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This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 1fc4e91a-649c-4eb8-bf21-abc171e8231f | [{'content': 'All are true regarding administration of betamethasone to a mother with premature delivery except – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Neonatal morbidity better, B. Helps lung maturity, C. Prevents hyperbilirubinemia, D. Decreases intraventricular hemorrhage', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Prevention of\n\nPrenatal steroids are effective in preventing HMD.\nSteroids acts by enhancing lung maturity.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f40f1f7b-aa8c-48f9-9113-bee957ad2af7 | [{'content': 'Method of increasing attached gingiva \nSelect and explain. \nA. Apical flap, B. Widman flap, C. Undisplaced flap, D. Modified widman flap', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Pathology | 94b13f6b-7f81-41a0-bbef-d22271e45a47 | [{'content': 'A patient presented with headache and fever. His investigations revealed hemoglobin of 16g/dl, TLC of 21,000/ uL, platelet count of 3,75,000. His DLC showed Neutrophils (25%), Lymphocytes (20%), Metamyelocytes and myelocytes 40%and eosinophils5%. Which of the following is the next best investigation in this patient? \nSelect and explain. \nA. JAK 2 mutation, B. EPO level, C. Philadelphia chromosome, D. Bone marrow biopsy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: In the above question, lab investigation of the patient reveals normal hemoglobin, Elevated TLC, normal platelet count, decreased Neutrophils, Elevated metamyelocytes and myelocytes. This lab picture clearly indicates that immature WBC\'s are much more in number than the mature WBC\'S. Such a condition is given the name "shift to the left". This is seen in association with two types of conditions: 1.) Leukemoid reaction 2.) CML To distinguish between the two condition, we can do: LAP score (not commonly performed now). - CML- decreased, Leukemoid reaction- increased. Philadelphia chromosome presence (confirmatory test)- CML- Philadelphia chromosome (+ve), Leukemoid reaction - Philadelphia chromosome(-ve) .', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 6e814124-0dfa-4060-a9a5-c6510f5301d4 | [{'content': "A pregnant female, 38 years old, had a child with Down's syndrome. How do you assess the risk of Down's syndrome in the present pregnancy: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Material alpha-feto protein, B. Material HCG, C. USG, D. Chorionic villous biopsy", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: In patients with previous history of Down syndrome\n“The risk of recurrence is greater than the risk of genetic diagnosis and these patients should be advised to seek genetic counselling and to have a genetic diagnosis.”\nFernando Arias 3/e, p 27\nTherefore amniocentesis /Chorionic villous biopsy should be done.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | be284b52-a2f5-4b28-8d48-f1101176661f | [{'content': 'With reference to Bacteroides fragilis the following statements are true except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. B. fragilis is the most frequent anaerobe isolated from clinical samples, B. B. fragilis is sensitive to metronidazole, C. The lipopolysaccharide formed by B. fragilis is structurally & functionally different from conventional endotoxin., D. Shock & DIC are common in Bacteroides bacteremia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | 297808a8-9996-44f3-9753-1b0eec066d41 | [{'content': 'A lady was brought from village, unconscious, about 12 hours after ingesting some kind of unknown poison. Her hea rate was 103/min, blood pressure in 90/50 mm Hg and respiratory rate is 19/min. Her breath smelled like kerosene. All of the following should be done in her management, except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Gastric lavage should be done, B. Atropine should be administered till signs of recovery, C. Vasopressors should be administered intravenously, D. Immediate airway management', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Vasopressors should be administered intravenously(Ref Reddy 34/e p487, 33/e p; Parikh 6/e p10.41-10.45).Signs & symptoms suggestive of organophosphorus poisoning.Antidote of choice - Atropine.Reves bradycardia & hypotension.Vasopressors contraindicated - Due to cholinergic effect combated by atropine.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 498c56bd-94f3-48de-b981-5c6400ee5700 | [{'content': 'Located medial to the third molar at the junction of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Posterior nasal spine, B. Mylohyoid line, C. Pterygoid hamulus, D. Greater palatine foramen', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Greater palatine foramen located medial to the third molar at the junction of the maxilla and the horizontal palate of the palatine bone. Greater palatine foramen transmits descending palatine vessels and palatine nerve.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 8524af12-cbe6-452b-94f1-2f653192db17 | [{'content': 'After Le-Fort 1 osteotomy the blood supply of maxilla is maintained by \nSelect and explain. \nA. Posterior superior alveolar artery, B. Anterior superior alveolar artery, C. Greater palatine artery, D. Ascending palatine branch of facial artery', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | ba54a2e5-0beb-4a2b-a1ec-f34e58a5e679 | [{'content': 'Which of the following does not include Specific protection under primary prevention? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tab Rifampicin to those in contact with meningitis, B. Health education, C. Pentavalent vaccination, D. Wheat flour foified with added iron', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Tab. Rifampicin to the meningitis patients is chemoprophylaxis which is given when a risk factor is present. Hence this is primary level prevention specific protection. Pentavalent vaccines; vaccines are always given when risk factors are present. Primary level prevention with Specific protection. Foification done when there is need or deficiency in a population (risk factors): primary level prevention. Protection from occupational hazards, Road traffic accidents, carcinogens will come under primary level Specific protection. Health education is primordial prevention.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | bfd5b74e-0d0c-4c69-9a3c-b700bd269d40 | [{'content': 'Which of the following Universal pro-taper re-treatment file has end cutting tip? \nSelect and explain. \nA. D1, B. D2, C. D3, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 988010c6-d24a-4c75-9688-e8d84da035a0 | [{'content': 'The proximal segment of mandibular angle fracture\nusually displaced in which direction \nSelect and explain. \nA. Anterior and Superior, B. Posterior and interior, C. Interior only, D. Posterior and superior', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | 08261677-c2d9-467e-9b36-2860dd82c98c | [{'content': 'Under section 304A of IPC, for a proved case of medical negligence, The maximum punishment of imprisonment is up to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 1 year, B. 2 years, C. 3 years, D. 5 years', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer: b. 2 years (Ref Reddy 33/e p35, 29/e p260,Under section 304A of IPC, for a proved case of medical negligence, the maximum punishment of imprisonment is up to 2 years.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anaesthesia | 5444cae2-aeab-4a04-8501-e91fe8ce794a | [{'content': 'The action of proparacaine stas within? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 2 minutes, B. 5 minutes, C. 15 minutes, D. 20 minutes', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. A. 2 minutesProparacaine and tetracaine are indicated to produce local anesthesia of sho duration for ophthalmic procedures including measurement of intraocular pressure (tonometry), removal of foreign bodies and sutures, and conjunctival and corneal scraping in diagnosis and gonioscopy.Onset of action:* Proparacaine--Within 20 seconds.* Tetracaine--Approximately 15 seconds.Duration of action:* Proparacaine--15 minutes or longer.* Tetracaine--10 to 20 minutes; average 15 minutes.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | e9474805-33d3-4db9-a0dd-a7171bd262a6 | [{'content': 'Type of cry, which is not a cry at all, there are no tears, no sobs, just a constant whining noise: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Obstinate cry., B. Frighten cry., C. Hurt cry., D. Compensatory cry.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: The four types of crying classified by Elsbach are:', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 2ffd16e8-5b32-40c9-9aa6-1cab59d5728e | [{'content': 'The cyst which is found within the bone at the junction of the globular process, the Lateral nasal process & maxillary process is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Naso-alveolar cyst, B. Globulomaxillary cyst, C. Naso palatine cyst, D. Mid palatine cyst', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 6004baf5-e4da-4d48-915d-e1bd251c936e | [{'content': 'In which of surgeries this retractor is commonly used. \nSelect and explain. \nA. LSCS, B. Vaginal hysterectomy, C. Fothergill repair, D. Manchester operation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Helps to retract the bladder so, you can enter in uterus Used in LSCS', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | c54dfaa1-6f96-4b0a-8b63-bfbbbbbb3a3c | [{'content': 'Not seen in classical triad of megaloblastic anemia \nSelect and explain. \nA. Howell-Jolly bodies, B. Reticulocytosis, C. Hypersegmented neutrophil, D. Macro-ovalocytes', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anaesthesia | 398ff5ba-cea5-4aff-be5e-b5f0839d0d69 | [{'content': "According to `AHA 2010 Guidelines' which of the following drug is not used in CPCR? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Adrenalin, B. Vasopressin, C. Atropine, D. Amiodarone", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. Atropine'According to AHA 2020 Guidelines, Atropine is no longer recommended for routine use in the management of pulseless electrical activity (PEA)asystole.'ACLS- medications for pulses arrestAtropine: deleted from pulseless arrest algorithmEpinephrine: dose, interval unchangedVasopressin: dose, use unchangedAmiodarone: dose, indications unchangedLidocaine: dose, indications unchangedSodium Bicarbonate: routine use not recommendedCalcium: for treatment of cardiac arrest not recommended", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 0f61bb1a-b1ba-43e6-ba9d-5e33f905a2bf | [{'content': "Cleft lip is treated by all of the following methods except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Von-Langenback, B. Millard's method, C. Tannison rindal method, D. Le-mesurier", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | eae98f93-8d7a-4920-9c80-298de99d64a8 | [{'content': 'Which of the following does not cause head and neck squamous cell carcinoma \nSelect and explain. \nA. Alcohol, B. Betel nut, C. HPV, D. EBV', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- D .EBVThe most impoant risk factors for developing HNSCC are tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption.Consumed in betel quids containing areca nut increases the risk of developing HNSCC.HNSCCs of the oral cavity and oropharynx, are becoming more prevalent, which may be related to an increase in oral and oropharyngeal HPV infection.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 639123bc-8fe4-40b6-966d-a564fb9c9dd7 | [{'content': 'In lead poisoning, there is an inhibition of some of the enzymes of the heme biosynthetic pathway. This is reflected by the accumulation of what substance in blood? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Uroporphyrinogen III, B. Ferrochelatase, C. Porphob I inogen, D. Delta amino levulinic acid', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Delta amino levulinic acid(Ref: Harper 30/e n329)Lead poisoning:Affect heme metabolism by combining with SH groups in ferrochelatase & ALA (delta-amino levulinic acid) dehydratase enzymes.Elevated protoporphyrin levels - Found in RBC's.Elevated ALA & coproporphyrin levels - Found in urine.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | cd26e28e-1b7b-4873-8031-d69f1b75a277 | [{'content': 'A 30–year old lady delivered a healthy baby at 37 week of gestation. She was a known case of chronic hepatitis B infection She was positive for HBsAG o but negative for HBeAG. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for the baby – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Both active and passive immunization soon after birth, B. Passive immunization soon afte birth and active immunization at 1 year of age, C. Only passive immunization soon after birth, D. Only active immunization soon after birth', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Immunization of infants born to i sAg positive women. \n\nThese infants should receive both active and passive immunization soon after birth.\n\nThe first dose of active immunization should be accompanied by administration of .5 ml of HBIG as\xa0soon after delivery is possible, because the effectiveness decreases rapidly with increased time\xa0after birth.\n\nSubsequent doses of active immunization should be given at 1-2mo, and 6 mo of age.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 1249ef54-9d9b-42ee-a5c6-839ef6597dd9 | [{'content': 'CHX mouthwash daily use till 2 week for streptococcus mutanus is effective for: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 14-18 weeks, B. 12-14 weeks, C. 12-16 weeks, D. 12-26 weeks', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 57bf31fd-4f69-45e9-adad-7c22447a402c | [{'content': 'Which of the following can lead to uncontrolled bleeding during oral prophylaxis \nSelect and explain. \nA. Patient on Heparin, B. Patient on Nifedipine, C. Patient on phenytoin, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 1f3afb93-e68d-43c5-aa8f-a9e070b441d3 | [{'content': 'Obturation with gutta-percha cones is indicated in primary teeth only when: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Canals are too wide, B. Successor is missing, C. Canals are very long but straight, D. When stainless steel crown recommended', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | bc6e7601-e544-4e20-ab7c-ad493a4aa325 | [{'content': 'Short child with low T4 and raised TSH and swelling of pituitary, what is the diangosis ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Primary hypothyrodism, B. Pituitary tumor, C. TSH Secreting pituitary adenoma, D. TSH resistance', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Normally, T4 and T3 exert negative feedback on TSH secretion by pituitary in two ways:\n\n\nBlock the secretion of TSH by pituitary directly --> major action\nBlock the secretion of TRH by hypothalamus (TRH stimulates the secretion of TSH by pituitary)\n\n\nIn primary hypothyrodism, T4 and T3 are not produced or produced in low concentration by thyroid. This results in abolition of negative feedback on TSH secretion. Thus, there is elevated TSH and pituitary can become hyperplastic to produce more TSH.\nIn pituitary cause of hypothyroidism (secondary hypothyroidism) both TSH and Thyroid hormone (T4, T3) are low as pituitary does not secrete TSH and TSH is the major stimulation for production of T4 and T3.\n\nAbout option d\n\nTSH resistance can also produce same picture i.e. raised TSH and low T4 with pituitary swelling.\nThere is thyroid insensitivity to TSH which results in hypothyroidism (1T4 and T3). Because of reduced thyroid hormone feedback, TSH is markedly elevated.\nHowever, Amongst the given options best option is primary hypothyrodism because TSH resistance is a very rare condition and further T4 levels are normal in Mild and moderate (Partial) TSH resistance.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 3df42ac7-0771-4a64-b29f-5bbe7674218c | [{'content': 'D1 bone found mainly in which site? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Anterior maxilla, B. Anterior mandible, C. Posterior mandible, D. Posterior maxilla', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 23f03d9b-b4b5-4a84-b7a5-7dcd77b9ed63 | [{'content': 'A researcher said he has discovers a new drug which is effective in chronic hypeensives with a p value of < 0.10. Which of the following is true regarding the same? \nSelect and explain. \nA. The test is 90% reproducible, B. 90% of test results could have occurred by chance, C. Not more than 10% of the people benefitted by the drug could he due to chance, D. 90% of patients will be benefitted by giving the drug', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. Not more than 10% of the people benefitted by the drug could he due to chanceThe p (probability) value is used when we wish to see how likely is that a hypothesis is true, The hypothesis is usually that there is no difference between two treatments, known as "null hypothesis\'.The p value gives the probability of any observed difference having happened by chance.p:0.5 means that the probability of any observed difference having happened by chance is 0.5 in I or 50:50.Similarly, a p valae of <0.10 means that the probubility of it happening by chance is 10%.In the question, the probability that the drug affected the chronic hypeensives by chance is less than 1096. Hence, 90% ofthe subjects were benefitted by the drug.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 876554c4-4b7a-4093-b3a4-13ed7262578e | [{'content': 'Which metabolic condition has phosphaturia and osteomalacia? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fibrosarcoma, B. Osteosarcoma, C. Undifferentiated sarcoma, D. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. FibrosarcomaPhosphatonin (FGF-23) oncogenic osteomalacia (paraneoplastic syndrome) seen in fibrosarcoma.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Surgery | 6343810a-6571-4662-b3a6-aa7e13a7c65b | [{'content': 'How will you check the functioning of an ICD tube? \nSelect and explain. \nA. By observing for continuous air bubbles coming out of the underwater drain, B. By observing the movement of air water column in the tube during respiration, C. By taking X ray chest repeatedly, D. By auscultation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Chest drainage system: Follow-up: Patency of chest tube is assessed by observing the oscillations in water seal chamber with respiratory movements. Position of chest tube & resolution of intrapleural air or liquid is checked by x-ray (AP & cross table lateral). Tube should be pulled back if it crosses the mediastinum Removal: Chest tubes are generally removed when there has been air or fluid drainage of <200 ml in 24 hours for >24 hours .', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Medicine | 1198f3e5-a21e-4487-ac57-6ab1dee93d67 | [{'content': 'A smoker presents with recent onset breathlessness and ECG was done. The diagnosis is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Atrial fibrillation, B. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, C. Acute myocardial infarction, D. Multi-focal atrial tachycardia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Multi - focal Atrial tachycardia: - Irregular R-R internal - Right axis detion - Variable amplitude P-wave - Normal PR interval - Non progression of R-wave (suggestive of Right ventricular etiology Atrial fibrillation Irregular R-R intervals and absence of P waves. AF Ruled out because these is P wave present in ECG. Acute myocardial infarction No STEMI No T wave inversion PSVT ruled out - Rhythm normal', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 1eb8a767-3ee2-42d9-88d7-3a47b44078cb | [{'content': 'During mandibular nerve block which nerve also gets damaged? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Abducence, B. Facial, C. Vagus, D. Trochlear', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Medicine | 4f8a7da4-2f7c-4827-ab01-c5570cfbac40 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is most associated with respiratory alkalosis:- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Assisted control mode ventilation, B. Non invasive ventilation, C. Pressure controlled, D. SIMV', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Option A- means that every few second breath will be delivered to the patient by the computer so this will be computer aided breathing by patient. Also, if patient is breathing himself computer will help the patient. Option B- it is an uncomfoable procedure for patient as its a tight-fitting mask so d/t discomfo patient tries to remove it. | Causing compromised ventilation | CO2 || in body | Respiration acidosis Option C-here number of breath/min remain same but the pressure exeed by the ventilation is extra.which might cause barotrauma But will not cause any derangement so option c is ruled out. It may contribute hypoventilation but never Hyperventilation. Hypoventilation if pressure Delivered is not proper then expansion of chest will not occur contributing to accum. of CO2 in body. Option D- Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation this ventilator modality mode is used when we try to vain of the patient on ventilator. Ventilatory Mode Variables set by user (independent) Variable Monitored by User (Dependent) Trigger cycle Limit Advantages Disadvantages ACMV (assist control veilation) Tidal volume ventilator rate FO2 PEEP level pressure limit Peak, mean, and plateau airway pressure VE ABG I/E ratio Patient effo Timer Pressure limit Patient control Guaranteed ventilation Potential hyperventilation Barotraumia and volume trauma Every effective breath generates & ventilator volume IMV (intermittent mandatory ventilation) Tidal volume Mandatory ventilator rate Fio2 PEEP Level Pressure limit Spontaneous breaths between assisted breaths Peak, mean, and plateau airway pressure VE ABG I/E ratio Patient effo Timer Pressure limit Patient control Comfo from spontaneous breaths Guaranteed ventilation Potential dysynchrony Potential hypo ventilation PSV (presssure-suppo ventilaton) Inspiratory pressure level Fio2 PEEP Pressure limit Tidal volume Respiratory rate VE ABG Pressure limit Inspiratory flow Patient control Comfo Assures synchromy No timer backup Potential hypo-ventilation NV (non invasive ventilation) Inspiratory and expiratory level Tidal volume Respiratory rate Pressure limit Inspiratory flow Patient control Mask interface may cause discomfo and facial bruising', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Physiology | e59d484d-0bf8-4440-9a83-29c6521a2d6d | [{'content': 'Which of the following hormone crosses the plasma membrane for its action? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Epinephrine, B. Glucagon, C. Insulin, D. Thyroxine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Intracellular hormone receptors: - - Several hormones, including adrenal & gonadal steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, retinoid hormones and vitamin D, bind with protein receptors inside the cell. - Because these hormones are lipid soluble. Cell surface receptors: - - All the peptide hormones uses it - They are water soluble. - They act secondary messengers (CGMP, CAMP etc.) Examples: Catecholamines (epinephrine, dopamine) Insulin Glucagon Prolactin Growth hormone etc.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 51250c61-30fe-47d0-b5cf-e9ce5abcac6e | [{'content': 'Cross-sectional studies are carried on \nSelect and explain. \nA. Same individuals but of same age, B. Different individuals but of same age groups, C. Same individuals at different ages, D. Different individuals of different age groups', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 42c3b6ae-45e3-405f-b8bd-fa6a17924c6b | [{'content': 'In gene studies, the specific site to which the enzyme CRE recombinase binds is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. RE site, B. LoxP site, C. NT site, D. F site', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. LoxP siteCre-Lox recombination - Known as "Site-specific recombinase technology".* Widely used to carry out deletions, inseions, translocations & inversions at specific sites in cellular DNA.* Consists of Cre-recombinase enzyme. - Recombines a pair of sho target sequences called "Lox sequences".* Cre enzyme & original Lox site - Referred as "LoxP sequence" - Derived from bacteriophage P1.* Lox P (locus of X-over P1) - Site on bacteriophage P1 consisting of 34 bp.Ref https://en.wikipedia.oig/wiki/Cre-Lox_recombination)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | eb49deaf-5611-4a19-8ad5-0cca73608043 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not used in DIC? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Heparin, B. Epsilon amino caproic acid, C. Blood transfusion, D. Intravenous fluids.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Well friends, we have discussed the causes and investigations of DIC. Now here let’s take a look at its management.\\\nManagement of DIC\n\nThe most important step is to terminate the pregnancy- vaginal delivery without episiotomy is preferred to cesarean section\nVolume replacement by crystalloids or colloids will reduce the amount of whole blood needed to restore the blood volume.\n500 ml of fresh blood raises the fibrinogen level approximately by 12.5 mg/100 ml and platelets by 10,000–15,000 cu mm. Fresh blood- helps in flushing out fibrin degradation product and improving the micro circulation.\nTo replace fibrinogen- Fresh frozen plasma should be given: Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is extracted from whole blood. It contains fibrinogen, anti-thrombin III, clotting factors V, XI, XII. FFP transfusion provides both volume replacement and coagulation factors. One unit of FFP (250 mL) raises the fibrinogen by 5-10 mg/dL. FFP does not need to be ABO or Rh compatible.\nCryoprecipitate is obtained from thawed FFP. It is rich in fibrinogen, factor VIII, Von Willebrand’s factor, and XIII. Cryoprecipitate provides less volume (40 mL) compared to FFP (250 mL). So it should not be used for volume replacement. One unit of cryoprecipitate increases the fibrinogen level by 5-10 mg/dL.\nIn case of active bleeding with platelet counts < 50,000/ml or prophylactically with platelet count 20–30,000/ml – platelet replacement should be done. Platelet should ABO and Rh specific. 1 units (50 ml) raises the platelet count by 7500/ ml\nRecombinant activated factors VIIA: (60-100 μg/kg IV) can reverse DIC within 10 minute as it is a precusor for extrinsic clotting cascade which is replaced.\nRole of Heparin\n\nAccording to Williams Obs. “Heparin is not used in DIC.”\nAccording to COGDT 10/e, p 999\n“Heparin acts as an anticoagulant by activating antithrombin III but has little effect on activated coagulation factors. Anticoagulation is contraindicated in patients with fulminant DIC and central nervous system insults, fulminant liver failure, or obstetric accidents. The one instance, however, in which heparin has been demonstrated to benefit pregnancy-related DIC is in the case of the retained dead fetus with intact vascular system, where heparin may be administered to interrupt the coagulation process and thrombocytopenia for several days until delivery may be implemented.”\nAs far as EACA is concerned- Williams Obs. 22/e, p 844 says –\n“EACA is not recommended in case of DIC.”\nAccording to Williams Obs 23/e, p 787\n“It use in most types of obstetric coagulopathy has not been efficacious & not recommended”', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 8ec544be-913f-4b14-9858-8026a462af96 | [{'content': 'Kalindi 25 years female admitted as a case of septic abortion with tricuspid valve endocarditis. Vegetation from the valve likely to affect is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Liver, B. Spleen, C. Brain, D. Lung', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: “Right sided endocarditis which usually involves the tricuspid valve causes septic pulmonary emboli occasionally with infarction and lung abscesses.”', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | cc879c0d-5bf0-407c-bbb6-a0a1332e04e1 | [{'content': "High velocity gunshot injury with periosteal denudation & comminuted fracture is best treated as \nSelect and explain. \nA. 'Bag of bones' & IMF, B. Reconstruction plates & closure of fracture, C. Immediate reconstruction & grafting, D. Initially debridement is done, than load bearing reconstruction plates, and grafting in secondary procedure", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 84eaeeea-b14f-45ec-9879-be2d6337fa81 | [{'content': 'Palatal secretions affect the setting of all the impression materials except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Silicone, B. Agar-agar, C. Impression paste, D. Impression plaster', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Skin | 02b5fc8b-8dd7-4de9-84b8-ea71c32aac57 | [{'content': 'A 28-year-old patient of neurocysticercosis develops generalized peeling of skin all over except palms and soles staing one month after taking anti-epileptics. What is the most probable diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fixed drug eruption, B. Pemphigus, C. Steven Johnson syndrome, D. TEN', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. TEN (Ref Neena Khanna 4/e p83, 174)Probable diagnosis is toxic epidermal necrolysis.Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN/ Lyell's syndrome:Rare, life-threatening skin condition that is usually caused by a reaction to drugs.Etiology of Epidermal Necrolysis Drugs MiscellaneousIdiopathic Anticonvulsants: Carbamazepine, phenytoin barbiturates, lamotrigineChemotherapeutic agents: sulfonamides, penicillinNSAIDs: Butazones, oxicams Others: Allopurinol, nevirapine SSE, GVHD, Lymphoreticular malignanciesInfections (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, herpes virus infection) 5% of patients", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Pathology | 0447b9a2-22ec-449c-8a23-a52c28ac6b34 | [{'content': 'Which of the following finding are there in iron deficiency anemia? \nSelect and explain. \nA. | TIBC, | Ferritin, | Transferrin saturation, B. | TIBC, | Ferritin, | Transferrin saturation, C. | TIBC, | Ferritin, | Transferrin saturation, D. | TIBC, | Ferritin, | Transferrin saturation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: The diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia ultimately rests on laboratory studies. The serum iron and ferritin are low, and the total plasma iron-binding capacity (reflecting elevated transferrin levels) is high. Low serum iron with increased ironbinding capacity results in a reduction of transferrin saturation to below 15%. Reduced iron stores inhibit hepcidin synthesis, and its serum levels fall.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 60a2311b-bfcb-43c9-9409-30d6f3a0e6b9 | [{'content': 'Characteristic features of growth hormone deficiency include all of the following except – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Short stature since birth, B. Symptomatic hypoglycemia, C. Delayed tooth eruption, D. Sexual infantilism', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: The child with hypopituitarism is usually of normal size and weight at birth.\nHere is a differential diagnosis of Short stature\nSee the following table:', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | a3bc5be5-72a7-45a8-81a2-4c492249c14f | [{'content': 'The host tissue response in acute inflammation is all except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Exudative, B. Necrotizing, C. Granulomatous, D. Cytopathic', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | da7641d0-e85e-441f-b911-066b47ca059c | [{'content': 'An empty cavity in the mandible with no lining is\nmostly likely to be: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Aneurysmal bone cyst, B. Idiopathic bone cavity, C. Dentigerous cyst, D. Keratocyst', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 6112d78f-1ba7-4d0b-9a6b-2296fc8a4a04 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is true about supracondvlar fracture of humerus? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Distal segment is dislocated anteriorly more than posterior, B. Cubitus valgus more common than cubitus varus during malunion, C. Nerve injury related manifestations are transitory, D. Injury causes weakness of elbow flexion', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. Nerve injury related manifestations are transitorySupracondylar Fracture Humerus:Distal segment is dislocated posteriorly more than anteriorcubitus varus more common than cubitus varus during malunioncubitus valgus more common than cubitus varus during nonunionNerve injury related manifestations are transitory due to neuropraxiaWeakness of elbow flexion is not seen in supracondylar fracture', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 62eef71a-8a02-417f-be29-d32ae8f55d41 | [{'content': 'Advantage of the submarginal falp for periradicular surgery is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Crestal bone less, B. Bleeding lees, C. Gingival shrinking less, D. Flap closure easy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pharmacology | c273445f-2dc5-452f-94b4-ce6e37b4496d | [{'content': 'A patient is of warfarin therapy. All of the following drugs increase the risk of bleeding with warfarin except? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Isoniazid, B. Amiodarone, C. Carbamazepine, D. Cimetidine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Warfarin (anti-coagulant) is metabolized by microsomal enzymes. So, enzyme inducer decreases its effects whereas enzyme inhibitors lead to its toxicity. Enzyme inhibitors include valproate, ketoconazole, cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, isoniazid, amiodarone etc. These can increase the risk of bleeding with warfarin. Carbamazepine is an enzyme inducer, it decrease the effect of warfarin.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Biochemistry | 08f3bf0c-adda-4d6b-9a65-04885defc090 | [{'content': 'Which of the following binds mRNA with ribosome in prokaryotes? \nSelect and explain. \nA. tRNA, B. Shine Dalgarno sequence, C. 7 methyl guanosine capping, D. Poly A tail', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Shine Dalgarno sequence Only in prokaryotes present at -10 position on mRNA, Rich in purines. SD sequence is complementary to 16 s rRNA, Their binding helps in binding of mRNA with ribosome during initiation of translation * In eukaryotic cells, ribosomes recognize most eukaryotic mRNAs by binding to the 7-methylguanosine cap at their 5' terminus.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | a1098d60-c481-4bb0-b7af-0513b65e95f5 | [{'content': 'Which heart sound indicates stiffness of ventricular wall \nSelect and explain. \nA. S1, B. S2, C. S3, D. S4', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: If S4 is heard as a result of stiffness of ventricular walls, as relaxation is impaired due to decreased ATP (as blood flow to heart is decreased).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | d9956986-de2a-4427-9987-e59d7b1f4fb3 | [{'content': "If the cycle stas with ' a ' wave of jvp . Arrange the following in order- \nSelect and explain. \nA. R wave, B. T wave, C. 1st hea sound and Rapid ejection phase, D. All", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- D. AllThe "a" wave is approximately synchronous with the first hea sound (S1) and just precedes the carotid upstroke.Sholy after the a-wave there is a second peak , the c-wave. The c-wave immediately follows the r wave of the ECG waveform.The v-wave corresponds to the end of the t wave in the ECG waveform.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | edbdb125-7a27-4740-9e03-b379ae34773d | [{'content': 'Window period for thrombolysis in a stroke patient is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 1.5 hours, B. 2.5 hours, C. 3.5 hours, D. 4.5 hours', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- D. 4.5 hours"Intravenous thrombolysis is usually practiced within the window period of 4.5 hours.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 700240f4-b59e-4dcb-a1c1-0d082a4b9643 | [{'content': '99.73 variation involves how many SD? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 1, B. 2, C. 3, D. 4', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 30b2fee8-1ce3-4f84-ad72-f20e7b53a24b | [{'content': "The best way to remove a hydrocolloid impression from the patient's mouth is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Slight rocking of the impression to disengage it from the undercut, B. Wetting the periphery of the impression with moist cotton to break the peripheral seal, C. Sudden jerking of the impression to prevent tearing, D. Supporting the impression along with the tray to prevent disengaging of the tray alone", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Since alginate is a viscoelastic material, its tear strength is increased when the impression is removed along a vertical\xa0path with a snap. The speed of removal must be a compromise between\xa0a\xa0 rapid\xa0movement\xa0and\xa0a\xa0slower\xa0rate\xa0that\xa0is\xa0more comfortable for the patient. Usually an\xa0alginate impression does not adhere to the oral tissues as well as some of the elastomers do, so it is easier to remove the alginate impression rapidly. However, it is always best to avoid torquing or twisting the impression in an effort to remove it quickly. Specifically, the handle should be used minimally during breaking of the air seal (“suction”) or removal of the tray from the teeth.\nPhillips dental materials 12th edition page no 174', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | a1279d69-0943-4b0f-93af-6c02cd5e2bf1 | [{'content': 'Buccinator is pierced by all of the following except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Labial branch of facial nerve, B. Buccal branch of mandibular nerve, C. Parotid duct, D. Molar mucous glands', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Buccal branch of mandibular nerve(Ref Grays 41/e 4(Y 10/e p487; Snells 9/e p582)Buccal branch of facial run crosses the buccinator muscle and innervates it, without piercing it.Buccinator - Structures passing:Anteriorly (Superficial buccinator surface):Muscles - zygomaticus major, risorius, levator & depressor anguli oris muscles.Duct - Parotid duct.Pierces buccinator opposite third upper molar tooth & lies on deep muscle surface before opening into mouth opposite maxillary second molar tooth.Blood vessel - Crossed by facial aery, facial vein & branches of facial & buccal nerves.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 0c1957b7-636d-4450-9a54-46f34f086cf5 | [{'content': 'Main disadvantage of dry heat used for sterilization is that: \nSelect and explain. \nA. It is time consuming, B. Rusts the instruments, C. Dulls the sharp instruments, D. Ineffective sterilization', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 827904aa-2c22-4ff7-bf34-868a36631b24 | [{'content': "Reed Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's lymphoma are derived from \nSelect and explain. \nA. Macrophages, B. N K cell, C. T cell, D. B cell", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | da85e1d0-fb34-41b9-85a8-b21192940c58 | [{'content': "Broca's area is related to \nSelect and explain. \nA. Reading, B. Sentence formation, C. Word formation, D. Comprehension", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anaesthesia | 73944fde-aa45-4a1f-a140-e56d201ed4b0 | [{'content': 'Which of the following statements is true or false regarding the CPR technique?1. Czan be given irrespective of rib fracture.2. An adult chest compression : breath is 30 : 2 to 15 : 2 even if 2nd rescuer present.3. In infants ratio change from 30 : 2 to 15 : 2 when 2nd rescuer arrive.4. Chest compression at rate of 100 - 120 / min on adults and 90 per minute in infants. \nSelect and explain. \nA. a is false and b, c, d are true, B. a, b are true & c, d are false, C. a, c, d are true & b is false, D. b, c are true & a, d are false', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A is false & b, c, d are trueCPR technique cannot be given to patients with rib fracture.In CPR technique, an adult chest compression : breath is 30 : 2 to 15 : 2 even if 2nd rescuer present.In infants ratio change from 30 : 2 to 15 : 2 when 2nd rescuer arrive.Chest compression at rate of 100 - 120 / min on adults and 90 per minute in infants.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 03952f72-4223-48bc-a0df-51af60400a7a | [{'content': 'CASE -2 SR visit again but the condition is not improved but this time IV cannula was set. What drug should be given now? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Midazolam, B. I/V Phenobarbital, C. Oral valproate, D. IV carbamazepine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. In this case the First Line has failed . So for second line therapy I/V Phenobarbital is prefferedReference - <a href="', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | af6401c6-7949-4167-bf84-e862561da258 | [{'content': 'All of the following are carried by the dorsal column except? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pain, B. Proprioception, C. Vibration, D. Touch', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. a. PainThe dorsal funiculus consists of two large ascending tracts, the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus that are known as dorsal columns.They contain a high propoion of myelinated fibres carrying proprioceptive (position sense and kinaesthesia), touch, pressure and vibratory sensation to higher levels.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 0919bffa-ea11-4e1f-9139-4c20fcd1a394 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not used for making indirect wax pattern? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ivory wax, B. Modeling wax, C. Utility wax, D. Inlay wax', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 0aa56b89-1692-494c-b14f-f794ca9821ec | [{'content': "A 1-month-old child presented with conjugated bilirubinemia and intrahepatic cholestasis. On Liver biopsy staining with PAS, red colored granules were seen inside the hepatocytes. Probable diagnosis is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Congenital hepatic fibrosis, B. Wilson's disease, C. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, D. Hemochromatosis", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency(Ref Harrison 19/e 367-e2; Nelson 20/e p2052; Robbins. 9/e p815)Most probable diagnosis = Alpha-I Antitrypsin deficiency.Alpha-I Antitrypsin deficiency:Diagnosis:Confirmed by blood tests.Reduced levels of serum AAT & accompanied by Pi determinations.Liver biopsy:Determines stage of hepatic fibrosis.Shows characteristic PAS-positive & diastase-resistant round- to-oval cytoplasmic globular inclusions inside hepatocytes of lobule periphery.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | e4ec572a-e21c-4cf9-96ad-1a750336f1c9 | [{'content': 'Half-life of TGF -B (beta) is \nSelect and explain. \nA. 24 hrs, B. 4a hrs, C. 10-12 min, D. 3-5 min', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f8254ff6-37fa-4669-a994-f922cd33d123 | [{'content': 'Most suitable pontic for maxillary posterior area \nSelect and explain. \nA. Trupontic or long pin pontic, B. Sanitary pontic, C. Flat back pontic with porcelain facing, D. Pin facing pontic', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 5e905c89-34eb-4755-83ea-dceb91cb9c81 | [{'content': 'In fixed orthodontic treatment, how much force is needed for intrusion of four mandibular anterior teeth: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 50 gm, B. 100gm, C. 150gm, D. 200gm', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 6835b5b2-4fda-46a8-b046-5badd11a3560 | [{'content': 'Like all opioids, tramadol acts as an analgesic drug by stimulating mu opioid receptors. Apa from this, the additional mechanism of action of tramadol is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Serotonin and nor-adrenaline reuptake inhibition, B. Anticholinergic, C. Antihistaminic, D. Serotonin and dopamine reuptake inhibition', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. A. Serotonin and nor-adrenaline reuptake inhibition* Tramadol differs from other traditional opioid medications in that it doesn't just act as a m-opioid agonist, but also affects monoamines by modulating the effects of neurotransmitters involved in the modulation of pain such as serotonin and norepinephrine which activate descending pain inhibitory pathways.* Tramadol's effects on serotonin and norepinephrine mimic the effects of other SNRI antidepressants such as duloxetine and venlafaxine.* Tramadol exists as a racemic mixture consisting of two pharmacologically active enantiomers that both contribute to its analgesic propey through different mechanisms and are also themselves metabolized into active metabolites: (+)-tramadol and its primary metabolite (+)-O-desmethyl-tramadol (M1) are agonists of the m opioid receptor while (+)-tramadol inhibits serotonin reuptake and (-)-tramadol inhibits norepinephrine reuptake.* These pathways are complementary and synergistic, improving tramadol's ability to modulate the perception of and response to pain.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 621316dd-5ef8-4ba1-953c-6f214b414b56 | [{'content': 'A woman with 20 weeks pregnancy presents with bleeding per vaginum. On speculum examination, the os is open but no products have comes t. The most likely diagnosis is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Incomplete aboion, B. Complete aboion, C. Inevitable aboion, D. Missed aboion', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. Inevitable aboionInevitatrle Aboion:Clinical picture: Bleeding, pain and shockSize of uterus: Equal or lessInternal os: Open with products feltUltrasound: Dead fetus', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 18d0dc33-09df-4256-b62f-51390ede8e4d | [{'content': 'A 50-year-old male presented with complains of ptosis, difficulty in chewing and occasional difficulty in swallowing. There is no history of diplopia or visual loss. On examination, there is symmetric ptosis and mild restriction of extraocular muscle movement with finger abduction test 60deg. Nerve conduction study shows decremental response in orbicularis only. ERG revealed a myopathic pattern. Anti-AchR radioimmunoassay was negative. The most probable diagnosis would be: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ocular myasthenia gravis, B. Generalized myasthenia gravis, C. As anti-ACHR is negative you will consider an alternative diagnosis, D. Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO)', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. b. Generalized myasthenia gravis (Ref Harrison 19/e p2701, 18/e p3480-3482; Meritt's Neurology 12/e p389)Myasthenia gravis is a major cause of ptosis and diptopia. The distribution of muscle weakness has a characteristic pattem.The cranial muscles paicularly the lids and extraocular muscles are often involved early in the course, diplopia and ptosis are common initial complaints.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Ophthalmology | 51203235-22e6-43fb-a51f-a2fcceb5f042 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is the most common funga. infection of the eye seen in an HIV positive patient? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Aspergillus, B. Candida, C. Toxoplasma, D. Rhinosporidium', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Candida(Ref.: Ryan's Retina 5/e p733)Candidemia:Most common fungal infection seen in patients with HIVCandida albicans - Impoant nosocomial pathogen - Most common Candida species.Most commonly cause of keratitis, conjunctivitis and endogenous fungal endophthalmitis.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | 477dea37-f0b6-4a6d-b77a-766ded28f2b6 | [{'content': 'A patient with pain abdomen for 2 hours presents to the casualty and the following X-ray was obtained. What is the most likely diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pneumoperitoneum, B. Subphrenic abscess, C. Pneumomediastinum, D. Amebic liver abscess', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer-A. PneumoperitoneumMC cause of pneumoperitoneum: Perforation of hollow viscus (leading to release of air from bowel and collection just below the diaphragm)Best projection to derhonstrate pneumoperitoneum: Chest X-rayIf the patient cannot get into an erect position then left lateral decubitus projection is required.Patient should be in that position for l0 mina at least for air to rise up.By careful technique even 1 ml of air can be detected', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | baf1db57-4ba1-4730-ae61-be7c5ae948d0 | [{'content': 'Multi constricted apical constriction is seen in which type of Dummer’s classification \nSelect and explain. \nA. Type 1, B. Type 2, C. Type 3, D. Type 4', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 7aa761ec-d49e-4c4f-a0e7-fd161f5ebfe5 | [{'content': 'In which of the following areas is the alveolar process the thinnest: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lingual to the maxillary central incisors, B. Buccal to the mandibular central incisors, C. Lingual to the maxillary canines, D. Lingual to the mandibular first molar', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 16ad7610-2cda-48ff-8eb6-94530a9eeb51 | [{'content': 'All of the following indicate Fetal lung maturity except? \nSelect and explain. \nA. LecithiniSphingomyelin ratio >2, B. Positive shake test, C. Increased phosphatidyl glycerol, D. Blue cells in Nile Blue Test', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans D. Blue cells in Nile Blue TestRef: DC Dutla's textbook of Obstetrics,9't' ed.All of the above are correct except that it is the presence of more than 50 % orange coloured cells in Nile Blue test that suggests fetal pulmonary maturity.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Medicine | f20f293f-58fc-4b88-ba1d-d37764178ff4 | [{'content': 'A 30 year old patient has right upper limb BP of 180/95 mm Hg and left upper limb BP of 130/90 mm Hg. He also has early diastolic murmur in right 2 intercostal space. Which of the following would be LEAST likely associated with these findings? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Supravalvular aoic Stenosis, B. Coarctation of aoa, C. Takayasu aeritis, D. Aoic dissection', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Supra valvular AS - pulse disparity (Coanda effect) - Systolic pressure in the right arm> left arm Streaming of the jet toward the innominate, RCCA, and right SCA Option B - Continuous murmur /systolic murmur Option C - MC blood vessel involved in Takayasu aeritis is Subclan aery. - DIASTOLIC murmur is seen. Option D -unequal BP may be present', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 7d5f80d0-63d3-4f8e-874a-34fe661c9a4d | [{'content': 'Acid neutralizing substance in saliva \nSelect and explain. \nA. NH3, B. Carbonate, C. Bicarbonate, D. Chlorides', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | a05c8cf2-b0bc-496e-b5fd-51467952e2ca | [{'content': 'A pregnant lady acquires chickenpox 3 days prior to delivery. She delivers by normal vaginal route which of the following statement is true? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Both mother and baby are safe, B. Give antiviral treatment to mother before delivery, C. Give antiviral treatment to baby, D. Baby will develop neoatal varicella syndrome', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Varicella infection in pregnancy:\n\nIf varicella infection occurs in a pregnant female during first half of pregnancy (M/C time of transmission-13 to 20 weeks) it results in congenital varicella syndrome in the fetus.\nCongenital varicella syndrome in characterized by chorioretinitis, microophthalmia, cerebral cortical atrophy, IUGR, hydronephrosis and skin or bone defects.\nCongenital varicella syndrome is an indication for doing MTP.\nCongenital defects rarely occurs if varicella infection occurs after 20 weeks.\nThe terminology varicella embryopathy is not used these days.\nNeonatal varicella iin characterized by pneumonitis, hepatitis and DIC.\nThe severity of neonatal infection is inversely related to the concentration of maternal antibodies present in the newborn circulation. Mother starts producing and transferring antibodies approximately 5 days after the onset of her disease.Thus, babies born 5 days or more from the beginning of maternal disease will be protected.\n\nFernando Arias 3/e, p 156\n\nPerinatal varicella exposure just before or during delivery poses a serious threat to newborns and so Varicella Ig should be given to all neonates of born to mothers who have clinical evidence of varicella 5 days before and upto 2 days after delivery.\nThe use of VZIG decreases the chances of neonatal varicella and also modify the clinical course but it does not always prevent severe or fatal varicella. Expectant treatment with close observation, followed by prompt initiation of antiviral therapy on suspicion of neonatal varicella is recommended.\nAntiviral treatment (acyclovir) is given to neonates only if they develop neonatal varicella syndrome.\nVaccine is not secreted in breast milk, so postpartum vaccination should not be delayed because of breast feeding.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | bfc36be7-2c7f-40eb-93ee-8ac75f1e92b1 | [{'content': 'Method for slow tooth separation: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Use of 26 gauge spring wire around proximal contacts, B. Use of soft brass wire around contacts, C. Use of oversized resin, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Other than these methods, elastics are also used around contact points.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 1b4a2a96-cd33-4ccd-bf13-3c208a07983a | [{'content': 'A patient presents to the ER after a A with multiple rib injuries. He is conscious, speaking single words. RR = 40/min, BP= 90/40 mmHg. What is the next immediate step in management? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Intubate the patient, B. Urgent fluid infusion, C. Chest X ray, D. Needle inseion in 2nd ICS', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- D. Needle inseion in 2nd ICSThis is a case of tension pneumothorax. Although the new ATLS update is 5th intercostal space in mid maxillary line, but in this question we will go with a time tested method of needle in 2nd intercostal space.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 5f5f1b55-68a6-4c77-a46a-97d7157a4adc | [{'content': "A 3 – month old infant presents with bilateral medullary nephrocalcinosis. All of the following can cause medullary nephrocalcinosis except : \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hyperoxaluria, B. Bartter's syndrome, C. Prolonged use of furosemide, D. ARPKD", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Nephrocalcinosis :\n\nDeposition of calcium in the substance of the kidney.\n\nCauses of nephrocalcinosis :\n\nIdiopathic hypercalciuria.\nHyperoxaluria.\nDistal renal tubular acidosis.\nDiuretics for preterm baby.\nBartter syndrome.\nDent's disease.\nPrimary hyperparathyroidism.\nFamilial hypomagnesemia, hypercalciuria with nephrocalcinosis.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: ENT | be68160f-1668-4576-abcc-882aa211beb3 | [{'content': "A patient has bilateral conductive deafness, tinnitus with positive family history. The diagnosis is - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Otospongiosis, B. Tympanosclerosis, C. Meniere's disease, D. B/L otitis media", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Conductive deafness means the disease process leading to deafness is limited to external ear tympanic membrane, middle ear\xa0including the footplate of stapes.\nBilateral conductive deafness rules out meniere’s disease (as it presents with SNHL).\nAmongst the remaining three options, positive family history is seen mainly in case of otosclerosis (Otospongiosis), so it is our\xa0answer.\nRef. Dhingra 6/e, p 30, 87', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 277484ef-0832-433c-ba20-92a56041c894 | [{'content': 'In a child with tetralogy of Fallot with fever and diarrhea, which of the following is the surest sign of a cyanotic spell? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hepatomegaly, B. Absence of murmur, C. S3 gallop rhythm, D. Aerial oxygen saturation of less than 75%', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B: Absence of murmurExplanation:(Ref: Nelson 20Ie p2212; Ghai 8/e p422)During cyanotic spell, temporary disappearance or a decrease in intensity of the systolic murmur is usual as flow across the right ventricular outflow tract diminishes.Paroxysmal hypercyanotic attacks (hypoxic, "blue," or "tet" spells) are a paicular problem during the 1st 2 years of life.The infant becomes hyperpneic and restless, cyanosis increases, gasping respirations ensue, and syncope may follow.Most frequently in morning on initially awakening or after episodes of vigorous crying.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 438f8342-aae4-4631-8487-30b2c595c5d8 | [{'content': 'Resolution of IOPA radiograph is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 16 lp, B. 22 lp, C. 30 lp, D. 10 lp', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Medicine | 6cb20456-8f6a-44d9-8aad-9d45b621d210 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is used for laboratory diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. ALP, B. AST, C. LDH, D. GGT', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: AST/SGOT (found in the mitochondria of Hepatocyte, and Alcohol get metabolize in mitochondria) - GGT - Fatty liver - Alcoholic | NAFLD/NASH: Syndrome X, Reye syndrome ALT - Obstructive jaundice', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | d7bd1cec-6327-4552-8135-3544fa7c8d0f | [{'content': 'A radiograph is shown below. This type of root morphology has highest incidence in which population? \nSelect and explain. \nA. African, B. Caucasians, C. Mongoloids, D. Asians', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: A variation in root morphology is the presence of an extra distolingual root.\xa0Usually, this root has a type 1 canal configuration. Two-thirds of the first mandibular molars found in a Chinese population had this variation. Similarly, this distolingual root occurred in 4% of mandibular first molars of a Kuwaiti population. These results confirm the observation that East Asian populations have more three-rooted mandibular first molars than do other racial groups. Mandibular molars, mainly first molars, may also have an additional root located lingually or buccally. Although this is a rare occurrence in Caucasian populations, it is more common\xa0in Asian populations. The radix entomolaris (RE) is a supernumerary root located distolingually\xa0in\xa0mandibular molars, whereas the radix paramolaris (RP) is an extra root located mesiobuccally. Each root usually contains a single root canal. The orifice of the RE is located distolingually to mesiolingually from the main canal or canals of the distal root; the orifice of the RP is located mesiobuccally to distobuccally from the main mesial root canals.\xa0\nKey Concept:\nThe figure in the question show radix entomolaris.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | bc4f5387-b4e2-4c9f-9372-d2578aa9848d | [{'content': "Virus is cultured in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sabouraud's agar, B. Rogosa medium, C. Nonembryonated egg, D. Embryonated egg", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Embryonated eggs were used initially for the growth of viruses.\nEmbryonated chick egg was used first for cultivation of viruses by Goodpasture in 1931.\xa0\nUsually, 8–11 days\xa0old chick eggs are used for culture of viruses. The viruses are isolated in different sites of the egg, such as yolk sac, amniotic cavity, and allantoic cavity, and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Biochemistry | da7efe1f-026d-45b7-8c81-dcd812fd5b70 | [{'content': 'Vitamin K in its coenzyme form is regenerated by which enzyme? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Glutathione reductase, B. Pyruvate carboxylase, C. Dihydrofolate reductase, D. Epoxide reductase', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Vitamin K - Vitamin K hydroquinone is oxidized to the epoxide Epoxide activates a glutamate residue in the protein substrate to a carbanion, which reacts nonenzymically with carbon dioxide to form g-carboxyglutamate. Vitamin K epoxide is reduced to the quinone by an epoxide reductase, and the quinone is reduced to the active hydroquinone by Vitamin K reductase. Dicumarol & warfarin inhibits the enzyme (reductase) that conves epoxide to active Vitamin K (hydroquinone).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | ac195c22-e47e-49f9-87d5-87b26416ea05 | [{'content': '18 months old child, who has received one dose of DPT and OPV at 2 months of age. What will be your next immunization plan : \nSelect and explain. \nA. Restart immunization schedule, as per age, B. Measles, BCG, booster dose of DPT and OPV, C. Measles, booster dose of DPT and OPV, D. BCG, 2ND dose of DPT and OPV', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: A lapse in the immunization schedule does not require reinitiation of entire vaccine series. Immunization should be given at the next visit in the usual doses assuming that the minimum interval has already elapsed and the imunization should be completed at the next available opportunity".\nD.P.T. and oral polio vaccine which the child already had should be considered as the first dose.\nThe child would need further 2 doses of this vaccine to complete the primary vaccination.\nBooster doses are administered, once the primary immunization is complete. Thus you cannot administer booster doses of D.P.T. and O.P.V. as their primary immunization is not complete.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 25a045ae-9cab-40c2-aaae-d890d4015eae | [{'content': 'HTR polymer is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Polyether, B. Polytmethymethacrylate, C. Silica, D. Hydroxyapatite', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: ENT | ac97880a-0862-45cf-bed5-a2000a93343c | [{'content': 'The treatment of choice for stage I cancer larynx is- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Radical surgery, B. Chemotherapy, C. Radiotherapy, D. Surgery followed by radiotherapy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Friends remember 2 very important concepts regarding laryngeal Ca:\n\nIf the site of larynx caner viz supra glottis, glottis or subglottis is not mentioned, the cancer should be considered glottic (since it is the M/C variety)\nGenerally stage I, II, III, IV means stage T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 respectively.\n\nAccording to Dhingra\n\nRadiotherapy is the treatment of choice for all stage I cancers of larynx, which neither impair mobility nor invade cartilage or cervical nodes. \nThe greatest advantage of radiotherapy over surgery in Ca larynx glottic cancer is - preservation of voice.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 71c2cf6f-b8ca-479b-ba07-3d9162d10c2c | [{'content': 'Gingival Recession is most common due to \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tooth brush trauma, B. TFO, C. Deflective contacts, D. ANUG', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 90d508fa-01fd-4b1f-811e-6fc4a0df7054 | [{'content': 'Which of the following prevents fracture of MO amalgam: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Beveling of axiopulpal line angle, B. Occlusal dovetails, C. Pin retained amalgam, D. Removal of unsupported enamel rods', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 87751b39-a2e2-473d-86e7-e72d26b24ea4 | [{'content': 'Bacteria associated with caries are able to cause the same due to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Production of extxacellular polysaccharides like dextrans and levans, B. Production of acid to hydrolyse diet carbohydrates, C. Production of enzymes which inhibit normal flora, D. Inhibition of secretory IgA', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Pharmacology | c4256578-82f3-4cb8-891a-be9864c80547 | [{'content': 'Most commonly used route of administration of heparin for post-operative thromboprophylaxis is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Subcutaneous, B. Intravenous, C. Inhalational, D. Intramuscular', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: UFH is injected s.c. every 8- 12 hours, staed before surgery and continued for 7-10 day, or till the patient stas moving about. This regimen has been found to prevent postoperative deep vein thrombosis (post operative thromboprophylaxis) without increasing surgical bleeding. It also does not prolong aPTT or clotting time. However, it should not he used in case of neurosurgery or when spinal anaesthesia is to be given.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 29e0d9dd-5554-44a6-9b97-1fb9eb226a50 | [{'content': 'In which part of fallopian tube ectopic pregnancy will have longest survival: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Isthmus, B. Ampulla, C. Cornua, D. Interstitium', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: M.C site of ectopic pregnancy – Fallopian tubes.\nIn Fallopian Tubes – M/C sites in descending order are:\n\nAmpulla > mus > infundibulum > interstitium\n\nRarest overall site of ectopic pregnancy is cervix or cesarean section scan\nAverage period of survival of ectopic pregnancy is 8 weeks.\nEctopic pregnancy survives for longest time in its annual pregnancy.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pharmacology | 363aca43-6b66-4640-9cfe-93057f5c50f1 | [{'content': 'Major mechanism of action of nitrates in acute attack of angina is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Coronary vasodilation, B. Decrease in preload, C. Decrease in afterload, D. Decrease in hea rate', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Aim for the treatment of classical angina is decrease in work of hea. It can be accomplished by decrease in preload, decrease in afterload or decrease in hea rate. Nitrates act by production of nitric oxide (NO). NO stimulates guanylate cyclase in smooth muscles which leads to formation of cGMP. Later acts on smooth muscles to cause vasodilation. Nitrates mainly produce NO in veins leading to its predominant action as venodilation. Dilation of veins results in decrease in pre-load. Therefore major mechanism of action of nitrates in angina is decrease in preload. However, in variant angina these drugs benefit by causing coronary vasodilation as variant angina occurs due to vasospasm of coronary aery.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 77826b16-999f-4fed-ac12-3e522df8e7e1 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is least sensitive to radiation exposure \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bone, B. Hematopoietic tissue, C. Nerve, D. Muscle', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | b498fd89-b328-485f-a133-9aacf026f48f | [{'content': 'Which of the following least resemble permanent tooth? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Incisor, B. Canine, C. Mandibular 1st Molar, D. Mandibular 2nd Molar', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | aa240af7-9a6c-44dd-ab9a-ecb2c4cb5c28 | [{'content': 'Umblical cord contains: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 3 arteries & 1 vein, B. 1 artery& 3 veins, C. 1 artery & 1 vein, D. 2 arteries & 1 vein', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: A patent opening called the primitive umbilical ring exists on the ventral surface of the developing embryo through which three structures pass: the yolk sac (vitelline duct), connecting stalk, and allantois. The allantois is not functional in humans and degenerates to form the median umbilical ligament in the adult.\nAs the amnion expands, it pushes the vitelline duct, connecting stalk, and allantois together to form the primitive umbilical cord.\nThe definitive umbilical cord at term is pearl-white, 1–2 cm in\xa0 diameter,\xa0 50–60\xa0 cm\xa0 long,\xa0eccentrically\xa0 positioned,\xa0 and contains the right and left umbilical arteries, left umbilical vein, and mucus connective tissue (Wharton’s jelly).\nThe right and left umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta. The left umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.\n\n\nKey Concept:\nUmblical cord contains the right and left umbilical arteries, left umbilical vein, and mucus connective tissue (Wharton’s jelly).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 688f4d7d-b164-4f08-8f2b-020f30ef306d | [{'content': 'Looseness seen in a recently delivered RPD is due to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Defective occlusal balancing, B. Passive clasp on abutment, C. Thin flange, D. Insufficient overlap on posterior teeth', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
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