start accumulating more stomach fat at around the same age range? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dt2fh0/eli5_why_do_men_start_accumulating_more_stomach/ | {
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"text": [
"Generally, as people get older they become less active and eat the same amount of calories or more and therefore gain weight. Men tend to gain more weight around the stomach than other areas as opposed to women who tend to put on more weight on their legs etc.\n\nWhile, there is some decrease in metabolism with age, its fairly small. The main culprit is lack of activity compared to youth.",
"Two reasons\n\n1 - They produce less testosterone as they age and increase estrogen which makes more fat.\n\n2 - They tend to be more sedentary.",
"They eat more kcal than they needed per day. And its not a decline of exercise, its [a recent trend](_URL_1_) since pre-1990 men would still have 'slowed down' with age.\n\nAcceptable portion sizes increased as well as regular snacks. They measured the activity levels and kcal expenditure using doubly labelled water(insanely accurate) of the Hadza, a tribe of modern hunter-gathers that have a rough lifestyle in order to secure food. Comparing with city dwelling desk drivers, the difference in overall expenditure was minimal.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nIf you want to look at trends which still include acceptable portion sizes, then look at the japanese.\n\ntl;dr you really can't outrun over eating.",
"Decrease in activity, like moving to a desk job for example. Input (calories) stays the same while output (burning those calories) drops.",
"Stress hasn't been mentioned here yet that I have seen. As life gets more stressful, and believe me it f***ing does, you release more junk (I think it is cortisol) that retains more fat. Men tend to put it on their bellies. Some men accumulate fluid in their abdomen, and some drink too much alcohol."
]
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[],
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"https://today.duke.edu/2019/01/living-caveman-won%E2%80%99t-make-you-thin-it-might-make-you-healthy",
"https://dl.dropbox.com/s/2u8m7b6sp1lqzn3/5762476.jpg"
],
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||
2fshko | why my body can survive several weeks without food but i still am always hungry. | Why do people still get hungry so frequently if their body can go without food for so long? Especially overweight people....why wouldn't they be hungry less often? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2fshko/eli5_why_my_body_can_survive_several_weeks/ | {
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"text": [
"Can survive and optimal survival are two different things. \n\nIn the wild most animals have to put forth a lot of effort to obtain sufficient food. This was also true for our ancestors. In fact we have only had a stable consistent surplus of food for give or take 200 years as a species. As such we are designed to want to eat several times a day, be attracted to nutrient and energy rich foods (fatty meats, sugary fruits, salts), and our bodies are designed to store all surplus as body fat. There is absolutely no evolutionary benefit to stopping the impulse to eat once fat is being stored, there is benefit to being able to survive periods of famine off the stored reserves. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
n083z | why do self posts take so long to load while imgur links load instantly? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/n083z/eli5_why_do_self_posts_take_so_long_to_load_while/ | {
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"text": [
"Self posts are dynamic and imgur links are static. That is, self posts have to handle upvotes, loads of comments, comment upvotes, comment hierarchies (sorted variously), etc..., whereas imgur just serves you the file. \n\nI'm not entirely sure, but I think I saw that on reddit somewhere. ",
"Probably server load. Reddit and imgur are different sites; imgur probably has better servers (more bandwith) while reddit's servers struggle with the load. ",
"Self posts are dynamic and imgur links are static. That is, self posts have to handle upvotes, loads of comments, comment upvotes, comment hierarchies (sorted variously), etc..., whereas imgur just serves you the file. \n\nI'm not entirely sure, but I think I saw that on reddit somewhere. ",
"Probably server load. Reddit and imgur are different sites; imgur probably has better servers (more bandwith) while reddit's servers struggle with the load. "
]
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7sz59n | how is it that anti-dandruff shampoo can have “immediate results”? what’s it doing to my head in that short time during/after my shower? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7sz59n/eli5_how_is_it_that_antidandruff_shampoo_can_have/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"There are multiple causes of dandruff. It can be caused by fungus, excess skin production, or something else interfering with the shedding of dead skin.\n\n1) Coal tar shampoo like T-Gel work by slowing the scalp skin growth. \n\n2) Salicylic Acid shampoos like Head and Shoulders work by applying a mild acid to aid breaking up dead skin.\n\n3) Antifungal shampoos like Ketoconazole shampoo have agents that kill funguses.\n\nMy guess, given your experiences, would be that you had a build up of dead skin in spite of your T-Gel usage. You used some Salicylic acid that helped removed the excess dead skin. If you keep using the Salicylic acid shampoo, you run the risk of drying out the scalp. I'd stick with T-Gel for preventative usage and the other one when it builds up regardless.",
"They work in a way sort of like acne medication, preventing sebum (oil) from building up on your scalp. They may also contain ingredients to attack the microbes referred to as [Malassezia](_URL_0_). This microbe grows primarily where you find sebaceous glands. By depriving it of it's food source, dandruff will gradually decrease. So while you may see \"immediate results,\" it is unlikely to actually provide an \"immediate fix.\" Usually, you must continue using it over the course of a number of weeks for a full result.\n\nAlso, being able to distinguish dandruff from a dry scalp is important. Some products created for dandruff can worsen a dry scalp. Dandruff is usually somewhat yellow in appearance, as well as greasy/oily. A dry scalp will create a 'snowy' appearance when you scratch your head."
]
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[],
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malassezia"
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||
bpo4nq | why are plastics on one hand durable but on the other super easy to tear apart when a tiny incision is made? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bpo4nq/eli5_why_are_plastics_on_one_hand_durable_but_on/ | {
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"text": [
"This is a very complex question without you even realizing it. It depends on what plastic it is too. But assuming you're saying durable I think you're talking about hard plastics. These have very strong bonds on a molecular level. But once the bond is broken it can tear way easier through the rest of the material basically."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
fy54gq | i am somewhat aware that colours are the 'opposite' of what they appear, in that a green plant absorbs everything except green light, but where does the absorbed light go? how does the light/energy from the light just disappear into an object? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fy54gq/eli5_i_am_somewhat_aware_that_colours_are_the/ | {
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"text": [
"Heat mainly.\n\nWhen you stand outside in the shade of a tree its significantly cooler because the tree is blocking all of that energy. Now step out and you start to feel your skin cooking. That excess energy gets turned into heat.",
"The energy absorbed turns into heat energy.\nImagine you go outside wearing a black t-shirt. Because black absorbs all light, you will feel extremely hot. If you were to go outside in a white shirt, you will feel significantly cooler because white reflects all light.",
"So in a very oversimplified way, you can think of all energy as stuff dancing. The more energy, the faster they're dancing. When light hits a green plant, the green energy is dancing at exactly the right speed to get bounced off, but all the other light goes into the object and gets jostled around. \n\nEventually it does leave the object, but all the jostling changed the tempo into a dance we can't see (heat).\n\nDoes that help, or did that just confused you more?",
"For plants specifically, sugar. Leaves absorb light so they can do a bunch of wacky photochemistry to manufacture sugar molecules during photosynthesis. If you eat a plant and get energy from it, you are literally getting energy from the light the plant absorbed.\n\nBut in general, like other folks said, absorbed light just heats up the thing. Just like when you get warmed up standing in the sun."
]
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3cxuv7 | based on my high school knowledge of genetics, if a black and white person have a baby together, why is the child more likely to be mixed instead of one or the other? | like the example of eye color, say mom is Ab with brown eyes, dad is ab with blue, do the squares, and the kid has a 25% chance of being blue eyes and not carrying the gene for brown.
I'm guessing skin color is a lot more complicated than that? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3cxuv7/eli5_based_on_my_high_school_knowledge_of/ | {
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"cszy19a",
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"text": [
"Skin colour is not just controlled by one gene so the offspring will have a mixture of lots of black/white skin genes leading to a mix in their skin colour. ",
"Let's say you have 20 cards, 10 black and 10 white. You take all of them, put them in a box and shake it. Then draw 10 at random without looking. Do you think there's a good probability that you'll pull 10 of only one color?\n\nLike the cards, several genes control color, and when you get them mixed they move the over-all skin color towards a certain shade. It's not impossible to get all of the skin color genes from one parent, but it's less likely to happen. Thus, the color is most likely going to be a mix of the two."
]
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[],
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cfcf7x | why do you need to bring your temperature down? | I read somewhere that the reason our temp rises when we are sick is to help out immune system. if so, why try to lower it | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cfcf7x/eli5_why_do_you_need_to_bring_your_temperature/ | {
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"text": [
"This helps increase immune system activity and decrease viral infection rates, but it's also dangerous.\n\nYour central nervous system can only function properly in a very narrow temperature range, and keeping it too hot for too long will cause permanent damage.\n\nA low grade fever is a normal part of the immune response, high fevers from an overzealous response to an aggressive infection do more damage than they prevent.",
"Up to a point, having a fever is a good thing when you're fighting an infection as in the case of sepsis (infection in the blood). Many pathogens don't fare well in even a degree or two of average raised temperature, while your body is much more resilient. It's still a pretty serious condition on its own, and sepsis is frequently fatal regardless of the not only the body's attempts to fight it, but with medical intervention. \n\nThe problems in general however, start when the fever is too high, or just high for too long. Your body will release something called chaperone molecules that help your proteins fold correctly, but there will still be errors and it's more energetically expensive. This chaperone molecules also have limits, and past a certain point your body fails on a number of levels. \n\nFor one, a lot of what your cells do is interact with, transport, and produce proteins. The function of a protein is determined by its three dimensional structure, and it gets that through a process of folding. This is a process which can go wrong, and heat makes it far more likely to go wrong. Past a certain point critical proteins will start to unfold (denature) as in exposure to cooking methods. Needless to say, this does you no favors. \n\nFor another, most fevers are not in response to something like sepsis (outside of admissions in a hospital at least), they're the result of either the disease-causing organism (pathogen) releasing molecules which cause your body to develop a fever (pyrogens) or an immune response by your body. In the former case the magnitude of the infection can cause a release of these molecules so great that your temperature-regulating system is utterly overwhelmed. In the latter case your body's inflammatory signaling systems can go haywire, causing runaway inflammation and fever; this is called cytokine storm and it's a potentially fatal condition. Ebola is often thought to kill as a result of cytokine storm, in humans at least. \n\nSo you need to manage a fever, first and foremost by identifying its cause and treating it appropriately. This will inevitably take time, and the sicker the patient the more time it will take. During this time you could develop cardiac problems, your metabolism could be seriously disrupted leading to many bad side effects, and you could suffer lasting brain damage from seizures, even coma or death. As a result with a bad enough fever you treat the infection, modulate the immune system response if necessary/possible, and then just try to bring the temperature down. Alcohol, cold water baths, and even infusions of cold IV fluids can all be used. \n\ntl;dr Unless you're septic, it isn't generally helpful for your immune system to suffer under a fever, and it can cause organ damage, damage to the blood, damage to the brain, and even death.",
"A normal fever doesn't need to be brought down and has some value because the elevated temperature causes immune responses to function quicker and causes some germs to function worse. However, a very high fever is not a normal response and means that something is going seriously wrong in the body. Excessively high temperatures (over 104 degrees) cause the brain to begin to die, so the temperature needs to be brought down to prevent this.",
"Only excessively high temperatures need to be lowered, as the high temperature can begin to damage the brain. Fevers over 106f are rare, but those are the ones that one needs to worry about.\n\nSome people will try to lower fevers to enhance comfort, but it's not recommended as it may just prolong the illness.",
"If a fever is too high it can start to harm the body. Some bacteria/viruses can be killed by temperatures above 37.5 **°** C (99.5 **°** F) but most will survive it. Once you get to about 40-41.5**°** C (104-107 **°** F) your body will begin to literally kill itself (brain/organ damage) if left unchecked for too long. According to \n\n[_URL_0_](_URL_0_): *\"Mild or moderate states of fever (up to 105 °F \\[40.55 °C\\]) cause weakness or exhaustion but are not in themselves a serious threat to health. More serious fevers, in which body temperatures rise to 108 °F (42.22 °C) or more,* ***can*** *result in convulsions and death.\"*\n\n & #x200B;\n\n*Sources:* \n\n[_URL_0_](_URL_0_)\n\n*I'm a student Auxillary Nurse (AKA Practical Nurse, Nurse's Aid, Nursing Assistant)*",
"Having a fever hurts your body but also hurts the pathogen. You just hope it dies before you do."
]
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6hf3qt | how and how quickly does fat loss occur? during a day of eating on a deficit, is my body constantly taking energy from the fat? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6hf3qt/eli5_how_and_how_quickly_does_fat_loss_occur/ | {
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"text": [
"Very slowly. Depending on your metabolisms and frequency of meals, your body may be taking energy from fat or from muscle on a day that you have a deficit. ",
"Even while not in a deficit, fat is your primary avenue of energy consumption. Different intensities of exercise determine where energy is converted from. Easiest example I will use is track and field. \n\n(anaerobic)100-200 meter sprint= ATP-PC (adenosine tri phosphate/ phosphocreatine)\n\n\n(glycolytic)400-800 meter sprint= carbohydrates\n\n\n(oxidative)1600 meter+ = fat (which is why distance runners are always super lean)\n\nNow each of these metabolic pathways do have over lap. You will never burn purely one energy source at a time.\n\nDuring a normal sedentary day, you are burning primarily fat but not very much. Same with while you are sleeping. Now on a low carb day, once your body uses up all its carbs (glycogen/ carbs that have been stored in the muscle) it will then resort to only breaking down muscle into to glucose. Lastly, breaking down fat will occur since it is the most abundant source of energy. In addition the process of gluconeogenesis occurs when there are non carb sources left which is the body's way of \"creating sugar from sciency components such as lactate or glycerol because sugar in a more readily available form such as a carbohydrate does not exist\" But I will need a bio chemist/ exercise physiologist to confirm that process because that is still foreign to me.\n\nThe average person can walk 500 miles on the fat energy stores alone. It is the primary source for energy, but the hardest to convert, which is why losing weight is so difficult. \n\nHaving a lot of fat is ideal for survival, so while it is the largest source of energy, it is the hardest to convert.\n\nSOURCE- Kinesiology graduate\n\nEDIT: hey neat, GOLD! Judging by comments and corrections, take this information as general explanation, all the reddit biochemists/med students are tearing me up! My degree has prepared me for \"this is how you can lose weight\" more so than \"physiologically, this is HOW you lose weight\" so I apologize for some misinformation",
"if your body is adapted to using fat as an energy source, then... constantly.\n\nthis is often called ketosis"
]
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35lgu5 | who is allowed to marry into the royal family? who is not? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/35lgu5/eli5_who_is_allowed_to_marry_into_the_royal/ | {
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"Which royal family? ",
"The rules are contained in the [Perth Agreement](_URL_0_) - and basically, there are very few rules. The first six people in line to the throne require permission of the current monarch in order to marry, and that's about it.\n\nPrior to this, the number of people requiring permission was much bigger, and they were only allowed to marry protestants.",
"Until recently, all descendants of George II required the permission of the monarch to marry.\n\nBeyond that, the royal family can marry anyone, but marrying the wrong person could exclude them from inheriting titles.\n\nIn the past, they could not marry divorced people, and until very recently, Catholics. Also, now only the the first six in line of succession to the throne need permission.\n\nThe only possible exception now would be a gay marriage, I don't thing the rules of succession recognize that yet."
]
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[],
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2ocn78 | how do texture files for 3d models work? they always look so weird. | Example: _URL_0_
I've seen these sorts of thing crop up all the time in WIP video game news, but I've never understood how the files work. They always seem really jumbled up and warped. How exactly can you apply a texture file to a 3D model and have it come out looking so smooth? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ocn78/eli5how_do_texture_files_for_3d_models_work_they/ | {
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"The earth is a globe, but when we view it, we map it to a flat 2D plane like this, which may end up warping distances and shapes compared to how they look from space (and this is arguably not the best way to spread the 3D earth onto a 2D map):\n_URL_0_\n\nIt's the same idea with textures in reverse, you have a 2D image, the texture, and you want to spread it out (map it) over a 3D thing, the model. \n\ngetting less eli5:\nThe way you do this is decide that each point on the surface of the 3D model corresponds to a point in a 2D image and you do a 1:1 map of what color you want at that point on the model to the image. The result is the texture file"
]
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"http://i.imgur.com/xVUJNKA.jpg"
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[
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Winkel_triple_projection_SW.jpg"
]
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|
a8yhve | how do wild cards in the nfl work? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a8yhve/eli5_how_do_wild_cards_in_the_nfl_work/ | {
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"Each conference sends six teams to the playoffs. Four of those teams are the four division champions. The other two are wild-cards, which are the two best teams that didn't win their division.\n\nFor example, right now the NFC's wild-cards are the Seahawks at 8-6 and the Vikings at 8-6-1.",
"the 5th and 6th seed teams (~~5th and 6th best regular-season record~~) from each conference play in the first round against the 4th and 3rd (respectively) seed teams. \n\nAll matches in the NFL playoffs are single elimination.\n\nEdit: the 4 divisions of each conference each get one of the top 4 seeds (1st place of each division). The 5th and 6th spots are the top two regular season records that don't already have a spot.",
"Currently, it's less of a Wild Card and more like an extra set of playoff spots.\n\nThe top two teams of each Conference are assigned Seeds 1 and 2 and advance to their semifinal match.\n\nThe next eight seeds (four on each side) play each other for the right to play the first or second Seed."
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6qnm06 | what are crypto-miners, and why are they so interested in certain graphics cards? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6qnm06/eli5_what_are_cryptominers_and_why_are_they_so/ | {
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"Cryptocurrency can be bought, by exchanging for a real currency, or it can be mined. I'm no expert on mining, but I know that the first coins are very easy to find, and as you find more they get more difficult. You mine by doing sums. The more coins have been mined, the more maths needs doing. This maths is pretty repetitive, add, multiply, square, etc.. Processors are very good at doing lots of obscure things, but GPUs are better for just doing lots of simple maths quickly. Some miners use what are called ASICs, which are devices specially designed for a specific task, in this case mining. Graphics cards are expensive right now as bitcoin mining just became more profitable, so they need to buy more cards."
]
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||
3kq9oc | why is price fixing considered morally wrong? | I can see how it drives competition down, but it seems like a legitimate strategy to maximize profits. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3kq9oc/eli5_why_is_price_fixing_considered_morally_wrong/ | {
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"When the competition is completely eliminated, the remaining companies that agreed to price fix can then charge outrageous prices later with no alternatives. This is the main argument against price fixing and other conglomerate strengthening practices. \n\nOPEC is an example of a conglomerate. It is not regulated by antitrust practices, because by definition, it is an association of nations that agree to price fix.\n\nIn the 70s, OPEC decided that it didn't like US and European policy and cut off supply entirely. The western powers couldn't do anything about it and it caused a worldwide recession. \n\nThis is what happens when you let price fixing happen with critical resources, and why the US (among other nations) outlaws it. ",
"Because it screws the consumer. And anything that screws the average (innocent!) person is considered morally wrong. No business people are not people. They're aliens who don't have rights.\n\nSeriously though? That's actually about it. Pricing fixing helps nobody but the businesses and creates the effects of a monopoly without there actually being one. Some people didn't like that and got mad about it.",
"Because that price could become astronomical as competition is wiped out and consumers have no choice. This is common among cable companies who have a monopoly in a certain area, as they can name their price and skimp on their service with no real repercussions. \n\nPrice fixing was, however, a hallmark of command economies (e.g. the Soviet Union) where the state decided how much things would cost. Typically necessities such as basic foodstuffs and housing would be dirt cheap to even poor families but luxuries as small as a radio were ludicrously expensive. "
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djvzn7 | at night sounds are always louder, because of the fewer disturbances around, but why is it that sounds make even more noise, once you turn off the lights? isn't light not supposed to affect sound. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/djvzn7/eli5_at_night_sounds_are_always_louder_because_of/ | {
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"Far as I understand the darkness does not effect the sound, but our brain pays more attention at night because our sight is limited. Think of the difference when people walk in your house vs when you’re trying to play hide and seek and can’t see them. You can hear so much better even though they aren’t walking louder.\n\nYour brain actually blocks out a lot of stimulation (the feel of clothes on your body, if the breath in your nose is cold or warm, etc) so it can focus on what’s relevant. Maybe at night we know instinctively there is more possibility of danger, and so noises are more relevant (a knock on your door at 2 AM vs one at 2 PM...2 AM is scarier/more noticeable).\n\nAlso, contrast makes things more noticeable (orange hunting vest in the woods). With fewer sounds at night (less traffic, no birds singing), we notice what sounds ARE there all the more. \n\nNoise at night contradicts our expectations of night being quiet, and so we notice it more that way too."
]
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||
fphm48 | how does a busted hard drive that won’t boot anymore get its data recovered when you take it to the magic computer repair shop? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fphm48/eli5_how_does_a_busted_hard_drive_that_wont_boot/ | {
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"Hard drives don't boot. Computers do. Your computer has one or more hard drives. At least one of those drives will contain the computer's operating system which the computer will use to boot in to - the boot drive. On Windows you would call this the C: drive.\n\nIf something has gone wrong with this boot process - whether your hardware has a problem, or your boot drive is corrupt in such a way as it can't be used to boot or load the operating system - then the drive can be removed from your computer and attached to another computer as a secondary drive. That computer can then access your drive - at least whatever parts of it aren't corrupt - and back up your data somewhere else.\n\nIf the drive itself is damaged or significantly corrupted, there are ways to try and recover data (no guarantees), but your typical computer repair shop isn't going to be doing that. That requires specialist expertise that generally isn't going to be worth it for the average consumer.",
"There are some tricks to it. If you only lost your MBR, the drive can be dropped into another machine and the data recovered. \n\nIf the drive is truly dead, as in it does not spin, it can be sent into a shop that will remove the platters and place them into an identical drive and then recover the data. That method is expensive and takes a while.",
"Hard Disk Drives (HDD for short) save data by magnetically marking a thin film if ferromagnetic material. So if the disk doesnt want to boot they bring it to a magic machine that can read all the lil magnetic marks.",
"Depends on what you need to do, a few things are available, in increasing technical difficulty:\n\n1. Run an unerase program, ignore the filesystem program, read the whole drive, and piece together the stuff you could read.\n\n2. Replace the main board on the drive with an identical one. If it was an electronics failure this is fairly straightforward and doesn't require a clean room, but it's vitally important that you have an identical board.\n\n3. Pull the platters out and put them in an identical drive, not only must the drive be identical, but you need a clean room, and there may be complicated procedures to do this. This may include cleaning the platters too.\n\n4. Replace the firmware with firmware that returns the actual read data, and post process this to your data. This can recover a zero'd drive and bypass checksum failures. You generally need to partner with the hard drive manufacturers and pay them to write this special software for the drive you have. Often will be combined with \\#3",
"To explain a little bit more basically, a hard drive is like a book, you first have an INDEX of contents, each file, what page it's at (on the hard drive it's more like GPS coordinates for each file), and then you have a whole bunch of files one after the other.\n\nA lot of times, when the computer doesn't boot anymore, it's because the INDEX is screwed up, so the computer doesn't know where the files are. You can use another machine or \"magic software\" to just read the files, and the software reads the hard drive and tries to figure out where each file starts, and where it ends. Most files have bits at the top and the bottom that identify it, so the \"magic software\" is often able to recognize word documents, jpeg pictures, music files, etc."
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dw5j2r | how are night sky pictures with nebulas and lots of stars taken? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dw5j2r/eli5_how_are_night_sky_pictures_with_nebulas_and/ | {
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"The first thing is \"light pollution\" most all of us live way to close to population centers with a lot of lights. This washes out what we can see in the sky.\n\nTo get a photo like this, you have to get far away from artificial light.\n\nThen, just a good camera lens with a low aperture number that allows a lot of light to reach the film or sensor.\n\nThere are parks in the US designated as \"dark skies parks\" that are far from artificial light and have light restrictions.\n\nInterestingly enough, I was just researching some of this earlier and learned Florida actually has one about 2 hours from me, so it's on my short list.",
"A dark clear sky, Tripod, Long exposure time up to a min, and photo editors like Adobe Photoshop. Use _URL_0_ to find the least amount of light pollution. Tripod to eliminate shake. Long exposure to allow enough light to come in. Photo editor to enhance your photos. That is exactly what I did in the Great Sand Dunes National Monument."
]
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||
3i6eg8 | do citizens filming police make any difference to rates of brutality and corruption at all? | I know it may be really difficult to know, seeing as when it wasn't being filmed and exposed as much it may never have been reported, but I was wondering if anyone knows if it makes any kind of a difference? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3i6eg8/eli5_do_citizens_filming_police_make_any/ | {
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"Nope! The only thing that would cause for the police who have been exposed as a corrupt cop or using unnecessary force is for the system to punish them as harsh as we are punished for our crimes. I see a lot more cops getting of easy especially because the police themselves and even when they do get put on trial the legal system takes care of their own.",
"Hell Cops who turn in other cops don't even help it seems. In Australia a cop who turned over a tape to a news channel showing fellow officers beating a guy. Found himself fired and head to trial. \nHe have to have fundamental changes from the top down. ",
"I would argue that it does, because some cops do get charged and they only get charged when a citizen has a video of them for example shooting people who are unarmed and pose no threat. Had these not been recorded the cops wouldn't be put on trial and I'd say the lenient sentencing of police is more blatant racism than the legal system taking care of its own. \n\nIf nobody ever filmed the police then the risk of them going to trial for using excessive and/or lethal force would be practically nil. Knowing that if the only account of the incident is the police report (as for some reason we still go under the assumption that what the police say happened holds more weight than other witnesses), and that account says the victim posed some threat where the officer believed his life was in danger then they get off without spending a second in court I'd say these kinds of things would happen much more often. But because there is that risk of someone recording them, and other police officers do end up in court facing criminal charges, this acts as a (the only) deterent preventing them from doing this more often.\n\nI'd agree that using the system to punish them at least as harshly (although should be more harsh as they are supposed to serve the community not brutally attack them whenever they get the chance) would be more of a deterrent. But a film (that is almost always taken without the officers knowledge) is often the key piece of evidence that is used to charge an officer with a crime so in a way its kind of like an extra level of surveillance that they would be wary of."
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72zo4s | why are mobile games so shallow and bad compared to even the much older pc/console games? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/72zo4s/eli5_why_are_mobile_games_so_shallow_and_bad/ | {
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"Technically a mobile phone can do everything an old PC could have done.\n\nHowever, mobile games are designed for a very small screen, and many are also designed for shorter attention spans.",
"How many of those old console and pc games were free?\n\nMobile games generally are simply thinly veiled skinner boxes. Get you hooked on shallow expectation-reward cycle and tease you with micro transactions. There is no incentive to make them GOOD, no incentive to make them a story based game to play for hours on end.\n\nThere are some fun ones out there but they're being made for a new market with different \"play patterns\", they are built to suit many short bursts of play time and built to encourage micro transactions to support an otherwise free game.",
"A little history on gaming. Back in the early 1980s, console makers like Atari and Coleco had very little in the way of quality control over what third parties could release on their systems. So what you had happen was a flood of what the industry calls \"shovelware\". Developers would flood the market with large numbers of cheap, poorly made games in order to cash in on the video game fad and consumer ignorance. Eventually consumers caught on, video games gained a bad reputation, and the bottom fell out of the US market in 1983. \n\nJapanese console makers were more cautious though. When Nintendo released the NES in the US in 1985, all games would have to get a \"seal of approval\" before they could be sold on the platform. Nintendo restricted how many games could release on their platform in a year, forced developers to buy cartridges directly from them, and QC tested everything. That's not to say that there weren't bad NES games, but the games were at least competent and functional, and worked mostly as advertised. As a result, the NES had very little in the way of true shovelware. Sega quickly followed suit, with Sony and Microsoft following.\n\nWhile the harshest restrictions have long since been lifted (Nintendo however is still a holdout in this regard), most games releasing on consoles today still have to pass an approval process. Publishing costs are also much higher. That's not the case though on mobile and PC though. The approval process on those platforms basically boils down to who can pay a relatively modest fee to list it on their respective storefronts. Which is why Steam and mobile app stores are flooded with shovelware. \n\nA lot of the stuff on Steam does get buried because PC gamers tend to be a bit more savvy but there's still plenty of ignorant consumers who'll buy them. A lot of these games utilize prebuilt sample assets from game engines like Unity to slap together something vaguely resembling a game. They'll make a whole bunch of very similar titles and flood the store with them. These are called asset flips. \n\nMobile games will straight up ripoff other titles, or make shallow, addictive titles that are released free but entice players to purchase costly \"micro-transactions\" (using real money to buy in game money to make the game easier). Very few people actually buy this stuff but the ones that do buy a lot. The slimier people in the industry call these folks \"whales\". These games basically work on the same mechanics as a slot machine. \n\nThe other problem with mobile games is pricing. Early on it was set in stone that mobile games typically ranged from $1-$5, with $10+ games being rare and $20+ games being almost unheard of. Good games cost a lot to develop, and you really have to rely on volume sales to make a profit at those prices. Now it's expected that the games should be free-to-play. So they cover costs with micro-transactions. And those Skinner box type games are more conducive to micro-transactions that say something like Bioshock or Mario. ",
"Touchscreens are a terrible control scheme for the vast majority of games. Even older PC and console games had controllers or keyboards. Instead it has to be a screen AND a controller at the same time. \n\nThen, because most people play mobile games for a few minutes at a time. The deep 90s console games like FF6 or something, a few minutes wouldn't even get you through one cutscene. \n\nThen, because microtransactions within a free game is much more profitable. Serious gamers don't play on their phones - they play serious games on console and PCs. You have to appeal to casual gamers and non-gamers. They don't want a deep, challenging, or complex game. They want something to occupy their time while taking a shit or in an Uber."
]
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ogajt | "if you want to make an apple pie from scratch, you must first create the universe." | I know that this was first said by Carl Sagan, but beyond that...wut? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ogajt/eli5_if_you_want_to_make_an_apple_pie_from/ | {
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"I think what he's implying is that you can never do something truly from scratch, that everything has a source, and if you go back far enough, you'd end up creating the universe. \n\nFor example, you want to make an apple pie. Normally, you'd go buy the supplies you need, let's just say apples - but if you're doing it from scratch, you'd have planted the trees that the apples were picked from. Except that's not 'scratch' enough. You'd have to have genetically engineered that particular strain of apple - usually granny smith for pies - to grow. Even that wouldn't be truly 'from scratch', you'd have to keep going further and further back, etc.",
"Another relevant quote of his:\n\n > And we who embody the local eyes and ears and thoughts and feelings of the cosmos we've begun, at last, to wonder about our origins. Star stuff, contemplating the stars organized collections of 10 billion-billion-billion atoms contemplating the evolution of matter tracing that long path by which it arrived at consciousness here on the planet Earth and perhaps, throughout the cosmos.\n\nSagan often referred to humans as \"star stuff\", emphasizing that we are, quite literally, made from elements created within stars."
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705irq | why do cans of spray paint have balls inside of them? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/705irq/eli5_why_do_cans_of_spray_paint_have_balls_inside/ | {
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"It shakes up the mixture of the paint before it sprays. In just about every store that has a paint section, they have machines to shake up a can to evenly mix whats inside of it (especially if its been sitting for awhile. Paint is a heterogeneous mixture, so letting it sit will separate the molecules).\n\nUsing spray paint, you dont have time to shake for long periods of time and mix up the paint; the ball is meant to help aid and speed up this process",
"It shakes up the mixture of the paint before it sprays. In just about every store that has a paint section, they have machines to shake up a can to evenly mix whats inside of it (especially if its been sitting for awhile. Paint is a heterogeneous mixture, so letting it sit will separate the molecules).\n\nUsing spray paint, you dont have time to shake for long periods of time and mix up the paint; the ball is meant to help aid and speed up this process"
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6nkng8 | why is it that the fly population is not exponentially growing with the seemingly endless supply of food humans are throwing away to negate natural selection? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6nkng8/eli5_why_is_it_that_the_fly_population_is_not/ | {
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"Limiting factors control the population. Cold weather can kill off insects. Flies have to survive the maggot stage. Food and habitat are limited. Predators eat them.\n\nLike mosquitoes, the reproduction stage is a major limiting factor.",
"There was a big fly problem in the past. We just put our garbage in containers that have lids now. ",
"Because lots of things eat them. \n\nMore flies = more food for things like spiders = more spiders = less flies. \n\n"
]
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5d2m4h | what makes a scavenger able to ingest bacteria and parasite infested corpses without getting sick? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5d2m4h/eli5_what_makes_a_scavenger_able_to_ingest/ | {
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"Very strong stomach acid and a strong immune system specifically adapted to deal with bacteria and parasites that the scavenger encounters. \n\nNatural selection leads to these features. A scavenger that got sick eating dead animals would be a pretty terrible scavenger and wouldn't survive. "
]
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||
22n1v9 | the heartbleed bug and what, if any, actions i should take as a consumer and netizen. | As a Canadian, we've [been informed](_URL_0_) that the CRA (our IRS) and Yahoo may be compromised. What, if any, websites should we avoid logging into until this bug is fixed?
Edit1: Thanks for the responses all! [Here's a little more info on the websites which are recommending you change your passwords](_URL_1_). | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/22n1v9/eli5_the_heartbleed_bug_and_what_if_any_actions_i/ | {
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"You can access any website now. They all should be safe. Really, this is more of an after-the-fact news nugget than a crisis. Banks and major websites were notified immediately of the error and patched up their security. \n\nEssentially, someone was looking around a wall surrounding a giant information pit and found a 8\" gap behind a tree. No trails led to the gap and there was no indication that anyone had ever gone through. The tree was promptly cut down and the gap was filled with concrete. Then the media was told about it.\n\nYou're safe, but changing passwords to bank websites isn't a bad idea. Actually, to be safe you should change them multiple times a year, but no one cared about that before so it's not likely to change now. :P",
"Fellow consumer of poutine and maple products here: for the average consumer, there isn't a lot to be done. Your service providers will be doing all the panicking for you.\n\nIf your employer uses a VPN or has issued you a \"client cert\", expect them to replace the thing that they use to identify you, be it a card, or a file, or whatever. If you don't know what any of these things mean, then don't worry.\n\nI work on the other side of the fence; anybody working on Internet-facing secure services (not just web sites) is taking industrial quantities of Advil right now. \n\nThe best analogy I can offer is would be that Heartbleed is like a security researcher discovering that most of the 5-pin locks on the front doors of businesses respond to the \"shave and a haircut\" knock by just unlocking... and that they've done so for the last two years.\n\nAfter changing the locks on the front doors of their own businesses, the researchers disclosed the defect, and everybody immediately flipped out. The big concern is not that the locks have a flaw; we've gotten really good at fixing locks. The twin concerns are that businesses have to issue new keys to all their employees, *and* they have to figure out if anybody has been walking around undetected for the last two years.\n\nThus far, nobody has disclosed discovery of any evidence that the trick was being used \"in the wild\", which is a promising sign.",
"Today's xkcd comic explains Heartbleed very well. _URL_0_"
]
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"http://mashable.com/2014/04/09/heartbleed-bug-websites-affected/"
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2ztb7v | what rights did women have under the reign of kleopatra? | Cleopatra VII | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ztb7v/eli5_what_rights_did_women_have_under_the_reign/ | {
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"/r/AskHistorians might be a good place for this. "
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[]
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2buvfb | if we have to help animals like horses give birth, then how did they manage it themselves before humans started animal husbandry? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2buvfb/eli5_if_we_have_to_help_animals_like_horses_give/ | {
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"We don't \"have to help\" them, but in the case of horses, a lot of time we help in the birthing process because we're invested in the animal (emotionally or financially) and want to see the animal and it's offspring do good so we benefit from it as well.",
"Animals can give birth without intervention. As indeed, can human beings (us being animals and all that).\n\nHowever, the mortality rate of the infant animal and/or the mother can be relatively high. Lots of things can go wrong during childbirth. It's a complicated, stressful procedure and without help it's no surprise that things can go wrong.\n\nThis mortality rate is reduced considerably if we are able to deal with any issues that may be arising through the birth.\n\nIf you consider a newly born racehorse could be worth several million dollars, it makes little sense to leave it to chance.\n\nIf you care about an animal, it makes no sense to let it go through childbirth alone \"just in case\", something happens that would be avoidable through intervention/assistance.\n\nAnd that's why if you ever have children you will likely seek out expert medical help.",
"They can manage by themselves, however there are risks, which could harm the mother and/or child. Assisting helps reduce those risks, which is important if you're keeping livestock.\n\nNote that some animal breeds may have undergone selective breeding in the past, which can reduce their ability to naturally give birth. In these cases it's even more important there is assistance, but of course this wouldn't occur naturally.",
"In the case of the bulldog, many litters are delivered by c-section as opposed to vaginal birth. This is because over time humans have bred these dogs to have larger heads until now the puppies have such large heads that the mothers often times cannot pass them through the birth canal. If left in the wild, natural selection would not have allowed their heads to get that large as the ability to procreate is vital. The species has survived this long because of our help in the birthing process.",
"How did humans manage it themselves before humans started medical assistance?\n\nHumans did ok, but you have to remember there was a high risk of complications. I have seen numbers as high as 50% (but generally in the 30% range) for infant mortality during Medieval periods. Think about that, 3 in 10 children died at or before birth. But now we 'assist' at birth, and the rate has dropped a lot. The same thing with horses.",
"Just for sake of interest.\n\nHere is the human infant mortality rate by country.\n_URL_0_\n\nIn the worst case - Afghanistan, Mali, 10-20% of all babies don't make it to 1 year old. Even in the moderately poor cases it's in the 5% range. And that's human populations with some (albeit poor) medical care. The the best case the rate is about 2/1000, and realistically 0.5% is achievable. \n\nAs a species a 20 or 30 or 30% infant mortality rate is survivable (depending on how many offspring a mother can have in a lifetime), but with medical intervention we can get that down by a factor of 100- to less than 0.2%. \n\nInfant mortality is just one component of the population pressures species face of course. ",
"Keeping the Theory of Evolution in mind, we're edging closer and closer to a time where certain species will be completely screwed with certain biological functions, including childbirth. As someone mentioned, certain breeds of dogs cannot survive on their own because of the traits that were breeded into them; modern corn cannot survive on its own, also because of the traits that were breeded into them; etc. I see some people say certain animals and humans can manage without assistance, and I'm in no place to argue this.\n\nModern medicine is allowing for animals (and humans), who would otherwise die in in natural childbirh, to pass on certain traits. It doesn't matter if these traits are beneficial or not. It's the fact that now instead of that family line dying off, they're surviving and these children will go on with these same traits. When these children come time to give birth, they'll also have the advantage of modern medicine and be able to survive the birthing process.\n\nSo, if some apocalypse ever happens, and almost everybody is wiped out, including those who *can* assist in childbirth (animals or humans), only those who can survive unassisted childbirth will go on, and they will pass those traits.\n\nTo answer your question, they used to be able to. They probably still can, but it's harder because of the domestication.\n\n**tl;dr:** We're inadvertently breeding this dependency on assisted childbirth into them. Humans included.",
"tl;dr: Raised sheep. Most of the time they didn't need us around to have successful births, until one spring most died due to some mineral deficiency. Also bottle feeding and castration by rubber band. \n\nWhen I was a teenager, my parents decided they wanted to start start breeding and raising sheep (we had always had some random assortment of farm animals). I remember one spring I stayed home sick from school, and had gone outside to check on all the pregnant mamas. I found one of the ewes in labor, and two with two babies each already on the ground and nursing. The births that spring (around 10 or 12 babies, 5 or 6 moms, for some reason they nearly always twinned) all went off without any problems or assistance from us. The next year was much more miserable. There was a cold spell that spring, it was I think around -20 degrees or so with wind chill, (we lived in Alaska) and due to some type of mineral deficiency (calcium?) the ewes contractions were not strong enough to push the babies out. We called the vet, who had to pull them out by hand, nearly all of them dead. The two lambs that did survive (thanks to early vet intervention) both became immediately hypothermic, and had to be brought into the house, bottle fed, and basically became house lambs (they never bonded to mama, only us and the bottles). They ran around the house in diapers, jumping on everything, tormenting the dogs, and basically ruining any chance I ever had at having a normal social life (my mother would show any boy brave enough to show his face the tool we use to castrate the lambs, basically a device that stretches out a thick rubber band that goes over their balls, and cuts of the circulation until they eventually fall off D: )",
"For the same reason we go to the hospital to give birth even though we got by for thousands of years without it. Shit can (and does) go wrong.\n \nThere is a decent enough chance that having a human who knows what they're doing available means that a potentially life-threatening situation would be avoided. \n \nSo even if 90% of animal births go normally, and humans could only help up survival by 5%, that's still huge. And it gives a chance to get ahead of potential future problems. The animals don't know how to stop bleeding if something tears, how to administer antibiotics if an infection is found, or how to clear an airway if the newborn is choking. \n \nIt's a game of averages on a large scale. That's what most of the cautionary steps we take come down to.",
"There are domestic animals which absolutely need human help to give birth and reproduce such as our turkeys. Turkeys have been bred for so much body mass that they literally can not make love, and all their reproduction has to be done via artificial insemination. Another example are bulldogs not being able to give birth without a C-section due to their hips being to narrow for a puppy to pass through naturally. \n\nSource: animal science student ",
"Most animals that existed before animal husbandry became a thing were the result of hardshipped-honed evolution - they were literally bred by circumstance to be able to survive to adulthood and reproduce successfully most of the time. So they were hardy, sturdy beasts without a lot of the \"advantages\" that we associated with domesticated animals such as docility, or desirable coats, colors or configurations, or high milk/meat production. Animal husbandry, OTOH, tends to select for traits that are useful or favored by us and these traits are not necessarily traits that enable an animal to survive in the wild better and in fact in many cases make survival in the wild nearly impossible. (Consider this guy: _URL_0_ ... he probably wouldn't have lived much longer on his own or for as long as he did in a truly wild i.e. not human-tamed landscape because the sheer quantity of the wool would have impaired his ability to escape predators, etc). ",
"Also not seemingly mentioned is the fact that the animals you refer to are domesticated, meaning that they are fundamentally different from their wild antecedents. For quite a few thousand years sexual competition hasn't been something they naturally have adapted for, and we select for traits useful to US, not them.",
"Long story short: We don't have to help them, but mortality rates would be higher if we just suddenly stopped. \n\nMuch like modern medicine has lowered infant mortality from 1 out of 2\nto 1 out of 20 human births, so too has our understanding of animal physiology ",
"Selective breeding is often the problem in domestic animals that need intervention at birth. Domestic animals are very different in type to their wild counter-parts. Beef cattle are bred to be big and bulky, so calves can get stuck in the birth canal. This can also be a problem in horses if you breed a large stallion over a finer mare. Some dog breeds cannot give birth naturally because of their bulbous head shape. In the wild bison and wolves have little trouble birthing because they are not dealing with bulked up calves or bobble-headed puppies, and wild horses tend to average out in size so there is less risk of over-sized foals. ",
"I don't know much about horse but hopefully my explanation on sheep will help you understand! \n When I was younger I partook in 4H in the US ( an excellent organization that allows kids to learn about animals and learn useful skills such as automotive skills, sewing, public speaking, finances and the list goes on. I definitely recommend getting involved.), I showed market sheep and market steers (a neutered male bovine or bull), we would raise these animals and then sell them to generous peopele at our county fair. Because 75% or the sheep are harvested (some were girl sheep, also calles ewes, that some people keep for breeding purposes) and all of the steer are harvested as well, we try to find animals are able to pack alot of meat but are built structurally correct so they can hold said meat. When it come to breeding sheep, there are a lot of breed to choose from, hamps, Rambouillets, Barbados sheep etc. These are good breed for wool and milk (don't try to milk sheep its really hard and frustrating, go milk a cow or something) however none of these breeds can't stand toe to toe with the Suffolk. Suffolk's have black head, black legs and a white body. (Ex. _URL_2_) Suffolk's are quite tall (_URL_1_) and in my experience very stupid and can't get sick and a perfectly ewe can die of pneumonia in the middle of summer, so breeder have mixed in a bit of hampshire ( _URL_0_ the only his difference in the two breed is the wool on their face and the wool is better quality.) To make the sheep more hardy. So now we have a sheep that is almost all Suffolk with little bit of hamp in it to make it more hardy and have a nice feel to the coat. Over the years as breeders have tried to get the perfect mix of these two breeds and other qualities, we have changed the domesticated breed in such way that it sometime makes it hard for the to have lambs. Because the hamp has better motherly qualities they are used more often as the carriers of sheep. However they are much smaller. So what happens when you take a big male sheep and have it breed with a medium sized sheep? A baby lamb that is sometimes is too big for the mother sheep to birth on her own and thus needs help (they sometimes to c-sections for sheep). This breeding process happens to all domesticated animals and this is why they need help. In the wild animals are not in need of help (sometimes). \n\ntl;dr: we've tried to breed animals that would not necessarily breed together in the wild. This cause small animals to have bigger babies than what their bodies were designed for. \nEdit: spelling grammar and shit",
"They become dependent. Sort of like horseshoes. Or like how corn today won't grow on its own without human help. Plus birthrates are better with help versus allowing them to happen naturally.\n\n",
"Quite often domesticated animals like horses, cows, sheep etc give birth all on their own with no helpful humans around.\n\nBut because sometimes things can go wrong, like a breech birth, a knowledgeable human present can sometimes prevent a complication from becoming a tragedy for both the mother and baby. ",
"*That's* what a animal husbandry is? I just thought it was what allowed you to create mounted units in Civ. ",
"Most owners of animals truly do care for them. There's so much that can potentially go wrong during the birthing process, yet usually nothing does. You' re there just in case so that if anything goes wrong assistance can be given immediately.\n\nFor those that are interested here's a bit of what is done when a horse gives birth;\n\nFirst off there are a few signs to signify that the mare may be due to foal soon and the mare is often moved to a clean, dry pasture or a foaling paddock. If a pasture is used, other mares are rarely a problem, but a gelding will often trample a new foal and must be removed. Once the mare breaks water she should be finished giving birth in less than 30min or something is wrong and you can loose both the mare and foal.Not many, but some mares will give birth standing up, if this is the case an owner will have to take steps to ensure she does not step back and injure the foal.\n\nMost mares give birth laying down. Once the foal starts to present itself you have to check the position of the front feet and nose to ensure you don' t have a breach birth happening. (Steps can be taken immediately if you do). In the rare case extremely careful assistance must be given in \"pulling\" the foal. Once the foal is out it is not uncommon to have to clear some of the placenta from their nostrils to ensure they can breath. The mare should be up and standing within 10 min. At this point most mares will start to lick the amionic fluid off the foal and start to bond. Some mares, however, will reject their foal but can be lead over to it and with persistance will start to accept it.\n\nWithin anywhere from 30 min to about 2hrs most foals will be standing. At this point you have to make sure the mare allows in to nurse and that it can actually find her teats the first few times. The first milk, or colostrum, contains the antibodies the foal requires to help fight off infection until it can start to build it's own immune system up. Other things you are checking for at this time are the condition of the mare and if the foal passes his meconium ( first stools). The next major thing to check is that the mare passes the entire placenta within a few hours ( you actually have to pick the placenta up to examine that it is intact).\n\nThis is just a brief description of what goes on....plus a whole lot more...when a mare gives birth. Oh, and did I mention ensuring there's no danger from predators until the mare can get up an protect her foal? Plus some breeders will start \"imprint training\" at this time too.\n\nAs stated before, in the vast majority of births nothing goes wrong. Some people just wake up one morning and there's a new foal! Most breeders, however, are there \"just in case\".",
"Humans can successfully give birth without being in a hospital surrounded by nurses and midwives, too. Getting help just increases the chance that everything goes well.",
"While I have everyone here, how did female cows get by without humans milking them",
"We don't have to, we just do it to give them a better chance of survival",
"It lowers the rate of infant and mothers mortality.",
"The same reason why modern medicine helps mothers give birth even though they managed to do it all on their own for tens of thousands of years - it vastly increases the survival rate of both mother and child.",
"Some animals are bred by humans in ways that cause reproductive difficulties (e.g., thanksgiving turkeys). Otherwise, animals are totally capable of giving birth on their own.\n\nBut sometimes, things go wrong. Parent and/or offspring can die during birth. Offspring can be born deformed. Proper veterinary care can help minimize the occurrence of birthing problems. ",
"I'm seeing alot of 'closeish' answers, but as a farmer who has delivered a couple hundred calves myself on a factory farm, I have my own theories. It's not so much that these other species in general need assistance, it's just specific elite breeds or varieties within each that we have selected for traits without regard to birthing ease, such as the long-legged Thoroughbred or the milky holstein. Wild mustangs and shorter-statured jersey cattle or many beef breeds which are expected to birth outdoors without supervision are much less often prone to birthing difficulty. Interestingly, many holstein dairy herds that artificially inseminate use calving ease as one criteria for selecting bulls to breed first-calf heifers to, the semen companies keep track of the size calf each bull will 'throw', and if a maternal line with great milk potential is known to have calving problems a producer might choose one of these bulls especially for a first calf. ",
"They did but the moms died sometimes and we didn't like that.",
"The same question could be asked about humans..",
"the same with people, in the wild they can of course give birth but the chances of having healthy offspring and mothers increase tremendously if it is done in a controlled, sterile environment.",
"Also, humans that have selectively bred animals may make it harder for for animals to have normal medical situations. I believe it's French Bulldogs that cannot give birth at all anymore without humans intervening with a c-section. Simply because we've bred animals to have certain characteristics, other characteristics that aren't necessarily wanted may crop up.",
"Genetics is a part of it. Humans breed domesticated animals for personal reasons. For instance, dairy cows are bred mainly for milk production. Other attributes like good legs or hooves and ease when calving fall to the side.\n\nConsider also that dairy cows, usually with several generations of Holstein on both sides, often (at least in personal experience) have a harder time calving than beef cows, which are more often cross-bred between different breeds of cow (and also are bred for having a large frame capable of carrying a lot of mass versus primarily focusing on milk production).",
"In the case of dairy cow calfs, most of which must be pulled, is because of the selective breeding and diet of the mother. The high protein and overly nutritious diet(as opposed to grass) leads to a much bigger newborn. The diet and breeding are obviously for the increased production of milk. The bigger baby comes with it.",
"We help them give birth *safely.* In nature, the risk is very high, but for us, something like a horse is an investment, and so we do what we can to reduce the risk of losing that investment to medical complications.",
"If you assist the chance of the baby and the mother dying is reduced by a whole lot, compared to a uncontrolled birth.",
"by having them die a lot and trying again.\n\nkind of the same way humans did it before medicine. Just... a whole lot of dead babies. It used to be a regular fact of life that only 25% (or less) of your children would make it past the age of 1. in fact, in some societies it was commonplace not to name babies until after their first birthday or so, because chances were they would die, and it wasn't healthy for the parents to get too attached to them by giving it a name...",
"A. They can give birth on their own. They simply don't always survive. The survival rate is enough that they didn't die out.\n\nB. They are domesticated. Domesticated animals are smaller than their wild counter parts (that is one of the things that happens during domestication). Thus, it is harder for them to give birth.\n\nC. They have evolved for the last ~10,000 years with us helping them.",
"This is probably explained somewhere earlier but I'm too damn lazy to look. Humans selectively breed animals for desirable characteristics, but those characteristics aren't necessarily compatible with the animal's birth canal.",
"Before humans, the female horse would have sex with a male horse to make a baby.",
"[what this redditor said](_URL_0_)\n\nand also, many modern animals have been selectively bred to maximise desirable qualities, which also had the effect of minimising their ability to give birth unattended.\n\nfor example, the \"belgian blue\" beef cow, has double muscles all over its body so its a massive slab of beef, but they cannot phyisically give birth at all, every single one is born by caesarian.",
"This is why we should never help beached whales. You're rewarding stupidity."
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1rvwle | what would the world would have been like if russia landed on the moon before the us? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rvwle/eli5_what_would_the_world_would_have_been_like_if/ | {
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"The US would have come up with something else to do first and then still have claimed it won the spacerace. "
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6okfj9 | difference when heart is working hard from cardio vs obesity. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6okfj9/eli5_difference_when_heart_is_working_hard_from/ | {
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"During cardio the heart increases its workload and all the body's other systems adjust to help support that endeavor. The blood vessels dilate, the muscles do their best to help the blood along, hormone levels change, some non-critical processes stop or slow down to redirect blood flow to main channels.\n\nIt's all hands on deck to keep the heart cruising powerfully and efficiently. Over time, those support processes will get even better at their job and further decrease the load on the heart.\n\nWhen the heart is just resting at an elevated rate due to obesity none of that support structure is active. Instead of a wide open pipe with pumping stations along the way, the heart is now trying to force blood through hundreds of miles of constricted tubing all by itself. Over time that excessive workload damages the heart.",
"From cardio the body is raising its' heart rate due to conditioning. After a while, it becomes the norm for the heart to race under these conditions thus it stabilizes and gets used to it like every other muscle. Thus, at rest, you are below what the heart has become conditioned to and have a lower resting heart rate - healthier.\n\nWith obesity, the heart is not becoming conditioned - the heart rate is elevated without any conditioning happening; you are at rest either way and the heart rate is raised; unhealthy.",
"I'll answer one specific part and let the exercise people give you an explanation for the rest. \n\nFor the state of the heart, when you are obese, you are probably hypertensive. When you blood pressure is too high for years, you'll have one of two processes going on in your left ventricle (which pumps the blood through most of the body) and which one takes place is determined by a variety of factors.\n\nConcentric hypertrophy is when the muscle thickens and the amount of fluid the ventricle can contain at once is reduced because the walls are thickening inward. This is very bad in its own way.\n\nThe other which is the case here, is eccentric hypertrophy. The increased pressure inside the ventricle keeps pushing on the walls and the ventricle enlarges and enlarges, like a balloon, getting thinner as it goes. \n\nBoth of these lead to heart failure in their own way",
"ELI5: What am I seeing in the thumbnail?",
"Healthy cardio is a good engine firing on all cylinders at high speeds. Fat heart is a tired old jalopie that will get you to the shops and back but you wont be surprised when it dies.",
"What if an obese person loses the weight and starts to work out. Would they have a strong heart or would it just seem to be because of dropped heart rate at rest? Would they need to be more careful when excercising? ",
"The \"paper-bag heart\" is a result of volume overload. So if there's too much blood in the heart, it stretches, similar to how a balloon would stretch if you filled it up with water. As it stretches, the walls get thinner, hence the paper bag comparison. \nA common cause of this is long-standings high blood pressure. The heart has to push against the pressure in your blood vessels to pump blood around, but if this pressure is high all the time, the heart has to work harder to do so and often there's more blood than there should be left in the heart after each beat. The excess blood leftover starts to build up and eventually causes the walls of the heart to stretch.\n\nNow when you exercise, your muscle need more oxygen, which is transported in your blood. It's thought that maybe your body gets your heart to beat faster/harder preemptively when you're going to exercise, but I don't think they have anything concrete about this yet. Anyway, when you use oxygen in the blood during exercise more of it goes back to the heart. There's a mechanism in the heart that makes it pump harder/faster in response to more blood coming back into it, so obviously your heart now does so. This action is similar to working your muscles during a session at the gym and it strengthens the muscle of your heart. Just to clarify that last bit, your heart can't actually get NEW muscle cells, to it strengthens by making the ones it already has bigger - in response to regular, intense exercise/physical activity. \n\nHopefully that makes sense?",
"For the sake of mobile users, can we remove or change that disturbing, disgusting thumnail of a cut up belly with yellow wet fat? Mods?",
"Another likely cause of the \"floppy\" heart in this description is left sided heart wall thickening from obesity and hypertension. With increased systemic blood pressure to overcome with each heart beat to perfuse the body, the heart wall muscle remodels and becomes thicker, stronger, and bigger. This works very well for a period of time to compensate, but over time the enlarged muscle can become weak and \"floppy\" and not squeeze blood out as well with each beat. The more the left side of the heart struggles to eject blood, the more back pressure there is, and it backs up into the lungs causing pulmonary edema. Less blood is able to circulate back to the heart because the pump isn't working as well, so that also backs up fluid/water into the space between tissue cells, and people start to see swelling in their feet and legs. This is congestive heart failure.",
"The heart you saw was a 'failing heart'\n\nHeart muscle stretch is like elastic. If you stretch it more, it will recoil more. However - stretch it too far and it snaps (or in the heart's case, becomes baggy).\n\nObesity will cause a persistently higher pressure in the blood's circulation. The heart needs to pump harder to get the same volume of blood into the vessels. This initially leads to the heart getting stronger to compensate. But over time, the resistance gets too high for too long and your heart's chambers stretch beyond the maximum. The heart has passed it's maximum stretching point and 'de-compensates'.\n\nOn the other hand, exercise causes heart muscle to become more efficient and grow healthily. Cardio also improves your entire body's metabolic efficiency, meaning the heart doesn't need to pump as much blood to meet the body's requirements. \n\nSo exercise can cause the heart to become bigger (like a failing heart), but the increase in size is from growing muscle units and building the muscle, rather than stretching it out. As a result, exercise will improve efficiency of the pump by challenging it intermittently. Meanwhile, obesity will slowly increase the heart's workload in a persistent manner until it reaches breaking point.\n\n",
"when you do cardio, you give your heart a workout, and that workout is followed by a long period of rest. During the rest your body heals and becomes strong and better able to deal with intensive activity in the future.\n\nWhen your heart is working harder because you are obese or unhealthy, it is working harder all the time. I it doesn't get a break to recover.\n\nYou don't get stronger during a workout, you get stronger during the rest after a workout.",
"When people are obese its mostly the heart doing the blood movement, but not the other muscles, so the heart gets loose and floppy \"like a paper bag\", doing all this alone. When you do cardio it's many more muscles that do the blood movement working together and helping each other getting stronger.\n\nFiguratively, the human body has over 600 hearts (counting each muscle as heart, because each muscle helps what the heart is doing - moving the blood in our bodies).\n ",
"It's like running a car engine at 100,000 miles. If you changed the oil regularly, than most likely your engine won't be crazily gunked up (i.e. You excersise regularly) . But if you rarely change your oil (i.e. You don't excersise and eat junk food all day), it will prolly be running on its last legs with a bunch of sludge in it. Which car will run more efficiently? The one without all the sludge built up in it. ",
"Quick question, I have anxiety which makes my heart beat faster and heavier multiple times a day. Would this have the same negative effect on my heart as obesity? I'm not obese I'm a size 6 NZ.",
"To simplify, think of your heart as part of your favorite sports team and the other members as different organs. When you are working out, it is like practice, and with practice each of the players on the team gets better at their role on the team, and then they get to go home after practice and rest and recuperate and be ready for the next practice.\n\nBeing obese is like being at practice all day every day. The heart never has time to recover and rest. Its 24/7 practice and like with any team, eventually you have a player / organ burn out. As for the paper bag, its the same thing... Think of how you get sore after a hard practice and then the time off lets the muscles recover and rebuild... But we have removed recovery time so there is no rebuilding stronger. \n\nYes that latter example is more relevant to muscles than organs but it still applies to the example here.",
"an important part of exercise is recovery. Like with weight training to allow time for micro traumas to heal (and the muscles to be stronger as a result)\n\nWhen obese, the heart is *always* working hard. It isn't getting any rest time. It's like if you exercised all the time and didn't get enough sleep, you'd just break down",
"Rest. During exercise, the heart is temporarily working harder. When obese, the heart is basically working harder all the time.",
"Can i piggyback off this? I currently have a BMI just under 29, and I'm 24. In college, I was an athlete, and I weighed even more, but I was in great shape. Specifically, I had great cardio, for a bigger guy. (I was a HWT Wrestler, but on runs I would usually keep up with everyone on the team, when I weighed between 230-250, at 6'2\". \n\nI have been working out more again, and I am in pretty good shape, I think. I currently have great blood pressure, and I run and lift a lot. I have a very low resting heart rate, like in the high fifties usually, even after a cup of coffee. \n\nThat being said, how do I know my heart is actually in shape rather than just fat and struggling because I'm overweight? Can I just assumed my heart is healthy because I'm active? ",
"Side question: Does this also apply to people who are big but muscular? (i.e non-competitive bodybuilders)\nDoes the heart still get overworked just because of their mass?",
"Your heart is a muscle.\nWhen you strain your muscles through workout they become weaker, its almost as if they break. Then when you rest they build themselves up stronger than before, when you're obese you never give your heart the time to recover. \nIf you ran constantly without resting, your legs eventually wouldnt be able to support you anymore and you would collapse.",
"I think it's kind of ironic that most of the living people in the documentary are overweight themselves, one guy is even as obese (if not more) than the deceased woman. Even the male pathologist is overweight. You'd think that at least with him, seeing on a regular basis the adverse effects that obesity has on the human body, he would have felt encouraged to stay in shape and take care of his body. But apparently not, I guess. I myself find it kind of hard to take people seriously in such instances, kind of in the same vein as my mother, who always told my siblings and I to never smoke whilst being a smoker herself (has been since her teenage years and never stopped; she's in her 50s now). If you want to educate and warn people about the negative effects of something on one's health (be it mental or physical or even both), then make sure you're not doing those particular unhealthy things yourself, so that you can be a good example as well as be more authentic/believable. Maybe it's not realistic of me to think that way (because of human nature being what it is, among others), but still, I can't help feeling that that would be the right (or better) way of going about such things.",
"it would be helpful to see a comparison between the organs of the obese woman vs a healthy person",
"amongst many cardiovascular issues that obesity has (very likely to develop atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, T2DM etc) having excess weight actually crushes and may change shape of your organs slightly or more severely. Mainly this happens when you're laying down the excess weight comes down on them. Pt's (patients) with CHF feel more side effects from Edema at night b/c the fluid is pushed down by the weight. Atrial fibrillation can occur b/c of a malformed heart but also Afib can cause a malformed heart, that's why pt's with prolonged rhythm issues and not rate (in Afib) they develop a different sized heart due to compensation by the heart to make up for the abnormal rhythm ",
"How about video games?\n\nWhen I'm playing a PC game that's intense, my heart races. Sometimes for a good while because of all that goes into playing the game.\n\nIs that a good or bad type of work for the heart?",
"oh i misread lol. The difference is when you workout you hit a peak of usually 175/90 systolic diastolic but that lasts for ~30min or so. Then when you get home and sit down or stretch your heart rate drops down but lower than your baseline Heart Rate. This allows the heart to rest and fill your ventricles with more blood to be ejected out of the tri/bicuspid valves. This is also the reason that you get that bomb ass sleep too. \n\nA person that doesn't workout has a overworked heart b/c it's compensating for the more volume it has to push blood through. i.e. More mass requires more vessels to expand into that mass so more blood is required and more ejection fraction. This leads to CHF (nowadays we call it HF) b/c when your heart has to overcompensate for excess size, at all times, it basically fails and that's the root word in congestive heart failure. It's like when you go for a run, you can't run for 24/7 everyday for a year, that's basically what it's like for a heart. \n\nover compensated heart leads to Lent ventricular hypertrophy which leads to cardiomegaly (enlarged heart). You'd think more muscle is a good thing but instead your left ventricle loses a lot of it's volume space that more blood would fill and have more to eject. That requires the heart ot increase in rate so that it can push out a proper afterload so your BP won't crash. \n\ni'm too lazy to source but take it from a physician that's worked in CVICU (cardiovascular ICU). ",
"I googled the video, and watched a \"behind the scenes\" 7 minutes clip. It was very hard to watch, but definitely helped motivate me. I'm overweight and working hard (successfully!) to get down to a normal BMI. I wonder what the body of someone who has been obese, but managed to lose weight and maintain looks like at the end of life. "
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1pd9v9 | why aren't humans naturally good at anything like many other animals? | It doesn't seem like humans are good at anything until they learn how to do something, but other animals are born predators. Why is that? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pd9v9/eli5_why_arent_humans_naturally_good_at_anything/ | {
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"Actually, when it comes to covering long distances quickly, humans are second only to horses believe it or not. \n\nSo we got that going for us. ",
"Humans are extremely good at throwing objects. The muscle control required to accurately throw a rock/spear/ball at high speed is breathtaking. Very few animals can even come close to our accuracy or speed.",
"Our ability to convey information to each other (through oral tradition/writing, etm.) has eliminated any evolutionary need to rely on instinct to survive and reproduce.",
"Humans *can* learn. Quite easily. That's our special ability.",
"First of all, with advancements in technology, we don't need to have our primitive skills, and that means through the course of time many of us have lost them.\r\rWe also have quite a lot of skills, most importantly our brains. Our intelligence is a great skill and allowed us to jump ahead. It's just something you see everyday so maybe you don't really think about it this way.\r\rWe also have many other amazing skills that you might overlook. We are great hunters just with our bare hands. Our thumbs allow us to easily create simple hunting equipment and use them. We have the ability to be very strong, but many of us choose not to. We are pretty fast runners as well. Just like our intelligence, these are characteristics and skills that increased our chance of survival."
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51mae8 | what's the deal with traffic light cams? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/51mae8/eli5_whats_the_deal_with_traffic_light_cams/ | {
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"It varies by State. Where they are implemented at lights it is to catch people running red lights. A picture of the license plate is taken and a ticket is mailed. There is a good chance that they violate one's right to face one's accuser, and in fact I think at least one person fought them in court and won.",
"As with most \"is this legal\" questions, the answer is \"It depends entirely on where you are.\"\n\nIn my state they are not legal.",
"If there are redlight cameras (or other traffic enforcement cameras) in your area, then they are legal (until declared illegal in court or the laws are changed).\n\nThere are a LOT of ways to fight these, but very few are successful. That said, each case presents its own set of circumstances, so you can beat them sometimes. \n\nI beat one once. Not because of the merits of my case (I clearly ran the redlight . . . barely). But, because I brought up to the court that LA state law clearly states that all tickets must be processed in-state, but that I had been instructed (printed on the ticket) to mail my payment to Florida. \n\nI informed the prosecuting attorney (an assistant DA), that I planned on bringing this fact up at trial, which would likely invalidate hundreds or thousands of tickets, each one representing around $50 in revenue. In other words, it could have cost the city a LOT of money, and could have rendered the entire contract with the camera company invalid.\n\nRather than go through all that, the ADA dropped the charges."
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fnwm6r | how come it feels so good to get some fresh air after you've been inside all day? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fnwm6r/eli5_how_come_it_feels_so_good_to_get_some_fresh/ | {
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"Can be for several reasons. If you were stuck inside working or at school all day then when you go outside you know it's finally over. Another reason could be because after so long inside of the same place the air inside can get stuffy from being recycled all day, as well as being trapped inside with certain smells and dust/dander.",
"There are a couple factors at play. The one that no one thinks about but has been proven, buildings trap a lot of carbon dioxide. I know it seems obvious, but the amount they trap is surprising. Often times throughout the day the levels of carbon dioxide will rise to the point that medical proffesionals determine cause headaches, irritability, and slight impairment of cognitive ability.\n\nThat's not to say all buildings are like that, and some are worse than others. However the data supports it. More CO2 means less oxygen and more work per breath. So when you step outside your lungs have instant relief.",
"All of the reasons mentioned are good, but also consider that it's not the fresh air, it's the sunlight. Humans need sunlight or they will literally be unhappy without it, so the satisfying feeling you get from being outside could likely be that you're soaking up some rays",
"Try wearing a mask for almost 12 hours straight while working in the hospital \nFeels good to just remove it"
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246xsn | if my skin never touches my eyeglasses, where does the oil on my glasses come from? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/246xsn/eli5if_my_skin_never_touches_my_eyeglasses_where/ | {
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"They do contact skin at points and by putting them on when you touch them.\n\nOR from frying bacon"
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b9jman | how does a viral infection turn into a bacterial infection? | To clarify: not looking for medical advice. My doctor always says this but I don’t know how this works? Viruses don’t turn into bacteria and if my immune defences are already on high alert how could bacteria get involved? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b9jman/eli5_how_does_a_viral_infection_turn_into_a/ | {
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"Your immune system is not on high alert, your immune system is under a lot of stress and weakened by the effort to fight the virus. That is a good time for secondary infections by bacterias which usually are easily picked off by your immune system.",
"You come into contact with bacteria constantly and your immune system does a good job of preventing infections, but If your immune system is too busy fighting a viral infection then it won't be strong enough to prevent or fight a bacterial infection as well. ",
"If you have a viral infection and your immune system is lowered, then your body's ability to protect itself from common or not common bacteria is compromised. Your immune system gets too busy fighting off a viral infection to be effective against a bacteria that you touch, breathe in, or absorb.\n\nSo, for example, you have HIV. The virus weakens your immune system enough that you can not fight off bacterial infections and you end up dying from staph (Staphylococcus bacteria).\n\n",
"The immune system can only handle so much. This is a big part of why people get opportunistic illnesses like pneumonia in the hospital or otherwise laid up. ",
"Viral infections do not become bacterial infections. What can happen is certain viral infections can predispose you to bacterial infections.\n\nFor example, let's say you get a respiratory virus like bronchitis. This can predispose you to developing a bacterial pneumonia as the virus damages the linings of the respiratory tract that, like your skin, normally keep bacteria from getting into the tissue.",
"Your body is like a building with security guards.\n\nSome guard the door, and some roam the halls. Others show up when alerted for specific intruders.\n\nWhen you have a viral infection, the virus may have taken out some of the guards, and the ones alerted to the virus aren't looking for the bacteria. There's chaos and confusion.\n\nAlso you already have bacteria in you normally, and the guards kick them out when they get too ornery. If they are dead from the virus or distracted, theres nobody to stop the bacteria from robbing the building."
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e9uayi | why some electronics, like old tvs, start working again after they're hit. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e9uayi/eli5_why_some_electronics_like_old_tvs_start/ | {
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"Percussive maintenance causes all of the parts to jiggle around. Many problems arise when a connection somewhere is shoddy and has slid out of place, but the jiggling can knock this connection back into place."
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c3kmfk | how come we can hold on to our bladders while asleep better than when we were kids? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c3kmfk/eli5_how_come_we_can_hold_on_to_our_bladders/ | {
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"Also, it’s a muscle. The older you get the more use it gets, making it stronger. Well.. ya know, until you get too old. But that’s a different topic."
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370n3w | why do most bugs have green or different colored blood than humans? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/370n3w/eli5_why_do_most_bugs_have_green_or_different/ | {
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"I believe the colour of an animal's blood is based upon which metal the animal uses to transport oxygen and other gases. Mammals have red blood because we use haemoglobin which contains iron. Much like rust (iron oxide) is red, the haemoglobin is red. Some crustaceans have blue blood because they use haemocyanin to transport oxygen, and this contains copper. Insects, however, do not use their blood to transport oxygen around, instead they have many hollow tubes that rely on the diffusion of oxygen for respiration. Instead, the green or yellow colour comes from the nutrients, amino acids and pigments that the bugs transport in their blood. ",
"Contrary to mammalian blood, insect blood isn't used to transport oxygen. Bugs breathe through direct diffusion, which means that the atmospheric oxygen will diffuse from high concentration (the atmosphere around the bug) to low concentration (the inside of the bug), passing directly through cell membranes.\n\nBecause bugs don't use their blood to transport oxygen, there's no hemoglobin in their blood. Hemoglobin is a red pigment made with iron, hence the color.\n\nAs an interesting side-note, cephalopods (e.g. octopi) have copper-based \"hemoglobin\" (it probably has a different name). I'm not sure what color it is, but I'd suspect some sort of blue/aquamarine tint."
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39kglc | why are some people against solar power? | Solar, is something that should make be a huge leap from using extremely toxic things to run machinery to energy powered cells that draws power from the sun!.
I saw this thread in the world news _URL_0_
I saw people completely against this.... why? why do they dislike solar power? do people really prefer oil? over green not so costly and very efficient things?
Please explain, thank you and have a great morning! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/39kglc/eli5why_are_some_people_against_solar_power/ | {
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"What happens at night?\n\nSolar cannot provide all of our energy needs right now because there are limited ways of storing energy. For example, when it's super sunny, you can generate 400% normal power, but if you don't use the extra 300%, it's wasted. \n\nIt's also currently not the cheapest form of power, but that is something that will change as technology improves. \n\nWe need a reliable way of providing base power - that is power that is reliable and works 24/7. That is either giant batteries to store power from day to night (technology doesn't exist yet) or an alternative source that can run 24/7 no matter the weather. \n\nA lot of solar advocates are 100% renewable, nothing else - this is not possible. There has to be a MIX.\n\nThe most clean that we can do is nuclear to provide base load, and renewables to provide variable power. Nuclear is as green with respect to CO2, and gives off less radioactivity than coal power does. It just has an extremely bad public image. \n\nTL;DR Solar power enthusiasts believe the world can be 100% renewable and dismiss EVERY other power generation mechanism. This is not currently feasible, and we need a MIX of technologies. \n\nEdit: there is also 1 more point. The article probably made the claim that solar made some extremely high power output. However, this is misleading as that power output may have been the highest generated in 6 hours for an entire year - not very useful if you need to rely on that to power a country without blackouts! People don't like misleading articles, and the solar enthusiasts sometimes try and mislead to push their agenda. ",
"Well, it's quite easy: \n\n1) Solar power is not cheap. On average, solar power is 2-5 times more expensive than other types of energy. Due to subsidies, this cost is often placed on everyone but the person who placed the pannels, who generally gets a nice profit out of it.\n\n_URL_2_\n\n\n2) Solar power is not reliable. With all the power delivered at midday, solar power is not particularly useful in supplying steady energy, unless power is supplied at great cost. \n\nOn a bad day, solar and wind together produce maybe 3% of what they produce on a good day. \n\n_URL_1_\n\n3) Solar power is not 100% innocent and environmentally friendly.\n\nSolar pannels are complex systems, reliant on chemicals and lot's of energy to produce. This has a significant environemental cost. Aside from all the land that you have to clear to make way for pannels, or the animals that end up dieing due to that disruption.\n\n_URL_0_\n\n\n4) Solar can't actually replace oil.\n\nGiven the low effectiveness of solar above, it should be no suprise that that is even further ruined if you loose large amounts of energy to convert to storage and stuff.\n\nIn fact, some analysis has suggest that the EROEI of solar is too low to support civilization.\n\n_URL_3_\n\nSo the problem is, you somehow seem to have picked up the notion that solar pannels are perfect, inexpensive, green and very efficient. They're not.\n\nThen again, they're not as useless as this argument might make it appear. But solar is not the divine saint to deliver us from our problems. By making people believe that all they need to do to save the world is place a pannel on their home, people are actively preventing real solutions from being executed.",
"While I can't speak for everyone, most of the criticisms of solar are criticisms of the unrealistic/unscientific beliefs of solar supporters or the use of government funds to subsidize solar.",
"I'm not sure if you mean on an individual or institutional level, but the reason that there are many states/ public utilities fighting solar power (individual solar power) is relatively simple. It's all about the money. \n\nThe utilities are responsible for providing stable, dependable power 24/7/365 and on the whole, do a pretty good job of it. Doing this, however, takes a ton of money. Things break, new lines need to be run, transformers hit end of life, drunken idiots take out poles, maintenance on power stations, administration etc etc. All of this costs the utility money in upkeep, and that is part of what you pay for with your .12$/kWh. This falls under the \"fixed\" costs of running a grid, and doesn't really vary year to year based on total usage. \n\nThe problem with the widespread adoption of personal solar farms in the eyes of the utilities is that these people pay to install panels and then contribute much less money to the power company, but still rely on the grid for backup. They get all of the benefit from having a stable grid, without having paid the ongoing costs of maintaining one. I'm sure the power companies wouldn't be thrilled with everyone going completely off the grid, but that's less of a problem for them because they're then totally hands off and are not relied on for backup power. \n\nThere are 2 ways to offset this: Refuse grid tie systems (like some states/power cos are attempting) or charge a fairly large fixed fee for a grid tie system on an annual basis to offset some of the fixed maintenance costs. \n\nHere in Ontario, we've gone to the other extreme and its costing the average joe - Big time. We have the fit/microfit program that was paying for net metering proceeds at obscene rates - as high as .85$/kWh - guaranteed for 20 years. This was part of a provincial governmental goal of increasing the amount of renewable energy in the province, but of course those ludicrous rates that they are paying out for the net metered power is causing rate hike after rate hike for all of us average folks. Unfortunately I don't have 30k liquid to put into panels, or a house suitable for it. We're up to fully loaded peak costs of ~.24$/kWh now. Hence, I have real issues with the government (ie, me) paying other people to install solar. If it was the powerco, that's a difference story...\n\nTL:DR Its all about the money. ",
"In the past, it took more energy to create a solar panel than it would produce in its life time. It is only in the last few decades where this was reversed and the last few years where it is profitable to use solar in some places.\n\nThe main objection is that by government funding it, you are artificially wasting money and resources as the panels may not repay themselves in the lifetime. It would be better to stay out of the way and let them become cheap and efficient enough for people to adopt them privately."
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owxi3 | (or 16): for and while loops in programming. | I just do not understand them at all. Nor do I understand the difference between them. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/owxi3/eli5_or_16_for_and_while_loops_in_programming/ | {
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"Let's start with `while` loops because they are simpler. A `while` loop needs only one bit of information we'll call the **condition** and takes the form \n\n while (condition) {\n DoStuff();\n }\n\nWhen the code comes across your `while` loop, it checks the condition. If the condition is true (or evaluates to a true value), the program runs the code between the braces: `DoStuff()` in this case. After the execution, it checks the condition again. Eventually^* , or even at the first check, the condition will be false. When that happens, we stop executing the code in the braces and continue after the loop.\n\n`for` loops seem more difficult, but when you understand them, they can be just as simple. Our `for` loop needs three bits of information: an **initialiser**, a **condition** and something I'll call the **incrementer**^**. It takes the following form:\n\n for (initialiser; condition; incrementer) {\n DoStuff();\n }\n\nLike I said, the execution is rather simpler than it looks. First, before looking at the condition, we'll execute the initialiser.We'll usually use it to set up the variables used for our loop. Once that's done, we'll check the condition, just like in the `while` loop. If it evaluates to true, we'll do stuff. The big difference is that before checking the condition again, we'll execute our incrementer. Then, again like the `while` loop, we check the condition again until the condition is false.\n\nYou might notice both types of loops are very similar. As a matter of fact, it is always possible to write one loop as the other. This:\n\n for (int i = 0; i < 10; i = i + 1) {\n print(i);\n }\n\nis the same as this:\n\n int i = 0;\n while (i < 10) {\n print(i);\n i = i + i;\n }\n\nThe opposite is also true (`for (; condition;) {}` is legal code), but it's very unlikely you'll see that code.\n\nSince both loops are interchangeable, the difference is mostly one of tradition: when you know the number of times you want to execute (for example, when computing an average) you'll want to use a `for` loop because the syntax makes the incrementation explicit. When you can't know the number in advance, you should use a `while` loop.\n\n * I'm glossing over infinite loops here, where the condition is never false, either intentionally\n or due to a bug\n ** This is technically a misnomer. While the third argument to a for loop typically increments\n a variable, it could do anything. It's considered extremely bad form to use it for weird reasons.",
"Here's a real-world analogy: suppose you have a box with 10 toys in it, and you want to take all of them out of the box.\n\nOne way to specify that is to say, \"while the box has toys in it, remove a toy from the box\". Once the box has no toys, the loop is done. That looks like this:\n\nwhile (box has toys)\n\n{\n\nremove a toy from the box\n\n}\n\n\nThe braces {} signify the contents of the loop: what is done each time. For loops are just while loops with some changed syntax, and are used mostly for counting. For example, you want to take 10 toys out of the box. You start the count of toys removed from the box at 0, and you keep taking toys out of the box until you have 10 of them. That looks like this:\n\nfor (toys removed = 0; toys removed < 10; toys removed ++)\n\n{\n\nremove toy from box\n\n}\n\n\nThe ++ after toys removed signifies that it increases by 1 after each time through the loop.",
"A bully is trying to beat you up. You execute a for loop.\n\nfor(energy = 5; energy--; you have energy left) { try to punch him }\n\nThat means you could punch him 5 times.\n\nNow you execute a while loop.\n\nwhile(bully is standing) note that this is a boolean!\n{ punch bully; }\n\n[bully is standing] could be true for 1, 10, 100 whatever punches. Its probably modified somewhere outside the loop.\n\nA slightly more useful example :\n\nSay you made a game. The game loop has to either be running, or paused. Using a for loop dosent make sense.\n\nfor(i=0; i < 10000; i++) { draw game stuff;}\n\nVoila, your game abruptly ends after a few seconds.\n\nwhile(running == true) { draw game stuff;}\n\nNow it goes on till running is set to false.\n\nedit : you can also guarantee whether a block is ran.\n\ndo while(boolean) { stuff; } block may or may not run at least once.\n\ndo{stuff} while (boolean) block guaranteed to run at least once.\n\n"
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6dga2b | why do we need even isp's at this point? why not make everything peer to peer? | Forgive me if I've used the term peer to peer incorrectly, I mean a decentralised user controlled network(s) that links everyone together thru their own devices.
Thanks for any input:)
EDIT: I messed up the headline, I meant: Why do we even need isp's.
SOLVED. Thank you everyone! :)
EDIT 2: Why not have both? I accept it's necessary to have isp's, Why don't we build our own networks on top of them? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6dga2b/elif_why_do_we_need_even_isps_at_this_point_why/ | {
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"Well, the obvious question is, whose line do you use to connect yourself to someone on the other side of the atlantic ocean? Laying a cable across the pond costs about $200,000,000, so even if you and your friends all agree to pay for your share on the cable, you probably won't have enough friends to make this effort worthwhile. So you gotta find someone that has laid this cable, and is willing to share it. Next up, do you pay for them, or did they do this cable laying thing as a charity? You'd have to negotiate with them about that.\n\nEven if we're just talking about connecting cities, it's still gonna be massive undertaking for someone. How do you organize this thing? You probably want to do some sort of sharing agreement where if someone else uses your cable, you can use their cable in return, and if you're sending traffic through someone a lot, then you should probably pay for them, right? Since otherwise they could just block you from sharing their internet.\n\nISPs do all this sorta thing for you, lay cables, negotiate with all the different companies so they get sweet deals on how you can borrow cables others have laid on ground, and all you need to do is pay your monthly fee to use all of the Internet.",
"I spent 3 hours 30 feet up a 70 year old pole in the pouring ass rain fixing a cable that was hit by a tree yesterday. You gonna do that?",
"OK, so you wire up everyone in your neighborhood peer-to-peer using WiFi. You can't lay cable between your properties because that requires a utility easement and you don't have the resources to hire enough lawyers to work that out. So everyone in your neighborhood is connected via a decent WiFi signal.\n\nHow do you (and your neighbors) connect to Netflix? They don't have a cable running to your neighborhood. They don't have a WiFi presence either.\n\nSomeone has to provide a link between your location and the big internet actors. That someone is the ISP.\n",
"Is this what richard hendriks is trying to do on silicon valley atm?"
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djta8c | which's the most efficient metal for an ancient civilization to use for tools and weapons, copper or bronze? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/djta8c/eli5_whichs_the_most_efficient_metal_for_an/ | {
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"Efficient in what way? Like the tools last longer or they work better or are cheaper?",
"Bronze is more durable, but it is harder to make. Bronze requires Tin to be added to molten copper and mixed into an alloy. This requires better refining techniques, as well as a source of both copper and tin. So this all matters on what you consider more efficient to be. Copper is more \"efficient\" to make, but bronze is more \"efficient\" to maintain.",
"copper can be found in its native form and can be easily work-hardened for tools. however, it's not as nearly as durable. Bronze requires higher temperatures to melt both the copper and tin to make the alloy, but the tools last much longer and it can be cast more easily. so, it depends on what you mean by efficient. Bronze tools take more work and rarer resources to make, but in the long run you spend less time making tools.",
"Bronze, for two main reasons. Most simply, because bronze is made from copper and tin...if there is anything you need copper for, you already have some. Bronze is also the superior material, largely because it can be alloyed with tin and other substances in different ratios to get metal suitable for different purposes.\n\nYou only use copper when you can't use bronze. Copper appears naturally in pure form whereas tin and bronze require smelting. Also, copper and tin aren't usually found in the same place, so bronze usually requires some sort of trading infrastructure to produce."
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6jqcen | why does the smoke in a bong only enter the smoker's lungs once the carb is unblocked? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6jqcen/eli5_why_does_the_smoke_in_a_bong_only_enter_the/ | {
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"I don't think that's true. Take a full rip while keeping your carb blocked, you'll still end up with a lung full of smoke. ",
"The bowl (and the contents) reduce smoke/airflow into the bong when the carb is blocked. When you open the carb you open up the airflow and the fresh air rushes in and pushes the remaining smoke into your lungs. ",
"Why does the bong make a 'ting' sound when I tap it? Shouldn't it go 'bong'. Maybe we should start calling them tings. "
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3eb5a5 | why should france close a number of nuclear reactor ? aren't they "green" compared to other plants ? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3eb5a5/eli5why_should_france_close_a_number_of_nuclear/ | {
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"Nuclear power is much cleaner than, say coal. But it's not without its own carbon emissions. \nThe main reason countries are closing nuclear power plants is the 'scary' radiation and melt down fears. The publics poor understanding of nuclear power leads to fear and the government wants to please people by looking like they listen and close the plants. IMO it's a stupid idea because the green alternatives are not fully in place so they fall back on to fossil fuels again. Nuclear power is a good stop gap to a 100% renewable energy."
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6u7zbu | how my 8gb ram can run files and games as large as 50gb? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6u7zbu/eli5_how_my_8gb_ram_can_run_files_and_games_as/ | {
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"Not all of the program is loaded into RAM at once. Only portions are loaded as needed from the disk. It is also possible to define portions of the disk as as being \"virtual memory\" where it is treated as if it was real RAM but is actually on the much slower disk drive.",
"The whole game isn't pulled from storage into memory. Only parts of it are called upon at a given time. Dependong on the data, it will be dumped from RAM to make room for other data.\n\nNot an exact answer, but that's basically it.",
"To give a simple analogy, you can look at how the brain works. At this very moment you are thinking about something, while there are also huge amounts of knowledge in your memory that you are not thinking about. What were you doing at 4pm yesterday? As soon as you read that question, suddenly you have got from memory the relevant information and you are now thinking about it. Whatever you were thinking about before that is no longer in your mind. What is 3 + 8 - 7 + 9 - 4? Again you are thinking about that now and trying to work it out. To do so, you didn't bring every single piece of knowledge you were taught about mathematics from your memory, just what you needed to do the calculation. So the way you use your active memory and your longer term memory is analgous to how a game works in a computer's memory. It has huge amounts of data, but only uses what it actually needs at any given moment, so it doesn't require as much space to do that, hence the RAM being smaller."
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5xao6f | why do we tear up when we yawn | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5xao6f/eli5_why_do_we_tear_up_when_we_yawn/ | {
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"Not 100% sure if this is the correct answer, but the act of yawning presses against the glands which produce tears. These glands are like a sac, so pressing against these sacs make the tear flow regardless of if you need it or not",
"I thought i were just weird. So to yawn, i would go to a private place and afterwards pinch myself to neutralize the urge",
"I don't know, but you're a wizard casting magic onto me as I just yawned and for sure did tear up too. ",
"To yawn, a nerve impulse is triggered to all the muscles. It just so happens that the same nerves also affect the tear glands, triggering them simultaneously. ",
"Whenever something on a film (or sometimes even an advert/commercial lol) gets me to tear up I pretend to yawn for the benefit of other people in the room ha"
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4esefb | why do certain races of people tend to do similar lines of work? | First off, let me say that this isn't meant to be held to all people of a certain race. Let me explain what I mean for clarification.
I've noticed that whenever I see a nail salon, at least in my town, they are always ran by Asians. If I go to a hair salon, it's ran by mostly white people. A mexican restaurant is ran by mexicans and Chines/japanese restaurants ran by Asians. Most of the tobacco stores are ran by Indian/Hindu people.
I'm simply wondering, why is it that these certain races go to these type of professions? Why do they not hire people from other races to work in their businesses? I realize that some could be a family business or in the case of restaurants it could be that they are trying to keep the look of authenticity. However I can't believe that this is the case for all of them. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4esefb/eli5_why_do_certain_races_of_people_tend_to_do/ | {
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"The main thing here is that you get immigrants who start work in a certain field, and then they help their fellow immigrants get job in that field as well. You've just arrived to the US? Your friend works at a Nail Salon and she's willing to teach you the business and help you get one of your own. \n\nIt's mainly people helping friends and family out by giving them jobs.",
"It might not be family connections; but it is connections.\n\nThink about your friends. Then imagine you were going to start a business, and hire your friends. Odds are, a lot of them are the same race as you.\n\nAlso, think about friends you grew up with. There's a good chance that some of you ended up in the same kind of jobs; either because you shared your love of it, or because you had similar role models. Meaning that there's likely a lot of people of the same race in the same job.\n\nThe specific case of food places are often due to people who like cooking preferring to cook food familiar to them: cultural cuisine.\n\nThere are probably other factors too; but the connection of friendship, mentorship, and role models; which are all included in family; is probably a good part of the reason.",
"Everyone needs to make a living-- including immigrants and the descendants of immigrants that may be a different race. \n\nCertain things, such as the taste of food from a person's native country can be exported-- and implemented in another county in the form of a business like a restaurant.\n\nLet's take Mexicans for example-- would you trust a Russian to make a perfect Enchilada? Would you trust a Mexican who's never tasted curry before to know the correct proportion of spices in a Tikka Masala?\n\nIn the UK, we have a large population of native Indians (ethnic Indians that have been born and raised in the UK) and they're usually pretty business-savvy people that will run a business as a family-- such as a corner shop, newsagents or an Indian restaurant. Indians have acclimatized pretty well to the UK, such that the UK's favourite dish is the Chicken Tikka, although I'd venture that the taste between a British Tikka and one at a curryhouse in India may be wildly different.\n\nAs to Nail polishing, it's a fairly easy skill to learn and teach (although hard to master, I'd wager). In a western country, it's a luxury service so the chance of making a good profit is pretty high-- especially for those with the best skills.\nAlso as you tend to deal with strong chemicals on a daily basis and it's not a top wage earner when compared to university graduates, it won't be that attractive to the native-born ethnicity, so immigrants will fill the gap-- same with people that pick oranges in Florida. Low top end earning potential means most people will look for another job.",
"Let's look at it this way: Say you are going to live in a new place. \nIn this new place, you don't speak the language, the social structure is completely different and you don't really know anyone. \nThe thing you used to do as a job, isn't really something you can do anymore in this new place. \nSo while looking for a new job, you find people who speak the same language as you and understand the same social/cultural cues as you do. \nThey tell you they can hook you up with a job because it's easier for both you and them, because both of you can communicate without having to learn/teach a new language. Learning one skill is much easier when it only has to be taught/learned through one language.\n\n\nThis is obviously not going to be true for every case and this obviously excludes family situations. \n\nEdit: Both my parents are first gen immigrant Vietnamese people. My parents, and other people in the Vietnamese community I grew up in, found jobs this way."
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1ovang | the difference between lucifer, the devil, satan, mephistopheles, and beelzebub | In my mind these are all the same entity but I'm not sure here
Edit: Man this got more attention than I would have thought, and it is a lot more complicated than I anticipated! There are some great discussions going on here!
Oh and for all the /r/atheism fedoras invading: Yes I'm aware they don't exist. Neither does Superman but that doesn't stop you from debating if he can arm wrestle The Hulk.
edit dos:
wow such frontpage so discussion
satan devil
hades? wow confusion many fedora | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ovang/eli5_the_difference_between_lucifer_the_devil/ | {
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"Satan = the Devil. The Adversary -- the one who opposes God.\n\nMephistopheles is a familiar spirit sent by the Devil to serve the magician Faust to corrupt him, according to folklore that was used as the basis of a play by Marlowe and a play by Goethe.\n\nBeelzebub is a corruption of the name of an ancient god of the Middle East, applied to one of the ruling demons of hell, according to Christian folklore. Beelzebub signifies \"Lord of the Flies\" but the original name of the god, Beelzeboul, signified \"Lord of the Earth.\"\n\nLucifer is the name of the Morning Star, Venus when it is seen in the East. It is sometimes applied to the leader of the rebel angels who rose up against God and were cast down from heaven.\n\nChristian folklore says that Lucifer was Satan before he was cast down into the Abyss. He was a beautiful angel while in heaven, but became a horrible demon after his Fall.",
"Also Diablo and Ba'al (Ba'el)?",
"But where does Malebolgia, Violator, and the rest of the Phlebiac clan fit in?",
"*Lucifer* means \"light-bringer\" in Latin, and is a translation of the Greek title *Phosphoros* or *Eosphoros* meaning \"light-bringer\" or \"dawn-bringer\". This name was used to translate the Hebrew name *Heylel* which means \"morning star\", which was used to name the planet Venus.\n\nWhen Christianity emerged in the Roman Empire, it was a cultural merger of Jewish Christians (who spoke Aramaic and Hebrew) and Gentile Christians (who spoke Koiné Greek and Latin). There is a passage in the Hebrew Bible, in the book of Isaiah, where \"the Morning Star\" (Hebrew *Heylel*) is used as a title for a fallen king. Christians connected this with the Christian Bible's Book of Revelation, which talks about fallen angels and Satan; and took the translation *Lucifer* as being a title of the Christian Devil.\n\nThe popular notion of \"the Devil\" as a tempter or corrupter is not really found in the Bible. It's a composite of the \"accuser\" (Hebrew *ha-Satan*) figure from the book of Job (who might be called \"God's District Attorney\"), the Great Beast from the Christian book of Revelation, Greek pagan gods of fertility and madness such as Pan and Dionysos, and Northern European pagan trickster figures such as Loki and the Fair Folk.",
"[Satan](_URL_3_), [Beelzebub](_URL_2_), and The Devil are all one and the same.\n\n[Mephistopheles](_URL_0_) is a demon from Germanic folklore. His appearance is a familiar cartoonish caricature of The Devil.\n\n[Lucifer](_URL_1_) is not a name that scripturally means Satan. It is originally 'shining one' and is used in the context of the demise of the dynasty of Babylon. The Shining One is said to be sent to *She'ol*, mankind's common grave. Spirit creatures such as Satan do not go to *She'ol* therefore this is metaphorically referring to Babylon being destroyed.\n\nThe lore behind Satan is that he was once a perfect and righteous spirit creature of God. Satan deviated into sin by misleading mankind causing Man to become sinful and come under the effects of death. Hence Jesus referred to him as a \"Manslayer\".\n\nFor those confused by this process of going from a perfect being to a sinful one, whether a perfect spirit creature or a man, James wrote:\n\n\"“Each one is tried by being drawn out and enticed by his own desire. Then the desire, when it has become fertile, gives birth to sin; in turn, sin, when it has been accomplished, brings forth death.” \" **James 1:14,15**\n\nSatan is referred to as the Accuser, the Adversary of God, the Serpent, the Deceiver, the Tempter, and the Father of the Lie. The term 'Devil' means 'Slanderer'.\n\nHe is given this title because he raised the issue of God's right to rule in the Garden of Eden when he seduced mankind into disobedience. By challenging God's sovereignty, he brought mankind under his control as a rival god in opposition to the True God.\n\nThis issue is raised in a special way with the servant Job where God allows Satan to attack Job, but not kill him. Satan here is implying that Job only follows God because God blesses him and that Satan can turn anyone away from God. He then calls in several raids from Sabean marauders and bands of Chaldeans, brings down \"the very fire of God\" (described by witnesses) from the heavens, causes a massive windstorm, and inflicts Job with a disease. These acts demonstrate his power and his vicious attitude.\n\nAn important note here is that Satan acknowledged God's superior power by not challenging God when God told Satan he would not allow Job to be killed.\n\nFor those also unclear about God's original purpose for Satan, for mankind, and so forth, the scripture above says that '*each one*' is enticed. We all face temptation, as did Satan. We have to *choose* to resist it. **1 Corinthians 10:12,13** adds: \n\n\"Consequently let him that thinks he is standing beware that he does not fall. No temptation has taken YOU except what is common to men. But God is faithful, and he will not let YOU be tempted beyond what YOU can bear, but along with the temptation he will also make the way out in order for YOU to be able to endure it.\"\n\n**TLDR: Mephistopheles is a cartoonish folklore character. Lucifer is the dynasty of Babylon. Satan, The Devil, and Beelzebub are all the same person, a spirit creature that was once a righteous and perfect angel of God that is now his rival attempting to challenge his soveriengty.**",
"Satan is [Slovakian hockey player](_URL_0_), who used to play in Boston and some other NHL teams.",
"My favourite interpretation of demons was by Peter Binsfield where, in 1589, he related the [seven princes of Hell to the seven deadly sins](_URL_0_):\n\nLucifer: pride\n\nMammon: greed\n\nAsmodeus: lust\n\nLeviathan: envy\n\nBeelzebub: gluttony\n\nSatan: wrath\n\nBelphegor: sloth",
"Lucifer is only the same as the devil/satan due to a miss-translation/misunderstanding. Lucifer means Morning Star aka Venus. It is not the name of an angel",
"Using an imperfect boy band analogy, Lucifer is the really good-looking guy who can sing and dance better than everyone else, but it gets to his head and he starts doing coke and openly sleeping with groupies and trying to be the leader of the band and they end up having to kick him out. Satan would be Lucifer during his solo career where he's doing raunchier songs and getting in tabloids and just doing the opposite of what wholesome artists are supposed to do. \n\nBeelzebub is the dude who's 10 years older than the rest of the band but tries to look and act like he's the same age. He can sing really well, but he has to fake all the difficult dance moves. \n\nMephistopheles is the youngest band member, and he's just a mediocre to average singer/dancer, but he's willing to work hard and girls like him because he doesn't seem as intimidating as the other guys. ",
"There is no difference only Zuul",
"In Islam - Satan is Shaitan. The other arabic name used is 'Iblis'\nAccording to Islam Satan refused to bow before Adam, the best of God's creations. \ncopying from [Wikipedia link!](_URL_0_)\n\nIblis was proud and arrogant and considered himself superior to Adam, since Adam was made from clay and Iblis from smokeless fire. For this act of disobedience, God cursed him to Hell for eternity, but gave him respite until the Day of Judgment, after Iblis requested it.[12] Iblis obtained permission from God and vowed that he would use this time to lead all men and women astray to Hell as a way of revenge against them. By refusing to obey God’s order he was thrown out of paradise and thereafter he was called \"Shaytan.\"\n",
"Mephistopheles has the chance to drop the coveted harlequin crest shako,occulus one handed orb, and the soulstone. The soulstone can than be crushed to produce a rare rune, however nothing higher than an \"ist\" May fall.",
"Like with much of Christianity, multiple cultures and their beliefs got absorbed when conquered. The idea is that a conquering culture helps the assimilation process by having the conquered civilization's beliefs match theirs. On top of this, there's just the equivalent ideas that got intermingled when cultures met each other.\n\nWhen you look at Norse mythology, Hel is both the name of the location of the underworld, and the personified woman who rules it. It wasn't necessarily where evil souls went, just the equivalent to Hades. But the word Hel is obviously connected to the English Hell, so you see bits and pieces of other cultures in modern ones, even if it's just linguistic.",
"interesting side note, if a bit late to the party. \n\nin Islam, Satan is referred to as Shaitan, and he is not an angel. but a D'jinn. or \"being of smokeless fire.\" in Islam, an angel cannot rebel, as they have no will of they're own, but are extensions of gods will. a bit like how a hand or foot is an extension of you. ",
"FYI, although there is no 'definitive truth' obviously.\n\nI am disappointed that there were various differences not pointed out.\n\nSpecifically Lucifer in some circles was believed to be Adam. (From the Adam and Eve Story) and is infact a different character from the traditional Devil or Satan.\n\nAlso the 'snake(dragon) in the garden of eden' was also a different creature.\n\nAll playing different roles. While plenty did successfully point out that Lucifer was the Shining one. \nThe reason for this 'theory' was that since Adam was created in an Image of God. Such that Basically Adam was made to be like God in as many ways as possible. At some point later, Adam(Lucifer) was like, hey I am just as good as you (God), so I think its my turn to take over, and thus it was Adam/Lucifer that tried to take over God and was then banished and took 1/3 of all of the angels with him (Did those 1/3 angels become demons? I dont know)\n\nMephisto and Beezle, also have some mild mis-representation in this thread. \n\n\n**tl;dr; They were once all buddies, someone did something the other one didn't like, now they only see each other on holidays...\n\nRemember there is no 'factual proof' or evidence for one or the other. Everyone, including my own, are inferred theories from the various texts of men written before our own time.** ",
"I love the edited part. lol",
"I'll give you the Jewish take, which differs slightly: There is no power that can challenge God, God being all encompassing. Evil is simply a spiritual space devoid of Godliness - created by God so as to allow the creation of a world in which free choice is possible.\n\nThat being said, all angels are forces unleashed by God, they have no free will. In fact, the Hebrew word for angel - Malach - literally translates as messenger. For example, Gabriel is the messenger of God's might; Raphael of God's healing.\n\nThere is an angel by the name of Samael. He has three duties: he acts as \"the Satan,\" literal translation \"the accuser,\" the evil urge and the angel or messanger of death. He is tasked with tempting man to behave in an ungodly manner (see Job wherein he tempts the titular character to curse God by bringing woe upon him), reporting to God, as it were, when man so behaves and exacting the ultimate punishment.\n\nAll this is under God's direction and, again, is designed to enable free will and a world where man can strive towards godliness and perfection. Without this, the innate godliness of creation would overpower man and negate the possibility of free will and the opportunity for self-directed self improvement.\n\nOne final note: the only one of the above names/titles regarding which OP asked his question which is actually named in the five books of Moses is BeelZebub or more literally transliterated from the Hebrew, BaalZevuv. It translates as Lord of the Flies and is one in a series of local Semitic deities known in plural as the Baalim.\n\nI got a bit off topic, but I hope this adds to the conversation.",
"Well, I know for a fact that Beelzebub has a Devil set aside for meeeeeeeee...",
"Okay. Disregard every post in this thread, because they're all wrong.\n\nHell is divided into different kingdoms (or \"circles\", if you prefer the Dante version) based on each of the deadly sins. Each of these kingdoms is ruled by one of the Seven Princes of Hell. They are as follows:\n\n - Asmodeus (Lust)\n - Beelzebub (Gluttony)\n - Belphegor (Sloth)\n - Leviathan (Envy)\n - Mammon (Greed)\n - Satan (Wrath)\n - Lucifer (Pride)\n\nEach of these Princes has different physical sins that they are responsible for. The physical sins a Prince is responsible for corresponds with the mental sin that said Prince has dominion over. For example, Leviathan causes heresy because heretics were said to be envious of God. Satan causes violence, but Lucifer causes anger, because wrath leads to violence and pride leads to anger.\n\nMephistopheles is just a demon. He does not fall in the same category as the others, although his widespread popularity has led to his becoming a classic image of \"the Devil\".\n\nNow onto just that: The Devil.\n\nThere is no king of Hell. There is no one devil that rules over the entirety of Hell. If there were, it would mean that the forces of Hell have a match for God. You see, in most demonologies, each named demon is matched up against one of the saints or archangels. The heavenly counterparts represent the Seven Hevenly Virtues. The forces of Heaven and Hell are fairly evenly matched when it comes down to it. Except for the fact that God takes the side of Heaven in every situation. There is no match against God. He has no dueling partner in Christian Demonology. In fact, God never takes up arms in the wars between Heaven and Hell. But the fact that he supports the forces of Heaven means that the angels get an extremely unfair advantage over the demons.\n\nHowever, there is Astaroth. Astaroth is tricky, because he keeps showing up all over demonology and there's no clear consensus on what he actually does. Sometimes he seems like a lesser demon; he tricks people and gets them to submit to lesser sins like sloth or lust. Other times he shows up with the title, The Crowned Prince of Hell. Interestingly, he is always carrying a serpent in his right hand. From this, it is often determined that he is not only the serpent at the Tree of Knowledge, but that he is the demon in charge of Eternal Death. (There is another snake in Heaven signifying Eternal Life.) While there is no official agreement on Astaroth, it is widely accepted that he is the leader of the Princes of Thrones, a sub-sect of high-ranking demons responsible for corrupting the leaders of nations, egging them onto war with each other, etc., which would mean that Astaroth is the leader of the most powerful of the three legions of Hell (Cherubim, Seraphim, and Thrones -- Body, Mind, and Spirit, respectively; these legions are, of course, divided up into different sectors which often tend to overlap each other). The Damned Princes of Thrones were also the closest to God before the Exile from Heaven, making their fall from Grace the proverbial \"hardest\".\n\nIn most sources, Astaroth is probably the closest thing to an actual ruler of Hell. He represents a more classical image of \"The Devil\" than the current goat-hooves-and-horns thing. (Sorry, Dionysius, but you kind of deserved it.) He has wings, is always naked, holds a snake, wears a crown, and rides a dragon. He is also very cunning and deceptive and tries to trick people into subscribing to philosophies that don't actually offer any answers to the questions of man (again suggesting the Tree of Knowledge).\n\nI hope this helped in some way. I used to spend a lot of my free time reading various demonologies. I must say that I'm partial to Peter Binsfield and Sebastien Michaelis over anyone else, so I pulled more from them than other sources. However, both the Binsfield and the Michaelis texts are impossible to actually find, so I'm going off of other people's writings about their respective texts. (Demonology is a really difficult subject to stay interested in because so many of the texts are unavailable, yet everyone references them.)",
"I am so glad/r/atheism isn't here.",
"The devil is the joker card name for everything that's thought to be an incarnation of evil, same as \"Satan\". Lucifer was Satan's name as an angel. Beelzebub was Baal, \"the lord of the flies\", and son of the creating god (then they'd take that and call it jesus). Jewish theologians had a thing for taking what other people believed in and demonizing them.\nIndeed, remember the snake? The egiptians and other cultures around would think of it as the incarnation of wisdom. They were deeply devoted to them (in the case of the egyptians, an animal devotion only topped by cats, which were thought to be god's avatars -Cats have not forgotten this-) and would offer sacrifices to them.\nI don't exactly remember where, I believe it's a kaballistic interpretation of the Summa Theologica, they explain that the seven gifts of god (not to be confused with the seven gifts of the holy spirit, which are, ontologycally, posterior). In this exegesis, God's personas are created from the effect of god's gifts, and god's gifts embodied are the angels. The procession is pretty interesting, and they explain quite a lot.\nGod is alone, in the beggining, the Son persona not yet shaped, and in comes the first of god's gifts: God's light. This is lucifer. So god sees himself, and a bit like Narcissus, he understands himself. God's \"reflection\" if you will, is his understanding of himself, and this is the Son persona is generated, through the Father's action of seeing himself under the light of his own gift (God's concept). The understanding is God's concept, and this is the son (it's not a gift). Once the Father and the Son are created, a love sprouts between them. The strongest, purest, kindest love that can possibly be created, and this love, creates a second persona: The holy spirit. The holy spirit is the concretion of the mutual love between God Father and God Son. When this has happened, God Father speaks, and this is another of his gifts, the second: God's Word. This is Gabriel. God decides to act upon this love, creating, and thus another angel is born out of his third gift: God's Action. This is Michael.\nIt's always been interesting to me how \"Imago Dei\" begins in this little frequented implicit events of the bible. God sees, then he understands, then he loves, then he reasons, then he acts. The light of god, the concept of god, the love of god, the word of god, the action of god. Some thousand years after, when the Pithagoric-platonic-aristotelic tradition sets in, they develop a fetish for number seven, and they expand, with little organization, the gifts to seven, making up other two, in a lot of monasteries at the same time. In the period, most of \"seven\" lists begin, such as the archangels, a subject in which tradition has had a lot to discuss, since there are more than seven seven archangels, but those that come from god's gifts are fixed.\nbtw, the love of god concrete is the Holy ghost persona, but the love of god as a gift is an angel: Anael. The concept of god incarnated is the Son persona, but the concept of god as a gift is an angel, (raphael) etcetera.\nWell... I hope I've helped.\n\nBy the way: PhD in compared religions.",
"Here's Beelzebub, a former lieutenant on the losing side in the war in heaven, commiserating with the boss. From Milton's Paradise Lost.\n\n\"...and nam'd\nBeelzebub. To whom th' Arch-Enemy,\n\nAnd thence in Heav'n call'd Satan, with bold words\n\nBreaking the horrid silence thus began.\"\n\n\"If thou beest he; But O how fall'n! how chang'd\n\nFrom him, who in the happy Realms of Light\n\nCloth'd with transcendent brightness didst out-shine\n\nMyriads though bright\"\n\n...\n\n\"So spake th' Apostate Angel, though in pain,\n\nVaunting aloud, but rackt with deep despare:\n\nAnd him thus answer'd soon his bold Compeer.\"\n\n\"O Prince, O Chief of many Throned Powers,\n\nThat led th' imbattelld Seraphim to Warr\n\nUnder thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds\n\nFearless, endanger'd Heav'ns perpetual King;\n\nAnd put to proof his high Supremacy\"\n\n...\n\nThen Satan tries to rally the troops by explaining that they were on the losing side for the right reasons and how hell really isn't so bad after all.\n\n\"Is this the Region, this the Soil, the Clime,\n\nSaid then the lost Arch-Angel, this the seat\n\nThat we must change for Heav'n, this mournful gloom\n\nFor that celestial light? Be it so, since he\n\nWho now is Sovran can dispose and bid\n\nWhat shall be right: fardest from him is best\n\nWhom reason hath equald, force hath made supream\n\nAbove his equals. Farewel happy Fields\n\nWhere Joy for ever dwells: Hail horrours, hail\n\nInfernal world, and thou profoundest Hell\n\nReceive thy new Possessor: One who brings\n\nA mind not to be chang'd by Place or Time.\n\nThe mind is its own place, and in it self\n\nCan make a Heav'n of Hell, a Hell of Heav'n.\"\n\nMilton's Satan is a fucking badass for the ages.",
"I would highly recommend checking out *To Reign in Hell* by Steven Brust. Great reimagining of the revolt in Heaven, and one of my favorite books. A true masterpiece. In it, though, Satan, Lucifer and Beelzebub are 3 different characters. Mephistopholes does not appear. ",
"You left out Fooseball."
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephistopheles",
"http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2002687?q=lucifer&p=par",
"http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200000604?q=beelzebub&p=par",
"http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003845"
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],
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Princes_of_Hell#Binsfeld.27s_classification_of_demons"
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_(Islam)"
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6yybgw | how are the people that run churches/religions living such luxurious lifestyles? literally living in palaces. apart from collection plates, where is the money coming from? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6yybgw/eli5_how_are_the_people_that_run/ | {
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"It depends on thr church, but some prots monetize their skills buy selling self help books and other stuff.",
"Donations from members. Or they have been historically wealthy, in which case they got it from stuff like owning land and the confiscation of wealth from criminals of various sorts.",
"They also often sell books, self-help DVDs, that sort of thing. They have a captive audience of people who believe they HAVE to be there every week and so can advertise and solicit them constantly. Imagine if you were required to be at the mall every weekend. You'd spend so much fucking money.",
"Have you been to the Vatican? Wall-to-wall priceless, stolen art. But the church preaches generosity while it sits on said fortune. ",
"The ones who live in luxury are mismanaging church funds. Basically all of the money comes from church members donating weekly or monthly. Many churches preach and pressure along the lines that if you donate 10% of your income and do good deeds great unexpected things will happen. \n\nWith that being said we go to a large church with great programs and facilities. They have a full staff and band and put on a really good service every weekend. The head pastor drives an old SUV and is a regular guy. This church is very transparent about their budget and how the money is being spent and they don't pressure for donations. ",
"One thing that hasn't been mentioned is tithing. Some religions or denominations of certain religions believe that a portion of your pay should go to the church. For example 10% of your salary from any work that you do, depending on the size of the congregation this can potential he be a lot of money. Also in many areas tax considerations for religious work are very favorable. ",
"It's not the norm, most pastors just live normal lives. It's the Joel Olsteens of the world that mismanage funds and preach \"prosperity gospel\" that is a belief that if you're good, you will live a life of material comfort. That's not what the bible teaches. ",
"(This is all based off google searches on the subject that I consolidated)\n\nIn the US, you could argue it's taxes that are the reason.. \n\nIn the US, religious groups don't pay income tax. Based on average salaries, members of the clergy get to keep the 25%-28% of federal and up to ~9% of state income of yearly income everyone else has to pay. Average clergy members in the US makes around $51k. The range for pastors is $73k-$103k.\n\nThe money does come a lot from donations. At an average per capita donation of $26, and the average service being about 150 people, the average service makes $3900. And churches usually have multiple services. Mega churches with 2000 people on average will get $52000 per service.\n\nThe rest of the money can be from anything ranging from loans, to grants, to will of the deceased, to investments as well as leasing out land and parking for community base events for a fee.\n\n",
"There is no \"apart from collection plates.\" That is literally where the money is coming from.\n\nI once saw a video of a woman calling in to The 700 Club. She said, even though she'd given more than half the recommended tithe for the last several months, her financial situation still hadn't improved, as the purveryors of the prosperity gospel claimed that it would. \n\nShe said she couldn't afford to pay her rent, or to buy food for her kids. I could be imagining this part, but I seem to recall her also suggesting that her boyfriend was even becoming violent, and the money problems were the trigger.\n\nPat Robertson told her the problem was she was not giving enough. She should be giving more of her money to his organization.\n\n\n\n",
"I've been a pastor for 16 years. I have an undergrad degree in social work and purposefully worked in an area that served poorer communities for 8 of those years where I made less than $25k per year plus a small parsonage. The vast majority of people who work as ministers don't make much money at all and many denominations require a graduate degree. Now days I serve a church in a much wealthier area and make a middle class wage but our church still spends about 25% of our gross income on helping the poor and homeless. Most pastors work 60+ hours a week and don't make much money. This is pretty typical in my experience for most ministers and churches. Just like teachers or social workers we don't go into this work for money. I've do it because we love it. \n\nThose ministers who you see on tv who have jets and make millions of dollars are probably less than 1%. I think they're scoundrels who manipulate people with fear and promises of future wealth if they just give in faith. They use all kinds of schemes - selling \"blessed\" handkerchiefs, tickets to healing rallies etc. It's a bunch of nonsense. ",
"It depends on the church. Most luxurious lifestyles you see from church pastors are from mega churches, you got to think about the mass amounts of people that donate. \n\nI only really see huge churches where a pastor can live an expensive lifestyle, are those that don't take condemn you for non Christ like lifestyles. Take Joel Osteen for example. If you are Christian and believe in the Bible, NIV and KJV, then his preachings are not going to get you into heaven. He mostly speaks about how to better your life and more from a sells help motivational speaker way. People like that. People like to go to church and feel like they are going to get into heaven easily with little praying, and just donate to the church regularly.\nHis type of teachings are bound to draw a bigger crowd of people than, let's say a pentecostal church that takes the Bible more literal in what you can and can't do if you want a relationship with God.\n\nSmaller churches have to pay for rent and land, and don't take in as much in donations to live that type is lifestyle. The donations are keeping the church afloat. \n\nJust my 2 cents.",
"A side note: some mega-church pastors draw relatively small salaries, but have unbelievably generous benefits (housing, cars, jobs for family members). ",
"The tax exemption for churches seems a bit unsavory from various perspectives, at least to me. What would stop me from starting a church, raising money for the church, doing various good works, and having the church support me, tax free? Surely there's some bar to having my house as a church and myself as pastor, then avoiding taxes. I hope this would be evasion. \n\nI've met some ritzy church dudes with fancy cars. Slime barely hits the feel.",
"the mormon church has this down to a science.\nFirst they require all their members to tithe at 10%. Then they openly encourage members to tithe before paying for rent, food etc. \n\nThen they make paying that tithe a requirement to have a \"recommend\". Without a recommend you can't enter their temples and attend important ceremonies like weddings and other ceremonies that are required for your eternal salvation. To put it in layman's terms - mormons believe that they can be with their families in the next life ONLY if they stay worthy (and a full 10% tithe is part of that). No tithe? No eternal family. How's that for pressure?\n\nAs an additional mind-fuck, they openly boast about not having any \"paid clergy\" but leaked internal documents from a few years ago proved that was a complete lie. The guys at the local level don't get paid, but those at the top get generous salaries, perks and benefits. Meanwhile, regular schmucks like my parents pay a full tithe while living way below the poverty line. smh.\n\n",
"No one here has really answered the question for most \"rich\" pastors. the majority of the wealthy pastors are writers of books, magazines, or they run conferences, or church literature, or non-church donation based funding.\n\nJoel Osteen is worth millions based on books. My understanding is he doesn't even take a salary from the church.(not to defend him). People like Rick Warren is open that he donates 90% of his annual income from is writing to charity/church/christian causes. He doesn't take a salary from the church.\n\nThese people are incredibly dynamic, engaging personalities. They are the .1% in their field. Not all are the televangelists that get the bad press.\n\n",
"thought it was common knowledge that the VAST majority of religious leaders do not live \"luxurious lifestyles.\" Less than 1% live that way. Check out the attrition rates of pastors for further info on this."
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2qkrcv | how does reddit work with different languages? | Am I only reading popular subs for the English language? I've never understood how it works and I'm really curious. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qkrcv/eli5_how_does_reddit_work_with_different_languages/ | {
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"While reddit is predominantly written in English, the are subreddits where you will find users communicating in other languages. I was just posting in /r/Italy with a tourist question. The are also subs dedicated to learning new languages, namely /r/languagelearning. Go ahead and search for a foreign country's sub and see how the discourse looks. "
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5f1fwf | is it really possible to break a glass with a high pitched note? if so, how? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5f1fwf/eli5_is_it_really_possible_to_break_a_glass_with/ | {
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"Yes it is. It's due to the short sound waves which bring the glass to vibrations. At some point the vibration overlaps with the sound waves (similar to breaking mach speed) which results in breaking the glass. See here: _URL_0_",
"Yes, it's possible, but wow that's a really tough one to explain at a five-year old level. The adult answer is [mechanical resonance](_URL_0_). But the obvious question from there is \"how does mechanical resonance work?\" I'll give it a shot:\n \nSuppose you're a decent tennis player bouncing a tennis ball against a wall with your racket. The first time you hit the ball it flies to the wall normally, bounces off and comes back whereupon you hit it again- but it still has a lot of energy from your first hit, which you add to with your second hit. Now the ball is moving about 150% faster than your first hit. You hit it again, adding even more energy to the ball. Now it's really screaming along. If you're close enough to the wall and have superhuman reflexes then theoretically you can eventually get the ball moving fast enough to destroy either it or the racket. \n \nThe high pitched sound and the wine glass is a similar situation. When the sound first starts it excites the molecules of the glass into an elastic deformation, which works its way through and then \"rebounds\" back towards its rest shape. But, if the sound is the right frequency then it will cause additional excitation _just as that elastic rebounding is occurring_ thus adding to the amplitude of the overall mechanical excitation. This amplitude builds and builds until the glass shatters. \n \nNikola Tesla thought this could be used to make a machine capable of inducing earthquakes and leveling cities but Mythbusters episode 60 disagreed. "
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ehenec | how is it that you can be looking for something (say, a pair of keys) that's in your peripheral vision, yet your brain still literally doesn't register it into view? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ehenec/eli5_how_is_it_that_you_can_be_looking_for/ | {
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"There's a part of our brain devoted to visual processing. It goes through and identifies the stuff in our vision, as well as flagging things that it thinks are important and brought to the attention of our conscious mind. If it does not flag your keys, then you don't notice them."
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1j9rtp | what is this purple/blue/whatever noise i sometimes see all around my vision, especially after staring at something. | I think it's the same stuff that I see when I close my eyes, but I can see it when my eyes are opened too. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1j9rtp/eli5_what_is_this_purplebluewhatever_noise_i/ | {
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"It is usually the afterimage of whatever bright thing you were staring at. The color in your vision is the complementary color of the thing you looked at (e.g red and green or blue and orange or purple and yellow). You can have a look at the relations between colors [here](_URL_0_).\n\nIf your close your eyes and press them a little it is not really the same, here your brain interprets the unknown signals as random colors and shapes."
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cf7bdb | why does english have different suffixes for languages (-ese, -ish, -an)? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cf7bdb/eli5why_does_english_have_different_suffixes_for/ | {
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"The \"true\" English demonym suffix is -ish, e.g. Spanish, Turkish, Welsh, Swedish.\n\nHowever sometime in the last few centuries English speakers stopped applying that suffix, and instead started borrowing existing demonyms from other languages, mostly French.",
"[\"English is a Germanic language, its native suffix for nationality is -ish, which accounts for the names of nearby nationalities. But before English had gone global and applied its suffix to other nationalities, it was influenced by Latin and French. The default suffix of nationality used in the language was replaced by the Latinate -ian/-ean/-an, so more recently coined nationalities made use of them instead. Later, the contact between Italy and the Far East, together with the European colonization of Africa and South America, brought in some nationalities ending in -ese. Then, Islamic countries near the Middle East retained their Arabic -i when their names entered English. Lastly, a few places that end in -land or Island make use of the suffixes -er/-ic.\"](_URL_0_)"
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6g5byg | when someone is a surrogate mother does any of their genetics or anything end up with the baby? does the baby technically have 3 birth parents then? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6g5byg/eli5_when_someone_is_a_surrogate_mother_does_any/ | {
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"No. The surrogate only provides the environment for the foetus to develop. The fertilisation of the egg with the sperm ( which together carry all of the genetic makeup of a human ) is done outside her body. So, technically, the baby still has only two genetic parents. Semantically you could argue that since the baby came out of a second woman, she could be considered another parent, but that's upto the person.",
"Not for a surrogate birth. But I remember reading something about nuclear DNA transfer between eggs in a few rare cases, which results in 3 parents, since the child inherits the mitochondrial DNA of the egg doner.",
"There can be a mixing of maternal/infant blood, so in that sense there could be an exchange."
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27nuov | why is a keyboard/mouse preferred over a controller in gaming? | I've never used a keyboard/mouse setup nor have I played PC games due my disability limiting my range of motion to an area the size of a controller. I've always heard playing with a mouse allows for better accuracy, but I have a hard time grasping how that is. I have always wanted to get into PC gaming, but this has prevented me from trying. I know some games have controller support, but I don't want to be at a disadvantage with a controller. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/27nuov/eli5_why_is_a_keyboardmouse_preferred_over_a/ | {
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"The ideal thing with a mouse and keyboard. Is that you can hotkey a button on your keyboard to do something specific, like instead of pressing left trigger up on d-pad A, you can set it up to just press the 3 key . and for the mouse its more sensitive than any joystick on a controller allowing for more precise movements and aiming.",
"You have access to smaller iterations of motion, thus allowing you to have much finer precision when moving your crosshairs. Think about it this way, how much motion does it require to move the crosshairs one screen inch with your controller vs how much with a mouse? Because you need to move the mouse farther than you need to move your thumb, there are that many more spots to stop moving the mouse between point a and point b. the counter argument to this has typically been that you have sort a motion speed control with the thumbstick but this is flawed in that it doesn't have that quick 'stop on a dime' ability that the mouse has allowing precision and less lagg between motion and aim adjustment. \n\nHope this was helpful. As a last note, on a computer first person games should always be played with a mouse, but pretty much all third person games play more relaxed with a controller. Exceptions to that are games that require you to over the shoulder aim. Head shots are just easier with a mouse. ",
"Saying that a mouse and keyboard is better than a controller is like comparing an estate car with a SUV, neither one is better than the other, they are just suited to different things.\n\nWell, they are good for some games but not for others, For example, if you are playing a FPS, lets say Battlefield 4, against someone with a controller, you will be able to aim better as the mouse allows for fine adjustment. This is also useful in games with lots of menus that can ba a pain in the ass.\n\nHowever, controllers are much better for platformers and other games where moving with precision is more important than aiming or menu clicking. And there are some games (Third Person Shooters like Just Cause 2 come to mind) where using a mouse over a controller or vice versa just comes down to personal preference.\n\n**TL:DR** They are not necessarily better, so to speak, just a lot more accurate if you are aiming or faster if you are using menus a lot. Controllers on the other hand are better for movement based games, like platformers.",
"Mice give more speed and accuracy because you are directly controlling the view. This is different than a joystick, where you indirectly control the view by controlling the rate of change of the view (the first derivative of motion).\n\nFor example:\n\nWhen you move the mouse to the right at a constant speed, the view moves to the right at a constant speed. When you move the mouse a set distance to the right, the view shifts an equivalent distance to the right. With experience you can snap your mouse to the exact location required to instantly change your view the desires amount (I.e. Look to the right 70 degrees, with practice you know and feel the four or so inches that requires and can move near instantly).\n\nA controller joystick on the other hand, you only control the rate of change. When you shift the joystick to the right 1 inch that does not translate to a set change in how fast you change your view like it does on a mouse. Instead it defines the speed by which your view changes, in other words you only control the first derivative of the motion of the view instead of just directly controlling the view like a mouse does. The result is when you want to change your view 70 degrees, you must press the stick over and control the speed at which your view shifts and slow down when you get close and slow further still to refine the maneuver to within a degree or so of your intended aim point. \n\nThis puts the controller at a huge disadvantage compared to the mouse where the view can be instantly snapped to within a few degrees and honed to within a fraction of a degree to the aim point a split second later.",
"A mouse gives you better control over *absolute* position. That is to say, I want my crosshairs at exactly this point on the screen.\n\nA controller gives you better control over *relative* motion. That is to say, I want me character to move in this exact direction at this exact speed. With a controller, you can't move your crosshairs to a particular point instantaneously. You have to indicate that you want your crosshairs to move in the direction of that point, wait for it to get there, and then stop. Someone with a mouse can make that jump as fast as they can physically move the mouse. Equally large and small increments can be done in the same time.\n\nOn the other hand, sometimes the controls of the game mean that whatever you're controlling cannot move instantaneously, but is limited to some speed. For example, a platformer: Your character has a top speed, and even if you move your mouse all the way across the screen, the character still has to waddle there. The controller gives a more accurate representation of this type of movement.\n\nActivities that benefit from absolute control: Aiming a crosshairs (First-Person Shooters), clicking on things (Real-Time Strategy).\n\nActivities that benefit from relative control: Moving an on-screen object (Platformers, Fighters, some third-person shooters), driving (Racing games).",
"It's not really from my experience far more people prefer controllers that said for competitive fps and rts / moba style games kb/m is superior. For fps you can just aim much faster and accurately with a mouse and most RTS / moba games would just not be possible are have terrible controls with a controller. On the flip side controller are generally better for 3rd person adventure games like say batman for example more comfortable(for most) and have nice features like home buttons and rumble ect. \n\nso imo the main one is for competitive fps games. If you take your fps competition seriously in regards to pc gaming then yeah your playing at a disadvantage technically because a mouse is faster and more accurate. That said ive played pc shooters with both and have had no problem winning with controllers in some cases i actually find it easier cause theres less jitter if you will when using a controller whereas with a mouse every little movement of your hand is picked up.\n\nActually if you are well versed with a controller and a kb/m is foreign to you then most likely do better with a controller and have a hard time using kb/m just another thing ive noticed in my experience among friends."
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a8mqim | why it sometimes takes 60+ days to receive a postal shipping? | In this day and age I can understand 2-3 weeks of shipping time - bulk shipping, intermediate stops if not shipped directly from one city to another, etc.
But two months to get a small packet from CN to EU? Why? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a8mqim/eli5_why_it_sometimes_takes_60_days_to_receive_a/ | {
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"Because it's coming on a boat. Large container ships can take days to load, weeks to get to their destination, and days to unload. Then there's the chance that they have multiple stops along the way. Plus, the shipper probably waits to bundle multiple orders into one shipment.",
"The 1-3 week shipping you are used to is by plane and it’s cheaper to ship via sea than air.\n\nA cargo ship from China to London takes 6 weeks of sailing time, not to mention port stops along the way to load/unload/exchange containers. Some ships might wait in port to collect more cargo and maximise load, which can add more time.",
"Additionally, there may be customs. It took like 4 weeks for an envelope with two stickers in it to cross the border from Canada to the U.S. for me. The expedited shipping option, for two stickers in an envelope, which would fast-track it through customs, was like 3000 dollars."
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4abp4m | why is a woman often her horniest right before she menstruates? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4abp4m/eli5_why_is_a_woman_often_her_horniest_right/ | {
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"If I'm not mistaken that's when she is most fertile, so it's her bodies way of saying \"NOWS THE TIME GO GO GO\". Given that during menstruation the lining that would have accepted the fertilized egg is lost, I'm pretty sure that's the reason. "
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2zn6ev | i've always hear of china reverse-engineering russian or american military technology, how exactly is this done with no schematics and reference points? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2zn6ev/eli5ive_always_hear_of_china_reverseengineering/ | {
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"In a nutshell, you just take something apart and figure out how it works.\n\nIt can be challenging, yes, but it's usually a lot easier than designing something from scratch if you can just copy a successful model.\n",
"Reverse-engineered is where you take something apart to see how it goes together. That's what makes it *reverse* engineering."
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330wbu | why are asian language scripts much more complex than european scripts? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/330wbu/eli5why_are_asian_language_scripts_much_more/ | {
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"different culture, different way of doing things. All cultures have their quirks. English for example is an odd language in that it's grammar rules are complex and have a lot of exceptions.\n\nEast Asian languages (Japanese, Vietmanese, Chinese, etc) all have roots in the Chinese script (Except Korea, they're weird). This stems from China at some point owning pretty much everything around them at various points in history. They were also the cultural dominator in the region for a very long time - Think ancient times US level of cultural dominance. Written Chinese was the universal language, the English of today, back then. Everyone knew how to read and write it, even if when they spoke different languages.\n\nThat said, written Chinese is pictographic. It's just how the cultures chose to write and that evolved. To those unfamiliar with it it's incredibly complex and makes no sense. To those that are familiar with it there's a system behind it. It's not as simple as an alphabet, but it has advantages.\n\nSince they are pictures, the characters represent what they actually are. For example, the character for person looks like a torso and 2 legs. Fire and water are stylized fire and water. The character for door looks like a door. One of the symbols used in the characters for student looks like a person wearing a hat.\n\nBuilt on this, more complex characters are usually made up of other characters. A word describing a type of person may contain a modified person character in it. Basically, the parts of the character conveys meaning about what the character is. As a result, you can often figure out what a character is based off of the parts of the character and the context of the sentence around it. There are a number of these common elements and they are used in Chinese dictionaries to look up the meaning of characters. ",
"To add what's been said here - Asian scripts may indeed look more complex, but that's because they deal with a language situation that is completely alien to ours \n\nI don't know about Chinese or Korean, but Japanese has a whooping what, 100 sounds* to work with ? 100 sounds completely set in stone. Meanwhile the English alphabet alone is 44 sounds and they can be combined to form a lot more. Thus Japanese has an amazing amount of homonyms. To solve this issue of actually knowing what this written word that has 17 different meanings actually means, they decided to import Chinese characters. Which works very well - you can read very fast if you know those characters by heart, you know what it actually means, there is no ambiquity due to the same word being a homonym for 19 different things. \n\nThe Koreans probably made up their own alphabet because they have sounds to work with, thus something akin to the Latin alphabet works there. I doubt it could work in Chinese or Japanese. \n\n*Technically i'm comparing apples and oranges, but its ELi5 so it works. "
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d0qc0f | nothing is ever truly gone on the internet. why is that? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d0qc0f/eli5_nothing_is_ever_truly_gone_on_the_internet/ | {
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"Because most of the information is redundant on servers not controlled by the original publisher. If it's something nobody ever bothered to mirror or cache (unlikely because Google caches almost everything) and the original publisher deletes it from their server, then yes it truly is gone forever.",
"Contrary to that saying, lots and lots \"goes\" from the internet all of the time, it's actually a huge problem for people who care about preserving information and history. Fortunately there are more and more archival sites, but they still struggle for funding and manpower. The saying though just reflects that you should never assume (or expect) that something you say or do online will be forgotten or lost. Odds are it will be preserved in some form, but this isn't actually a guarantee.",
"The saying is a healthy assumption to follow, but not a statement of literal fact. If you have your own personal website, put up some information, and then take it down seconds later before any person or bot has a chance to see it, then realistically the information is gone from the Internet. No one's finding that information unless you post it again.\n\nBut practically it's just way too hard to control where information goes once posted. People can screenshot and save stuff to post elsewhere later. Search engines and bots are busy crawling and archiving whatever they find. And if you delete something like an email from your Gmail inbox or a post from Facebook, it is often the case that the service provider will still retain a copy."
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2ds3ar | that feeling you get when you're accelerating uphill and you suddenly go downhill. | I've just experienced it in cars and on roller coasters when you're stomach just kind of rises. Is it a moment of weightlessness or what? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ds3ar/eli5_that_feeling_you_get_when_youre_accelerating/ | {
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"Your body is still moving uphill, so there is a law between when the roller coaster (or whatever your riding) starts to drop, and for a split second you're still moving up and the coaster is going down so you separate, then gravity catches up and you keep on chugging. \n\nIt's the same thing that happens when you jump in an elevator right when it starts. "
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1rt7q4 | what would happen if you were being legitimately brutalised by police and fought back and won? | Unlikely I'm sure, but if police started using excessive force, and say you were even innocent, and you fought back and won, is there any chance you'd get off scott free, or would you have extra charges? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rt7q4/eli5_what_would_happen_if_you_were_being/ | {
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"yould probably get shot by the rest of their gang members",
"If it was taped, you'd have a chance. Otherwise, you're screwed.",
"so if in a situation where the police started using their billy clubs and you claimed they excessively beat you. then somehow you turn the tables and start beating the cop. \n\nthat's still committing assault on a cop. whether or not you feel justified. ",
"Most states have a \"stand your ground law\", which gives you the right to defend yourself from \"any one\", as long as you are in the right and can prove that it was self-defense then in \"theory\" you should not be prosecuted but that all depends on the many variables of support from, ie. prosecutor, jury, your lawyer, press, society. There are a few that had won from this (you'll need to search for).\n\nEdit: New law in Indiana (under certain circumstances) you have the right to shoot at cops. \n_URL_0_",
"A few years back my mom came home from the bar at 2am, an hour later the cops were banging on the front door. It turns out our neighbor called the cops because she thought she heard a disturbance. My mom cracked open the front door and was rushed by a female officer, my mom punched the officer in her face breaking her nose and busting her lip open. Seconds later the officer's 300lb male partner barged in and arrested my mom. My mom ended up in jail for a week for assault and battery on a piece officer. When my mom went to court the judge expunged the charge and set my mom free because the cops entered illegally and without cause. Basically, you'll get off scott free but not without going through a huge pain in the ass first. ",
"Hey OP, you wanna punch a cop too huh? It's on my bucket list. "
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320rd6 | is the god for christianity, judaism, and islam the same "person." | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/320rd6/eli5_is_the_god_for_christianity_judaism_and/ | {
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"Some people believe it is the same god, but I do not.\n\nMany Christians believe in the Holy Trinity, which means Jesus is a part (or fully) god. The whole trinity thing is confusing, but just know that Jesus is intertwined with God in a lot of Christianity.\n\nJews and Muslims do not believe that Jesus is divine. In fact, Jews believe Jesus is a false prophet. If Christians are worshiping a god that contains Jesus, and Jews and Muslims are not, then it can't be the same god.",
"I only know about Islam so that's how I'll answer, In Islam the deity is a single God transposed from this universe, meaning he or it resides out of the space time continuum, in Arabic the noun used is Allah which translates to The God, the first two letters (AL) are common in Arabic and stand for 'the'. Mohammed is a prophet that only communicates whats been revealed to him by God or his agents, and thus respected, he's not worshiped, he's not considered anything but a son of a man and a woman who was chosen by God to deliver his message. This is strictly from the Quran which is the holy scripture in Islam, its not meant to be a scientific or a historic book or some sort of Encyclopedia like some people like to think.\nAlso Muslims believe Moses, Jesus and Mohammed are prophets.",
"The experience of oneness you reach via mysticism and spiritual practices is the same worldwide. This is how monotheism emerged. But the knowledge and teaching surrounding this experience may vary because of the way intellect will process and understand this experience depending on its cultural background."
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2lus1u | does declaring war on a nation impact the debt either nation holds of the other? | For example, if the USA were to declare war on China, what would happen to the treasuries China owns? Would the USA tear up the notes? Suspend payment during the conflict? Continue as normal? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2lus1u/eli5_does_declaring_war_on_a_nation_impact_the/ | {
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"The U.S. sells treasuries to whoever buys them. They honor those when they become mature. To do otherwise destroys the confidence in the U.S. government which is needed to sell more treasuries. \n\nIf the U.S. sold a lot of them to China and went to war with China, China does one of two things: \n\n* Holds on to them until the war if over at which point everything operates as normal\n* Sells them to a 3rd party which can redeem them\n\nThe treasuries themselves are not exclusive to Chinese ownership and can easily be traded around. The U.S. has no official record of who owns treasuries to tear them up and there is a vast secondary market for them. \n\nChina can't try and redeem its treasuries directly during a war. It has no legal representation in the U.S. It would have to involve a third party and yes if the U.S. felt that the 3rd party was just a front for the money going to China we might hold off payment until the end of the war. However by not paying those they still accrue interest and would be worth more at the end of the war."
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6jcxs2 | why do criminals flee to canada? | I was watching Friends the other day, and in the episode there's a high speed chase on the TV, and Chandler and this other guy who worked at the hotel said that he's going to Canada.
I've heard this before on other shows and movies. Why do criminals try to flee to Canada? Do they just forget about what they did and let them live there? I would of thought that Canada would of forced them back to the US, or whatever country they came from.
EDIT: I meant why do they flee to other countries, I just said Canada because that's the most common in movies and shit. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6jcxs2/eli5_why_do_criminals_flee_to_canada/ | {
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"Probably more because they happen to be closer to the canadian border than to the mexican one. But it would be pretty dumb to run to canada because their law enforcement has a much higher standard than mexico's. You would get caught and deported within a few days. "
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1tqekb | do ni-mh batteries need to be charged for 8 hours on the first charge? | I bought these batteries from maplin the other day and on the batteries themselves it says to charge for 7 hours before use. I'm confused as to whether I actually need to do this and as to why some things like this may/may not need to be charged for such a long time on the first charge. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1tqekb/eli5do_nimh_batteries_need_to_be_charged_for_8/ | {
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"Ni-MH batteries are actually shipped from the factory charged. The unique design of Ni-MH batteries causes them to lose their charge rapidly over time, even when not in use. So by the time you buy them and take them home, they could have anything from no charge to near fully charged depending on how long they've been sitting on the shelf.\n\nTo prevent confusion, they just write on the packaging that the batteries need to be charged before use. This is so that you can plan accordingly instead of expecting the batteries to just work right out of the package. \n\nYou'd be surprised at the number of people that expect things to just work out of the package and will take it back to the store immediately if it doesn't. That's why \"charge before use\" needs to be written on the package to reduce the number of people returning the item to the store.\n\nSo yes, you can use your Ni-MH batteries without charging them first, but don't expect them to have much power in them.\n\nAgain, this all only applies to Ni-MH.. Different battery chemistry must be treated accordingly. (ie: Li-Ion needs a full charge before first use for calibration purposes so it can properly report it's remaining charge to the device. It's a very different situation than Ni-MH since Ni-MH batteries don't report their charge to the device. So it's not really that important that Ni-MH batteries are charged before first use, other than the case of people bringing brand-new batteries back to the store because they don't \"work\". \n\nEdit: As for it specifically saying to charge for 7 hours, I find that strange/deceptive. The batteries really shouldn't say that because 1: It's not always true and 2: There are rapid chargers for Ni-MH that can do a full charge in considerably less time. I think what you're looking at is a case of a battery manuf. going a bit too far in a futile attempt to reduce the number of people returning perfectly good batteries to the store. ... Or perhaps the battery manuf. expects their batteries to sit on the shelves for so long that they're almost always completely out of power by the time somebody buys them. Whatever the case, printing like that on a package just adds to the confusion.\n\n"
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4zwd0x | why do cameras struggle so much with scenes that have both bright and dark spots, but the human eye has no problem? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4zwd0x/eli5_why_do_cameras_struggle_so_much_with_scenes/ | {
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"Dynamic range of a camera is usually determined by the sensor/pixel size, a full-frame DSLR that shoots in RAW has excellent contrast, but a cheap point and shoot will have pretty crummy dynamic range. There are ways that improve the dynamic range without enlarging the pixel size too much, modern flagship phones have much better dynamic range than just 2 generations ago. \n \nSo to recap, the dynamic range of cameras is mainly on how large the pixels are, the more light it can \"hold\", the less sensitive it is to light, as it needs more luminance (brightness) to become blownout. In our eyes, our retina is larger than a full-frame sensor, giving us better dynamic range.",
"The dynamic range (of brightness) of the human eye falls somwhere near a DSLR. For instantaneous images a DSLR can produce better images than a mental picture because it captures a whole field of view while the human eye focuses on the center of our vision. But human vision constantly refocuses and adjusts dynamic range based on the focus of our gaze, like video. However human vision does do much better than cameras with with respect to dynamic range in lower light situations. \n\nBottom line is the processing power of the brain connected to our eyes is what makes all the difference. Eyeballs may compare to a camera lens but human vision (eyes+brains) don't compare to a camera (lens+image sensor)."
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9zjrh1 | why do video games need the original source code file to be further worked on or remastered? why can’t this be extracted from a copy of the game? | I just look at stories about how the Silent Hill and Kingdom Hearts remasters fan into issues because they didn’t have the source code and wonder; why wouldn’t a copy of the game suffice? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9zjrh1/eli5_why_do_video_games_need_the_original_source/ | {
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"Okay. So let's say that you want to bake a cookie just like the ones that grandma makes. You could try to eat her cookie, and then using your knowledge of baking sort of reverse engineer it, but it would be an incredible hassle and very hard to do. But if you had the recipe she used, it would be very easy to figure out how to make it and then make your own. \n\n\nA finished game is like a cookie. The source code is complied and turned into the finished product, sort of how the recipe is baked into a cookie. Because of how the source code is transformed into a working game, it is very difficult (not impossible, but difficult) to reverse the process and figure out the code. ",
"Code is compiled to executable files, which translates human readable code to assembly language which the cpu understands, during compilation a lot of information from the code is lost, such as variable names and code structure. Even though it's not impossible to do, but it's a huge pain in the ass. That's why the source code is required. ",
"When writing code, good programmers will include documentation in the code. Sometimes that's comments, sometimes it's \"just\" descriptive names for variables, constants, and functions. \n\nFor instance, you might find something like this in the source code:\n\n left = MARGIN_SIZE; \n right = WINDOW_WIDTH - MARGIN_SIZE; \n ## This sets the edges to account for the margins \n Draw_Header(left, right); \n\nEven if you don't completely understand it, you can get a good feel for what it's supposed to be doing. When the code is compiled, all that helpful information is lost, because the computer doesn't need it; it's there for humans. If you compile the code above and then \"decompile\" it back to something supposedly human-readable, you'll get something along the lines of: \n\n var01 = const01; \n var02 = const02 - const01; \n func01(var01, var02); \n\nPerfectly valid code, but there's no indication of what the variables and constants are supposed to represent, or what the function might be doing. When you've got tens of thousands of lines that all look like that, it's pretty much only theoretically human-readable."
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cfpn12 | how chemical sunscreen absorbs uv ?light? | At a molecular level | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cfpn12/eli5_how_chemical_sunscreen_absorbs_uv_light/ | {
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"Instead of physically deflecting UV light, these molecules absorb UV radiation through their chemical bonds. As the bonds absorb UV radiation, the components of thesunscreen slowly break down and release heat.\n\n~_URL_0_~",
"It's not different than any other spectrum of light being absorbed. It has to do with the electron energy states in the molecule -- if a photon has energy similar to what is needed for an electron to increase its energy level or otherwise change quantum state, it can absorb the photon."
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2iv3v5 | why don't we breed elephants for their ivory to prevent the poaching of wild elephants? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2iv3v5/eli5_why_dont_we_breed_elephants_for_their_ivory/ | {
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"Ivory is expensive, but not that expensive. The amount of time and money it would take to raise an elephant for a few pounds of ivory wouldn't be a good investment.\n\nIt's much more cost effective (albeit cruel) to let mother nature do the first part and just take the ivory after",
"It would be so difficult and expensive that the cost of the ivory would be astronomical. And then people would *still* poach the elephants for cheaper ivory, which is essentially free. ",
"The amount of money it would take to raise an elephant for ivory would determine the market price (along with demand of course). That would be expensive and it would still make sense for a poacher to go and kill a wild elephant to get the ivory, rather than paying the price to raise the elephant.\n\nIf you could raise _so much_ that it flooded the market with ivory such that it became devalued, then...that might work. But...that's a shit-ton of elephants and that would be very expensive! You'd also have to factor in the cost of protecting yourself legally from those who would not be OK with raising a majestic elephant for the sole purpose of taking its ivory.",
"It would be better to flood the market with imitation ivory.",
"It is very difficult to breed and raise elephants. So much so that there are no domestic breeds existing, despite human use of elephants for millennia. Elephants used as work animals have always been obtained by capturing wild animals and taming them.",
"Evil, \"I don't give a shit about animals answer\" is that you could never make a profit. The amount of food and care required to grow up an elephant is not worth the money you could gain by harvesting is horns. Basically unless we start eating elephants or using their skin and paying a LOT for it there just isn't enough potential money in it to bother investing in raising them in a farm.",
"Serious question...what do we use ivory for? Is it even needed for anything? ",
"why don't we breed humans to spend their lives in an office instead of poaching free-range humans?",
"i apologize if this is a stupid question.... but does it hurt them when the ivory is cut? or is it like cutting our finger nails is for us?",
"Purely speculation here so disregard at will, but farm-fresh ivory would be indistinguishable from poached ivory. On top of the aforementioned cost of raising an elephant to maturity, add to that the inconvenience of attempting to regulate the trade and verify sources. Path of least resistance and all that. If we made it legal to trade in ivory, but incredibly difficult to do it the right way, that opens the market way up to poached ivory. As it is now, all ivory trade is illegal; much simpler that way.",
"As far as I am concerned they should have the same rights as humans. They certainly exhibit more than enough social and conscious behavior to warrant it. And in that vein it would be as sick as growing people for spare organs.\n\n",
"Elephants are actually very hard to breed in captivity. Females tend to ovulate irregularly or not at all, and males tend to get very aggressive and destructive. [source](_URL_0_)",
"Not to forget that it is not about just \"ivory\" itself...but more about the fact to possess something that is illegal and sketchy. Or the mere story itself:\n\"This is an ivory < something > that is made from the elephant that I shoot on a safari in 2004.\"",
"I remember a documentary a while back with Tom Hardy, called 'Poaching Wars' or something. I'm pretty sure there was a guy that bred rhinos for the purpose of discouraging illegal poaching, so perhaps it would be possible to do the same for elephants. I also fail to understand the comments on here discussing the financial credibility of breeding elephants. Surely the priority here is saving these fantastic beasts from gruesome, premature deaths and possible extinction, regardless of the costs. It would be a charitable programme, not a business.",
"The gestation period for an elephant is a couple years I believe. It would take way too long\n",
"Because no matter how many elephants are bred, poachers will still target the wild ones over the bred ones, since they don't have to pay the breeder for \"harvesting rights\", or to acquire a permit, when they poach wild animals.\n\nTake diamonds, for example. We have the technology to create [artificial diamonds](_URL_1_) that are even more perfect than any naturally-occurring diamond, yet [blood diamonds](_URL_0_) are still a thing.",
"the rarity, struggle, and the nature of what is done to them is part of the medicine's \"power\". By farming it, nobody would want it\n\nit's more fucked up than you know, dude.",
"Even if this was economically viable, poachers would still poach elephants. This would actually make poaching more lucrative because it would be easier to mix poached ivory in with legal ivory. If we instead made the sale of ivory illegal across the board (right now you can still buy and sell ivory acquired before 1980 and various other exceptions) it would be more difficult for poachers to sell their ivory.",
"Cost to breed an elephant and also the time for maturity and birth",
"Why not just \"grow\" ivory in labs?",
"People are free to do this already and/or make ivory substitutes or make it in a lab. It's cheaper to kill wild ones. It wouldn't be profitable to breed them",
"Elephants are hard to domesticate and it takes a cow almost 2 years to have a baby",
"What if we bred cows to have tusks?",
"Elephant care is more expensive than the ivory. Poachers don't need to care for the elephants.",
"So, everybody on here is saying that it would just be too expensive compared to the payback from selling the ivory. But what about the payback from the rest of the animal? We could sell the meat (who wouldn't want a nice, big elephant steak?). We could sell the skin (elephant leather purse anyone?). We could sell the bones (the glue that never forgets.... to stick... yeah). We could sell the safari/zoo/circus experience while the animals are alive. I guess we could sell the milk (though I personally probably wouldn't try it)\n\nThe point is, there's more to be made there than simply selling the tusks. ",
"Genetically engineered white tail deer to have ivory antlers. They are killed for sport, are in over supply across much of th Midwest US, and already grow bony antlers. Just need a different DNA sequence. Either that, or giant beavers. But probably the deer.",
"Because elephants are LIVING BEINGS just like humans.",
"Technically, we could just grow the stuff in a lab. But the price of ivory comes from it's scarcity and difficulty to obtain (especially if it's illegal to do so) - rich people won't pay for lab grown or farmed ivory. Rich people are the problem."
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2n4499 | why aren't animals given a vasectomy instead of being neutered? | It seems like it would be much more humane | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2n4499/eli5_why_arent_animals_given_a_vasectomy_instead/ | {
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"becuase many of the animals that are neutered are neutred to change behaviour that would not change with a vasectomy and to prevent health probelsms from later devolpoing.",
"Most of the time it's to do with behavioral modification. A vasectomy doesn't remove any of the male hormones or change behavior at all. \n\nIntact male dogs will go wandering looking for females in heat, and also tend to be a little more argumentative. It also can be hard to keep weight on intact males. Dogs \"tie\" during sex, and can be severely injured if one partner breaks the tie. And of course all animals get STDs. Testicular cancer is also extremely common in intact males. \n\nToms are much more likely to get in fights, and they will spray everything in your house. \n\nStallions can be aggressive, very mouthy, and difficult to handle. They also tend not to grow as tall as geldings. Also difficult to keep weight on them, and need to be housed completely separately from mares. Mares will kick the crap out of stallions, so gelding them is a good way to avoid injury all around. \n\nTestosterone also ruins the taste and smell of meat, particularly pork. Meat animals are castrated early to maintain the value of the meat. ",
"Neuters are actually very simple and easy procedures that take (typically) 10-20 minutes. Thats not to say there isn't a risk, as there always is with surgery and incisions, but honestly the positives vastly outweigh the possible negatives. \n\nWhat is inhumane about it?\n\n- painless, safe procedure undertaken by a doctor and nurse in a clinical setting similar to what a human experiences while they are in the operating room (e.g. anesthesia, monitoring, sterile, aftercare)\n\n- medication given to manage the pain at home\n\n- follow up check-ups to insure that there is no infection and that the pet is healing well\n\n- improved behaviour on part of the pet, safer for other animals that ay interact with your pet and safer for females (spayed or unspayed)\n\n- less unwanted pups or kittens starving to death behind dumpsters, or being euthanized in overflowing shelters\n\n- decreased risk of developing testicular cancer later in the animals life, potentially save you thousands of dollars\n\n- costs way less than similar human procedures, with similar quality of care, despite the extremely high overhead costs of running a veterinary clinic\n\nWhere is the downside?\n\n"
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l68l5 | why do i get "chills" all over my body when i see or hear something beautiful? moreover, what are those chills and why aren't they just felt all the time? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/l68l5/eli5_why_do_i_get_chills_all_over_my_body_when_i/ | {
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"Frisson is the sudden feeling of excitement. There is a subreddit for it _URL_0_\n\n\nQuoted from their sidebar \"Have you ever felt a sudden, passing sensation of excitement, a shudder of emotion from an epic moment of a song, or a climax of a movie? That is what is called \"frisson\". It has been linked to rises in dopamine levels. Feel free to discuss frisson, and post links that give you some really great vibes. :)\"",
"An extreme version of what you're talking about is the [Stendhal Syndrome](_URL_0_). From what I take it, it overloads their brain so the rest of the body sort of shuts down or goes crazy. ",
"Frisson is the sudden feeling of excitement. There is a subreddit for it _URL_0_\n\n\nQuoted from their sidebar \"Have you ever felt a sudden, passing sensation of excitement, a shudder of emotion from an epic moment of a song, or a climax of a movie? That is what is called \"frisson\". It has been linked to rises in dopamine levels. Feel free to discuss frisson, and post links that give you some really great vibes. :)\"",
"An extreme version of what you're talking about is the [Stendhal Syndrome](_URL_0_). From what I take it, it overloads their brain so the rest of the body sort of shuts down or goes crazy. "
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67zbaq | why does nuclear energy result in harmful radiation? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/67zbaq/eli5_why_does_nuclear_energy_result_in_harmful/ | {
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"When uranium 235 undergoes fission (nuclei splitting apart) the resulting fission products are not always stable nuclei. Some may be stable, others my decay almost instantly, but there are quite a few products that decay slowly, remaining radioactive for a very long time"
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cwo81i | why is it unhealthy to use phones before sleeping? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cwo81i/eli5_why_is_it_unhealthy_to_use_phones_before/ | {
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"The bright LCD mimics sunlight to your eyes, making your body think that its daytime and throwing off your natural sleep hormones",
"The blue light from your phone and other electronics affects your sleep cycle. Your body relies on sunlight to set its internal clock, but the blue light from your phone mimics that and makes your body think it's daytime, making it harder to sleep.\n\nedit: nevermind, just noticed someone else explained it more or less the same way!",
"I genuinely never have trouble sleeping and would look at my phone alot before bed. Are many people like this?"
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by6pyp | why aren't we more energetic when it's very hot outside? shouldn't we have more energy because we don't have to waste it on heating our bodies up? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/by6pyp/eli5_why_arent_we_more_energetic_when_its_very/ | {
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"Maybe to a certain point but it takes a lot of energy to cool your body down and stay in a balance. Too hot and you're body can literally cook itself alive, or also known as a fever or heat stroke.",
"Unless it's very cold, we aren't really \"wasting\" energy to warm ourselves up. The energy we're expending to do other things (move, think, digest, etc.) produces heat as a by-product. This is why we shiver when cold; that extra muscle activity produces a bit more heat so it warms you up. Ordinarily though, there isn't a mechanism in the body that is expending energy just to keep us warm like central heating in a house. \n\nWhen it's hot out we actually have to expend energy *to keep cool*, and we're less energetic because activity can more easily cause us to overheat.",
"We are constantly using energy to maintain the same exact body temp no matter if warming us up or cooling us off, but that's not really the answer. Since our bodies are always kept the same temp inside, our metabolisms are the same (in regards to temp.) Other things can affect our metabolisms, but temp isn't one of them (until we get into the hyper/hypothemia stages.)\n\nCold-blooded animals have higher metabolisms in warmer temps, but that's because their internal body temps are changing instead of always being the same.",
"OP, are you a lizard?",
"All of our body processes naturally produce heat as a by-product. The day-to-day metabolism of your cells generates a lot of heat, and these are things we do pretty-much constantly. This means it is actually easier for a human body to regulate heat below its normal operating temperature (which is most of the time in a temperate climate) than above it, since it produces so much heat just by existing.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nAt some level, the body *does* expend energy to keep itself cool. Producing and excreting sweat and saliva, as well as panting and labored breathing, all require energy. But at a more basic level, your body will actually slow down its own energy production to prevent itself from overheating, and it will actually produce chemicals to tell you to stop doing things that require so much energy.\n\nIt's not (mostly) that it's taking more energy to keep cool, it's that the body is avoiding overheating by producing less energy.",
"It's not like mother nature arbitrarily chose our body temp to be at 98.6 degrees. There are many processes going on in your body all the time which produce heat and require a certain temperature to be effective.\n\nAlso you aren't just maintaining heat, you're constantly producing it and radiating it away. The hotter the environment, the harder it is for you to radiate that heat away, which can lead to you overheating."
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a17c3m | what is a root of an equation? | We usually use a letter, 'x', as a variable for an equation. For example, equation x^2 - 2x + 1 = 0 has variable 'x' and one root x = 1. So, what exactly is 'x' ? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a17c3m/eli5_what_is_a_root_of_an_equation/ | {
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"The ‘root’ is the number that satisfies the equation. When solving for the root on an equation, the root is the solution. In _x+3=4_, for example, the root _x_ is 1, which is the “solution” you’re looking for. \n\nAnd the root can be assigned any letter variable, the default is usually x by standard usage, is all. "
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2j29se | what is it like to have multiple personality disorder? | I was just curious, due to the fact the I had just watched a film showing the effects. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2j29se/eli5_what_is_it_like_to_have_multiple_personality/ | {
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"Though I'm not one, I dated a girl with dis-associative identity disorder for almost a year (Though the breakup was over something semi-unrelated). I asked her all the time what it was like, and she confirmed that movies play it up completely the wrong way. She always told me it was like watching a movie when her other personas took over (I forget the term that is used for the other personalities... alters maybe?). It was described to me like it was like being at a theater by yourself, and telling the main character what to do, but just as effective. You had no control, but you could watch to a degree.. like you were in almost a haze I guess? \n\nAs for the way movies show it, there are no funny twitches or tells that a person switches personalities. It just happens... though you can see slight differences in mannerisms, vocabulary, mood, etc. I got to the point where I could identify who she was and when she changed. But.. thats all I got. ",
"From what I recall from psychology classes, it's very confusing for the affected person. They have these gaps in their memory that they can't explain at all, and they develop a lot of coping mechanisms around covering for those gaps. People around them will refer to things they did or said that they don't recall, for example, and they'll have to suddenly \"remember\" what the other person is talking about.",
"I am not but was married to one and have studied this with other DID sufferers through their forums. Just some insights for now:\n\nThe \"main personality\" is the one that you are usually, typically the one that goes to work each day. the \"sub personalities\" are more unusual e.g. the crybaby etc. The sub personalties are aware of the main, but the main one typically is NOT aware of the subs.\n\nThat sounds utterly bizarre at first, but if you think about this disorder and how it arose (probably from abuse at an early age) and how these personalities are \"disassociated\" it perhaps makes some sense. I.e. if the main one knew about the subs, the person would be likely normal. Like I go to a ballgame, i cuss and swear but when I go home I act different around my child. I know who I am, and I know I act different. My personality is more or less \"together\" and not disassociated. \n\nWhen you are disassociated, you are unaware of these \"subs\" and how you act differently. Almost by definition that is why you suffer from this.\n\nExample: a guy on an internet forum suffers from DID, he asks for help from the group. He wants to send a message to one of this \"subs\". This maybe the main or maybe a sub personality asking the forum. He wants to tell this \"sub\" that it is OK to be whatever (not important). The forum suggests that maybe he could write the \"sub\" a letter and leave it out for him.\n\nThe person comes back to the forum and explains that it did not work, the sub did not find the letter. They ask him \"well where did you put it out?\" You should leave it in a place where this personality will find it. Like if this personality likes working on the car, maybe leave the note in the garage. \n\nThis sounds utterly bizarre to us but it is a good illustration of this aspect."
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dgv5bg | at what level of severity does a mentally disabled person no longer realize they have a disability? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dgv5bg/eli5_at_what_level_of_severity_does_a_mentally/ | {
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"This isn’t really a question that has an answer, because intellectual disability doesn’t function on a linear scale, no matter how much we try to fit it to one. There’s no IQ cutoff point for this, because our brains are far too complex for that. You can have people with severe Alzheimer’s who are blissfully unaware of their declining cognitive abilities, you can have people with pseudo-dementia (which is caused by depression in the elderly) with similar levels of deficit that are acutely well aware of those deficits. You can have people at all ends of the autism spectrum with no understanding or incredibly good understanding of their own differences."
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py237 | why do people join church cults? | Why do people go into churches that are like cults that take people away from their family members, cut them off from the world, etc, willingly. I think I would have some self control, drawing a line saying this has gone too far, what makes people loose that inner being.
Reason I'm asking: girlfriends best friend went into a church like this, got married, never heard from again. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/py237/eli5_why_do_people_join_church_cults/ | {
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"Because the cults give them the feelings of belonging and security they've been looking for. *We understand you, we accept you. Your family doesn't. We hold the key to your happiness and eternal salvation. Those other people will turn you away. You should cut yourself off from them.* The cult becomes the new family, and they can make it VERY hard for the person to get out when and if they come to their senses.",
"Nobody ever joins a cult.\n\nYou meet a new friend who's really nice to you, in a way that maybe your family or friends aren't. After a while, they start talking to you about spirituality, or community service, and maybe you go with them to a meditation retreat or to hear a spiritual leader speak. Everyone there is really nice and accepting too, so it's only natural that you'd want to spend more time with them. You start to feel like maybe that's what you've been missing all this time.\n\nEventually, you're spending all your free time with these people, until one day you're invited to start working directly for the organization helping people the way they helped you. Actually, you know what? It turns out they've got a spare bedroom at the spiritual center, and I know your roommate's been a real jerk lately, why don't you just come join us there?\n\nYour girlfriend doesn't want you coming to live with us? Look, I know this kind of growth can be really hard sometimes, but she's afraid to break out of her suburban routine and be truly free, and she's afraid that if you experience this kind of freedom with us, you'll leave her behind. Don't worry, she'll come around after you've been here for a while, and if not, then maybe you two weren't meant to be, you know? Besides, and you totally can't say I told you this, but you know Susan from the ultimate frisbee team at the centre? She's totally got a crush on you...",
"PS. If you want a For Dummies guide to how cults prey on targets and have 4 hours to spend, watch Love Exposure: _URL_0_\n\nThe whole damn film is on YouTube, too."
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10g9mg | eli: why do i get the shivers when someone is standing behind me? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/10g9mg/eli_why_do_i_get_the_shivers_when_someone_is/ | {
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"likely because you noticed them and it makes you nervous. It's the same reaction that cats get when they're scared and their hair stands up, except your hair is shorter and less dense then theirs."
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] |
||
1vqofb | why do we still pay for phone and text messages when it could all be done over the internet? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vqofb/eli5_why_do_we_still_pay_for_phone_and_text/ | {
"a_id": [
"ceuv620"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Well, if you're stranded at a place without internet and have to call somebody, the carrier gets money.\nIf you don't want calls and texts, you buy a package with 4g. And where does the money go? To the carrier.\n\nAnswer to your real question: because we don't always have an internet connection. If you do want an internet connection, you have to pay the carrier."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
xugcu | if soiled paper is not allowed in the recycling bin, then why can paper and used beverage cans go together? | Of course, there are places that come with multiple recycling bins for different materials, but I'm talking about places that don't. What if somebody tosses in a half-finished soda and it spills all over the paper? (This should be a pretty common occurrence.) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/xugcu/eli5_if_soiled_paper_is_not_allowed_in_the/ | {
"a_id": [
"c5pp4au",
"c5pr1f6"
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text": [
"Most municipalities allow recyclables to be grouped together to encourage recycling, because they receive more money from federal and local governments by having a large recycling program than it costs them to have the items mechanically sorted.\n\nSoiled materials taint the end product, for example if you recycle a cardboard box with grease on it, the college-ruled paper that box might go into some day would have grease in it as well. There is no way to mechanically separate soil from materials, it could probably be done via chemical reactions but is not worth the cost it would take.",
"It's mostly paper items that contain grease that aren't allowed (takeout containers, especially pizza boxes). They're not allowed because during the recycling process, any greasy residue fucks up the end product. The paper will be weak, possibly discolored, and it may even have holes in it. \n\nI'm sure that most of the ingredients in your standard soda (coloring, preservatives, sweetener, etc.) are able to be diluted with enough water. However, oil can't. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] |
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