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3hj0y8
|
mimicry in animals as evolution. how do animals develop the ability to copy intricate patterns on themselves to avoid predation? e.g the viceroy and the monarch butterfly
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3hj0y8/eli5_mimicry_in_animals_as_evolution_how_do/
|
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"Well, it's not an ability exactly. At some point in the past the species that eventually became the viceroy butterfly produced a member or members that kinda looked like a nearby poisonous species, which would become the Monarch. Because the similar looking ones were less likely to be eaten, more of them survived to have offspring and thus pass on their genetics. Over time more and more mimics would be born that would look more and more similar to monarchs as new mutations and patterns arose. It's a similar idea to any mimicry really. It probably started with vague similarities that became more and more refined over time.",
"It's not so much that the animals are consciously choosing to mimic other creatures to avoid predation. Natural selection is pushing them towards those adaptations.\n\nThis is how it goes, roughly. Monarch butterflies develop toxicity via mutation or some other natural process. Monarchs that are brightly colored are less likely to be eaten, so dull-colored Monarchs eventually die out and the entire species is brightly colored.\n\nMeanwhile, a population of non-poisonous Viceroys simultaneously develops bright coloration. Because they've been conditioned not to eat Monarchs, birds avoid the similar-looking Viceroys as well while the regular dull Viceroys continue to be eaten. Eventually, only the mimic Viceroys remain.\n\nSo it's not like the viceroys are intentionally mimicking the Monarchs, it's just that natural selection favors whichever Viceroys look the most like Monarchs."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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||
62fogt
|
; why do eggs come in multiples of three?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/62fogt/eli5_why_do_eggs_come_in_multiples_of_three/
|
{
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"dfm5cir",
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2
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"text": [
"They are usually sold in dozens which is also divisible by two. But if you keep dividing it in half for those who want to purchase in smaller quantities the lowest you can go is three eggs.\n\nWhy would you buy eggs three at a time?",
"What do you mean they come in multiples of 3? Like if you get 6 that means you can make 3 omlets that require two eggs each and then you have none left over?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
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||
a46g6h
|
how do men & women stay in a near 50:50 ratio?
|
Are there species this isn’t true?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a46g6h/eli5_how_do_men_women_stay_in_a_near_5050_ratio/
|
{
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"On the first question, it's like a coin flip. Flip a coin ten times and maybe you wind up with 7 heads and 3 tails. Flip a coin a few billion times and it'll be pretty much 50/50.",
"Everybody has two sex determining chromosomes given to them at conception. Women have XX, men have XY. You inherit one of these from your mother and one from your father. Which one of theirs they pass to you is random i.e. 50:50. \n\nSo since your mother is female (XX), she can give you an X or an X (i.e. she always gives you an X). \n\nYour father is male (XY) so there is a 50 percent chance he will give you a X and a 50 percent chance he will give you a Y. \n\nThis means that there is a 50% chance of a baby being a female (XX) and 50% chance of it being male (XY). ",
"Actually, there are always slightly more (somewhere around 1-2%) male babies born than female babies. This isn't because sperm carrying the Y side are faster than sperm carrying the X side, it's because more female fetuses die during the pregnancy. Some people think that this is because having that extra genetic code means that there are more chances for something to do dramatically wrong with genetic expression, and for the pregnancy to naturally terminate. Source: _URL_0_\n\nBut it all works out in the end, because males are way more likely to die by unnatural (homocide, 3:1; suicide, 2:1; or accidental death, 2:1) means than females. Yay testosterone! By age 65, there are 4 females to every 3 males in Western countries."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.pnas.org/content/112/16/E2102"
]
] |
|
1lci6g
|
can someone please give me an explanation and justification of the mens rights movement? what exact is it, and why don't they like feminists?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1lci6g/can_someone_please_give_me_an_explanation_and/
|
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"text": [
"one issue: men don't usually get to keep the kids in a divorce. They usually go to the mom.\n\nI assume that's something they want to change.",
"Everyone needs to keep this rule in mind:\n\n > **This is not a debate subreddit.** Do not argue over political, ethical, moral, religious, or any other opinions. Only give explanations from an brutally unbiased standpoint. Full stop. If you cannot avoid editorializing, soapboxing, debating, flaming, or arguing, do not post. It is absolutely encouraged to correct another poster if something they say is factually incorrect, but do not try to correct them just because you disagree with their opinion.\n\nAnd, perhaps, more importantly, this one:\n\n > **Be nice.** Always be respectful, civil, polite, calm, and friendly.",
"ELI5 Version:\n\nFeminists and people within the men's rights movement have different overall life views.\n\nFeminists typically believe that two groups of people (men and women) are equal if very specific qualities of those groups are the same - such as average income, numbers of each group hold the same number of high level jobs, etc.\n\nMembers of the men's rights movement believe that two groups of people (men and women) are equal only if no one holds them back as a direct result of their group (being a man or being a woman).\n\nThese types of equality are not possible to have at the same time, and so they each see the other as opposing equality, which is something that both value very much.\n\nFeminists will argue that events that happened in the past make the men's rights movement method not effective, while people in the men's rights movement will argue that society is too complicated to measure equality with a limited set of properties that ignore the personal choices that each person makes.\n\n--------\n--------\n\nOriginal Comment Below:\n\nI will address the issue about the view of feminists, and leave the justification of the men's rights movement to others.\n\nFeminism is not simply a statement about women being equal to men. Feminism has, at its core, different philosophical principles. For example, feminists typically believe in a form of equality known as \"equality of outcome\". This means that the measure of equality is whether men and women have very similar numbers in a variety of categories. These categories are typically considered to be overall average wages, number of CEO/management positions, etc. But that very distinctly skews the numbers, and ignores that men and women often have different priorities in their lives that can affect these numbers. This is like measuring the health of a person based on how good their skin looks.\n\nMany/most of the people within the men's rights movement hold classical ethical values (not to be confused with \"traditionalism\"), where personal freedoms are important, and impartiality and universality are fundamental principles in creating societal rules. This leads people within the men's rights movement to prefer a form of equality known as \"equality of opportunity\", which is measured by how well society works at removing barriers to opportunities based on sex/race/etc - regardless of whether those opportunities are seized.\n\nThis allows people to prioritize in their lives differently. In the equality of outcome scenario, the measures focused only on \"positives\", and neglected the \"negatives\" - like higher mortality rates, higher victimization rates, etc, where men across the board suffer from more \"bad\" things than women. Life is just too complicated to determine whether \"equality\" is achieved simply based on whether all women make the same average income as all men, for example.\n\nYou can read more about the philosophical principles of feminism here: _URL_0_\n\n----\n----\n\nFull disclosure: I am a moderator of /r/MensRights.",
"Here's a typical example:\n\nIn multiple airlines around the world men are forbidden to sit next to children. If you're a man, you're assumed to be 1. a paedophile and 2. a child molester. It's actual company **policy**.\n\nIt's like a black person being forbidden to enter a store without being escorted by a white staff member just because statistically they're more likely to shop-lift.\n\n_URL_0_",
"Men's rights movements are simply the male counterparts of female rights movements. Both sides are unjustly treated by the other in vastly different areas, and both are campaigning for \"equality\" ( I.e Men fighting for equality in divorces, women fighting for equality in income ).\n\nTl:Dr Both genders get the short end of the stick."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-ethics/"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_sex_discrimination_policy_controversy"
],
[]
] |
||
73gyr9
|
why do people hate/actively avoid jury duty? and what are the parameters for who they choose?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/73gyr9/eli5_why_do_people_hateactively_avoid_jury_duty/
|
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"Because it's inconvenient. You don't get paid for the time you're there (aside from a very small stipend for lunch), so if you're paid by the hour, that's a day (or more, if the trial lasts longer than that) of wages lost. If you're a stay-at-home parent, you have to arrange child care. If you work a non-traditional job (such as overnight shifts), it throws your entire schedule out of whack.\n\nIt's also really boring. For every salacious, interesting trial, there are a million really boring trials over things like contracts. And that's before you even get to the trial: jurors for a case are chosen out of a pool. The court may call 20 people in and only use 12, so the rest of the people sit there all day waiting to find out if they're going to be called only to find out they're not. Call-ups can sometimes last days too - before you find out whether or not you're going to be needed or not. I've been called up twice and was asked to serve neither time, but still had to spend eight hours a day (for two days on the second call-up) twiddling my thumbs and waiting.\n\nIt's a really important job, but it's also one that most people would like to avoid as much as possible. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3aqq1b
|
can someone explain why a rotating 4d tesseract looks so warped?
|
Example: _URL_0_
When rotating a 3d cube, the 2d sides get warped but our brain ignores the warping and just sees a 3d cube getting rotated, but why doesnt our brain comprehend the 3d cubes being warped?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3aqq1b/eli5_can_someone_explain_why_a_rotating_4d/
|
{
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"csf25r5",
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15
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"text": [
"You're used to seeing 3D objects and your brain has lots of practice interpreting the perspective in 2D images of them. You've never seen a 4D tesseract and you never can, so your brain has no basis for interpreting the effects of perspective in an image of one.",
"[Check out this 2D projection of a rotating 3D cube.](_URL_0_) Try really hard to forget that it's a picture of a 3D object. Just look at the 2D shapes moving around. Those poor, poor squares! They look so warped! All overlapping and intersecting in weird ways I can't even understand. Nothing like squares are supposed to be. How is any of that supposedly \"perpendicular\"? Where are the right angles?? It's crazy, I tell ya.\n\n_URL_1_ does a really good job of illustrating this."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesseract.gif"
] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.unige.ch/sciences/biochimie/Edelstein/rotating%20necker%20cube.gif",
"http://www.fourthdimensionapp.com/"
]
] |
|
45txv9
|
why does diesel fuel have such a high freeze point compared to gasoline.
|
So the freeze or "gel" point of diesel is around 14 (-10c) degrees Fahrenheit but the freeze point of gasoline is -56 (-50c) degrees Fahrenheit. Why is this ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/45txv9/eli5_why_does_diesel_fuel_have_such_a_high_freeze/
|
{
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"d004sgj"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"They're different chemicals. You can't get a proper answer to \"why do chemicals have the properties they do\" within the scope of ELI5: there's a reason it takes years and years to learn chemistry.\n\nBut there is a pretty good rule of thumb, that bigger and heavier chemicals tend to melt (and boil) at higher temperatures than smaller and lighter ones. Gasoline (mostly C8H18) and diesel fuel (~C12H23) line up pretty well with this rule."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
25qyy1
|
why does everything seem to move slower when you get an adrenaline rush?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25qyy1/eli5_why_does_everything_seem_to_move_slower_when/
|
{
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"chjy4ma"
],
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],
"text": [
"Part of your fight or flight reaction involves cutting down brain activity to a bare minimum. All the advanced thought processes go out the window - you just act, rather than thinking first. Since your thoughts are moving faster, everything else seems slower in comparison. This generally results in people making a lot of bad decisions (since they don't think through them), but they come to a decision much more quickly than they otherwise would. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3ud6cq
|
why do we measure an earth day as 24 hours when it's four minutes shorter? doesn't this actually slow down our days/years?
|
_URL_0_
I was comparing Mars and Earth days and remembered that an Earth day is 4 minutes shorter than 24 hours. So, if you multiply that 4 minutes by each day (365.25) you'll get just over 24 hours as your product. So with each passing year are we just creating/skipping a day?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ud6cq/eli5_why_do_we_measure_an_earth_day_as_24_hours/
|
{
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"cxduswi"
],
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],
"text": [
"There are two different types of days.\n\n**Sidereal Day**: How long the rotation of a planet takes compared to fixed stars. On Earth, this is 23 hours and 56 minutes.\n\n**Solar Day**: The time it takes for the planet to revolve once relative to its star. On Earth, it is 24 hours.\n\n\n\nBasically, because the Earth moves around the sun throughout the day, it contributes to its rotation relative to the Sun, since it is on a circular path around the sun. Imagine a planet which did not rotate if you looked at it from above the star system, but orbited a parent star. A throughout the year it will have the star shining on it in different places. A sidereal day on such a planet would be infinite but a solar day would take up a year.\n\nYour calculation makes sense because as shown in the example above, one solar rotation is completed every year, so 24 hours since that is how long one rotation takes.\n\nIt has absolutely nothing to do with leap years, leap years deal with the .25 at the end of 365.25.\n\nEdit: More clarification and I am bad at math."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://mars.nasa.gov/allaboutmars/facts/"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
bbee4p
|
why it doesn't make any sound when a particle's wave function collapses?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bbee4p/eli5_why_it_doesnt_make_any_sound_when_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ekib5fe"
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"score": [
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],
"text": [
"When a wave function collapses, nothing actually changes. Remember Schrodinger's Cat - a particle's wave function defines it to be in multiple possible places, so, before you observe it, you can act as if it's in all these possible places at once. But opening the box doesn't kill the cat. It was already alive or dead before you opened the box, you just didn't know it.\n\nSound is a large, macroscopic vibration in the air. Creating sound requires kinetic energy, directed in such a way that it makes stuff vibrate. It's debatable whether wave functions collapse at all. But even if the Copenhagen interpretation is correct, it doesn't release kinetic energy in the process."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
8kruw8
|
what js the difference between unconsciousness and sleep?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8kruw8/eli5_what_js_the_difference_between/
|
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"Sleep applies to the body (including your mind). \n\nUnconscious is something you associate with your brain (and nervous system). For example lot of things we do unconsciously while being awake like when we are driving or dancing or yawning. \n\nAlso, the body circulation etc is completely different when you're asleep. The hypothalamus changes the way the autonomous nervous system works when you're asleep.\n\nAlso, there is Lucid Dreaming where people become Conscious while dreaming, so some stages of sleep don't require unconsciousness. There is a lucid dreaming sub; they might have better answers.",
"Imagine your brain is an office building.\n\nDuring the day, when you're awake, all kinds of stuff is going on. During the night, much less is going on, but there's still a regular schedule for who's supposed to be there overnight and what's supposed to be happening. There will still be security guards on duty, janitors cleaning, and probably some office workers working during the night. That's what being asleep is like. It's something your brain does intentionally. It's scheduled, and your brain has certain maintenance work scheduled for sleep time.\n\nUnconsciousness is more like \"there was a fire in the building and everyone has been evacuated.\" A lot of the normal stuff your brain does while asleep is not happening. ",
"So, what’s the difference between unconsciousness and death? Besides not waking "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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||
21ur2v
|
firing a rifle at the speed of a bullet?
|
Take a .308 or something, doesn't really matter...
However what would happen if you were to fire it whilst travelling the speed of the projectile?
Thanks
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21ur2v/eli5_firing_a_rifle_at_the_speed_of_a_bullet/
|
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"text": [
"Let's use round numbers to make it easier. Let's say the gun is travelling at 1,000mph (relative to the ground). This means the bullet is also travelling at 1,000mph while it's still in the gun. If you fire the bullet, and it travels at 1,000mph relative to the gun, it will be travelling at 2,000mph relative to the ground.\n\nEDIT: To make this interesting, if you fired the bullet in the above example backwards from the direction the gun is travelling, it would drop straight to the ground because the forward motion of the gun and the opposite motion of the bullet would cancel each other out.",
"Well, in an ideal circumstance, the bullet would either travel twice as fast, or stop in midair. Either way, the change is only relative to a stationary viewer. From the point of view of the shooter, the bullet would essentially behave as normal.",
"At the moment of firing the bullet would be going twice as fast as its unboosted counterpart.",
"The \"muzzle velocity\" of a gun is the speed at which the projectile will come out. This speed is relative only to the gun itself.\n\nRemember, life is no video game; motion is relative. Moving at a million miles per hour is the exact same thing as being still, because \"motion\" is a relationship between two objects, not a property of one.\n\nLet's say the muzzle velocity of your gun is 2000MPH. If you fire it, the bullet will look like it's going 2000MPH, whether you did it from the ground, a train, a spaceship, or whatever else.",
"The muzzle velocity will be approximately twice its normal speed, but air resistance will slow the bullets down. It is possible (and has happened) that a fast-flying fighter jet has hit itself with its own bullets due to this: _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.aerofiles.com/tiger-tail.html"
]
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|
4i2tb3
|
how much influence does the president have over the fbi?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4i2tb3/eli5_how_much_influence_does_the_president_have/
|
{
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"text": [
"To some degree, the FBI is independent of the Office, the director of the FBI is appointed to a 10 year term, to reduce the power the president has over the FBI. Long term appointments like given to Hoover will never happen again.\n\nThen there's the reality that the FBI still needs the president and congress's support to get funding and legislation, so that does have some limitations to the power the FBI has."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2g5gxw
|
why is the english monarchy so famous, compared to other monarchies? (incl. other european monarchies)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2g5gxw/eli5_why_is_the_english_monarchy_so_famous/
|
{
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"ckftp3w"
],
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"text": [
"Britain is famous to Americans because America was founded by former British subjects. American schools tend to only really teach history that is relevant to America, even world history. Our founding fathers based a lot of their principles on Greek and Roman principles, so we learn about ancient Greece and Rome more so than, say, ancient China or India. Same applies to Britain- most people in the United States were British when it was founded, so we focus on learning more about Britain than other European countries.\n\nThis is how it was when I was in primary and secondary school. My wife is a social studies teacher and says it's changing to include a more balanced curriculum, which is awesome. Go watch Crash Course World History on YouTube if you really want a brief history of everything. Shout out to John and Hank Green!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
a1e8hi
|
why is it difficult to notice english words being said in the midst of a sentence spoken in a foreign language?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a1e8hi/eli5_why_is_it_difficult_to_notice_english_words/
|
{
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"text": [
"It is? In my experience they stick out more than anything. My example being a foreign song with 2 or 3 random English words or phrases.",
"It has to do with how you pronounce words and therefore how you hear them.\n\nWords aren't discrete when you're speaking. For example, the previous sentence might sound more like \"Word sarn discree twen you're speakin\". Think of you you'd pronounce these pairs:\n\n* car switch / car's which\n* fine dangle / find angle\n\nIf you listen to yourself say each pair, you should be able to hear a very slight break between the words on the latter of each set. That's because you **have** to put that break in or else no one would ever be able to tell the difference between those sets of words. Your brain does this automatically ever since you learned to speak. Native speakers can't help but do it.\n\nSo your question leads me to think that you are thinking along the lines of words on a page where you'd get something like this:\n\n* je pron avec pour cabbage vouz enfant\n\n(the english word jumps out from the French gibberish - note that the French is literally gibberish in this example) \n\nIn reality, what you really hear is:\n\n* jepro ave'pork abba jevouz enfan\n\nYou can't hear the word \"cabbage\" because it's been merged into the others."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
dw92ne
|
you know those times when you enter your password in a website, it tells you it's wrong and asks that you reset it, but tells you that you cannot use your old password as your new password? what's all the confusion?
|
I design computer software, but I do not have experience working with databases or online forms, so this confuses me a lot.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dw92ne/eli5_you_know_those_times_when_you_enter_your/
|
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"text": [
"Step 1: Ask user to login\n\nStep 2: Compare user password to stored password. If true = login, IF false go step 3\n\nStep 3: Tell user password wrong, suggest re-entry or reset. IF re-entry, go to step 1. If reset, go to step 4.\n\nStep 4: Ask user to give you new password. \n\nStep 5: Compare new password to old stored password. If match, tell user \"cant use old password as new password\".\n\n\nBasically, in interest of safety it says that when you change your password (for whatever reason), you can't re-use a previous password. Thats it. No confusion. Its literally a \"dont reuse old password\" thing.",
"The confusion is that you entered your current password incorrectly, but then either entered it correctly when changing a password, or used a password that was even older that gets rejected.",
"This one is easy. What about uber payment methods? I went nuts the other day when I tried to rent the scooter through uber app. I had credit card set as my patment method but the card got recently outdated. So I tried entering the new card and an error occured „you already have a credit card assigned to your Account”. So I try deleting the old card but then it says „you cannot delete your only active paying method”. So I was in a loop. Could not Enter new card, nor could I delete the old one. Still haven’t figured what to do.",
"There is no confusion. You're mixing up 2 different topics. First is password authentication. Does the entered credential match the stored credential? It does not. If this user truly is the user they say they are, then they'll need to reset their credential.\n\nHere's the next part called credential complexity and history policy.\n\nComplexity: what is the minimum complexity that a new credential that would be acceptable? 12345 should not be a secure password. Neither would abcde, username, etc. Common complexity requirements like 6 characters, at least 1 uppercase, at least 1 numeric, no consecutive repeating characters. \n\n\nHistory policy: to ensure the user doesn't just flip-flop between their 2 favorite passwords, you need to store the hash of the previous passwords. In corporate security, it's not uncommon to store as many as 10 previous hashes. This forces user to come up with new passwords."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
1nmcua
|
why do teachers with an mba 'have' to be paid more?
|
So naturally I'm aware that having a degree of any kind will help someone obtain a better paying job however (and I'm just using teachers as an example here, really this goes for any industry) I always hear people saying things like "My daughter wants to get her MBA but if she does no school will hire her because they'll have to pay her more.".
Is this just an assumption people make or is there some legitimacy in that statement, like do companies legally have to pay someone more money based on what type of degree they've obtained? I've never heard of anything remotely close to the idea that a company hiring someone with an MBA absolutely must pay them some kind of minimum salary.
TDLR: Is there a legally enforced pay scale for employees who hold a associates, bachelors, and masters degree and if there is where can I read up on the subject?
Edit:This is a lot of great info on teaching but can anyone offer insight as to other industries?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1nmcua/eli5_why_do_teachers_with_an_mba_have_to_be_paid/
|
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"With teachers specifically there is a pay scale negotiated between the union and the school district, and often this scale calls for a higher salary for higher levels of education. [Here](_URL_0_) is the pay scale for the Houston Independent School District. You can see that they periodically get raises based on seniority, as well as better pay for more advanced levels of education. [Here](_URL_1_) is a similar schedule for Chicago public school teachers.\n\nIn non-unionized work there is no pay scale that requires people with MBAs or other masters degrees to be paid more, but it is a common assumption that someone with an advanced degree will have higher salary requirements than someone with a bachelors degree simply because their level of education is higher and, presumably, their expertise and abilities are greater.",
"The teachers' unions typically negotiate increased pay for advanced degrees into their contracts.",
"When you work for the government (I don't know in your country but in mine, almost all teachers work for the government), there're a pay scale based on three main variables : education level, years of seniority and their actual responsibilities.",
"You have to remember that teachers are educators. In theory, the more educated they are, they more they can teach you. All public school teachers in the US have to have their bachelor's degree, although some urban schools allow people to teach who are currently working on their degree. In community colleges, all the teachers have at least a master's degree. In universities, most people who teach are professors who have their PhD or students who are working on the PhDs (or experts in a field). In the field of education, it makes sense that education is heavily valued. What people said about unions is true, but, of course, unions don't make that agreement in all fields. For example, there are hospitality unions for people who work in hotels. They don't make more for having a higher education because that doesn't really translate to doing a better job. The same is true for supermarket unions. Teachers are different. They are in a field promoting education and educating people... so it follows that the more education they have, the more valuable they should be at that. The more educated they are, the more they get paid. It's not always financially worth it for them to further their education, though. They might earn $2,000 more a year with a master's, but a master's degree could cost up to $50,000 plus interest, depending on where they go. You'd have to work 25 years to pay off that difference! "
]
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|
1ry24c
|
the dune storyline
|
Edit: I know it has loads of characters/history spanning 6 books, so I certainly don't need everything explained. I'm just having trouble understanding the basic synopsis of the Dune story.
Edit 2: Sorry if I'm making this more complicated than it needs to be. I just want to know what Dune is about. Not every plot point or character...just a simple explanation.
Or in other words: how would you explain it to someone who has never read it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ry24c/eli5_the_dune_storyline/
|
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"Can you be a bit more specific? \n\nEdit: I'll give a \"brief\" synopsis.\n\nSetting: An imagined universe (ours) way, way in the future. Humans created artificial intelligence (AI), but this led to all sorts of problems including a massive war. After the war, rules were made so that no one would be allowed to recreate AI -- people could still have machines and electronics, just nothing that did thinking for humans. Because of this ban, human talents were trained up -- for example, instead of computers, humans were trained to do computations and the like. Other talents are developed, such as limited prescience (ability to predict the future).\n\nHumans have colonized many planets and over the years the political system has evolved into an empire comprised of several houses (familial rulerships). House Corrino is the house of the current emperor. House Atreides is the house of the protagonist, Paul Atreides. House Harkonnen is the house of the primary antagonist, Baron Harkonnen. House Atreides has a long standing feud with House Harkonnen. There are other factions that play important roles: the spacing guild, the Bene Gesserit, and the Fremen. \n\nThe most important product in the entire universe is the spice Melange (hereafter known as the spice). The main reason is because it's what the spacing guild navigators need in order to facilitate space travel -- the spice heightens their mental capabilities and allows them to fold space (instantaneous space travel). Without spice, there would be no long range space travel. The spice comes from only one planet: Dune. Dune is a desert planet -- harsh, unforgiving, and largely revolves around water as it is almost completely a desert planet.\n\nStory: House Harkonnen has been in charge of ruling Arrakis (the planet known as Dune) for many years. The Emperor then orders Duke Leto Atreides to take over ruling the planet -- the Harkonnens are meant to leave peacefully for the Atreides to take over. Because of the feud and because the Harkonnens have a long history of being devious in the political arena, Leto and others suspect that the Harkonnens are laying a trap for them -- surprise, they are. Bigger surprise: the emperor is in on it. \n\nHere's where it gets a bit complicated. Motivations going on here vary. \n\nFor the Harkonnens: 1) Money. Mining the planet for spice is ridiculously rewarding. Think way more money than the most expensive precious material we have on earth. Harkonnens do not want to give up this revenue stream so easily. 2) Political gain. By taking out the Atreides and working with the emperor, they stand much to gain in the political arena. The emperor has no heirs so it would be entirely possible for a Harkonnen heir to ascend the throne. \n\nFor the emperor: 1) Political gain. House Atreides was gaining immensely in power and popularity and the emperor wanted to prevent any loss to his own power. 2) Military gain. The emperor controls the most elite and effective military in the universe (and feared throughout), but the Atreides were starting to approach that level of training and expertise. The emperor saw this as competition and wanted that element eliminated. \n\nSo the Harkonnens leave Dune, and the Atreides take over. The Atreides know it's a trap and are trying to prepare accordingly. One of their plans involve Dune's native populace: the Fremen. The emperor and the Harkonnens have written off the Fremen as a small population and not to be worried about but Duke Atreides believes differently and opens up relations with them. \n\nEventually the trap is sprung -- the emperor lends his special troops to the Harkonnens (disguised in Harkonnen uniforms) and the Harkonnens have a traitor in House Atreides (someone very close to the royal family); House Atreides falls with relatively little resistance. The Duke's son Paul and Paul's mother (Jessica) escape into the desert. House Harkonnen takes over Dune again.\n\nPaul and Jessica find refuge with Fremen. As it turns out, Paul's father Leto was right in that the Fremen population is much bigger than ever imagined. The Fremen are also highly, highly religious. The Bene Gesserit, an organization to which Jessica is a part of, has planted seeds of a savior prophecy -- to the Fremen, it is something they are waiting for, to the Bene Gesserit, it is something that a future Bene Gesserit may use in order to gain allies/power/help/etc. Jessica and Paul capitalize on this prophecy.\n\nPaul turns out to be not an ordinary young man. While there is much, much more to that, suffice to say he is the product of a long, long genetic breeding program to basically produce a super human -- one that has incredible powers of prescience. His latent abilities are awakened by the events that unfold on Dune.\n\nGenerally, Paul is motivated by revenge. He begins working with and leading the Fremen to overcome Harkonnen rule. He learns the secrets of Dune and the spice. Dune's deserts are home to massive, massive sand worms, and the spice is (in a simplified sense) a by product of their waste. Paul discovers that he can destroy all spice production -- this would mean no space travel going forward, ever. \n\nSo Paul bides his time, trains the Fremen (who were already good fighters) in advanced fighting techniques, and builds up supplies. Eventually he organizes a huge battle and routes the Emperor's and Baron Harkonnen's forces. In the end, he leverages the fact that he has absolute control over the spice -- since he can destroy 100% of all future production, he effectively has total control over it. With this leverage, he installs himself on the throne and becomes the new emperor of the known universe.\n\nThis was a *huge* simplification, but I can try to answer any questions you have.",
"different nations (houses) want the spice. the spice is a mineral that is needed for long distance space travel. the spice is only found on the planet dune. the planet dune is dangerous and has natives that don't like the spice miners but have a prophesy that their saviour will come and if might be the prince of one of the nice houses. that's all i remember. good movie for it's time, but kinda hard to watch now. ",
"The *complete* storyline trough all 6 books? Maybe even the 15 or so Brian Herbert & Kevin J. Anderson extention and overall arching conclusion? That's... faaaaaar above the level of any ELI5 and you'd be better off reading the summaries on Wikipedia.\n\nVery basically, it's politics in an intergalactic empire that all revolve around the *spice*, which enables interstellar travel and generally enhances humans who consume it regularly. The whole story arch spans a few thousand years and multiple generations in the course of six books and is *the* defining epic of the science fiction genre in the same way *Lord of the Rings* was for fantasy.",
"I'll recount an earlier post I made about the start of the whole Dune storyline:\n\nThe major parts of the economy in the Dune universe is controlled by one super-corporation called CHOAM (Combine Honnete Ober Advancer Mercantiles) which in turn is ruled by the Emperor and the Great Houses (through the Landsraad). \n\nHouse Atreides is up-and-coming in the Landsraad and the Emperor feels threatened and recruits House Harkonnen to make a indirect power-grab of CHOAM and through that the spice trade.\n\nThe importance of spice is two-fold: the most popular use is to become very old so it's used by the rich (such as the Great Houses) and commands a very high price. The Bene Gesserit also use it as a means to delve into past memories of their ancestors.\n\nThe original series is a bit vague on the Butlerian Jihad but the aftermath basically boils down to \"We relied too much on computers a long time ago and it ended badly and we will not do that again\".\n\nPossibly slight spoiler, the Bene Gesserit doesn't implant \"entire workings\" of a religion but more of a framework to further their own future interests.\n\nI think I've been a bit vague but that was on purpose. Please read the rest of Frank Herberts Dune novels. Frank Herbert wrote \"big\", there where wheels within wheels and deep plots but the characters motivations are still central. \n\nThere are many like me that feels that the prequels and sequels that his son Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson wrote aren't that good. Basically it goes from \"what, that can't be right?\" to \"wtf, this is what you came up with as an ending???\" for the last book.",
"Quick Dune primer with fairly high-level spoilers:\n\n1. The future contains a feudal society where the noble houses vote in an assembly (Landsraad) balanced against the Emperor\n * Almost got wiped out by robots, so certain technologies (esp. complex computers) are banned and therefore people use workarounds\n * Shields make many simple weapons ineffective, and the the highest-tech countermeasures are so embarrassingly war-crime-ing-ly destructive that a lot of warfare is hand-to-hand.\n * Space travel is possible due to psychic pilots who guide the ships (spacing guild) who require spice\n * Semi-religious order of nuns (Bene Gesserit) consciously control/train much of their own bodies, can gain ability to talk to their own ancestors (requiring spice, female ancestors only) \n2. The Emperor of humanity appoints which noble house is responsible for reliably managing extraction of the drug spice (melange) from the planet Dune (Arrakis) \n * The planet is harsh and mostly-desert, the only source of the drug, which is expensive, addictive, slows aging, and required for reliable space-travel\n * Management is changing from house Harkonnen to house Atreides, who have a long and bitter feud of less-than-outright-war between them. Looks like a big gift, but is actually a bit of a trap because the Emperor wants to destroy the Atreides for being dangerously popular in the Landsraad.\n * The Harkonnens subvert a trusted Atreides insider and kill the reigning Duke (Leto), whose son (Paul) escapes with his pregnant mother (Jessica, Bene Gesserit)\n * Spice is harvested from the deserts of Dune, deposited there by a baffling process somehow involving massive and dangerous sandworms (Shai-hulud) \n * The badass desert-dwelling Fremen are the closest thing to natives of Dune, who worship the sandworms\n3. Paul must cope with exile and try to restore his house\n * Paul and Jessica join the Fremen and tries to integrate, his sister Alia is born\n * For centuries the Bene Gesserit have been trying to breed a sort of superman (Kwistatz Haderach.) Paul turns out to be it, except earlier than anticipated.\n * The Kwistatz Haderach can become able to access inherited memories from both genders, along with a limited ability to see the web of future possibilities (requires risky dosing with spice-related drugs)\n * With the extra badassitude, Paul leads the Fremen to attack both house Harkonnen and the Emperor\n * Paul becomes the new emperor, baron Harkonnen gets killed, Fremen sort-of-kinda own their own planet now\n"
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tbhcn
|
for every us dollar owned by someone, is there a physical banknote somewhere to back it up?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/tbhcn/eli5_for_every_us_dollar_owned_by_someone_is/
|
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"Ok, apparently people want me to elaborate.\n\nUS banks are allowed to do what is called \"fractional reserve banking\". This means that, if a thousand people have a thousand dollars at the bank, the bank does not actually have a million dollars there. They have some *percentage* of that (I don't remember the exact amount, but it's around 20%), and the rest of it the bank loans out to other people.\n\nSo you see how this happens. If a million dollars of physical currency is deposited into the bank, the depositors have a million dollars, *and* people taking out loans from the bank have $800,000. So there's that much more money around than there are actual banknotes to back it up.",
"No. \"...in December 2010 in the U.S., of the **$8.853 trillion** in broad money supply , only $915.7 billion (about 10%) consisted of physical coins and paper money.\"\n \nSay your mom (the central/reserve bank) gives you $10 dollars in coins. You put that money in a commercial bank. The commercial bank then uses your $10 to give a loan worth $100 (this is dependent on minimum fractional reserve set by the central/reserve bank - in this instance it is 10%). In a healthy economy, the $100 loan will be paid back with interest, and you'll withdraw $13 from the bank. In this instance, everyone wins, and it's why fractional reserve banking is a huge part of the world.\n \nWhen the economy isn't too healthy, and the person who took the $100 loan defaults, and there were no assets to be covered, your mom (the lender of last resort and central bank/federal bank) offers the commercial bank a loan to keep the commercial bank running. Eventually the economy is healthy again, and you can withdraw your $10 (and you could do so before, as the reserve bank has given the commercial bank enough money to do so). Or alternatively the economy crashes and everyone loses money and then debt is forgiven and the economy rebuilds\n \nObviously the analogy starts to break down, but I hope that helps. In the US, the Federal Reserve is the central/reserve bank, for reference.",
"The amount of physical money in existence is measured by MB. Broader measures of money are M0, M1, M2, M3, and MZM.\n\nWikipedia has the definitions of these different [measure of the money supply](_URL_0_).",
"Money is more than paper, it is also unit of agreed upon value. If you buy $50 of gas on your Visa, Visa doesn't actually have $50 that they paid the gas station, they pass on an unit of value digitally. You then pass on some minimum value to Visa and because most people can pay, visa can continue to pay gas stations and gas stations will keep trusting that the number on the screen Visa gave them is worth value. If Visa, the gas station or you started to not believe this digital transaction has value, it doesn't. It's just numbers on a screen and that's all money ever is.\n\nMoney is just a social agreement we make with each other, so money is whatever we say it is. We agree a properly printed piece of paper with the markings of a $20 bill is worth a value of $20. But that value only exists because we all agree it exists.",
"I'm sorry, I'm just chuckling that a few generations ago we were debating if there was gold to back up the paper money. Now we're wondering if there's *real life paper* to back up the ones and zeros."
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||
am2q2m
|
why is it acceptable to say "i'm going home" but not "i'm going work" or any other location ("i'm going supermarket", "i'm going paris")?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/am2q2m/eli5_why_is_it_acceptable_to_say_im_going_home/
|
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"In the context of \"I'm going home\", \"home\" functions as an adverb modifying the verb \"going.\" Compare with other adverbs such as:\n\n\"I'm going now.\"\n\n\"I'm going quickly.\"\n\nIt is not functioning as a noun in that sentence unlike \"work\", \"supermarket\" or \"Paris\" which require the addition of a preposition to make the sentence make sense.\n\nEDIT: For the skeptics, it's right in the dictionary:\n\n[_URL_0_](_URL_0_)\n\nHome, as an adverb, with a sentence like this used as a definitive example.",
"All of the things you've mentioned are perfectly normal in some areas of the UK. Gotta love regional differences.",
"I'm going to go for a different answer, and say \"Because\".\n\nHonestly? In my book, simply \"colloquial usage\". You can attempt to \"explain\" it in grammatical terms, but that's putting the cart before the horse. Grammar is an approximate model of the actual language as it's used - not some fundamental underlying truth about the structure of the language itself (which changes over time, or we'd all still be using noun case endings). In practice, not all actual language can always be shoe-horned perfectly into the current model. Sometimes the best (if not necessarily the most satisfying) answer is simply, \"That's the way it is\".",
"This reminds me of how Brits (and other dominion nations?) say \"After the accident, he was taken to hospital,\" while Americans would say \"he was taken to **the** hospital.\"",
"It is in some dialects of English. In my dialect of British English nobody would bat an eyelid at \"I'm going work\" or \"I'm going gym\". ",
"In Essex UK and a lot of the south it’s totally acceptable to say I’m going work or I’m going shop. Colloquial but not unordinary to hear.",
"I've noticed people from the British isles always say stuff like \"I'm in hospital\" and I've always found that interesting",
"I don’t know any Old English, but have some basis knowledge of Old Norse, which is close enough. I think you have kept that expression form the time you still had cases, so let’s take a look at another Germanic language that has lost its cases, Norwegian:\nIn modern Norwegian, you can say “Jeg skal hjem” (I shall [be going] home), but you can’t say “Jeg skal Paris” or “Jeg skal jobb”. However, in some dialects, Norwegian has still preserved the case form ‘heimat’, as in “Jeg skal heimat”. If you’re not familiar with the function of cases, it’s too big a can of worms to open now, so I’ll just simplify it and say that with the case form, the sentence may be translated as “I shall [be going] homeward”. That particular case ending is, AFAIK, only preserved in that one word, home.\nSo, I believe that you have been dragging your case ending for the word home much much longer then for the other words, and just lost it at some point, without noticing it, and just kept using the expression.\nAnyone who actually studied Old English, please correct me if I’m wrong.",
"I wonder if this usage is at all related to the French 'chez' which is also somewhat peculiar. \"Je vais chez moi\" instead of \"Je vais a chez moi\" ",
"Why do they say \"I'm going to hospital\" across the pond, instead of \"I'm going to the hospital\"?",
"It's English's version of the locative case -- a rather obscure grammatical function that some languages use to indicate location without any accompanying preposition. For example, in Latin it's used with cities, small islands, and a handful of words such as domus (home) and rus (outside). ",
"Maybe partially because \"Home\" is a concept and \"work\" is a place? I wouldn't say \"I'm going House\". ",
"I always justified it by assuming it was a truncation of the word homeward. It is from Old English meaning toward home.\n\n We shorten things so often for the sake of ease that I assumed this was no different.",
"Same in German \"Ich gehe heim\".\n\nInterestingly, it is not capitalized as is usual with nouns in German (the noun being \"das Heim/die Heimat\"), as in homeland.",
"I know in Latin, certain words like domus (house/home) or humus (ground/natural flooring) do not use prepositions in most cases where the ablative or accusative is usebecause it is usually implied what the correct preposition would be (I am (in) home/it is (on) the ground). I believe this might just be a carryover from Latin grammar. It is odd though that the other Latin words that do not use prepositions do in English.",
"In Hawaii you can say it this way in pidgin! I'm going store brah. What you like get?",
"Is nobody going to say anything about \"Look at Banner, Michael!\" Or, \"I'm going back to Army, Mother!\"",
"Home is like a direction in a sense \n\nI’m going North - if you replace w/ home it makes sense ",
"Home is much like a direction or general area. \"I'm going north\", \"I'm going outside\", \"I'm going up\", or \"I'm going back\" all convey similar things, without fully completing the information. Where are you going north to, outside of where, up what, back to where, etc.",
"Every other ELI5 post about language can be answered \"because languages evolved naturally and were not designed\".",
"When I lived down South (North Georgia / Western NC) I noticed that most of the guys at the end of the work day would say they were \"going to the house\".\n\nNot \"home\"\n\nNot *MY* house\n\n*THE* house\"",
"In Pittsburgh this is used for everything- \"I'm going over Tim's\", \"I'm going down Shelley's\", \"I'm going over Tom's house\", \"I'm headed over Greenwood St.\"\n\nIf you didn't know any better you'd think the city was full of incredibly accomplish high-jumpers.",
"Come to Birmingham, UK. We cut out joining words all the time here. ",
"You've clearly never been to North England.",
"Zen Answer \nHome is not a place, but a concept. \"Going home\" is itself a state of mind and presence.",
"My husband speaks like this. He says he's going gym. And yes, he's English. I've just learned to fill in missing words on my own.",
"I do say \"I'm going work\" \"im going stables\" \"I'm going shop\" and so on. And I'm English. Northerners back me up here?\n\nEdited- auto correct did gone wrong.",
"Talk to an Aussie? We make things shorter when you couldn’t possibly believe it could even BE any shorter haha \n\nObligatory: cunt",
"The grammatical reason is that in this specific usage, *home* is not a noun, but an adverb, modifying the verb *going*. It is called here an 'adverb of place'. Though *home* is surely the most common adverb of place, there are several others, such as *abroad, anywhere, downstairs, here, home, in, nowhere, out, outside, somewhere, there, underground, topside, upstairs, below,* etc."
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e5b6a0
|
a vinyl record spins at a constant pace, but since it's circular, the needle is moving across more material at the start of the album. does this mean they are recorded at different pitches throughout the album to compensate?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e5b6a0/eli5_a_vinyl_record_spins_at_a_constant_pace_but/
|
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"The outer bands have more bandwidth, but the recording device uses the same RPM notion as the player. Neither use the \"inches of groove past the needle\" measure.",
"It is always recorded spinning at the same constant speed, the same as it is played back, so it never changes.\n\nBut of course the further in it gets, the faster it gets to the center, but everything is at the same rate. \n\nThink of it like writing spiralled around a disk, except the words do not get stretched or compressed. Otherwise this would make it more complicated to record and playback which is unnecessary, because it would mean you would of course need the needle to change size and motor to slow increasingly as it moves further in, which of course not possible to do with the needle being a static unchanging object.",
"Well, traditionally records were recorded right onto a spinning disk. Just because of the way geometry works, the tracks closer to the center are more compressed.\n\nIf you were to somehow play the disk at a constant speed relative to the needle (surface speed), you'd notice the music would speed up closer to the center of the disk. However, since the recording and playback are done on disks of the same diameter spinning at the same speed, playback is perfectly 1:1 with the recording. \n\nWhile the inner tracks are technically more compressed and \"higher frequency\" from a linear perspective, it doesn't matter because playback is done the same way recording is. Same deal for tape; as you get closer to the end, the tape is moving faster because the take-up spool has a larger diameter. But since it was recorded this way, it plays back just fine. (though I think Phillips compact cassette is constant surface speed, as well as the various continuous-loop tapes like 8 track) \n\nI don't know if modern vinyl masters are created digitally, or by transferring digital audio to an actual spinning disk. Software could definitely generate a track pattern for a record, compensating for the different surface speeds, but I suspect it's just cheaper to use a real spinning disk.",
"Everyone is right here. But to answer the question more in depth...\nA master vinyl is etched using a much heavier etching head that has a tracking system to GO INWARDS at a constant rate. This is reflected In how the vinyl is played back except your needle follows the grooves and so is controlled by the grooves. The speed, 45 or 33 rpm, remains constant during master etching and final playback. Though technically you can (and do) master at lower speeds to improve quality.\nSo yes the outer tracks move faster and therefore have higher \"bandwidth\" or fidelity (even though these are different terms, they both apply)",
"The recording is done at the same speed as the playback so it sounds just fine, but as you get closer to the centre of the record, there's not as much vinyl track per second of music, so the fidelity does drop. \n\nThat's why on a lot of records that have been mastered with some thought, the tracks with a brighter sound (more high frequency content) tend to be closer to the outer edge of the record, because it's the high frequencies that become less possible to reproduce as the \"inches of track per second of audio\" value drops, as it's naturally going to as you get further towards the middle of the record.",
"Everyone else is correct. Just one small addition: A side effect of this is that you have better sound quality at the edge of the record, as the \"resolution\" is better there.",
"Geez, no one posted the Calvin and Hobbes that addresses this?!?\n\n\nEdit: here. \n\n\n_URL_0_",
"[Relevant ELIC](_URL_0_)\n\nYou may need to zoom in.",
"If the record groove was 'unwound' into a single linear track, and played at a constant speed, the pitch would gradually rise as the track progressed... surely?",
"Related fact: video discs coped with this by having two modes: constant angular velocity and constant linear velocity. A CAV disc recorded one frame of video per rotation, regardless of where on the disc it was. This meant that you could skip from frame to frame just by moving over one track. This was great for special effects like freeze-frame, slow motion and also for random access, in video games and image archives. \n\nBut it wasn't an efficient use of space: only 30 minute per side could be held. For movies, CLV was used where the data was packed as tightly as possible, and the number of frames per rotation was about 3 at the outer edge and 1 at the inner edge. More could be stored, but \"trick play\" was limited to chunky jumps and jittery freezes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://images.app.goo.gl/rgEjsTTzJGx4KvVs6"
],
[
"http://blogfiles.wfmu.org/CL/pix/calvin-dad-record-player-v.jpg"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
25g1hm
|
why does using electronics with a lit up screen before bed make it harder to fall asleep?
|
Growing up, I was always discouraged from using my phone/iPod/DS before bed and I never understood the science behind why it was a problem.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25g1hm/eli5_why_does_using_electronics_with_a_lit_up/
|
{
"a_id": [
"chgsmsw",
"chgsnnn"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"One of the reasons we get tired and fall asleep is because of [Melatonin](_URL_0_). Melatonin is a hormone found in almost all biological life. Now let's make this easy to understand. :)\n\nA long time ago when artificial light was not a thing human sleep was governed by night/day. When it became dark we went to sleep, and when it became bright we woke up. Melatonin is produced when it is dark. And it disappears when it's bright.\n\nTL'DR: When we are exposed to light the body does not produce a hormone called melotonin which makes us tired. So when it's bright all the time, we don't get tired.",
"Melatonin is a chemical your brain produces to help you fall asleep at night. Its production is inhibited by light, particularly blue light. Screens produce a lot of blue light, suppressing melatonin production and making it difficult to sleep.\n\nYou can reduce your exposure to blue light by wearing rose tinted glasses for an hour or so before bed; it may help you fall asleep."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin#Light_dependence"
],
[]
] |
|
2qmbq7
|
the "rules" on named brands on television and other media
|
Lately it seems like every franchise is free to make a casual remark to something like "LA Noire" or "Oculus Rift", yet years ago it seemed like no one was doing it and instead using names like "McDaniel's" or "Burger Queen".
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qmbq7/eli5_the_rules_on_named_brands_on_television_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cn7dt86",
"cn7e0g7"
],
"score": [
4,
6
],
"text": [
"They have always been allowed to make such references. But now they're doing it more because those companies are paying for the exposure. ",
"A tv character is free to say \"I'm drinking a Pepsi.\" But if that same character is walking around drinking from what is very clearly a marked Pepsi product, the tv show needs to get permission from the brand to do that. \n\nBasically you can reference a brand without issues with that company but if you see a copyrighted logo/product/packaging you need the company's permission. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2q7cq7
|
why don't we have claws like other mammals?
|
Claws are cool and I want to know why evolution skipped out on us...
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2q7cq7/eli5_why_dont_we_have_claws_like_other_mammals/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cn3j3e6",
"cn3jj9f"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"What do you think fingernails are?",
"Primates do not have claws because we lived in trees. Fingers are very good for grasping and holding on to branches. Claws would have gotten in the way of that.\n\nPrimates are too large to use claws as climbing tools. Our diet (mostly fruit and dead animals) did not require us to have the large, powerful claws that some large animals can use to climb (bears). \n\nAnd, no, this has absolutely nothing to do with using tools. We stopped having claws millions of years before we started using tools."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
ar1pc6
|
how can a sudden shock or electric current kill you?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ar1pc6/eli5_how_can_a_sudden_shock_or_electric_current/
|
{
"a_id": [
"egk4sng"
],
"score": [
31
],
"text": [
"Generally, electric currents kill by travelling across the heart. Your heart is controlled by a little bundle of cells called pacemaker cells - and these function by sending electrical signals through a bunch of different nerves that go off in different directions in the heart. The *ba-bump* of your heart depends on these electrical signals propagating at *just* the right speed, thus reaching different parts of the heart at the correct times, to properly have a heartbeat!\n\n & #x200B;\n\nNow, take this sensitive, carefully tuned system, and just fucking hit it with a sledgehammer. In this case, electrically. This tends to kill you."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2n10bj
|
why do people say 2 + 2 can be 5?
|
Like i've heard it and I've never heard a legit explanation
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2n10bj/eli5_why_do_people_say_2_2_can_be_5/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cm9d41g",
"cm9dash",
"cm9evyo",
"cm9g39y",
"cm9hdox",
"cm9pnxy"
],
"score": [
99,
13,
4,
39,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"A major part of the book '1984' by George Orwell is that the government controls all information to the point that they can reshape fundamental aspects of reality, such as redefining the result of a simple mathematical equation like 2 + 2.\n\nEdit: removal of, Shatner comma\n\nEdit 2: Book is available to read for free on Project Gutenburg Australia - _URL_0_ - in case anyone is interested.",
"When people are saying this, they're not referring to it as an equation but rather referencing the novel \"1984\" by George Orwell. The novel is set in a country where the government has complete control over the media, and thus, the people. They are so powerful that they could make the population believe that 2+2=5.",
"It depends what you're adding. 2 guys + 2 girls could equal 5 people if one of them got pregnant.",
"1984 and similar cultural examples as mentioned.\n\nAlso a rounding joke about the fact that 2.4~2, 2.3~2 but 2.4+2.3=4.7~5",
"thank you all for your responses, I got it now!\nMy first question in the sub as well",
"There are a few interpretations:\n\n* redefine 2 or 5 to have different values\n* redefine the + operator\n* use a different set if integers, like 1235...\n\nInteresting fact: 4 + 4 = 10 in octal, because the digits only go up to 7 (after 7 is 10). So you could make the (bad) move of dividing both sides by 2 to get 2 + 2 = 5."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100021.txt"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
74g9cl
|
why do some drivers veer left of right while going over a railroad crossing?
|
I see this on a regular basis. At least once a month I see someone veer enough that I think they are about to drop a wheel down onto the track.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/74g9cl/eli5why_do_some_drivers_veer_left_of_right_while/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dnxzt95",
"dnxzyrj",
"dnyi2m7"
],
"score": [
12,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"It distributes the rebound from the suspension by loading them at different times... so the car docent just hit them square on.",
"i have encountered varying differences in height between rail and road, and my car isn't in great condition, so i usually look for areas of more level crossing height. one rail crossing i used to drive over for work required a full car width veer to the left (so into the other lane almost) but allowed me to drive on road that wasn't worn down by millions of other drivers.\n\nbasically when the road is built it is all level and smooth (this spot likely was never done too any exacting standard though) but cars wear grooves in the pavement where the tires go. if these grooves lead into rougher road from freeze/thaw damage or a change to another medium (like a concrete patch between tar patches, or a rail crossing with hard angular grooves) you'll usually see drivers try to avoid that to save their car and tires unneeded stress. like going around a puddle in the middle of a well worn foot path by walking on the grass.\n\nbut your post implies they are purposely driving into the tracks so idk.",
"Heavy trucks have usually wore ruts in road right where your wheels would normally be, resulting in a bump as you cross. If you move left or right a foot or two, it will usually be smoother."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
6236so
|
why do over the counter pharmaceuticals (i.e. tylenol) split the recommended dose between two capsules instead of one?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6236so/eli5_why_do_over_the_counter_pharmaceuticals_ie/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dfjcf2f",
"dfjcr84",
"dfjeg8r"
],
"score": [
4,
4,
4
],
"text": [
"It usually recommends 1 OR 2 at a time. So... it's pretty obvious isn't it?",
"Because people under 50kg (adults and children) should only take 500mg of paracetamol as it is hepatotoxic. It's a lot easier than trying to judge half a capsule, to just have 2 x 500mg. ",
"I noticed that the ones that instruct two pills tend to have bigger pills. I figured it was because two smaller pills are easier to swallow than one huge pill."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
6fdfxx
|
if housing prices are ridiculously high like in sa, why do companies not just build a bunch of skyscrapers?
|
I've seen cities like SA where a bunch of homes take up a lot of space. Why not just build a load of skyscrapers with hundreds of rooms? Surely it's housing prices is just supply vs demand? So if demand is high just build more?
Why is no one building houses?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6fdfxx/eli5_if_housing_prices_are_ridiculously_high_like/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dihc91v"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Skyscrapers require several things to be built in an economically viable way. Several of these things, sometimes all of them, are not present in many areas even though there are plenty of people in those areas. Although it is certainly possible to build without these requirements, it tends to not work out so well and thus is not very common. SInce i am not sure what you mean by SA, i will answer in general terms and hope they apply to your question.\n\nFirst, to build seriously tall buildings, you need to have seriously solid ground on which to build. This means large slabs of solid and stable bedrock versus less solid and stable rocks and/or soils. This is why you find many cities that have many skyscrapers to be situated near the mouths of rivers and/or bays with sizable landmasses above the water level. The river has formed over time to its present state in part due to the large chunk of rock that is present there. If there were no rock, it would simply wash away the soil and you end up with marshes and swamps, similar to what you see in New Orleans with the Mississippi.\n\nSecond thing needed for skyscrapers is a ton of people who all want/need to be close to something or each other. In NYC, you have a limited amount of land, a central island, Manhattan, and a ton of commerce and economical activity. Manhattan island is itself a giant slab of rock as are portions of the boroughs that surround it. San Francisco is similar. Related to this requirement is you need these people who live in this place to be willing to have these structures built. Some people find them unsightly and not appropriate for their life-style and there government will not allow them.\n\nFinally, you need a ton of money. The cost of the building is far greater then what it would cost to build out the same square footage of smaller more traditional height buildings. The building itself has maintenance costs that those building will never have. Things like elevators and specialized exterior maintenance equipment are pretty much required if you go much over ten, perhaps twenty, stories. The biggest cost difference in cost is going to be the amount of design and planing needed along with the type of work you will need to do to construct it. There are many more workers in the construction trades that are capable of building smaller wooden and even brick structures compared to the number of tradesman who are available for the skyscrapers. The mechanicals in a skyscraper are far more complicated and because of the nature of the structure, require much more precision and planning then smaller building. It is not uncommon for a single person to finance and contract out the building of tens, or even hundreds, of houses at one time. Typically a skyscraper is built by a group of investors which might even themselves be large groups of people. This should give you an idea of the difference in cost between the two types of buildings.\n\nNice question BTW. There are several shows about the building of skyscrapers and there are plenty of books you can find. Most of my answers pull from those sources and i am sure there are other reasons to be considered. If your looking for more info, start looking into the history of buildings built in NYC and also the history of the skyscraper in general. The skyscraper is actually a relatively new technology when compare to wood and stone structures and it certainly has some interesting differences that are not obvious unless you understand what it take to put one together."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
61op9p
|
if climate change is happening, where does the water go?
|
Okay, so we know Climate Change is happening, I believe that, i know that. The polar ice caps are melting. This should mean *rising* sea levels. But we know that Climate change is also causing drought. While I'm not sure how we have both drought and rising sea levels, if we're in a "closed" atmosphere, does that mean the water is just in the wrong place? Or is it leaving our atmosphere?
I'm afraid I'm going to sound like a denier, I'm not, I just really don't know.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/61op9p/eli5_if_climate_change_is_happening_where_does/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dfg39cy",
"dfg3b6e",
"dfg55gn"
],
"score": [
3,
51,
5
],
"text": [
"When we talk about not having enough water, we are talking about drinking water. You can't drink water from the ocean (where melting ice caps go), and desalinization is very energy intensive. Eventually, the water cycle does bring that water back into useable form, but not fast enough, so we have drought.",
"Yes, water in the wrong place, basically.\n\nSea level rise is partly from ice on land melting, and partly from the water expanding a little as it heats. But sea ice is floating so melting it doesn't directly raise sea level, although it can unleash glaciers it was previously holding back.\n\nDroughts and floods are mainly down to shifts in weather patterns. Even if the same amount of rain falls worldwide, if it stops falling where it used to and starts falling where it didn't there are problems because all the farmers are where the rain used to be.",
" > but we know that Climate change is also causing drought.\n\nIn *some* areas. In others it is causing increased rainfall.\n\nGlobally, climate change is increasing temperatures. Locally, it is re-rerolling the climate dice, with often unpredictable results. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3knhp9
|
; christian, protestant, catholic & methodist honestly i never cared and i just want to know
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3knhp9/eli5_christian_protestant_catholic_methodist/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cuyvymt",
"cuz85ef"
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text": [
"Christian is the largest of these umbrellas. Basically, anyone who believes that Christ is the Son of God and (usually) the Second Person of the Trinity. \n\nUnder this umbrella, you have Catholic & Protestant (and also Orthodox, but you didn't mention that). These are *sects* of Christianity, varying on such things as the nature of Christ, the means of salvation, authority of the Pope, what \"grace\" means, the role of Mary, Jesus' mother, and other topics. To non-Christians, many of these differences seem insignificant, but to Christians, they're really, really, significant. Catholics and Orthodox can trace their \"lineage\" back to the Apostles. Protestants of all varieties cannot. They \"Protested\" the Catholic Church. The Protestant movement started with Martin Luther (not King) and continued with Henry VIII and broke down from there into about 35,000 different flavours of Protestantism. \n\nMethodist is one of these Protestant flavours. These are a breakaway group from Anglicanism focused on the theology of John Wesley. They adhere to many of the early Church creeds, and recognize two sacraments, but deny the authority of the pope. Unlike some Anglicans, they also deny predestination, the idea that God decides or *destines* some for heaven and hell, regardless of their actions. \n\nDoes that help clarify things? \n\nSource/Bias: Am Catholic.",
"Catholics: Have 7 Sacraments (Baptism, Confirmation, Communion, Reconciliation, Marriage, Ordination, Healing). Believe one is saved by God's grace justified through faith in Christ and good deeds. Believe that the Bible and official pronouncements made by the Church through Ecumenical Councils are of equal authority. The Catholic Church has had 21 Councils\nEastern Orthodox: Same as above but only agree with the first 7 of the Catholic Church's Councils.\nOriental Orthodox: Same as above but only agree with first 3 Councils.\nAssyrian Orthodox: Same as above but only agree with first 2 Councils.\nProtestant: Have two Sacraments or Ordinances (Baptism and Communion), and some denominations have a third-the washing of feet. We are saved by God's grace justified through faith alone. Good deeds are not a means by which we are saved, but only an indication of sufficient faith. Believe that the Bible alone is authoritative (although Methodists do have some regard for church tradition, as well as one's own conscience). Although Protestants don't recognize Councils as having equal authority to the Bible, most of them accept the Creeds of the early Councils that are summaries of basic Christian faith (such as the Nicene Creed).\n\nMany Protestant denominations are named after their polity, or organizational structure. For example, Presbyterians are organized through Presbyteries, Episcopalians are organized through an Episcopal polity of Bishops and Dioceses, and Congregationalists are organized through informal associations of autonomous Congregations. Other denominations, such as Lutherans and Reformed churches might also use the above polities. For example, the Reformed Church has a Presbyterian polity and they also share all of their Confessions of Faith (Westminster, Dordt, etc) with the Presbyterians, the difference between them is the Reformed adopt a Presbyterian polity because they feel it is the most convenient polity, and Presbyterians adopt it because they believe it is mandated by Scripture. Catholics, Orthodox, and Episcopalians all have an Episcopal structure and believe that this structure is mandated by Scripture. Catholics have a Papal-Episcopal structure (where the head is the Pope), Orthodox have a Patriarchal-Episcopal structure (where the head is the college of Patriarchs of national churches). Baptists and Congregationalists have Congregational structures and believe this to be the polity that is Biblically mandated (Baptists think only believing adults can be baptized, while Congregationalists will baptize infants).\n\nTheology of Protestants is usually either Calvinist or Arminian. One is defined by emphasis on predestination and God's absolute sovereignty, the other by our free will to accept Christ as our personal Lord and savior. Arminianism is the most common of the two, although Calvinism was the most common throughout most of Protestantism, and even the Catholic and Lutheran churches would agree more with Calvinism than Arminianism, because they also believe in a form of predestination. \n\nToday, these denomination's names don't mean very much. The Evangelical Lutheran Church of America is in full communion with the Episcopal Church in America and the Presbyterian Church-USA, but it isn't in communion with the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod. The Presbyterian Church-USA is in communion with some Lutherans and Episcopalians but not with the Presbyterian Church in America. So when a group that has a different theology and polity is in communion with another group with a totally different theology and polity, but not in communion with a group of the same theology and polity, then you can safely say that most of these groups no longer are concerned with the purity or soundness of the positions they take on these matters, and there is no longer much difference between them."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
jjnpn
|
why presidential candidates focus so much on iowa and new hampshire
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jjnpn/eli5_why_presidential_candidates_focus_so_much_on/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c2co03h",
"c2co03h"
],
"score": [
4,
4
],
"text": [
"Somebody correct me if I'm wrong, but I believe those states are the first two to have primaries - when the party members of the state choose who they want to be the national presidential candidate. \n\nThere's so much attention on them because it might give some clue as to how voting in the other 48 states might go.",
"Somebody correct me if I'm wrong, but I believe those states are the first two to have primaries - when the party members of the state choose who they want to be the national presidential candidate. \n\nThere's so much attention on them because it might give some clue as to how voting in the other 48 states might go."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
20o95w
|
why can't authorities use something like "find my iphone," or other means of mobile gps, to locate the missing malaysia air jet?
|
I understand that the plane went off the grid, and that the phone batteries have all probably died by now, but couldn't something like Find my iPhone or its super high tech equivalent map people's phones last know locations upon the descent, or where the phone was last alive after the plane returned to the ground? Anything?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20o95w/eli5_why_cant_authorities_use_something_like_find/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cg574i7"
],
"score": [
14
],
"text": [
"All those technologies work by having the phone receive GPS, then transmitting that location on the mobile data network to the carrier. \n\nFor that to work in this case, the phones would have to be on, transmitting, in range of a cell tower, and have compatible technology with that tower. So far, that has not happened. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
34ov9p
|
why does one single court ruling set a precedence?
|
Shouldn't it take more than one ruling in different courts to establish a decision that can be based off of nearly forever?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34ov9p/eli5_why_does_one_single_court_ruling_set_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cqwornx",
"cqwotng"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Common law is based(in part) on the principle of \"stare decisis\", which is to say that whenever a superior court decides a point of law, it establishes a precedent that inferior courts should follow in similar cases. This is designed to let people follow laws more easily - if you know what the law means from previous cases, you know what you can and can't do. Since the Supreme Court is superior to all other courts, a Supreme Court decision does, in principle, create a precedent that is binding nationwide. \n\nWorth noting, the above is only true in common law jurisdictions, which basically means ones that got their legal tradition from England. Most nations use a civil code system, derived primarily from Rome(though with a lot of French influence), which does not put nearly so much weight on precedent. ",
"Presumably the judge has done the due diligence to ensure that the the ruling is correct according to the relevant laws/constitutions, and it's assumed that any other judge would also come to that conclusion (since the law is not supposed to be subjective). \n\nSometimes precedents can be superseded though if/when another judge takes up a similar case and finds that the first judge erred. It happens all the time. \n\nWhen we say \"a precedent has been set\", we're saying that a judge has already answered this question in the past, and this is what they found. It's not infallible though. the precedent can be changed. \n\nIf you didn't allow a precedent to be set by the first judge to rule on such a subject though, you'd essentially be saying that the ruling was therefore faulty or unreliable. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1emozg
|
futbol/soccer teams, leagues, season dynamics, and all the different tournaments.
|
I'm utterly confused by this. In America, every sport has one major league, with a regular season and a playoff to crown a champion each year.
I'm trying to follow European soccer, and while I understand each country has their own league, apparently there are multiple instances where teams from different leagues play each other?
The tournaments (playoffs) have varying degrees of prestige and importance among them, and teams can be kicked out of leagues for being bad?
Please explain these dynamics, as I'm having a hard time understanding them.
Thanks so much.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1emozg/futbolsoccer_teams_leagues_season_dynamics_and/
|
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"Ok, I'll tell you about English football, but by extension this is roughly how most European football countries have their system as well.\n\nIn football there are various leagues, considered the most prestigious league in the world the [Barclays Premier League](_URL_3_) was created in 1992. It is considered the greatest football league in the world because of its ability to attract world class football players and managers. The teams in the premier league all play against each other over the course of a season, and try to accumulate as many points as possible.\n\n**A win = 3 points for the winning team, the losing team will get no points**\n\n**A draw = 1 point for both teams**\n\nNow once each team has played each other at both their home and away ground the team with the most points become the champions of that league for a year. They get a nice trophy, some cash to buy new players and bragging rights over the rest of the league. At the other end of the table, the three teams with the lowest amount of points (the teams who lost the most games) get relegated to the next league down called the [Championship](\n_URL_1_)\n\nThe Championship is different in many ways, the championship is slightly bigger (it has 24 teams playing in it whereas the premier league has 20) it is not broadcast on satellite TV as much so there is a lot less money in it and the teams who play in the league are for the most part not good enough to play in the premier league. However, they again play a season of football and the three teams who perform best, take the place of the three teams who performed worst in the premier league.\n\nThis set up of leagues promotions and relegations goes on right down to local league level. So this means (in theory) that given enough time and money even the lowliest team started in a small town can get promoted enough times to play in the Premier League. This brings us on to the [FA](_URL_6_). The FA or Football Association are the governing body of English football (each country has their own FA all goverened by [FIFA](_URL_7_.)) they oversee all complaints had by any clubs, sort out match fixtures, look at the transfers clus are making, they're essentially the headteacher of that countries football. The FA have something called the [FA Cup](_URL_2_) this is a cup in which every single team in England who are signed by the FA can enter. It is a huge and very prestigious tournament and a one of the greatest spectacles of sport. Simply because you can have one of the greatest teams in the world, beaten by a team punching well above their station *cough* City and Wigan *cough cough* \n\nThe FA cup is the only time that teams from other leagues play each other. Otherwise they all stick to their own leagues. \n\nEuropean football is governed by [UEFA](_URL_0_), each continent has a UEFA style of body. This body is responsible for overseeing all European football, they schedule matches for the [UEFA Champions League](_URL_0__Champions_League) and the [UEFA Europa League](_URL_0__Europa_League). Teams from the top tier (top league) of all European Leagues are eligible. The teams who finish in the top four of the respective countries top tier of football are automatically eligible and qualify for the Champions League. They play each other in groups of four, with the four teams within that group playing each other. The top two teams in each group then go to the knockout stages where a winner is eventually announced. The Europa League qualification is a little more complicated and something that I don't have much experience in, but you can read up about it on their wiki.\n\nAnd I think that's it, apologies if I got anything wrong or missed anything out. I know I talked a lot about English football but, at least for Europe, I think that they're all pretty much the same so you can just switch between Nations and still have the same basic set up. Any questions, ask away.",
"First of all you have to understand that each soccer league has hundreds of teams, therefore leagues are divided into different divisions (ex Italy's serie A, serie B, etc.) each year the worst teams of each division get relegated to a lower division, and the best get promoted to a higher division. There are also international tournaments like the champions league which is the most prestige of them all where the best teams of every league compete against each other. Each league also have a playoff like tournament (ex fa cup in England, copa italia, copa del Rey in Spain) which is played on a knockout (single elimination) basis. ",
"Like Thorian1990 says, on an international level there's the Champions League and the Europa League. As the name suggests, the Champions League is more prestigious; it has the beter teams competing and more money is rewarded.\n\nThe Europa League can be considered a Champions League for extras: team of very decent quality, but not good enough to compete with the very top. \n\nAnd at the very end/beginning of the season, there's a match between the winner of the Champions League and the Europa League, as well as a match between the winner of the Champions League and the winner of the South American Copa del Libertadores. ",
"_NB: Making huge generalisations for ELI5 - there are countless details, peculiarities or special cases not covered here._\n\n- each country has their own domestic league system or 'pyramid' - so called because their will be one top/elite division but far more teams playing at lower levels. Often at the lower levels the league system is geographically subdivided.\n- all teams in each division of the league will play each other twice (home and away), 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw. At the end of the season the points are tallied and the bottom 2-3 teams drop into the division below (known as \"relegation\"), replaced by the top 2-3 teams from that division (known as \"promotion\").\n- if you're in the top league where there is no higher division to be promoted to, that is where the pan-European leagues/cups come in. \n- the most prestigious is the UEFA Champions League... entry is [weighted by the relative strength of each country's league](_URL_0_), so the top 4 teams of the strongest leagues (English, German, Spanish) enter the UCL, whereas only the top 1 or 2 teams may enter from smaller/weaker leagues.\n- The next level down is the Europa League (previously known as UEFA cup), which is entered by the \"next best\" handful from each country's league. (So in England where the top 4 go into the Champions League, the 5th and 6th placed teams of the Premier League generally enter the Europa League).\n- This is slightly complicated by the fact that you can gain entry to these contests by other means - e.g. winning one of them the previous year or winning domestic cup competitions, or dropping out from the UCL into the Europa League - but such details are probably unnecessary for an ELI5 overview."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Championship",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"
],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League#Association_ranking"
]
] |
|
1ak7as
|
why do i need prescription glasses to see far away?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ak7as/eli5_why_do_i_need_prescription_glasses_to_see/
|
{
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"c8y5sjw"
],
"score": [
2
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"text": [
"Here you go. _URL_0_\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://i.imgur.com/gNI5bju.png"
]
] |
||
3ued8j
|
cold - big person vs small person
|
Hey, I live in a northern country and it gets really cold up here. I'm 6"4 and have a friend whos alot smaller than me. And I notice it doesnt seem that he get as cold as me. So has this something to do with the difference in bodymass?
Ps. I'm in the skies right now. Dont diss
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ued8j/eli5_cold_big_person_vs_small_person/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cxe516v"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It's more to do with body shape than body size, for humans anyway. If you are shorter and stockier, then most of your mass is further away from your extremities. If you are tall, then you have more surface area for your volume, and lose heat at a faster rate."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4j94ft
|
why does canned tuna have higher mercury content than sardines or salmon?
|
I was also reading that there's a recommended maximum intake for canned tuna, but there's no such maximum intake for canned salmon or sardines.
Other than taste, this seems like a no-brainer to go for either salmon or sardines, considering they have almost the same nutritional content and omega-3 fats.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4j94ft/eli5_why_does_canned_tuna_have_higher_mercury/
|
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"text": [
"Mercury tends to concentrate through a food change. Tuna has high mercury because tuna eat food that are high in mercury and the things tuna eat are high in mercury because they ate something high in mercury. ",
"Mentioned this in another thread today-- it's called [Bioaccumulation](_URL_0_). \n\nSmall fish eats something with mercury in. Maybe tainted plankton or something. It can't eat much, because it's small.\n\n\nBigger fish eats several of the small mercury-tainted fish, that mercury then gradually builds up in the bigger fish.\n\n\nTuna is pretty high on the food chain-- it has a lot of possible prey that it can consume and thus more possible sources of mercury. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioaccumulation"
]
] |
|
39tzvu
|
it seems like many packaged food items say 'may contain peanuts.' or a variation of it. what does this really mean?
|
My 15 month old threw up immediately after eating a peanut butter cookie and now I'm monitoring for when she eats anything containing peanuts.
Edit: Thanks all, this helps!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/39tzvu/eli5_it_seems_like_many_packaged_food_items_say/
|
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"text": [
"Typically it means they are not made in a nut free facility, therefore it is safer to say there *may* be peanuts instead of not disclosing it and being blamed for an allergic reaction. Better safe than sorry, because they don't want to be sued for not informing their customers. ",
"It usually means that though the product doesn't contain peanuts in of itself, however it's possible it may have peanuts in it from another source, for example the factory in which it's made might also handle peanut products, which means it's possible that peanuts or peanut dust might accidentally have made it's way into the supposed peanut-free product, and so it *may* contain peanuts.",
"It means it was manufactered in a factory that also produces products with peanuts in them and they cannot guarantee there is no cross-contamination.\n\nSo, a snickers would have a peanut warning cause obviously, there is a peanut in there. A mars might have a 'may contain peanuts' warning because it was also produced in the same factory as the snickers, perhaps even on the same equipments, and the company cannot guarantee that the mars is completely free of traces of peanut."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
feuo6c
|
debt system in the us
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/feuo6c/eli5_debt_system_in_the_us/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fjrlenh"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Americans are told to spend instead of save because its \"better\" for the economy. A lot of people live above their means and use credit cards to do it. People dont see the negative aspects of borrowing too much until it's too late"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
9jqxb6
|
how can the spin of an electron be measured? is this measurement 100% reliable?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9jqxb6/eli5_how_can_the_spin_of_an_electron_be_measured/
|
{
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"e6tk9zb"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"The [Stern-Gerlach experiment of 1922](_URL_0_) - charged silver atoms sent through a magnetic field - is enough to measure the spin. The Stern–Gerlach experiment showed that the spatial orientation of angular momentum is quantized.\n\nNo scientific measurement is 100% reliable, that's not the expectation. The spin on an electron is very well understood, and used in the design of modern electronics. Don't bet against it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Gerlach_experiment"
]
] |
||
17b19w
|
why is sata faster than ide if ide has more contacts?
|
SATA has 7 pins and PATA has 40. 40 > 7, yet SATA > PATA. What is this witchery?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/17b19w/eli5_why_is_sata_faster_than_ide_if_ide_has_more/
|
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"text": [
"Because the bits move a lot faster on the few lines of a SATA connection than of the PATA bus.\n\n**So why did we just make PATA faster as well (and get even more speed)?**\n\nBecause in parallel busses (this is how engineers call those type of connections) the data flows trough parallel lines at the same time (duh).\n\nIf the signal changes rapidly on one line, the signal on the other lines will be affected (just like you can hear another person shouting in the next room). Engineers call this *crosstalk* and it gets worse with speed, so it's better to get rid of the whole parallel setup and just have two pairs of data lines.\n\n\n**Bonus question: Why a pair of lines for each direction? Is a single line not enough?**\n\nA single line works, but can lead to problems trough external influences (we call this *noise*). If you have a pair, then you can use something called *differential signaling*. One of the lines transmits the data normally, the other transmits the data with a negative sign.\n\nIf you would transmit decimal values, then line A+ would transmit e.g. \"2, 3, 4, 2\", the other line (A-) \"-2, -3, -4, -2\". On the receiving end both signals are subtracted: \"4, 6, 8, 4\" (divide by two, you get the original signal).\n\nIf noise would happen during transmission (e.g. the noise in the form \"0, 2, 1, 0\") then this affects both lines the same. So the lines would transmit \"2, 5, 5, 2\" and \"-2, -1, -3, -2\". If you do the math you can see that after subtracting you get the original signal \"4, 6, 8, 4\" (again, you have to divide by two) without any noise.",
"I think it would help you understand if kept in mind that SATA stands for Serial ATA while PATA stands for Parallel ATA.\n\nIn serial interfaces the bits of information go one after the other in the same cable while in parallel contacts the information goes over several cables at the same time.\n\nIt may seem counter-intuitive that Serial interfaces are faster than parallel ones but it is often true in computing: SCSI < - > SAS (which is just Serially attached SCSI) or old parallel printer ports vs USB (Unversal Serial Bus).\n\nYou might imagine having lots of cars driving down a multi lane high way vs driving down a single lane road and conclude that you would be able to transfer more cars per second on a multi lane highway.\n\nIn electronics it is not that easy. In a parallel solution the bits must remain in synch and not interfere with each other (cars driving in formation and must not push each other of the road while doing so). At higher speeds this gets more and more difficult so that it ends up being easier after a certain point to just send the information sequentially on a single lane."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3hzo56
|
how does an organ work?
|
Was at a wedding in a church and got into a big discussion: how does a church organ work? I.e. The organist presses a key, then what is the mechanism/process that emits sounds from those huge pipes behind him?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3hzo56/eli5_how_does_an_organ_work/
|
{
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"cubzbhz",
"cubzdf7"
],
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3,
3
],
"text": [
"There is a pump that forces air through the pipes the individual keys open airways for each pipe. It's basically like playing a giant whistle where each key is attached to a different whistle.",
"The key depresses a lever, which lifts a flap inside the tube. Pressurized air behind the flap moves up the tube and comes out the holes at the top, vibrating the tube at the frequency for that note.\n\nToday, organs are powered by an electric engine that blows the air. Before electricity, bellows were used to keep the air moving, with cathedrals often requiring whole teams of people to make the organ play."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
56bks4
|
where does my money go during an electronic transfer when it is in neither of my accounts?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/56bks4/eli5where_does_my_money_go_during_an_electronic/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d8hvux7"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"It's still in the first account, that amount has just been placed on hold and is unavailable for use. Once they clear the transaction it is moved to the other account. The waiting period / need for validation helps protect against fraud, and shady stuff that could be involved if someone could instantly make transfers between dozens of accounts."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
5wdkde
|
when a retailer says for example "6.95 for shipping and handling", what exactly is "handling"?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5wdkde/eli5when_a_retailer_says_for_example_695_for/
|
{
"a_id": [
"de98oks"
],
"score": [
12
],
"text": [
"It means \"all the work we do getting your items ready to ship.\" For example warehouse work, or packaging, or paperwork."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2yjv04
|
what happens to the organs of a woman when she's pregnant?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2yjv04/eli5what_happens_to_the_organs_of_a_woman_when/
|
{
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2
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"text": [
"They get pushed out of the way as the uterus expands, but the abdominal cavity also expands to accommodate. Of course it gets uncomfortable later in the pregnancy, but usually (unless something goes wrong) there's no damage to anything.",
"they are pushed up and compressed into a smaller space as most diagrams of pregnant women will show if you search for them ",
"According to my wife, i don't want to know...."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
13r4v9
|
oil rigs
|
How do they work? Do they have some mega long tube from the surface of the ocean all the way to the sea bed to pipeline the oil? How is that tube made and installed in the sea?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/13r4v9/eli5_oil_rigs/
|
{
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"text": [
"I smiled when I saw this - I'm sitting in the directional drilling shack of a land based coil tubing rig on the Alberta border. My background for credibility sake: Canadian guy, currently employed as a directional hand across western Canada. Prior to this I've worked as a Floorhand on a large Triple, drilling 4500m gas wells. \n\nThe drilling rig, land or sea, is the equipment for drilling a hole in the earth. This includes generators, mud pumps, drill bits, fluid, drill pipe and all the assorted subs and connectors. Drilling is done by a drill bit, attached to a mud motor, then directional tool carrier, followed by heavy weight drill pipe and the rest of the drill string. As the drillbit is forced down by weight and rotation from up top, 10m joints of pipe are added one after another. All the while, drilling fluid is being pumped from holding tanks, down the center of the hollow drill pipe, all the way down where it is forced out the jets on the drill bit. This washes away the cuttings and carries them up to the surface where they are separated and the fluid goes back down. \n\nBased on a prepared well profile, the drilling rig is positioned on the lease (Sea based - floated to the target zone) and drills surface hole. Surface is the initial hole, not particularly deep - designed to be a foundation for the well. Once the hole is drilled, the bit is pulled out and casing is run down. Casing is simply steel pipe that reinforces the hole. For offshore, this casing is run from the rig floor down to the wellhead on the seafloor, then also cemented down into the earth. \n\nThey then switch to a smaller bit and carry on drilling. They continuously adding pipe as the bit works it ways deeper and deeper. Geologists are constantly analyzing the cuttings to see where they are in the formation, meanwhile guys like me analyze the signal being broadcast from the directional tool to see the azimuth and inclination of the drillbit. \n\nOccasionally, earth fights back. We call this 'taking a kick'. Perhaps the bit digs through a big pocket of gas, compressed at tens of thousands of psi. That pressure comes rushing up the pipe, and hopefully the crew can shut it in and burn it off. If not, the rig blows up. \n\nEventually the bit reaches its destination, is pulled out and more, smaller casing in run in and cemented in place. Production is then triggered by blowing holes in the pipe and letting the oil/gas come rushing up to the surface where it's collected and sent for refinement. \n\nJust in case,\n\nELI5: There is a big long tube from a floating platform to the seafloor. On the seafloor is a big valve called a BOP that can be closed if things go bad. A drillbit goes down the center of the long tube and slowly digs away, often for many kilometers. \n\n_URL_0_",
"Producing oil happens through several stages. First you have geologists find a good spot to drill. After that a *derrick* is put up (a derrick is basically a frame that can lift and hold really heavy things). If they are doing this over water you will generally need some kind of platform for the derrick to sit on, this will either require anchoring big legs into the seabed, or using a very heavy boat that doesn't move much with the waves. \n\nTo actually make the hole, they use a *bit* that will physically break up the rock, and attach pipes to it that let them pump mud through the bit (in order to push all the broken rock out of the hole). This part of the process potentially requires thousands and thousands of feet of pipe (enough to reach the total depth of the hole). The pipe has threads at each end allowing you to screw it together in 30 ft sections. \n\nOnce you have made the hole as deep as you want it, they pull all of the pipe they have in the hole out. They will then line the hole with slightly larger, thinner type of pipe called *casing*, this acts to strengthen the hole, and also as a seal to prevent oil in the hole from getting out, and water from the rocks you drilled through from getting in. The casing is also screwed together just like the pipe was. Depending on geology of the hole you have drilled, you might use casing for the entire length of the hole, or just certain parts. This casing is set in place by pumping cement to fill up the gaps between the casing and the hole wall. \n\nThe next part will vary a little bit depending on what kind of well you are making. For an oil well, usually they will use explosives to punch holes in the casing at very specific points in order to let oil flow into the middle of the hole (inside of the casing, everything else is still sealed on the outside). This process is called *perforating*. A second set of metal pipes called *tubing* may be run in the hole in order to make it easier to pull out the oil. At the top of the hole (called the *wellhead*) there will be a connection to a *pipeline*, which will allow the oil or natural gas to be pumped miles away to a place it can be distributed. "
]
}
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[] |
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[
[
"http://i.imgur.com/PC9GE.jpg"
],
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|
21sdby
|
mental illness seems to be a bigger problem than many realize. why doesn't the u.s. fund or prioritize mental health, especially when so much violence is connected to it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21sdby/eli5_mental_illness_seems_to_be_a_bigger_problem/
|
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" > than many realize\n\nThere's your answer. Until you can get the majority of people to realize the importance of it, you'll never get funding.",
"Culture of denial.",
"You can't even get people to support health plans for conditions they are aware of, it won't be easier to get support for what is lesser known.",
"Mental illness is publicly perceived as fundamentally different than a purely physical ailment despite the fact that many of them have an organic component. There is also stigma associated with the diagnosis as if having mental health problems is some sort of character issue. But basically it's just plain ignorance and a lack of compassion and will on the part of politicians and policy makers.",
"Treating mental health issues is a relatively new profession. In fact, some parts of the US have only had licensing requirements for mental health professionals since the 1980s. There is still quite a bit of stigma associated with seeing a mental health professional, and this will likely continue to be the case until treatment becomes more mainstream. It will take time for this to happen. Until the treatment of mental health issues is more widely accepted by the public, I would guess politicians will steer clear of it.",
"The prison industry would lose too much money so i'm sure they lobby against it.",
"the U.S. spend money for the good of its people based on scientific inquiry and findings without corporate lobbying pushing action?\n\nas a lifelong citizen of this nation i can tell you that is literally never going to happen. ",
"They closed down the asylums to create their so called drug war....",
"You can blame Reagan for that. He gutted the mental health system that we had. ",
"There are quite a few things in this thread I totally agree with: \n-there isn't a huge understanding of the brain and it's processes, it's very difficult because it's not exactly like we can cut people's skulls open and study them. It's considered \"unethical\" (I think it would be fascinating) and rats and other animals can only take us so far because we do have different brain structures. Other issues are that people are not having the same mental illnesses that they were having, what I mean is that there are generational differences between brain structures. Not huge ones, but little things. Think about how easy it is for a 20 year old to pick up on how to use a computer vs a 50 year old vs an 11 year old. Our kids brains are differently wired than the previous generations and part of it is that we are evolving and adapting. \n\n-stigma: this is also huge. The stigma against mental illnesses is crazy (pun not intended). 50 years ago if you said you heard voices, they'd throw you in an institution, now it's \"take this pill come back in two weeks if it doesn't work, or if you're doing something that's not right,\" we are part of the pharmacological assault on mental illness right now. It's so much cheaper and easier to give you a pill than realize that you are a human being with an actual problem. \n\nThe stigma with mental illness is that if something is wrong in your head, you can make it go away, the other problem is that you don't \"look sick\" with a mental illness and that is huge. I don't look depressed because I can make it to my job and to school but on the inside I feel like my brain is trying to rip me in two and I want to blow my brains out. Suicidal ideation is incredibly easy to hide, when you're not allowed to talk about it. If you don't look or act sick, then it's not going to get taken care of. That's a huge thing that a lot of people don't get about mental illness, they think that people who are severely depressed aren't going to get out of bed, or are going to wear all grey and black and mope around all day and some do, but others don't and are dying on the inside. Or they think if someone is schizophrenic that they'll be spouting off talking to imaginary voices. Most try to ignore the hallucinations if they have them. So because someone isn't acting sick or isn't acting like what they believe their version of a certain mental illness is, they won't get treated. It's very hard to come out and admit that they have an illness like that, because so many people won't believe, it honestly takes a lot. ",
"There's still a stigma (though a lot smaller than when I was growing up) with mental illness - it's as if people blame the sufferer for their ailment.",
"i would also say that a lot of people with mental illness have a really hard time advocating for themselves. its hard trying to fight a system when you are crushingly depressed/actively psychotic",
"Mental illness cannot be seen. It is not sexy. It is not cute, and due to the stigma that it must be the fault of the person, it doesn't seem like it's unfair and tragic. It's not easy to \"cure\" either. It's not good PR, basically. And yes..... this sucks, incredibly. I speak as a mentally ill person. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
6b9t88
|
what makes the trolleybus noise?
|
I have been a passenger in a Tesla once and I've been told the little sound it makes when accelerating is artificial to keep the driver awake.
But why does the Trolleybus make the buzzing noise even when standing idle in traffic?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6b9t88/eli5_what_makes_the_trolleybus_noise/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dhlu6kr"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The trolley bus has a REALLY big electric motor geared to its rear axle, like a locomotive or streetcar. They draw a lot of power, and they hum and buzz depending on how much throttle is applied. It makes many different, almost musical tones depending on the electric draw, known as hertz (Hz). They hum low at low speeds and when idle on a hill and quickly ramp up to high pitched tones when moving fast. \n\nThe Tesla has a much smaller and more modern electric traction motor that runs quietly enough that for safety reasons they use speakers to make a fake hum for blind and oblivious people to notice its presence.\n\nTLDR, did my best to explain it to a 5 year old why electric motors hum on the bus but not in a Tesla."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1hxyq1
|
why is it that when i see a .gif like this, i can actually "hear" it?
|
[For example, when i see this .gif, i can hear the boom.](_URL_0_) Why does that happen?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1hxyq1/eli5_why_is_it_that_when_i_see_a_gif_like_this_i/
|
{
"a_id": [
"caz0yj9",
"cazjgke"
],
"score": [
7,
2
],
"text": [
"The human brain LOVES patterns. It's designed to identify them, process them, remember them, and recognize them. When you see something in the world, you typically hear an associated sound that goes with it. So when you see a gif that is silent, your brain matches it to patterns you've seen before (in this case, an explosion), and you experience it as if you heard it. You don't really 'hear' it, but you can feel that you *should be* hearing it.",
"It is closely related to the McGurk effect. In \"Sleights of Mind,\" it's identified as auditory synesthesia. You \"hear\" a sound that's not actually there, like viewing a gif of a bee and hearing it buzz. "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/wQZaAgu.gif"
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
nqbwe
|
does rubbing alcohol on your feet or any other part of your body help reduce a fever?
|
I don't know if it's a old eastern European wives' tale, but whenever I had a fever as a child my parents would soak a pair of socks in a bowl of vodka and make me wear them, does it work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/nqbwe/eli5_does_rubbing_alcohol_on_your_feet_or_any/
|
{
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],
"score": [
3,
2,
2,
3,
2,
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"text": [
"It might cool your feet slightly, through evaporation. Putting wet socks on will take heat away. It won't have any lasting effect on a fever.\n\nAll that said, the dangers of fevers are often really overrated, especially by parents.",
"It probably cooled you on the outer, but the internal temp is what you want to come down.",
"Rubbing alcohol won't do anything for a fever. Rubbing alcohol is used topically for muscle aches and bruising. IANAD but having dealt with fevers on my lonesome your best bet is a cool bath, liquids, good air circulation and a dose of children's tylenol if possible. \n\nUsually if a fever gets over 104 it's time to go to the ER. ",
"It might cool your feet slightly, through evaporation. Putting wet socks on will take heat away. It won't have any lasting effect on a fever.\n\nAll that said, the dangers of fevers are often really overrated, especially by parents.",
"It probably cooled you on the outer, but the internal temp is what you want to come down.",
"Rubbing alcohol won't do anything for a fever. Rubbing alcohol is used topically for muscle aches and bruising. IANAD but having dealt with fevers on my lonesome your best bet is a cool bath, liquids, good air circulation and a dose of children's tylenol if possible. \n\nUsually if a fever gets over 104 it's time to go to the ER. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2q96aw
|
why are games and cars named for the upcoming year instead of the current one? (example: 2015 honda accord, nba 2k15)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2q96aw/eli5why_are_games_and_cars_named_for_the_upcoming/
|
{
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16,
9,
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"text": [
"Because, the 2015 Accord is going to be available all of 2015, but if they want to have a stock of it, they have to start production in 2014, which means they have to have a final design in 2014, and that, in order to get a sizeable stock, production has to start in the Summer, and it turns out that the stock is often big enough by 4th quarter, so they start selling in October. ",
"It's simple marketing. People like new things and nothing sounds newer than a year that doesn't exist yet.",
"For games (e.g. Sports games) the games refer to the year that the season ends in ",
"It's just marketing stupidity. Near the end of the year, customers start thinking that 'this will be last year's model' in a few months, so the company that is marketing 'next year's car' has an advantage. This means that the company that releases next year's car sooner gets a small advantage, so companies are releasing next year's model earlier and earlier. It's happening in antivirus software too.\n\nBy 2020 they will probably be trying to sell us 2022's auto models."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3xwqad
|
the rise in popularity of names like brayden, cayden, jaden, aiden.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3xwqad/eli5_the_rise_in_popularity_of_names_like_brayden/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cy8gxtx",
"cy8hh0y",
"cy8i0yd"
],
"score": [
6,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"I would like to know this as well. One of my nephews is named Brayden and I have no idea where the fuck my sister got that.",
"I've also wanted to know how this came about. I know 3 kaidens, a Brayden, 2 jadens, 3 landyns, and an Aiden",
"I don't get it either. I have 14 nieces and nephews, and 8 of them have names ending in \"en\" or \"an.\" When you list them together, it almost sounds ridiculous. \n\nMy husband and I have agreed, our kids' names won't end in \"n.\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2r3o76
|
how come my pictures of the moon always look like a smudgy, little ping pong ball?
|
Sometimes the moon will look amazing in the sky and amazing in my camera's viewfinder. However, the picture I take ends up looking like total caca - the moon is always a small, smudgy ping pong ball. This happens both with my old 35mm SLR and my digital camera (which is nothing special).
What's the deal with that?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2r3o76/eli5_how_come_my_pictures_of_the_moon_always_look/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnc597k"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"You could be having any of several problems. \n\n1) adjusting the focus to infinity is a bad move. Most lenses actually go slightly past infinity so you may need t back off a bit to get proper focus \n\n2) the moon is bright. You can't shoot it like other night time objects. And you DEFINITELY can't use any auto settings. Your light meter will see a dark sky and make poor decisions (this will give you fuzzy-ball syndrome every time). Keep the ISO slow (maybe 200) and experiment with shutter timing. My best moon pic was at ISO 200, 1/120s, f4.0.\n\n3) despite my comment above, try stopping down the shutter. f5.6 is about as low as you can go when shooting a bright object. ~f8 is the Goldilocks zone for most lenses. \n\n4) if you're using longer exposure times you are almost definitely getting clouds and atmospheric disturbances in your picture that you can't see with your eye. \n\n5) regarding its size. The moon is a small object. About the size of your thumb at arm's length. That's how big it will show up in an image. Get a loner focal length lens. At 300mm (x1.6 APS-C crop factor) the moon is about 1/8 of my image. With higher resolution cameras you simply crop the image. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4un09q
|
why does a mobile battery drain rapidly when the signal is weak?
|
My phone battery depletes faster when the WiFi signal is weak. Handset becomes warm too (sometimes).
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4un09q/eli5_why_does_a_mobile_battery_drain_rapidly_when/
|
{
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],
"text": [
"When the signal is weak (or non-existent) your phone will keep searching for a signal, over and over and over, and that extra overhead drains the battery. Some phones will also increase power to try to connect to a distant signal. Those will drain the battery and cause heat buildup. ",
"your wifi radio boosts its transmit strength to deal with a weak signal(interference, obstructions, range to access point,etc). this draws more power and creates more waste heat.",
"When the signal strength is weak, the phone adjusts itself accordingly to retain a constant optimal connection. To maintain the connection, it uses more power. If the signal is good, the transceiver of the phone does less work and uses as less power as possible resulting in minimum battery depletion.",
"Because cell phones always seek to maintain a connection to the network, unless you explicitly tell them not to (airplane mode).\n\nIn a region with marginal or zero reception, the cell phone will boost it's transmitting power as far as it can and repeatedly scream \"**WHERE'S THE TOWER?! I NEED A TOWER**\". All of that screaming exhausts the battery much faster than having a speaking volume conversation with a nearer tower.\n\nThe next question becomes \"why can't my phone just give up if no tower responds?\". That answer is (at least) two-fold. First, it's difficult to tell the difference between \"there is no tower\" and \"i haven't heard back from the tower yet\" (impossible to know perfectly, but you could try to guess). Second, there is a very good reason to try to connect constantly - to have access to emergency services. At least in the USA, any cell phone can always make a 911 call through any tower capable of receiving the signal, regardless of the phone's subscription status (even otherwise inactive phones can call 911)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3r9wm7
|
why the estimation for the number of trees (~3 trillion) is so different from the last one (~400 billion)?
|
How could the previous estimate not account for ~87% of the total number?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3r9wm7/eli5_why_the_estimation_for_the_number_of_trees_3/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cwmprcp"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"_URL_0_\n\n > Scientists say the discrepancy has to do with how the two estimates were calculated. Earlier studies used satellite data to determine how many trees were living on Earth. But that was tricky because while satellites can accurately detect which areas of the planet are forested, in most cases they cannot see individual trees.\n\n > The new study incorporates satellite imagery, but it also relies on 429,775 ground-based measurements of tree density made by an actual person who counted the number of trees in a given area.\n\nEstimating outdoor concert/event attendance with aerial photos is pretty inaccurate because density varies so wildly. Now, imagine you couldn't even count the number of heads in a given 100ft^(2) area. How are you going to come up with an accurate estimate if you know the total area is 1,000ft^(2)? That's basically what they had to do with trees: guess. Since then, someone actually painstakingly counted."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-tree-density-study-20150902-story.html"
]
] |
|
9zj0pc
|
what are the main differences between the amish and mennonites?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9zj0pc/eli5_what_are_the_main_differences_between_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ea9nfns"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The Amish don’t deal with any modern technology (phones, computers, cars, indoor plumbing as far as I know, etc), except for maybe a phone located outside for business. \nMennonites have generally the same beliefs, but use modern technology. Basically, if they drive their own cars they’re Mennonite, but if they drive a horse and buggy or have someone else drive them, they’re Amish.\n\nThat’s the best I can tell as a difference."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
5lbuvp
|
is it true that people can emit a smell of "fear" through sweat when scared, and if so, how does it work?
|
A survivor of the Hillsborough tragedy claimed that he could actually smell the fear in the air, that it was similar to the smell of urine, but this odor had something so strong in it,
that he would sometimes wake up in the middle of the night and smell it in the air, years later. I think that it might be true, because whenever I read his description, perhaps by instinct, I feel a chill go down my spine. I know that panic can be easily transmitted in a large crowd, could our bodies possibly secrete "fear" in a stressful situation?
On a side note, I'm not a native speaker, were my sentences coherent and understandable? If I have made any mistakes, punctuational or grammatical, please let me know. Most importantly, did I place the punctuation marks correctly?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5lbuvp/eli5_is_it_true_that_people_can_emit_a_smell_of/
|
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"text": [
"Panic moves through a crowd because we look to others for cues. If others appear anxious or scared, we start to feel anxious or scared. Without real information, people can fill in the gaps with anything that fits the emotion, which only perpetuates panic.",
"The chemicals excreted during an episode of extreme fear is different from normal sweat from heat or exertion. It doesn't seem to just be from an increase of urea (which would give it a urine smell) but other chemicals that smell worse than that.\n\nAnecdotally, my husband dreamed once that he was being executed and I was the executioner. His sweat smelled of fear so bad that he had to shower before he could go back to sleep.",
"This topvoted answer leaves out one really important thing:\n\nThey *knew* they were OK, they *knew* this was a test. \n\nThat seems like a big flaw in the test. ",
"Side Note: I wouldn't have known you weren't a native speaker if you hadn't told us.\n\nWhen you get an adrenaline rush (sometimes called fight-or-flight), you sweat heavily. I get a LOT of anxiety every time I go to a doctor's office. And when I'm forced to sit there waiting for hours to see a doctor, I smell VERY bad. Normally I don't smell like that.",
"Mythbusters did an episode on this. \n\n > After reasoning that the “smell of fear” would be contained in the sweat produced by a person who is afraid, the Build Team began collecting sweat samples from themselves. For a control sample, they each ran on a treadmill for 20 minutes to collect “normal” sweat from exercise. Later they each laid in a transparent coffin for 7 minutes with scary creatures – Kari with scorpions, Tory with snakes, and Grant with rats – and again collected their sweat. Volunteers were brought to smell each sample in a double-blind experiment and try to determine which samples were produced under the stress of fear. The accuracy of the volunteers was no better than random, indicating that they could not smell fear. Next, an experienced odor scientist was given a chance at differentiating the samples. She correctly classified 5 out of 6 samples, leading to the plausible classification of this myth. However, in a second test, she failed to identify which 1 out of 20 samples was produced from fear (generated as Tory rappelled 170 ft (52 m) into a cave).\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
c37c12
|
why does the word "hour" get get an "an" in front of it instead of an "a" . i thought "an" was used before a vowel?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c37c12/eli5_why_does_the_word_hour_get_get_an_an_in/
|
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"text": [
"You're pronouncing a vowel after it, if you say \"a hour\" it sounds weird, as if you're eating something and connecting the words together. By saying an hour you have two clear words separated",
"Because the h is not pronounced. An is used because in speaking it would not sound good so many vowels one after another. So in this case you would pronounce \"a our\" which are 3 vowels, doesn't sound good.",
"It's because the 'h' is \"silent\"; you don't pronounce it. Therefore, the word starts with a vowel. Other words like \"honor\" and \"historic\" in some English accents have the same thing.",
"Whether or not you say “an” or “a” is determined by the sound of the first letter not the letter itself. In “hour” it makes an “o” sound so the correct thing to say would be “an”.",
"We use 'an' for words starting with vowel sounds and not really a vowel. That means, if a word is pronounced with vowel sound, it gets an 'an', if not, it gets an 'a'. Hence it is 'an hour' instead of 'a hour' and 'a university' instead of 'university'.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nBasically, you get the cake if you pretend you did the work, doesn't matter if you did it or not. And don't get the cake if it looks like your brother did all the work, even if you were the one who did it and he just took all the credit."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
701uax
|
why do overly religious people not like homosexuality?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/701uax/eli5_why_do_overly_religious_people_not_like/
|
{
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"text": [
"A lot of abrahamic religions have specific lines against it, either directly (the story of lot in islam), indirectly (a number of apostles letters refer to it in a negative light), or as a combination of rules, notably both the no sex before marriage one, and the no \"spilling your seed\" for any reason other than to have babies.",
"Hi,\n\nI'm from a highly religious Hindu family. I don't have any problems with homosexuality, and neither do any of my family members.\n\nSame with Buddhists. They don't care. Neither do Vedics, or Sikhs.\n\nWhat you're probably referring to are Christians, Muslims, Jews, and maybe some other offshoots of the Abrahamic religions.\n\nThey have specific passages that decry homosexuality, that's why. Chances are that these passages were wrongly translated, or not meant to be put there in the first place, though, in fact!\n\nReligious people teach homophobia to kids like they teach anything else, and the children go with it, most of them at least until they're a bit older.\n\nThanks.",
"The strong emotions against it are beyond religious reasons, as adultery is against the 10 commandments but many people go on more about gays. I think it has more to do with the \"eek, gross\" factor.",
"I'll take a stab at this:\n\nI am seeing a lot of people in here mentioning the passage from the Bible's book, Leviticus, as evidence of why many Christian people are against homosexuality.\n\nWhile this may be true for some sects of Christianity that take the Bible very literally (such as Jehova's Witnesses or some Evangelicals), it is not the case for all Christians. For a lot of Christian sects, the Old Testament is viewed as divinely inspired writings, but it's not something that you should take literally. \n\nI am Catholic, and where a lot of religious views come from for Catholics is [tradition](_URL_1_). Catholicism gives a lot of weight to Scripture, obviously, but Tradition actually makes up a very large part of the Church's views.\n\nHere's the premise of tradition, from a Catholic's POV: St. Peter (one of Jesus's 12 apostles, basically his close friend he traveled/preached with) was assigned by Jesus to be the head of the Church. Ever since then, every pope in the Catholic Church has been a member of a line of succession that goes all the way back to St. Peter.\n\nAs a result, the Church is based on preserving these ideas taught to Peter by Jesus Himself, and a lot of what the Catholic Church does is try to take these teachings of Christ that are the foundation of the faith and explain/present them to the next generation, and the Church has the authority to do so. This is the [Magisterium](_URL_0_) of the Church.\n\nWhat I'm getting at in this (rambling) post is that basically, the Church believes in a set of values that were established during the formation of the Church, and with each generation, it's the Church's purpose to pass these values down.\n\nIn the case of homosexuality, the Church does not disagree with it because it said so in Leviticus. There is actually a pretty complicated reason why, namely that the Catholic Church believes that sexuality is a gift from God, and the purpose of sex & marriage (can't have one without the other in Catholicism) is to create life; two men (or women) cannot do this. It gets a lot more complicated than this, and if you're interested you can read about the Theology of the Body or any other teachings the Church has put out.\n\n**tl;dr:** For Catholicism, and I'd venture to say many other sects as well (as well as other religions), the views against homosexuality are not just because of one passage in the Bible, but rather a matter of dogma that is deeply rooted in the traditions of the faith\n\n ",
"Homosexuality is specifically prohibited in all 3 Abrahamic religions. But so is premarital sex, adultery, consensual extramarital sex, and masturbation. \n\nBut other religions such as Buddhism, Sikhism, and the like have little to no issue with it for common practitioners (though some still require religious leaders to be celibate). "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magisterium",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_tradition"
],
[]
] |
||
6heqsd
|
why is identity theft more prevalent in america as opposed to the rest of the world?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6heqsd/eli5_why_is_identity_theft_more_prevalent_in/
|
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"Basically most countries when you are born/turn 18 get some sort of national ID with picture and 1/2 unique codes. That ID will need to be re-issued every x number of years. \nFor any important transaction like loans/bank stuff or education stuff like enrolling in highschool/universities you again need that ID. Sometimes they will even ask for copies from parents ID since their name will appear on your ID.\n\nIn America they don't have any national ID. They have a social security number but it's basically a piece of paper with just a number written on it and a name you get at birth, hell it even says on it\"Not for identification purposes\". No picture or parents name to cross reference the number . \nSo if you know some basic information from a person like name/social security number/address/bills to prove that address(which you can take out of the garbage for example) a bank will allow any person to open an account under that name and rak on bills. \n\nFor one of the most advanced countries on earth they have the shitiest social security protection in the world.",
"In short: You don't have a proper ID system because of many reasons (mainly because of political controversies). The system should be designed with anti-theft functions but you used social security number for that matter which is a bad choice but is also the only choice. \n\nCGP Grey had a very detailed explanation on social security card and it's origin. It explained why it's easy to carry out ID theft in US. _URL_0_",
"In addition to what others have said about ID numbers, the US has a large subset of wealthy people who have relatively similar backgrounds/accounts/identification methods. If you can come up with a good system of ID theft that works on Americans, you'll have a large pool of wealthy people to excercise it on ",
"A lot of folks are only talking about the ID system. I would also like to add that we are still using magnetic stripe credit cards.. its slowly going away... but that's part of the problem. Easily skimmed, and I think the USA is 60% (Can't find source right now, at work, someone help with the stat?)of all credit card transactions. ",
"Americans are identified by credit institutions with their social security number. A social security number, therefore, can open a lot of doors in the US. This number is issued at birth, is very hard (or impossible) to change, and is used on every credit application (apart from maybe some payday lenders who lend on title collateral). It is both a unique number, widely used, and stored on many different systems with varying levels of security.\n\nIn the UK (for example) there is no centrally identifying single number or document that is used to establish identity (well, there is the National Insurance number but that is not used on credit applications). Identity is established by means of history. This history, usually address history, is matched with electoral registers, previous business with that company, and other factors, to establish a trust profile. If you can match your addresses with your electoral register registration for the last three years, it is a good indicator that you are who you say you are. In establishing this identity, the identity theft fraudster has to know a lot more about the person they wish to defraud (more than a number, anyway).\n\nAnother oddity of the UK is that it is not required to have identification. A person can, and many do, in fact, live their lives without ever holding a passport of a driving license and have no way to identify themselves.\n\nEdit: Apparently SSN is not unique. Maybe unique enough to generally work?\nEdit 2: SSN is not automatically issued, it is issued on application.\n\nSource: Lived and worked in both the US and the UK.\n",
"America uses a very outdated system for Social Security Cards. Mix that with the fact that everything you do in your adult life is tied to that damn number. There are companies out there you've never even associated with that have your number...",
"In addition to weak ID, there's that famous quote from a bank robber about why he robbed banks: \"That's where the money is.\" The US is the most wealthy nation (by absolute wealth).",
"This has probably been said but it is *not* more prevalent in the US. Southeast Asia has a problem with ID theft as well.",
"Because who wants to be a poor Nigerian prince?",
"We are still running on the *benefit* system of identification. Social Security was supposed to be only used for tracking your employment history throughout your life in order to receive Federal retirement benefits. It works extremely well when used for this purpose. Then bankers decided to piggyback on this system as a means to track down potential debt defaulters. Since it can generally produce an address, they have a way to contact. Then everyone jumped on this same system to the point where social security is now more related to your personal financial record than your history of paying into a retirement fund. Due to the lack of protections, as others have mentioned, and the electronic economy where you do not have to produce facial identification, it is extremely easy to take over someone's identity.",
"Well, it isn't. It's Number 2.\n\nGood article here:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nIt's like when they asked Dillinger why he robbed banks.\n\n\"Because that's where the money is.\"",
"Is this assumption true? Is ID theft worse in the US? ",
"Let's talk also about a tremendous source of issues with personal information: Data Brokers. People would revolt if they knew how much of their information is monetized and sold to parties you have no idea who they are. Our names addresses and other personal information is treated like a bag of potatoes and sold with absolutely no control from the owner of such information. Equally noteworthy: there is little recourse that citizens have when things go wrong.\n\nWhile there have been proposal to change this, surprise-surprise it's a billion dollar industry that pumps money into lobbyist. \n\nIf you compared the sort of protections that are in place in Europe compared to the US, you can almost say we are not citizens but literally money to corporations.",
"Money. If you were stealing identities for profit would you focus on A. America where median annual household income is $51,939 or B. Somalia where the median annual household income is a goat and a bowl of rice?",
"It boils down to the social security number. It's being used as both a public and secret code. Its use as a public code identifies you. Its use as a secret code validates you are who you say you are.\n\nThe same number cannot be public and secret and be expected to work. If someone wants to impersonate you, all they need to know is your social security number and a few other publicly known facts (birth date, mother's maiden name, address, etc.)\n\nEurope and Asia don't do this. Identity theft could be fixed overnight in USA by creating a secret PIN number associated with you, but it is not the will of the people or Congress to fix it. Credit card agencies don't want to fix it because they make money with easy access to credit such as giving out credit cards at cash register terminals.\n\n",
"I'm from New Zealand. Currently living in the US temporarily. In one year I have had my identity stolen in the first few weeks of getting a social number (should not have bothered) and had my debit card details stolen three times. \n\nI have never had anything like this with my NZ identities. Even traveling the world often.\n\nI also work with passports. US passports are sub-par when it comes to security. Easily and often forged. ",
"One more thing not mentioned: \n\n* The US is very attached to credit cards. In countries with a more cash economy it makes more sense to try to steal cash than identities.\n",
"People are mentioning Social Security Number a lot but more importantly is \"Public Information\". Your Birth Certificate, All past addresses, Phone Numbers, Car Registrations, Marriage and Divorce, Mortgage, Land rights, voter registration information, criminal (of course), \"owed money\" and a lot more of information you don't even realize is stored in government databases and is by law \"Public Information\" and can be accessed by government websites. Google, FaceBook, Data Brokers and \"Background Check\" sites like Spokeo, Ancestry, Whitepages, etc. build robots (and pay very cheap labor to \"data input) that scrape all this public information and put it in their database. Have you searched your name recently? Your information could be on literally thousands of these \"Background Check\" sites. All these sites collect and relate you information then make an \"account\" about you. They sell the information and or place ads along side your information. Note that these sites can be run by Chinese, Russians or whoever. Americans have Zero Rights on their own personal information and it's one of the biggest scams on the internet that people have no clue about.",
"I don't know if this is an answer directly to your question, but it provides valuable context. In the USA, your personal information is a commodity, but it's not *your* commodity to sell. In Europe, individuals own the rights to their own personal data. There are clearinghouses in the USA specifically designed to gather your data and then sell it to whomever. Those businesses will have varying degrees of rigor in how much they vet their buyers, and there have definitely been cases where identity thieves literally bought personal information (SSN, credit card number, mother's maiden name, address, etc) by hundreds of thousands. In 2005, Choicepoint, a data warehouse, sold the personal information of 145,000 people to scam artists pretending to be legitimate. To add insult to injury, Choicepoint only informed 35,000 of the 145,000 people, because they lived in California, a state whose laws force data warehouses to let someone know their identity has been compromised.\n\nSimilarly, since these companies gather personal information, even if they don't sell it, they're vulnerable to hackers. Many millions of people's identities have been stolen this way. In Europe, where there is less financial gain from storing people's personal identity, companies are less likely to store it all together so hackers won't go after it.",
"The root of the identity theft problem in America is that banks and credit card companies assume that knowing the Social Security Number for a person along with a few other facts is proof that you are that person. Credit card companies like this because it makes applying for credit online or over the phone easy. If people had to show up in person and present a photo ID to apply for credit it would be less convenient but a lot more secure. \n\nThe problem is made worse by the distributed nature of policing in America. Local police departments seldom have the skills to track down identity thieves. They also don't have jurisdiction when the identity thief is operating in another town or state. \n",
"Conjecture:\n\n* You don't have secure, national IDs which is a barrier to identity theft in most Western countries.\n* Lots of people are very wealthy so there are many targets, and people are lazy about operating in a secure manner because losing a few hundred or a few thousands bucks isn't a life-or-death situation for many people.\n* Few people use cash (which is harder to steal) and tend to have many large lines of credit which you can quickly max out. It's attractive to use identity theft to access a $10,000 line of credit - stealing cash to that amount is much harder. Societies that are more cash-based will have less identity theft, all things being equal.\n* You have utterly terrible privacy laws making it easier to obtain information on individuals\n* You are heavily automated, which provides large caches of centralised information for bad guys to target - this is particularly true of credit companies and data brokers. Your healthcare records are notoriously insecure too.\n* Your banks and credit card companies are out of date and don't really care about security. Witness that you still sign credit card receipts in most places, which is regarded as woefully insecure in much of the rest of the western world.",
"I have the same name as my dad and when the wife and I went to get a mortgage, they (our bank) asked for all personal info and paperwork filled out. Wait a few days and when we went back to our loan officer, she informed us that my dad's credit score/report was mix in with mine. I was born in 1979, dad in 52, I had a Ford pickup purchased in 78 and a house mortgage from 81....it was such a cluster f*** to get it straightened out.\n\nIt seemed that SS# weren't used, just names. Even the birth years would have tipped off the discrepancy. I guess it is just easy to mix up identities. And that was just a clerical error, no purposely trying to steal my ID.",
"To dumb it down, compared to other first world countries, it's really, really easy here. We have no national ID system other than a simple 9 digit number. To steal identity in the US you need very little info. SS number, name, DOB and that's pretty much it. \n\nOther countries use photo ID on a national level, they also require more in terms of ID than we do in the US to get loans etc.\n\nTL;DR It's rather easy to steal an identity in the US, it's not as easy in nearly every other first world country.\n\nThink of it like car thefts. The more cars, the more cars stolen. More cars are stolen in the US than say Ethiopia, because of sheer numbers, making it easy, and more importantly more accessible. Crime usually follows availability. You sell weed because it's easier to get your hands on than meth. You steal an ID in America because it's simple. Accessibility. ",
"Obviously because our identities are the coolest. Pfft. You think people want to be some guy from France?",
"Because it's wild west baby, yeehaw\n\nSerious answer: I moved to the US from Europe and it really appears for me to be a social/cultural phenomenon too, besides the mentioned social security system etc.\nThings here are just wild compared to other western countries. There's more inclination to crime in general. There's less financial stability and a lot of struggling people who resort to identity theft. There are so many illegal immigrants and probably just as many legal foreigners on a very restrictive visa who want to live and work here that resort to identity theft in order to do so. It's a huge thing here really. \n"
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13r2wa
|
how do people film things from different angles without showing the other cameras?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/13r2wa/eli5_how_do_people_film_things_from_different/
|
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"They shoot the same scene twice/thrice. Thats how I would do it if I was doing it.",
"Hi, I'm an editor, this is my job. The answer is: they don't. Usually.\n\nWhen you watch a movie, you are never watching one take. Every single time you see the camera angle change, that's called a cut, and every cut is to a totally new take and totally new performance. And putting a scene together from lots of different takes and angles is the job of an editor.\n\nLet's say you're filming a scene where two characters are walking down the street and talking. First, you get out your camera, you light the scene for a good extra-wide shot (camera is very far away, characters take up less than half the height of the screen). The actors then perform the entire scene, from beginning to end. Then you move the camera, to get a wide shot (characters' heads and feet are both visible, but they take up most of the screen), and the actors perform the scene again. Then you move the camera, to get a medium shot of Joe, and they perform the scene. Then you move the camera, to get a medium shot of Karen, and they perform the scene. Then you move the camera, to get close-ups of their hands as they hold hands, to get POV or over-the-shoulder shots of the characters looking at each other, shots of their feet as they walk along the ground, shots of the scenery they look at. \n\nAnd there is only ever one single camera filming at once. Every angle is a recording of a totally new take. \n\nAfter filming is done, the editor gets ahold of all the footage, and it's their job to decide what angles to use, when to cut, what to show at any given moment. To make these cuts, they'll insert a certain length of footage from one take into a sequence in their editing software, then insert a portion of a different take that starts by showing the same thing the last portion ended on. Editing is a big job that takes a long time and has a strong effect on how the movie will eventually feel, because certain progressions of cuts can emphasise certain moods, tell you things about the relationships between characters, and so on.\n\nAnd changing angles isn't even the only reason they'll do new takes! sometimes the director will say \"Okay, let's do a few takes where you're both bitter and resentful towards each other\", and the actors will do a few performances that way, from each angle. Then he'll say \"Okay, let's do a few takes where you're just irritable and this argument isn't really a big deal\", and they'll do a few performances that way. When it gets to editing, the editor will go through the footage with the director and decide which portions to use -- maybe Joe's actually bitter, but Karen's not taking it as a big deal? You'll cut between the two types of performance to emphasise that. Things like that. Or maybe Joe just delivered this line great in Take 1, but this other line great in Take 2, so you mix both together to get a really awesome performance that never actually happened.\n\nHave you ever noticed a glitch in a movie, where a character will be drinking a full cup of coffee in a wide shot, then it cuts to a closeup and the coffee is empty? That's usually because someone forgot to fix all the props between these takes.\n\nThe only time movies and big-budget TV shows use multiple cameras is when they're filming something that can't be replicated over and over, like a scene with fire or explosions. For those scenes, the director of photography will look at the set and work out how to position multiple cameras to get the best angles without recording each other. \n\nNow, there's an exception. There's a type of TV show called the multi-camera sitcom. Multi-camera sitcoms *are* filmed with multiple cameras at once. Examples of this type of show are Cheers, Friends, and Seinfeld -- but never movies, never dramas, and not even most comedy shows nowadays. These types of shows are basically made like plays -- there's a stage, with a set that has three walls, and audience seating facing them. But in the front row of the audience, there are a handful of TV cameras, all filming at the same time. One will get a wide shot of the entire set, the ones on the side will zoom in on the actors' faces, and so on. The actors will come onstage at 5PM, do a few takes of each scene until they all nail it, and finish by 1AM, and then the show's all done. \n\nIn these shows, you never see the other cameras because they're all next to each other, all on the same side of the stage, [like this](_URL_0_). The downside here is that the shows tend to feel cheap and stagey, because they have to take place entirely on specially-built sets, and are restricted to a very simple visual style. Look at Seinfeld -- 99% of the show took place in either Jerry's apartment, George's office, the café, or a restaurant set that would get redecorated episode to episode. You never saw the closer wall of Jerry's apartment, because it didn't exist. The actors had to face the audience as much as possible, even if it was a bit awkward, because they couldn't get a variety of camera angles. Compare that to Arrested Development, which was -- like most modern shows -- shot with a single camera and edited later, like a movie. That gave it the freedom to film scenes on the beach, on the street, at a prison, in Iraq, in the hospital, wherever they want. And they had the freedom to put cameras wherever they wanted, so you got more effective and lively photography. They didn't have to light the entire set flatly and evenly, so the show looked more realistic and vibrant. You got more takes and more freedom in cutting, so you got better performances.\n\n",
"There is another case in which there are several takes but the \"actors\" cannot play it twice : reality tv shows like Survivor. Say the contestants are waiting for a trial and are listening to the host explaining the rules of the trial. You get diverse close-up shots of the contestants, the host, etc, but then you get an aerial view of the beach : you can see the host and the contestants but no cameraman in sight (though if you know about focals and stuff, you KNOW cameramen couldn't have been more that ten feet away from the players when those shots were filmed).\n\nIn this particular case, first the real trial is shot with cameramen everywhere. They just try to not film other cameras, but when they do, those shots are edited out as GoatPostman explained earlier. Then, when the trial is over, both tribes go back to their camps, and the whole scene is played again, but this time with stuntmen, dressed with the exact same clothes as the contestants, only for far shots. As the shots are really wide, you can't see that they are not the real contestants, they're too small on screen. And so this allows for a \"context\" shot, that is fake but gives context.\n\nAnd that's why applicant sheets for Survivor (and most other reality tv shows) specify that contestants must bring every piece of clothing in two copies: one for them, and the other for the stunt ppl who'll replay scenes for aerial shots...\n\nEdit : as LazerMcBlazer pointed out, my characterization of \"most other reality tv shows\" is rather exagerated: I meant most reality tv shows where there are beaches, teams fighting for quite some time and aerial shots. So, that narrows it down to Survivor, Survivor-clones and Survivor foreign versions. Anyway, I was just trying to explain one particular case of multi-camera-setting-where-you-don't-see-the-cameras to answer OP.",
"NOTE: Curb Your Enthusiasm is NOT a single camera show. I worked with the EP of the show, and my wife acted in an episode. This show shoots with at least two cameras at all times to capture improvised conversations. So do movies like Taladega Nights and Step Bothers where Will Ferrell and other actors go off script for comedic sake.\n\nI'd also point out that many TV dramas these days are doing something called \"stacking\" cameras in which they shoot medium and close up shots at the same time. This makes for faster shooting and less chance of a crew and cast going into overtime. Here's a photo of AMC's \"Mad Men\" using two cameras at the same time: _URL_0_",
"Camera Assistant here!\nI mostly work in features and narrative, non-sitcom television. We normally have 2 cameras working. Rarely do we do \"cross coverage\". For example: if you were shooting a man and a woman sitting at a table in a diner with two cameras you wouldn't have one camera on the man and one on the woman, you would have both cameras right next to each other covering the same actor, one with a wide lens, and the other tight. This is not only to avoid seeing a camera, but also lighting, grip, and other gear. Each department on a movie set had it's own 30-50' trailer of gear that, when on location, gets almost completely unloaded just so we can film a scene. So when a camera is pointed at an actor, it's almost certain that right outside of that frame is all sorts of stands, lights, light shaping devices, and people. it's not uncommon for us to also pull entire walls out of a studio set and shoot angles from two or more scenes looking in that direction, and then flipping over to the other side of the set, restoring what was removed, and shooting the other angles of the scene. This is called \"block shooting\". The \"A\" camera always shoot, the \"B\" camera (depending on the show or movie) will not work while A is doing the wide master shot, or something complicated like a crane shot etc. \n",
"Interesting fact that I always mention as a tour guide at wb: one of the first sit-coms to utilize multi-camera setups and audience members was Desi Arnez from I Love Lucy. They used a 3 camera set-up for the show. It was like this until the 70's when the show Mork and Mindy starring Robin Williams began. Robin Williams was so good at improv, that they kept missing great lines from him because the camera wasn't on him at the time. So they added the 4th camera and named it \"camera X\" or \"the Robin cam\" and that is how all our sitcoms at WB studios currently (Big Bang Theory, Two and a Half Men etc..) film. with 4 cameras at a time. :D"
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||
2ww2l1
|
why does google earth shows the north and south pole so weird?
|
I'm talking about [this](_URL_0_)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ww2l1/eli5why_does_google_earth_shows_the_north_and/
|
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"I don't know for sure, but having some experience attaching textures to 3d models, I suspect they're mapping a flat image to a (virtual) curved surface.\n\nThat means you have to shrink part of the image, and stretch other parts, as well as stitch those stretched images to their neighbors.\n\nIn the image you provided, you can see there is a seam in the very center where a number of images are joined together. Those images all look like very long and skinny triangles, but it's likely they were originally rectangles stretched at one end and shrunk at the other to conform to the surface of the globe.\n\nThis happens all over the globe you see in Google Earth, but the effect is most dramatic at the poles where the stretching is the most extreme.\n\nIt may also be the case that the satellite images they use come from satellites that do not directly pass over the poles, as those orbits are much harder to achieve for various reasons. If that's the case, the images are already going to be lower quality, and probably distorted as well.",
"Google doesn't have polar satellites (pass directly over the poles). As such the images are the corners of other ones, and as was said in the other post, making flat images round causes bending/stretching "
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[
"https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3035/3085455465_715d1c5f0e.jpg"
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aplm8a
|
with as many architects as there are, how come most buildings look like nothing out of the ordinary?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aplm8a/eli5_with_as_many_architects_as_there_are_how/
|
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"The lack of interesting building designs isn't due to a lack of available architects. It mostly comes down to preference and cost. \n\nA lot of people don't want a crazy looking building. Homeowners will be concerned with the resale value of their home and a non-standard design could limit the number of people who would want to buy it. Business are trying to project a certain intent with their building design and rarely are they interested in the message of \"Look how much we spent on our crazy building\".\n\nBut, the bigger reason is probably that ordinary buildings are easy, fast and cheap to build. The designs already exist so there's no need to spend the time or money making something custom. These simpler designs are also simpler to build. They don't have custom parts and many pieces are pre-fabricated.",
"New-from-dirt Commercial buildings get expensive FAST. Your local gas station is probably pushing $1m total. A new high school for 500 kids is about $30m. Just the dirt for a tower in a major metropolitan area is $30m. \n\nFor your own estimations, the rough cost is $120-150m per square foot of \"cheap to standard\" commercial construction space. That includes site prep, engineering, architecture, and construction for a building made out of boxes and minimal windows. \n\nAll glass is more. Anything that's not a box, curves in more than one direction, or spans more than 50ft adds a zero to that particular element. \n\nNobody's dropping that kind of money on a new building without being able to point on a plan how and when they'll recover their investment. Anything that doesn't add to that bottom line is usually cut. \n\nIt always starts fancy and hopeful until the construction bids come back. Turns out paying a crew of welders to craft spirals into every window that match up perfectly with the sun on the founder's birthday is pretty fucking expensive and doesn't sell any extra widgets. Turning that area into another widget molding line definitely does though. \n\nWhich design decision do you think the board will approve of more? \n\nThen there's the local conditions to consider. Why don't more people in the suburbs paint their houses purple? It attracts the wrong type of attention and diminishes the resale value of the house, because market of people who want to be \"That family\" with the purple house is pretty small, so someone's going to have to paint before move-in day. \n\nMaybe 80% of the city is red brick architecture that all matches a particular style. If you go put up a stainless steel and glass building with spinning rims, it's going to stand out and ruin the aesthetic of the local area. Now you need the blessing of the town council for your design, where a red brick building would be more efficient and pass without issue. \n\nEngineers have the knowledge and technology to build anything an Architect can dream up. It's just a function of how much money the client is willing to spend. \n",
"Most of the time, out of the ordinary isn't practical in terms of building use or cost to design/build, what the owner/developer wants, or what the local zoning board will allow. And architects aren't just designing a skin to wrap around a structure but are also figuring out all the uses on the inside, the layout and flow, the mechanicals, usability of the spaces, compliance with environmental and disability requirements, etc."
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238lql
|
what does it mean if a relative is "first removed"?
|
Like a "Second cousin first removed", for example
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/238lql/eli5_what_does_it_mean_if_a_relative_is_first/
|
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"When the word \"removed\" is used to describe a relationship, it indicates that the two people are from different generations. You and your first cousins are in the same generation (two generations younger than your grandparents), so the word \"removed\" is not used to describe your relationship.\n\nThe words \"once removed\" mean that there is a difference of one generation. For example, your mother's first cousin is your first cousin, once removed. This is because your mother's first cousin is one generation younger than your grandparents and you are two generations younger than your grandparents. This one-generation difference equals \"once removed.\"\n\nTwice removed means that there is a two-generation difference. You are two generations younger than a first cousin of your grandmother, so you and your grandmother's first cousin are first cousins, twice removed.\n\nCheck [this image](_URL_0_) out if you're still confused!",
"It isn't \"first removed\", it's \"once removed\".\n\nYour first cousin has the same grand parents as you (on one side).\nYour second cousin has the same great grand parents as you. \n\nRemoved has to do with generational gaps, like for example your dad's first cousin is your first cousin, once removed. That cousin is not your first, second or third cousin, they are your first cousin, once removed.\n\nYour grandmother's second cousin is your second cousin, twice removed. Twice because there is a gap of two generations.\n\nYour great great great grand father's third cousin is your third cousin, fifth removed.",
"So, would my dad's uncle be my uncle once removed, or my brother twice removed?",
"The more I read these comments, the weirder the word 'cousin' looks. ",
"Since this thread is semi-relevant, can anyone answer this for me:\n\nSay my brother marries someone. His wife's father is his father in law, and she is my sister in law. Is there some phrase for my connection to her father, or is that type of relationship considered completely unrelated (since really, it is)?",
"non native English is just confused why it uses the word \"removed\" for inheritance.",
"[Here's](_URL_1_) a great link to a previous post with a diagram\n\nEdit: [here's](_URL_0_) the reddit link",
"Your second cousin first removed (or 'once removed') , is your second cousin's child. \n\nThese things make a lot more sense when you just think of it in terms of how far back your connection goes (think of grandparents). \n\n**sibling** = You share a parent. \n\n**Cousin** = You share a grandparent\n\n**Second cousin** = you share a great-grandparent, \n\n**Third cousin** = You share a great great grandparent.\n\n**Cousin once removed** = A cousin, but one who is X steps closer, or farther from, the shared ancestor. \n\ne.g. a cousin twice removed is a cousin for whom your grandparent is their great-great grandparent (like your sister's grandchild). Or for whom your great grandparent is their parent (like your grandfather's brother) \n\nEg, A first cousin once removed is a cousin (descended from your grandparent), but they're one step farther from that ancestor (because your grandparent is their *great* grandparent\n\n**Aunt/uncle** = A special name for a cousin once removed, who is exactly *one generation closer* to the shared ancestor. \n\ne.g. Your uncle is a cousin, in that you share a grandparent, but he's one step closer (your grandparent is his parent). We give this relationship a special name because our parent's siblings are generally more involved in our lives than our parents cousins. \n\n**niece/Nephew** = A special name for a cousin once removed, who is exactly *one generation farther from* the shared ancestor \n\ne.g. Your nephew is a cousin, in that you share a grandparent, but he's one step farther from the grandparent (because your grandparent is his great grandparent - your sister's grandparent) \n\n",
"Ask yourself the question, do you have the same grandparents or great grandparents, or etc of that person. If not, that means they are a different generation. Once removed for one, twice removed for two generations difference, etc",
"It's funny this came up just now, I was looking at photos from my family reunion this past summer and reflecting on a conversation we'd all had about our exact relationships to each other.\n\nMy father has two brothers, but they are both much older than he is. His oldest brother's kids are just about 10-15 years younger than my father. Their kids are about the same age as my siblings and I. Every summer, we'd see each other while spending some time in our families' summer camps. My siblings and I played with the cousins close to our age, never grasping that our actual first cousins were these adults, their parents. The cousins we played with were our first cousins once removed, because we were technically a generation above them.\n\nAt this past summer's reunion, we gathered for photos based on which generation we belonged to. My dad and his brothers were the first generation. My brothers, sisters and I stood with our first cousins, all in their 50s and 60s, and then the cousins we'd grown up playing with (now in their 30s) stood for a photo holding my little daughters. Then there was a final photo for the daughter of one of those cousins, who was all by herself as the fourth generation. She was my first cousin twice removed, but second cousin once removed to my daughters who were the same age as her.",
"That would be Uncle Bill during the family Thanksgiving get-together, after he's had a *little* too much eggnog.",
"Can 5 year-olds do simple arithmetic and compare numbers?\n\nYou determine the nearest common ancestor(s) and count the generations between for each of you. From you to a parent is 0 because there are no generations in between. From you to a grandparent is 1 because the generation between is your parent. The smaller number of these two determines the level of cousin-ship. Their difference is the removed-ness.\n\nExamples:\n\nFirst cousins share a grandparent, so each generational gap is 1 and 1 - 1 = 0, so 1st cousins [0-times removed].\n\nSecond cousins share a great-grandparent, so each generation gap is 2, so 2nd cousins.\n\nFor you and a parent's cousin, the nearest common ancestor is your great-grandparent/cousin's grandparent. The generational gaps are 2 and 1, respectively. So you're 1st cousins 2 minus 1 times removed. (\"1 times\" means \"once\".)",
"Up until at least 21 I thought this meant the relative had done something wrong or bad so they were removed from the family x number of times. So a cousin once removed did something once but that aunt three times removed needs to get her shit together.\n\nI don't know why I thought that was logical for so long.",
"The most \"google this\" question ever.",
"Algorithm for getting the right name for a relation between 2 people:\n\nFind their most recent common ancestor.\n\nLet *x* = number of generations back from person 1 the common ancestor is.\n\nLet *y* = number of generations back from person 2 the common ancestor is.\n\nThe two people are: *min(x,y)* - 1 cousins, *abs(x-y)* times removed.\n\nException #1: If *min(x,y)* = 0, the relation is: great (repeated *abs(x-y)* -2 times) grand (if *abs(x-y)* > 1) parent/child\n\nException #2: if *min(x-y)* = 1, the relation is: sibling if x-y = 0, or great (repeated *abs(x-y)* - 1 times) uncle/aunt/nephew/niece.",
"Means a completely diffrent thing if your family is mobbed up."
]
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baugny
|
what exactly do anthropologists do and what subjects need to be taken to be one?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/baugny/eli5_what_exactly_do_anthropologists_do_and_what/
|
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"Anthropologists study the history of humans. Primarily the physical things that we leave behind and the cultural components that those artifacts communicate. \n\nThey will take a lot of history courses, some science courses to understand geology and how things age and weather, and some psychology and sociology courses to understand how humans and groups of humans think. "
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2qmji1
|
what would happen if earth's gravity stopped working for 1 minute?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qmji1/eli5what_would_happen_if_earths_gravity_stopped/
|
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"Everything not literally bolted to the ground would shoot up into the air due to the centrifugal forces created by the earths angular momentum (The fact that it is spinning). Everyone would most likely die, the atmosphere and ocean would make an honest attempt at escaping and flying out into the cosmos and be carried away with the solar wind. Assuming no other celestial body would mystically lose gravity which is a fundamental element of all things that have any mass that would just about be it. In a minute everything that had not been shot into space outside of earths gravitational influence (or better worded, had not been overtaken by the gravity of the sun) would crash back down at great speeds, and everything (air, oceans, sands and gravel, e.t.c) would most likely destroy much of the structures beneath. \n\nAnother tragic event would be that we would lose our moon. Since it wouldn't be kept to the earth anymore it would shoot out of orbit and if it wouldn't manage to escape within the minute it would most likely find itself in a new distorted orbit that might be unstable, leaving it either flying off or crashing into the earth and obliterating the rest of the survivors.\n\n\nEdit: Fine... if we loose gravity for precisely a minute nothing will escape the SOI of the earth and the moon most likely wouldn't have time to reach an unstable orbit. But I still think my version is cooler.",
"Imagine a ball tied to a string, the other end of the string you hold and swing so the ball orbit around your hand. Suddenly you let the string go, the ball will go like you throw it. The ball here is like everything on the earth surface, the tension of the string is like gravitational force.",
"Hmm. No one seems to be able to agree upon one thing. I find this interesting. I asked on another thread once and one commenter said that it would also affect our pressure system and there would be winds in excess of 1000 miles per hour and would obliterate everything. I guess it is safe to say no one knows for sure but I do enjoy hearing your theories. By all means keep them coming.",
"This needs to be submitted to Randall Munroe at XKCD for the weekly \"What If\" comic.",
"It's pretty easy to picture the immediate effects on nearby objects and yourself; anything not secured would fly off into the air. This would include you, certain kinds of buildings, sand and gravel, objects of all sizes, and our oceans. Our atmosphere would also try to disperse into the void, no longer bound by its earthly tether. Depending on the rate of diffusion some gasses would remain after 60 seconds, but I doubt it would be a livable atmosphere anymore.\n\nThe really catastrophic effects would be the seismic events triggered. Our tectonic plates are subject to many forces that act in opposition to each other, including gravity. Removing gravity would cause the interior to expand from the aforementioned centrifugal force and existing heat, triggering massive earthquakes even after gravity returns.\n\nAnd then everything comes smashing back down when the 60 seconds are done. Massive destruction in every city, the atmosphere would be vastly different from the gas lost to space and the gasses released from the crust. The ocean would make a big splash. Massive earthquakes would continue after gravity returns until things settle a bit. Pretty much all complex life forms would die from the event or aftermath.\n\nBut hey, I think that other poster is correct that we wouldn't lose the moon!\n\n"
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3x9bfs
|
why are sushi restaurants so hit and miss? is it hard to make good sushi consistently?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3x9bfs/eli5_why_are_sushi_restaurants_so_hit_and_miss_is/
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"Making good sushi requires an amazing amount of attention to preparing the rice, *and* a very reliable source of exceptionally high-quality fish.\n\nWhere I live in coastal California, most sushi restaurants are very consistent, but they have great local suppliers and know-how.",
"[here's a great mini-documentary](_URL_0_) that explains a lot about fish/sushi markets. \n \n**The main attributes** of good tasting/high quality sushi are the fish's physical condition, the transportation methods used (freezing/not freezing), and the fish's freshness (where and when it was caught) \n \nside note: as a scuba diver, there's nothing like spearing or catching a fish/scallop, bringing it up on the boat and eating it fresh. watch out for worms though - they're a lot more common than you'd hope",
"For having relatively simple ingredients, sushi is difficult to prepare. From properly cooking the rice, to supplying the right fish, to how fresh the fish is (hint: straight from the ocean is not ideal), and the knife acumen of the chef are just some of the obstacle to getting it right.",
"its just like a steakhouse. a wagyu filet is going to cost more then a cheap grade c chuck steak.\n\nthe high grade sushi places often buy the fish extremely fresh. when you get to the VERY high level places in japan they will at times buy the fish fresh from certain small boats who catch them one at a time, and use a certain method of dispatching fish (ike jime) whiere they slice either the gills and/or the tails, then stick a wire down the spinal shaft. this kills the nerves but allows the heart to continue pumping.\n\nalso in japan i hear they can spend years just learning how to make the rice. the fish may be the star of the show but the rice is the foundation. it has to be cleaned properly, cooked properly, then seasoned properly in a proper way.",
"Well, the first thing I do when visiting a sushi place for the first time is order Chirashi (loose style sushi, usually in a bento lunchbox).\n\nThis allows tasting the rice and everything separately or together. If there is one part off, I feel it's easiest to tell there, plus it is a dish that in my experience allows a lot of individuality for the chef.\n\nThe why is probably down to skill of preparation, as the ingredients can be shipped relatively easily. Fish is flash frozen at sea generally, so distance from the sea isn't actually that important. Like any other style of restaurant, quality can vary a lot based on prep skill and ingredient quality.",
"The simpler and more subtle the dish, the more critical every step of the preparation process. The fish, the rice, the wasabi, the preparation of each is critical to making it right.\n\nTL;DR: You can't just dump sauce on it to make everything ok.",
"Think of it like this: the simpler a food is, the more important it is to get each and every detail correct. If I make a salad, I'll want the best quality tomato I can find because that tomato will be an integral part of the whole. If I make a stew with tomato, I can swap out the best with something inferior and, because the stew is hiding in a pot with a dozen other ingredients, you might not even notice the change!\n\nSushi is a very simple dish and thus demands that both the fish and rice be nearly perfect.",
"I understand where the question is coming from but I think this applies to pretty much any food not just sushi. I mean I've been to McDonald's that were way better than other ones and they are literally serving the same stuff. It's all about the time and care put into any food I think. ",
"How to know it is crap sushi? They put ridiculous amounts of rice and it is gross and chewy. If they can't do rice right, I don't expect the fish to be better.\n\nHow to tell if it is good sushi? Thin layer of properly cooked rice. Generally, if they do a good job on rice , the fish will be adequate and I'll enjoy it.\n\nHow to tell if it is awesome sushi? In addition to good rice, the fish itself is high quality and very fresh.\n\nI find that those are the three tiers of sushi.",
"I've never had this problem. Is it fish? Is it raw? Okay, fuck it, let's eat. \n\nEdit: My only pet peeve is please stop putting shitty cream cheese in. ",
"I feel like the only one who has never had bad sushi. Even the cheapest of cheap that you get in a box at Safeway is good.",
"Making great sushi takes multiple varieties. I think you should watch a documentary called Jiro Dreams of Sushi. While the documentary isn't to teach you what sushi is about, I think you will learn a lot by studying the last legendary chef when it came to sushi. And by legendary I mean authentic, Japanese, and his skill was unprecedented. Every food enthusiast who went claimed Jiro was the best.\n\nAccording to Jiro, other places use utensils to make their sushi. Jiro believes in using his hands for the entire process. Also, the rice; the amount of water you used and how you rinsed it and how long you cooked it and at what consistency is important too. Jiro has his own son use a very tiresome and difficult method to make the dry seaweed dry and ready for use.\n\nOther people who claim they are sushi enthusiasts will say soy sauce is also important and what type they are using... Jiro provides good ones but TBH, good sushi tastes great without any soy sauce. It's just there as an addition.\n\nNow when it comes to freshness of the fish, that also matters a lot. Next is how you cut the fish. Use of a very fine blade is also important. Now as far as sushi in general go, I don't know how the best version should taste but when it comes to tuna or otoro, I know what is great. And I believe I've only been to one place that has good otoro. Otoro is like the king of sushi. I think it's the most expensive for simple sushi. 2 pieces (not rolls) would go from like 6-10 bucks around here.",
"Its the little things. Quality of ingredients, the effort that goes into prep, the quality of the sushi chef, it all makes a difference. Some places hire people who have trained in making sushi, buy high quality fish, prepare the rice properly, etc. Other places might hire cooks without a sushi background, and just put some fish on a chunk of rice. ",
"If you like sushi go try Sugarfish in LA. It is the best and completely different from all the other sushi places",
"In general, it is very difficult to run a successful restaurant of any kind. Among small businesses of all kinds, they have one of the highest failure rates. Sushi is particularly difficult, because your inventory has such a short shelf life, and freshness is critical to making good sushi . \n \nIf you have a couple of slow days, all of a sudden you have a fridge full of three day old fish. But you still have to serve it, because you need that three hundred bucks to pay for the lease on the car you're using as a tax write off. \n \nThis is why you often find that the new restaurant in the neighborhood has great food for a great price for 6 months or so after they first open, but then shit goes downhill. The truth is that they have been burning through their capital for six months to try and build a customer base, but now they are out of money, and they can no longer afford to operate at a loss. \n \nThe best way to end up with a small fortune in the restaurant business is to start off with a large fortune. ",
"I use to work prep for a very popular sushi restaurant in southern California. I can tell you the rice prep makes all the difference in the world. Proper sushi rice needs to be washed and rinsed multiple times. We were very precise about the amount of water that went into each batch, as well as the amount of time we let it cook and the amount of time we let it steam after cooking. We then mixed in the sushi vinegar in a large bamboo mixing bowl called a hangiri. It was a very time consuming process and it was pretty obvious when the instructions weren't executed properly. When the rice is seasoned and cooked properly, it enhances the flavor of the sushi exponentially. I hoped this information helped.",
"My wife used to work for a small sushi restaurant run by a Japanese family and their 2 daughters. It was our favorite place to eat and their quality never varied. The wife ran the kitchen and the husband only made sushi. \n\n They were, again, a small restaurant, and couldn't really handle large crowds because every order took 20-30 minutes to prepare. A lot of this involved prep, and they never skipped a step or rushed anything. I think that's the biggest factor--if it took 25 minutes to perform one step, then they always spent 25 minutes on it, even if they were backed up with 5 tables waiting on orders. They wouldn't make a bulk load of anything just to use it when they got an order. If they ran out of rice, they spent the time to rinse it properly and cooked it properly. \n\nWaiting was part of the dining experience, and this was probably the hardest thing for Americans to grasp--without knowing too much about Japanese culture, i can say that knowing them personally, they took a lot of pride in each plate and this seemed a like a family value. Don't know if it's really translated to culture as a whole. \n\n Anyway, a lot of people would just leave their tables if they had to wait, but their regulars were willing to wait, and their most loyal customers were Japanese families and businessmen (and one Japanese trucker) who made the drive to our city just to eat there.\n\n They were in business for a long time, probably longer than most restaurants, but recently closed. I know way more about sushi than I ever thought I'd want to know, and really the key step to the whole process is patience for everyone involved. \n\nEdited some stuff that didn't make sense because I'm on my phone. ",
"For starters, the average sushi chef in the US has no idea what good sushi is supposed to taste like. Forget about not being able to get or afford quality fish. There's no excuse for poorly cooked rice. Then they add all kinds weird sauce and other things, I've even had sushi with cream cheese. A \"chef\" can't make good sushi if he's not even on the right page as to what sushi should actually taste like. It's supposed to taste like the sea, not an everything bagel with lox. \n\nIts no different than the reason its so hard to find good Italian American food. If you don't know the difference between fresh olive oil and cheap refined olive oil, you're not qualified to cook food for people. Many chefs have zero respect for the ingredients they cook with every day, and zero respect for the tradition of that food and how its been made in the past.",
"I was having a conversation the other day with one of my coworkers who has been making sushi for a little more than forty years. He came the the U.S. about thirty years ago, and has seen first hand how sushi has evolved in the U.S. to what it is today. The question I specifically asked him was who was the one who started putting ginger and wasabi on every plate. He said when he started in Japan the chef decided if any wasabi was necessary for a piece of sushi, and then put it on the fish himself. Ginger was only given when transitioning from one flavor palate to another. He said that the strangest thing happened in America, where customers started asking for extra ginger and wasabi on the side. They kept asking, and it got annoying for the servers and chefs to have to keep bringing them extra. It wasn't any chef who decided to put ginger and wasabi on the plate, it was the customers. \n\n & nbsp;\n\nThis is really the answer to your question. Restaurants are businesses, and they sell what customers want to buy. Customers dictate what restaurants prepare, and how they prepare it. In the nineties and early 2000's there was a \"sushi boom\" in the U.S. where sushi restaurants began to pop up outside of major cities. Initially most sushi restaurants were Japanese owned and ran. There was great attention to detail and tradition, but to pay the bills they also sold what are basically sushi sandwiches, because that's what Americans buy. It takes a great deal of skill and knowledge to prepare sushi rice the traditional way, to take care of the fish, to pay attention to all of the little details. That's not what makes money. What makes money is sushi sandwiches. It takes very little skill to make a sandwich. Because it takes so little skill to make a sandwich, restaurateurs realized that they could cash in on the sushi boom without having to spend ten to twenty years training someone. They could get any novice off the street and train them to make sushi sandwiches in a couple weeks. This is when you started to see lots of Chinese restaurants start to sell sushi, and the beginning of the \"Asian Fusion\" restaurants. Then you started to see the all you can eat sushi restaurants, and it really just spiraled out of control from there. That's why sushi restaurants are so hit or miss, because customers have dictated a market where quality is not the deciding factor in a sushi restaurants success. \n\n & nbsp;\n\nI left a training position at a very small traditional Japanese ran sushi restaurant to be the head sushi chef/ manager at a \"sushi\" restaurant in a major American city. They made retarded money on sushi by focusing almost strictly on maki. There business model is kind of genius, because they focus almost strictly on selling \"American Sushi.\" There was one roll in particular that had more than $500,000 in sales for one year. The sushi department of the restaurant as a whole had several million dollars in sales per year while I was working there. It was insane, because it wasn't in any way, shape, or form anything that could be considered \"good sushi.\" In fact, people regularly remarked about how the sushi wasn't traditional as they stuffed their face with another $15 roll that only cost about a dollar's worth of ingredients, that was made by someone who had most likely only been making sushi for a few months at most. \n\n & nbsp;\n\nMost people who say they like sushi, don't really like sushi, they like sushi sandwiches. Most people don't appreciate how much work goes into making good sushi. I stopped working at the larger restaurant so that I could be a sushi chef in a small restaurant that opened in another major city where it was just me and my assistant behind the sushi bar. I poured so much effort into making top notch sushi in a traditional style. My rice was on point, and I got in tight with the fish distributors to get the best of whatever was going through their warehouse. Sometimes it was coming right off a boat, or straight off a plane from Tsukiji. At first I tried to stick with stricly nigiri. There were some people who loved what I was doing, because they understood what I was trying to do, and they enjoyed what I made. However, the clientele stayed small, because there just aren't that many people looking for that kind of sushi experience, at least not enough to make any sort of substantial profit. People would come in asking for our roll menu, which we didn't have, so I would make some rolls for them using scraps of fish, and they loved them. They told their friends about the new place that served great rolls that was cooler than those other \"Americanized\" sushi places, and before you know it the place was regularly busy with people asking for rolls. The owner saw how much money he could made, so he had me change the whole format of the restaurant and they started selling rolls. I set them up to easily make money like the other place I worked at, and then gave two months notice. That's when I decided I didn't want to make sushi anymore. It's the customers. Customers don't want good sushi, they just want sushi sandwiches. Anyone can make a sushi sandwich. That's why good sushi places are so hard to find. \n\n & nbsp;\n\nAs a side note, I always found it hilarious when people talk about how sushi is art. I guess it depends on your interpretation of art, but it was more often than not the sort of people who wanted a plate full of rolls. Sushi can be an art form, and I guess anything can be art if you want it to be, but to call a plate of rolls art is the same thing as calling a plate of sandwiches art. I think this is what disillusioned me most. I still make sushi part time at the small Japanese place where I first learned how to make sushi while I finish my degree. I used to be so passionate about sushi, now it's just a joke to me. \n\n & nbsp;\n\ntl;dr\nSushi is hit or miss, because customers dictate the market. Good sushi isn't what makes money.",
"Most of the time it honestly comes down to the owner's business plan. A shitty sushi joint can still make a decent income in many places, so unless the owner believes that aiming for quality (while increasing production costs: better+fresher fish, cycling rice so it's always fresh, etc) will attract more customers (depending on the area, it doesn't always), there isn't a huge incentive to put in the extra effort and money.\n\nKeep in mind that the average Western/European person is pretty forgiving with sushi quality; most people will rave if it's simply freshly prepared (the ones most people complain about are the ones that give no fucks and will serve pre-made refrigerated sushi, which is pretty obvious because the rice gets dry/extra chewy). Sure, there are owners that are in it just for the pleasure, but small business is tough, so there's a lot of incentive to cut corners.",
"Sushi is very simple in that in only requires a few elements and a few preparation techniques. Mess any one of these up and it's very noticeable. If you take a test that only has 5 questions, messing one up will greatly affect your final score. Miss two and you fail.",
"The RICE makes or breaks sushi imo. 90% of the places I've ever been to, the rice is just bland and/or too undercooked. \n\nA lot of places don't even season their rice. No vinegar, no sugar, no salt. Basically just plain ol chinese restaurant style steamed rice and it results in absolutely terrible sushi.",
"Watch Jiro loves sushi, the thing that keeps sushi houses in business is fresh ingredients and consistency. If you are not getting both you should find a new sushi house. ",
"Sushi is a form of art. It honestly depends on the area and training the chef has received as well as styles. Being a great and average sushi chef depends on having a great palate and an eye for portioning in rolls which is learned. \nIs it hard to make good sushi? \nyes, it's an art that is learned through experience and time.\nWhy are restaurants so hit or miss?\ndepends on the chef. A good chef is consistent, average chef can be hit or miss on more complicated rolls (maki, hand rolls, etc.) which take time to learn how to do properly. So if you go into a traditional sushi bar and you see many younger chefs chances are they won't have the art down pact.\n\ntl:dr\nDepends on the chef among other things, and it is hard to make consistent sushi that is good.\n-sorry for grammer\n\n\n\n",
"Two factors: quality of the fish. If they have a rock solid relationship with their supplier, _and_ the supplier has a flawless pipeline, everything can stay consistent on the fish end, which is the biggest thing you'll immediately notice if you're a connoisseur (or even eat sushi regularly). Fish put on ice or thawed just a little bit off tempo will be super obvious, even one time, since it's such a big component. Also, if your supplier pulls from multiple sources, that will be noticeable as well. \n\nSecond thing: kitchen turnover and/or staff to customer ratio. This will have a direct impact on how much attention is paid to the other primary component of the meal, the rice. Slight differences in preparation lead to big differences in texture and flavor. \n\nFundamentally though, it's precisely because sushi is so simplistic that it's noticeable. If you went to a restaurant that only served fresh fruit, you'd notice any difference in the quality of the mangoes. Not so much if they're just one ingredient in a complex dish. \n\n**TL:DR;** because of how fundamental it is, small differences are more noticeable. \n\nSource: Uncle owns a sushi restaurant.",
"to be honest, its the clientele. The misu soup tasted so watered down and i asked one of the workers who happened to be the owner, and he said it was people bitching about the saltiness. Fucking locals wreck it with their stupid anti-delicious requests. ",
"Just watch this documentary \n\n_URL_0_\n\n\nConsistency comes from attention to detail in the preparation of Sushi. This documentary shows that in Jiro and his sons.\n",
"Throwaway here. I grew up in Chinese restaurants and am still in the industry today at 37. If you hear Chinese spoken in the restaurant, especially a loud argument sounding dialect (fuchownese), run from the place. I'm sure there are plenty of good sushi places owned by Chinese, but don't take the chance. Your red snapper is cheap tilapia. Your albacore tuna is escolar. The rice is manhandled and the cheapest rice that month. There are good places out there, just few and far between them. ",
"I see a lot of good answers, but I don't see any that addresses the chef. \nIt takes **several years** for an apprentice in Japan just to be given the task of preparing the rice and at least 10 to become a sushi chef. \nToo many places have chefs that are nowhere that training and experience level.",
"I'm so thrilled with my little sushi place. I can walk over. It's all-you-can-eat for $20 Mon-Thr and $23 Weekends. Includes the appetizer menu. They have a good list of sake (20 cold, 1 hot) & a couple plum wines. The food is consistently delicious. I usually get mostly sashimi.",
"I heard to be properly trained it's a grueling process, and depending on where you live it might be hard to get proper fresh ingredients at a reasonable price.",
"Because good sushi requires a highly trained chef to balance all the main components well, and if a single components is poorly done, the sushi fails.\n\nFish - must be sushi grade from a consistent supplier, sliced relatively thinly, and in proportion to the rice. Room temperature and not chilled or warm\n\nRice - packed not too loose or tight and using high grade grains. The right Japanese rice from new harvests can make a tremendous difference to flavour and texture \n\nSauce - should be dabbed lightly on the fish, not the rice, and is usually heavier/fermented longer than sashimi soy sauce. The great chefs apply it for you, the customer doesn't do their own dipping\n\nWasabi - matter of preference, but often a dab under the fish and made of freshly grated wasabi root and not powdered horseradish. The rougher, grittier texture and sharp heat and smell will tell you\n\nPickles - again, the pickling method can influence the taste but its most important function is to refresh the palate between different types of sushi\n\nSequence - usually the lighest fish and seafood is eaten first, followed by the oilier and fattier cuts. Tamago/egg is eaten at the end\n\nAnd even the way you handle it matters. Traditionally sushi is eaten with fingers, even in high end joints, and this warms the rice slightly. But these days chopsticks are commonly used, which diminishes the sensory experience.\n\nMost important and often neglected imv is that the sushi must be served immediately, and not plated and left while other sushi is being made. It's bloody hard to pull everything off well and that's why high end joints command a hefty premium.\n\nCred: have eaten sushi at both top and regular sushi and omakase restaurants in Japan, the US and Singapore. Shinji in Tokyo is spectacular."
]
}
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"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NqbWUO5_MeU"
],
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] |
||
amlwhp
|
why is it ok for a bariatric surgery diet to consist of 1k cal or less/day, but for women/men without surgery the minimum is 1200/1500?
|
Are these very limited calorie restrictions not harmful to the body in the same way it would be for some non surgical patient? (Especially when they are not absorbing everything anyway.) How is this method of weight loss any different from a “starvation diet” ?
Edit:Sorry for the poor wording in the original question. I’m talking LONG TERM, such as a year or two down the road from post op day 1. Are these surgical patients able to go back to eating enough calories to maintain their new body weight? Or are they forever limited by their new digestive system to eat smaller amounts? If so, does that have any toll on the body?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/amlwhp/eli5_why_is_it_ok_for_a_bariatric_surgery_diet_to/
|
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"First, all weight loss is a factor of fewer calories being consumed than are being used; the greater the difference the more weight will be lost. Bariatric surgery is done for drastic weight loss, and the process physically restricts the stomach volume with the goal of reducing the amount of food eaten. Along with the surgery, a strict diet acts two-fold, to keep calories low for weight loss and to ensure enough nutrients are included to keep the individual healthy. \n\nThe big difference between a bariatric surgery diet and 1200/1500 calorie diet is the goal. Bariatric patients need to lose significant amounts of weight, 1200/1500 diets are for losing smaller amounts of weight or for maintaining a current weight. A bariatric patient will change their diet once they reach their goal to sustain a new equilibrium.",
" RD who used to work in bariatric surgery here!\n\n & #x200B;\n\nPeople are often advised to consume > 1200-1500 calories for a couple of reasons. First, lower calorie intakes can lead to decreased metabolic rate as an adaptation response, which can result in easier weight regain (see Biggest Loser studies). Secondly, eating less than this makes it difficult to get enough micronutrients, especially in the absence of medical advice/supervision.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThese things are also true of people who have had bariatric surgery, but the decreased metabolic rate is not such a big deal since their reduced stomach capacity makes it more difficult to eat more than this/regain weight anyway. It wasn’t unusual for me to see patients 2+ years post-op who quite comfortably maintained their weight eating 1200 calories per day, wayyy less than you’d expect someone their weight to need. They are also advised to take lots of vitamin supplements and get regular blood work to screen for nutrient deficiencies!",
"In bariatric surgery patients, they weight hundreds of pounds more than they should. It might be unhealthy short term to eat 1000 calories, but it's much more unhealthy to remain at that weight. Since they're so large, it's also much easier for them to just eat the bare essentials like nutrients and water and let the energy demands be taken over by their reserves of stored fat. ",
"I had sleeve gastrectomy 10 years ago, 5’9 started at 315lb lost down to 158lb, looked like a skeleton, gained back up to 165/170 which is my new normal. My metabolism was permanently altered for sure. A person of my size who works out like I do (powerlifting) should be able to maintain at 2,400 kcal/day easily, but I gain weight the moment I eat over 1900. I’ve tried refeeding periods, where I eat more healthy calories to try to teach my body that it doesn’t need to conserve fat. But I just gain weight. I could eat more calories if I ran like a hamster on the treadmill but I hate cardio and would rather just keep lifting heavy weights and eat less carbs. \n\nAnd during the year after surgery when my stomach was super small I definitely had some issues with malnutrition. I was anemic and lost lots of hair, despite taking my vitamins. I was eating maybe 500 a day and it was not good for my body but that’s what was necessary for me to lose all the extra weight. Now my stomach has stretched out and I can eat larger meals and get all my nutrients in with real food. But I have to work my ass off the keep from getting fat again. ",
"The surgery basically limits food intake by making the stomach smaller, and making it take longer for food to empty out of it. So it's not so much a diet as a tool to limit food intake. The first few months after surgery you're eating FAR less than 1000kcals a day. More like 600. \n\nA person who has not had the surgery could eat the same amount of food and lose similar weight, except they would be very hungry, while the post op person would be full on far less, and for longer. \n\nThe whole process is basically a starvation diet. But one under the care of a doctor, complete with vitamin supplements, and blood work to make sure you are not malnourished. You take iron and B12 supplements for instance as the part of the stomach removed prevents absorption of these 2 vitamins. It also limits the stomachs ability to produce grelin, which is the hunger hormone. \n\nWhich diet you are talking about matters. There is the pre-op diet which is designed to help make the liver smaller, so the surgeon has room to work laparoscopicly. If the liver is too fatty, there is no room, and they sew the unfortunate person back up without doing the surgery. \n\nThe idea is to limit starches, carbohydrates and fat. The pre-op diet is somewhat calorie restrictive, but is mostly restrictive on legumes, beans, rice, bread, and anything other than protein with a small amount of fat. It's not all bad though, you could eat fillet mignon every night, so long as you had a salad instead of a baked potato. \n\nWhen I did my pre-op diet, the thing I missed the most was potato. I dreamed of being able to eat my first baked potato months after my operation. \n\nAfter you've had the surgery itself though, there isn't really a \"diet\" anymore. The limited capacity of the stomach is the diet. For the first several weeks after surgery, you can't eat solid food of any kind. Not even vitamins or aspirin. So you drink broth, crystal light, and such. After a few weeks you can have soft foods with no seeds like plain yogurt etc. \n\nOnce you are able to eat solid food, the general rule of thumb is you need X grams of protein you must eat every day. This amount is high enough, and the stomach small enough, that you can't eat anything more. IE you can't cheat and eat the worlds smallest ice cream sunday if your banana sized stomach is already full with 30 grams of protein. \n\nIt might take you 2 days to eat an entire baked potato for instance. People who had a full gastric bypass, as opposed to vertical gastric sleeve, would also have to avoid very sugary or fatty foods as they could upset the stomach leading to dumping syndrome which is incredibly unpleasant. \n\n",
"I am one year post-op from a gastric sleeve. \n\nExtreme hair loss, loose skin, and vitamin deficiencies are typical side effects. Patients can eat a lot of calories if they make poor food choices, and if that happens, can just as easily gain weight. The benefit is that your intake is limited, so if you are making good choices, your calorie intake is generally less overall. \nThe other side effects of a limited calorie diet are dehydration, being ortho static, and being cold all of the time. Dehydration is a huge concern because you have to make the choice between drinking or eating because you can't do both at the same time. That why they tell everyone to drink protein shakes - two birds with one stone. \nThe mantra for all bariatric patients is \"it's a tool\". The stomach is originally about 1 to 2 oz after surgery, and later it can fit about 6 to 8 oz. How much food one can eat depends on the density of the food. You still have to make the choice to eat healthy. A smaller stomach doesn't make you automatically choose a grilled chicken breast over a bag of chips, and it will fit a hell of a lot more chips. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
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[]
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|
efvd5c
|
why is there a much lower speed limit of light in media other than vacuum?
|
Why can't light go as fast in water as light in vacuum ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/efvd5c/eli5_why_is_there_a_much_lower_speed_limit_of/
|
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"Try running through a vacuum, then try running through water. You'll notice you go much slower in the water. It's the same way with light.",
"Photons (light particles) are a physical thing, and thusly interact with our physical reality. Since water is obviously a much denser medium than a vacuum, or even air, the photons are interacting with many more water molecules as they move through, losing energy with each interaction.",
"Handwaving a bit and keeping away from resonant frequencies cause that gets more complicated. \n\n\nAtoms are kinda like little magnets, they tend to have positively and negatively charged ends. (in science terms, they're an electric dipole) \n\nLight is electromagnetic wave. so if you look at light at any place, it's a oscillating magnetic field, quickly changing polarity. Put an atom in a oscillating electronic magnetic field, and that field will make the atom vibrate. (at the macro scale, imagine putting a compass needle near a strong bar magnet being flipped back and forth quickly) \n\nto make an atom vibrates like that, it needs to gain energy (which it gets from the light interacting with it). it also 'wants' to lose that energy and stop vibrating, so it will then emit electromagnetic waves to do so (ie, give off ligh)\n\nIt turns out that the light given off by this has the same frequency, but this emitted light is delayed. (in more proper terms, the phase of the emitted light lags the phase of the incident light) \n\nNow with just one atom, this doesn't give you much. With just one atom the emitted light is strongly scattered, going every which way. But stuff is made up of way more than one atom, so what you see instead is the result of this happening humpty jillion times as the light interacts witha bunch of atoms, making them all vibrate and those jillion atoms all emit light in response, and what we get out is the combined effect of all that that. \n\nIf you do the math, turns out that all the random scattering mostly cancels itself out, and the only direction the light can propagate is forward through the material. \n\nSo when you shine a light through something, the atoms in the something take energy from that light, vibrate and remit the light in the same direction, but delayed a bit. That then goes on to interact with more atoms, which causes the same process, repeat till it leaves the medium.",
"This thread is a prime example of why this sub is terrible.\n\nI suggest you completely ignore every single comment in this thread and instead go watch the following video by Dr Lincoln of Fermilab.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nTL;DW:\n\nLight is an electromagnetic field, em fields cause electrons to move. Movement of these electrons causes a new em field, this new em field then creates a superposition with the original em field which has a lower speed."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/CUjt36SD3h8"
]
] |
|
2kupy0
|
u.s. political parties; democrat, republican, tea party, right, left, ect. what are they and why do people have to choose. why can't i say i like some of these ideas from this one and some of these from another?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2kupy0/eli5_us_political_parties_democrat_republican_tea/
|
{
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"Parties are basically just groups that have formed and decided they're going to back the same people. You have every right to pick and choose the ideas that you agree with from each party, and you very well should. Informed voters shouldn't just follow a party line, they should elect officials who best represent their ideas and beliefs. \n\nThat being said, the two main parties in the U.S. are so large and the general public doesn't look past them. It's hard for candidates from smaller parties to overcome the sheer numbers of the larger parties.",
" > Why can't I say I like some of these ideas from this one and some of these from another?\n\nThat's called Direct Democracy - the people vote on the laws. That's not the type of government we have.\n\nWe have Representative Democracy. People vote on representatives, who vote on the laws.\n\nIn theory, it's more efficient, because nobody has time to read all of the laws.\n",
"Political parties are like brands. Consider fast food:\n\nMcDonalds stands for burgers fries and sodas.\n\nTaco Bell stands for tacos, chips and sodas.\n\nSubway stands for salads, sandwiches, healthy foods, and sodas.\n\nJabba Juice stands for smoothies and opposes sodas.\n\nPizza hut stands for pizza, salads, and sodas.\n\nAs you can see, the brands/parties overlap on some issues, but take differing stands on other issue. It is virtually impossible to agree on a party on 100% of issues, but parties exist to make it easier for voters to vote for people who generally agree with their philosophy (aka what food they want to eat for lunch!). You don't HAVE to vote a straight party ballot - you can look up each individual candidate and find out if you think they are qualified and will stand for what you believe is right. \n\nThis response answered the question of why you choose from parties. If you want to know what the parties stand for, [check out this arguably biased video](_URL_0_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdS6fyUIklI"
]
] |
||
3h68i5
|
why do baked goods, and other foods turn brown as you bake them
|
I'm thinking it's a minor version of the food burning, but I have no idea. Any thoughts?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3h68i5/eli5why_do_baked_goods_and_other_foods_turn_brown/
|
{
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"text": [
"It's the [maillard reaction](_URL_0_). Basically, when you heat food, sugar and proteins react to create a different substance that is brown and tasty. This is separate from what is happening when you cook just sugar (caramelization).",
"Heating organic stuff slowly destroys the complex structure. In the end carbohydrates turn complete into carbon and water. The more structure is destroyed the darker it gets.\n\nBut don't worry there is no coal in your bread. Only if you bake it for like 24 hours."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maillard_reaction"
],
[]
] |
|
chm3c5
|
why when penguins walk, they walk in a row?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/chm3c5/eli5_why_when_penguins_walk_they_walk_in_a_row/
|
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"text": [
"I'm only taking an educated guess but I'd assume it's because they're unstable upright and they can reduce the effects of the strength of the wind when walking single file, cutting through it like a knife, while bracing themselves against one another.",
"Same reason any other animal including humans tend to walk in a row when going across difficult or dangerous terrain: they're following a path. \n\nThe path is often less obvious than the ones followed by, say, elephants in a jungle, but it's there and the penguins know* where it is and that following it is easier than going any other way. \n\n*) For some definition of knowledge."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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] |
||
37k409
|
why is the usa a bigger sufferer of terrorism than any other nation?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/37k409/eli5_why_is_the_usa_a_bigger_sufferer_of/
|
{
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"It isn't. It's just if you live in the US, that's the news you hear. I'm pretty sure there are plenty of places in the middle east where terrorist attacks are much more common. They just don't get reported here unless they are unusually large or they kill Americans.",
"That's very debatable. I'd say that Israel, Iraq, Somalia, or Nigeria suffer far more from terrorism than we do.\n\nIn any case, the U.S. is a massively powerful country with intrusive foreign policy in many unstable regions of the world. It shouldn't be surprising that we've made enemies with relatively powerless people who feel that terrorism is the only way to advance their political agenda."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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] |
||
6qldfl
|
if we have the capability of doing transplants on every organ of the human body, why can't we "resurrect" someone by replacing the necessary organs and lost blood etc and just connecting it all together! of course assuming they are available.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6qldfl/eli5_if_we_have_the_capability_of_doing/
|
{
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"text": [
"first, consider our brains as \"volatile memory\". which means, once the power goes out, the stored data is gone. So once you die, and your brain is without oxygen for more than a few minutes, even if you restore bloodflow, they will be a vegetable.\n\nas for before death, in theory, maybe you could cure cancer/heart attacks ect with a transplant (and sometimes they do), but its rarely that easy. Takes time to find a match, so heart attacks tend to be an urgent deal. and if the cancer spreads, you cant replace multiple organs (and wouldnt waste the organs trying)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3xk7pw
|
why can't files be transferred between two computers with a double-sided usb wire?
|
Everything from mice to memory sticks to printers are able to send information back and forth via usb between them, so why can't two computers do it to each other?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3xk7pw/eli5_why_cant_files_be_transferred_between_two/
|
{
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"It's a design limitation: The USB system is a master / slave setup, where the master is on the computer and the slaves are the peripherals like mouse, keyboard, storage etc. That is what the design is. That is how the operating system expects it.\n\nHowever, have a look at _URL_0_ which explains how to connect two computers via USB to each other via a bridge connector. Note that you cannot use the standard operating system tools like the file manager, you need specific software for that.",
"Yes, you can. [Here's the cable](_URL_0_), available on Amazon. There are many other USB data transfer cables available.",
"The USB standard always has one side as 'the computer' and the other side as 'the device'. The computer can to talk to all the devices but the devices can't talk to each other directly.\n\nOf course your phone or tablet or whatever is really a computer itself, but it can pretend to be just a data-storage device when connected to a computer and later when you connect an usb stick or similar to your phone or tablet, it will switch automatically from acting as a device to acting like a computer.\n\nYou can even connect to such devices which one another if you can convince one to act as the computer and the other as the data-storage device connected to it.\n\nYou can't really connect two PCs to one another because neither of them has the ability to take the role of the dumb device.\n\nMany years back there was a special crossover cable that allowed two computer to connect to each other by faking it so that each one thought they were the ones in charge of the connection. It was mainly used to transfer files from one PC to another if you were migrating to a new desktop.\n\nSince soon afterwards home networks became much more common and you can simply use a network cable to connect two PCs together and have the same effect, this USB-transfer cable vanished almost entirely.\n\nThere are alternative standards like firewire that support connecting two PCs directly, but none of them ever became that popular. In the old days you sometimes had what is called a Null Modem to connect two computers together over a serial port, so USB was a bit of step backwards for not offering that functionality. On the other hand there isn't really any need for that sort of functionality anymore either.\n\nReally if you want to connect two computers with one another so that they can exchange information you use standard network connectivity nowadays. That is what it is for.\n\nAlmost all devices nowadays have either an Ethernet port or wireless capability built in and it has been ages since anyone had to worry about stuff like crossover network cables too.",
"Does USB-C allow for this kind of functionality? You can send power and data through it, and it works both ways. You can charge a phone using the power supply on another phone with this connector too.",
"It exists, use it all the time. [See this link](_URL_0_). No drivers needed.",
"When you connect something to your computer using USB, it sets one end as the client and one as the host. The problem is when you connect two computers using USB, neither computer can act as a client, and they won't communicate.\n\nHowever, you could do this with FireWire. If you were to connect two computers using FireWire, you could transfer data between the two computers.",
"Yes you can and here is a link to buy the cable from Newegg.\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/connecting-two-pcs-using-a-usb-usb-cable/"
],
[
"http://www.amazon.com/Windows-Driverless-Data-Transfer-Cable/dp/B004GIGNVC"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.usbgear.com/link/"
],
[],
[
"http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16812200198"
]
] |
|
azfeae
|
how do different drinking vessels change the flavor of the liquid?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/azfeae/eli5_how_do_different_drinking_vessels_change_the/
|
{
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"text": [
"Personally I feel like everything tastes better out of glass. You might prefer straw for soda because you’re used to it or something "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4jvjdy
|
why is toasting (raising a drink high) a universal thing? (or what appears to be.)
|
Like, where did it come from? Why does it seem like a universal thing that most humans understand?
(Either formal, with a speech, or informal.)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4jvjdy/eli5_why_is_toasting_raising_a_drink_high_a/
|
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],
"text": [
"From what I have been told, it's because everyone is drinking the same thing at the same time.\n\nWhen you toast and drink, since everyone is drinking in unison it is a form of mutually assured destruction if the drink has been poisoned. It's why if someone doesn't drink, or pours out the cup, they are seen as untrustworthy.\n\nThat and you are all making a vow to agree with the toast, kind of like how communion is all about the congregation reaffirming their faith."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4ox3qd
|
if the temperature outside is too hot, (like tucson today), why does that make it unsafe for planes to land?
|
Today my plane was almost to Tucson, and we had to turn around and go back to LA because Tucson was "too hot" to land in. How does the heat affect planes landing? Is there a certain temperature that determines safe or unsafe conditions? Why have I never heard of this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ox3qd/eli5_if_the_temperature_outside_is_too_hot_like/
|
{
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"text": [
"At high temperatures, the air actually becomes thinner (the molecules get farther apart), and airplanes get less than the normal amount of lift because there are fewer molecules under each wing.",
"When air heats up it basically gets more thin. (The lightness of hot air is the same thing that makes hot air balloons float.) So with the air not being as thick as it would normally be, the wings on airplanes can't perform as well as they normally would. Another idea is that for the wing to perform as it's supposed to in thin air it would have to go faster. Speed + Ground =/= Success. ",
"Higher temperature means that the air is less dense - that follows directly from the ideal gas law (PV=nRT, P is pressure, V is volume, n is amount of gas molecules, R is a constant, T is temperature). If you increase the temperature while keeping the pressure the same, the number of particles per unit volume has to go down.\n\nNow, why is that a problem? Aircraft use airflow over the wings to generate lift. Lift is calculated as L=c_l\\*rho\\*v^2 \\*A/2 (L is lift, c_l is the lift coefficient, v is airspeed, A is wing area and **rho is air density**). This means that at a higher air temperature, and thus lower air density, a plane needs to be flying faster to generate the same amount of lift. Now, planes are generally engineered to work under a variety of operating conditions, but a big problem arises when the speed required to generate enough lift to counteract gravity gets above the maximum safe landing speed.",
"The runways at Tucson airport have surfaces of [asphalt concrete] (_URL_1_) (a.k.a. \"tarmac\") - a mixture of asphalt and stone. It goes soft in extreme heat and planes can get bogged down in it. It happened in [Moscow in 2014] (_URL_0_), for example. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.rt.com/news/176568-moscow-airport-plane-heat/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete"
]
] |
|
5w1kvw
|
how can i have such large and diverse active and passive vocabularies, including quite a bit of etymological knowledge, and yet when i'm asked to define something i look like a deer in headlights?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5w1kvw/eli5_how_can_i_have_such_large_and_diverse_active/
|
{
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"de6mrem",
"de6p7hg",
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"de6qrz1"
],
"score": [
28,
11,
2,
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],
"text": [
"There's a big difference between being good with words and having the talents required to write dictionaries.",
"So much of our vocabulary depends on *context* rather than strict definitions. It's likely that you don't actually know the definition for most of the words that you use, but you understand how to use them correctly anyhow. \n\nKids don't learn to speak by memorising a dictionary, they learn by listening to the adults around them and copying that behaviour as best they can.",
"When learning a foreign language, being able to read or understand others speaking is easier than writing or speaking yourself. That's because different faculties are involved, and recognizing a pattern is less difficult than correctly remembering and recreating the pattern yourself. \n\nIt's a similar (but not identical) principle at work here; you know what the word means (you can recognize the pattern), but you can't explain it (you can't draw the pattern from scratch). This is especially true for vocabulary because much of our verbal learning comes from context clues rather than reading the dictionary, so you may have a more or less fuzzy grip on the pattern to begin with. \n\nIt's orders of magnitude easier to recognize a rose, than it is to explain how you recognized it as a rose or what exact features make it a rose.",
"I wonder this all the time because I'm raising a child and they need a lot of words to be defined. I keep thinking I'm getting better at it but the truth is that the kid is just a lot more advanced now and so definitions are easier.\n\nIn addition to word definitions, there's a lot that gets imprinted on our brains automatically and is actually really hard to think about directly. Try explaining to a kid who really wants to speak that interrupting another person is wrong.\n\n\"Why?\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
16xv4s
|
why do stores, restaurants, etc. fly state/country flags?
|
Is it patriotism or a business tactic?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/16xv4s/eli5_why_do_stores_restaurants_etc_fly/
|
{
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"c80gzh7",
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"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Essentially both. Why does anyone fly a flag ever? Just to show support of an organization. A business might fly a flag just because the owners think they want to show that they love America. That being said, flying a flag tells patriotic people, \"Hey, I love America too.\" This might encourage those people to shop there. Maybe.",
"I'm going to say it's 90% business tactic. No self-respecting businessman would fly a flag that he/she felt patriotic about, but that he/she knew would possibly drive away customers.\n\nExample: you would never have seen a Russian immigrant who owned a business flying a Russian flag during the cold war."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
936t33
|
how does the body deal with foreign bodies in the lungs?
|
I'm aware that many forms of dust and silica are harmful, but what about something like a grain of rice? You're having a meal and you cough, choke a little, or someone makes you laugh and you swear something small 'goes down the wrong pipe'. What happens afterward, how does the body deal with this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/936t33/eli5_how_does_the_body_deal_with_foreign_bodies/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e3b0tcf",
"e3b3et7"
],
"score": [
7,
2
],
"text": [
"Ideally it never gets there. That violent choking reaction from stuff going down the wrong tube is powerful reflexive activity to push the offending substance back out, so that it can go down the *correct* pipe. \n\nFor very small debris, mucus can trap them, and they can be moved from the airways by the action of cilia, which move in concert to push the mucus up to the throat where you typically swallow it. Macrophages can potentially consume very small debris as well.\n\nFor larger debris the body *can't* necessarily deal with it, and it can lead to complications like aspiration pneumonia, scarring of the lungs, up to, potentially, death. ",
"What about insects such as gnats. I feel like I have inhaled them while riding my road bike at dusk ??"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2416nl
|
- net neutrality? openinternet? what does all this mean? what is it and what does this all mean for reddit and the general internet?
|
I've only heard about this stuff, what is it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2416nl/eli5_net_neutrality_openinternet_what_does_all/
|
{
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"text": [
"What it implies. No outside (government or other) interference on web content and full access to all of the web without restriction.",
"So does mean all content would legal on the web, including stuff like CP and hitmen type stuff? Or would the law still apply, just no government filters?",
"Net neutrality says it all in the name. The idea is that internet is meant to carry information, and should not care about what that information is. \n\nAt first that's how Internet was, but there is now some services on Internet that are bandwidth hungry because lots of users use it (like netflix or youtube). And we are now seeing case where ISP are asking for those service provider to pay because of that. If they don't pay the ISP will diminish the quality of access to those website.\n\nBut those ISP already got paid by their customers and by the 1996 telecommunication's act.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nThis video is from march since then Netflix has paid one ISP for a better quality and over one night it was done. So it wasn't really an infrastructure problem ... They just wanted more money.\n\nThis is the perfect exemple of what happend when net neutrality is not respected. ISP can use us customers as leverage, and get away with it ...\n\nNet neutrality is an ideal where when you get internet you are guaranted to have access to everything that is on internet in a fair way. But that is not the case right now."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tb0ylZHHY08"
]
] |
|
2gl4zx
|
why do i get shaky and cold when i'm nervous and/or excited?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2gl4zx/eli5_why_do_i_get_shaky_and_cold_when_im_nervous/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckk5t3p"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"It's an evolutionary response. Your body perceives a threat (because you're nervous) and so your brain shakes all your muscles to warm them up and increase blood flow, preparing for a quicker and more effective fight-or-flight solution.\nFor excitement, I actually put it down to nervousness as well. A lot of times, when I'm really excited, I'm also nervous!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1r5enu
|
what is going on with this _url_0_ drama?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1r5enu/eli5_what_is_going_on_with_this_twitchtv_drama/
|
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"text": [
"So I was going to bitch at you because this question has been asked earlier today... but I can't find the post. Conspiracy? \n\nDUN DUN DUN",
"\nExcerpt from what RenaKunisaki explained pretty much what is going on.\nOriginal reddit: _URL_5_\n\n * Horror is a shit mod who abuses his power; this has been an issue before (see EvilSnurDeeps) (yes this is a fact)\n\n * Cyghfer got all his emotes removed based on some takedown request from someone, for being \"inappropriate\" or for copyright issues. I can't comment on that because I don't know what the emotes in question were or how that relates to the rest of the issue. (Were they furry emotes too? Apparently one of them is shown here: _URL_10_)\n\n * Duke_Bilgewater got banned for joking about the origin of the NightLight emote in response to this.\n\n * People got banned for just complaining about Horror in chats/streams\n\n * Peaches_ got banned for having \"REMOVE HORROR\" in his title. Another admin had forcibly changed it and warned him not to change it back. Someone later changed it to \"horrible zombies\". Peaches__ was then banned after going to bed.\n\n * _URL_7_ is a 404, i.e. the account was completely removed (EDIT: correct URL is \n * _URL_29_ - notice the swapped words - which also redirects to TOS violation page.)\n * _URL_36_ reads \"The community has closed this channel due to terms of service violations.\", i.e. the channel itself was shut down; it's not (only) an IP ban. It's apparently back up now, loading in some browsers but not others, which is probably a cache issue. Edit: down again, in all browsers now.\n \n* Werster apparently actually made a living off his subscriber money, so to have his channel shut down is more than a minor annoyance. It's effectively equivalent to being fired from your job for complaining about something stupid a manager did.\n\n * Longer explanation at _URL_12_\n\n * The NightLight emote has now been removed\n\n * Werster's channel was back for a moment, and chat was displaying a message: \"You must Facebook Connect to send messages to this channel. You can Facebook Connect in your twitch settings under the connections tab.\" i.e. requiring you to link your Twitch account with Facebook to be able to chat i.e. giving Twitch a fuckton of your personal information i.e. RIP Twitch.\n\n * /r/gaming mods are nazis and deleted every single comment in the other thread so I reposted this here.\n FrankerFaceZ added peach emotes which may or may not be related to Peaches__' ban.\n\n * Cruxit was just banned (not surprising): _URL_9_ - notice subs mode despite not having subs (you can do this to your own channel but why)\n\n * Twitch admins are now going into every channel that supports the anti-Horror movement, turning subscriber-only mode on (in channels that don't have subscribers), and then nuking them. Dugongue has now been nuked and licensetobill is under attack. _URL_4_ _URL_6_ _URL_3_\n\n * Licensetobill's chat is now in perma-subs-only mode and admins are bitching at him because he got raided _URL_32_ _URL_26_ Meanwhile Horror still doesn't believe in censorship _URL_20_\n\n * I can't keep up with all this drama, so many screenshots to crop\n _URL_0_ Notice the name, this is NOT Twitch's real account.\n * ChalkedJanitor is banned: _URL_23_\n\n * I'm also hearing JesusFromTheBible, PoodleSkirt and SlayerOfBabies got banned.\n \n * Adam_AK is refusing to stream until this is fixed. _URL_18_\n\n * Someone is now banning anyone who posts links/info in _URL_34_\n\n * el_poncho_grande is now banned: _URL_1_\n\n * zeldalove is now banned: _URL_13_ _URL_33_\n \n Twitch is now down for maintenance, although stream pages and chats are still working if you don't refresh. _URL_28_\n\n \"Site is undergoing maintenance. If you're already connected (logged in), you should be fine.\"\n Maintenance #1 complete. We will run another short maintenance at approx 4p PST.\n squidd__ was just banned by Kanthes, who refused to explain how exactly his title was a form of harassment. Screenshots here: _URL_27_ - notice the part where he asks the admin for an explanation and never gets it.\n qwerty1605 is now nuked, screenshots: _URL_16_\n Reddit keeps reverting my post to older versions when I try to edit.\n * _URL_14_ updated image summary. I didn't make this.\n RIP SnowyV2: _URL_21_ _URL_22_\n Better screenshot: _URL_15_ showing again asking to explain how the title is harassing anyone and getting no response\n RIP cptpoopfist: _URL_24_\n RIP spahcrab_: _URL_30_\n Werster's channel is loading again and he's speaking in chat, but it's still stuck in Facebook mode, and his sub button is gone. _URL_8_\n Even if I were willing to use Facebook I would never give Twitch access to so much personal info. Fuck that shit.\n Now hearing timesthelegallimit got banned even though he complied with the demand to change his title.\n RIP rilagin, though it took having REMOVE HORROR in the title and streaming porn for a while, lol.\n Werster is getting shit reinstated, but his chat is currently still full of suckups and an admin who appears to still be banning anyone who complains _URL_19_\n Thanks to everyone PMing me these shots, this has spread too far for me to keep track of on my own.\n For those wondering, going to /tos_violation on a non-banned channel does NOT show the \"channel closed\" message. Try it on _URL_2_ - you just get the stream page. So no, Werster is not unbanned.\n\nI'm not even sure where the whole furry thing even comes from (NightLight came from porn? who cares) but it's really just distracting from the issue that Horror has no place being admin.\n\nI'll keep editing this post as I learn more.\n\nAlso since everything in the other thread was deleted I'll link the screenshots I posted there too:\n\n_URL_11_ \"More \"damage control\" on Twitter\"\n\n_URL_25_ \"oh my god\"\n\n_URL_17_ \"and yes, Leo is his BF\"\n\n_URL_31_ Werster's channel loading in Chromium but not Firefox\n\nunfortunately I can't recover anyone else's posts. But /u/Sharun can: _URL_35_ and I can't type.",
"Well maidos posted a very detailed account, but the short version is this: \n\nOne of the admins of Twitch, Horror, uploaded an emoticon to the website that was of his boyfriend's \"furry\" avatar. This was strange because previously emoticons have had to be voted in by the community. \n\nSomeone in a chat joked to Horror \"How can I get into your pants so I can get an emote too?\" referencing the emoticon issue. This person was banned. Many, many other people were subsequently banned after voicing their complaints, or using the words \"Remove Horror\" in the title of their stream. The admins of Twitch have cited the \"no hate speech\" part of their TOS and contend that these complaints about horror count as hate speech or harassment. This is the bulk of the drama.\n\nOn Reddit: Another Twitch admin, Chris92, is seen in a chat saying that he is going to contact the mods of /r/gaming to get them to remove any threads about the Twitch issue. [A screenshot of that chat is here](_URL_0_). Several threads about the Twitch issue had indeed been removed from /r/games and /r/gaming, however, the mods say that they were removed prior to receiving any messages from Chris92. The mods' rationale is that the threads either showed evidence of vote cheating, or that one certain image used in the thread crossed the line into making it a witch-hunt. However, and this is a recent development, all threads about the subject are actually still being removed from /r/gaming, including threads that do not include that witch-hunt image. No explanation has been offered yet as to this last part.\n\nedit: Even more recent development - the r/gaming thread is back, as of like 2 minutes ago. No idea wtf is going on with that.",
"ELI5 is not for stuff like this, see /r/outoftheloop or /r/subredditdrama.\n\nBasically, subreddit/TwitchTV drama isn't a complex concept. "
]
}
|
[
"Twitch.tv"
] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://twitter.com/TwichTVSupport/status/403062887008067584",
"http://img22.imageshack.us/img22/1765/9rkw.png",
"http://www.twitch.tv/cosmowright/tos_violation",
"http://i.imgur.com/bs7gtB6.png",
"http://i.imgur.com/9cqRYST.png",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/speedrun/comments/1r2f1k/rip_in_peace_werster/cdj10be",
"http://i.imgur.com/z3fOaAi.png",
"http://www.twitch.tv/profile/werster",
"http://i.imgur.com/AuxoLkS.png",
"http://imgur.com/zuEuis9",
"http://imgur.com/k7Awa7V",
"http://i.imgur.com/em6v1RR.png",
"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1hy1LMOgO7Pd0HpG-0zE-VC0gjgjuyhczw_EDSBKWpIA/edit",
"http://imgur.com/u56Deii",
"https://i1.minus.com/i2aFIu2Ro7TQl.png",
"http://i.imgur.com/v6NqGMg.jpg",
"http://imgur.com/a/tptuX",
"http://i.imgur.com/7nwYl4u.png",
"http://i.imgur.com/AvrKcua.png",
"http://i.imgur.com/QDc8ygw.png",
"http://i.imgur.com/uEmsIu7.png",
"http://i.imgur.com/7fGsshu.png",
"http://i.imgur.com/UsXHtLJ.png",
"http://i.imgur.com/NHsB5Qf.jpg",
"http://i.imgur.com/3e4rNhe.png",
"http://i.imgur.com/G31ATTe.png",
"http://i.imgur.com/HX2cJLr.png",
"http://imgur.com/a/cNeYm",
"http://i.imgur.com/4ijeqmK.png",
"http://www.twitch.tv/werster/profile",
"http://i.imgur.com/qoplgUr.png",
"http://i.imgur.com/XVZH2zp.jpg",
"http://i.imgur.com/toiXFhc.png",
"https://images.4chan.org/vg/src/1384986720930.png",
"http://www.twitch.tv/zodiacsmash",
"http://i.imgur.com/s7YZbSE.png",
"http://www.twitch.tv/werster/"
],
[
"http://i.imgur.com/t5RiV3Y.jpg"
],
[]
] |
||
3w989u
|
why is it a governmental decision whether to build a 3rd runway at heathrow?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3w989u/eli5_why_is_it_a_governmental_decision_whether_to/
|
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"text": [
"The impact of the runway will be felt across the whole South-East of England, which makes it bigger than just a \"London decision\". Airspace, roads, railways - all will be affected. Then there's the question of who's going to pay for it ... ",
"It generally is with any large infrastructure project, and has been ever since large infrastructure projects existed. Any major road, bridge or railway line has had an Act of Parliament authorising it. Even if they're privately funded.\n\nAirports can't just be built. They have an impact on a lot of people. Not just people affected by the flightpath, but the other airports, and even airports in other countries. It requires infrastructure to support, so that needs to be taken into account as well.\n\nIn addition, it will require compulsory purchase of some land. You need to weigh the cost of displacing people from their homes (people are naturally very attached to their homes).\n\nSo all these factors need to be weighed up by a reasonably neutral party. The government assigns a committee that acts as independently as possible. ",
"Because some countries consider the impact on people who live in the area, rather than leaving it all to the private sector.",
"Because in a truly free market economy, a private airport/airline operator would actually have to compensate people and businesses nearby for cutting off neighbourhoods from each other, polluting their air, creating noise and subjecting them to risks of crashes. In such a free market capitalist utopia with externalities paid for at freely negotiated rates, air travel would be expensive and rare compared with something that inflicts fewer and less severe externalities on others like perhaps a train or a boat. So in order to avoid this libertarian paradise, the air travel industry relies on a form of hybrid socialism, not unlike financial services. Risks and costs are socialized, benefits and profits are privatized. Hence they need govt to enforce the socialism part of it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
6ahtrk
|
if an individual within the poor class of a caste system comes into wealth, are they still considered "poor" by their society's standards? what about a rich individual losing their wealth? are they treated differently in either case?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ahtrk/eli5_if_an_individual_within_the_poor_class_of_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dhey7ry"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"Check out this Prezi presentation on [Old Money vs. New Money and organized crimes role in 1920s prohibition.](_URL_1_) and this article on [*Money Cant Buy You Class: Are You Old Money or New Money?*](_URL_0_)\n\n > Old Money Habits\n\n > •They are frugal in their spending habits. They realize that the car you drive does not measure wealth nor by the house you own.\n > •Values saving and long term investing for financial stability\n > •They believe that financial independence is more important\n than displaying high social status.\n > •They live well below their means, not on borrowed money\n > •Values giving back to the community\n\n > New Money Habits\n\n > •Spends money in the name of social status and for the sake of impressing others\n > •Live well above their means on borrowed money\n > •Has nothing to show for the “bling” in just a few years after coming into money\n > •Only discusses how much they spend and not how much they invest in themselves and their future (retirement, community projects, charity etc)\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.girlsjustwannahavefunds.com/money-cant-buy-you-class-are-you-old-money-or-new-money/",
"https://prezi.com/7j5_26vqqe2r/old-money-vs-new-money/"
]
] |
||
28g31b
|
why 100% means a whole of something? why 100?
|
Can be silly but I don't understand the real reason behind it? Is it just because that 100 is an easy figure?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28g31b/eli5_why_100_means_a_whole_of_something_why_100/
|
{
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"ciakv52",
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7,
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"text": [
"\"percent\" means \"out of hundred\". So \"100%\" is just \"100 out of 100\"",
" > In Ancient Rome, long before the existence of the decimal system, computations were often made in fractions which were multiples of 1/100. For example Augustus levied a tax of 1/100 on goods sold at auction known as centesima rerum venalium. Computation with these fractions was similar to computing percentages. As denominations of money grew in the Middle Ages, computations with a denominator of 100 become more standard and from the late 15th century to the early 16th century it became common for arithmetic texts to include such computations. Many of these texts applied these methods to profit and loss, interest rates, and the Rule of Three. By the 17th century it was standard to quote interest rates in hundredths.\n\nPercentage: From Latin *per centum*, \"for every hundred\", + -age.",
"it's taken from definition of percent. per-cent, basically one from houndred, so 100 from 100 (100%) is equal to 1."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
fb6l65
|
how come before you sleep, you feel sleepy, but when you try to fall asleep you feel wide awake?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fb6l65/eli5_how_come_before_you_sleep_you_feel_sleepy/
|
{
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52,
2,
9,
15
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"text": [
"Maybe it's because your body is finally resting but your brain is still stimulated and not able to \"shut down\" yet. But looking forward to some scientific answer someone may have.",
"There was a study on insomnia, the results were that if they thought 'don't fall asleep' over and over they would fall asleep fast than when they try to fall asleep. \n\nAlso you might already be asleep! In another study when patients brain activity showed that they were in early stages of sleep they were woken up, but the insomniac people would say I was already awake!",
"Ya need answer for this. Even I also feel sleepy at night then when im on bed i just pass around 2hours without doing anything and still my brain hasn't went to sleep",
"The way you fall asleep is through the activation of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA.\n\nNow, the reason you're not asleep is that your hypothalamus secretes a chemical called acetylcholine to wake you up. When you're asleep for a long time, you experience a buildup of chemicals, and the acetylcholine wins. (That's how caffeine seems to work, by influencing levels of acetylcholine.) In contrast, a chemical called adenosine builds up with activity and hinders acetylcholine, so we get tired.\n\nAs the day wears on, your sleep drive builds as acetylcholine and other chemicals that induce wakefulness decline. Meanwhile, your melatonin rises several hours before bedtime, eventually overpowering what's left of your acetylcholine. So if you have trouble sleeping, then it's actually your preparation for your default state that's broken, indicating you have a very fundamental biological defect that needs some examining.",
"Others have suggested good potential reasons already so I'll just point out one that's a little more uncommon. If you are a person whose blood tends to pool in your legs during the day, then lying down to go to sleep can wake you up because your brain is finally getting all the blood it wants. If this is the problem for you, then you can fix it by lying down with your legs up for less than ten minutes about an hour before bedtime."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
44ydvy
|
how come wireless companies say they have the fastest, longest, most reliable coverage according to this study or that study and then the some other wireless company claims the same thing about itself? like t-mobile vs verizon superbowl ad?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/44ydvy/eli5_how_come_wireless_companies_say_they_have/
|
{
"a_id": [
"czts2o9",
"czts5ny"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"they cherry pick the statisics and studies they want. the studies all focus on different metrics. If you look hard enough, anyone can find something to hang their hat on that says they are the best. No one will dig into the details (except T-Mobile apparently)\n\nThe studies may also be bought and paid for, but I cant prove that in this particular case.",
"There is no independent party that rates or tracks wireless speed across all carriers. There is no \"definitive answer\" for who is fastest. T-MO might be fastest in Seattle and Atlanta, while Verizon is fastest in NYC and LA, and Sprint fastest in Chicago, etc etc. They run the tests when they launch a new system like LTE, but before any actual customers are using it and clog it up. They might be referring to a test performed years ago. There are a million different ways someone can say \"fastest\" or \"most reliable\". It all depends on how you test it, and you can bet the company will pick the type of test that makes them look best."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
5y9y0d
|
why do people get angry over undocumented immigrants "taking jobs" rather than the people/companies that hire them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5y9y0d/eli5_why_do_people_get_angry_over_undocumented/
|
{
"a_id": [
"deoau9x",
"deob8gt",
"deochc2",
"deocxir"
],
"score": [
12,
5,
4,
3
],
"text": [
"Because it's more socially acceptable to complain about them \"taking jobs\" than it is to admit that they just hate brown people. If it were really about the jobs, then they would get angry at the companies that hire illegals. It's not really about jobs. It's about covert racism, hiding behind a weak jobs claim.",
"To some extent, we do complain about those companies and go after them legally.\n\nUltimately, since it's the jobs those companies offer that people want, people would rather go after the cheap labor that are used to fill them rather than shut down those companies and destroy the existence of those jobs.",
"Because the people/companies aren't the ones tasked with securing our borders, the government is. 'Sanctuary cities' are particularly offensive.",
"Because some people are incredibly stupid. Honestly, I have never in my life EVER competed for a job against an illegal immigrant, and for any American who have been here for generations, to lose getting a job to an illegal immigrant who most likely has a very low level education, little to no comprehension of the English language, SHAME ON YOU. You've been blessed to grow up, live, and be educated in America with all its great opportunities and yet you lose out on getting a job to an illegal? You had every advantage in life compared to these illegals and you're still losing out to them? You seriously need to take a long good look in the mirror and find out why you fucked up so royally in life and figure out a plan on how to fix it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3dixmo
|
- what advantage to wings provide animals that cannot fly?
|
So a new dinosaur was discovered today: _URL_0_
It is a winged dinosaur with the velociraptor as an ancestor. However, it's thought at the moment that it could not fly.
Why would animals evolve wings? Evolution doesn't work with "long-term" ideas in mind.
So what would the point of the wings be?
EDIT: One possibility, from the article
> "So maybe [wings] did not evolve for flight - perhaps they evolved as a display structure, or to protect eggs in the nest," he said.
"Or maybe this animal was starting to move around in the trees and was able to glide."
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3dixmo/eli5_what_advantage_to_wings_provide_animals_that/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ct5k3hn",
"ct5kdv4",
"ct5kgyt"
],
"score": [
5,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Stability? The ability to glide, maybe?\n\nAn example might be if the animal lives in an environment where there are poisonous snakes that may bite them. An animal without wings relies on its legs to dodge snake attacks. Perhaps an animal with wings can flutter and move away more quickly, even if it can't fly outright.",
"Various reasons exist for it; these include balancing, courtship, camouflage. Another is heat stress reduction. Recently I've seen pigeons on the ground with their wings spread out (I know pigeons can fly); they're doing it to shed as much heat in this heatwave as possible. The pigeon in question though would have been much better off if they'd chosen to do it in the shade.",
"Penguins? Dodo? Kiwis? Chickens? Plenty of birds have wings and don't fly, it seems like more of a remnant (like our appendix) of when they were more air dwelling creatures :)"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33510288"
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
5pwpox
|
why do flight attendants request that airplane windows be open for landing? what effect does it have on anything?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5pwpox/eli5_why_do_flight_attendants_request_that/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dcue0j8",
"dcue3xv",
"dcuf38n"
],
"score": [
22,
11,
5
],
"text": [
"There are several potential reasons:\n\n* It provides a way for emergency responders to see into the plane in the event of a crash. \n* It provides additional light (useful if there is heavy smoke) for the flight attendants to more easily ensure no one is left in a row during an evacuation. \n* It provides occupants of the plane a way to see outside and have more information to judge the conditions outside an exit door which may not have a large window. ",
"It allows you to see out the windows so you can follow what happens. If there is a crash you might see it outside the windows before the pilots have a chance to warn you, you might also see if you crash in the water or on land and take on your life jacket. When you have crashed you can see what the condition outside is before you evacuate. Is there fire, water or jet fuel on one of the sides so you should avoid opening the doors. Is the fire department already outside so you should let them handle the fire before you evacuate. When you evacuate what conditions can you expect outside the plane. And lastly the rescue workers can see though the windows if there are people or fire inside and direct their efforts accordingly. They might for instance have the tools to break though the hull of the aircraft and spray the inside with foam but this can be dangerous for the people on the ground and inside so you do not want to do this unless there is a fire and people trapped inside. And you want to extinguish the fire and not waste time and foam on areas where the fire have not spread to.",
"Same reason my grandmother insists I wear tennis shoes when I fly. Helps with a crash situation about 1%. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3sn5dk
|
how do sicknesses die out like the black plague?
|
So, correct me if I'm wrong (which I probably am) but it seems like throughout history there have been large plagues and sicknesses that have been airborne and spreading vastly then they kind of just die out. My question is: why don't these sicknesses still exist and/or bother us anymore? I am wondering if it is because of something other than just modern medicine.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3sn5dk/eli5_how_do_sicknesses_die_out_like_the_black/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cwyq3ip",
"cwyq52h",
"cxed93g"
],
"score": [
7,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"The Plague is still around. Ranchers in the American west sometimes catch it from prairie dogs. But when they do, it can be treated very effectively with antibiotics.\n\nAnd that's true, with minor adjustments, for a lot of diseases that were big in the past. They're rare, because they get recognized quickly, treated, and contained. It basically is, like you said, just modern medicine.",
"The black plague hasn't died out. It is still around today. Even now, a handful of Americans get the disease every year. What has changed however is our treatment options (we now know how to treat it) and the knowledge we have in preventing it. We know what causes it and we know how to minimise the risk of that happening. \n\nBack when these diseases were big, nobody knew what was happening. They thought they were punishments from god or happened because of bad smells, that sort of stuff. If you don't know what causes it, you don't know how to guard yourself from it. \n\nCurrently the most dangerous thing we are facing in regards to the black plague is the possibility of the disease becoming antidote resistent. There is a vaccine though, so there is always that.",
"Lots of sicknesses like the plague are still around, actually. Many of them are caused by bacteria that still exist today. However, one of the single most important reasons we don't have as many massive outbreaks of these types of illnesses (at least in the developed world), is due to the advent of **hygiene**.\n\nSeriously, public health advancement has made a huge impact. When you think of the Black Plague tearing through Europe and decimating the population, you have to think of the time period it took place in. In the 14th century, the standard of living was very different than it was now. Creatures like rats abounded, and had more contact with humans. Since rats spread the plague, this was a vector for the bacteria to get into the human population. \n\nPopulation density also made a difference. Even though many metropolitan areas have a higher population than we did in the 14th century, the average human has more living space. Back in the 1300s, people often lived in very close quarters so the disease could spread like crazy, especially when it was highly infectious. \n\nAnd lets not forget handwashing. People who acted as healthcare providers in the past did not have the modern understanding that we do today of germs and how bacteria are passed around. \n\nLast, of course, is modern medicine itself. We have things like antibiotics now, which can provide extremely effective treatment. Back in the 14th century, the only treatment available was supportive care, which doesn't have a high efficacy rate in severe disease. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4sd21h
|
if nasal congestion is caused by swelling in the nose, and cooling reduces swelling, why does hot liquid (such as soup) act as a decongestant?
|
Edit: Should read "why does *consuming* hot liquid*s* (such as a soup)..."
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4sd21h/eli5_if_nasal_congestion_is_caused_by_swelling_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d58dwew",
"d58szp9"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"I would say it moisturizes your nasal canal. Same as a steam bath. Gunk loosens up and you can breath easier. Possibly a connection with having trouble breathing with a dry nose?",
"Heat and moisture makes the nose run. Nasal congestion is due to both swelling and mucous. Decongestants decrease blood flow to the area, thus less swelling, but do little to help remove the mucous or open op the sinus. I am a big fan of sniffing nasal saline off a clean hand to break up the mucous and open the sinuses. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
evncir
|
what exactly is an sslvpn?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/evncir/eli5_what_exactly_is_an_sslvpn/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ffwufc6",
"ffx5el0"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"SSLVPN's secure connections so that people outside can't see what is going on.\n\nIt's a Secure Socket Layer Virtual Private Network. The SSL part is just a type of encryption.\n\nFor this example, I'm focusing on VPN's as service rather than point to point VPN's used in business.\n\nThink of the internet like a delivery tube that connects all buildings in a city and it carries packages.\n\nFood, mail orders, letters, anything you want gets delivered to you.\n\nHowever, if someone wanted to track a person to see what they are doing, they would only need to put a camera in a station where packages are sorted and they would be able to track the packages and see what is in them in cases.\n\nThey could see what you buy, what you send and who your friends are.\n\nThey can read your letters if they aren't in a sealed envelope and even if the envelope is sealed, they know who you sent letters to.\n\nA VPN fixes that. Think putting all your letters and items into plain, sealed, boxes. You can still see that the person is sending and receiving things and where it is going, but you don't know what it is anymore.\n\nEven better, in the case of VPN services, your blank boxes are sent to a company that promises that there are no cameras. They unpack your boxes and send the items to their destination and they receive your packages, box them and send them to you.\n\nThe spies can still see the unboxed packages going into the company, but as it is all mixed up with other peoples packages, they don't know what gets forwarded to you and what is sent to other people.\n\nThis keeps your packages private.\n\n\nTL;DR\nA VPN hides your data so other people can't read it. This then goes to a provider where it gets jumbled with other peoples data so third parties find it harder to spy on your data.",
"If you have a printer at your house only people on your network can 'see' that printer. If someone else wanted to print to it they would need to connect to your network. A VPN lets you connect to your network over the internet instead of physically being there a virtual private network. SSL is secure socket layer, and is the encryption so your private data can go over the internet without anyone being able to look at it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
58auqn
|
in an unavoidable head on collision is it worse to slam on the brakes at the last second or to just let it ride?
|
It seems like slamming on the brakes at the last second would transfer a ton of energy straight to your leg(s). Would you be better off removing your foot from the pedal right before the crash?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/58auqn/eli5in_an_unavoidable_head_on_collision_is_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d8yvrg8",
"d8yx9j7",
"d8yymua"
],
"score": [
4,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Not sure of your reasoning here. Anything that reduces the energy and force of the impact is better, and breaking does that. I don't understand what you mean by \"transfer a ton of energy straight to your legs.\" All your legs are doing is pushing down a break pedal. While pushing harder = breaking harder, most of the work is done by the break pads, computers and anti-lock breaking systems. It's not like your legs are physically slowing the car down.",
"It'd be better to decrease your velocity than just bout anything else.\n\nThe force of your muscles is an inconsequential variable in a head on collision. You exert a few dozen pounds of force on your brake, a hundred or so max. This is essentially a rounding error in the force of the collision. Taking just a couple of MPH out of the energy equation of the car hitting an object or another car is going to be better for you.",
" > It seems like slamming on the brakes at the last second would transfer a ton of energy straight to your leg(s). \n\nYour legs aren't locked in the extended position when pressing on a brake pedal. Your legs would collapse under the force, but they can't go far because you are wearing a seatbelt which will restrain your hips. If your hips stay put then your legs aren't going anywhere either. (If you aren't wearing a seatbelt you are a nincompoop) You should keep your feet on the brake pedal as long as possible to slow the vehicle."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
5s1fcb
|
why is it "an hour" and not "an heart" or "an unit"
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5s1fcb/eli5_why_is_it_an_hour_and_not_an_heart_or_an_unit/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ddbp28z",
"ddbpfcz"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Because 'an' comes before the vowel sound. 'Hour' has that vowel sound, whereas 'heart' has the hard 'h' sound and 'unit' has a 'y' sound. It really just helps the flow of speech.",
"The use of \"a\" or \"an\" is dictated by the sound of the starting syllable, not the spelling of it. If the starting sound is a vowel sound you use \"an\" if it is a consonant sound you use \"a\". \n\nWith the word hour the \"h\" is silent and the starting sound is \"ow\". That is a vowel sound and so you use \"an\". \n\nWith the word heart the \"h\" is voiced and so you use \"a\". \n\nIn the word unit the \"u\" is pronounced as a \"y\" making a \"yuh\" sound and thus functions as starting with a consonant and you use \"a\". \n\nFor a word like \"herb\" if you pronounce it like Americans with a silent \"h\" you use \"an\", if you pronounce it like the British with a voiced \"h\" you use \"a\". "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3zhf6w
|
how is drinking cucumber water different from eating cucumber?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3zhf6w/eli5_how_is_drinking_cucumber_water_different/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cym59xn"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"How is drinking water with a slice of lemon different from eating a Lemon?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
20l1ax
|
why are demanded games such as half-life 3 or shenmue 3 not coming out although they certainly would be bestsellers?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20l1ax/eli5_why_are_demanded_games_such_as_halflife_3_or/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cg4acdy"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"While i cant answer for Shenmue 3, Half-Life 3 is not in the works due to the publisher, valve, having just released its own console, the steam box, all it's resources are going towards that at this current moment. That isn't to say that they wont release half-life 3 eventually."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
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