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Parents and children both need to work together to grow and thrive. It is the parents’ responsibility to make sure that their children feel loved and valued. Encouragement is a powerful way of showing love and appreciation for your child. It might be necessary for some parents to rethink their approach when it comes to disciplining their children. A more supportive, nurturing approach will yield better results in the long run than a punitive one, which will only lead the child into feeling resentful or unworthy. But that’s not all.
Encouragement can be invaluable to a child. Encouraging your children to do the things they love and to set goals for themselves will help them grow into happy and confident adults. You can look to encourage them in different ways by showing them what other people are doing that they are interested in, or by sharing their work with people who could be helpful to them. They might not realize how much it will mean to them when you share their creations with others!
Being a supportive parent can be difficult. It is easy to get caught up in the day to day activities and go through the motions. A supportive parent is a parent who wants their children to be happy and successful. They support their kids and encourage them to feel good about themselves no matter what others say or think.
We will discuss how you can encourage your children and teach them how to deal with situations that they may face in the future. We will also explore how you can avoid being a helicopter parent and instead become a better listener and more understanding in your parenting skills.
Encourage Them To Explore
Some really great ways that parents can encourage their kids to develop and explore their interests include providing the time and opportunities for them, offering support and praise for their efforts, and, of course, encouraging them to explore. It is important to encourage your children to explore their passions, hobbies and interests – anything that might be related to what they love and want to do in life. Encouraging creativity and exploration will help them grow into more well-rounded individuals.
There are many ways to encourage your kids to explore their interests. One of them is to create a space for the child where they can explore their interests, which you can do by looking for different hobbies or activities that are interesting to them. You should also be patient with your children. If they are not interested in something, don’t force them to do it. Instead, take other measures like watching videos together or reading books on the topic, so that they can get more familiar with it and eventually find an interest.
Try New Things
Some people are naturally more inclined to be outgoing and willing to try new things, while others are more introverted and prefer sticking with what they know. Trying new things can really encourage your kids’ interests and to find out what they enjoy.
The best way to get your kids to try new things is by being confident in yourself. You should be happy with who you are and what you are doing. If you are, then your children will want to emulate that behavior. It is important to have hobbies and interests that are different from the ones of your child. By doing so, they will be more likely to try new things because they see you as an example of someone who has fun with their life and doesn’t need constant validation. You can lead by example!
Invest In Equipment
If your kids want to start a new hobby or interest, it’s good to know what equipment you will need to buy for it. It could be a ballerina outfit, soccer supplies, a small tactical backpack, or even learning supplies. It’s also a good idea to think about how serious this interest is, and whether it will be a long-term activity. Because you need to think of the equipment needed and the overall cost of it all. It could be better to just rent certain things for now until you see how they get on. But if you’re all confident that this is a serious interest, purchasing the necessary supplies can show you’re supportive.
Join Clubs
Kids clubs and extracurricular activities are a great way to keep your children engaged in school and happy in their social lives. It can also help them to develop new skills that will be useful for their future careers. Even if the activity is not related to their career, it’s a great way of developing skills that will help them in any other area of life.
Comparing the benefits of joining a club with the costs, it seems like a no-brainer to get your child involved with extracurricular activities. There are many different clubs and topics available at schools, which means there’s something for everyone. It could be that they want to join a sports team, the debate team, the school paper, science club – or anything else. Be sure to encourage them to try out different options early on to see what they enjoy the most.
Take Lessons
All children are different and they need to learn in different ways. Some may need to take classes, sign up for lessons, or get a tutor. Others may enjoy learning more on their own with the help of the internet. Some parents may worry that their children are not being challenged enough or aren’t being challenged by the right things. But some kids just have a different learning style, which is why all children should be given opportunities for education according to their unique needs. | https://themodernmomlounge.com/how-to-encourage-your-kids-with-their-interests-passions/ |
The new year is a perfect opportunity to reflect on the past and rethink our approach to the future.
Many people use this time to make resolutions and establish new habits. But all too often, you may find yourself getting caught up in the excitement of the new year and making vague or grandiose promises to yourself that you can’t realistically keep.
So how can we set resolutions that we can actually stick to?
One approach is to use the principles of Self-Determination Theory, which suggests that motivation is driven by three psychological needs: autonomy, relatedness, and competence. When these needs are met, we are more likely to be motivated and engaged in our resolutions.
Here are a few things to consider when setting up your resolutions this year:
Activities That You Choose For Yourself
When it comes to resolutions, it’s important to choose activities that align with your values and interests. This way, you’ll be more likely to follow through with them because they are things that you genuinely want to do.
A Physical Activity That You Actually Want to Do
One common resolution is to be more physically active, but if you’re not someone who enjoys going to the gym or running, this can be a difficult habit to maintain. Instead of forcing yourself to do activities that you don’t care for, find physical activities that you actually enjoy. This way, it will be much easier to get started and continue being active throughout the entire year.
Healthy Meals That You Enjoy Eating
Eating healthier doesn’t have to mean depriving yourself of your favorite foods or following restrictive diets. One resolution you could make is to focus on finding and incorporating more health-promoting recipes into your regular meal rotation.
This could involve experimenting with new ingredients, cooking techniques, or cuisines that you haven’t tried before. Not only will this help you diversify your diet and potentially discover new favorites, but it will also allow you to incorporate more nutrients and health benefits into your meals.
Saying No to Unhealthy Requests
Sometimes, improving yourself is not about doing more, it’s about doing less.
Consider the demands and obligations that you put on yourself. Saying no to requests that don’t align with your values or goals can be a healthy resolution.
This could mean saying no to invitations to unhealthy temptations, or declining requests that would require you to neglect your own self-care.
Activities That Match Your Lifestyle and Personality
Another key aspect of motivation is relatedness, or the need to feel connected to others. When we engage in activities that strengthen our relationships and connections with others, we are more likely to be motivated and engaged.
Deepen Your Connections
One resolution you could make is to focus on deepening your connections with the people you care about. This could mean scheduling regular phone or video calls with loved ones, or making an effort to be more present and attentive when you’re with them.
Renew Old Friendships
Another resolution could be to reconnect with old friends that you haven’t spoken to in a while. This could be a great opportunity to rekindle old friendships and strengthen your social support network.
Join a New Community
Joining a new group or club can be a great way to meet new people who share similar interests and hobbies. This can not only provide you with a sense of community and belonging but also allow you to learn and grow in a new area.
Look for groups or clubs that align with your interests and values, and make an effort to attend meetings and get involved. This could be anything from a book club to a sports team to a volunteer organization.
By joining a new group or club, you can expand your social network and find new sources of motivation and support.
Activities That Allow For Personal Growth and Mastery
The third psychological need, competence, refers to the need to feel capable and effective at what we do. When we engage in activities that allow us to learn and grow, we are more likely to feel competent and motivated.
Not Too Easy
If a resolution is too easy, you may lose interest quickly because it does not provide a sense of challenge or accomplishment. When we engage in activities that are too easy, we may not feel a sense of growth or progress. This can lead to boredom and a lack of motivation to continue.
Not Too Hard
If a resolution is too hard, it can be easy to become discouraged and lose motivation. When we face too many challenges or setbacks, it can be tempting to give up and abandon our goals. This is why it’s important to find activities that are challenging, but not too challenging.
By finding activities that are just challenging enough to be engaging and rewarding, you can stay motivated and continue to make progress toward your goals.
It’s also important to remember that it’s okay to adjust your goals or take a break if you need to.
Satisfying Progress
When setting a resolution, it’s important to find activities that provide a satisfying sense of progress and mastery. Tracking your progress and seeing the improvements you’ve made can also be a great source of motivation. | https://healthywellbeing.com/9-new-years-resolutions-you-can-actually-keep/ |
Activities range from classes on gardening, social skills, and computers to woodworking crew, drumming, book club, news crew, and gaming club. Our facility includes a Snoezelen Room, a multi-sensory room/technology theater, a computer-learning center, a creative room, a kitchen, a movement room, a social area, and a library. These spaces allow us to offer a large variety of activities throughout the day.
Through our Health and Wellness program, we aim to improve the quality of life for participants at Opportunity Networks. Offerings are varied and constantly changing so that we can expose individuals to new experiences that promote the development of social skills, following directions, and their general health and well-being. Our staff members and Health and Wellness coordinators work together to collect data on individual’s interests and achievements so that we can build challenging programs that result in a sense of achievement. We facilitate clubs for dance, Zumba, yoga, Wii Fitness, and basketball in our movement room. The weekly schedule also includes the Merrimack YMCA, the Nashua Sports Academy, a local dance studio, Leda Lanes, and during nicer weather we visit Mines Falls and other local parks.
We offer programming individually designed according to the social, behavioral, and communication needs for individuals with ASD. Individuals in our program will have access to The Snoezelen Room to explore and relax according to their sensory needs. Individuals will also have the opportunity to be a part of one of our Speech and Language social groups with Ian McGarty to address goals for Individual Service Plans.
Our goal is to identify interests and match those interests with a skill set that translates into the workforce.
Job coaches are available and transportation can be arranged in order to provide individuals with access to employment. Employment involves all aspects that Opportunity Networks strives for: social connection, participating in the community, being productive, making a contribution, and establishing autonomy.
Communication comes in many forms. At Opportunity Networks, we understand the various methods in which people communicate. Our Speech and Language social groups, facilitated by certified Speech Pathologist Ian McGarty, assist program participants in increasing their abilities to communicate to friends, families, and at the job site using a plethora of methods including high-tech communication devices.
At Opportunity Networks we like to give back to the community and have partnered with Meals on Wheels, The Tolles Street Mission, The Elms Center, and SHARE Outreach. | https://opportunitynetworks.org/our-services/day-program/ |
NUS Environmental Studies Alumni
BES Alumni was officially registered under the Office of Alumni Relations in 2015 as NUS Environmental Studies Alumni or NUSESA in short. That was also the year NUS saw its first batch of BES graduates.
The fledgling alumni group is growing steadily every year in number and is 100-strong in 2016. Alumni activities are organised by a tight band of four committee members. Activities include teas sessions, volunteering opportunities (mostly for environmental or social causes), and other social events organised by the Office of Alumni Relations.
The mandate of the first EXCO is to establish the group as the de facto place for graduates to build on and forge new friendships, as well as to keep in touch with the NUS community at large. The committee believes that having strong alumni will amplify their impact as a team, as they set out to improve the environment and the society. The committee strives to organise a variety of events to cater to different interests in order to actively engage the alumni members.
As NUSESA continues to grow in strength over the years, the committee will explore new ways of enabling and inspiring the alumni members to collaborate within the group and with other organisations, so that they could expand their network and resources in achieving greater works for the environment. | http://envstudies.nus.edu.sg/bes-alumni-stories/ |
For the average college student, the summer is a welcome vacation from classes, intellectual discourse, and homework. This is likely true for international students, as well, though the extended break may come with unwelcome anxiety, as the downtime can serve as a disruption in building or improving your English language skills.
While you may not be engaged in academic activities over the course of the summer, that does not mean that you cannot continue to improve your English. The following activities are a great way to blend language learning with summertime relaxation:
1. Walking tours
Whether you live in a city or a rural area, there is a very good chance that you are close to a museum, library, or historical society. These groups often offer presentations and historical tours at little or no cost. Tours can be a great way to explore your temporary home, while also practicing your language skills with native speakers.
If there is a particular subject that interests you, do an online search for groups or organizations in your area that focus on that subject. For example, if you live in Boston, you might search for “historic house tours.” You will have the opportunity to get outside, get some exercise, and still ask questions and speak with others.
2. Community events
If walking tours do not sound enjoyable, those same groups may offer many other activities that are less physical, but no less educational. If, for example, you looked up the monthly schedule for your local library or bookstore, you would no doubt find a variety of events like reading groups, author presentations, or other events that could help you further develop your conversational skills.
One of the best ways to improve your conversational English (and most other language) skills is to get regular practice in real world environments, with native speakers. Given that, exploring the low-cost or no-cost events in your community is a great way to expand your abilities, while also meeting new people and having fun.
3. Volunteerism
For some international students, the idea of volunteering might seem intimidating, particularly if you are not confident in your language skills. This is entirely understandable, but not all volunteering requires extensive verbal communication. For instance, if there is a charitable organization that you want to support, you could ask if they have any administrative work that you could volunteer to do. This puts you in a social environment wherein you can practice your English, but it also gives you the chance to contribute to your community and support a cause that you feel is deserving.
4. Goal setting
The previous recommendations have focused on social activities that can help improve your language skills, but there are other activities that can be just as effective, like setting reading and writing goals. If you have a schedule set up for yourself over the summer, consider scheduling an hour of reading and/or writing English each day. These activities can include items like writing 800 words each day or reading a certain number of books over the course of the summer. Whatever the activity, it will help you gain more experience with English beyond what you might get just by conversing with native speakers.
5. Group activities
For some people, casual interaction is too informal to be of much use in expanding your language skills. If this describes you, there are other options that are more formal and structured, including summer language classes and study groups. Because you would be joining these groups outside of the usual school year, there is a good chance that there is flexibility when it comes to where and when they are held. For example, if you wanted to join a group for people interested in improving their English grammar and writing, it could be a group that meets at a restaurant or public park to share work or give feedback on writing.
In this case, you would be getting the best of both worlds: improving your language skills and enjoying the summer with new friends.
David White is a contributing writer for UniversityTutor.com, the world's largest global marketplace for finding independent tutors. | https://www.englishcoursesusa.com/get-smart/-5-activities-that-are-perfect-for-summer-and-language-learning |
Artens Lazaj is the President of the U.S Embassy Youth Council Albania and has been part of this structure since May 2018. He believes in the power of positive thinking and strengthening the role of active citizenship. During his years of civic engagement, he has understood that our society can grow up further by investing in youth capacities. He has been trying to help and encourage people to give their best, to be optimistic and to improve their life quality each day goes by.
Andri Ferati is 16 years old and studies at “Ibrahim Rugova” High School. He is a reader and sometimes a writer, depending on his mood. Same goes with painting. Andri loves football as well and is a Juventus fan. His favourite player is Gianluigi Buffon, the legendary goalkeeper of the team.
Erisa Meçolli, graduated in Finance and Accounting. Before joining the U.S Embassy Youth Council in 2018, she had completed an exchange program in the U.S named Professional Fellows Program supported by the U.S. Department of State. Despite developing herself professionally, she has been volunteering in the community for 8 years organizing different activities for children. Erisa believes that with volunteer work, and only educated and collaborative spirits, youngsters can do great things like we see in developed countries.
Ledio Alushi is currently working as a personal trainer. Always striking to help individuals in need and helping as many as possible. His life motto is: “Open-mindedness, willpower and discipline are what make a person great, while details are what matters the most.” That is what he believes leaders all strive for and make a change in the society.
Siljana Hyseni, 22. She studied International Relations and Political Science at New York University. Siljana has been involved for years with various organizations and her goal is to empower the Roma youth and women. In her free time, she mentors children who are in elementary school. She likes challenges and learning new things day by day.
Aleksis Satka is a member of the Civic Engagement & Social Services Department. She is an alumna of the Youth Exchange & Study Program, where she is the City Representative of Tirana. She is studying to become a doctor in the University of Medicine and remains an active member of the community through different organizations. She is passionate about human rights, access to healthcare and literature.
Florian Osmanaj is a member of U.S. Embassy Youth Council since May 2021. He has completed a MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery), and now is becoming a specialist in Cardiac Surgery. His ultimate goal is to always help others.
Kejsi Beqiraj is a senior Computer Science student and human rights activist. He seeks to bring into spotlight social issues that have long been the cause for injustice and inequality in Albania. His “a-ha!” light bulb moment in life was the second he realized that words carry the vibration needed to serve as a source of inspiration and life-changing revelations.
Renisa Sala is newly graduated in Economic Informatics at the Faculty of Economics. She is passionate about cyber security, and always in search of adventures. Renisa loves exploring new places, making new friends and being an active part of civil society.
Arlind Kasemi is a member of Civic Engagement Department since May 2021. He is currently studying Medicine at Medical University of Tirana, because it provides a way for him to combine his love for helping others with his passion for human body. His desire for helping others since he was a child has influenced him to engage in several youth NGOs, one of them the USEYCA recently.
Grejd Hyska is currently studying Political Sciences at the University of Tirana. Being an activist has always been a main part of her journey. Altruism, hard work and an open mind are the some of the values she cherishes and incorporates the most in her life. Grejd strongly believes that through small, kind-hearted gestures, together we can make a great impact in our world.
Ksenia Ramaj is the former coordinator of Youth Empowerment Department. Ksenia enjoys contributing to different NGOs and is really keen on public speaking. She has been part of several important projects of U.S. Embassy like Speak Up and Outdoor Ambassadors. Her hobbies could apply themselves to any field, from arts (music, cross stitching & cooking) to scientific ones (informatics & physics).
Selina Çomo is 20 years old and she is currently studying at the Faculty of Law, University of Tirana. She has been part of the U.S Embassy Youth Council Albania for more than a year now and finds it an amazing experience, since she always wanted to be part of Civic Engagement Department. Her hobbies include traveling, reading and music.
Denisa Rami has completed a Bachelor’s and Master’s Degree in Law near University of Tirana, Faculty of Law. Denisa has attended several internships in different organizations and public institution, such as IDMC (Institution for Democracy, Media and Culture), ALTRI, (Albanian Legal and Territorial Research Institute). Her main focuses are: human rights and gender equality in Albania. With her experiences and academic qualifications, she is working and contributing for a democratic country, where the rights of people are respected and guaranteed. Her hobbies are swimming, cycling, traveling and enjoys doing research.
Iris Buçiqi, 21, part of Civic Engagement Department. Currently, she is studying Political Science and International Relations at Epoka University. She joined in February 2020. Iris has been engaged with other youth led organizations, such as: AIESEC and UNYA as well. Her field of interest involves diplomacy, IR, and gender studies.
Ola Miftari joined U.S. Embassy Youth Council in May 2021. She loves art in any kind it manifests, mainly in music and movies. Deep conversations, philosophy and discussing our every thing’s origin occupy quite a lot of her time. Ola is also passionate about volunteering and youth empowerment or topics related to current global affairs.
Alba Kokoshi is working at the meantime for an Accounting and Auditing firm in Tirana and completing a Master’s Degree in Finance. Beside her everyday work, she likes to give her contribution to the community as much as she can. Her main concerns are low-income communities, climate change, gender equality and education. Alba is very passionate about picking up new languages, traveling and discovering new cultures.
Eno Çullhaj is a new member of the U.S Embassy Youth Council and is part of the Strategic Content Department. He is working hard to become a good programmer one day. Computers are not the only thing he likes, but also helping people in his community. He is passionate about making the world a more efficient and better place.
Juxhin Çaushi is the newest coordinator of Strategic Content Department. He has worked as an IT specialist at Ministry of Justice and is also the co-founder of appalbania.com. Currently, he is taking care of U.S. Embassy Youth Council’s website page. His preferred leisure time activities are the ones in nature, surrounded by his friends.
Alsenja Demaliaj is one of the founders of USEYCA and a member for 5 years now. She has been part of the active youth in Tirana for a very long time and desires to make her community a better one through her own initiatives or her activism in several NGOs. Alsenja is willing to work and contribute towards the improvement of the conditions of the social classes in need, the protection of human rights, and also relevant issues related to mental health and gender equality. What characterizes her is being a strong believer that if you want to do great work, you have to love what you do first. Her passions include theatre, literature, psychology and writing.
Hamide Selmani has been engaged in different human rights NGO’s in the past 3 years. Her hobbies include technology, business, personal development and reading. Ami is also the photographer of U.S. Embassy Youth Council and says that she cannot live without implementing this passion anywhere, anytime.
Keisi Xhafa has grauated from the Faculty of Economy, University of Tirana. She believes that we should make the most of the opportunities given to us, particularly the ones that have an impact in our community. Through her hard work with different organizations, she hopes to aid in educating the public about mental health, gender based violence and financial literacy. Some of her hobbies include psychology, photography, travel and graphic design, in which she dedicates the necessary time.
Anxhela Teli is a member of Strategic Content Department. Her passion for robotics and technology has followed her since she was really young. Sharing her passion with others and using it to make a change in the community has always been a big goal of her. Anxhela values the power of young minds in technology to create a sustainable future for everyone.
Ina Merlika is studying German Language, Translation and Interpretation at the University of Tirana. Some of her main interests are mainly targeted in contemporary art, educational activities and also mass media. Ina is extremely friendly and funny, always looking on the bright side.
Mateo Prifti is the former President of the USEYCA. He is constantly building products that may have a positive impact in the society. He is the founder of ScholarPortal.net, an online aggregator of international students’ opportunities. He has also been responsible for organizing the Youth Talk series featuring guest speakers that would talk to youth participants, engage and inspire them. A few years ago, Mateo participated in the Global Entrepreneurship Summit organized in Kenya by the White House and at the Ron Brown Forum in Croatia nominated by PAS Tirana. Afterwards, he has also organized two Startup Weekend Events powered by Google for Entrepreneurs.
Edri Kopliku studies at a vocational high school for IT in Shkodra. Except for coding and other nerdy things, he likes playing basketball, listening to music, photo editing and travelling/ exploring new areas. He is always looking forward to new creations that would impact not only his, but everybody’s lives.
Ines Kukalaj is a senior at “Sinan Tafaj” High School. She loves team work in order to achieve great things (that also includes sports). Ines enjoys any forms of art and in her free time, she likes to read books and try new hobbies.
Soni Seli is studying Electronics/IT at “Harry Fultz” Institute. His passions and interests are game design/development, programming, drawing and 3D modeling. Soni is a really creative and talented guy, aiming to create his own gaming company here in Albania.
Xhulia Jasimi has been part of the “1989 Anniversary – Fellows on Demand” exchange program. She is passionate about computer programming, which she plans on studying further on in university. Her activities include participating in technology related different conferences and competitions. She also enjoys volunteering and participating in youth activities.
Angela Ricco’ is a member of Youth Empowerment Department and a high school student at “Turgut Ozal” College. Angela is passionate about actively making a better future for her generation and for generations to come. She wants to use this passion to create a more equitable world, from which everyone can benefit. Angela enjoys spending time with friends and family and appreciating nature.
Brisilda Çekrezi is the former president of “Outdoor Ambassadors Tirana” Club, and now is part of U.S. Embassy Youth Council. Her interests are focused on art, journalism & communication, youth empowerment and youth awakening. She loves hanging out with people and engaging with them.
Gjon Buxhuku is part of the U.S Embassy Youth Council Albania since May 2018. He is 20 years old and studies law in University of Tirana. He has participated in most of the activities organized by USEYCA, but he has been mostly focused on the protection of Human Rights, and on the activities regarding law enforcement. Currently, Gjon is the coordinator of Youth Empowerment Department.
Mishel Mita is a graduate in Administration and Social Policies and is planning on having a Master on Communication. He is keen on architecture and interior design, history and cultural heritage, nature and exploring.
Anri is a new member of the Youth Empowerment Department. He has been part of many different NGOs as he likes to help the community and develop personally and professionally. At the moment, Anri is studying physiotherapy, but he aspires to become an entrepreneur one day in the future. His hobbies are eating, going to the gym, playing sports, reading and eating again.
Ejsi Vula is a medical student at Medical University of Tirana. Apart from long studying periods, Ejsi is heavily involved in civil society, where he has been part of countless organization and has a great deal of experience. His volunteering activities range from helping the local community to organizing large scale international events with organizations such as European Youth Parliament. Long walks, listening to audio books and wilderness activities are his favorite ones.
Ilvi Dedaj is 24 years old and he is from Puka. He is employed and has just finished his Master’s studies. He joined USEYCA in May, 2020. His fields of interest are: economics with focus in macroeconomics, entrepreneurship and business, sports and politics. He has initiated one of the series of “Youth Talk” and informal meeting with our peers at YAG near OSCE Presence in Albania.
Pirro Marko has also been part of other youth-based organizations such as Outdoor Ambassadors. He enjoys helping out in volunteering activities. He has just finished his senior year of high school and plans to apply for a Bachelor in Business Management. He likes everything related to business, music, and fitness, which hopefully he will be able to pursue in the future as well.
Arlind Kamberi is studying as a scholarship holder at “Ernest Koliqi” High School. In his personal opinion, being part of U.S. Embassy Youth Council has definitely been an amazing and unique experience, starting from the super people and the team spirit. Arlind’s hobbies include playing the classical and flamenco guitar (since 10 years), programming, reading a lot about biotech and bioinformatics as his favorite field. He was also one of the organizers of UNYD Albania open air meeting with USYECA members.
Enxhi Lipa is a graduate of Political Science and International Relations at Epoka University. She has completed several internships in local and national institutions with the aim to represent youth and transmit their voice near the ones, who have the right mechanisms to improve the life of citizens. Lately, Enxhi has been elected as a youth co-chair member at Western Balkan Youth Policy Lab. She is also member of Pool of Experts in the framework of this initiative. By being an active citizen, Enxhi aims to serve as a positive model of Albanian youth, and inspiring others to join civil society organizations initiatives.
Jesmina Sengla is a Political Science student at the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tirana. She has been engaged in different kind of projects and activities, especially as a moderator of “Akademia Feministe”. Her previous experiences include radio hosting and cross peer tutoring training. Jesmina enjoys generating initiatives to promote democratic values through education and engage youth in local decision making. Her main interests include politics, philosophy, communication, research, and community organization.
Blert Braho, nearly seventeen and a new member of the Youth Empowerment Department. He studies Software Engineering in his high school and is a basketball player for the Partizani U-18 team. Blert’s hobbies are music, sports obviously, hanging out and sometimes singing. In the future he wants to become a professional basketball player and a great person. That is part of his code, which he lives up to.
Gea Koduzi is pursuing her studies in “Management and Economics“. She has been actively involved in youth empowerment and civic engagement activities since high school, where she also served as the President of Outdoor Ambassadors. She has also worked as an intern in the Public Affairs Office of the U.S. Embassy Albania. She is driven by the need to have a deeper understanding of the problems faced nowadays by the Albanian society, and willingness to have a meaningful contribution in addressing these problems.
Kimberli Kadriu is a law student with a hidden artistic soul. Her mission in life is to find all the pieces that make her happy and fulfilled. Kimberli always declares being glad that helping others is one of those pieces.
Xhenis Kllogjri has finished his Bachelor Studies in the field of Law in support of his continuous interest in International Law and International Relations. He has worked as an English teacher in Egypt as part of an AIESEC Internship project. His working experience developed even further when he worked in the Incoming Global Volunteers department in AIESEC. Xhenis was a participant of MEU Romania, a simulation of the EU Parliament. | https://useycalbania.org/sq/about/members/ |
One of the best ways to meet new people on campus is to get involved. While there are many ways to get involved on campus, it can sometimes be difficult to know where to begin.
Often, the key to getting involved includes taking a step outside of your comfort zone. Going outside of your comfort zone takes effort and can be initially uncomfortable. However, making this effort often leads to new experiences and friends you might not have met otherwise.
No matter where you are in your academic journey, here are three ways to get involved and meet new people.
Explore ways to get involved
Are you looking to explore more hobbies and interests? Are you looking for experiences to add to your résumé? The answers to these questions can help you decide what “getting involved” looks like for you. Also, it can help you meet new people or even find a major that may be a good fit for you.
If you’d like to explore hobbies and interests, check out the hundreds of student organizations on BuffConnect. If you are looking for experience to add to your résumé, consider a part-time job on campus working with other students.
Getting involved looks different for everyone, and doesn’t always have to include a long-term commitment to a group or job. If you feel like you don’t have time right now to commit, there are still ways to get involved through campus events. Attending events allows you to connect with others, gain new experiences and sometimes enjoy free food! Browse the CU Events Calendar for hundreds of upcoming events on campus.
Try new things
Test out some new recipes at Ralphie’s Cooking Basics, make crafts at Pinterest & Popcorn or get moving at free events through the Rec Center. You could also sign up for CU in the Community or gain leadership experience by joining the Journey Leaders. Trying new things can lead to many benefits, including new friendships.
Make the first move
When it comes to forming new friendships, putting yourself out there can be scary. For many people, it’s common to feel nervous about initiating social plans. However, you can use this to your advantage. One strategy to try this semester is to commit to making the first move.
Be the first to introduce yourself when meeting someone new, or be the one to set up plans to hang out. If you take on the responsibility of breaking the ice, it can help pave the way for new friendships. Set up a study group with classmates, ask to sit with someone who’s eating solo in the UMC or organize a movie night with your roommate.
It might take some effort to get out of your comfort zone, but it can lead to new experiences and a wider social circle. | https://www.colorado.edu/exploratorystudies/2019/10/08/3-ways-meet-new-friends |
If the past year has taught anybody anything, it is that being at home can become really boring if you do not have a hobby or lots of interests. Finding ways to pass the time and beat boredom is so much easier when you have a hobby. But, there are many additional benefits to having an interest than merely keeping you occupied in the event of a global pandemic. For starters, hobbies are an excellent way to meet new people and form new friendships. But, that’s not all, research also shows that having a hobby can help improve your mental health and wellbeing, so there are loads of reasons why taking on a new hobby is good news.
Choosing a Hobby
So, you know that having a hobby is good for your health and wellbeing, but the big question to ask yourself is ‘which hobby should I try?’ Settling on one interest can be challenging when there are literally thousands of different ways to spend your spare time. You will find groups and clubs worldwide that get together to partake in their chosen hobby, including some pretty niche areas of interest. Although choosing from the vast range of available pursuits is challenging, it is essential to narrow down your options. Thinking about areas of interest that you are naturally drawn to is an excellent place to start. It can also be helpful to consider past hobbies and think about whether you want to restart them. But, above all else, the most crucial thing is that you enjoy your pastime.
If you hope to gain the positive benefits of having a hobby, why not consider some of these interests? Some of these are popular hobby choices, and others are a little more specialist, but they should help inspire you to find the ideal pastime.
Hobbies for Creative Types
Being creative is an excellent way to let go of the stress and worries of daily life and focus your attention. Creative hobbies often help you enter a state of flow, which can bring a feeling of great satisfaction and is sometimes referred to as being ‘in the zone.’ Becoming fully immersed in your task is especially beneficial if you have been under a lot of pressure recently and have been struggling to relax, as this will help you de-stress while staying occupied. Your hobby could be anything, but the fun part comes in when you have to start doing some research and really learn what it’s all about. After that, it’s pretty hard not to get hooked and spend a considerable amount of time on it. For example, let’s say you take on a cigar collecting hobby; pretty soon, you’ll not only have humidors but an entire array of cigars from all over the world, as well as an extensive knowledge of the makings of a good cigar and how to handle one!
You don’t need to already be a naturally talented artist to enjoy a creative hobby. It does not matter whether the work you produce is classed as good or bad; the main aim is for you to enjoy what you do and for it to bring you satisfaction. With plenty of practice, you should find that your ability improves naturally over time anyway.
Many people think of creative hobbies as something that you do alone, but there are many ways to incorporate social activity into your creativity. You may decide to take an evening class and learn a creative skill such as pottery or jewellery making. Alternatively, you may prefer to join a group, such as a knitting group or camera club, so that you can enjoy regular meet-ups to chat and compare projects. There are undoubtedly many choices available for anyone looking for a hobby that enables them to express their creativity.
Hobbies for Transport Fans
If you are a fan of everything and anything related to transport, you will love some of these transport-related hobby ideas.
Car fans have a wide choice of hobbies available to choose from. You could buy an old classic car and spend your spare time restoring it to its former glory. Or, how about joining a car enthusiasts’ club and meeting up with other car lovers at specially organised events? If you prefer to be in the driving seat, then you could have a go at racing cars and let your competitive spirit run free. Whatever type of car you like, there is sure to be a hobby that matches your passion for vehicles.
If trains are your thing, you may be looking for a hobby that goes a step further than trainspotting. If you are keen to explore your passion for trains further, why not invest in your very own locomotive? Buying a scale model of your favourite locomotive, such as the Newcastle flyer, is an excellent way to immerse yourself in your new hobby and experience the thrill of operating a steam engine for yourself. Buying yourself a model locomotive is the perfect way to meet fellow steam train enthusiasts and share your passion.
Hobbies for Adventurous People
If you are someone that loves getting outside and struggles to sit still, you may have found the boredom of lockdown especially hard to deal with. Now could be the ideal time to release all that pent up energy and to get active. Making physical activity one of your hobbies gives you the ideal opportunity to bring more exercise into your life and burn off even more energy.
You will find a considerable choice of hobbies to choose between that allow you to be active; you will just need to consider how challenging you want your hobby to be. Physically demanding hobbies such as rock climbing and marathon running may be something that appeals to you, and you may find yourself becoming increasingly competitive and wanting to take part in endurance sports, such as decathlons and triathlons. Alternatively, you may be looking for a hobby that you have never done before but have always wanted to try, such as paddle boarding or deep-sea diving. There are many ways to satisfy your need for adventure and many hobbies that are a perfect match.
Hobbies for Nature Lovers
It is no secret that being surrounded by nature has many benefits. Being near the sea or walking through a forest has a calming effect on the body and mind and provides you with plenty of fresh air and a dose of vitamin D at the same time. If you are someone that loves to surround yourself with wildlife and nature, finding a hobby that matches is an excellent way to spend your time.
If you have an animal sanctuary or community farm near you, you could look into volunteering options. Volunteering enables you to benefit from spending time around the animals while also helping out a worthwhile cause. If volunteering is something you cannot commit to, how about joining a walking group and exploring the great outdoors in your local area while getting fit at the same time? Walking groups are a great way to make new friends while taking in plenty of stunning natural scenery along the way. If the idea of a quiet and relaxing hobby appeals to you more, then you could start bird-watching. Visiting nature reserves armed with your binoculars is an excellent way to spend a peaceful day fully immersed in the natural beauty of the great outdoors while watching the wonderful wildlife in its natural habitat.
Final Thoughts
There is a vast choice of hobbies to choose from, so you won’t be short of options to choose between when looking for a new interest. While the activities listed above may be very different, each of them offers you the chance to try something new, meet new people, and learn new skills. Having a hobby is more than just a way to kill time; it can enrich your life in so many different ways. Whichever hobby you decide to try, you should experience many benefits to both your health and wellbeing. | https://www.factorytwofour.com/why-hobbies-are-so-important/ |
The West Orange Arts Council is a 100% volunteer-run, nonprofit organization.
We could not do what we do without the support of dedicated community volunteers. Volunteering offers an opportunity to explore and expand your creative side and to discover new ways to extend and go beyond any limits.
Contributing and participating with many of our outreach activities, events and programs allows you to connect to your local community and help make it a better place. Giving your time as a volunteer helps you to make new friends, business contacts, and improves your social skills. Keep in mind that volunteering not only helps your community, but also helps you. You do not have to be an artist to share your time, abilities, skills, and talents.
The West Orange Art Council has Committees and Activities that need:
• Art Reception Greeter
• Community Business Liaison
• Exhibition Curator Assistant
• Social Media Specialist
• Grant Writer
• Virtual Meeting Technician
• Graphic Designer
• Web Designer
• Photographer
• Videographer
• Art Gallery Management Assistant
• Workshop Educator
• Fundraising Representative
• Special Project Coordinator
• Photo/Video Archivist
• Public Relations Writer
• Corresponding Secretary
• Community Liaison
“Volunteers do not necessarily have the time;
they just have the heart.”
– Elizabeth Andrew
If you are interested in volunteering, complete the Volunteer submission form so we can learn more about you, your interests, and how you can best fit in with joining our team of creative collaborators. Apply by downloading and completing our Volunteer Application form found below and send it back to us. – Thank you! | https://woarts.org/volunteer/ |
Hobbies provide an escape from the responsibilities of every day life, offering us a chance to do something we really enjoy. The benefits of hobbies are widely recognised, both physically and mentally.
16 April
Many hobbies also offer a social outlet, especially in group activities. Knitting circles, book clubs and even a weekly trip to the bingo are all examples of hobbies that give you the chance to meet new people with the same interests as you.
Being together and enjoying each other’s company will bring the added benefit of social support, as well as making some great friends.
What types of activities can I do?
- Sports and leisure activities such as; walking, swimming, gardening, fishing or arts and drama groups.
- Learning new skills such as cooking, computing (technology), languages or even a new art and craft.
- Join social groups, for example, book clubs, afternoon teas and bingo.
We like…
- The Alzheimer’s Society’ ‘Singing for the Brain’ which brings people together by singing in a stimulating and friendly social environment.
- Age UK lunch clubs
- The University of the Third Age is a unique movement which brings retired and semi-retired people together, to learn together. Members can share their skills and life experience and teach other.
How do I find out about these activities?
- You can find information about how to join activities in your area by visiting your local; libraries, health centres, community halls and council offices.
- Reading local newspapers, magazines and tuning into the local radio stations.
- Speak with your health advisor, carer or support worker, who will be able to help advise you about local activities. | https://www.carewatch.co.uk/the-benefits-of-having-a-hobby/ |
For most graduate programs in the health professions, candidates must demonstrate a commitment to serving others, the ability to work in and/or lead teams, personal and professional growth, critical thinking, problem solving, and ethical decision making. You can develop these skills through engagement with co-curricular activities both within and outside of the Gonzaga University community.
The Health Professions Pathways Program has developed six core competencies that reflect the qualities that health professions programs look for in candidates and embody the values of Gonzaga’s Jesuit and humanistic tradition. We encourage students interested in pursuing a career in the health professions to focus your interests and activities toward proficiency in these competencies.
Here are some additional tips as you think about engaging in co-curricular opportunities:
- Feel free to explore your interests and seek out new opportunities as your interests change. At the same time, try to find opportunities for a sustained level of commitment; choosing to pursue a healthcare career requires extensive training, and admissions committees take note of the longevity of your experiences.
- Play to your strengths, but also seek out opportunities that challenge you or push you out of your comfort zone. Sometimes this is the best way for you to learn about yourself and develop new skills or personal qualities.
- Time management is important. Get involved in co-curricular activities and experiences while ensuring you maintain academic success. While co-curriculars are important, there is plenty of time during school after graduation to gain these experiences. It is more difficult to make up for deficiencies in academic performance.
Leadership and Club / Organization Involvement
Healthcare professionals work together to care for patients. Therefore, you should seek out opportunities to develop interpersonal skills such as teamwork, communication, reliability, and respect for others. Student Groups and Activities provides many on-campus opportunities, including but not limited to pre-health clubs and organizations. You may also have interests outside of the Gonzaga community that allow you to demonstrate leadership skills.
Research
Although not necessary for admissions to most programs, students are strongly encouraged to engage in at least one semester of scholarly research. Research need not be related to health care or the sciences but should reflect either original individual work or contributions to a collaborative team project. For some majors, research is incorporated into the academic experience or curriculum. You can also check out opportunities at Gonzaga Science Research Program or off campus.
Participating in research allows you to gain critical thinking and problem-solving skills and demonstrate to your research advisor your ability to integrate scholarly literature, work independently or on a team, and a willingness to engage in reflective growth. Research advisors often write letters of recommendation an important part of the admissions process.
Service / Volunteer Opportunities
Healthcare is a service profession. Pre-health students, especially at Gonzaga, should demonstrate service to others and in solidarity with the poor and the vulnerable. The Center for Community Engagement is a great resource for finding volunteer opportunities that match your interests or help you gain an understanding of backgrounds and perspectives that are different than your own.
Study Abroad
Students are highly encouraged to participate in study abroad programs if interested and it fits in with your academic plan. Global engagement can help you increase your cross-cultural competency, participate in immersive language learning, or gain knowledge of international healthcare systems. Some students choose programs that offer courses that are directly beneficial to their goals in a healthcare profession, such as the world-class anatomy course at the University of Glasgow. Visit the Center for Global Engagement for more information.
Work Experience
Admission committees value work experience, which can include on-campus student employment or a job in your home or the Spokane community. These experiences allow you to demonstrate resiliency and commitment. Working is a great way to develop skills such as effective and professional communication, reliability, dependability, and more. | https://www.gonzaga.edu/student-life/career-services/students/professional-graduate-school-resources/health-professions-pathways-program/preparing-for-health-professions-school/cocurricular-involvement |
FELICITATION EVENT of ABES EC CLUBS on 30th May, 2018
Extracurricular activities appeal student’s interests. Wider choices of activities result in a stronger effect because students’ individual needs and interests are more likely to be met. High quality extracurricular activities build relationships between students and the competent. Even the ranking and accreditation agencies like NIRF, NBA and NAAC provide a quality space to extracurricular activities.
Participating in an extracurricular activity connects students more deeply to the institute, its faculty, a peer group, and the institute values. Getting involved in sports, clubs, societies and volunteering it, is a great way to meet new people and enjoy your time. It helps in maintaining a healthy balance between studies and your social life.
ABESEC created and maintained 11 clubs to meet the above needs with academics, which involved around 1000 students managed by around 15-20 faculty members every year.
To honor all club participants including faculty members, we have planned an event to appreciate everyone’s efforts and hard work towards the growth of institutional development.
Kindly grace the occasion with your presence. | https://www.abes.ac.in/meeting/felicitation-event-of-abes-ec-clubs-on-30th-may-2018/ |
Since January 2020, the U.S. has witnessed over 600 armed protests. During this time, individuals have openly carried firearms while demonstrating against COVID measures, counter-protesting racial justice demonstrations, advocating for Second Amendment rights, and contesting results of the 2020 presidential election, among other causes. In many cases, individuals bearing guns have claimed to be providing security, either for protesters or for property owners nearby.
Keeping Guns Away from Protests in the US
Briefer on regulatory options to protect peaceful assembly from the threat posed by firearms
Published: February 2022
Armed individuals intimidate and discourage people from exercising their rights to speech and assembly, and they have interfered with basic democratic processes like voting and lawmaking. They also pose a very real threat to public safety. Amidst unprecedented political polarization and heightened fears of political violence, the presence of firearms at protests today threatens to be a particularly combustible trend.
This briefer discusses reasonable and constitutionally-sound regulatory options at the federal, state, and local level to keep guns away from protests.
Banning firearms at and near public protests
Banning firearms near protests is a straightforward way to address the problems posed by armed individuals at protests. To provide the greatest protection for protesters, a ban on guns should extend to individuals in the vicinity of a protest, not just to those participating in the protest. The ban should also apply to permitted protests as well as protests where no permit has been obtained, allowing law enforcement to declare a gun-free zone for public assemblies that occur spontaneously.
Banning firearms at common protest locations
Policymakers should consider banning firearms at certain “sensitive places,” where protests frequently occur. This should include banning firearms both inside and in the immediate area surrounding statehouses, courthouses, university campuses, polling locations and vote counting centers, and government buildings more generally.
Banning protests by armed groups
While bans on firearms at protests or at the locations where protests tend to occur are a more straightforward approach to removing firearms from demonstrations, states should enforce preexisting laws at protests that ban armed groups from parading either as a set of armed individuals coming together or as part of an armed militia.
Restricting how firearms are carried near protests
Beyond bans on firearms and armed groups, policymakers can consider alternative measures—many already on the books—to address core concerns raised by guns at protests, including enforcing crimes against using guns to threaten others or to intimidate voters. If enforced in a targeted and appropriate manner, these measures could be useful where broader restrictions are unavailable.
Armed individuals at protests harm the public sphere by interfering with democratic processes and discouraging people from exercising their First Amendment rights. To safeguard Americans’ right to peacefully assemble, policymakers should consider reasonable and constitutionally-sound restrictions to keep firearms away from public protests. | https://www.icnl.org/post/analysis/keeping-guns-away-from-protests-in-the-us |
During the period of the Commonwealth Games in Brisbane in 1982 international eyes were turned on Australia.
THE WHOLE WORLD IS WATCHING
, which highlights the position of Aboriginal Australians, particularly from Queensland and their political struggle, is a campaign video produced and distributed 2 months before the Games to raise awareness and mobilise support for Aboriginal people who were organising peaceful protests in Brisbane during October 1982.
The Brisbane Games provides us with an opportunity to expose racism in Australia to the rest of the world.
To embarrass and expose Australia to international scrutiny is one positive aspect of peaceful and dignified protest at the Games – the most important is the fact that Black Australia assert herself as an active part of History.
The threat of large demonstrations at the Games inspired the Joh Bjelke Government to enact the
Commonwealth Games Act.
This Act gives power to the police to ban marches, confiscate leaflets, remove banners and arrest picketers.
Police have wide powers of search and arrest and will themselves be immune from prosecution.
This repressive legislation threatens the democratic rights of both Black and White Australians – we must start organising to resist such a blatant attack on our civil liberties.
The video was distributed widely among Aboriginal organizations, trade and student union networks, educational institutions, church groups and concerned individuals. | https://www.frontyardfilms.com.au/thewholeworldiswatching/ |
Recent years have seen waves of major climate marches sweep across the globe. In 2015, the Global Climate March drew hundreds of thousands to turn out in support of a definitive agreement at the Paris Climate Summit. Frustrated by continued inaction on the climate crisis, young people around the world are taking matters into their own hands. Youth have been key players in the 2019 Global Climate Strike demonstrations, with participants numbering in the millions worldwide.
In Japan, a country known for relatively few large-scale protests, a surge of student-led activism has led to similar environmental demonstrations popping up, from Tokyo to Fukuoka. While the scale of Japan’s climate protests is much smaller compared to those in other countries, the new movement has the potential to revive and define youth activism in the country.
One prominent environmental organization that has brought people to the streets in protest is Fridays For Future. The movement was inspired by Greta Thunberg, who decided to skip school in August 2018 to sit alone outside of the Swedish parliament, holding a sign with the words “school strike for climate”. She decided to continue skipping school in strike for the climate every Friday until the government took meaningful action, which is where the organization gets its name.
The aim of Fridays For Future is to pressure those in power to implement policies that will ensure that the increase in global temperatures is kept safely below 2 degrees Celsius, in accordance with the 2015 Paris Agreement. Fridays For Future groups around the world have added other demands that address their own localized climate concerns, but the main message remains the same: listen to the scientists and act now before it is too late.
Japan’s first Fridays For Future march took place on February 22, 2019 in Tokyo. In addition to Fridays For Future, many other civil society organizations like Greenpeace and 350.org, as well as several companies like Patagonia, also support Japan’s climate demonstrations. After the Tokyo march, the movement quickly spread to Kyoto when Climate Youth Japan representative Imai Erina and two other student members of the organization began a local chapter of Fridays For Future with the support of environmental NGO Kiko Network. All three student founders had previously experienced climate demonstrations abroad through their participation in COP, the annual United Nations Climate Change Conference.
Fridays For Future Kyoto’s first demonstration was held on March 15, 2019 and attracted around 100 participants, garnering attention from prominent national media outlets such as the Mainichi Shimbun and NHK. Since then, Fridays For Future chapters have spread to neighboring Osaka and Kobe, as well as to other cities throughout Japan. The marches have so far attracted a peak nationwide attendance of 5,000 on Global Climate Strike Day on September 20, 2019. While 5,000 may seem like an underwhelming turnout compared to the hundreds of thousands who participated in youth climate marches in the United States and across Europe, it is representative of a significant shift in the willingness of youth to engage in protest movements in Japan.
Youth street demonstrations in Japan remain relatively rare. Preceding Fridays For Future, another organization called Students Emergency Action for Liberal Democracy, or SEALDs, made a short-lived attempt between May 2015 and August 2016 to bring protest to the mainstream by recasting demonstrations in a fun and cool light. In August 2015, SEALDs gathered as many as 30,000 people in front of the National Diet Building in Tokyo to oppose proposed security legislation intended to remove restrictions on Japan’s Self-Defense Forces, including revisions to the government’s interpretation of Article 9 of the Constitution, the pacifist clause which renounces war.
While SEALDs managed to raise awareness about protest as a means of political participation, the group was also met with fierce criticism, including weak grounds for opposing security legislation, the use of unpersuasive slogans, and the fact that their actions were politically ineffective, as they were unable to prevent the bills from passing into legislation. Despite the movement’s vibrant approach to organizing sleek, street party-style demonstrations, use of accessible language, and its thoughtfully designed website and publications, SEALDs ultimately failed to bring youth demonstrations out of subculture status, and dissolved in 2016.
Like SEALDs, Fridays For Future also strives to make protest appear friendly and inviting to young people, but this time with a movement grounded in the scientific fact of climate change rather than a critical perspective on specific government legislation.
“I have focused on making protests appear more fun and accessible.”
One reason why protest movements struggle to gain traction in Japan is highlighted in an interview with Fridays For Future Kyoto organizer and co-founder Tsukamoto Yuhei, who explains that today’s youth are generally more content with the state of society than the generation who participated in the massive student protests of the 1960s, which reached a peak attendance of over 300,000. The protests were staged in opposition to revisions of the security treaty between Japan and the United States and on multiple occasions turned into violent clashes with the police, resulting in thousands of arrests. The protests eventually lost the Japanese public’s support due to the violent image associated with the participants, ultimately resulting in protestors failing to achieve their goal to stop the ratification of the revised treaty.
Similarly to the youth demonstrations seen today, the 1960s protests took place within the larger context of student protests happening in other countries. In contrast, youth climate activists are faced with the challenge of engaging a relatively complacent student population on an issue that seems much less immediate and visible than the presence of the US military did: environmental pollution and the emission of greenhouse gases. However, as Yuhei explains, the abnormally strong typhoons and severe heat waves that have been battering Japan over the past several years have contributed to a raised awareness of climate change.
The history of protest in Japan and its unique cultural context in turn shape contemporary youth activism, which can be seen in how Fridays For Future operates in the country. For example, the violent impression left by the protests of the 1960s contributes to the negative connotation of the Japanese word for demonstration, demo, and the stigma surrounding protests in Japan. This has been a persistent obstacle to organizing large-scale protests and, as a result, informs the distinct strategy of youth climate activists in Japan.
In light of the harsh perception of protests leftover from the 1960s, coorganizer Imai Erina emphasizes that she believes doing things peacefully is key. She worries that the radical image of Extinction Rebellion, another prominent environmental organization, founded in the U.K., could make things more difficult for climate action efforts in Japan.
To improve the image of protests among the public, Erina explains, “I have focused on making protests appear more fun and accessible, carrying plants while marching and trying to use positive language that would appeal to people.” She also hopes that taking a peaceful, playful approach will help thaw Japanese youth’s “numbness to our society and the idea that we should not go against power.”
Other obstacles exist within Japan’s specific cultural context. These include an aversion to standing out and causing meiwaku, or inconvenience to others, as well as a formidable reluctance to challenging the status quo. Fridays For Future Kyoto member Ishizumi Tatsuya explains that “people in Japan tend towards consensus and are critical of things that have not yet been popularized,” making it harder for new activist movements to gain acceptance.
However, Tatsuya believes that once Fridays For Future is widely known and their message is shared by people of influence, anything is possible. Japan’s culture of conformity points to a potential tipping point for public awareness about the urgency of climate action. Once the tipping point is reached, Japan’s sustainability efforts could improve very quickly as the public adopts the new “greener” standard en masse. For now, Tatsuya is doing his part to widen the movement’s reach by recruiting his friends to join in on the marches and setting a positive example on social media.
Fridays For Future in Japan is also unique in terms of its organizational aspects. Its members communicate in keigo, the polite Japanese used in the professional sphere, and use digital tools such as LINE and Slack for messaging, Google Docs for planning, Zoom for virtual meetings, and Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram for promotion and marketing purposes. Decisions are made through consensus across a relaxed hierarchy of members. If the group is contacted by a member of the press or a student researcher, the question is shared with all members to contribute their own opinions. Meeting dates are set through polls posted on the LINE messaging app, but only if there is a clear majority. During meetings, structured notes of the proceedings are dutifully recorded in a shared Google Doc that all members have access to.
Emblematic of the times, the use of social media is a central part of Fridays For Future’s activities in Japan. It is key to the group’s strategy to raise awareness of climate change and helps to create the movement’s fun, approachable image, which is vital to gaining wider support from Japanese society.
Topics of discussion include how to best translate trending hashtags like #howdareyou, a reference to Greta Thunberg’s UN speech reprimanding world leaders, as well as crafting informed responses to online critique, and organizing “photo actions,” or mini actions, which is when members pose with a sign about climate change in a public place, take pictures, and then promote the image on social media platforms. These photo actions make use of the influence that strong images have on social media in a way that doesn’t cause disruption and is not challenged by the physical necessity of attracting a large crowd.
Another tactic is the “Twitterstorm,” encouraging as many people as possible to post the same hashtag during a set time period so it appears on Twitter’s trending list. One Twitterstorm during the Global Climate Strike on November 29th, 2019 reached number seven on Twitter trends, using the hashtag Koizumi daijin kikoemasu ka, which translates to “Can you hear us Minister Koizumi?”—referring to Japan’s young Environment Minister, Koizumi Shinjiro.
Going forward, Fridays For Future members are working on a strategy to magnify the effectiveness of their efforts and increase turnout at climate marches. Kyoto organizer Tsukamoto Yuhei describes the strategy as including the creation of a strong network to connect Japanese youth who are aware of the climate crisis, making it easier to exchange information, learn together, and take action.
There are also plans to build more connections with Japan-based companies. To date, staff from Patagonia have attended and spoken at several marches and the store has served as a venue for Fridays For Future Kyoto’s workshops and meetups. Lush, a popular international cosmetics brand, has even shut its stores during Fridays For Future demonstrations to encourage people to attend the event.
“Japan’s culture of conformity points to a potential tipping point for public awareness about the urgency of climate action.”
Fridays For Future also intends to strengthen channels of communication with Minister Koizumi as a part of its government outreach efforts. Another important objective is to advocate for more youth representation in the council of the Ministry of Environment, where most members come from older generations who likely won’t be around to see the worst effects of climate change.
In pursuit of getting the government to formally recognize the magnitude of the climate crisis, Fridays For Future groups in Kobe, Osaka, and Kyoto are lobbying their local governments to declare a Climate Emergency. Due in part to Fridays For Future Kyoto’s efforts already, the city assembly has recently adopted a memorandum calling for further strengthening of measures against global warming on the grounds of the climate crisis, just a step away from a formal Climate Emergency Declaration.
While there is still much to be done, Japan’s new chapters of Fridays For Future have come a long way in a short period of time. Capitalizing on the momentum and name recognition that Fridays For Future has internationally, its Japanese members continuously negotiate how best to tailor the movement to the local context, offering a window into the fresh and inspired image of youth activism in Japan.
Author
Robin Rauner
Author's Bio
ROBIN RAUNER moved to Kyoto in 2015 to study Internationa Relations at Ritsumeikan University. She began participating in local climate marches in March 2019 and was previously involved as a member of Fridays for Future Kyoto. She founded and currently contributes to the Kyoto Eco Map, an interactive guide to eco-friendly, zero packaging, organic, and vegetarian and vegan businesses in Kyoto.
Credits
Photos by Robin Rauner. | https://www.kyotojournal.org/society/climate-crisis-sparks-a-revival-of-youth-activism-in-japan/ |
Iran protests: Chicago’s Iranian community hoping to raise more awareness about uprising
CHICAGO (WLS) — For weeks Chicago’s Iranian community has held demonstrations in support of the ongoing protests in Iran against their government.
UIC law student Sepideh Sanie believes it’s her duty to speak out.
“As people who live in the free world, the only thing we can do is be their voice,” Sanie said.
Iranians began taking to the streets in September after the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini in police custody. She died three days after the morality police arrested her for allegedly wearing a hijab improperly.
Saba Niaki knows firsthand the fear Iranian women have of the morality police.
“I personally had the same experience interacting with these morality police officers. I just got lucky that this didn’t happen to me,” she said.
Women have been driving the demonstrations, some ripping off their headscarves. But Iranian-American Farid Kossari said the demonstrations are about much more than head coverings.
“It was like 44 years of like pressure, 44 years of zero freedom, 44 years of killing and torturing and everything. People are saying enough is enough,” he said.
Speaking up in Iran can be dangerous, sometimes deadly.
The White House has denounced the crackdown by Iranian security forces against peaceful protests.
“My concern is right now is about everybody who is on the streets of Iran, not just my family, not the people that I know,” Niaki said.
Some local demonstrators said it’s been difficult to raise awareness about what’s happening in Iran.
“It has been surprising how there has been a lack of support for people of Iran in Chicago,” she said.
Arian Khoroushi has been recording the local demonstrations and sharing them on social media, hoping to garner more support from the public and elected officials.
“It’s very important that people can hear us and do something about it,” Khoroushi said.
This weekend they will continue to protest in Downtown Chicago for change halfway around the world. The Freedom Rally for Iran is scheduled Saturday at 3 p.m. at Michigan and East Van Buren.
Copyright © 2022 WLS-TV. All Rights Reserved. | https://usnewspress.com/iran-protests-chicagos-iranian-community-hoping-to-raise-more-awareness-about-uprising/ |
The governments ban on peaceful assembly was criticised due to its selective nature where shopping malls, bars, restaurants and an amusement park were authorised to open again, bringing together hundreds of people in small spaces, while protests were reprimanded by law enforcement. As a result, some demonstrations planned in June 2020 were prohibited in France. Despite this thousands gathered for Black Lives Matter protests and in memory of Adama Traoré, a 24-year-old black Frenchman who died in a 2016 police operation. The Council of State declared that the ban on demonstrations is not justified by the current health situation when the “barrier measures” can be respected or when the event is unlikely to bring together more than 5,000 people. Despite this, many bans were issued against demonstrations on the basis of disturbing public order and the state of health emergency and police detained protesters. In a separate development, French satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo, faced attacks yet again.
Read more | Read in French
Wednesday 7.10.2020 Mexico - Latest Developments -
Feminist occupation of National Human Rights Commission in Mexico
On 16th August 2020, demonstrations were held in Mexico City to protest violence against women and girls across the country. Read more | Read in Spanish
Thursday 1.10.2020 Sierra Leone - Latest Developments -
Ongoing suppression of journalists' and protesters' rights; criminal libel law repealed
Dr. Sylvia Blyden, publisher of Awareness Times newspaper, was arrested on 1st May, 2020 at her home, because of a post on her Facebook page that indicated that former Defense Minister Alfred Paolo Conteh, who was in custody at the Criminal Investigation Department headquarters in Freetown, was being kept in dehumanising conditions. Read more
Tuesday 29.9.2020 Lithuania - Latest Developments -
Protest over LGBTI rights; government praised for milestone NGO funding support
Lithuanian non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are rejoicing after a National NGO Fund was established following many years of advocacy.
In addition, the Lithuanian administration has promised a further two million Euros for the NGO sector, which has been heavily affected by the coronavirus pandemic. In a separate development, in July 2020, around 500 people rallied in Vilnius, the Lithuanian capital for LGBTI rights, calling on the government to legalise sex change and same-sex marriage and to highlight the harmful provisions of the controversial Law on the Protection of Minors against the Detrimental Effect of Public Information. In a positive development, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) ruled in favour of a gay couple Beizaras and Levickas in a landmark case against hate speech.
Read more
Wednesday 23.9.2020 Canada - Latest Developments -
Protests across political spectrum in Canada: demonstrations for liberty, defunding police
On 29th August 2020, hundreds of people demonstrated on Parliament Hill in Ottawa to protest pandemic safety measures which they say infringe on their personal rights. Read more
Tuesday 15.9.2020 Austria - Latest Developments -
Austria civic space rating upgraded to open
Political gains made by the Green party and increasing dialogue between government and civil society has led to an improvement in civic space in Austria, prompting a ratings upgrade from narrowed to open. This ratings decision by the CIVICUS Monitor was taken following a thorough assessment of conditions in the country for the free exercise of civic freedoms, as protected by international law. In 2018 under the ÖVP-FPÖ (Peoples Party - Freedom Party Austria) coalition government, Austria was downgraded to narrow following a deterioration in civic space. However, the September 2019 election outcome has resulted in a positive change, as the far-right FPÖ party was replaced in the coalition by the Green party. The Green party has been more open to dialogue with CSOs, which presents the sector with the unique opportunity to make themselves heard again. | https://monitor.civicus.org/updates/?page=1&tags=41 |
Demonstrations are a means where like‐minded individuals stand together to raise awareness about pressing social, racial and global issues. Demonstrations offer opportunities to create a sense of community and work to bring about change. As a university, we have had a long tradition of civic engagement both on campus and as part of national movements and causes.
Adelphi University is dedicated to learning through free inquiry and rational discourse. We believe an atmosphere of mutual trust, respect and responsibility is vital to the University’s existence and the achievement of its objectives.
Why do people hold demonstrations?
Demonstrations are a means where like-minded individuals stand together to raise awareness about pressing social, racial and global issues. Demonstrations offer opportunities to create a sense of community and work to bring about change. As a university, we have had a long tradition of civic engagement both on campus and as part of national movements and causes.
Are demonstrations allowed at Adelphi?
Interfere with the normal operations of the University.
Prevent access to offices, buildings or other University facilities.
Pose a threat to the maintenance of public order, as defined by Section 129A of the New York State Education Law.
Why are peaceful, non obstructive demonstrations allowed on campus? These events may make people uncomfortable and/or not all people may agree with the protest.
Adelphi University is dedicated to learning through free inquiry and rational discourse. We believe an atmosphere of mutual trust, respect and responsibility is vital to the University’s existence and the achievement of its objectives. Adelphi supports diversity in ideological, political and intellectual views and does not diminish other people for their views no matter what their position may be. Where individuals or groups feel called upon to exercise their rights to assemble or otherwise express dissent, they should do so with regard to the rights of others.
I have been told that expressing one’s right to free speech is the premise for allowing protests to happen on campus. How do I express myself if I don’t agree with a protest? And what do we mean by free speech?
Freedom of speech is the right to express one’s opinions and ideas. Criticism of the government and expressing unpopular ideas are included within freedom of speech. However, freedom of speech is not an absolute right and may be restricted at the University by the provisions of the Anti – Discrimination, Harassment (Including Sexual Misconduct, Dating Violence, Domestic Violence, Stalking) and Retaliation Policy. Moreover, speech that is considered bullying, threatening or intimidating is prohibited on the campus by the Code of Conduct.
There have been and will be ongoing venues at which members of the Adelphi community have the opportunity to express differing points of view in a safe, respectful manner, guided by an objective facilitator. We encourage all members of our community to take advantage of these opportunities to share differing perspectives.
A student who would like to express a different viewpoint may organize a peaceful protest so long as it conforms with University policies. The Office of the Dean of Student Affairs can provide guidance and direction to members of the University community in this regard.
What does Adelphi do if it determines that protest banners, social posts and sharing of points of view at campus events are threatening?
Any statements that we considered possibly threatening are referred to the Office of Student Conduct and Community Standards for follow-up.
How is it determine if comments fall within the concept of free speech or whether these comments are prohibited on the campus?
Discrimination, harassment and retaliation of any type will not be tolerated at the University. Nor does Adelphi support bullying, threatening or intimidating language or behavior (Code of Conduct Section 10.1B). And, we always follow up on instances that are reported. Due to the fact that so much shared on social media is posted to private accounts or in circles of friends, if you read something or see something which appears threatening posted on a social platform, do not assume that that threatening message has been seen by campus leadership. The quality and strength of collective experience require each of us to speak up in order to protect a campus culture and climate that we value and seek to foster. Section 10.1B of the Code of Conduct reads: All members of the University community, as well as visitors and guests, are required to treat each other with courtesy, consideration, and professionalism. The prohibited behavior includes intentionally or recklessly endangering, threatening, or causing reasonable apprehension of physical or mental harm to any person including oneself. This section also includes stalking or harassing behavior that includes, but is not limited to threatening language, bullying, physical, verbal, or written intimidation, including cyber harassment. The behavior in question is typically such that, if left unaddressed, the person would be denied the ability to participate in or benefit from some educational or other experience.
How does one report language or behavior that may be prohibited on the campus?
Threatening language or behavior to another member of our community should be reported immediately to the Office of Student Conduct and Community Standards (516.877.3612 or [email protected]).
For emergencies or immediate assistance at any time on campus, contact the Office of Public Safety at 516.877.3511 or by dialing 5 from any campus phone. Why do I feel uncomfortable with civil discourse? We know that differences of opinion often generate passionately held viewpoints and differences of opinion. Our campus community is made up of thousands of individuals with a wide range of opinions and beliefs and we are fortunate to have deep resources including safe spaces, like-minded faculty and staff and an office of diversity and inclusion. These resources allow for a myriad of discussions, programs and offerings that deeply enhance and enrich our campus environment. Universities should be a place for the exploration of differing ideas—ideas that challenge what we believe and how we view the world—and a community that seeks to bring more light than heat to difficult discussions.
How to become actively engaged in fostering community at Adelphi. How can one be a part of the campus conversation on this topic?
There are many ways for the community to be a part of this discussion. Seek out resources from the Student Counseling Center. Attend a program put on by one of our many student clubs. Be a champion for free, open and considerate speech by respecting others’ rights to have opinions that are different from yours. Strive to learn from each other, especially when you see the situation differently. We invite all members of the Adelphi community to engage in ensuring an environment where all members of our community are respected and valued. | https://operations.adelphi.edu/catalog/campus-protest-free-speech/ |
Canadian athletes support protest at Olympics ‘in certain situations’
Canadian athletes took the middle ground in their statement on the International Olympic Committee’s anti-protest rule on Monday.
The Canadian Olympic Committee Athletes’ Commission (COC AC), with support from the national committee, put forward seven suggestions to Rule 50 that states “no kind of demonstration or political, religious or racial propaganda is permitted in any Olympic sites, venues or other areas.”
The Canadian athletes suggested the addition of neutral protected spaces at the Games for peaceful demonstrations that don’t interfere with the competition.
They also suggested clear guidelines be established for what constitutes demonstration, protest and propaganda, as well as provisions for what are considered acceptable actions.
Oluseyi Smith, two-time Olympian and COC AC chair, said the consensus showed a desire for protests not to interfere with competition on the field of play. There was little agreement, however, about demonstrations on the podium or at the opening and closing ceremonies.
“Athletes agree that the games have to remain for sport while at the same time giving an opportunity for athletes who have earned their right to speak — to champion things which are important to them while the world’s watching,” Smith said.
The rule was made stricter in January when the IOC reduced the number of spaces at which it would allow the athletes to protest.
Those changes came under fire following the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis in May that prompted worldwide protests against racial injustice, including among professional athletes.
“This is really just a discussion of, ‘Is this place for sport, or is this a place to champion what we hold dear?’ And I really believe we can have our cake and eat it, too. I think we can go out there and be the best athletes we can [be],” said Smith. “But also bring attention to topics that are important to us as individuals but also to us a nation just like the NBA has done around Black Lives Matter.”
Recommendations weaker than U.S. statement
The Canadians’ recommendations were weaker than the U.S. statement on the matter, which called for the abolition of the rule entirely and was backed by pioneers John Carlos and Tommie Smith, renowned for raising their fists on the podium at the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games in protest of racial inequality.
Mian, 30, competed at the 2016 Olympics and graduated from the school of public policy in Calgary. In July, Mian wrote for CBC News that abolishing Rule 50 could do more harm than good.
She suggested that threatening a boycott would be more effective than simple acts at the Games.
“I think waiting to talk about this on the Olympic podium actually misses our opportunity to do true activism.”
Once the Games begin, Mian said athletes lose their negotiating power and protests becomes less effective.
“There are aspects of the Olympic movement and aspects of neutrality that are worth preserving, and I think that we have to have a more nuanced conversation about what is the middle ground between having complete autonomy to say whatever you want and being able to say nothing at all,” Mian said.
Brown, 28, also competed in Rio. The sprinter said Rule 50 goes against the values of the Olympic movement, quoting the charter as saying to play “sport at the service of the harmonious development of humankind.”
“When you have a rule in place that prevents you from doing that and restricts you in certain elements, I just think that it goes against the spirit of what it’s supposed to stand for,” said Brown.
“If they’re going to be leaders on the field or in the court of play, why not be leaders off of it? They can exact change and shine light on injustices that are happening around the world,” said Brown.
Warner, a 30-year-old London, Ont., native, agreed that athletes should use the Olympic platform.
“In certain situations where your voice is more powerful than your legs or your throwing arm, I think you should be able to speak your mind or talk about the things that have plagued you and your communities,” Warner said.
Consequences for breaking new rule
One other issue considered by the Canadian athletes was that of consequences for breaking their proposed new rule. Mian said governments interfering with individual athletes’ right to protest is a potential negative outcome from the complete abolition of Rule 50.
To that end, the COC AC recommended establishing clear consequences and “degrees of violation” for athletes who break the rule.
Rule 50 also includes language banning the commercialization of the Olympics through athlete advertising, which the Canadian athletes recommended be separated from protest guidelines.
The athletes’ commission said it only made recommendations that were supported by a clear majority of its members, following a process including public seminars, one-on-ones with individual athletes and an open Q&A.
Below are the COC AC’s full recommendations to amend Rule 50:
- Establish two separate rules when expressing views: one regarding expressions through commercial matters such as emblems, advertising and commercial installations and the other, regarding demonstrations, protests and propaganda.
- Clearly define the terms used within Rule 50 including what constitutes a demonstration or protest or propaganda.
- Establish provisions for what is viewed as an acceptable demonstration based on the values and principles of Olympism.
- Establish clear parameters for an acceptable demonstration that is peaceful and respectful of other athletes and countries.
- Maintain and/or establish neutral or protected spaces that allow for a peaceful demonstration that do not interfere with competition.
- Clearly define and outline the consequences and the “degrees of violation” around demonstration, protest and propaganda.
- Explore other opportunities to meaningfully celebrate unity and inclusion by taking a stand against racism and discrimination. | https://mileniostadium.com/canada/canadian-athletes-support-protest-at-olympics-in-certain-situations/ |
HRDC speaks on citizen rally
Human Rights Defenders Coalition (HRDC) has embarked on citizen rallies aimed at sensitising communities of the need for peaceful demonstrations and getting concerns from the citizenry.
The first citizen rally will take place in Karonga District Thursday ahead of the anti-Justice Jane Ansah protests to be held in ports of entry from August 26 to 30 2019.
HRDC Chairperson, Timothy Mtambo, Tuesday said the citizen rally should not be mistaken for a political rally.
“We would want to raise awareness to make sure that we emphasise to the citizens within the borders that they should be peaceful as they exercise their rights. Secondly, as HRDC, we are developing a citizen manifesto comprising key issues that citizens would want their government to address. So, these issues would be articulated at this engagement,” he said.
Mtambo said their target was to reach out to all border districts of Chitipa, Karonga, Mchinji, Dedza, Mwanza and Mulanje with the message of peace ahead of the demonstrations.
“We have been doing activities such as community awareness campaigns, public awareness meetings sensitisation meetings. The rally is not something new or strange. We have started a bit late but, time permitting, we will reach the other border districts,” he said.
Political commentator George Phiri of the University of Livingstonia said the rally was a welcome development which should have started a while ago.
“Civil society organisations are for the people and if HRDC is engaging the citizens on how to conduct the demonstrations, this is a right move. Secondly, it is also important that the citizens should guide HRDC membership on what they want as citizens. There is need for more of these interactive meetings,” he said.
The coalition has been conducting demonstrations since the announcement of May 21 elections results to force Malawi Electoral Commission Chairperson Jane Ansah to resign. | https://times.mw/hrdc-speaks-on-citizen-rally/ |
In the wake of George's Floyd's murder in May 2020 by the police, protests erupted across the United States. The first protest took place in Minneapolis, MN the night after George Floyd was killed. Within days, protests were taking place in all fifty states and more than 140 cities nationwide. Tens of thousands of people also gathered in countries around the world to support the protests and show solidarity. In a recent poll, 74% of Americans said they support the protests that have taken place since Floyd’s killing. The impact of the protests is already evident in several cities where steps are being taken toward a broader set of law enforcement reforms.
Overall, these protests are focusing on Black Lives Matter, racial injustice in the criminal justice system and countering systemic racism in society at large. Black Lives Matter is an activist movement which began as a hashtag. The movement was founded by three Black women in July 2013--Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors and Opal Tometi--when White civilian George Zimmerman was acquitted for shooting and killing Trayvon Martin, when he encoountered the African American teenager who was walking to his relatives' home.
What are protests?
A protest is an event or action where people gather with others to publicly express their opinions about something that is happening in society. There are a variety of potential goals for a protest: influence public opinion, draw attention to and share information about a perceived injustice, gain a wide audience for the cause, push public policy or legislation forward, learn more about an issue, connect with others who feel passionate about the issue, speak one's truth and bear witness. Protests can also provide inspiration and a sense of being part of a larger movement. The overarching purpose of protests is to demand change.
Protests can take the form of marches, sit-ins, boycotts, and include speeches, music, chanting, performance art, poetry, using symbols, holding signs and confronting people, assembling near symbols and in places of significance to the cause (e.g., a monument) or occupying a specific building or space. Protests are among the many strategies people use to engage in activism and organizing, with the goal of enacting change. Other ways to engage in activism include advocacy for legislation, public awareness campaigns, raising funds, gaining support through social media, among others. See ADL's 10 Ways Youth Can Engage in Activism for more ideas.
Non-violent resistance
Non-violent resistance (also called civil disobedience) is a form of protest. This type of protest is characterized by people engaging in a symbolic protest or peacefully refusing to cooperate. An example of non-violent resistance are the sit-ins that began in 1960 as part of the Civil Rights Movement. Young African American college students organized a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth’s lunch counter in Greensboro, N.C. where they refused to leave when told they were not allowed to eat there. The sit-ins spread to other college towns in the South. Many of the protesters were arrested for trespassing, disorderly conduct or disturbing the peace. Their protest had an immediate and lasting impact, picking up media attention and ultimately forcing Woolworth’s and other dining facilities to change their segregationist policies.
Protests and the First Amendment
In the U.S., protesting is a legal right granted by the First Amendment of the Constitution. The government may limit the time, place and manner, but the restrictions must be reasonable and fair. The government cannot forbid you and others from assembling to discuss or protest issues. However, since the First Amendment also stipulates that protests be peaceful, violent protesting is a violation of the law.
Sometimes looting (i.e., stealing) and violence takes place at protests. These actions may be taken by protesters or non-protesters (i.e., outsiders) who take advantage of the situation. Even though these activities are rare, they can be magnified by the media and others to garner attention and become a distraction from the focus of the protests. Throughout history, there have been times when law enforcement engaged in crackdowns on peaceful protests. According to the ACLU, "In some cases, police crack down on demonstrations through mass arrests, illegal use of force, or curfews." These crackdowns have the potential to ignite counter-violence by protesters.
History of protests
The United States has a long history of protest and activism. Young people have often been at the center of those protests. Protestors have advocated and demanded change for child labor laws, workers’ rights, voting rights, civil rights, anti-war, school desegregation, immigrant and refugee rights, LGBTQ equity, climate change, Confederate monuments, racial justice, gun violence and more.
In addition to the current protests about systemic racism, the largest protests in U.S. history include The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in1963, Anti-Vietnam War protest in 1969, The Anti-Nuclear March in 1982, The March on Washington for Gay, Lesbian and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation in 1993, The Million Man March in 1995, The People’s Climate March in 2014, The Women’s March in 2017 and The March for Our Lives (student-led) in 2018.
Age
8 and up
(Note: To have a conversation about this with younger children, see the Sesame Street/CNN special, Coming Together: Standing Up to Racism or start the conversation by reading the picture book Enough! 20 Protesters Who Changed America.)
Questions to Start the Conversation
- What did you learn that you didn’t know before?
- Have you seen, read about or participated in any of the recent protests? What do you think about the protests?
- Have you ever been to a protest? What was that like?
- What different thoughts and feelings do people express through protests?
- What impact do you think the current protests (about the police-involved killing of George Floyd and other African American people) are having? What changes do you see or hear about taking place?
Questions to Dig Deeper
- What have you heard from friends and seen in the news and on social media about the current protests? How does the media cover protesting?
- Why do you think the media chooses certain images or video to show and not others? Have you seen images or video on social media that are not being shown by news media?
- If you were to organize a protest, what issues matter most to you and what kind of changes would you be looking for through a protest?
- In what ways do you think protests impact individuals and society as a whole?
Take Action
Ask: What can we do to help? What actions might make a difference?
- Learn more about the history of protests and their contribution to societal change. Identify one that you find most interesting and research the issue, the activism and protests that took place and how those actions made a difference. Share what you learned with others.
- Find out about a protest in your local community and participate in it. If there aren’t any planned, start your own by identifying a group of people through school or social media who want to help organize it.
- Identify issues of bias and injustice that are important to you and get involved in local activism and protests about that issue.
- Consider using social media to follow people who are attending the protest and sharing their experience (through words, photos and video) as a way to learn about the protests from a source other than news media. | https://www.adl.org/education/resources/tools-and-strategies/the-purpose-and-power-of-protest |
LAHORE: The Punjab government has banned all forms of demonstrations outside the Lahore Press Club (LPC), stripping the people of their fundamental right to protest.
Known as the wailing wall for the voiceless, the press club has for long been a platform for the underdogs to raise their voice and be heard in the upper echelons of powers. But now there’s no space for them.
Ironically, the LPC administration has welcomed the government’s move.
In a statement, LPC President Shahbaz Mian appreciated the government for banning the protests in front of the press club, and expressed the hope police would ensure the orders were complied with.
While appealing to the media houses not to deploy any reporting teams for coverage, he believed the ban on protests would not only help address traffic congestion but also improve the overall law and order situation.
A few days ago, posters warning protesters of legal action for protesting in the press club’s vicinity were put up at the LPC. The posters also stated the LPC administration would not allow coverage of the protests.
Human rights activists IA Rehman said neither the government had the authority to ban protests not the LPC was empowered to endorse the decision. “This step is unconstitutional and violates fundamental rights,” he added.
NGO South Asian Partnership Director Tehseen Shah expressed sadness over the decision. “Lahore Press Club has a history long of entertaining protesters. It has served as a refuge for the weak and the voiceless. One can say in front of the LPC that cannot be spoken anywhere else,” he said. “If the media does not understand its right to protest, then who will consider it?”
Senior journalist Mehdi Hassan believed the Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists rather than the LPC should have decided such matters. “They should decide whether protests in front of the LPC are news or nuisance,” he added.
LPC General Secretary Abdul Majeed Sajid said while the administration supported the peoples’ right to protest in a democratic society, it also appreciated the government’s step to ban protests under the prevailing uncertain situation.
He added all protests, especially outside the LPC, had become not only a security threat but also caused public nuisance.
“We do support the right to protest but we also believe that 10,000 people should not be held hostage by 10 protesters,” he said, adding the LPC discouraged ‘disorganised’ protests that caused problem for the public. “A space must be designated by the administration and a mechanism must be approved.”
Awami Workers Party spokesperson Farooq Tariq lamented that terrorism incidents had provided an opportunity to the state for infringing upon the fundamental rights of the people.
“Protest is the democratic right and it shall never be denied,” he said.” The LPC leadership rather than falling prey to the propaganda of state should demand improving overall security situation throughout the country and provide security to protesters.”
Published in The Express Tribune, March 3rd, 2017. | https://tribune.com.pk/story/1344337/lahores-wailing-wall-voiceless-blocked |
Techdirt has been highlighting the growing problem of police militarization in the US for a while, and its huge impact on basic rights like free speech. But over in Spain, the government has taken a rather different approach to muzzling dissent. Rather than turning the police into a militia that can stop demonstrations through the use of overwhelming force, it’s aiming to bring in a new law that makes organizing and taking part in protests — both on the streets, and online — almost impossible. Here’s Global Voices’ summary of what the new “Protection of Public Safety Bill” currently proposes:
It is against the law to participate in a demonstration before a state institution without sending prior notification to the relevant government office.
Disobedience or resistance to authorities; refusing to identify oneself; and giving false or inaccurate information given to state security agents are all prohibited.
“Insulting, harassing, threatening, or coercing” members of the Security Forces will constitute a serious offense.
But in addition to these general measures, there are some aimed specifically at ending the use of the Internet to organize protests:
Those who call for demonstrations through the Internet, social networks, or another other means may also be penalized for having committed a very serious offense.
The circulation of riot images during demonstrations can also constitute a very serious offense, punishable by 600,000€.
Circulating information on the Internet that is understood to be an attack on an individual’s privacy or that of a person’s family, or that contributes to disrupting an operation, will be punished equally with fines up to 600,000€.
The chilling effect that those last three will have on protests is clear. People will be reluctant to express any view that might be interpreted as calling for a demonstration, however vague. Forbidding riot images from being posted will, of course, mean that images of any police brutality against demonstrators are less likely to be circulated widely, removing one of the few brakes on violent police responses. And the last one concerning an “attack on privacy” is so vague that any mention of an individual might well be caught by it. In addition, anyone “insulting” Spain, its symbols or emblems, may be punished with up to a year’s imprisonment.
Despite pressure from the public and opposition politicians, the legislation has been passed by the Spanish Congress, and now goes to the Senate for final approval. That means the only thing likely to halt it is an appeal to Spain’s Constitutional Court. What’s worrying here is the very clear intent to bring in a law that makes the online organization and coverage of peaceful protests difficult or even impossible — something that many other governments would doubtlessly love to achieve, and may well even be encouraged to attempt if Spain goes ahead with this awful proposal. | https://www.techdirt.com/tag/assembly/ |
Gun bans and new anti-paramilitary laws proposed after armed attacks on seats of government, complaints of intimidation from Black Lives Matter demonstrators
OLYMPIA — In the wake of anti-government mobs invading the U.S. Capitol and armed demonstrators gaining access to the grounds of the Washington Governor’s Mansion on Wednesday, state lawmakers are considering new restrictions on armed groups operating in public.
Three Percent of Washington, a far-right paramilitary organization, had announced plans to occupy the Legislative Building here in advance of the Legislature convening next Tuesday. But the group on Thursday canceled those plans after the incursions onto government property in D.C. and Olympia.
Even before this week’s events, key legislators said they would consider a handful of bills tightening state legal restrictions on groups carrying weapons in public. Their moves aim to address the proliferation of assault-rifle-carrying vigilantes who have become increasingly commonplace at Black Lives Matter demonstrations and on the Capitol steps.
State Rep. Tana Senn, D-Mercer Island, is preparing to introduce legislation she contends would be both constitutional and helpful in invigorating Washington’s longstanding bans on private militias.
Washington, like many states, has laws against forming private military organizations. But police rarely enforce the laws, in part because the statutes are widely viewed by police and prosecutors as vague and unenforceable, as InvestigateWest reported in November.
Racial justice demonstrators spent months voicing concerns about intimidation and the danger of mass violence to little result, even as some armed groups have turned increasingly belligerent across the Northwest. Wednesday’s insurrection in Washington, D.C. and brief standoff outside the Washington governor’s mansion overshadowed smaller, earlier anti-government actions; in December, for example, far-right protesters broke into the Oregon State Capitol building.
“I think people are looking to the Legislature like, ‘How can this stand? How are you okay with people following around peaceful demonstrators with weapons drawn?’” Senn said. “We need to protect our citizens. We need to protect the First Amendment. We need to protect democracy.”
Senate Law and Justice Committee Chair Jamie Pedersen, a Seattle Democrat whose committee would likely need to bless any changes like those Senn is proposing, told InvestigateWest in November that he doubts a law criminalizing intimidation by armed, organized groups could pass constitutional muster, predicting it could “do more harm than good.” However, Pedersen said on Tuesday that he would support new restrictions on gun possession at protests or near the Capitol.
In the early 2000s, Senn pushed for the state’s civil disorder training law, which criminalizes training others to use bombs, firearms or “any device” capable of causing significant injury during a violent disturbance like a riot. That law, Senn said, was aimed at preventing training camps run by violent white supremacist groups in Idaho, such as Aryan Nations, from crossing into Washington.
Senn now hopes to reinvigorate existing restrictions on paramilitary groups through a bill that would make menacing others as part of an armed group a felony. Senn’s bill, which is currently being drafted, would amend existing law to criminalize threatening, organized conduct.
“The bill basically says if you are brandishing a weapon in order to intimidate, and you’re with one or more other person, then you are engaging in civil disorder activities,” Senn said.
If enacted, Senn’s bill or related legislation would empower local jurisdictions currently grappling with paramilitary conduct at demonstrations. It would likely have to pass the House Public Safety Committee, which is chaired by Rep. Roger Goodman, a Democrat from Kirkland.
Goodman said Wednesday that he supports legislation like Senn’s that would make operating as a paramilitary a felony.
Saying he is concerned about the trend toward armed conflict, Goodman said he supports banning weapons on the Capitol campus here, but declined to voice support or opposition for banning weapons at public demonstrations.
“There is this balance between firearm rights and firearm safety,” Goodman said. “The question is, what is a menace? What is intimidation? I would have to take a look at the (proposed legal) language” in any bill that is filed.
Racial justice advocate Afrose Ahmed of the Tri-Cities’ Black Lives Matter movement hopes for help from Olympia after “militia-type folk” pointed assault rifles at her and other marchers last summer, she said.
Counterprotesters drove past the peaceful crowds pointing guns at her and others, Ahmed said. She notified police and was among more than 13,000 people who signed a petition demanding that the Tri-Cities governments take action. Police made one arrest. Nothing else changed.
“I don’t know how to impress on people who don’t feel the fear of being targeted by white supremacist institutions, whether state-sanctioned or not,” said Ahmed, a poet and activist who was raised in Kennewick. “If you don’t experience that, you don’t really understand how devastating it was.”
Some local governments have taken notice. The Spokane City Council passed a resolution calling for Spokane police to enforce the same anti-militia laws Ahmed cited in her petition to the Tri-Cities governments. In Olympia, the City Council wrote a letter to Gov. Jay Inslee and other state leaders asking for help prosecuting militias, which council members saw “causing fear and intimidation.”
Lawmakers are also eying a ban on weapons at protests as a potential solution. Sen. Patty Kuderer, a Democrat from Bellevue, has filed a bill to ban weapons at public demonstrations and on the state capitol campus, which has been the site of several violent clashes.
“It’s gone way beyond somebody’s Second Amendment right to own a gun,” Kuderer said.
“For the same reasons that it’s wise not to allow guns in bars, I think it’s wise policy not to allow guns at protests where people are having disagreements,” Kuderer continued.
Kuderer noted two recent shootings at protests in Olympia, including one that saw a racial justice protester seriously injured. Neither has been definitively tied to armed paramilitaries.
Sen. Pedersen, the Law and Justice Committee chair, acknowledged what he sees as a “troubling trend toward armed conflict” and said this week that he supports Kuderer’s proposed ban on weapons at demonstrations. Pedersen said he doesn’t believe additional restrictions on paramilitary conduct are practical, or necessarily address the concerns of demonstrators.
The issue the Legislature should resolve, Pedersen said, “is the fact that [counterprotesters] are armed and therefore chilling the expressive acts of other people.”
“That they are dressed up in fatigues or some other official looking uniform, that doesn’t bother me,” he said.
Last year, Senn introduced a bill to ban weapons on the capitol campus after more than 100 armed demonstrators showed up to support a state representative who’d been booted from the Republican caucus after an investigation found he’d engaged in terrorism. Senn said she plans to reintroduce the capitol campus gun ban.
Sen. Manka Dhingra, D-Redmond, and Rep. My-Linh Thai, D-Bellevue, both voiced support for restrictions on weapons at the capitol campus. Both would have a say in any new prohibitions; Thai is a member of the House Civil Rights and Judiciary Committee, while Dhingra serves as vice chair for the Senate Law and Justice Committee.
Dhingra said she also wants to discuss banning weapons at protests, rallies and parades. A former prosecutor, Dhingra doubts prosecutors will use the state’s existing anti-paramilitary laws unless the offense is egregious.
But there’s no consensus on the gun restrictions among Democrats, who control both legislative houses and the governor’s office.
While he is supportive of legislation constraining armed vigilantes, Rep. Jesse Johnson, a Federal Way Democrat serving as vice chair of the House Public Safety Committee, said he’s concerned that a ban on guns at protests could have unintended consequences, particularly in urban areas that have seen frequent protests.
In Seattle, Johnson offered, “if you’re protecting your business with a gun, you’re probably going to be near a protest, because of just the way that the city is laid out physically.”
Some Republican lawmakers in Olympia appear poised to oppose any new restrictions. A few, like Rep. Robert Sutherland, R-Granite Falls, have even participated in the armed counter protests.
Sutherland, who sat on the House Public Safety Committee last year, was one of the armed vigilantes who responded to Black Lives Matter demonstrations in Snohomish. On June 1, Sutherland posted a photo of himself on his Facebook page with three men, all standing together and holding assault rifles.
“Late night tonight defending my little town of Snohomish from rioting and looting by antifa thugs,” Sutherland wrote on Facebook, using language viewed by some as racially coded. Sutherland did not respond to an email request for comment.
State Rep. Brad Klippert, R-Kennewick, is the No. 2 Republican on the Public Safety Committee and a deputy sheriff for the Benton County Sheriff’s Office.
Klippert said he was not aware local Black Lives Matter movement organizers had threatened to sue agencies in the Tri-Cities, including the Benton County Sheriff’s Office. Klippert described the armed vigilantes in sympathetic terms.
“There are people out there who are very concerned about what is going on in America,” Klippert said. “They are taking actions to protect themselves.”
House Public Safety Committee Chair Rep. Roger Goodman, D-Kirkland, noted Washington law doesn’t allow private citizens to form paramilitary organizations. Only a governor or the federal government has the legal authority to muster a militia.
Not that that has stopped hundreds of Washington residents from joining groups that are, by all appearances, armed paramilitary organizations.
In November, Mary McCord, legal director of the Institute for Constitutional Advocacy and Protection at Georgetown Law School, wrote the Washington State Patrol, Clark County Sheriff and chief of police in Vancouver to warn them of a then-upcoming rally hosted by the far-right group Patriot Prayer. In the letter, McCord outlined existing state laws against paramilitary conduct and urged local authorities to enforce them.
Shane Burley, a journalist covering the Nov. 7 event, said about half of the roughly 200 attendees were armed. Some wore tactical vests and used two-way radios. Burley told InvestigateWest he only saw half a dozen police officers stationed near the crowd.
“I don’t think Vancouver either has the capacity or the know-how to handle this kind of conflict,” Burley said. “I don’t know if anyone knows how to handle this kind of conflict. I mean, what do you do with 100 dudes carrying AR-15s?”
Demonstrations by armed right-wing groups have drawn light, often cordial responses by police, even in cities where police have violently dispersed racial justice protesters. Those on the receiving end of police action and “patrols” by paramilitary groups see a blatant double standard.
Ahmed said police didn’t come near the Black Lives Matter demonstrations in the Tri-Cities unless they heard reports of property damage. At the time, predominately white militia members sat on the periphery of peaceful demonstrations, taking notes and pictures, and pointing guns.
The armed groups roamed the Tri-Cities at night, with the stated purpose of protecting businesses. Ahmed said that every elected official she contacted for help told her the responsibility to stop militia groups fell under someone else’s jurisdiction.
“This is the place that is supposed to be my home, and people like me literally didn’t feel comfortable stepping out into the street,” Ahmed said. | https://www.invw.org/2021/01/08/insurrection-washington-lawmakers-ad-hoc-militias/ |
Climate backlash: Majority of Brits oppose Extinction Rebellion protests in London
The results of a new poll show most UK citizens oppose the ongoing climate change protests bringing parts of London to a standstill.
Extinction Rebellion's demonstration entered its fourth day on Thursday, with road and bridge blocking and halting public transport some of the tactics used to bring attention to the group's demands.
Extinction Rebellion (XR) says direct action is needed to force governments to act urgently on climate change - and halt a ‘sixth mass extinction’.
However, a YouGov poll shows that despite the group's calls for humanity, the majority of Brits oppose the disruption caused by the climate change group and its tactics.
The survey asked: ‘Climate change protesters have been disrupting roads and public transport, aiming to ‘shut down London’ in order to bring attention the their cause. Do you support or oppose these actions?’
And the latest figures showed only 13 percent of those surveyed strongly supported the group’s cause, while 23 percent said they ‘somewhat’ support XR’s campaign.
Meanwhile, 30 percent of people surveyed strongly oppose the demonstrations in the capital, with 29 percent of citizens in that figure based in London.
22 percent said they ‘somewhat’ opposed Extinction Rebellion’s tactics. 12 percent of those recorded said they ‘didn’t know’ how they felt towards the demonstrations.
The XR group is calling for an ecological emergency to be declared, greenhouse gases to be brought to net zero by 2025, and the creation of a citizens’ assembly to lead action on the environment.
Read More
Climate change group to send 'thousands more rebels' as 'partying' police officers are investigated
More than 200 people arrested in second day of London climate change protests
Extinction Rebellion: Protesters climb train to 'disrupt' public transport
XR says the systems propping up “modern consumer-focused lifestyles” will lead to mass water shortages, crop failures, sea level rises and the displacement of millions
A statement read: ‘Only a peaceful planet-wide mobilisation of the scale of the Second World War will give us a chance to avoid the worst-case scenarios.’
On Thursday, the group’s London-based climate change protests entered their fourth consecutive day.
A chaotic week has seen Waterloo Bridge closed to traffic by an ongoing blockade, as well as protesters gluing themselves to trains in Canary Wharf and mass demonstrations shutting off large parts of central London.
Critics of their latest tactics have emerged from across the political spectrum including Mayor of London Sadiq Khan, who asked whether the protestors have questioned if disrupting public transport is consistent with their aims.
LBC radio host Nick Ferrari interviewed one of Extinction Rebellion's organisers, asking: "I thought we were meant to travel on public transport...what are [we] meant to do? Try and make a bicycle out of hemp or something?"
The group has since warned ‘thousands more rebels’ could join the campaign on Easter Bank Holiday weekend if its demands ‘are not met’. | https://www.aol.co.uk/2019/04/18/climate-backlash-majority-of-brits-oppose-extinction-rebellion/ |
Rewarded with the presence of Justice A.N. Ray, Himat Lal K. Shah, (1973) 1 SCC 227 held:
“Public meeting in open spaces and public streets forms part of the tradition of our national life. In the pre-Independence days such meetings have been held in open spaces and public streets and the people have come to regard it as a part of their privileges and immunities.”
A legitimate dissent is a distinguishable feature of any democracy. Holding peaceful demonstrations in order to air grievances is a fundamental right, though not unlimited in its scope. Right to speech and right to assemble peacefully and without arms is made subject to ‘reasonable restrictions’ which can be imposed in the interests of sovereignty and integrity of India or public order. The best exposition of what the expression ‘reasonable restriction’ connotes was laid down in Chintaman Rao, 1950 SCR 759.
My Lord, Total Ban of Demonstrations at Jantar Mantar – Reasonable Restriction?
“A total ban of demonstration is not a reasonable restriction. Certain categories of peaceful protests and demonstrations, in a guarded and regulated manner, could be allowed so as to enable the protestors to exercise their right.”
– Hon’ble Justice A.K. Sikri, Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan v. Union of India, [Writ Petition (Civil) No. 1153 of 2017]. | https://rudrajyotinathray.com/2018/07/24/reasonable-restriction-ii/ |
A letter signed by nearly 1,300 public health professionals, infectious diseases professionals and community stakeholders says fear of COVID-19's spread is no excuse to stop people from joining police brutality protests in cities across America.
Instead, it supports the anti-racist demonstrations and suggests ways that demonstrators can limit their risk of infection.
"We are witnessing continuing demonstrations in response to ongoing, pervasive and lethal institutional racism set off by the killings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor, among many other black lives taken by police," the authors of the letter wrote.
The authors called racism and white supremacy "a lethal public health issue that predates and contributes to COVID-19."
When it comes to the ongoing demonstrations, they said "as public health advocates, we do not condemn these gatherings as risky for COVID-19 transmission. We support them as vital to the national public health and to the threatened health specifically of black people in the United States."
The professionals offer this guidance:
The letter also offered tips on protesting safely:
People planning demonstrations should:
"These are strategies for harm reduction. It is our sincere hope that all participants will be able to follow these suggestions for safer public demonstrations, assisted by allies where possible and necessary, but we recognize that this may not always be the case," the letter stated.
"Even so, we continue to support demonstrators who are tackling the paramount public health problem of pervasive racism," they wrote.
More information
For more on COVID-19, head to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. | https://sentrydrug.com/east-dallas/patient-resources/article/758354/covid-19-concerns-shouldnt-shut-down-police-brutality-protests-health-experts |
As Americans look for some kind of relatable, compassionate, and intelligent leadership, President Barack Obama, has issued a long, thoughtful essay both on Medium and on his Instagram account. In it, Obama outlines ways Americans can help bring about real change in the coming months. And his biggest point is that the way forward isn’t just about protests or voting, but instead, a way to think about both at the same time.
Here are the big takeaways from Obama’s statement, and how parents – or anyone — can find solace and think about ways to “get to work” on making real change.
The Protests Are (Mostly) a Good Sign of Public Change
While the looting and violence that is the result of the protests can be discouraging, Obama has pointed out that non-violent public demonstrations are, historically, a good sign that things may actually change. “The point of protest is to raise public awareness, to put a spotlight on injustice, and to make the powers that be uncomfortable… in fact, throughout American history, it’s often only been in response to protests and civil disobedience that the political system has even paid attention to marginalized communities.”
As long as protest remain non-violent, he said, there’s a good chance change can come from that.
Changing Systems Can’t Only Be a Top-Down Solution
Although poor leadership on the federal level is a problem, Obama is urging people to think locally in the coming elections. “The elected officials who matter most in reforming police departments and the criminal just system work at the state and local levels.”
Right now, if elected, Joe Biden has said that he would create a police oversight board within his first 100 days in office. This is a good idea, but if voters aren’t paying attention to the elections and laws passed relative to their local police departments, then any federal oversight set up by (hypothetical) future President Biden, won’t be as effective. So, Obama is saying, by all means, vote for Biden in November if you want. But also, pay attention to your local elections. Now, more than ever.
Protests Only Take Us So Far
Obama is in support of peaceful protests. That’s because he’s smart and he knows that these protests represent, often, a new generation of voices speaking out against old problems. That said, he also writes “But eventually…aspirations have to be translated into specific laws and institutional practices — and in a democracy, that only happens when we elect government officials who are responsive to our demands.”
Just as Killer Mike pointed out, you have to “beat-up” the enemy at the voting booth. Obama’s way of thinking is simple and generous: awareness is raised from the protests, which is great. But, when the protests end, voters can’t forget why they were protesting, and, what they’re going to do about it.
You can read all of Obama’s thoughts in his Instagram post below. | https://www.fatherly.com/news/president-obama-medium-essay-george-floyd-protests-racism-reform/ |
This afternoon, White House press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders had the exceedingly unenviable task of maintaining a straight face while defending President Trump's weekend-long public temper tantrum about NFL players engaging in on-field acts of peaceful protest. It did not go well. When one reporter inquired as to whether the president regretted his language or any of his actions, Sanders responded as follows:
When specifically asked if it was appropriate for the nation's chief executive to call quiet, kneeling, First Amendment rights-possessing players "sons of bitches" who deserve to be fired, Sanders answered an entirely separate question:
Finally, in a comment that caused her to briefly and inadvertently pit against one another her twin pathological needs to defend troops and police officers from nonexistent assailants, she helpfully suggested that players perturbed by racially charged police brutality should try protesting "the officers on the field that are protecting them, instead of the American flag."
To be clear: These demonstrations are not about "protesting the flag," a phrase so obviously nonsensical that it should make all but the most prolific of Trump meme-sharing Twitter bots suspicious. When Colin Kaepernick began taking a knee last year, he explained that he was doing so to raise awareness of police brutality in America against people of color. Whether or not you agree that this issue merits public attention and recognition, as Kaepernick does, his is at least a simple, straightforward rationale for why these players elect to do what they do. It is not about a flag, or a song, or troops. It is about the fact that too often, as Kaepernick put it last year, when a cop shoots a black person in this country, the black person ends up dead and the law enforcement officer gets paid leave.
How, then, do so many people watching on TV manage to see only an outrageous display of anti-American vitriol instead? Venerable NBC sportscaster Bob Costas has some ideas. | https://www.gq.com/story/no-one-is-protesting-the-flag |
Extinction Rebellion are now subject to a city-wide ban on their demonstrations against climate change, according to the London Metropolitan Police. On Monday night, the police cited Section 14 of the 1986 Public Order Act when they began clearing Trafalgar Square of protestors, threatening to arrest anyone who didn’t follow their orders.
Last night on Twitter, the London branch of the climate protest group wrote: “Police are clearing peaceful protests in Trafalgar and Vauxhall. They are back-tracking on promises made. This is an emergency, and an outrage. The police must respect the law. This is a democracy.”
But despite the police’s best efforts, it looks like the group plans to continue their ongoing International Rebellion protest in the country’s capital regardless. Just this morning, Gail Bradbrook, co-founder of XR, was arrested after climbing on top of a building doorway at the Department for Transport. Before her arrest, Bradbrook explained that the action was done to hold the Department for Transport accountable to their promise to achieve a net-zero emissions target, despite going ahead with environmentally harmful plans such as the HS2 project. The activist said: “I do this in the spirit of what Emmeline Pankhurst called the noble art of window smashing.”
But how legal is the Met’s ban on XR protests in the first place?
Conditions under Section 14 are meant to describe a situation in which a “senior police officer present reasonably believes that any public assembly may result in serious public disorder, serious damage to property or serious disruption to the life of the community” or if “the purpose of the person organising is the intimidation of others”, which still doesn’t make sense if you consider that all the majority of Extinction Rebellion are doing is holding a peaceful public protest. One guy even got cuffed on Oxford Street while dressed like a stick of broccoli. The entire thing is deranged.
Several public figures have already questioned the validity of the ban, especially given how unexpectedly it was implemented. Speaking to the Guardian, Keith Blowe, the coordinator for Netpol (the Network for Police Monitoring) said he believes that the ban “has to be open to some form of potential legal challenge”, in addition to commenting that such a restriction must be “made by the home secretary”.
Mayor of London Sadiq Khan is currently looking into the necessity of the ban’s imposition “from senior officers”: “I believe the right to peaceful and lawful protest must always be upheld,” he said in a statement. “However, illegal action by some protestors over the past eight days has put undue pressure on already overstretched police officers, and demonstrators should bear this in mind when considering any further actions.”
One question: Where was this oppressive energy for right wing, racist protestors? | https://e-radio.us/is-the-polices-ban-on-extinction-rebellion-protests-even-legal/ |
Luther King, Jr.'s maternal grandfather.
King, Jr., was ordainded as a Baptist minister at
age 18.
King attended local segrated public school, where he excelled. He entered a
nearby college, Morehouse College, at age 15 and graduated with a bachelor's degree in
sociology in 1948.
After graduating with honors from Crozer Theological Seminary in
Pennsylvania in 1951, he went to Boston University where he earned a doctoral degree in
systematic theology in 1955.While in Boston, King met Coretta Scott, a music student and native of Alabama.
They were married in 1953 and had four children. In 1954 King accepted his first
pastorate at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Mongomery, Alabama.
This was a
church with a well educated congregation that had recently been led by a minister who had
protested against segregation.Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. lead many of the peaceful demonstrations protesting
the segregation between blacks and whites.
His peaceful approach to many of the
obstacles in the way of integration was the most successful during that time period. Other
more violent means of protest such as the efforts of Malcom X and whites protesting
integration were considered less seriously and seen as a greater threat to society.
Examples of King's peaceful protesting against segregation were during the 1955- 1956
Montgomery bus boycott. It begain when a 43 year old black woman, Rosa Parks, refused
to give up her seat to a white man. Dr.
King was appalled when she was arrested and
urged the black population of Montgomery to join together and stand up to the
dehumanization of segregation. Together with local community leaders, King produced
and distributed nearly 7,000 leaflets persuading blacks to completely avoid riding to buses
work, town, school, or elsewhere. Instead, people should take cabs, carpool, or walk.
King was worried that the boycott was unethical, would turn violent, or would intimidate
blacks However the boycott was succsessful with nearly 100% participation level.
In 1956 the Supreme court affirmed a decision declaring that state and local laws
supporting segregation on buses were unethical. On December 1, city busses were
integrated showing that the boycott had been sucsessful.
The civil rigths movement took a
big step forward during the Greensboro sit-ins. Each day of the sit-ins the number of
participants increased. The pressure they put on Woolworths, their original target, caused
profits to be decreased by 50% in 1950. Eventually on July 25, the first black person was
allowed to eat at the lunch counter. These sit-ins also caused the formation of crucial
organizations.
Student Non-violent Coodinating Commitee (SNCC) was founded by the
students involved in the sit-ins. SNCC drafted a code to be used by the entire non-violent
movement. Some of the points in the code included don't strike back, don't laugh out,
don't hold converstaions with floor walkers, and remember love and non-violence Though
King was not directly involved in the sit-ins, he was the moral leader and inspiration for
the whole movement. Knowing King's strong belief in equality and intergration, when
Philip Randolph planned The March on Washington he asked King to organize and speak
at the event. The purpose of the demonstration was to demand strong federal protection
of black rights and to inspire the people.
Other unsucsessful demonstrations had been
planned in the past but failed due to the use of militant, more violent means of protest.
Many government officials were strongly against The March on Washington, fearing it
would become a sit- in. King convinced them it would be only a "Peace Pilgrimage." The
idea was encouraged by the black and white anti-segregation population and on August
28,1963 over 200,000 supporters surrounded the reflecting pool to hear King, among
others, speak. People of all different ethnic and religious groups were greatly inspired by
his speech.
As quoted in Blumberg p123, "Never before had leading representatives, of the
Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish faiths identified so closely and visibly with black
demands." Martin Luther King Jr's approach to protesting against segregation was
effective because of his use of passive resistance. His demonstrations appeared to be
serene, but underneath they were strong enough to stand up to bitter oponents such as the
Klu Klux Klan and the local police. Violence and hate were constantly expressed towards
King and his followers, but they rose above the madness in an effort to work for equality
and unity - peacefully.
Martin Luther King, Jr. led many non-violent protests which stated to the public
the need for equality for black Americans, all of these protests recommended to both
blacks and whites how to improve the condition of blacks in America. The Montgomery
Bus Boycott, related protests in Birmingham, and the March on Washington are all
peaceful ways King communicated his beliefs and ideas to the public. One of Martin
Luther King Jr's. most famous peaceful protests was the March on Washington.
During
the march, King gave his well-known, "I Have A Dream" speech. He stated to the people
of the United States of America that there was a need to end all forms of discrimination
and segregation. The content of the march essentially demand the passage of the Kennedy
Administration's Civil Rights Package -"without compromise or filibusters", the
integration of all public schools by the end of this year, a federal program to "train and
place all unemployed workers, negroes or whites, in meaningful and dignified jobs at
decent wages", and a federal Fair Employment Practices Act excluding all job
discrimination. All four of these goals have been accomplished in the past 32 years,
bringing the blacks to nearly equal society of the whites.
The events occuring in Alabama were an important movement headed by King to
stop segregation. The wave of protests began in Albany, Georgia in 1961 for equal rights
among blacks and whites. They reached a peak in the Spring of 1963 when a series of
demonstrations occured in Birmingham led by King and many other civil rights leaders.
Such demonstrations were held at lunch counters and other sites to protest racial
discrimination.
City police attacked the peaceful demonstrators with police dogs and high-
powered fire hoses. There were many arrests including King himself. It was at this time
that King wrote his famous "Letter From A Birmingham Jail" which set forth his theory of
nonviolent direct action. The Selma to Montgomery march of 1965 also led by King
furthered the passage of the Federal Voting Rights Act.
Although the Voting Rights
Movement in Mississippi made slow progress, the civil protests in southern urban centers
achieved important gains. King's dream became a partial reality when, in 1965, another
series of protests in Selma prompted President Lyndon B. Johnson to introduce new
voting rights legislation, which was passed in that summer. It had a dramatic impact on
black voter registration.
In Mississippi, the percentage of blacks registered to vote increased seven percent
in 1964 to fifty-nine percent in 1968. Martin Luther King's approach to gaining civil rights
for black America was very effective. His use of non- violent means accomplished the
dream in which he envisioned. King's dream that "little black boys" and "little white boys"
will be able to go to school together. Today many blacks recieve the same educational
oppertunities and occupational equality.
King used a more advanced way of protest, the
non-violence movement. This movement which used tactics such as civil disobedience and
boycotting. Sit-ins, passing legislation and use of the press and media were also effective
ways of protest. The Montgomery Bus boycott in 1955 was the first of many effective
ways that Martin Luther King, Jr . protested the racism in the South. The March on
Washington of 1963 was one of the most influential means of protest that America has
ever seen.
In an act of unwitting martyrdom, even King's death brought about passing of
important legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of '68 and the Fair Housing Act of '69.
On the opposite side of the this issue was Malcom X. Although their goals were the same,
the means in which they tried to achieve them were quite different. Malcolm believed in
"any means necessary" to stop racism. He proposed the destruction of the white middle
class. These protests by Malcom X did not achieve nearly the same results, as they would
have if he supported non-violence.
Martin Luther King was the most important figure in the Civil Rights Movement.
His non-violent methods sparked the passage of many important pieces of legislation such
as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The methods of King
contrasted greatly with those of other civil rights leaders who believed violence was a
viable answer to racial injustice. Conversely, King's non-violent and legal methods of
protest made him the most productive and respected leader in the quest for racial equality
tracing all the way back to the Civil War era.
Martin Luther King, Jr's "Dream" has not yet
become a total reality. African Americans have gained some social equality, however;
blacks have not been fully recognized as an accepted group of people in the American
society. Also, African Americans continue to struggle against stereotypes placed upon
them because of the poverty in the inner cities. Since the 1950's and the 1960's, there have been
many changes in how African Americans have been accepted by the white majority. In the
1960's, blacks had to fight for many freedoms as citizens.
Blacks were considered by
whites to be less of a person than a white was. The black race was fighting for their
equality. African Americans were fighting to stop segregation in schools, and they were
trying to gain voting rights. During the non-violent movement, blacks were forced to
suffer police brutality and the violation of other constitutional rights. In the 1990's, the
standard of living has been greatly improved.
Although we as a society have a long way to
go and still face many problems dealing with economic standards, political power and
some discrimination, much of King's dream has started to become a reality. | https://studytiger.com/free-essay/the-life-and-times-of-martin-luther-king-jr-idea/ |
Boston Science for the People seeks to:
raise awareness of the political nature of science and technology;
- expose and critique the ways science and technology are controlled by the wealthy and used for private gain and domination rather than to address human needs;
- bring scientific knowledge and solidarity to collaborations with progressive community organizations and like-minded groups;
- defend STEM workers’ right to organize;
- actively rebuild the left to bring about structural change such that science ultimately serves people’s needs.
To these ends, the chapter organizes public talks and teach-ins, participates in science- and tech-oriented coalitions and demonstrations, walks the picket line with striking workers, writes politically and scientifically informed articles on science and society, and distributes Science for the People magazine.
If you share this vision get involved with us! | https://boston.scienceforthepeople.org/ |
Updated on 11 July 2019
Situation:
A demonstration is expected on Friday, 12 July, beginning at approximately 7:00 pm and lasting until approximately 9:00 pm. The group will assemble in front of the U.S. Consulate to raise awareness of U.S. immigration policy. This event is expected to be peaceful.
Announced gathering points and route include, but are not limited to the Museumplein area in front of the U.S. Consulate General Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
U.S. government personnel and U.S. citizens are advised to avoid areas of demonstrations and exercise caution if in the vicinity of any large gatherings, protests, or demonstrations. Even demonstrations intended to be peaceful can quickly turn confrontational and escalate into violence. The Dutch police will be present to ensure public safety.
Possible Effects:
Disrupted modes of transportation
Increases in traffic, especially near protest sites
Roads blocked by participants with little to no notice
Protests which have the possibility of turning violent, especially after dark
Clashes between security forces and participants
Mitigating Factors to Apply:
Avoid all protests, demonstrations, and large crowds, which have the possibility of turning violent
Exercise caution if unexpectedly in the vicinity of large gatherings or protests.
Call the authorities in the event of an emergency - 112
Allow extra time for travel
Monitor local and social media for updates
Enroll in the Safe Traveler program (STEP) to receive warnings from the U.S. Embassy
Depicted below in the map (yellow runner) are the above-mentioned locations where demonstrations are expected.
DISCLAIMER and Hold Harmless
Disclaimer: LSDS gathers information from multiple sources and offers insight and perspective to travelers. Sources cannot be validated for accuracy in every instance. Travelers assume all risk associated with their travel and are responsible for the decisions associated with travel and for their own safety. Users of this reference document agree, to hold harmless LSDS (LLC) its employees and clients associated with any risk or injury incurred during travel. | https://www.lsds.us/post/netherlands-protest-alert |
Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena. These patterns are called physical theories or, when they are very well established and widely used, physical laws or principles.
CAUTION The meaning of “theory” A theory is not just a random thought or an unproven concept. Rather, a theory is an explanation of natural phenomena based on observation and accepted fundamental principles. An example is the well-established theory of biological evolution, which is the result of extensive research and observation by generations of biologists.
To develop a physical theory, a physicist has to learn to ask appropriate questions, design experiments to try to answer the questions, and draw appropriate conclusions from the results. Figure 1.1 shows two important facilities used for physics experiments.
Legend has it that Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) dropped light and heavy objects from the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa (Fig. 1.1a) to find out whether their rates of fall were different. From examining the results of his experiments (which were actually much more sophisticated than in the legend), he made the inductive leap to the principle, or theory, that the acceleration of a falling object is independent of its weight.
The development of physical theories such as Galileo’s often takes an indirect path, with blind alleys, wrong guesses, and the discarding of unsuccessful theories in favor of more promising ones. Physics is not simply a collection of facts and principles; it is also the process by which we arrive at general principles that describe how the physical universe behaves.
No theory is ever regarded as the final or ultimate truth. The possibility always exists that new observations will require that a theory be revised or discarded. It is in the nature of physical theory that we can disprove a theory by finding behavior that is inconsistent with it, but we can never prove that a theory is always correct.
Getting back to Galileo, suppose we drop a feather and a cannonball. They certainly do not fall at the same rate. This does not mean that Galileo was wrong; it means that his theory was incomplete. If we drop the feather and the cannonball in a vacuum to eliminate the effects of the air, then they do fall at the same rate. Galileo’s theory has a range of validity: It applies only to objects for whichthe force exerted by the air (due to air resistance and buoyancy) is much less than the weight. Objects like feathers or parachutes are clearly outside this range. | http://www.padakuu.com/article/281-nature-of-physics |
Over two millennia ago, the idea that human beings are inherently fallible was introduced into the foundations of the theory of knowledge by Pre-Socratic philosophers. Ever since, everyone who has taken this insight seriously – and who has therefore denied the possibility of revealed knowledge, certain knowledge, or justified knowledge – has been accused by defenders of tyranny of denying the possibility of knowledge (true theories) itself. ‘You've got to build on solid foundations or you'll never get anywhere’, they claim.
They are mistaken. We (the likes of Xenophanes, Socrates, William Godwin, Karl Popper and TCS supporters) are rationalists as well as fallibilists. We believe that it possible for human beings, through conjecture, reason and criticism, to come to know and understand truths about the world, including truths about the human condition and about specific people, and including truths about matters that are not experimentally testable. We do not believe that we possess the final truth about any of these matters, but we do believe that our successive theories can become objectively truer – with more true implications and fewer errors. But because we are fallible, it is not possible for us to know which of the ideas that we believe to be true are in fact true, or in which cases we are right when we believe that we have obtained a truer theory than we had before. History is full of examples of ideas – the flatness of the Earth, Newton's laws, the subservience of women – that were once the epitome of certain, unquestionable truth but are in fact severe errors. We hold it to be true that many of the ideas that we now believe to be true, including some of those that we believe most strongly to be true, are in fact riddled with errors.
That is why the frameworks that we endorse for science, politics and interpersonal relationships are fundamentally different from those of non-fallibilist world views. Our frameworks – protocols, rules, maxims etc. – are all about what to do in the face of opposing theories, ideas, values etc., which may be true, given that we start from the premise that our own may be mistaken. Other frameworks are all about how to obtain ‘justified’ (revealed, certain, etc.) knowledge – i.e. theories for which you can know in advance that anyone who contradicts you will be wrong – and how to behave when you have it. The former is invariably a fraud; the latter a recipe for tyranny.
I cannot give any scientist of any age better advice than this: the intensity of the conviction that a hypothesis is true has no bearing on whether it is true or not.
In the fallibilist scheme of things, arguments typically take the form of criticisms of theories that contradict the one that is being argued for. In science, for instance, an experimental test may establish that a range of previously plausible theories is false because their predictions were not borne out, but it cannot prove that any theory is true, because it may yet make many false predictions in some – or even all – other situations. Quite generally, you cannot hope to find evidence that some future criticism, of a form you do not yet know, will not reveal a fatal flaw in your favorite theory.
There is often a moment of understanding, when you assimilate an explanation of why something is so, rather than merely that it is so. And this often comes along with an increased conviction that the idea is true. But remember the Medawar quote. Even when you get this conviction, it does not mean that the idea is true. If anything, it would mean that you should be especially careful to criticise the idea.
So in regard to the theory of TCS philosophy, we believe it to be true even though it is not experimentally testable, but we could be wrong. We believe that it is true for the following reasons. First, what passes for rival educational theories all depend on structures of arbitrary authority (parents or teachers have the last word) and mechanical visions of human nature (such as Behaviorism), which have already been rejected for excellent reasons in every field other than education – and the arguments for retaining them in education are crudely ad hoc or simply circular. Secondly, conventional educational practices are notoriously ineffective even in their own terms: everyone knows that most adults could not begin to pass a test in most of the subjects over which they slaved for most of their time in their school lessons; yet almost no one draws the obvious conclusion that forcing such lessons on children is insane. Thirdly, TCS educational theory is consistent with wider philosophical ideas – fallibilism among them, and others that are fundamental to our society such as the idea of human rights – that we hold for independent reasons. Does anyone really find it satisfactory to espouse lofty principles such as freedom of speech, freedom of association, freedom from involuntary servitude, the right to due process and so forth, while simultaneously justifying locking children up in a classroom all day doing things they hate and then giving them ‘detentions’ for speaking disrespectfully to a teacher when he forcibly prevents them from leaving the room?
Experiment could not refute the theory of TCS, but argument and criticism might. For instance, it might show that the theory contradicts some principles that we have independent reasons to retain. Or it might show that (contrary to what we currently believe) one of the conventional systems of education is consistent with fallibilism and our wider philosophical beliefs, or that TCS theory is not consistent with them, or that some of the wider philosophical beliefs are themselves flawed, or whatever. | http://fallibleliving.com/essays/on-taking-children-seriously/87-tcs-and-fallibilism |
The main difference between Paradigm and Theory is that the Paradigm is the background and frame that allows the Theory to test, whereas the Theory explains the phenomenon based on certain criteria.
Difference Between Paradigm and Theory
Paradigm vs. Theory
Paradigm is a point reference of Theory, whereas Theory is a hypothesis with strong results.
Paradigm vs. Theory
Paradigm is a philosophical type of explanation. On the other hand, The theory is an ideological type of explanation.
Paradigm vs. Theory
Paradigm explains the whole background of research and study; conversely, the Theory is just a statement.
Paradigm vs. Theory
Paradigm is general, narrower, and more focused rather than a Theory.
Paradigm vs. Theory
Paradigm is flexible and can be changed. However, a Theory is a strong statement, not flexible, and can’t be changed.
Paradigm vs. Theory
Paradigm is a theoretical or intellectual framework; on the other hand, Theory acts as a general picture without expectations.
Paradigm vs. Theory
Paradigm has an estimate of resilience; on the flip side, the Theory is a natural phenomenon.
Paradigm vs. Theory
Paradigm isn’t rigid and mechanical in its approach, while the Theory is rigid and can’t change again and again.
Paradigm vs. Theory
Paradigm helps us to understand research work and its usage, while a Theory allows us to understand natural phenomena and all other relations.
Paradigm vs. Theory
Paradigm is a specific way of looking at things, while the Theory is not flexible.
Paradigm vs. Theory
Paradigm is consists of postulates, theories, and another research method; on the other hand, the Theory is consists of a proven hypothesis.
Paradigmnoun
A pattern, a way of doing something, especially a pattern of thought, a system of beliefs, a conceptual framework.Thomas Kuhn's landmark “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” got people talking about paradigm shifts, to the point the word itself now suggests an incomplete or biased perspective.
Theorynoun
(obsolete) Mental conception; reflection, consideration.
Paradigmnoun
An example serving as the model for such a pattern.
Theorynoun
(sciences) A coherent statement or set of ideas that explains observed facts or phenomena and correctly predicts new facts or phenomena not previously observed, or which sets out the laws and principles of something known or observed; a hypothesis confirmed by observation, experiment etc.
Paradigmnoun
(linguistics) A set of all forms which contain a common element, especially the set of all inflectional forms of a word or a particular grammatical category.The paradigm of "go" is "go, went, gone."
Theorynoun
(uncountable) The underlying principles or methods of a given technical skill, art etc., as opposed to its practice.
Paradigmnoun
systematic arrangement of all the inflected forms of a word
Theorynoun
(mathematics) A field of study attempting to exhaustively describe a particular class of constructs.Knot theory classifies the mappings of a circle into 3-space.
Paradigmnoun
a standard or typical example;he is the prototype of good breedinghe provided America with an image of the good father
Theorynoun
A hypothesis or conjecture.
Paradigmnoun
the class of all items that can be substituted into the same position (or slot) in a grammatical sentence (are in paradigmatic relation with one another)
Theorynoun
A set of axioms together with all statements derivable from them. Equivalently, a formal language plus a set of axioms (from which can then be derived theorems).A theory is consistent if it has a model.
Paradigmnoun
the generally accepted perspective of a particular discipline at a given time;he framed the problem within the psychoanalytic paradigm
Theorynoun
a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena;theories can incorporate facts and laws and tested hypothesestrue in fact and theory
Theorynoun
a tentative theory about the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena;a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theoryhe proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices
Theorynoun
a belief that can guide behavior;the architect has a theory that more is lessthey killed him on the theory that dead men tell no tales
Comparison Chart
|Paradigm||Theory|
|Paradigm is a set of assumption and concepts||The theory is a statement|
|Based On|
|Postulates, research methods, etc||Hypothesis|
|Nature|
|Philosophical||Ideological|
|Consists Of|
|Experimental or research theories||Scientifically general principles|
|Act As|
|Point reference||Idea or strong hypothesis|
|Perspective|
|Behind theories||Statement of research work|
|Approach|
|More general||More focused|
Paradigm vs. Theory
Paradigm is a model that consists of theories, postulates, etc. The theory is scientific principles that explain a phenomenon. Paradigm is the first view of the world. The theory is said to be a set of statements. Paradigm is said to be a theme or plan. The theory is a hypothesis. Paradigm is a solid view of many factors. The theory is a statement that we all should know. Paradigm is a combination of theories, postulates, standards, and research methods — a theory based on a proven hypothesis.
Paradigm is a specific way of looking out the issues and social reality. The theory is a rigid kind of frame. Paradigm is flexible and less precise. The theory is not flexible and more precise. Paradigm acts as a reference point for the theory. The theory is a verified hypothesis. Paradigm can also have several theories within its framework. A functional theory should be illustrative and predictive.
A paradigm is a type of group practice; values, concepts, and an assumption that is related to a way of understanding the reality of the community and share reviews, mainly in all different academic disciplines. However, the theory is a set of rules that used to describe a group of facts or phenomena that repeated, tested, and widely accepted; it can also use to estimate the given phenomenon. In the paradigm, framework theories are getting developed. Theories describe the principles of research.
In the paradigm, we describe all our headings experiment conducted, used equipment, and provide guidance on the interpretation of results. However, the theory explains general principles; it is a system of intended ideas. The theory is an undoubted hypothesis.
What is Paradigm?
Paradigm is an intellectual substructure through which we can see the world around you. A paradigm can be so immense and widely accepted as almost no one noticed, just like the air that you breathe usually doesn’t notice. Paradigm also explained by the Oxford dictionary, i.e., and paradigm defined as a world or view of different theories and methodology of a specific scientific subject and research. In American Heritage dictionary paradigm is a package of assumptions, values, concepts, and practices that set a method to predict the reality of our community, specifically in an intellectual discipline. A paradigm is an important change in general concepts and experiments of a scientific discipline.
Paradigm is more important than a theory. In 1962 term paradigm was brought to prominence in the publication of Thomas Kuhn’s book “The structure of scientific revolutions.” Kuhn argued that unlike other disciplines, science progressed by broad paradigm. In a broad paradigm, the entire scientific community of science comes and accepts a new way of thinking about the world or any other research. Thomas Kuhn, an American philosopher, and physicist define the paradigm in his way. He said that paradigm means universally organized scientific accomplishments that come up with results of model problems of a community.
What is Theory?
A theory is an approved and strong scientific principle that is supported by several experiments and observations or evidence. A good theory has strong descriptive power. It helps the scientists to describe the research work and to make predictions about future events. In the 19th century, Charles Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection that is the theory of evolutionary biology. In the 20th century, Einstein proposed the theory of revolutionized physics. Other well-known theories, i.e., geological theories of plate tonics and the medical theory of germ diseases, natural selection theory, special relative theory, quantum theory, cell theory, and theory of general relativity.
The theory is an acceptable scientific principle to explain a phenomenon. According to American scientists, a theory is a set of statements or principles to explain different facts or phenomena. A theory explains the repeated tests and widely accepted by scientists. It can also be used to make predictions and assumptions about a natural phenomenon. In the Oxford dictionary, a theory defined as “an idea that is used to explain something on the basis of general principles.”
Typically a theory is based on hypothesis. Proved or accepted hypothesis is generally becomes a theory. Persistent observations and recurrent experiments give on to a proven theory. A theory gives an account of a phenomenon; for example, why something happens? The authenticity of theory relies on the evidence used to support it. Few theories are revised with the passage of time and with new remnants of verification that may expose.
Conclusion
It concluded that Paradigm is a process of building Theory, and Theory is a part of the Paradigm. | https://www.difference.wiki/paradigm-vs-theory/ |
Which statement is a scientific law?
A scientific law is a statement describing what always happens under certain conditions. Newton’s three laws of motion are examples of laws in physical science. A scientific law states what always happens but not why it happens. Scientific theories answer “why” questions.
What best describes a scientific law?
In general, a scientific law is the description of an observed phenomenon. It doesn’t explain why the phenomenon exists or what causes it. The explanation of a phenomenon is called a scientific theory. It is a misconception that theories turn into laws with enough research.
What statement describes a scientific theory?
A scientific theory is an explanation of an aspect of the natural world that can be repeatedly tested and verified in accordance with the scientific method, using accepted protocols of observation, measurement, and evaluation of results. Where possible, theories are tested under controlled conditions in an experiment.
What are the 3 characteristics of a scientific theory?
A scientific theory should be:
- Testable: Theories can be supported through a series of scientific research projects or experiments. …
- Replicable: In other words, theories must also be able to be repeated by others. …
- Stable: Another characteristic of theories is that they must be stable. …
- Simple: A theory should be simple.
13 мая 2015 г.
What is the scientific principle?
Principles are ideas based on scientific rules and laws that are generally accepted by scientists. They are fundamental truths that are the foundation for other studies. Principles are qualitative. … They are more like guiding ideas that scientists use to make predictions and develop new laws.
What are the 5 scientific laws?
5 Scientific Laws and the Scientists Behind Them
- Archimedes’ Principle of Buoyancy. …
- Hooke’s Law of Elasticity. …
- Bernoulli’s Law of Fluid Dynamics (Bernoulli’s Principle) …
- Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures. …
- Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction.
12 мая 2008 г.
What are the four theories of law?
Though there are a number of theories, only four of them are dealt with here under. They are Natural, Positive, Marxist, and Realist Law theories. You may deal other theories in detail in your course on jurisprudence. Natural law theory is the earliest of all theories.
Who invented scientific method?
Sir Francis Bacon
Is gravity a law or a theory?
This is a law because it describes the force but makes not attempt to explain how the force works. A theory is an explanation of a natural phenomenon. Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity explains how gravity works by describing gravity as the effect of curvature of four dimensional spacetime.
What is a scientific theory example?
A scientific theory is a broad explanation that is widely accepted because it is supported by a great deal of evidence. Examples of theories in physical science include Dalton’s atomic theory, Einstein’s theory of gravity, and the kinetic theory of matter.
What makes a good scientific theory?
A good theory, like Newton’s theory of gravity, has unity, which means it consists of a limited number of problem-solving strategies that can be applied to a wide range of scientific circumstances. Another feature of a good theory is that it formed from a number of hypotheses that can be tested independently.
What is a good theory?
A good theory in the theoretical sense is (1) consistent with empirical observations; is (2) precise, (3) parsimonious, (4) explanatorily broad, and (5) falsifiable; and (6) promotes scientific progress (among others; Table 1.1).
What are the 7 characteristics of scientific knowledge?
Top 9 Main Characteristics of Science – Explained!
- Objectivity: Scientific knowledge is objective. …
- Verifiability: Science rests upon sense data, i.e., data gathered through our senses—eye, ear, nose, tongue and touch. …
- Ethical Neutrality: Science is ethically neutral. …
- Systematic Exploration: …
- Reliability: …
- Precision: …
- Accuracy: …
- Abstractness:
What is scientific method and its characteristics?
The scientific method is the system used by scientists to explore data, generate and test hypotheses, develop new theories and confirm or reject earlier results. | https://www.bartleylawoffice.com/interesting/which-of-the-following-statements-describes-a-scientific-law-2.html |
The theory of theories states that for every theory there is another theory that counterbalances the original theory thus bringing the equilibrium of the theories back into a geometrically stable balance.
a contradiction check your premises.
You will find that one of them is wrong."
Theories are said to be commensurable if they can be discussed using a shared nomenclature revealing a recognizable conceptual structure that allows direct comparison of foundational elements.
Theories are incommensurable if they are embedded in starkly contrasting conceptual frameworks whose symbolic languages do not overlap sufficiently to permit a direct comparison of foundational elements.
Incommensurability results when individuals "talk past each other" and comparison becomes muddled by confusions about terms, contexts and sequences.
a fundamental principle that aids comprehension or judgement.
the consensus, idea, plan, story, or set of rules currently being used to inform a behavior. This usage is a generalization and (deliberate) abuse of the technical meaning.
a set of statements or principles devised to explain a phenomena set, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make accurate predictions about natural phenomena. | http://unique-design.net/library/word/theory.html |
1. Why Read Marx Today? by Jonathan Wolff
Assessment In this section, Wolff evaluates Marx theories and how they relate to today's society. ... This contradicts the theory of the value of labor. ... Wolff's main comment about Marx theory is that his arguments are useful and persuasive however solutions to the issues are unclear. ... Therefore his theories have to be used with caution. ... Wolff does a good job of informing the reader of Karl Marx's main theories on the criticism of capitalism however I believe he doesn't fully answer the question 'Why read Marx today?'... | https://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/65583.html |
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Theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In
science
, a
theory
is a proposed description,
explanation
, or
model
of the manner of interaction of a
set
of
natural
phenomena
, capable of
predicting
future occurrences or
observations
of the same kind, and capable of being tested through
experiment
or otherwise
falsified
through
empirical observation
.
In this sense, a
theory
is a systematic and formalized expression of all previous
observations
that is
predictive
,
logical
and
testable
.
In the
humanities
,
theory
is often
used
as an abbreviation for critical
theory
or literary
theory
, referring to
continental philosophy's
aesthetics
or its attempts to understand the structure of society and to conceptualize alternatives.
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Theory
(2561 words)
M-theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In the early 1990s, it was shown that the various superstring
theories
were related by dualities, which allows physicists to relate the description of an object in one
string
theory
to the description of a different object in another
theory
.
The
theory
of electromagnetism was also in such a state in the mid-19th century; there were separate
theories
for electricity and magnetism and, although they were known to be related, the exact relationship was not clear until James Clerk Maxwell published his equations.
The Type IIA
string
theory
and the Type IIB
string
theory
are connected by T-duality; this means, essentially, that the IIA
string
theory
description of a circle of radius R is exactly the same as the IIB description of a circle of radius 1/R. This is a profound result.
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/M-theory
(1914 words)
Evolution is a Fact and a Theory
In the American vernacular,
"theory"
often means "imperfect fact"--part of a hierarchy of confidence running downhill from fact to
theory
to
hypothesis
to guess.
But in
science
,
"theory"
means "a statement of what are held to be the general
laws
, principles, or causes of something known or observed." as the Oxford English Dictionary defines it.
The
theory
of
evolution
is a body of interconnected statements about
natural selection
and the other processes that are thought to cause
evolution
, just as the atomic
theory
of
chemistry
and the Newtonian
theory
of mechanics are bodies of statements that describe causes of chemical and
physical
phenomena
.
www.talkorigins.org /faqs/evolution-fact.html
(2065 words)
Theory
(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word
"theory"
is rooted in the ancient Greek notion of a spectator's view, the speculation or mental scheme of someone who "looks on".
Theory
is similar in having
multiple
meanings to the word "bow", which can mean something that shoots arrows in one context, and a nod of the head in another.
Theories
are ideas,
models
or concepts which explain the
natural world
.
www.bigbend.edu /soc/tcas/theory.htm
(404 words)
Set Theory
The language of
set
theory
, in its simplicity, is sufficiently
universal
to formalize all
mathematical
concepts and thus
set
theory
, along with Predicate Calculus, constitutes the
true
Foundations of
Mathematics
.
There are four main directions of current
research
in
set
theory
, all intertwined and all aiming at the ultimate goal of the
theory
: to describe the structure of the
mathematical
universe
.
Along with the
theory
of large cardinals it is
used
to gauge the
consistency
strength of
mathematical
statements.
plato.stanford.edu /entries/set-theory
(3302 words)
INI Programme MTH
The two main goals of current work in fundamental
physics
are (i) to find a
quantum
theory
of gravity that avoids the inconsistencies that arise from trying to reconcile
Einstein's
theory
with
quantum
mechanics, and (ii) to find a unified
theory
of all the forces and particles of
nature
.
Recent discoveries have revealed that all five superstring
theories
arise as sectors of a single all-encompassing structure, which has come to be known as "M-theory".
The principal aim of the programme is to investigate the structure of M-theory, with an aim of seeking its fundamental formulation.
www.newton.cam.ac.uk /programmes/MTH
(405 words)
11: Number theory
Number
theory
is one of the oldest branches of pure
mathematics
, and one of the largest.
For example, "additive number
theory"
asks about ways of expressing an integer N as a sum of integers
a_i in a set
A. If we
set
f(z) = Sum exp(2 pi i a_i z), then f(z)^k has exp(2 pi i N z) as a summand iff N is a sum of k of the a_i.
Questions in algebraic number
theory
often require tools of Galois
theory;
that material is mostly a part of 12:
Field
theory
(particularly the subject of
field
extensions).
www.math.niu.edu /~rusin/known-math/index/11-XX.html
(2572 words)
Scientific Laws, Hypotheses, and Theories
(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
A
theory
is an
explanation
of a
set
of related
observations
or events based upon proven
hypotheses
and verified
multiple
times by detached groups of
researchers
.
In general, both a
scientific
theory
and a
scientific
law
are accepted to be
true
by the
scientific
community as a whole.
Theories
can be tweaked, but they are seldom, if ever, entirely replaced.
wilstar.com /theories.htm
(555 words)
Home Page
The problem with these
theories
is that not only have the two never been acurately combined, they both exclude
General Relativity
from their fold.
One was that the
theory
required the existence of a kind of particle that we didn't want -- namely a particle with no mass and two units of spin.
The second problem was that the
theory
required that space-time have ten dimensions (nine space and one time), whereas the correct answer is clearly four (three space and one time).
www.superstringtheory.fanspace.com
(1019 words)
M-theory, the theory formerly known as Strings
At first sight, this may be seen as a reason to dismiss the
theory
altogether, as we obviously have only three dimensions of space and one of time.
The principle that compact dimensions may lead to unifying
theories
is not new, but dates from the 1920's, since the
theory
of Kaluza and Klein.
Apart from the fact that instead of one there are five different, healthy
theories
of
strings
(three superstrings and two heterotic
strings
) there was another difficulty in studying these
theories
: we did not have tools to explore the
theory
over all possible values of the parameters in the
theory
.
www.damtp.cam.ac.uk /user/gr/public/qg_ss.html
(1344 words)
What is Game Theory?
The most widely
used
form of decision
theory
argues that preferences among risky alternatives can be described by the maximization the expected value of a numerical utility function, where utility may depend on a number of things, but in situations of interest to economists often depends on money income.
Probability
theory
is heavily
used
in order to represent the uncertainty of outcomes, and Bayes
Law
is frequently
used
to
model
the way in which new information is
used
to revise beliefs.
In recent years, political economy has emerged as a combination of general
equilibrium
theory
and
game
theory
in which the
private
sector of the economy is
modeled
by general
equilibrium
theory
, while voting behavior and the incentive of governments is analyzed
using
game
theory
.
levine.sscnet.ucla.edu /general/whatis.htm
(1118 words)
Category Theory
It could be argued that category
theory
represents the culmination of one of deepest and most powerful tendencies in twentieth century
mathematical
thought: the search for the most general and
abstract
ingredients in a given situation.
Still, it remains to be seen whether category
theory
should be "on the same plane," so to speak, as
set
theory
, whether it should be taken as a serious alternative to
set
theory
as a foundation for
mathematics
, or whether it is foundational in a different sense altogether.
From the foregoing disussion, it should be obvious that category
theory
and categorical
logic
ought to have an impact on almost all issues arising in
philosophy
of
logic
: from the
nature
of identity criteria to the question of alternative
logics
, category
theory
always sheds a new light on these topics.
plato.stanford.edu /entries/category-theory
(11780 words)
Theory
(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
The sequence of broken and
solid
lines shown on each side of the Pa Qua are indicative of the times during the day when our 108 critical points of the body are safe from injuries which could otherwise cause serious harm.
There is a relationship between the
theories
of Oo Heng and Pa Qua.
The Pa Qua teaches when the various critical points of the body are the most vulnerable to attack.
www.shaolinhungmei.org /theory2.html
(158 words)
theory definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
Many coaches have a good grasp of the
theory
of football but can't motivate players.
She believed in the
theory
that you catch more flies with honey than with vinegar.
That's the
theory
, but it may not work out in practice.
encarta.msn.com /dictionary_/theory.html
(200 words)
Theory Group
The
theory
group brings together
researchers
in many areas of
mathematics
and
physics
to develop novel approaches to problems in
computer science
and information technology.
Among the areas of expertise we have are
statistical
physics
,
probability
theory
, combinatorics,
geometry
and topology, theoretical
computer science
, and algorithms.
We are also developing topological error correcting codes for
quantum
computation
, and studying the relationship of
quantum
computation
to topological
quantum
field
theory
.
www.research.microsoft.com /theory
(462 words)
SUPERSTRINGS! M-Theory
(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
Since the intersection of the membrane and a boundary is a
string
, we see that the 9+1 dimensional worldvolume of the each boundary can contain
strings
which come from the
ends
of membranes.
Therefore as we take the space between the boundaries to be very small we're left with a 10-dimensional
theory
with
strings
and an E8 x E8 gauge group.
Perturbation has its limits, so by studying non-perturbative aspects of these
theories
using
dualities, supersymmetry, etc. we've come to the conclusion that there only seems to be one unique
quantum
theory
behind it all.
www.sukidog.com /jpierre/strings/mtheory.htm
(503 words)
M Theory
(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
The understanding of how the IIA and HE
theories
behave at strong coupling, which is by now well-established, came as quite a surprise.
In the IIA case the 11th dimension is a circle, whereas in the HE case it is a line interval (so that the eleven-dimensional space-time has two ten-dimensional boundaries).
The eleven-dimensional description of the underlying
theory
is called "M
theory."
As yet, it is less well understood than the five 10-dimensional
string
theories
.
www.theory.caltech.edu /people/jhs/strings/str154.html
(147 words)
CA201: Only a theory
In the case of the
theory
of
evolution
, the following are some of the
phenomena
involved.
Besides the
theory
, there is the fact of
evolution
, the
observation
that life has changed greatly over time.
If "only a
theory"
were a
real
objection, creationists would also be issuing disclaimers complaining about the
theory
of gravity, atomic
theory
, the germ
theory
of disease, and the
theory
of limits (on which calculus is based).
www.talkorigins.org /indexcc/CA/CA201.html
(324 words)
Terry Laundry's T Theory Observations
This is good to know from a historical perspective, but their seemingly random appearance over time makes us all nervous and often prevents maximizing one's rate of return, mainly due to the needed to continually offset the potential downside risk back to the 200 day moving average which otherwise could "Happen At Any Time".
To illustrate an example, let's summarize the T
Theory
forecast looking out a few months and point out why this combination of the A-D T and the Rate T provide the better approach, assuming we add "stops" for any unexpected behavior that is out of line with their combined expectation.
The second aspect of the Kemp criteria is to
use
a separate moving average of the volume oscillator to track its recovery from a suitable deep oversold
condition
.
www.ttheory.com
(6461 words)
Theory: SLAC Virtual Visitor Center
The name given to the
theory
that best incorporates all
observations
to date in the particle realm is "the Standard
Model
".
Gravitational
interactions have yet to be successfully incorporated into the
quantum
field
theory
and are a tiny effect in high energy particle collisions, so are ignored in the Standard
Model
.
Particle
physics
theories
are written in
mathematical
language called relativistic
quantum
field
theory
.
www2.slac.stanford.edu /vvc/theory.html
(210 words)
theory - Wiktionary
I have a
theory
about who broke into the school last night, but it’s just a
theory
.
The
theory
of relativity was proposed by
Einstein
A
theory
is
consistent
if it has a
model
.
en.wiktionary.org /wiki/theory
(272 words)
Art Theory, Art Critcism
An international electronic journal on the history and
theory
of contemporary art, intended for the publication of theoretical analyses by artists.
Analyses and reviews of exhibitions and art works by well-known artists of yesterday and today, from da Vinci, Rembrandt through to Picasso and Rothko.
Theory
of creativity internet links from Edward de Bono's website.
www.zeroland.co.nz /art_theory.html
(514 words)
www.theory.org.uk Resources: Queer Theory
Queer
theory
is a
set
of ideas based around the idea that identities are not fixed and do not determine who we are.
It is a mistake to think that queer
theory
is another name for lesbian and gay studies.
Queer
theory
has something to say to lesbian and gay studies -- and also to a bunch of other areas of
sociology
and cultural
theory
.
www.theory.org.uk /ctr-que1.htm
(288 words)
Try your search on:
Qwika
(all wikis)
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In my previous publications I have begun the presentation of a new theory of the structure of the physical universe which has emerged as a result of a careful and critical reexamination of basic physical processes on which I have been engaged for more than a quarter of a century. In all essential respects this new theory is just the kind of a product that the scientific world would like to have. It is a unified theory; all of the principles governing all sub-divisions of physical activity are deduced from the same premises: two fundamental postulates as to the nature of space and time. It is a self-consistent theory; there are no internal contradictions or inconsistencies. It is an accurate theory; all of the deductions from the postulates are in full agreement with the results of observation and measurement, within the margin of accuracy of the latter or, at least, are not inconsistent with any of these results. It is an unequivocal theory; the consequences of the postulates are specific and definite and at no point are there any recourse to a “postulate of impotence” or other evasive device to avoid admitting a discrepancy. It is a rational theory; it provides definite and specific explanations for everything that happens, without calling upon ad hoc forces or transcendental agencies. It is a complete theory; the logical and unavoidable consequences of the postulates describe, both qualitatively and quantitatively, a complete theoretical universe, and it is not necessary to utilize any supplementary or auxiliary assumptions, nor is it necessary to introduce the results of observation as a foundation for the theoretical structure, because the theoretical deductions from the postulates provide for the existence of the various physical phenomena—matter, radiation, electrical and magnetic phenomena, gravitation, etc.,—as well as establishing the relations between these entities.
The appearance of a new and revolutionary theory of this kind, one which is actually a complete and comprehensive inter-related system of theories, rather than a single theory of limited applicability, and which is free from the weaknesses and contradictions of existing theories, thereby enabling physical science to overcome the serious difficulties with which it is now faced in many areas, is by no means an unexpected phenomenon. As expressed by Dirac, “Most physicists… are inclined to think one master idea will be discovered that will solve all these problems (of present-day science) together.” It is also generally realized that this “master idea” will involve some radical modification of existing thought. Dirac warns us specifically that the “unexpected new development” which he predicts may require a “drastic change in our physical picture,” and he goes on to point out that the need for such a change implies the existence of serious conceptual defects in current theories: “This would mean that in our present attempts to think of a new physical picture we are setting our imaginations to work in terms of inadequate physical concepts.”4
But those who agree in principle that existing ideas must be drastically modified—a category that, as Dirac says, includes “most physicists”—are not nearly so willing to accept any specific proposal, regardless of its credentials, because any really new idea will inevitably conflict with some cherished belief of long standing. From a purely logical viewpoint, the items listed in the first paragraph come about as near as we can expect to get to an ideal theory but, as a rule, scientists are inclined to add one more requirement: the new theory must not disturb existing habits of thought in any more than minor and incidental respects. Some attempts have even been made to set this up as a scientific “principle.” Ernest Hutten, for example, expresses the sentiment in this way: “certain logical requirements must be met when theories are constructed. A new theory is to be constructed so that it contains the previous theory as a lower approximation.”5 This sounds more reasonable than a flat refusal to entertain any new basic idea, but it amounts to the same thing; it is a demand that the new theory refrain from disturbing fundamental ideas, that it be an extension or modification of the theory that it replaces, not a substitute for it. Heisenberg makes it even more clear in the following statement that the modern physicist, if he concedes anything at all, will limit his concession to inches:
Indeed there could apparently be no objection to an assumption that, say, the radium atom possesses hitherto unknown properties which accurately define the time of emission and the direction of an alpha particle. However, a more detailed analysis shows that such an assumption would force us to consider as wrong those very statements of quantum theory, which allow an accurate mathematical prediction of experimental results. We have, so far, had every reason to rely on those parts of quantum mechanics.6
Here we have a plain statement of the present-day physicist’s position: he will not listen to any proposal that would force him to give up basic ideas that have met with much success. No doubt the average layman will be inclined to sympathize with this stand, and the reaction of many reviewers to the contentions advanced in my previous books shows the same attitude. As one of them puts it, his “main criticism” of The Case Against the Nuclear Atom is that I have emphasized “every weak point and apparent failure” of the nuclear theory and have paid little attention to its successes.7 All of these individuals, laymen, reviewers, and eminent physicists alike are missing the point. It is the weaknesses and failures of a theory that determine its ultimate fate, not its successes. From the standpoint of ultimate survival, its successes, however great they may have been, are wholly irrelevant. Even Hutten, who wants to perpetuate existing theories by incorporating them into their successors, admits that whatever successes these theories may have achieved are no guarantee of validity. “False theories,” he says, “may be quite successful, particularly if they are vague and their meaning cannot be given clearly.”8
In the final analysis, the validity of a theory cannot be judged by what it has done; the crucial test is what, if anything, it fails to do. Present-day physicists are quick to recognize this point in application to the theories of their predecessors. The Ptolemaic theories of astronomy, for instance, met all of the demands upon them for more than a thousand years, a record of achievement that far surpasses anything that a modern theory has to offer, yet they were ultimately superseded because improved observational facilities brought new demands which these theories could not meet. Newton’s gravitational theory, the most successful physical theory of all time—one which, in spite of some loss of glory in recent years, still remains the basis for all practical work in its field—was elbowed aside despite its impressive record, simply because a challenger seemed to offer better explanations for certain obscure phenomena, the true significance of which is still a matter of controversy.
But this principle that a theory cannot rely on past successes and must meet all present-day requirements in order to survive, which seems so clear to the physicists in application to the theories of Ptolemy, Newton, and other scientists of past eras, is not recognized as applying to their own theories. Even though the reviewer admits that “weak points and apparent failures” exist in the nuclear theory, he contends that the successes of the theory warrant its retention. Even though Heisenberg concedes that only “parts” of quantum theory have been successful and that the success is purely mathematical, he still wants to veto any new thought that would “force us to consider as wrong” the basic tenets of the theory.
Unfortunately, this requirement that the physicists wish to impose, the requirement that a new theory must be evolutionary, not revolutionary, and must leave present basic concepts intact, is wholly unrealistic. We cannot have progress without change, and if we propose to take a big step forward, as in this case where we propose to substitute a unified, all-embracing theoretical system for many independent or semi-independent theories of limited scope, there must necessarily be some substantial changes in basic concepts, however distasteful this prospect may be to individuals who resent being forced out of the comfortable groove of familiar thought. The physicists who cling to the hope that “drastic changes” can take place without disturbing any of their cherished ideas of long standing are simply daydreaming. The mere existence of difficulties which are serious enough to give rise to frequent predictions of “drastic changes” is sufficient evidence to show that there is something wrong with the foundations of existing physical theories and that mere tinkering with these theories will not suffice. There must be a major change that goes all the way down to the root of the trouble.
As Thomas Kuhn characterizes the transition from the old to the new in basic physical theory in his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, this change is not
one achieved by an articulation or extension of the old paradigm. Rather it is a reconstruction of the field from new fundamentals, a reconstruction that changes some of the field’s most elementary theoretical generalizations…. When the transition is complete, the profession will have changed its view of the field, its methods, and its goals.9
The new theoretical system, which I am presenting in the current series of publications, involves a major reconstruction of the type to which Kuhn refers, one which is particularly drastic inasmuch as this system is something of a totally different nature from anything previously formulated. I am not presenting a new theory of atomic structure, or a new theory of gravitation, or a new theory of the cosmic rays, or a new theory of electricity and magnetism; I am presenting a theory of the physical universe from which complete, consistent, and inter-related explanations of atomic structure, gravitation, the cosmic rays, electricity and magnetism, etc., can be derived. It is not, strictly speaking, a new theory of the universe, because nothing of this nature has ever been developed before. No previous theory has come anywhere near covering the full range of phenomena accessible to observation with existing facilities, to say nothing of dealing with the currently inaccessible and as yet observationally unknown phenomena which must also come within the scope of a complete theory of the physical universe.
I realize, of course, that even if I were not challenging some of the most cherished ideas of the scientific profession, far-reaching claims such as those which I am making on behalf of my new system in the foregoing paragraphs would be looked upon with disfavor, if not outright hostility, in scientific circles. Progress in the scientific field consists primarily of successive small advances, with long periods of testing and verification—and occasionally some minor retreats—intervening between the forward steps. Caution and modesty in making claims for new developments have thus come to be regarded as important scientific virtues and broad claims are looked upon as savoring of non-science or pseudo-science. In deference to this prevailing attitude I would be inclined to tone down the presentation and deliberately understate the case for the new system were it not for the fact that this would be, in effect, a gross misrepresentation of what I am offering. When I first undertook this investigation I was aiming at a much more modest goal, but since the ultimate product turned out to be a comprehensive theory of the universe, I do not believe that I am justified in presenting it in any other light than that of a comprehensive theory of the universe.
Furthermore, I have no choice but to emphasize the fact that the agreement between the results of observation and my new theoretical system, the Reciprocal System, as I call it, because its distinguishing characteristic is the concept of a general reciprocal relation between space and time, is full and complete, since anything short of this would completely undermine the method of proof upon which I am relying to establish the validity of the system. What I am prepared to do is to demonstrate that the mathematical probability of any error in the basic structure of the system is negligible. This can only be done if the structure is specific and unequivocal so that it can be checked against experience, far-reaching so that it can be tested in an extremely large number and variety of applications, and absolutely free from conflict with any positively known fact so that the cumulative effect of the individual tests will establish an overwhelming probability that no conflict exists anywhere. Under these circumstances even a modest amount of modesty would be fatal. Thus I have no option but to present the system in its true colors, and to assert positively and categorically that this system complies fully and explicitly with all of the foregoing requirements for proof by the probability method, and that I am prepared to demonstrate this compliance.
Not only is this the first unified theory of the universe, and the only major physical theory that is prepared to prove its validity; it has another characteristic that should recommend it to those who, like Louis de Broglie, find themselves somewhat bewildered by “theories which, for the moment, strike one as having been lost in abstraction.”10The Reciprocal System portrays the universe as basically simple, understandable, and wholly rational.
There is no scientific basis upon which we can justify a contention that the universe must have these characteristics, but they are commonly recognized as desirable, and even the scientists who feel that they are forced to abandon one or more of them in the construction of new theories do so regretfully and with a sense of loss. Niels Bohr, for example, admitted that the “resignations” of this kind that had to be made in the development of quantum theory “might well be regarded as a frustration of the hopes, which formed the starting point of the atomic conceptions.”11 But modern science has reconciled itself to frustration and has come to the conclusion that an understandable general theory is unattainable. “Insistence on the postulate of complete logical clarification would make science impossible,”12 says Heisenberg. We are even told that for further progress we must give up whatever small degree of comprehensibility still remains in modern theory. Capek, for instance, contends that “A radical abandonment of visual and imaginative models in modern physics is absolutely imperative if the meaning of the present crisis in physics is not to escape us entirely.”13
This present work does what Heisenberg claims is impossible: it presents a theory derived in a clear and logical manner from definite and unequivocal initial postulates, one that is both consistent with all experience and fully understandable in all of its aspects. Furthermore, in defiance of Capek’s dictum, it lends itself readily to representation by pictures and models. For example, the structure of the atom, as it emerges from the theoretical development can be quite clearly represented by nothing more than two pieces of cardboard, as will be brought out in the subsequent discussion. I do not by any means contend that the new theoretical structure is so simple that anyone should grasp it in its entirety at first sight. But, unlike “modern physics,” the Reciprocal System has no aspects, which are inherently vague or incomprehensible, and there is nothing in the theory itself, which should stand in the way of a clear understanding. Whatever difficulty may be experienced in this respect will be due to roadblocks set up by previous commitments to other lines of thought. As expressed by Dyson:
The reason why new concepts in any branch of science are hard to grasp is always the same; contemporary scientists try to picture the new concept in terms of ideas, which existed before.14
At this juncture the question naturally arises, Just how was this accomplished? How is it possible for the Reciprocal System to attain a full agreement with experience without sacrificing any of these desirable features—simplicity, understandability, and rationality—when modern physics has had to sacrifice all of them to attain a partial agreement with experience? The details of the methods that were utilized will be discussed later, particularly in Chapter IV, but it is possible to summarize the answers to such questions as the foregoing by borrowing an expression from Bridgman and saying that what this new work has done, in essence, is to widen the horizons of physical theory.
One of the unfortunate consequences of the inability of modern science to arrive at logical and rational solutions of its major problems has been the emergence of a tendency to lay the blame on nature itself rather than on the inadequacies of the theorists’ efforts. As expressed by Bridgman in the statement to which reference has just been made:
The revolution that now confronts us arises from the recent discovery of new facts, the only interpretation of which is that our conviction that nature is understandable and subject to law arose from the narrowness of our horizons, and that if we sufficiently extend our range we shall find that nature is intrinsically and in its elements neither understandable nor subject to law.15
The difficulty here is that Bridgman (together with the community of physicists whose views he is expressing) has failed to distinguish between experimental horizons and theoretical horizons. Nature is rational and understandable when the horizons of the theories by which man endeavors to reach an understanding of that which he observes are coextensive with his experimental and observational horizons. A century ago this was true. At that time the experimental range did not extend beyond the region in which the physical laws formulated by Newton and his successors—the so-called “classical laws”—are valid, and as a result the known physical phenomena were, in general, understandable and capable of explicit theoretical representation. Subsequently the advance of experimental science has carried observational knowledge into entirely new areas, and it has been found that in these areas the classical relations no longer hold good. Modern physicists have therefore attempted to find laws of wider scope and greater generality, but they have found it impossible to secure this wider coverage and also maintain the clear and unequivocal nature of the classical relations. As Bridgman says, the only interpretation which they have been able to place on these facts is that nature is not inherently rational or understandable, and modern theories have therefore been constructed without regard for these two qualities which had previously been regarded as prime requisites.
Not everyone is content to accept this situation. Erwin Schrodinger, for instance, says that “In the face of this crisis (in physical theory), many maintain that no objective picture of reality is possible. However, the optimists among us (of whom I consider myself one) look upon this view as a philosophical extravagance born of despair.”16 Louis de Broglie tells us explicitly, “What seemed to me to be eminently desirable was… a return to precise space-time representations, which could give a clear picture of what they were supposed to portray.”17 W. H. Watson comments on this viewpoint as follows:
de Broglie knows that experimental physics deals with no figment of the imagination but with the real world in which we live. Physical theory must come to terms with the actualities on which we depend when we investigate nature. Accordingly, de Broglie is not disposed to accept the wave-particle duality without imagining a physical mechanism that can transport an electron, for example, from its source to the place where it is detected.18
Watson quotes an admission by L. Rosenfeld of Copenhagen that “young physicists are raising doubts about the correctness of the basic ideas of quantum mechanics,” and points out that “The reason… is probably the simple one that they are dissatisfied with these ideas, at least as presented in accordance with current fashion.”19 No more than a very elementary knowledge of human nature is required in order to realize that such a reaction is inevitable. A baffled generation of physicists may renounce the understandability of nature in an “extravagance born of despair,” as Schrodinger puts it, but they cannot enforce this renunciation upon the next generation. Alexandre Koyre states this case very clearly:
Thus I believe that we are entitled to conclude, tentatively, at least, that (i) the positivistic phase of renouncement, or resignation, is only a kind of retreat position, and it is always a temporary one; (ii) although the human mind, in its pursuit of knowledge, repeatedly assumes this attitude, it does not accept it as final—at least it has never done so until now, and (iii) sooner or later it ceases to make a virtue of necessity and congratulates itself on its defeat. Sooner or later it comes back to the allegedly unprofitable, impossible, or meaningless task and tries to find a causal and real explanation of the accepted and established laws.20
The present investigation has done just exactly this. Refusing to accept defeat as final, it has “come back to the allegedly unprofitable, impossible, and meaningless task” and has found it profitable, possible, and meaningful. According to the findings of this investigation, nature is just as logical and rational in the far-out regions as it is in the everyday world of our normal experience, and it can be just as understandable if the horizons of theory are extended far enough to encompass those regions that have recently been penetrated by the experimenter and the observer. This is what modern theorists have failed to do. However incredible it may be to those who have been taught from childhood to regard modern physics—particularly Relativity and the quantum theories—as profound revolutions in scientific thought, it is nevertheless true that the universe which appears in the theories of Einstein, Bohr, and Heisenberg is the same universe for which Newton’s Laws were fashioned. The theorist still remains within the old horizons while the man in the laboratory is now exploring the regions beyond the rim.
Modern scientists have added many details, to be sure, and there have been some significant changes in viewpoints, but basically the object of modern scientific study is the same universe that Newton visualized. Whatever modifications have been made have not been in the direction of extending the theoretical horizons, but in the direction of making the theories more “abstract,” a currently popular euphemism for “vague.” Einstein postulates relations between space and time that are altogether foreign to Newton’s ideas, and he has deprived the magnitudes of these entities of much of the permanence that Newton attributed to them, but nevertheless Einstein’s space and time are the same space and time with which Newton worked. The relativist’s definition of these entities, his assumption of the “unidirectional, one-valued, one-dimensional character of the time continuum”21 and his corresponding assumption as to the inherent nature of space would have met with Newton’s full approval. Similarly, the quantum theorist has managed to get waves and particles gloriously tangled up, but “wave” and “particle” are concepts from Newton’s universe. Heisenberg has turned the thoughts of the atomic physicists into some wholly new channels with his Principle of Uncertainty which asserts, among other things, that a particle cannot have both a specific momentum and a specific position, but here again “momentum” and “position” have the same meaning to Heisenberg that they did to Newton.
In short, modern theories do not pretend to do anything more than generalize the classical theories. Quantum mechanics, says Bohr, “may be regarded as a natural generalization of the classical mechanics.”22 And his comment on Relativity is that “Einstein succeeded in remoulding and generalizing the whole edifice of classical physics.”23 The world of Newton was a world of motion in space and modern physics still treats the universe as a world of motion in space. As Bohr clearly admits, the originators of present-day physical theory cannot even conceive of anything else. “It lies in the nature of physical observations,” he says, “that all experience must ultimately be expressed in terms of classical concepts.”24 The “extension of our range” of which Bridgman speaks are in the experimental realm only. The theorists are still confined within the horizons of Newton, and they are still trying to explain events beyond those horizons by “generalizations” of the classical laws applying to Newton’s world. Thoughtful observers have not failed to recognize and comment upon this situation. Bertrand Russell, for instance, has this to say:
The findings of science had somewhat upset the rigid and closed Newtonian view of the world. But instead of trying to enlarge this view, scientists have on the whole been content to handle their problems with the help of mathematical theories that produce adequate results when suitably interpreted.25
Unfortunately, these mathematical theories, or any other theories which do not have the benefit of the “enlarged view” of the universe to which Russell refers simply cannot make the newly discovered physical events understandable, nor can they lead to rational laws which these events will follow. It is inevitable that the harder the physicists try to fit these theories to the facts, the more confused and vague the theories have to be made, and the more convinced the theorists become that “the world is not intrinsically reasonable or understandable.”26
What the Reciprocal System does, so far as the classical laws are concerned, is not to generalize them, but to delimit their field of applicability. Within these limits, the new system says, the classical laws (with slight modifications in certain cases) are not merely approximations to some more comprehensive and more widely applicable laws, as modern physics considers them, they are complete and accurate representations of the physical facts. Newton’s Laws of Motion, for instance, are fully and exactly applicable to all motion in space. But the findings of the present investigation have disclosed that there are changes in physical relations other than motion in space, and where the observed phenomena are due to changes of this nature, partially, as in motion at high velocities, or wholly, as in events at the atomic level, an entirely new set of concepts and laws, related to but distinct from the concepts and laws of classical physics, must be applied. In terms of the preceding discussion, the new system has pushed back the horizons of physical theory to include all types of changes in physical relationships, not merely motion in space. Once this is done law and order return to the realm of nature, and we are back to a rational universe—not to Newton’s universe, but to one which is equally simple and understandable, even though much more extensive.
In the remainder of this volume, together with the preceding volumes in the series, the evidence confirming the statements in the foregoing pages is presented. In most cases the presentation is conclusive in itself. When a positive and unequivocal statement is made, there is no need for any argument to establish that it is positive and unequivocal; when the last page is reached and no ad hoc assumption, express or implied, has been encountered, there is no need for any further proof that ad hoc assumptions are not utilized in the work; when all major subdivisions of physical science have been treated in substantial detail, there is no need for argument as to whether the theory is complete and comprehensive; and so on. The crucial issue that does require some consideration is whether the new theoretical system is, as I contend, a true and accurate representation of the physical universe.
Just offhand this would seem to be a clear-cut issue which could quite readily be put to a decisive test, and if we were operating in an intellectual vacuum, so that a decision could be made without reference to past history or to personal preferences and prejudices, this would no doubt be true. But long years of dealing with theories which are not true and accurate representations of the facts have introduced some strange elements into the thought of the scientific profession. In principle the situation is clear enough. As expressed by Philipp Frank:
Among scientists it is taken for granted that a theory “should” be accepted if and only if it is “true”, to be true means in this context to be in agreement with the observable facts that can be logically derived from the theory.27
If the scientific community actually carried out in practice what Funk tells us in the foregoing statement that they take for granted in principle, there would be no need for this present discussion. Alter the prescribed tests have been made it would be evident that the Reciprocal System is “true” in the scientific sense, whereas the theories with which it disagrees range from hypotheses that are plausible but have little, if any, factual support, or hypotheses which yield correct mathematical results but are unsupported in their conceptual aspects, all the way down to theories that are openly and seriously in conflict with firmly established facts. But application of this criterion rarely yields unequivocal results in current practice, because, as Frank goes on to say:
It has never happened that all the conclusions drawn from a theory have agreed with the observable facts…. We never have one theory that is in full agreement but several theories that are in partial agreement, and we have to determine the final theory by a compromise.
Thus, while the test of agreement with experience is accepted in principle as something that would apply under ideal conditions, it has in practice fallen into disuse and scientists are at present psychologically unprepared to deal with an innovation, which claims full agreement with observation. When a new theory appears, the possibility of applying the standard criterion directly to determine the validity of the theory is seldom considered, and the question “Is this theory true?” is seldom asked. Instead, the point at issue is regarded as a contest between the new theory and the currently accepted ideas, which that theory seeks to supplant, and the question to be answered is considered to be “Which of these theories is the better?”
In its earlier stages this change in attitude did not involve any significant departure from the policy of basing the evaluation of theories and concepts on their agreement with the facts. What actually took place was that both the new and the old ideas were checked against the facts so far as this was possible, but since each of the rival theories failed to meet one or more of the tests, and science provided no criterion by which to judge the relative weights to be given to the different discrepancies, philosophical or other outside considerations were called upon to furnish such criteria. During this era philosophy, science and common sense were regarded as compatible and harmonious, on the whole. Indeed, physics was identified as “natural philosophy” and one of the most popular definitions of science in general characterized it as “organized common sense.”
Recent developments in science have altered this situation very drastically. Modern physical science has arrived at many conclusions which, in the words of Tolman, are “in direct opposition to the requirements of so-called common sense”28 and which are almost equally objectionable from the viewpoint of philosophy. Since the scientists realize that they are highly vulnerable to criticisms based on philosophical grounds and still more vulnerable to criticism based on common sense, they have been able to defend their positions only by denying the applicability of philosophical and common sense principles to scientific matters. Without any common ground on which to meet, arguments over these debatable issues have become highly partisan conflicts in which scientists are arrayed against non-scientists. In the process of closing ranks for the defense of scientific conclusions against the attackers from the outside, there has been a tendency to lose sight of the valid scientific to the currently accepted conclusions and, in effect, to make conformity with the orthodox views a test of loyalty to the profession. Even the most eminent scientists have not been exempt. It is well known that Einstein was practically relegated to the sidelines during his later years because of his unwillingness to concur in some of the generally held viewpoints, and Louis de Broglie speaks quite frankly of abandoning his attempts to reconcile wave mechanics with “traditional physics and the idea of causality” because of “the hostility they elicited from other theoretical physicists.”29
A natural but unfortunate result of this identification of the currently accepted theories with professional solidarity has been that the theories which are the weakest, and have therefore been subjected to the most frequent and most violent attacks are the most jealously guarded and most strongly defended against criticism of any nature, scientific or otherwise. These cherished products of modern ingenuity are in conflict with the facts of observation and experiment at many points, and if the number and seriousness of these conflicts were to be accepted as a criterion of the lack of validity of these theories, in accordance with previous scientific practice, the theories would have to be relegated to the status of unproved and improbable hypotheses. “How long would the great physical theories of the past have lasted were they riddled with formal inelegancies and inconsistencies of the sort embodied in both renormalized and unrenormalized quantum theory?”, asks Norwood R. Hanson, and he gives us his judgment: “Not very long, I submit.”30 Hence, in order to preserve the position of preeminence into which these theories have been elevated, present-day physicists have repudiated the concept of scientific “truth,” defined as agreement with experience, and have substituted a most unusual concept, tailor-made to reinforce the defense of their embattled theories. To get a good view of this remarkable new concept, let us consider the following statements:
Nor can a theory be true or false; it is in any case relevant to a highly selected group of data—usually with the recalcitrant ones ignored. (Mc Vittie)31.
We do not speak of theories and postulates as probable or improbable, but as correct or incorrect relative to a given state of scientific knowledge, or perhaps as approximations to a more exacting theory either known or not yet known. (Margenau)32
The relativist dissolves the concept of truth by teaching that what is “true” depends on the point of view of the subject. (don Weizsacker and Juilfs)33
All of these authors are taking the stand that the existing situation requires accepting theories as “correct” even though they cannot qualify as scientifically “true.” This, of course, accomplishes the desired purpose simply and neatly. No matter how many discrepancies between theory and experience may prevent one of these ingenious modern products from being classified as scientifically “true,” it is accepted doctrine and hence it is “correct” by virtue of a definition, which equates correctness with general acceptance. The existing “state of scientific knowledge” is the sum total of currently accepted ideas, and since the theory under consideration is one of these ideas, it is automatically “correct relative to the existing state of scientific knowledge.”
But when this definition of “correct” is substituted for that which is scientifically “true,” then there is no longer any criterion by which the true theory can be recognized when and if it appears. Since this true theory necessarily differs from existing doctrine, it is, by definition, “incorrect,” and has no different standing than a theory, which is wholly at odds with the facts. What this doctrine actually does is to put the stamp of official approval on the widespread inclination to accord nothing but a summary dismissal to any new idea which offers any significant challenge to accepted habits of thought. It is particularly disconcerting to the originator of a new theoretical structure such as the Reciprocal System which is prepared to meet the requirement of full agreement with experience—the requirement that is, in principle, supposed to establish it as “true” in the scientific sense—only to find that this criterion has been replaced by the requirement of being “correct relative to the present state of scientific knowledge”: a requirement that the new system cannot meet simply because it represents an advance in the state of scientific knowledge.
”But why, after all, should scientific truth be a static concept?”, asks Margenau.34 The situation which now confronts the new system being discussed in this volume shows why. If truth is not a static concept then we have no adequate means by which to evaluate progress toward that truth, or toward that “more exacting theory” to which Margenau refers. The whole effect of the change that has been made in the “official” criteria in recent times is to substitute conformity to accepted doctrine for the degree of approximation to the truth as the test to be applied to new ideas, and to make general acceptance virtually the equivalent of proof.
Feyerabend has subjected this modern practice to a very penetrating criticism. He points out that the refusal to admit any new theories unless they “either contain the theories already used in this domain, or are at least consistent with them inside the domain” does not eliminate a theory “because it is in disagreement with the facts; it eliminates it because it is in disagreement with another theory, with a theory, moreover, whose confirming instances it shares. It thereby makes the as yet untested part of that theory a measure of validity. ”35
This present volume is not a treatise on scientific methods and procedures, but the particular policies of present-day science that have been discussed in the preceding pages constitute a serious obstacle to an accurate evaluation of the theoretical structure that is being presented herein. It is therefore not only appropriate but essential to bring out the true nature of these policies, so that the reader who finds the conclusions of this work at variance with some of the assertions of Relativity, or the quantum theories, or some other segment of so-called “modern physics” will realize that these theories do not even claim to be true; when we penetrate the “fog” which, as de Broglie says, surrounds them, we find that they are merely “correct relative to the existing state of scientific knowledge”: a state defined by Relativity, quantum theory, etc., and they make no pretense of being in full agreement with the facts of experience. At the very most, all that they can legitimately claim is some sort of an interim status. As Dirac summarizes the situation:
The present stage of physical theory is merely a steppingstone toward the better stages we shall have in the future. One can be quite sure that there will be better stages simply because of the difficulties that occur in the physics of today.4
There is, of course, ample justification for using incomplete and incorrect theories for whatever purposes they may serve, pending the development of something better, as long as scientists do not succumb to the ever-present temptation of elevating these theories to the status of established facts simply because they are the best instruments of thought currently at hand. If the real status of such theories—”stepping-stones,” stopgaps, or whatever we may call them—is kept in mind they will not stand in the way of new developments. Hanson expresses the true scientific viewpoint in a comment on a statement by another scientist in which quantum theory was characterized as “uniformly successful.” Although himself a strong supporter of the Copenhagen doctrine, Hanson points out that this flattering description is far from correct; that, in fact, “quantum theory is conceptually imperfect” and “very far from being uniformly successful,” but that he and his colleagues are standing behind it because it is “the only extant theory capable of dealing seriously with microphenomena.” He then goes on to say:
One must distinguish those moments in the history of physics when two equally well-developed theories have competed to furnish the “best” explanation of a phenomenon from those quite different periods during which scientists have available to them but one workable theory without even an intelligible alternative anywhere nearby. Such is the present state of quantum theory.30
It is in order to suggest that we have now arrived at another of those “moments in the history of physics” when there are two well-developed theories available. As matters now stand, the Reciprocal System cannot claim to have gone into the mathematical details of some physical processes as extensively as quantum theory. On the other hand, it has done much more in other mathematical areas that quantum theory purports to cover—for instance, there is nothing in quantum theory that is at all comparable to the inter-atomic distance expression derived from the postulates of the new system—and it has developed the conceptual aspects of all of these processes to a degree that is far in advance of the bare minimum that quantum theory offers. And, of course, quantum theory cannot compete at all from the standpoint of the extent of coverage. At best, it is a theory applicable to a limited portion of the universe, whereas the Reciprocal System is a theoretical structure applicable to the entire universe. Furthermore, the future outlook is much more favorable for the new system. An immense amount of scientific time and effort has already been applied to the development of the quantum ideas over many decades, and the limitations to which quantum theory is now subject are those of a full-grown conceptual scheme, essentially permanent, barring some radical change in the foundations of the theory. On the other hand, the limits of the present development of the Reciprocal System simply reflect the comparatively minuscule amount of time that has thus far been applied to this development, and there is a wide open field for future extension of the application of the new system. | https://reciprocalsystem.org/books/nlosat/01-introduction |
One of the greatest barriers you will face when attempting to learn more about the law of attraction is the deep-seated dogmatism that has infiltrated modern academic institutions and the corporate infrastructures which have been built by their alumni. This dogmatism has become extremely well-established through the years for a variety of reasons.
First of all, the primary mission of modern academic institutions is to teach their students facts. Therefore, in order to teach students facts, certain facts must first be established by authority figures. Thus, authority figures within the academic community espouse their philosophies concerning the manner in which the Universe operates and then their students go on to become the teachers of the future. While these students do alter the original theories to a degree, they do so only to a limited extent thereby leaving a foundation of truths that become unalterable as time passes.
Inevitably, this process results in generations upon generations of students being taught the same facts which in turn become unalterable truths that must be accepted. Anyone who attempts to deny these facts is expelled from these institutions since there is no arguing with facts. Therefore, while academic institutions have the earnest intention of teaching their students the truth, they are nonetheless forced to teach their students only that which has always been taught to their students. Professors and students that disagree with the established dogmatism are forced to the fringe thereby giving these academic institutions a monopoly over the truth. In this way, these academic institutions have displaced the role the Catholic Church used to dominate by being the only institutions in existence who may be relied upon to speak the truth.
This is the dogmatism that everyone must be aware of since it can be quite easy to become convinced by these dominant figures that claim to know everything that is known while speaking from a position of authority. This is especially true in areas of knowledge that are not particularly well-known to the average individual. For instance, physics has become plagued by this type of dogmatism. For years physicists have been relying upon the opinions of very few individuals that made themselves well-known in a variety of ways. For the most part though, these individuals made themselves well-known by being especially gifted at navigating the challenges set forth by the academic institutions for which they worked. In other words, the most famous physicists were the most gifted students of these academic institutions. Thus, the most famous physicists were the ones that agreed with the established dogmatism to the greatest extent and were thus the best at learning it relative to their peers.
Naturally, this resulted in an ever deepening belief in the dogmatism being set forth by these institutions as their teachings became increasingly complex and difficult to comprehend thereby rewarding the best students of these institutions to an even greater extent than before. Today, we are left with ideas that are relics of minds that have long since vanished from the Earth, yet their ideas live on in the teachings of these institutions.
The greatest example of this phenomenon is clearly Einstein and his theory concerning the structure of spacetime. Einstein believed that the structure of space curves, or becomes warped, by the presence of a gravitational body. His teachings have been widely taught ever since he espoused this philosophy and it is a theory every modern physicist must learn and accept as a fundamental truth of the Universe if they wish to be successful within academia. Even so, this theory is entirely wrong since empty space does not have any properties to begin with according to modern interpretations of physics and thus it cannot be warped or curved in any way.
A more accurate interpretation of gravity would be a theory called vibration averaging. As two gravitational bodies interact, their vibrations interact and thus average with one another. The more alike is the vibration of one object to that of another, the closer must they be to each other within spacetime. This process naturally results in their becoming closer to one another and this is seen as the gravitational pull that exists between these bodies. This then gives rise to the circular patterns that are seen throughout the Universe since vibrations are spherical in nature due to their emanating outwards from a central point. While this theory explains the structure of spacetime far more effectively than the theory espoused by Einstein, it is extremely unlikely that it will be accepted by academia at any point in the near future since academia has proven to be completely unwilling to alter the theories that have become embedded within its teachings.
Accepting new concepts as revolutionary as this would require that they admit the mistakes that exist within their teachings and it would require them to completely alter many other theories as a result. This is precisely the reason why everyone should be skeptical of the teachings that are espoused by these institutions, because they are essentially being forced to agree with their own opinions since anyone who disagrees with them is forced to the fringe while those who agree with them are extensively rewarded for their loyalty.
Thus, if you are searching for real universal truths, you must remain willing to keep your mind open to new ideas while constantly challenging the established dogmatism. By doing so, you will be able to avoid this pitfall that many people have fallen into. Many people believe these academic institutions are teaching the real truth and thus they deny such theories as the law of attraction since these institutions refuse to even study these fringe theories due to their strict adherence to their own philosophies. With this knowledge in hand though, you can at least remain open to the possibility that better explanations concerning the manner in which the Universe operates will be accepted in the future.
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On Kolms account, justice is derived from considerations of rationality. Justice cannot be defined by one principle or one set of a few principles that is all encompassing that characterize recent most approaches to providing a comprehensive theory justice like John Rawls, Ronald Dworkins, or Robert Nozicks. Justice must be practicable, efficient and open to second-best, rather than optimal or idealistic, solutions. Justice, on Kolms view, has the general form of an equality of individuals' liberties in a broad sense, with different applications, and specific adjustments when several liberties conflict or when everybody prefers another outcome. The real work of justice theory starts not with justification of principles but of justifying adjustments required in concrete situations or bridging macro justice and micro justice. Solutions to the problems of micro justice cannot be provided an a priori explicit complete solution . . . its general considerations can only consist of methods and a toolbox of specific principles and criteria. (475) However, if a macro theory of justice is defective either in terms of rationality or economic efficiency, then it cannot provide the required practical criteria to judge cases.
Kolms theory of rational justice provides the framework through which he evaluates completing justice theories in terms of principles, or criteria of justice: its salient features and problems, how it compares with other theories, the solutions it offers to social and distributive problems, and its main consequences. Kolm shows how some theories complement each other, how others are unworkable, and how others could be rescued by adjusting principles or procedures. For example, he criticizes Rawls theory of justice for a flawed original position in which actors choose their principles of distributing social goods without knowledge of their capacities or social position for irrealism because all choices are made with full knowledge of capacities, social position and social possibilities. The backboneof Rawlsian justice cannot be justified. The theory of the Original Position does not a priori and in general provide Rawls principles of justice (191). On Kolms account, Rawls theory can be modified to allow knowledge of capacities and social position without changing the moral substance of the theory. Thus, Kolm concludes that rational justice incorporates knowledge of social position into the formation of the first principles of social justice without undoing the moral significance of a liberal theory of justice.
The book has a three part organization. the introduction (chapters 1-3) and conclusion (chapter 16) that describe the basic concepts, properties, distinctions and methods of justice. These chapters are particularly useful to those new to the literature. The major part of the book is the critical assessment of theories (chapters 4-15). These chapters take up act- and process-freedom; equalities, inequality, misery and needs; liberty, morals and the state; contractarianism, liberalism, and utilitarianisms and social choice. These chapters make heavy demands on the reader because they are highly technical and presume not only philosophical reasoning but also technical economic analysis and legal reasoning. Many of Kolms key arguments depend on a fine grained economic analysis of the practical consequences of theories if they were operationalized.
One of the most significant strengths of the book is that Kolm, who is French, writes out of a continental tradition of justice-theory that is often not heard in English philosophy. Some of his off-hand remarks are discomforting and challenging. For example, he describes utilitarianism that has dominated English-language thinking about justice, the English fantasy a harbor of moral vices as well as moral virtue (187). His comparative position is often insightful carefully showing how continental justice theories rests on concepts of rights, liberties, equalities and solidaries that are the bedrock of justice not concepts that require an a priori justification as in most versions of English contractarianism and utilitarianism do. He also helpful draws attention to significant new work in justice theory by Europeans, especially French, thinkers that opens new avenues of research for those interested in comparing justice theories.
In all Kolms arguments are well-framed and cogent. He has masterful control of subject. However, critical turns in his arguments reference prior work that is not available in English and out of print in French. This is problematic given this was his first work in English. Even though his book Justice and Equity (MIT, 2002) has been published in English, this is not sufficient to follow out the complete development of his arguments. Admittedly, Kolm does this for economy, but there is need at critical junctures to have a better, more complete development of particular arguments than Kolm provides.
This book is an intensive and intellectually demanding engagement with the general theory of justice. It will be particularly useful to economists, public policy specialists, lawyers, and philosophers. It is not an introduction to justice theory and assumes the reader knows, and is not just acquainted with, the theories he exhaustively considers. He provides no summaries or outlines of theories, nor does he provide any state of the debate, or consider the secondary literature about these theories. Thus, it is not a work for anyone without a generous background in justice theory and economics. Though for those with the background, the book is worth the strenuous effort required to engage it. Its perspective is refreshing. It provides sharp insights that provoke thought, if not further research. His honest, disciplined criticism is helpful and a substantial contribution to the literature. | http://metapsychology.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=book&id=1580&cn=394 |
We further reject modern textual criticism because its fruit has been increasing uncertainty and skepticism, a weakening of the authority of Scripture, and the promotion of the ecumenical movement.
1. Modern textual criticism has resulted in uncertainty in the Biblical text.
Whereas prior to the late 19th century the vast majority of Bible-believing Christians were confident that the Masoretic Hebrew and the Greek Received texts were the preserved Word of God, today there is no real certainty where textual criticism has been accepted. The Masoretic Hebrew has been challenged by the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Septuagint, and other sources, so that some twenty to thirty thousand textual changes have been suggested for the Old Testament. The Greek Received Text has been replaced with a constantly changing so-called “eclectic” text.
Note the following statements by prominent textual critics of the last 100 years testifying to the gross uncertainty produced by modern textual criticism.
“[The New Testament text is more unsettled] than ever, and PERHAPS FINALLY, UNSETTLED” (Rendel Harris, Side Lights on New Testament Research, 1908, p. 3).
“The ultimate text, if there ever was one that deserves to be so called, IS FOR EVER IRRECOVERABLE” (F.C. Conybeare, History of New Testament Criticism, 1910, p. 129).
“In spite of the claims of Westcott and Hort and of von Soden, WE DO NOT KNOW THE ORIGINAL FORM OF THE GOSPELS, AND IT IS QUITE LIKELY THAT WE NEVER SHALL” (Kirsopp Lake, Family 13, The Ferrar Group, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1941, p. vii).
“... it is generally recognized that THE ORIGINAL TEXT OF THE BIBLE CANNOT BE RECOVERED” (R.M. Grant, “The Bible of Theophilus of Antioch,” Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 66, 1947, p. 173).
“The textual history that the Westcott-Hort text represents is no longer tenable in the light of newer discoveries and fuller textual analysis. In the effort to construct a congruent history, our failure suggests that WE HAVE LOST THE WAY, that WE HAVE REACHED A DEAD END, and that only a new and different insight will enable us to break through” (Kenneth Clark, “Today’s Problems,” New Testament Manuscript Studies, edited by Parvis and Wikgren, 1950, p. 161).
“...the optimism of the earlier editors has given way to that SKEPTICISM WHICH INCLINES TOWARDS REGARDING ‘THE ORIGINAL TEXT’ AS AN UNATTAINABLE MIRAGE” (G. Zuntz, The Text of the Epistles, 1953, p. 9).
“In general, THE WHOLE THING IS LIMITED TO PROBABILITY JUDGMENTS; the original text of the New Testament, according to its nature, must be and remain A HYPOTHESIS” (H. Greeven, Der Urtext des Neuen Testaments, 1960, p. 20, cited from Hills, The King James Version Defended, p. 67).
“...so far, the twentieth century has been a period characterized by GENERAL PESSIMISM ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF RECOVERING THE ORIGINAL TEXT BY OBJECTIVE CRITERIA” (H.H. Oliver, 1962, p. 308; cited from Eldon Epp, “Decision Points in New Testament Textual Criticism,” Studies in the Theory and Method of New Testament Textual Criticism, p. 25).
“The primary goal of New Testament textual study remains the recovery of what the New Testament writers wrote. We have already suggested that TO ACHIEVE THIS GOAL IS WELL NIGH IMPOSSIBLE. Therefore we must be content with what Reinhold Neibuhr and others have called, in other contexts, AN ‘IMPOSSIBLE POSSIBILITY’” (R.M. Grant, A Historical Introduction to the New Testament, 1963, p. 51).
“...every textual critic knows that this similarity of text indicates, rather, that WE HAVE MADE LITTLE PROGRESS IN TEXTUAL THEORY SINCE WESTCOTT-HORT; THAT WE SIMPLY DO NOT KNOW HOW TO MAKE A DEFINITIVE DETERMINATION AS TO WHAT THE BEST TEXT IS; THAT WE DO NOT HAVE A CLEAR PICTURE OF THE TRANSMISSION AND ALTERNATION OF THE TEXT IN THE FIRST FEW CENTURIES; and, accordingly, that the Westcott-Hort kind of text has maintained its dominant position largely by default” (Eldon J. Epp, “The Twentieth Century Interlude in New Testament Textual Criticism,” Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 43, 1974, pp. 390-391).
“...WE FACE A CRISIS OVER METHODOLOGY IN NT TEXTUAL CRITICISM. ... Von Soden and B.H. Streeter and a host of others announced and defended their theories of the NT text, but none has stood the tests of criticism or of time. ... following Westcott-Hort but beginning particularly with C.H. Turner (1923ff.), M.-J. Langrange (1935), G.D. Kilpatrick (1943ff.), A.F.J. Klijn (1949), and J.K. Elliott (1972ff.), A NEW CRISIS OF THE CRITERIA BECAME PROMINENT AND IS VERY MUCH WITH US TODAY: a duel between external and internal criteria and the widespread UNCERTAINTY AS TO PRECISELY WHAT KIND OF COMPROMISE OUGHT TO OR CAN BE WORKED OUT between them. The temporary ‘cease-fire’ that most--but certainly not all--textual critics have agreed upon is called ‘moderate’ or ‘reasoned’ eclecticism’ ... the literature of the past two or three decades is replete with controversy over the eclectic method, or at least is abundant with evidence of THE FRUSTRATION THAT ACCOMPANIES ITS USE...” (Eldon Epp, “Decision Points in New Testament Textual Criticism,” Studies in the Theory and Method of New Testament Textual Criticism, 1993, pp. 39-41).
“...every textual critic knows that this similarity of text indicates, rather, that we have made little progress in textual theory since Westcott-Hort; that WE SIMPLY DO NOT KNOW HOW TO MAKE A DEFINITIVE DETERMINATION AS TO WHAT THE BEST TEXT IS; that we do not have a clear picture of the transmission and alteration of the text in the first few centuries; and, accordingly, that the Westcott-Hort kind of text has maintained its dominant position largely by default” (Eldon Epp, “The Twentieth-Century Interlude in NT Textual Criticism,” Studies in the Theory and Method of New Testament Textual Criticism, p. 87).
“...we no longer think of Westcott-Hort’s ‘Neutral’ text as neutral; we no longer think of their ‘Western’ text as western or as uniting the textual elements they selected; and, of course, we no longer think so simplistically or so confidently about recovering ‘the New Testament in the Original Greek.’ ... WE REMAIN LARGELY IN THE DARK as to how we might reconstruct the textual history that has left in its wake--in the form of MSS and fragments--numerous pieces of a puzzle that we seem incapable of fitting together. Westcott-Hort, von Soden, and others had sweeping theories (which we have largely rejected) to undergird their critical texts, but we seem now to have no such theories and no plausible sketches of the early history of the text that are widely accepted. What progress, then, have we made? Are we more advanced than our predecessors when, after showing their theories to be unacceptable, we offer no such theories at all to vindicate our accepted text?” (Epp, “A Continuing Interlude in NT Textual Criticism,” Studies in the Theory and Method of New Testament Textual Criticism, pp. 114, 115).
“As New Testament textual criticism moves into the twenty-first century, it must shed whatever remains of its innocence, for nothing is simple anymore. Modernity may have led many to assume that a straightforward goal of reaching a single original text of the New Testament--or even a text as close as possible to that original--was achievable. Now, however, REALITY AND MATURITY REQUIRE THAT TEXTUAL CRITICISM FACE UNSETTLING FACTS, CHIEF AMONG THEM THAT THE TERM ‘ORIGINAL’ HAS EXPLODED INTO A COMPLEX AND HIGHLY UNMANAGEABLE MULTIVALENT ENTITY. Whatever tidy boundaries textual criticism may have presumed in the past have now been shattered, and its parameters have moved markedly not only to the rear and toward the front, but also sideways, as fresh dimensions of originality emerge from behind the variant readings and from other manuscript phenomena” (E. Jay Epps, “The Multivalence of the Term ‘Original Text’ In New Testament Textual Criticism,” Harvard Theological Review, 1999, Vol. 92, No. 3, pp. 245-281; this article is based on a paper presented at the New Testament Textual Criticism Section, Society of Biblical Literature Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, November 1998).
The situation with modern textual criticism likened to that of Darwinian evolution
It is evident that the situation in the field of modern textual criticism is similar to that of Darwinian evolution. While many of the chief principles of Darwin and his early followers have been refuted or seriously challenged, such as the theory that life could spontaneously arise or that natural selection could account for life as we know it or that man descended from apes, the superstructure of Darwinian evolution remains strangely unshaken. Likewise, modern textual criticism in 21st century sits firmly upon the foundation laid by its architects of the 19th, and even as the foundational principles have been disproved (e.g., a Lucian Recension, the existence of a neutral text, the reliability of intrinsic and transcriptional probability) the superstructure remains largely and strangely unshaken. In the case of Darwinian evolution, the chief thing that was rejected in the beginning was the doctrine of a Creator, and regardless of how devastatingly the foundational principles of Darwinian evolution are disproved, contemporary adherents of evolution refuse to reconsider the doctrine of a Creator or any form of Intelligent Design. In the case of modern textual criticism, the chief thing that was rejected by Westcott and Hort and other early proponents was the Greek Received Text (and with it any practical doctrine of divine preservation), and regardless of how thoroughly the foundational principles of Westcott and Hort have been refuted by textual critics in the past 100 years, the children of Westcott and Hort refuse to take a new look at the Received Text. The reason is that the adherents of both disciplines refuse to admit that they must approach these subjects by faith in God and by faith alone, that they can never know the truth about creation or the Bible apart from faith in the divine revelation. Any other foundation is shifting sand.
2. Modern textual criticism has resulted in “the tyranny of the experts.”
“The critical point of departure had been made [with the ascendancy of the Westcott-Hort Text]. No longer was the majority of the Greek manuscripts, preserved by the churches, the basis for recognizing the original reading. From now on, the learned professors would deliver the Christian world from their ‘blindness and ignorance.’ By their scholarly expertise they would deliver to the churches a purer text of the N.T. Dr. Machen called this kind of scholarship ‘the tyranny of the experts.’ Now the ‘experts’ would rule over the churches and decide for them which variant reading was the acceptable one. After Westcott and Hort, the Pandora’s box had been opened. As a result, all the evils of German rationalism began to tear at the foundation of the Faith, the Holy Scriptures. This ‘wrestling’ of the Scriptures has continued on until this day in both the higher and lower forms of textual criticism. The situation today involves almost as many different texts of the Greek N.T. as there are scholars. Each ‘scholar’ decides for himself what he will or will not accept as the Word of God. It comes down to two choices. We can accept the text handed down by the churches for nearly two thousand years or accept the findings of modern scholars, no two of which agree. If we go with the scholars, there is no one text that is accepted by all of them. Confusion reigns among the scholars. There is no standard” (Charles Turner, Why the King James Version, p. 9; Turner is the founder of the Baptist Bible Translators Institute of Bowie, Texas).
3. Because of modern textual criticism, the certainty and dogmatism of a settled biblical text has been replaced with the uncertainty of conflicting texts.
This is true for the New Testament. Westcott and Hort’s principles that gave us the critical Greek text in 1881 have undergone continual modification throughout the 20th century and into the 21st, and the Greek Testament based on those theories has also continually shifted, with a subsequent change in the translations based on it. The 3rd edition of the UBS Greek New Testament differed from the 2nd edition three years earlier in more than 500 places, and the same five textual critics made those changes.
The same is true for the Old Testament. With the introduction of textual theories whereby the Hebrew Masoretic text was dethroned, the Old Testament has undergone continual revision on the basis of the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Greek Septuagint, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Latin Vulgate, the Syriac Peshitta, the Targums, the Symmachus and Theodotion Greek translations of the Old Testament, and other sources. These are the sources listed in the Preface to the 1978 New International Version as the basis for the NIV O.T. translation (pp. viii, xi). Dr. Donald Waite observes: “The NIV editors have very honestly and very boldly altered the foundations of our Old Testament text in the above fifteen DIFFERENT WAYS, whenever it suited their fancy! You don't know at what point they’ve used one document to contradict the Masoretic Hebrew text, and at what point they used another document” (Waite, Defending the King James Bible). According to Dr. Waite’s calculations, the 1937 Hebrew text by Rudolph Kittel (Biblia Hebraica) and the 1977 Stuttgart edition of the Hebrew Old Testament (Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia) contain footnotes listing some 20,000 to 30,000 textual changes. Even the New King James Bible, which professes to follow the same textual foundation as the King James Bible, follows instead an eclectic Old Testament, modifying the Hebrew Masoretic with the Septuagint, the Latin Vulgate, “a variety of ancient versions,” and the Dead Sea Scrolls (New King James Bible, Preface). As with the New Testament, those who are doing the revision of the Old Testament do not agree in their principles or their conclusions. Consider one area of O.T. textual evidence, that of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The first of these was discovered in a cave near the Dead Sea in 1947, with subsequent finds in nearby caves. The first finds supported the Masoretic text but subsequent finds unearthed some O.T. manuscripts that differ from the Masoretic. Textual scholars do not agree on many important points touching these manuscripts, not even their date. G.R. Driver (1965) disagreed with Burrows, Albright, and Cross, claiming that the Dead Sea Scrolls were written in the first two centuries A.D., rather than B.C. This is brought out in the book Second Thoughts on the Dead Sea Scrolls (1956) by F.F. Bruce. The very title of the book exposes the fact that the textual scholars disagree and that their conclusions are in flux.
4. The contemporary doctrine of eclecticism has elevated the Bible student as the master of the text and has resulted in a massive decline in the authority of the Scriptures in this generation.
The concept of dogmatic interpretation and preaching has faded greatly because of this damnable principle. In a typical Bible study in a church that has bought into eclecticism, every individual is an authority unto his or herself as to what Greek manuscript or Greek text or English translation to follow in any given instance. There is no dogmatic authority for any statement, because someone can always come up with an alternative reading. This same principle has greatly weakened the authority of Bible preaching. I recall a visit in August 2003 to Saddleback Church in southern California, where Rick Warren of “Purpose Driven Church” fame is senior pastor. I observed on the way into the auditorium that only a few people carried Bibles, and the reason became clear when I saw the bewildering multiplicity of versions that were used in the preaching. An outline of the sermon was handed out with the bulletin, and six or seven versions were quoted, most of them loose paraphrases or dynamic equivalencies such as the Living Bible, the New Living Translation, The Message, Today’s English Version, and the Contemporary English Version. It would be impossible to follow along in one’s Bible. The result is that the people do not bring their own Bibles and do not therefore carefully test the preaching. How could they, when any biblical statement they would attempt to examine has dozens of variations?
5. The uncertainty produced by modern textual criticism has given ammunition to the enemies of the Bible.
They recognize, even if the evangelicals and fundamentalists who have adopted textual criticism don’t, that an array of conflicting texts and versions undermines the doctrine of divine inspiration and preservation.
6. Modern textual criticism has led many into theological modernism.
Dr. Edward Hills, who was trained in textual criticism at the doctorate level at Harvard, observed this phenomenon. “... the logic of naturalistic textual criticism leads to complete modernism, to a naturalistic view not only of the biblical text but also of the Bible as a whole and of the Christian faith. For if it is right to ignore the providential preservation of the Scriptures in the study of the New Testament text, why isn’t it right to go farther in the same direction? Why isn’t it right to ignore other divine aspects of the Bible? Why isn’t it right to ignore the divine inspiration of the Scriptures when discussing the authenticity of the Gospel of John or the Synoptic problem or the authorship of the Pentateuch? ... Impelled by this remorseless logic, many an erstwhile conservative Bible student has become entirely modernistic in his thinking. But he does not acknowledge that he has departed from the Christian faith. For from his point of view he has not. He has merely traveled farther down the same path which he began to tread when first he studied naturalistic textual criticism of the Westcott and Hort type, perhaps at some conservative theological seminary. From his point of view his orthodox former professors are curiously inconsistent. They use the naturalistic method in the area of New Testament textual criticism and then drop it most illogically, like something too hot to handle, when they come to other departments of biblical study” (Edward F. Hills, The King James Version Defended).
The theological danger inherent within the practice of textual criticism was admitted more recently from the liberal side by E. Jay Epps of Harvard Divinity School: “Nor (for those who choose to work within a theological framework) is textual criticism a ‘safe’ discipline -- a phrase I have heard for four decades -- that can be practiced without challenge to theological convictions or without risk to faith commitments or truth assertions. I DOUBT THAT IT EVER WAS ‘SAFE’ -- AT LEAST FOR ANY WHO HAVE THOUGHT THROUGH THE IMPLICATIONS OF OUR MYRIAD VARIATION UNITS, WITH THEIR INNUMERABLE COMPETING READINGS AND CONCEPTIONS, AS WELL AS THE THEOLOGICAL MOTIVATIONS THAT ARE EVIDENT IN SO MANY. BUT IF IT HAS BEEN A ‘SAFE’ DISCIPLINE, IT IS SAFE NO MORE. ... Any who embrace it as a vocation will find its intellectual challenges to have been increased a hundredfold by its enlarged boundaries and broadened horizons, which extend into codicology and papyrology and also into related early Christian, classical, literary, and sociological fields, all of which favor accommodation of the richness of the manuscript tradition, WITH ITS MULTIPLICITY OF TEXTS AND ITS MULTIVALENT ORIGINALS, RATHER THAN THE MYOPIC QUEST FOR A SINGLE ORIGINAL TEXT. Both broad training and knowledge, and A CAPACITY TO TOLERATE AMBIGUITY will be high on the list of requisite qualifications for its practitioners” (E. Jay Epps, “The Multivalence of the Term ‘Original Text’ In New Testament Textual Criticism,” Harvard Theological Review, 1999, Vol. 92, No. 3, pp. 245-281; this article is based on a paper presented at the New Testament Textual Criticism Section, Society of Biblical Literature Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, November 1998).
This is a loud warning to those who have ears to hear. What Epps did not say is that all of the many fields into which the modern textual critic is led are dominated today by theological skeptics, and the evangelical or fundamentalist who follows this course is disobeying the Bible by not separating from heretics and is in dire danger of spiritual shipwreck. “Be not deceived: evil communications corrupt good manners” (1 Cor. 15:33).
7. Modern textual criticism has furthered the ecumenical movement by bringing Protestants, Baptists, and Catholics together in the field of Bible texts and translation. This is a powerful exhibit of the unscriptural fruit of modern textual criticsm:
Whereas the Roman Catholic Church never accepted the Greek Received Text or the Protestant versions based on it and indeed it put translators such as William Tyndale and John Rogers to death, Rome has readily accepted the critical text. Note the following statement by a Roman Catholic: “Catholics should work together with Protestants in the fundamental task of biblical translation...[They can] work very well together and HAVE THE SAME APPROACH AND INTERPRETATION...[This] signals a new age in the church” (Patrick Henry, New Directions in New Testament Study, Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1979, pp. 232-234).
The papal proclamation “Divine afflante Spiritu” in 1943 called for an ecumenical Bible. “[T]hese translations [should] be produced in cooperation with separated brothers” (New American Bible, New York: World Publishing Co., 1970, p. vii).
In fact, Rome has conformed its own Vulgate to the modern critical text. In 1965, Pope Paul VI authorized the publication of a new Latin Vulgate, with the Latin text conformed to the United Bible Societies Greek New Testament (Michael de Semlyen, All Roads Lead to Rome, p. 201). It was published in 1979 by the German Bible Society.
In 1966 the Revised Standard Version was published in the “Roman Catholic Edition.” This version included the apocryphal books inserted among the books of the Old Testament and incorporated Catholic readings such as “full of grace” in Luke 1:28. As a result, the chief editor of the RSV, Luther Weigle, was rewarded the “Papal Knighthood of St. Gregory the Great” in 1966 by Pope Paul VI (Peter Thuesen, In Discordance with the Scriptures: American Protestant Battles over Translating the Bible, 1999, p. 142).
Since 1967, Cardinal Carlo Martini has been on the editorial committee for the United Bible Societies Greek New Testament.
In October 1969, for the first time in its history the Church of England authorized a Catholic Bible for use in its services. The Full Synod of Canterbury Convocation authorized The Jerusalem Bible, which was published in 1966 with the imprimatur of Cardinal Heenan.
In 1973 the Ecumenical Edition of the Revised Standard Version was published. Also called the “Common Bible,” a copy was presented personally to Pope Paul VI by Bruce Metzger, Herbert May, and others. Metzger described this as follows: “In a private audience granted to a small group, comprising the Greek Orthodox Archbishop Athenagoras, Lady Priscilla and Sir William Collins, Herbert G. May, and the present writer, POPE PAUL ACCEPTED THE RSV ‘COMMON’ BIBLE AS A SIGNIFICANT STEP IN FURTHERING ECUMENICAL RELATIONS AMONG THE CHURCHES” (Metzger, “The RSV-Ecumenical Edition,” Theology Today, October 1977).
The Bible Societies translation projects today are “interconfessional.” In 1987 a formal agreement was made between the Roman Catholic Church and the United Bible Societies that the critical Greek New Testament will be used for all future translations, both Catholic and Protestant (Guidelines for International Cooperation in Translating the Bible, Rome, 1987, p. 5). (For more about ecumenical translations see our book Unholy Hands on God’s Holy Book, available from Way of Life Literature.)
copyright 2013, Way of Life Literature
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The criticism of Marshall’s theory of value in the Cambridge Lectures by Sraffa: advancements and incompleteness
In the Lectures delivered in Cambridge between 1928 and 1931, Sraffa developed a radical criticism of Marshall’s theory of cost and value. Sraffa criticized the thesis that Marshall’s theory could be conceived as a synthesis of the theories of Classical economists and the theories of value based on marginal utility, that became dominant since the 1870s. At that time, this thesis was dominant in Cambridge and all over the academic world. Sraffa’s criticism was based on a reconstruction of the evolution of the notion of cost, which was at the basis of the change that, according to the dominant interpretation of the unpublished manuscripts, occurred in Sraffa’s position between the summer of 1927 and the spring of 1928. A comparison between the criticism of Marshall’s theory proposed in the lectures and that proposed in the 1925 and 1926 articles is meaningful. In the articles Sraffa developed a criticism of the Marshallian theory of value but there he fundamentally accepted the framework and the method of Marshallian analysis of demand and supply. The criticism proposed in the Lectures is however remarkable also for its incompleteness. It is based on Sraffa’s interpretation of the debate on the ultimate standard of value originated by Marshall’s Principles. If regarded in the light of his more mature contributions, and of the work of reconstruction of the history of thought based on his whole contribution, Sraffa’s interpretation at that time was still partial because he did not clearly understand the necessary connection between the theory of value and the theory of income distribution. This connection is crucial both for Classical and Marginalist theories of value, but was obscured in the debate on the ultimate standard by the method of partial equilibria developed by Marshall. The incompleteness of Sraffa’s criticism of Marshall is thus a further evidence of his former, albeit critical, adhesion to the general framework of Marshallian analysis.
Area:
Keywords: Sraffa's Cambridge Lecture, Marshall, Classical political economy and marginalism. | https://www.eshet-conference.net/madrid/ed2018/papers/297/ |
Why would you publish such a quote? Either someone has ham-handedly juxtaposed his quotes from different contexts or left out the essential middle or else Coyne himself does not think logically. The conclusion is a non sequitur; it does not follow from the premises.
Coyne clearly does think logically, but the first paragraph was not intended as a premise on which the second paragraph was based. Both paragraphs are conclusions which he logically based on information not included in the quote.
Why publish it? Maybe because it’s true?
Have you sent that email off to Hamster yet? Or do you only pester bloggers?
Actually, it’s not *entirely* true. As pointed out by commenters in the FaceBook group “Celebrating Creation by Natural Selection”, evolutionary theory tells us absolutely nothing about the *origin* of life, and definitely not the universe. Evolutionary theory tells us what happened *after* the origin of life, how the original prokaryotic cells diversified into humans and plants and all other species on Earth. The origins of life and the universe are beyond the realm of evolution, into physics, chemistry, astronomy, cosmology, and so on.
Yes indeed. But one thing’s for sure: it’s more true (i.e. more scientifically accurate) than anything that ever came out of Ken Hamster’s mouth!
Someone suggested that it is from the movie Religulous. Can someone track down where he said this? I’m increasingly starting to think that, if it really is what Coyne said, it was him speaking and running some things together. His point about science and the Bible is so important that I didn’t make a fuss about the other difficulty at first. But it does deserve to be addressed.
I’ll take this Coyne scientist to the Jerry one any day.
Modern scientific evolutionary theory is the best explanation we have of the origin of the universe and all life in it.
Its no more right when said by someone ‘on our side’.
I’m starting to wonder whether the quote is authentic or is at best compressed from a longer statement, resulting in that mistake. I can’t seem to find the source.
Maybe he means the theories are evolutionary, i.e. change in response to new evidence?
For the record, I was being a little facetious in my remark.
The problem is that ‘evolutionary theory’ almost always (and, pretty much always when context doesn’t say otherwise) means the theory (or, perhaps more accurately, theories) in use in evolutionary biology.
Conflating this with cosmogony (and considerations about why physics is the way it is and the anthropic principles, which are much more speculative and, it could be argued, are more philosophy than science) for whatever reason is pretty misleading. Evolutionary biology is an independent field, with independent evidence for the theories involved, which stands or falls (but almost certainly stands) independently of cosmogony.
Mainstream cosmogony, while it has a fair degree of empirical support, is much more speculative than evolutionary biology, to the point where there’s a chance we could be completely wrong about it.
Origins of life could be considered a topic in evolutionary biology (just), but is probably better considered a seperate field, too, and it’s extremely speculative.
Lumping all of these things together (along with materialism and atheism) is something that young earth creationists do, which allows them to throw the baby out with the bathwater, so to speak: biological evolution gets rejected because no-one has a completely convincing explanation for why the universe happened.
So, it may not be correct, but people do use the analogy, right or wrong. To me, people make these connections because of their addressing either the strong, or weak, anthropic principle. For right or wrong.
There’s nothing wrong with such speculations, but one should make it clear, especially when addressing the general public, that (1) they’re highly speculative, and (2) they’re not the same subject at all as evolutionary biology.
Maybe multiverses are the ‘best explanation’ we have for the universe, but it’s not a well-established, empirically grounded theory that has proved superior to any rival theory. Just saying it’s the ‘best explanation’ kind of implies that it’s a good explanation with solid support, which it isn’t.
Scientists and others who communicate about such things need to be very careful about expressing how well-established a theory is. People (even scientists sometimes) aren’t very good at distinguishing between established scientific facts, plausible hypotheses with some evidential support, and way-out ideas that might just be true.
Lumping them all together as ‘science’ can go wrong in two directions: thinking that the way-out ideas are science (which they might be!) and therefore true (and they probably aren’t) or thinking that science asserts these way-out ideas that end up being false, and therefore all of science is suspect.
If Smolin’s idea is right, then it’s not necessarily inappropriate to call it natural selection, particularly if the universes somehow pass on ‘genetic’ information (values of fundamental constants, maybe?) to their progeny. Just so long as it’s made clear that we have no idea whether this notion is correct or not, and it’s not somehow part of a package deal with evolutionary biology. | https://www.patheos.com/blogs/religionprof/2014/01/father-george-coyne-on-the-bible-and-science.html |
Neoclassical Literary Criticism. Neoclassicism refers to a broad tendency in literature and art enduring from the early 17th C. until around 1750. • The Renaissance in general could be regarded as a neoclassical period, in that ancient works were considered the surest models for modern greatness.
Study of Classical Criticism gives insight to a student into the critical way of thinking. By studying Classical Criticism students get sense and understanding about how the literary theories increase his/her capacities to think critically without the bias or prejudice or preconceived notions.
Also Know, what can you say about neo classical period? Neoclassical architecture is characterized by grandeur of scale, simplicity of geometric forms, Greek—especially Doric (see order)—or Roman detail, dramatic use of columns, and a preference for blank walls. The new taste for antique simplicity represented a general reaction to the excesses of the Rococo style.
Moreover, what is the neoclassical model?
Neoclassical economics is a broad theory that focuses on supply and demand as the driving forces behind the production, pricing, and consumption of goods and services. It emerged in around 1900 to compete with the earlier theories of classical economics.
What are the neoclassical ideals?
Dramatic unities of time, place, and action; division of plays into five acts; purity of genre; and the concepts of decorum and verisimilitude were taken as rules of playwriting, particularly by French dramatists. principles make up what came to be called the neoclassical ideal.
What is classical theory?
The Classical Theory of Concepts. The classical theory implies that every complex concept has a classical analysis, where a classical analysis of a concept is a proposition giving metaphysically necessary and jointly sufficient conditions for being in the extension across possible worlds for that concept.
What is the purpose of literary criticism?
The critic’s specific purpose may be to make value judgements on a work, to explain his or her interpretation of the work, or to provide other readers with relevant historical or biographical information. The critic’s general purpose, in most cases, is to enrich the reader’s understanding of the literary work.
When did literary criticism start?
However, the modern sense of “literary theory” only dates to approximately the 1950s when the structuralist linguistics of Ferdinand de Saussure began to strongly influence English language literary criticism.
Who are the classical critics?
The Classical and medieval periods Plato: Ion, Republic, Cratylus. Aristotle: Poetics, Rhetoric. Horace: Art of Poetry. Longinus: On the Sublime. Plotinus: On the Intellectual Beauties. St. Augustine: On Christian Doctrine. Boethius: The Consolation of Philosophy. Aquinas: The Nature and Domain of Sacred Doctrine.
What is new in New Criticism?
New Criticism. New Criticism emphasizes explication, or “close reading,” of “the work itself.” It rejects old historicism’s attention to biographical and sociological matters.
What is romantic criticism?
Romantic criticism is creative. It is as much the result of imagination as works of literature. Critics express their views after entering imaginatively into the thoughts and feelings of the writers whose works they may be examining.
What is classical theory in literature?
literary theory and the classics. Western literary theory is a long-established series of attempts to make sense of literary practice and experience over three millennia. There are at least four ways in which theory and the classics are significantly interconnected. (i) Theory itself begins in classical antiquity.
Which kind of literary criticism focuses on literary devices?
Formalism and New Criticism “Formalism” is, as the name implies, an interpretive approach that emphasizes literary form and the study of literary devices within the text. The work of the Formalists had a general impact on later developments in “Structuralism” and other theories of narrative.
Who is the founder of neoclassical theory?
Adam Smith
What are the major differences between classical and neoclassical theory?
o The main difference between classical and neoclassical economics lies in the concept of utility. In classical economics, utility is conspicuously absent in theories of value, labor and growth. In the classical school, equilibrium was a function of wages and interest wages rather than supply and demand.
What are the main differences between classical and neoclassical theories?
“The classical school emphasizes production of goods and services as the key focus of economic analysis. Neoclassical economics focuses on how individuals operate within an economy. As such, the neoclassical school emphasizes the exchange of goods and services as the key focus of economic analysis.”
What is difference between classical and neoclassical economics?
Answer and Explanation: Classical Economics holds that prices, wages, and rates are flexible and the market always clear. As there is no unemployment, growth depends upon the supply of production factors whereas Neoclassical economics assumes that people have a rational expectation and strive to maximize their utility.
Who is the father of modern economics?
Adam Smith
Who is the father of neoclassical economics? | https://smithharris.org/what-is-neo-classical-criticism/ |
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麦肯锡
文本社会学
实物目录学
文学批评
演绎法
英文关键词
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Donald FMcKenzie
Sociology of texts
Material bibliography
Literary criticism
Deduction
基金项目
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作者
单位
李明杰
武汉大学信息管理学院 武汉430072
李瑞龙
武汉大学信息管理学院 武汉430072
摘要点击次数
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53
全文下载次数
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33
中文摘要
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以齐马提出的文本“互文性”为基础,麦肯锡的文本社会学强调文本包括书籍以外的其他非书籍的物质形态,而这些物质形态保存了人类社会在印刷、阅读、收藏和校订等活动中留下的各种印记。对文本物质形态的制作及使用过程的历史考察,构成了实物目录学的重要内容。麦肯锡的文本社会学理论将文本的物质形态与文本意义紧密结合在一起,跨越了目录学和文学批评的界限。一方面超越了以格雷格为代表的只关注文本内容的“纯粹”的目录学理论；另一方面指出研究文本形式的表达功能对文学批评的价值。在研究方法上,麦肯锡针对目录学界长期习惯使用的归纳法在逻辑上的不足,提出以演绎法取而代之。麦肯锡文本社会学理论和方法对欧美书籍史和阅读史研究产生了深远的影响。参考文献23。
英文摘要
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In history of books and reading,McKenzie's sociology of texts is a widely accepted theory. This theory mainly stemmed from bibliography but assimilated ideas of literary criticism,the Annales and Saussurean Linguistics. Basing on Zima's intertextuality theory,McKenzie's sociology of texts thought emphasizes that the material forms of books and non-book texts both as texts contain marks of printing,reading,collection and revision. This theory has combined the physical forms and meaning of texts,associated bibliography with literary criticism,and broadened the research field of Physical Bibliography. As an interdisciplinary theory,it opened up a new school of history of book and reading study that focused on the relationship of readers,physical forms and meaning of texts in the 1980s to the 1990s.
According to the study of printing process in the 17th and the 18th centuries in England,McKenzie concluded the principle of printing as “concurrent production”,which means that the printing process was in a complex and highly volatile contexts,and this principle should apply to production of all kinds of texts. McKenzie's sociology of texts transcended the “pure” bibliography. Some bibliographers like Greg concerned only the symbolic meaning within texts,which was considered as fixed,and their study excluded the affections which were not from authors. However,McKenzie stated that if a medium in any sense effected a message,then bibliography could not exclude from its own proper concerns the relation between form,function,and symbolic meaning. Furthermore,the texts McKenzie studied were not only written or printed signs on pieces of paper or parchment,but also oral,visual and digital forms. All forms of texts could be object of bibliography. At the same time,sociology of texts claimed the role of physical forms in literary criticism. Before McKenzie,literary criticism mostly considered texts as self-contained,which could reveal themselves. So texts were always studied separately,or with a specific element like authors or readers. This study could not reveal the structures and connections within texts. McKenzie thought that except for texts themselves,authors,readers and text forms also mattered in the construction and understanding of textual meaning. He tried to associate bibliography with literary criticism,and promote a comprehensive study of texts.
Along with the new idea of “concurrent production”,McKenzie also suggested that bibliography needed a new methodology. He thought that as a bibliographical methodology,deduction applied more than induction. Bibliography was characterized by multiple and ingenious hypotheses,and a narrow range of theories was less likely to embrace the complex possibilities of organization within even a quite small printing house. Truths derived by induction were always vulnerable and subject to modification when new evidence came to hand. With deduction,distinctions of different cases may be entertained,and the hypothetical nature of bibliography could be retained. By insisting on the rigorous test,deductive procedures would bring a healthy critical spirit into the subject.
This paper is a review of McKenzie's sociology of texts based on McKenzie's book Bibliography and Sociology of Texts ,a collection of his essays Making Meaning:“Printers of the Mind” and Other Essaysand reference to relevant studies of other western scholars. 23 refs. | http://ztxb.net.cn/jtlsc/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20200408&flag=1 |
What is the purpose of building a theory
1.
Theory provides concepts to name what we observe and to explain relationships between concepts.
Theory allows us to explain what we see and to figure out how to bring about change.
Theory is a tool that enables us to identify a problem and to plan a means for altering the situation..
What is a theory in your own words
A theory is a group of linked ideas intended to explain something. … They can be tested to provide support for, or challenge, the theory. The word ‘theory’ has several meanings: a guess or speculation. a law about things which cannot be seen directly, such as electrons or evolution.
What makes a good theory
A good theory in the theoretical sense is (1) consistent with empirical observations; is (2) precise, (3) parsimonious, (4) explanatorily broad, and (5) falsifiable; and (6) promotes scientific progress (among others; Table 1.1).
How is a theory made
Scientific theories are created through the process of the scientific method. Observation and research lead to a hypothesis, which is then tested. … Over time, a hypothesis can become a scientific theory if it continues to be supported by additional research.
What is theory in simple words
When you have a theory, you have a set of beliefs or principles that might not be proven yet. … A theory is a set of accepted beliefs or organized principles that explain and guide analysis and one of the ways that theory is defined is that it is different from practice, when certain principles are tested.
What is theory explain
A theory is a well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world that can incorporate laws, hypotheses and facts. … A theory not only explains known facts; it also allows scientists to make predictions of what they should observe if a theory is true. Scientific theories are testable.
What are the two functions of a theory
The major function of theory is to describe, explain, and predict behavior. Theory is heuristic for it stimulates and guides the further development of knowledge. 5. In general Theory is concerned with the systematic description and explanation of a particular phenomenon.
What comes first theory or practice
Historically, practice was first and theory got extracted from it. The purpose of theory is to make you a good musician more quickly than through mere practice. When it comes to learning your trade, I believe that music theory is an important core of your skills.
What are examples of theory
The definition of a theory is an idea to explain something, or a set of guiding principles. Einstein’s ideas about relativity are an example of the theory of relativity. The scientific principles of evolution that are used to explain human life are an example of the theory of evolution.
How do you understand a theory
How to Read TheoryRead theoretical systems. Theories assume a perspective and elaborate that perspective. Try to understand that perspective comprehensively. … Read lines of inquiry. Theoretical work also proceeds one problem at a time. Theorists consider problems they see in the theory and work to address those problems.
What are the three types of theory
Zetterberg (1965) discusses four types of theory in sociology: Theory as classics; Theory as criticism; Taxonomic theory; and Scientific theory. Each of these types has rough parallels in social education and may be used to guide research.
What are the levels of theory
Theory in the human sciences has been used to delineate and legitimate the emerging disciplines and substantiate knowledge development. There are 4 levels of theoretical thinking in nursing: meta-theory, grand theory, middle-range theory, and micro-range theory.
What is theory in general
1 : a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena the wave theory of light. 2a : a belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action her method is based on the theory that all children want to learn.
Are theories proven
A scientific theory is not the end result of the scientific method; theories can be proven or rejected, just like hypotheses. Theories can be improved or modified as more information is gathered so that the accuracy of the prediction becomes greater over time.
What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory
In scientific reasoning, a hypothesis is an assumption made before any research has been completed for the sake of testing. A theory on the other hand is a principle set to explain phenomena already supported by data.
What is the difference between a hypothesis a theory and a law
A hypothesis is a limited explanation of a phenomenon; a scientific theory is an in-depth explanation of the observed phenomenon. A law is a statement about an observed phenomenon or a unifying concept, according to Kennesaw State University. … However, Newton’s law doesn’t explain what gravity is, or how it works.
What is theory of change Example
Theory of Change Definition For example, it has been assumed that improving the educational outcomes of children in a region will lead to the community’s ability to adapt to new agricultural practices when these children reach adulthood, thereby improving the yield of mint. | https://about-island.com/qa/quick-answer-how-is-a-theory-constructed.html |
DM (new) and SM (used currently)
Dynamic Model of Elementary Particles (DM), put forward first in 1996 by L. Kreidik and G. Shpenkov in the book “Alternative Picture of the World”, has turned out to be a clue of many mysteries of nature.
This model gave already answers to many principal questions of modern physics exceeding all expectations. It essentially surpasses new models of elementary particles, including string models. The latter is feverishly developing all over the world for the replacement of the Standard Model (SM) dominated currently in physics. Possibilities of the SM are limited (and fully exhausted) that essentially restrains the further development of physics.
A principal peculiarity of the DM is that it regards any elementary particle as a dynamic microobject, namely as a spherical microformation of wave space pulsing with strictly fixed fundamental frequencies – ultimately high and ultimately low. Exchange of matter-space-time on these frequencies defines all types of their interactions (referred to as fundamental).
An analysis of advantages of the DM shows that we are on a new way of principle in our understanding of the structure of matter. On this way, we say goodbye to mathematical abstractions, which filled up the theoretical physics, and return to clear logically non-contradictory physical images.
All details concerning the DM one can find in References attached to the end of the Comparative Table (presented here in ).
George P. Shpenkov
March 4, 2006
“Louis de Broglie passed on his profound belief in the fact that no theory and no hypothesis are established once and for all and that therefore no criticism and no new ideas can be rejected without first having been thoroughly debated.
He rose against of directed research and underlined the importance of freedom in the field of scientific research and the necessity to reexamine commonly accepted theories and principles without reservations”
De Georges Lochak
(Prefaces et notes complementaires to
"Heisenberg’s Uncertainties and the Probabilistic Interpretation of Wave Mechanics" | https://shpenkov.com/dmds.html |
… an excellent introduction to an interesting and ongoing field of research in physics for those who have some knowledge of quantum theory. -A. Davies, Australian and New Zealand Physicist
… a splendid book … a good reference for current undergraduates...
The Origin and Evolution of the Solar System begins by describing historical, i.e. pre-1950, theories and illustrating why they became unacceptable. The main part then critically examines five extant theories, including the current paradigm, the Solar Nebula Theory, to determine how well they fit with accepted scientific principles and...
Do you know: · What might happen if you fall into a black hole? · That the Universe does not have an edge? · That the reason it gets dark at night is proof of the Big Bang? · That cosmic particles time-travel through the atmosphere defying death? · That our past, present and future might all coexist...
It is an entertaining introduction to the field for both specialists and the more general... | https://www.pdfchm.net/publisher/taylor-fransis/ |
It believes in stimulating the innate human capacity for healing, empowering patients in their own care, while providing them with choices in healthcare that are proven to be safe and effective.
Northwestern University This paper focuses on Freud's revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis and whether psychoanalysis should be considered a "great" idea in personality. The fundamental principles of the theory are developed and explained.
In addition, the views of experts are reviewed, and many of the criticisms and strengths of various aspects of Freud's theory are examined and explained. Upon consideration, the author considers psychoanalysis to be a valuable theory despite its weaknesses because it is comprehensive, serendipitous, innovative, and has withstood the test of time.
Consequently, the author contends that psychoanalysis is indeed a "great" idea in personality. As a therapy, psychoanalysis is based on the concept that individuals are unaware of the many factors that Psychological research and scientific method past papers their behavior and emotions.
These unconscious factors have the potential to produce unhappiness, which in turn is expressed through a score of distinguishable symptoms, including disturbing personality traits, difficulty in relating to others, or disturbances in self-esteem or general disposition American Psychoanalytic Association, Psychoanalytic treatment is highly individualized and seeks to show how the unconscious factors affect behavior patterns, relationships, and overall mental health.
Treatment traces the unconscious factors to their origins, shows how they have evolved and developed over the course of many years, and subsequently helps individuals to overcome the challenges they face in life National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis, In addition to being a therapy, psychoanalysis is a method of understanding mental functioning and the stages of growth and development.
Psychoanalysis is a general theory of individual human behavior and experience, and it has both contributed to and been enriched by many other disciplines. Psychoanalysis seeks to explain the complex relationship between the body and the mind and furthers the understanding of the role of emotions in medical illness and health.
In addition, psychoanalysis is the basis of many other approaches to therapy. Many insights revealed by psychoanalytic treatment have formed the basis for other treatment programs in child psychiatry, family therapy, and general psychiatric practice Farrell,p.
The value and validity of psychoanalysis as a theory and treatment have been questioned since its inception in the early s.
Critics dispute many aspects of psychoanalysis including whether or not it is indeed a science; the value of the data upon which Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, based his theories; and the method and effectiveness of psychoanalytic treatment. There has been much criticism as well as praise regarding psychoanalysis over the years, but a hard look at both the positive and negative feedback of critics of psychoanalysis shows, in my opinion, that psychoanalysis is indeed a "great idea" in personality that should not be overlooked.
The Origins of Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud was the first psychoanalyst and a true pioneer in the recognition of the importance of unconscious mental activity. His theories on the inner workings of the human mind, which seemed so revolutionary at the turn of the century, are now widely accepted by most schools of psychological thought.
InFreud coined the term "psychoanalysis," and for the next forty years of his life, he worked on thoroughly developing its main principles, objectives, techniques, and methodology. Freud's many writings detail many of his thoughts on mental life, including the structural theory of the mind, dream interpretation, the technique of psychoanalysis, and assorted other topics.
Eventually psychoanalysis began to thrive, and byit was established around the world as a flourishing movement.
Although for many years Freud had been considered a radical by many in his profession, he was soon accepted and well-known worldwide as a leading expert in psychoanalysis Gay,p. InFreud succumbed to cancer after a lifetime dedicated to psychological thought and the development of his many theories Gay,p.An old explanation of the moon illusion holds that various cues place the horizon moon at an effectively greater distance than the elevated moon.
Although both moons have the same angular size, the horizon moon must be perceived as larger. More recent explanations hold that differences in accommodation or other factors cause the elevated moon to appear smaller.
Struggling to find a psychology research paper topic? Check out our collection of ideas to spark your creativity and inspire your writing. Where to Locate Sources for Your Research Papers. Article. Depression Research Paper Topics.
List. How to Write a Psychology Research Paper. Do You Know the Steps of the Scientific Method? . Papers Using Special Mplus Features. References on this page are ordered by topic.
References can also be viewed ordered by date.. Bayesian Analysis expand topic. A beginners guide to the Scientific Method - About Research, Psychology, Science and Experiments.
The glands of the endocrine system that regulate a women’s menstrual cycle are the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the ovaries. The hypothalamus is the master gland of the system; it secretes Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormones (LHRH) and stimulates the pituitary gland to release Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-‐Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
Advance your research Discover scientific knowledge, and make your research visible. | https://pyvesomojifity.leslutinsduphoenix.com/psychological-research-and-scientific-method-past-papers-25192ji.html |
How Does ISO 27001-Compliant Isms Work?
The ISO 27001 is an internationally accepted standard for food safety. It is also commonly referred to as “food safety regulation”. In food processing, it involves implementing effective food safety systems which minimize the risks posed by unauthorized food handling and processing activities. Its objective is to promote quality control and consistent processing conditions throughout the whole food supply chain, from agricultural production to the retail sale of the finished product.
As part of its role as a global information security products governing organization, the Food Safety Review Commission (FSCR) issues guidelines, rules, and assessments which are then implemented by various member states in accordance with the decisions reached the regional level. These decisions form the basis of the FSCR Procedures which form the core rule book for all members. The main objectives of the International Standard are to reduce the risks posed by unauthorized food handling and processing activities and to maintain adequate levels of consumer protection. There are several aspects of the food safety system which need to be considered during the development of the procedures. An example of these aspects is the implementation of the guidelines set out in the International Standard for food hygiene called the revised suite of uniform requirements for foods containing potentially hazardous ingredients or controlled substances.
The main objectives of the international standard include reducing the risks posed by by-products that have not been designed and tested for their safety and security against the expected levels of exposure. This leads to the primary objective of the International Standard which is to provide adequate protection to the public and to the workers involved in various sectors of food processing, storage, and distribution. The secondary objectives of the International Standard include ensuring that the products which are produced and processed adhere to the standards and safety requirements laid down by the regulatory bodies of countries involved. These secondary objectives help organizations to fulfill their obligations and to maintain systems that ensure the quality, safety, and environmental performance of the products and processes they utilize. The primary objective of the international standard also plays a role in protecting the public from exposure to harmful environmental issues.
The main objective of the International Standard is to establish the quality and protection of data, information, and communication systems that are both human and electronic. Therefore the International Standard allows for the certification of product and process specifications and to guarantee that they are consistent with the current quality, safety, and performance of the equipment and information systems that they are intended to serve. The food production and distribution industry can take advantage of the ISO 27001 certification system in numerous ways. The food processing industries can improve their quality by preventing product recalls, increasing productivity, decreasing wastage, and improving distribution efficiency.
The food processing organizations and their workers can also benefit from the international standard and the associated benefits. There are several advantages that come with the use of ISO 27001 certification. For instance, the use of an information security management system (ISMS) which is linked to an ISO certification can increase the security of raw materials, processing, handling, and storage.
An important aspect of implementing ISO 27001 standards and becoming compliant is the need for periodic review and updates. This process, known as a revision, ensures that the requirements of the standard are still being met and are in line with the latest developments in information security. However, unlike other areas of industry, this one has no legal obligations to follow these guidelines. In some cases, companies may choose not to comply, citing reasons such as costs and time demands.
It is not possible to ensure that all risks are covered during the implementation of ISO 27001. For example, ISO 27001 requires companies to comply with risk assessment methods, but not all risk assessment methods may be easily adopted or accepted. Thus companies have to identify which risks are the highest priority and implement controls accordingly. In addition, the standards do not define how to manage safety and control processes throughout the organization, so it is important to implement controls where they are necessary and relevant.
The primary aim of ISO 27001-compliant is to establish best practices in information security. Standards are set to improve the quality of data and enhance management efficiency. This goal is furthered by establishing guidelines and methodologies to ensure that the best practices are incorporated into the organization and implemented to improve efficiency. In line with this goal, ISO 27001-compliant isms must be evaluated periodically to ensure that they are still meeting the organization’s requirements. In addition, updated procedures and methodologies should be reviewed and revised to ensure that the objectives of the standards are achieved. | https://myoilgas.com/how-does-iso-27001-compliant-isms-work/ |
November 29, 2021
Cybersecurity is becoming an increasing priority for enterprise organizations. Because cybersecurity deals with data, privacy, and security, organizations today are finding that cybersecurity and physical security—especially video surveillance—are unavoidably linked.
But what exactly do you need to worry about when it comes to cybersecurity and video surveillance? How can you protect your video security system against breaches and cyberattacks? How do you know that the data privacy of your employees, customers, and more is secure?
This guide will help you understand what good cybersecurity standards and practices look like in a video security context. You’ll learn what best practices you personally can follow and what best practices you should look for in a vendor.
For a step-by-step guide to evaluating and improving your system's cybersecurity, download these free checklists.
Most physical security professionals agree that cybersecurity is a top concern. According to a survey conducted by Rhombus Systems, 81.1% of respondents ranked cybersecurity as “high or very high priority”.
Cybersecurity is especially important for video security systems because video surveillance by its nature typically includes sensitive or private data. Many organizations use security cameras exclusively for safety and security purposes. People being recorded expect that footage of them will be used in a security context and kept private. This is especially important for security systems that include biometric data such as facial recognition.
Cybersecurity is also about trust. When you protect your data, you also protect the privacy and maintain the trust of everyone in your organization and everyone who interacts with your organization.
So, what does “good” cybersecurity look like for enterprise video security? This section cover what proper cybersecurity standards look like in a video security context.
There are two sides to cybersecurity for video surveillance:
Though there are some things you can personally control, the most important way to protect yourself is by choosing the right vendor. For this reason, we’ll go over best practices that your organization can follow, and also go over best practices that vendors should be following. This will help you perform due diligence with a better understanding of what proper cybersecurity standards look like.
There are no formal certifications that pertain specifically to cybersecurity and video surveillance. However, there are several relevant certifications that do matter:
NDAA Compliance
The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) bans U.S. government agencies, contractors, and grant or loan recipients from using products manufactured by certain companies, primarily due to cybersecurity concerns.
In all cases, it’s highly recommended to use hardware that is NDAA compliant. If you’re going through a vendor, they should be able to confirm that they use components for cameras, sensors, and other devices from whitelisted sources only.
Learn more about NDAA compliance and video security here.
SOC 2 Compliance
Developed by The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), SOC 2 is a set of information security policies and procedures specifically created for service providers that store customer data in the cloud.
If you plan to use a cloud-based solution (as opposed to an NVR system with onsite servers), it’s important to use data centers that are SOC 2 compliant. This ensures that while your data is processed in the data center, it is protected by the strictest cybersecurity protocols.
SOC 2 and NDAA pertain to the state of your system itself and are directly related to video security. However, there are likely additional regulations around privacy that your organization is already following. These standards also apply to video surveillance.
For many of these regulations, you’ll likely find that video security systems can be used as a tool to help you reach or maintain compliance. For example, for HIPAA, security cameras can be used to record and track who has physical access to protected patient data. If you plan to use video surveillance as part of your compliance strategy, your vendor may have experience and can help you navigate this.
System access has to do with how you set up your system roles and permissions. The idea is to control access to sensitive data and reduce the damage and scope of a potential breach.
Best practices include:
For example, nonprofit UACDC gives staff members access to different security camera feeds based on job functions. Their security staff can view all camera feeds, but don’t have admin permissions. Meanwhile, employees can view camera feeds in the areas they supervise. For example, a staff member who teaches computer literacy might have access to the cameras in the computer lab and other classrooms, while a staff member who supervises sports might have access to gym and outdoor cameras.
Setting up granular user permissions like this is both more convenient from an operational point of view and safer from a cybersecurity point of view. Staff members can quickly access exactly what they need, without having to sift through irrelevant information. The impact of breaches on an individual level is kept to a minimum, because leaks are limited to the data accessible by the exposed individual.
With this in mind, it’s important to use a video security system that has role management and location management, and supports customization of roles and permissions.
Most enterprise organizations have guidelines around secure password management. These guidelines extend to your video security system.
Best practices can include:
To further protect sensitive information, use configurable privacy masks. These privacy masks let you black out specific pieces of video, such as computer monitors, to prevent private information from being recorded by cameras. Many video surveillance systems include this feature, and privacy masks can help you maintain compliance with regulations around private data, such as HIPAA or CJIS.
Even systems that are highly secure from a technical standpoint can be vulnerable to social engineering attacks or improper handling of sensitive data. It's important to create policies and procedures on the handling of private and sensitive data, including video footage and biometric data.
Anyone in your organization who has access to sensitive or private data should receive cybersecurity training. Training should include:
When it comes to cybersecurity and video surveillance, one of the most important steps you can take to protect your organization is choosing a reliable vendor. Even if you follow best practices on your end, your organization is vulnerable to cybersecurity breaches if your provider isn’t secure.
So, how do you choose a secure vendor? This section will help you understand what good cybersecurity standards look like on the provider side, so you can better judge who to partner with and feel confident about your security partner.
Encryption protects data by encoding (or “scrambling”) it in a way designed to make it impossible for intruders to understand.
Because video security systems collect a lot of private information, it’s crucial to protect all data—in all media forms—with encryption.
This includes:
To properly protect your privacy and your security, it’s crucial that only you, the end user, control access to your data. Your security platform should be designed in a way that makes it impossible for anyone—including your vendor—to access data without your explicit permission.
This means:
Learn more about privacy and access here: Putting Customer Privacy and Security First.
Third-party security audits help companies find and address cybersecurity issues that they may otherwise be unaware of.
Your video security provider should perform regular third-party assessments. This increases system security, helps keep cybersecurity protocols up to date, and demonstrates a certain level of dedication to protecting customer data. If you want to review a vendor’s third-party audits, most will provide reports on request.
For modern video security solutions, best practices include automatic security updates. These are signed firmware updates that happen regularly and automatically, with no input needed from your organization.
Automatic security updates ensure that:
When evaluating vendors in the context of cybersecurity, it’s helpful to look at past performance. Check for a history of breaches, attacks, or data leaks.
If a physical security vendor has a history of cybersecurity breaches, it’s a dealbreaker for many enterprise organizations. 38% of surveyed physical security professionals report being unlikely or very unlikely to work with a vendor that has experienced a cybersecurity breach, while 36% say they evaluate vendors on a case-by-case basis.
If you are considering a vendor who has experienced a breach, extra precautions are in order. Consider: 1) how recent the breach(es) was, 2) the extent of the damage, 3) what steps have been taken to fix cybersecurity vulnerabilities, 4) if you trust the team to prioritize cybersecurity best practices in the future.
This section goes into more detail about the technical aspects of what a secure video surveillance system looks like.
For modern enterprise organizations, a physical security strategy is incomplete without also considering cybersecurity. By following this guide, you can better understand what proper cybersecurity practices look like in a video security context and set your organization up for security and success. | https://www.rhombus.com/blog/guide-to-cybersecurity-for-video-surveillance-ip-security-cameras/ |
- This event has passed.
GBA Identity Management Discussion (Online)
May 1 @ 10:00 am - 12:00 pm UTC-5Free
https://zoom.us/j/676962315
There are approximately 1 billion people without any form of identity and over 3 billion people without any digital footprint. Today, a digital identity is crucial for social and financial inclusion. Further, the recent global pandemic has pushed many in-person interactions like voting, meeting, and almost all transactions to digital interactions. But what happens when billions of people have no digital identity.
There are currently many organizations and entities working on standards, technologies, and legal/regulatory frameworks to address these issues. Come and join the GBA Identity Management Working Groups as we discuss blockchain-based identity management solutions.
Speakers include:
- Shiv Agerwal, CEO of Earth.Id. His company is solving the problem of Identity Management using Cryptography and Digital Ledger Technology. Shiv is a technology entrepreneur, with a focus on products and services in niche areas. Shiv has been actively working in the Blockchain industry and has in-depth knowledge of Blockchain and Digitial Ledger technologies. He also is the GBA LEad for London, the UK, and Europe.
- John Callahan, CTO of Verdium. His company integrates with your existing corporate authentication infrastructure without the need for additional hardware. Veridium is an official Premier partner of Google Cloud and we integrate with Citrix, partner, and Okta among others. Your employees or customers verify their identity with biometrics from a mobile or web app, which strengthens your existing solutions beyond tokens or passwords.
- Will Groah, Executive Director of Cloudocracy. His company seeks to facilitate coalitions of government, supply-chains, and individuals to embark on journeys to establish value-based trust ecosystems towards achieving highly secure and empowered private business ecosystems. These new advanced identity-based ecosystems are mission defined to enable governments and organizations to reduce costs, complexity, and add business value while also protecting individual data privacy, health, and biometric information, while also reducing risks and economic impacts of cybersecurity data breaches.
Each speaker will give opening remarks. Afterward, we will open the discussion on topics including:
- Biometrics
- Data Privacy
- Federated Identity vs Self-Sovereign identity
- Verifiable Credentials
- Identity & Access Management (IAM) Solutions
- Legal & Regulatory Compliance
- Identity Commercialization
The GBA Identity Management Working Group is also developing an Identity Management Resource Directory. Also, if you are interested in being a panelist, please fill out the GBA Speaker Volunteer Form. See out other Identity Management Events. | https://www.gbaglobal.org/event/gba-identity-management-discussion/ |
Looking for a Standard? You can begin with a simple online search, but featured here are specialized search tools that will help you work faster and smarter.
Before you begin your search be aware that most standards must be purchased in electronic form or hardcopy from the standards developer sponsoring the standard or an authorized standards re-seller. Here are a few tips on searching for standards.
There are thousands of Industry Standards in the U.S. developed by professionals in specific industry sectors such as telecommunications, concrete, fire protection, information technology, etc. Many industry sector standards are included in the standards search engines provided by NSSN, IHS, TechStreet, and SAI Global.
However, when looking for standards it is useful to also search a standards developer's site. There are over 600 standards developers based in the U.S., many of which are international in scope and participation. The American National Standard Institute (ANSI) maintains a listing of U.S. industry standards developing organizations on the ANSI Standards Portal.
View and add to our list of standards organizations that offer free access to their standards.
There are a diversity of bodies involved in the preparation of standards used globally. These include governmental or treaty organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and organizations that are either specialized in standardization or involved in other activities. In general, an international standard is voluntary and has no legal status unless a regulatory authority requires conformance to that standard.
It is the policy of the U.S. government to use the term "international standard" to refer to standards developed in conformity with the principles of the WTO TBT Committee's 2000 Decision on the Principles for the Development of International Standards, which include (1) openness; (2) transparency; (3) impartiality and consensus; (4) relevance and effectiveness; (5) coherence; and (6) the development dimension.
Codex develops food standards, guidelines and related texts.
The IEC prepares and publishes international standards for electrical, electronic and related technologies.
The ISO supports a wide-range of standardization work on everything from screw threads to ship building.
ITU's scope of standardization is global telecommunications. ITU's standards documents, called Recommendations, can be downloaded for free on the ITU website.
Searchable access to full-text Defense and Federal specifications and standards available in the official DoD repository.Registration is not required.
The Defense Technical Information Center is the largest central resource for DoD and government-funded scientific, technical, engineering, and business related information and is an excellent complement or back-up to ASSIST tools. This site offers an easy to use link to the full text DoD Specifications and Standards eAccess database.
NIST's Standards Incorporated by Reference (SIBR) database contains the voluntary consensus standards, government unique standards, private industry standards, and international standards that are referenced in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), which codifies all Federal regulations in the United States. SIBR also includes standards that are used by U.S. Federal Government Agencies in procurement activities.
ANSI's Incorporated by Reference (IBR) Portal provides access to standards that have been incorporated by reference in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). These standards incorporated by the U.S. government in rulemakings are offered at no cost in “read only” format and are presented for online reading. There are no print or download options.
The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) protects the public from unreasonable risks of serious injury or death from thousands of types of consumer products. The CPSC site (available in English and Spanish) includes an easy to use database of regulated products, and tools to identify mandatory and voluntary standards.
The EPA offers a keyword searchable database, the Environmental Monitoring & Assessment Program (EMAP) of bibliographic citations relating to the environment; includes citations to standards for evaluating pollutants.
FDA's Recognized Consensus Standards database includes all national and international standards recognized by FDA which medical device manufacturers can declare conformity to.
GSA maintains an Index of Federal Specifications, Standards and Commercial Item Descriptions, and a list of Federal Vehicle Standards, providing the full text of federal standards for ambulances, buses, fuel/water tankers, light trucks, medium & heavy trucks, sedans, and wreckers & carriers.
A comprehensive and easy to use resource for locating current OSHA standards and enforcement-related information. Includes links to interpretations, enforcement guides, and other enforcement related information.
NHTSA is the arm of the Department of Transportation that is concerned with automotive safety. The NHTSA safety requirements are set forth in the series of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.
NIST Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) for Federal computer systems. The FIPS Listed by Number lists gives publication number, date of issue, and a short abstract for each FIPS PUB.
NSTC publishes the Registry of USG Recommended Biometric Standards. This Registry is based upon interagency consensus on biometric standards required to enable the interoperability of various Federal biometric applications, and to guide Federal agencies as they develop and implement related biometric programs.
These free specialized databases aggregate the collections of the major standards developers worldwide (ASTM, ISO, UL, etc.) and can help you quickly search a global library of standards. Searching these databases is free and all offer the option of purchasing the standard.
Access to over 750,000 documents, sells standards and provides monitoring, auditing, and updating services.
The IHS Standards Store has over 800,000 standards, specifications, and codes; available in English, French and Dutch.
Provides access to over 1 million world-wide engineering standards and specifications, current and historical. Registration (which is free) is required to search the database.
Online database of over 400,000 industry codes and standards aggregated from 350 of the world's leading Standards Developing Organizations.
The purpose of the Voluntary Product Standards is to establish nationally recognized requirements for products and to provide all concerned interests with a basis for common understanding of the characteristics of a product. | https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov/learn-how-find-standards |
Wim Peters from EcoVadis, a company targeted towards improving the environmental and social practices of companies by leveraging the influence of global supply chains, recently gave a speech at the Dutch Sourcing Awards in which he highlighted that there is a lack of industry standards for corporate social responsibility (CSR).
Peters, the vice president of business development, revealed figures from research his team had conducted regarding the “weight of sustainability criteria” companies applied in supplier/product evaluations.
According to his team’s research, 62% of participants reported that each individual buyer defines the weight they assign, while 29% of companies specify a minimum weight for CSR criteria in the rating of price factors for awards – with the average being 10%. The remaining 9% of participants do not take CSR criteria into account when sourcing award decisions.
Peters’ concluded his presentation by saying that there was no center-led approach inside the majority of companies in terms of establishing industry standards regarding the incorporation of CSR and sustainability data in sourcing award decisions.
EcoVadis’ research is interesting on many different levels – the first being that the study was centered on UK and EU companies, and European organizations tend to be more advanced on sustainability initiatives than their North American counterparts, with programs in the U.S. generally driven by specific regulatory compliance requirements.
Secondly, the data suggests that procurement organizations are not yet providing full transparency to the business in the form of quantifiable costs (and business constraints) based on supplier sustainability practices. Otherwise, it is probable that there would be a much greater adoption and use of programs with at least set minimum criteria rather than an entirely random decentralized approach lacking in specified targets.
Finally, the frequency of decentralized decision criteria implies that a strong need exists to share best practices and approaches within procurement organizations, as well as to establish industry standards for corporate social responsibility. | https://www.xeeva.com/blog/lack-industry-standards-corp-responsibility/ |
This guest post is courtesy of Andras Szakal, IBM Distinguished Engineer and Director of IBM's Federal Software Architecture team.
By Andras Szakal
Nearly two months ago, we announced the formation of The Open Group Trusted Technology Forum (OTTF), a global standards initiative among technology companies, customers, government and supplier organizations to create and promote guidelines for manufacturing, sourcing, and integrating trusted, secure technologies.
The OTTF’s purpose is to shape global procurement strategies and best practices to help reduce threats and vulnerabilities in the global supply chain. I’m proud to say that we have just completed our first deliverable toward achieving our goal: The Open Trusted Technology Provider Framework (O-TTPF) whitepaper.
The framework outlines industry best practices that contribute to the secure and trusted development, manufacture, delivery and ongoing operation of commercial software and hardware products. Even though the OTTF has only recently been announced to the public, the framework and the work that led to this whitepaper have been in development for more than a year: first as a project of the Acquisition Cybersecurity Initiative, a collaborative effort facilitated by The Open Group between government and industry verticals under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Defense (OUSD (AT&L)/DDR&E).
The framework is intended to benefit technology buyers and providers across all industries and across the globe concerned with secure development practices and supply chain management. [Disclosure: The Open Group is a sponsor of BriefingsDirect podcasts.]
More than 15 member organizations joined efforts to form the OTTF as a proactive response to the changing cyber security threat landscape, which has forced governments and larger enterprises to take a more comprehensive view of risk management and product assurance. Current members of the OTTF include Atsec, Boeing, Carnegie Mellon SEI, CA Technologies, Cisco Systems, EMC, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, IDA, Kingdee, Microsoft, MITRE, NASA, Oracle, and the U.S. Department of Defense (OUSD(AT&L)/DDR&E), with the forum operating under the stewardship and guidance of The Open Group.
Over the past year, OTTF member organizations have been hard at work collaborating, sharing and identifying secure engineering and supply chain integrity best practices that currently exist. These best practices have been compiled from a number of sources throughout the industry including cues taken from industry associations, coalitions, traditional standards bodies and through existing vendor practices. OTTF member representatives have also shared best practices from within their own organizations.
From there, the OTTF created a common set of best practices distilled into categories and eventually categorized into the O-TTPF whitepaper. All this was done with a goal of ensuring that the practices are practical, outcome-based, aren’t unnecessarily prescriptive and don’t favor any particular vendor.
The frameworkBest practices were grouped by category because the types of technology development, manufacturing or integration activities conducted by a supplier are usually tailored to suit the type of product being produced, whether it is hardware, firmware, or software-based. Categories may also be aligned by manufacturing or development phase so that, for example, a supplier can implement a secure engineering/development method if necessary.
Provider categories outlined in the framework include:
In order for the best practices set forth in the O-TTPF to have a long-lasting effect on securing product development and the supply chain, the OTTF will define an accreditation process. Without an accreditation process, there can be no assurance that a practitioner has implemented practices according to the approved framework.
After the framework is formally adopted as a specification, The Open Group will establish conformance criteria and design an accreditation program for the O-TTPF. The Open Group currently manages multiple industry certification and accreditation programs, operating some independently and some in conjunction with third party validation labs. The Open Group is uniquely positioned to provide the foundation for creating standards and accreditation programs. Since trusted technology providers could be either software or hardware vendors, conformance will be applicable to each technology supplier based on the appropriate product architecture.
At this point, the OTTF envisions a multi-tiered accreditation scheme, which would allow for many levels of accreditation including enterprise-wide accreditations or a specific division. An accreditation program of this nature could provide alternative routes to claim conformity to the O-TTPF.
Over the long-term, the OTTF is expected to evolve the framework to make sure its industry best practices continue to ensure the integrity of the global supply chain. Since the O-TTPF is a framework, the authors fully expect that it will evolve to help augment existing manufacturing processes rather than replace existing organizational practices or policies.
There is much left to do, but we’re already well on the way to ensuring the technology supply chain stays safe and secure. If you’re interested in shaping the Trusted Technology Provider Framework best practices and accreditation program, please join us in the OTTF.
Download the O-TTPF paper, or read the OTTPF in full here.
This guest post is courtesy of Andras Szakal, IBM Distinguished Engineer and Director of IBM's Federal Software Architecture team.
You may also be interested in: | https://seekingalpha.com/instablog/122491-dana-gardner/140971-the-open-trusted-technology-provider-framework-aims-to-no-less-than-secure-the-global-it-supply-chain |
Polyurethane processors and manufacturers came together for more than just sun and surf at the 2018 Polyurethane Manufacturers Association annual meeting, held May 5-8 in Naples, Fla. They were also there to share ideas and build industry relationships.
"The real purpose of us getting together every year, is that we feel like we're stronger together when we collaborate," said Linda Katz, PMA president and Molded Dimensions Inc. owner and CEO. "It's a really great chance for everyone to share best practices and make industry connections."
A record of about 300 attended the event at the Naples Beach Hotel and Golf Club, with training sessions, keynote speakers and a supplier showcase, with time for a golf outing and an evening on the beach networking.
A new addition to the lineup, which also includes technical paper presentations and posters, were roundtable discussions for the first time in recent history, said Katz, who was Rubber & Plastics News' Executive of the Year for 2015.
Building interaction
"In terms of our sharing, we wanted to be more interactive," she said. "We had four topics for roundtables, and those were well-received."
The roundtable discussions included lean processes, hiring practices, automation and disaster preparedness. Being able to come together to share information freely is part of what makes the PMA group and annual meeting special, Katz said.
"We're all really good at what we do, and being able to explain what we do, and going out and digging for new opportunities," she said. "So I think a lot of us look at it as 'The stronger we are together, the bigger our market will be,' so we don't really see each other as competitors. We'll all share across the board."
As a larger organization, PMA members are working with a strong and growing economy, Katz said. But with that growth comes a bigger need to keep tabs on changing regulations worldwide.
"We keep an eye on all of the laws and regulations that are associated with our chemicals," she said. "It's our roots. The networking and growing the industry is our mission, but regulation is how we began."
PMA originally banded together to respond to a regulatory advance on methyl-bischloroaniline (MOCA), Katz said.
"So what we do now, is we look at all of our chemicals, and any sort of laws or regulations that might be changing," she said. "We try to make sure that our industry understands the very best way to handle all of our chemicals safely. We have awesome safe-use documents for every piece."
Starting with MOCA, PMA has compiled training materials that members can use for free, including shop level training and more technical advanced training, she said. The organization designed a poster that can be put up in work areas.
"These materials are free to anyone in the industry," she said. "We feel like we know how to handle our materials well, how to keep our employees safe and that it's our job to make sure everyone in the industry knows that."
PMA also promotes certification with current laws, with four levels, Katz said. The first is a pledge to comply with regulations and best practices. The second level is the achievement of compliance with current standards and regulations. The third level is doing things "above and beyond, sort of a scavenger hunt to say, 'Here are some extra things I'm doing.' " The fourth level is mentoring, or working on a committee that advances best practices in some way.
Katz said recently a step has been added in the second stage, called "PMA Safe and Compliant" verified. In that step, PMA members don't just self-certify that they're following best practices for handling chemicals and environmental health and safety laws. They also have an outside consultant come in and audit the system. The results of that audit are sent to the PMA, and qualifying companies receive a seal to show compliance.
"At my company, we have it displayed right on our way in to manufacturing, and we put it on marketing materials," Katz said. "So we can say we have third-party verification that we are handling all our chemicals safely using the best possible standards out there, and they really appreciate that."
Adding the PMA Safe and Compliant step makes for a good marketing standpoint for the individual companies, Katz said. It also sets a goal for the industry to be able to say that a large percentage of processors and manufacturers are compliant.
"That would be our ideal goal, to say we know safe practices, we share that information, and we can verify that we're actually using them as an industry," Katz said.
Employing self-regulation shows that government regulation isn't necessary, she said.
Industry advocacy
PMA also has established an advocacy committee, working alongside its established regulatory committee, with a goal to make connections in the regulatory world and establish a message to use in talks with legislators.
"We have a ton of industry data that's associated with our chemicals, that might be coming from other countries or older studies, and they're working hard to pull that together, to say there is a lot of data, and make sure we have a strong message in terms of that," Katz said.
The committee is making connections with the American Chemistry Council, partnering to work on best practices for materials such as isocyanates. Earlier this year, the committee led a group of PMA members to Washington where they spoke to lawmakers about the needs of the industry and regulation. They're also working collaboratively with OSHA.
"This is a new development, and we're feeling really good about this as well, being able to say that we have good relationships with these people," Katz said.
As changes come in the regulatory landscape, the committee is charged to be proactive about connecting with lawmakers on the state or federal level, and answer questions to participate in the process if industry chemicals are involved, she said.
After one year in her position as president, Katz said she would like to grow the number of processor members attending the PMA meeting in the future.
"I'd like to get more people around the table," she said. "We're always pushing, but I'm inclined to push even harder to reach out to get more processor members, and also to get processor members who don't attend. We'd like to reach out and say, 'We'd love to see you at our meeting in Vegas or at our meeting in Austin in two years.'"
In addition, she said she'd like to continue moving forward on the education front, including more training materials and workplace posters for industry chemicals. | https://www.rubbernews.com/article/20180620/NEWS/180629991/pma-event-brings-industry-experts-together |
In May 2022, the Singapore Personal Data Protection Commission (PDPC) published a guide to help organisations collect, use or disclose individuals’ biometric data in a responsible manner (“Guide“). With security applications like security cameras and Closed-Circuit Television Cameras (CCTVs) becoming increasingly commonplace, there have been more cases of organisations mishandling individuals’ biometric data. The release of this Guide serves as a timely reminder for organisations to review their existing measures or implement new measures to ensure that they are dealing with individuals’ biometric data in a responsible manner.
In more detail
While this Guide is not legally binding on individuals and organisations, it reflects the PDPC’s stance with regard to the handling of biometric data in a security setting. Organisations should look into and consider the best practices that are provided in the Guide to ensure that they are in compliance with their legal obligations under the PDPA and are not exposed to legal risks and liabilities.
Target Audience
The Guide is targeted at security applications that use personal data, as well as organisations that use such security applications. The Guide does not apply to individuals who use security or biometric systems for private purposes. The Guide is only intended for organisations’ use of biometric data in security applications, and does not extend to other commercial purposes.
Key Terminology and Processes
- Biometric data: Biometric samples or biometric templates created through technical processing of biometric samples.
- Biometric samples: Data relating to the physiological, biological or behavioural characteristics of an individual, including facial images, fingerprints and voice recordings.
- Biometric templates: Binary representations derived from the application of an algorithm to biometric samples, and are considered anonymised data on their own.
When processing a biometric sample, the algorithm in the biometric system will extract a digital representation of its features or characteristics and transform it into a biometric template. The template will then be used against the presented biometric samples in the process of verifying or identifying individuals.
Best Practices to Collect, Use and Disclose Biometric Data
The immutable nature of biometric data presents risks that organisations need to be aware of when procuring biometric recognition systems for security applications. The table below summarises the different risks associated with biometric recognition technology and the measures that organisations may consider implementing to mitigate the risks.
Apart from being familiar with the risks present in the deployment of biometric recognition technology, it is equally important for organisations to protect biometric data at all stages of their life cycle. Organisations can consider adopting the following best practices:
Obligations under the PDPA
The Guide discusses some of the purposes that organisations may collect, use or disclose personal data for, which include controlling access to services / premises, maintaining a safe working environment, security monitoring of premises and investigations, and enhancing security operational efficiency for premises.
Organisations may rely on the following exceptions to consent in the PDPA when collecting, using or disclosing the biometric data of individuals:
- “Publicly available data” exception: Organisations can rely on this exception when collecting biometric samples in public locations or where individuals may be observed by reasonably expected means. It allows organisations to collect, use or disclose the biometric data collected for security purposes.
- “Legitimate interests” exception: Organisations may collect, use or disclose personal data without first obtaining the consent of an individual if, after conducting a legitimate interests assessment, determines that the legitimate interests of the organisation / other individuals in the security use cases outweigh any likely adverse effect on the individual.
- “Business improvement” exception: Organisations may rely on this to use the biometric data without consent to improve their crowd management and security operations as part of their business or service offerings.
The other obligations under the PDPA, such as the access and correction obligation, protection obligation, data breach notification obligation and retention limitation obligation similarly apply to biometric data. For access obligation, while obligations may request access to their biometric data, organisations need not disclose biometric templates to individuals. The Guide explains that biometric templates, unlike the samples collected, will not serve any purpose outside the organisation’s biometric recognition system. Further, the PDPC made clear that biometric templates are considered confidential commercial information, and the organisation’s security system may be jeopardized if such information falls into the wrong hands. Organisations are also encouraged to establish a Data Protection Management Programme detailing the organisation’s policies and practices related to the handling of biometric data.
In deciding the type of biometric system to be implemented, an organisation shall consider (i) the purpose, requirements and alternatives to the installation of such systems, (ii) the possibility of minimising the collection of personal data when using biometric systems in fulfilling its business objective, (iii) an individual’s privacy intrusion perception, (iv) context and frequency of using biometric systems, and (v) the potential risks and level of protection conferred by each biometric system.
The complete Guide on Responsible Use of Biometric Data in Security Applications can be accessed here.
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© 2022 Baker & McKenzie.Wong & Leow. All rights reserved. Baker & McKenzie.Wong & Leow is incorporated with limited liability and is a member firm of Baker & McKenzie International, a global law firm with member law firms around the world. In accordance with the common terminology used in professional service organizations, reference to a “principal” means a person who is a partner, or equivalent, in such a law firm. Similarly, reference to an “office” means an office of any such law firm. This may qualify as “Attorney Advertising” requiring notice in some jurisdictions. Prior results do not guarantee a similar outcome. | https://www.globalcompliancenews.com/2022/07/18/singapore-pdpc-publishes-guide-on-responsible-use-of-biometric-data-in-security-applications-30062022/ |
On May 25, 2018, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) will go into effect, establishing uniform laws across the EU that protect the data privacy rights of EU citizens. This standardization serves as a potential boon to organizations operating across multiple EU member countries, reducing the complexity of compliance by ensuring that a single set of legal processes and rules will apply regardless of location. At the same time, GDPR requires thoughtful action on the part of any organization doing business with citizens of EU member countries, in order to adapt data handling practices to comply with the new legally enforced standards. The specific obligations of GDPR should be top of mind for organizations as they adapt their solutions and practices to implement more secure cross-border data sharing and customer privacy protections.
GDPR provides a host of new guaranteed rights data subjects (the individuals whose personal data organizations retain), including: the right to be notified if a data breach reveals their information, the right to access their own personal data, the right to be forgotten, and the right to data portability. Organizations must utilize systems that provide privacy by design, and must also develop a comprehensive data privacy strategy – one that provides a full understanding of where data resides and effective measures for remediating data risks. Businesses with more than 500 employees have the added requirement of employing Data Protection Officers to oversee data privacy and expedite all incoming data-related requests.
Organizations operating under GDPR are certainly incentivized to comply – not doing so could lead to crippling fines. In cases of severe non-compliance, the EU has the power to enforce penalties of up to 20 million Euros or 4% of the organization’s total worldwide revenue for the previous financial year – whichever is greater. Even cases deemed less egregious can result in fines reaching the greater of 10 million Euros or 2% percent of total worldwide revenue over the previous fiscal year.
Given the immensity of these fines, organizations will find it well worth their while to invest in a technological strategy required to achieve GDPR compliance. In fact, IDC predicts that organizations will spend an estimated $3.5 billion USD on upgrades to data security and storage solutions due to the upcoming regulation enforcement. Even accounting for this massive investment, Gartner believes that by the end of 2018 more than half of organizations covered by GDPR will still not be fully compliant.
To successfully prepare for GDPR, organizations need to establish a solid foundation for achieving compliance ahead of selecting vendors to provide the needed technology. Most critically, all existing data stores and all new processes and responsibilities under GDPR must be thoroughly understood in order to then correctly apply solutions and effectively execute data security measures.
Businesses can put these preparations into effect by following these five steps:
1. Read the regulation
An organization must begin by developing a full understanding of what GDPR requires of it, given the specifics of the organization’s business practices. It is vital to recognize that GDPR absolutely applies to any organization operating anywhere in the world and regardless of where data is stored, so long as it retains any information where EU citizens are the data subjects.
2. Assess existing processes
With the scope of the organization’s needs understood, audit existing processes and perform a gap analysis. Doing so will further delineate where new processes and personnel are needed in order to improve practices and achieve GDPR compliance.
3. Evaluate existing technology
Investigate the organization’s technology requirements to understand which current solutions that will need to be reapplied, upgraded, or replaced. For example, departments such as legal, HR, information security and others may have existing systems transferring protected data between countries. Technologies may also already be in place to meet the standards of other regulatory mandates, such as PCIDSS or HIPAA HiTech. The operations of these existing solutions must be thoroughly understood – especially when it comes to the flow of data and how it is used. A full knowledge of these technologies may bring up opportunities to leverage existing solutions for GDPR compliance, and will expose all technology gaps that need to be filled.
4. Identify new technology to fill gaps
Now determine what type of technology is required to fill any gaps against outstanding data security, data auditing, and data privacy needs. The task of meeting GDPR’s data discovery and incident detection and response requirements will likely require organizations to implement new technology solutions. This complexity is matched by the challenging nature of managing data risks within elaborate business processes. To meet this challenge, an organization must identify and address any vulnerabilities or blind spots. For instance, an organization may be well-equipped with technology to process credit cards securely, but internal operations may have individual employees copying, printing, and transferring data without the assistance of proper technological safeguards. It’s all too common for organizations to be unaware of such risks to data – which is why a careful gap analysis and process mapping are so crucial.
5. Continuous testing
Finally, establish the steps above as an ongoing regimen in order to receive continual insights that can inform process improvements. Organizations change over time, and maintaining a full knowledge of where and how data is stored and accessed is essential to continuous compliance. A business must be ever-watchful and certain that best practices aren’t abandoned with time, and that protected data never passes through systems that haven’t been carefully secured. Incident response processes should undergo periodic testing and be the subject of ongoing reporting, so that breach preparedness is assured.
At a time when data security measures must cope with attacks that are increasing in their volume and sophistication, GDPR requires organizations to execute a comprehensive strategy to protect data privacy. Given GDPR’s substantial penalties for non-compliance, as well as the business advantages of keeping sensitive customer data secure from breaches, organizations affected by GDPR have every incentive to fully understand their processes for handling data, implement robust and effective measures, and stand prepared well ahead of May 2018. | https://www.itproportal.com/features/5-things-you-should-be-doing-now-to-prepare-for-gdpr-compliance/ |
Much like financial debt, technical debt can be a persistent and difficult burden for IT teams to overcome. Particularly for CIOs and IT leaders, devoting resources to technical debt remediation must be balanced with more innovation-driven investments, like the adoption of blockchain or biometric features for better customer experiences.
Though the term technical debt has existed for decades, many still struggle to effectively describe its impact and effects on development processes, and therefore lack a solution to effectively mitigate technical debt across their organization. In this article by the Software Engineering Institute’s (SEI) Ipek Ozkaya, he outlines the SEI’s research on technical debt remediation and shares techniques to help IT leaders make more informed and strategic decisions around technical debt management.
Industry Standards Aid Technical Debt Management
“Although many Agile development teams follow simple practices of labeling their technical debt, talking about it, and trying to minimize it with heuristics,” writes Ozkaya, “most management of technical debt today is ad hoc.” This leaves gaps for teams who are trying to standardize technical debt management from team-to-team.
To help make technical debt management a more streamlined process, static analysis tools and standards groups like the Consortium for IT Software Quality have come onto the scene to help establish code-policy rules and best practices for secure software design that result in less technical debt and foster more productive remediation in the future.
SEI Research on Technical Debt
The Software Engineering Institute is “developing tools that integrate data from multiple, commonly available sources to pinpoint problematic design decisions and quantify their consequences in a repeatable and reliable way for uncovering technical debt. Design problems, which frequently result from optimizing for delivery speed, are a critical part of long-term software costs.”
At CAST, we go beyond technical debt to look at secure software design, focusing on hard-to-detect flaws that could signal forbidden data access, back doors and more. In fact, highly concentrated areas of technical debt could be the first sign that you have critical security vulnerabilities in your code.
As the SEI continues to work with engineers and project managers to establish technical debt best practices, the idea that technical debt deserves a place at the IT leadership table alongside requirements for engineering, software architecture, testing and design has begun to take hold. Ozkaya’s work at the SEI remains critical, as it will help teams to identify technical debt risk sooner and prevent technical debt from accumulating to an unmanageable state.
Erik Oltmans, an Associate Partner from EY, Netherlands, spoke at the Software Intelligence Forum on how the consulting behemoth uses Software Intelligence in its Transaction Advisory services.
Erik describes the changing landscape of M & A. Besides the financial and commercial aspects, PE firms now equally value technical assessments, especially for targets with significant software assets. He goes on to detail how CAST Highlight makes these assessments possible with limited access to the target’s systems, customized quality metrics, and liability implications of open source components - all three that are critical for an M&A due diligence. | https://www.castsoftware.com/blog/uncovering-technical-debt-through-data-driven-management |
We are using multiple security standards and regulations to assess the security posture of an organization and answer the question of how secure it is right now. The assessment is based on CMM and RA which are proven, practical, proactive, comprehensive and cost effective methodologies. We also help organisations avoid devastating breaches by delivering high-quality cyber security training and innovative solutions that reduce risk across UAE.
The regulations and standards that we use are the foundation of our CARAT approach and some are mandatory for critical information infrastructure (CII) entities:
The UAE Information Assurance Regulation v1.1 (March 2020, replacing the UAE Information Assurance Standards v1.0) provides requirements for raising the minimum level of information security across all relevant entities in the UAE. The UAE IAR controls are mapped with controls of the following standards:
Abu Dhabi Information Security Standards (ADISS) are issued in suport of the Abu Dhabi Information Security Policy, and aims at providing protection to the information assets owned and managed by the government of Abu Dhabi. ADISS v2.0 seeks to support the government’s vision of delivering services that are effective, efficient and which add tangible value.
The Dubai Information Security Regulation (Dubai ISR) encompasses 13 information security domains composed of specific controls and sub-controls, and is closely aligned with other International Information Security related Standards reflecting Dubai Government’s acknowledgement and recognition of the information security best practices stated therein. The Dubai ISR v2 has also includes distinctive items reflecting specific requirements within the context of The Dubai Government.
ISO/IEC 27001 sets out the requirements for an information security management system (ISMS). An ISMS includes people, processes and IT systems by applying a risk management process, and is a systematic approach to managing sensitive company information so that it remains secure.
ISO 22301 provides requirements for a best-practice business continuity management system (BCMS). A BCMS is a framework for organizations to update, control and deploy an effective BCM programme that helps them prepare for, respond to and recover from disruptive incidents. Implementing a BCMS includes the development of business continuity plans, taking into account organizational contingencies and capabilities, as well as the organisation’s individual business needs.
ISO/IEC 27005 is a guide for information security risk management which complies with the concepts, models, and general processes specified in ISO/IEC 27001.
A secure software development process covering the entire life cycle (S-SDLC) ensures that security assurance activities such as penetration testing, code review, and architecture analysis are an integral part of the development effort, and are performed regularly in production, and after major changes.
ISO/IEC 27032:2012 sets out the baseline security practices for stakeholders in the Cyberspace, and provides guidance for improving the state of Cybersecurity drawing out the unique aspects of that activity and its dependencies on other security domains, in particular: information security, network security, internet security, and critical information infrastructure protection (CIIP).
The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) is a set of security standards designed to ensure that all companies that accept, process, store or transmit credit card information maintain a secure environment.
Data security refers to protective digital privacy measures that are applied to prevent unauthorized access to computers, databases and websites. Data protection is the process of safeguarding important information from corruption, compromise or loss. Data privacy is the process concerned with the proper handling of data – consent, notice, and regulatory obligations.
ISO 9001 sets out the criteria for a quality management system that can be used by any organisation, large or small, regardless of its field of activity. | https://cyberstrat.ae/we-use/ |
Border security, crime investigations, background checks and access control all rely on certain organizations being able to seamlessly exchange biometric data such as fingerprints. NIST led the development of a standard that made this exchange possible by providing a common language and standardized format for biometric data and information about how it was collected.
Law enforcement agencies and identity management organizations are increasingly using automated biometric technologies to help identify or verify personal identities. To effectively exchange biometric data across jurisdictional lines or between dissimilar systems made by different manufacturers, a standard is needed to specify a common format for the data exchange.
Researchers at NIST, in partnership with academia, industry and other federal organizations, developed the first American National Standards Institute-approved standard to establish technical specifications for exchange of fingerprint data between organizations.
Since that standard was approved in 1986, it has been revised to include additional types of biometric data. The current version, approved in 2016, defines the content, format and units of measurement for the electronic exchange of fingerprint, palm print, facial/mugshot, scar mark, tattoo, iris, DNA, voice data and more. An update to the standard is planned to be completed in 2023.
Without this standard, law enforcement agencies would not be able to compare evidence against databases of crimes committed in neighboring states, or even neighboring cities.
Today, the Department of Defense, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Department of Homeland Security, Interpol and the governments of 70 countries use the standard to support law enforcement and border security. | https://www.nist.gov/industry-impacts/biometric-standards-law-enforcement |
The IT Trifecta: An Overview of National Cyber Security Awareness Month 2019
It’s that time of year again — Oct. 1 marks the start of National Cyber Security Awareness Month (NCSAM). Now in its 16th year, NCSAM is designed to help enterprises and end users better address specific challenges and identify key opportunities for positive change.
This year, the month-long messaging focuses on a trifecta of security themes: encouraging personal accountability, developing proactive behavior and drawing attention to careers in cybersecurity. It’s a model of shared responsibility that recognizes a critical shift in security as the line between our online and offline lives becomes indistinguishable. The eventual destination will be a unified approach that treats all data as valuable and all users as cybersecurity stakeholders.
But to get where we’re going, we need to know where we’ve been. Here’s a quick look back at the state of cybersecurity in 2019 and how this year’s NCSAM themes can help boost infosec impact.
The Year in Review
Cybersecurity in 2019 was defined by two key trends: lack of staff and abundance of risk. As noted by ISACA’s “State of Cybersecurity 2019,” 58 percent of companies surveyed have unfilled infosec positions, and 69 percent said their IT security teams are understaffed. Sixty percent of security professionals said cyberattacks are “likely or very likely” this year, and half believe that most organizations underreport the amount of cybercrime they experience — even when reporting is mandatory.
This year, top threats included:
- Phishing — The old hook-and-sinker standby remains popular because it works. As Small Biz Trends reported, approximately one in every 99 emails is actually a phishing attack, and 30 percent of these malicious messages make it past security systems.
- Insecure APIs — Custom-built and open-source APIs are on the rise to help organizations streamline app development, but they also present opportunity for hackers if code isn’t properly encrypted and access isn’t effectively gated.
- Lacking data defense — 2019 saw more than its fair share of high-value data stored on improperly secured servers and databases. In some cases, data lacked even basic password protection and could be easily found using publicly available tools.
- Misconfigured clouds — As noted by Symantec’s “2019 Internet Security Threat Report,” misconfigured clouds cost companies millions in stolen records and compliance failures.
- Insider threats — While external actors often top IT worry lists, 60 percent of organizations experienced an insider attack over the last 12 months. Accidental or malicious, the results are the same: increased risk.
National Cyber Security Awareness Month 2019 Themes
Shifting away from the week-by-week approach of previous years, NCSAM 2019 features three overarching themes:
- Own IT — Take responsibility for IT security at all levels — from social media to mission-critical apps.
- Secure IT — Take steps to secure IT behaviors and limit attacker success.
- Protect IT — Take action to protect both device connections and data collection across the organization.
Own IT
The Own IT theme focuses on encouraging personal accountability for user actions. While IT security has long been considered the domain of technology teams and C-suite executives, the democratization of mobile devices, cloud resources and always-on connections has created an environment of shared access that lacks the critical balance of shared responsibility.
Without a shared sense of security ownership, organizations face key challenges, including accidental oversharing of privileged data on social media sites and device applications given too-broad permissions — paving the way for potentially malicious code to infect corporate networks. With the vast majority of mobile applications still insecure by default, according to Forbes, and IT pros unable to keep pace with the rapid uptake of personal devices in the workplace, shared ownership of IT becomes fundamental to security.
Security teams can help end users own IT across the following key areas:
- Social media — Social media offers the potential for collaboration, and the risk of compromise. Here, education is critical to help users own their social behavior and recognize potential pitfalls.
- Privacy settings — The less shared, the better. Privacy settings should be set to limit who can see new posts, make comments or share data.
- Application use — Many apps ask for permissions they don’t need. By working with staff to vet potential apps and using mobile application management tools to detect suspicious behavior, security teams can strike a balance between responsibility and risk.
Secure IT
NCSAM’s Secure IT theme speaks to the need for stronger security practices that both protect day-to-day behaviors and also reduce overall risk. This is critical in a world where users spend more than five hours per day on connected devices, according to ZDNet. Smartphones, tablets and wearables are no longer additions to the everyday user experience — they form its core. As a result, more and more behaviors that were once conducted offline — such as financial and healthcare transactions — are taking place across a shared public resource.
But security best practices aren’t keeping pace with technological advancements: Users are still choosing exceptionally bad passwords and, according to Proofpoint, $1.2 billion was lost last year to email compromise attacks. For security teams, this means even small changes to typical behavior can help secure IT environments and limit potential exposure.
Best practices to help secure IT include the following:
- Promote better passphrases — Passwords are naturally insecure, offering little protection against automated or artificial intelligence (AI)-driven attacks. Strong, unique passphrases can help staff remember login credentials and frustrate hacker efforts.
- Factor in better authentication — Single-factor authentication makes it easy for attackers to gain access if they compromise usernames and passwords. Multifactor authentication (MFA) solutions that leverage text messages, tokens or biometric data provide a substantial security boost.
- Teach users to spot the hook — Phishing works. Teach users to spot the shiny hook of social engineering by looking for emails that are overly urgent, don’t follow typical formats or include unexpected attachments.
Protect IT
Protect IT focuses on the potentially risky practices of connection and collection. With wireless device connections now commonplace and companies collecting data at unprecedented speed and scale, protecting both how users access information online and also what they do with that information is critical to safeguard both IT systems and corporate reputation.
In many cases, users don’t recognize their actions as risky — with public Wi-Fi hotspots now ubiquitous, what’s the harm? As CSO Online pointed out, massive WPA2 flaws mean that most free Wi-Fi networks are inherently insecure. Collection of customer data, meanwhile, is essential to deliver value-added services that can keep pace with consumer expectations. But how this data is collected, handled, stored and eventually destroyed is now governed by multilayered, geographically diverse compliance requirements. Failing to meet regulatory expectations could result in fines, business sanctions and reputational damage.
To reduce risk and protect IT, security teams must implement the following:
- Regular security updates — Platforms, browsers and operating systems must be regularly updated to minimize overall risk. Your best bet is to establish a schedule to ensure this happens on time, every time.
- Wi-Fi safety training and technology — Public Wi-Fi carries risk, but internal Wi-Fi networks can also be compromised. IT staff must deploy key defensive measures, such as real-time network monitoring and virtual private networks (VPNs), to safeguard internal connections and teach staff how to recognize insecure connections.
- Secure data handling practices — Organizations must practice due diligence in data handling to meet compliance requirements. Here, robust identity and access management (IAM) solutions help ensure the right users have access to the right data at the right times, while strong encryption helps boost data defenses.
This year, National Cyber Security Awareness Month’s focus is clear: Cybersecurity is no longer confined to offices and corporate networks — IT is everywhere, any time and on any device. Improving cybersecurity means owning IT with shared responsibility, securing IT with behavioral best practices, and protecting IT with training and technology support.
Stay tuned all month for more NCSAM 2019 content from SecurityIntelligence! | https://securityintelligence.com/articles/the-it-trifecta-an-overview-of-national-cyber-security-awareness-month-2019/ |
Although many cities and civilizations have since been discovered and recovered over the years, archaeologists still manage to find proof of places and civilizations that have been buried throughout history. With the use of a NASA satellite, archaeologists were able to find thousands of lost settlement sites in Syria.
Archaeologists used the data from NASA’s Shuttle Radar Topography Mission along with satellite images taken from the 1960s, digital maps, and modern satellite photos and found that there were over 14,000 settlement sites hidden in what is now northeastern Syria. The study was published in the Proceedings of the Natural Academy of Sciences, and their findings also provided a clue about the trends surrounding the ancient movement at the time.
The study’s co-author, archaeologist Jason Ur of Harvard University, said, “Traditional archaeology goes straight to the biggest features - palaces or cities - but we tend to ignore the settlements at the other end of the social spectrum. The people who migrated to cities came from somewhere, we have to put these people back on the map.”
The researchers analyzed the signature of human activity found in the soil, also known as anthrosols, which are made from organic waste and decayed mud-brick architecture to get to their findings. They also found that the settlements covered a larger expanse of land than previously believed as they are not found near the rivers or in places where precipitation is high. Ur cited one settlement named Tell Brak as being larger than expected.
Onto another discovery, researchers in Poland unearthed a mass burial site, made up of 119 graves, and the majority of the remains found in these graves belonging to children. They found that some of the children were buried in pairs, and had coins in their mouths. They have dated these remains all the way back in the 17th century and according to Arkadia archaeology group’s Kataryna Oleszek, the site in question may have been designed specifically for children.
Another theory to this discovery was that children in this area of Poland were the remains were discovered suffered a high mortality rate. More studies have yet to be conducted in learning more about this discovery. | https://www.econotimes.com/NASA-satellite-detects-8000-year-old-lost-cities-1586487 |
Arcane accounts from Egypt, Greece, Rome and Sumeria tell startling similar stories of the oceanic destruction of advanced civilizations which vanished into the world’s oceans and forgotten to the ravages of time. New technology scouring the vast depths are discovering the ruins of these lost lands. To the disbelief of established scientific communities, the evidence gathered correlates to surviving tales of an antediluvian world predating the establishment of Göbekli Tepe. These lost cities tell of the ongoing conflict between Enki and Enlil hold the secrets to unlocking the ancient code of human origin and destiny. This presentation was originally webcast October 24, 2017. TOPICS FROM THE EPISODE: ✓ Discoveries Rewrite Human History – Scientists analyze clues of recently discovered sunken cities that correlate with disregarded mythology of ancient cities. ✓ Ancient Battles – Scholars trace evidence of the battle between Enki and Enlil from ancient Sumer to sunken cities in the Azores and Canary Islands. ✓ Civilization is Older than Previously Accepted – Discovery of sunken sites near Cuba, in the Caribbean and Azores, prove human civilization is older than 11,000 years. ✓ An Interplanetary Exodus – Researchers theorize the destruction of a planet between Mars and Jupiter spawned a migration that gave rise to ancient civilizations on Earth. | https://anonofficial.com/they-were-hiding-it-discoveries-that-could-rewrite-history-2019-2020/ |
Joseph Jones, an anthropologist at the College of William & Mary and one of the investigators at the site, told me that science is ripe even while his team is still judging. At the beginning of their excavation, they examined the skeletal remains using the same methods used by archaeologists for nearly a hundred years, measuring the size of the bones and looking at the damage to them to pinpoint. the details of people’s lives. Today, however, the group uses modern methods that previous generations of researchers had only dreamed of: the use of lasers to cut small fragments of tooth enamel so that isotopes trapped inside could be examined; sequencing ancient DNA to connect people who died hundreds of years ago to their descendants.
The African Burial Ground was discovered in a moment also of cultural discovery. Historians have investigated the role enslaved by humans in building northern cities, while Black scholars such as Henry Louis Gates Jr. and writers like Toni Morrison have centered on the role of African-Americans in U.S. history.
The scientific analysis of the site added compelling data on these social movements and changed the view of many Americans on the construction of their country. It revealed that enslaved people from Africa built many cities that are still inhabited by Americans today-in the North and South. And it shows how we went from a nomadic species traveling in small bands to sharing tight habitats with millions of other people.
The Africa Burial Ground project is one of the first to use a new constellation of “bioarchaeology” equipment that goes beyond conventional pickaxes and brushes. But it was the first stage of a much broader archaeological revolution that brought scientists and scholars in the humanities to produce data about our ancestors. Today, researchers are supplementing bioarchaeology with 3D photography, lidar, satellite imagery, and more.
Sometimes called “data archeology,” this type of high-tech exploration is well suited to the study of urban history. By using remote sensing technologies such as fulfilling, researchers can identify an entire grid in the town, giving us a better picture of what it’s like to walk in neighborhoods and peeking at the stores. This type of data enables precise digital reproduction, meaning that historians can make a remote, inaccessible site something that anyone in the world can visit. online.
This data has also democratized history: scholars can also examine hundreds, if not thousands, of the remains and process multiple sets of data to gain an understanding of the experiences of ordinary people-not just the fortunately few owned land, had their names written on monuments, or held public office.
Speaking of teeth
Data archeology is especially good for historians studying towns because urban areas often hold stories of migrants that may be difficult to trace. Bioarchaeologist Michael Blakey, who has led the Africa Burial Ground project since the early 1990s, said his team would not know where people in the cemetery came from if they could not do a variety of analyzes. of the chemical in their tooth enamel. Because the enamel it grows in layers as humans mature, chemists can study a cross-section of a tooth and determine what components are exposed to young people. It’s like analyzing wood rings, where each layer of enamel represents a stage in human life.
Immediately, they saw a sharp dividing line between people born in Africa and people born in America: lead. Even if African civilizations worked with different metals, lead was almost exclusively used by Europeans, for things like pipes and pewter dishes. Anyone who has pioneered childhood tooth enamel is almost certainly born locally.
As science progressed, Blakey’s group also used a technique called strontium isotope analysis to find out in part where people came from. When people eat and drink in a specific area for long periods of time, their teeth absorb a small amount of strontium, an element that penetrates from rocky soil into food and drinking water. Strontium from older landmass has a slightly different chemical signature than strontium from more recent ones, so looking at isotopes in human tooth enamel allowed the researchers to know. where they live a lifetime. | https://mobilegamenet.com/how-technology-has-helped-archaeologists-dig-up-ancient-towns/ |
For years, Scientists and Explorers have debated over the question: How did the Egyptians build the great pyramids? It has long been suspected that the Great Pyramids, Stonehenge, and the Mayan temples could not have been built using the primitive technologies attributed to those peoples by the orthodox academic view which states that primitive civilization in Mesopotamia, Egypt and India emerged from the stone age just over five thousand years ago. Research on the technology of ancient buildings brings convincing evidence that ancient civilizations utilized high-tech engineering methods equal to, if not superior to our own and that these technologies were being applied on a world-wide level.
See: ‘Graham Hancock Breaks the Set on TED Censorship, Lost Civilizations & War on Consciousness’ op YouTube
Once you start to explore this search for the truth you become a part of that question: what is my personal history; where do I come from? | https://human-dna.org/2-ancient-sciences/ |
The burials have an important role in the establishment and development of archaeology and that is due to the fruitful information that researchers gain from them. This information helps them to understand the different aspects of early humankind's life. In its early beginning, archaeology largely concentrated on the study of burials, which helped in exploring the features of those early civilizations. Most of the early archaeological researches concentrated on the study of burials, such studies participated in stating the chronology of the history and civilizations of Sudan. Moreover, those studies shed light on the various unknown sides of Sudan history and civilization. The burials of ancient Sudanese civilizations are distinguished by different patterns and burial customs, which indicate the uniqueness of the continued cultures and civilizations. Therefore, different methods of study have been adopted to classify and analyze its remains, social structure and the enabling of its on going cultural process. This research deals with means and methods of studying of the ancient Sudanese burials, the research concentrated on the period that followed the Meroitic civilization, which the researchers terminologically referred to as post-Meroitic period (X-Group). The burials of this period are a rich field of study, which is represented in the different points of view, adopted by different researchers and is still going on. Most of these points of view concentrated on exploring its origin as well as its racial identity, but without any consideration to its cultural identity. Moreover, the researchers did not take into consideration the burials as a material evidence of the culture associated with it, which could help them to understand the civilization history and the culture of Sudan in that time. The method adopted in studying the cemetery of EL Haraz site, one of the sites that were discovered in the fourth cataract on the left bank of the river Nile and to the north of Meroe dam, shed light on the value ability and the cultural position of the region. Excavations of these burials have explored an important side of the burial customs, funerary furniture and reflected different forms and types of superstructures and substructures of the tombs. Archaeological materials have been classified, analyzed,and put in their historical context. Samples of human skeletons have been studied so as to expose the population nature of this cemetery. Then the general results of this study compared with others burials site referring to the same historical period. This study arrived to many important conclusions based generally on the credibility of the archaeological evidence, which depended on the survey and excavations of the EL Haraz cemetery, because it is composed of independent cultural units, which consisted rich and consistent traits of that time. Therefore, it is a definite source for the information about the region’s culture during that historical period. | http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/items/d68fe202-136e-4739-a390-5ce1195e2847 |
Aims This course will provide students with an understanding of six ancient civilizations through archaeological and documentary sources. These SIX ancient civilizations are Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, northern China, Mesospheric, and the Andes. The course has three related goals: (1 ) to trace the historical formation and collapse of these six societies; (2) to examine explanations that attempt to account for their trajectories; and (3) to explore the methods researchers use to study these topics.
Outcomes By the end of the course it is expected that the student will be able to: locate six major ancient civilizations and their cities on maps; understand and critically analyze the range in current theoretical approaches to the development of violations; recognize and critically evaluate the methods employed to access the past organize material and to articulate arguments effectively Grading Quizzes The quizzes will consist of multiple-choice questions and map identifications.
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Quiz 1: Quiz 2: Quiz 3: Examinations examination: 30% Final examination: 30% Extra Credit Students may add 5 points to their midterm or final through extra credit work at museums or lectures relevant to this class. Among the suggested exhibits are the permanent Egyptian displays at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Brooklyn Museum, and the Micronesian and South American exhibits at the American Museum of Natural History, but many other exhibits may also be appropriate. Students must write one page assessing the exhibit or lecture and provide proof of visit.
Knowing them well will allow you to proceed to graduation efficiently and with a strong transcript. Study carefully everything in Brush’s statement about academic honesty. You can access it easily from the Burch College home page, where the link “For Current Students” leads to a page where you can find a link to “Academic Honesty Policy’ under “Resources and information”. Also feel free to ask any instructor for clarification or for explanation of why professors take this issue so seriously. This course has a ‘zero tolerance’ policy on cheating and improper behavior during quizzes and exams.
Any student who breaks academic rules in this course has violated the mutual trust on which teaching and learning are based and will receive not only a zero on that assignment, but a grade of F for the course. For serious infractions the instructor will ask the College’s Disciplinary Panel to suspend the violator from all Burch courses. By College policy, all suspected violations, whether infirmed or not, are reported to the Dean of Students. Disruption of class is not permitted. Rude behavior is disruptive. Arriving late/leaving early is also not acceptable and repeated latecomers/early leavers will be penalized. Pods and cell phones off before class. Please do not eat food within the classroom. It is distracting to other students and to yourself (you should focus on the lecture! ). Content Overview The areas that we will study are Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, northern China, Mesospheric, and the Andes, that is, the birthplaces of the pristine states that armed the core of early civilizations. Their societies occupy a special place in human history, because they produced the first social classes, economic specialization, state government, and urban settlements.
Their populations created the earliest formal philosophies, religions, monumental architecture, legal codes, market economies, institutionalized militaries, and writing systems. Their members began to define separate spheres of secular and religious activities and public and private life. In short, if we want to understand how human societies were transformed from small roofs to diversified empires organized on a grand scale, these are the regions that we study. Brief description of teaching and learning methods: Illustrated lectures requiring preparatory reading.
Students will take a midterm and a final. Students have the option of an essay. Blackboard Most lectures in this course are illustrated with a substantial number of visual images, typically maps, site plans, and architectural and artifact photos. Lectures are provided on Blackboard as a resource only; students will not be responsible for a visual identification of any specific image in an exam. All handouts are available on blackboard. You can find the blackboard site for this course on the Burch website.
If you miss a class, check blackboard for study sheets and assignments. Check with the Burch Computing and Technology Center (BCC) for information on how to use blackboard. Call the help desk at 646-312-1010. Attendance Class attendance is required and very important as a key part of active participation. Attendance is recorded at the beginning of every class. Freshmen and sophomores (fewer than 61 credits completed) will be dropped if more than four classes are missed. Juniors and seniors (over 60 credits) will be dropped if more than six classes are missed.
Absences for medical, religious, family reasons or subway delays are counted as part of the four or six classes missed and will not be excused even with a note. If you have special medical or other ongoing circumstances, please discuss them with the professor ahead of time. If you are absent for whatever reason, please keep the professor informed by calling or emailing her. All class assignments and study sheets will be on blackboard, so please check the website if you are absent so that you will be prepared for the
Special Needs Burch College is committed to being fully accessible to all students, including those with disabilities. To establish appropriate accommodations, please alert your instructor to your needs and contact Ms. Barbara Souris, Coordinator of the Office of Services for Students with Disabilities, part of the Division of Student Development and counseling, at NV 2 271 or at (646) 312 4590. Please contact me directly if you require additional aids prior to your lectures. | https://anyassignment.com/samples/course-outline-6-7570/ |
Why do some neighborhoods improve more than others?
(Tech Xplore)—Researchers have put classical theories of urban change to the test with help from Google Street View and computer vision algorithms. By comparing photos of the same locations from 2007 and 2014, they identified connections between the changes in the physical appearance of a neighborhood and the neighborhood's economic and demographic data. Overall, their results support several theories of urban change and show that a variety of factors—especially population density and level of education— contribute to the changes in neighborhoods over time.
The researchers, led by César A. Hidalgo at MIT's Media Lab and Harvard University, have published a paper on the use of computer vision algorithms to analyze urban change in a recent issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
"Computer vision methods can be used to detect and measure urban improvement and decline at the street block level," coauthor Nikhil Naik at MIT and Harvard University told Tech Xplore. "This data, in turn, can help us understand the causes and consequences of the change in public and private infrastructure of cities, as demonstrated in our work."
The new study builds on previous research in which some of the same researchers developed a computer vision algorithm called Streetscore and trained it to rate the safety of an urban image by using a massive crowd-sourced dataset collected in 2011, called Place Pulse.
In the new study, the researchers obtained images from Google Street View of five US cities (Baltimore, Boston, Detroit, New York, and Washington, DC) of the exact same location captured in 2007 and 2014, and then used a variant of the Streetscore algorithm to rate the safety of each image on a scale of 0 to 25. The change in the Streetscore rank of each location yielded a new metric, Streetchange. The researchers then validated the Streetchange scores using human assessments and found good agreement.
When analyzing the Streetchange scores in combination with economic and demographic data, the researchers found support for three major theories of urban change. The two variables that were most strongly correlated to a positive Streetchange score were high population density and a high percentage of the population with a college degree. In accordance with economic theories of urban change, neighborhoods that are densely populated by college-educated adults are more likely to experience improvements in appearance. However, the researchers did not find any relationship between Streetchange scores and median income, housing prices, or rental costs, suggesting that the education effect is not economic but rather skill-based.
Second, the analysis revealed that neighborhoods which look nicer to begin with experience larger improvements than less attractive neighborhoods do, in support of tipping models of urban change. At the same time, the researchers found that even the least attractive neighborhoods improved during this seven-year-period, and did not get worse as tipping models suggest.
The third major variable contributing to a positive Streetchange score is being in close proximity to other physically attractive neighborhoods and to the central business district, in agreement with "invasion" theories of urban change.
By demonstrating that computer vision methods can be used to support prominent theories of urban change and help identify factors that contribute to this change, the researchers hope that in the future these methods may play an important role in studying, understanding, and predicting the changing dynamics of urban environments.
The real question is does this apply just to cities or to suburbs, which are naturally less dense, as well. | https://techxplore.com/news/2017-07-neighborhoods.html |
Posted:
13 June 2019
- Category:
Lost Worlds and Civilizations
- Source:
independent.co.uk
This page is a stub. To read the full article, please click the link below.
"Archaeologists have found evidence of ancient human activity on Britain's very own 'Atlantis'. Scientists investigating a drowned Stone Age landscape at the bottom of the North Sea..."
READ MORE AT independent.co.uk
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DAVID HATCHER CHILDRESS
At the age of 19 David Hatcher Childress left the United States on a six year research and adventure odyssey.
Childress would study firsthand the ancient civilizations of Africa, the Middle East and China; along with journeying into dangerous territory occasionally, like Uganda during the overthrow of Idi Amin.
Further expeditions to South America, Africa and remote Pacific Islands, along with his books and media attention certified Childress as the Real Life Indiana Jones.
From Childress further 20 years of global search for lost cities, ancient mysteries and clues of humankind's origins, The LOST CITIES SERIES of 8 titles has come about.
The style of this author is an entertaining blend of his personal experiences with people and legend along the way coupled with well researched facts that can give both the armchair adventurer and hardened Skeptic somewhere to hang their hat. | http://www.gizapyramid.com/BIO-Childress.htm |
Archaeologists have a new way to unlock the secrets of ancient burned bones
Ancient bones, burned beyond repair, have been given new life to tell their stories, thanks to beams of neutrons.
Using new techniques to analyze molecules in bones, scientists have narrowed down the temperatures used to burn skeletal remains that are as much as 8,000 years old — shedding light on long-ago funeral and cooking practices as well as advancing modern forensic science.
When bones are burned, it completely changes their overall size and shape. Structural features “that are useful for archaeologists to know the story of the remains are lost,” said Giulia Festa, a physicist at the Enrico Fermi Historical Museum of Physics and Study and Research Center in Rome.
But even when fire alters bone beyond visible recognition, their molecules can still provide clues to their history, according to a study led by Festa that was published Friday, in Science Advances.
“Every molecule is constantly vibrating, although of course, we cannot see it,” said Maria Paula Marques, a chemist at the University of Coimbra in Portugal and the study’s senior author. “If we apply the proper instrument, which in this case is called a vibrational spectrometer, we can plot a graph of these vibrations.”
The vibrarions of each molecule are unique, like a fingerprint.
As the temperature of a bone increases, the composition and arrangement of its molecules changes. As the bone structure deforms, the molecules are pushed and pulled in new ways. And as heat causes water to evaporate and carbon dioxide to be released, the bones’ chemical makeup changes as well.
And when the molecules change, so do their vibrations. Measuring these vibrations allows scientists to understand how bones change when exposed to very high temperatures.
Enter spectroscopy, a way to examine matter by seeing how it interacts with a beam of light.
With Raman spectroscopy, the frequency of the light changes in characteristic ways for particular types of molecules. And with infrared spectroscopy, molecules absorb specific frequencies of light, giving away their identity.
Both methods provide complementary information, but sometimes one gives clearer results than the other. For example, vibrations that may appear weak based on Raman spectroscopy could look stronger when measured with infrared spectroscopy, Marques said, and the combination is another way to zero in on the identity of a particular molecule.
The third method the researchers used, called inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy, is much less common. Instead of light, it uses a beam of neutrons to identify vibrations.
Creating a beam of neutrons is no easy feat.
“There’s plenty of neutrons around,” said Stewart Parker, an instrument scientist with the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in England who worked on the study. Unfortunately, he said, “they’re actually very strongly held inside the atom.”
To release the neutrons, scientists use a process called spallation.
“If you take a hammer and smack a rock with it, you get little bits of stuff flying around. These are spallation fragments,” Parker said. “We do exactly the same thing here, except that in this case, our hammer is a high-energy beam of protons. The proton hits the tungsten atom, and as a result of that, we generate neutrons.”
These neutrons then bombard the molecules in bone, revealing vibrations that could not be detected by Raman or infrared spectroscopy.
“There are vibrations that involve the hydrogen [atoms] that could not be seen if we could not use neutron spectroscopy,” Marques said. “So having these three techniques for the same sample gives us the complete set of vibrations and much more information.”
In earlier work, Marques, Parker and a team of scientists took modern human bones and burned them at temperatures ranging from 400°C to 1000° Celsius. Along the way, they used the three spectroscopy techniques to see how the vibrations of the molecules changed in response to different levels of heat.
Then they were ready to test their system on ancient bones, using the modern bones as a reference.
“We wanted to see if we could obtain reliable information for different historical periods,” Marques said. “From those different historical periods, civilizations would handle their deaths in different ways.”
The researchers analyzed bones from four archaeological sites in Italy that represented four historical eras: the Neolithic, the Copper Age, the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages.
The molecules in a human tibia from the medieval site (which was inhabited between the years 500 to 1400 CE) revealed that the bone had likely been burned at a temperature close to 400°C, while a skull was likely burned at 600°C, the researchers said.
Human hand bones from a Copper Age site (in use between 3360 and 2910 BCE) were found to have been burned at 500° C, the temperature of a common home fire. Cremations were known to be a regular burial practice at the time, and this finding suggests people could have conducted them in their homes, the researchers said.
The researchers were surprised to find that four bones from the same skeleton in a Roman tomb were burned at vastly different temperatures — some less than 400°C and some as high as 900°C. The skeleton (dated to between 100 and 200 CE) was found entombed with a lamp.
“In those times, many times people inserted a lamp in the tombs with their dead,” Marques said. Because the lamp was closer to one type of bone than the other, she said, “we realized that the skeleton was in the fetal position.”
The researchers also tested a burned jaw bone from a Neolithic sheep or goat that found its way into a central Italy cave between 6000 and 5000 BCE. Using human bones as a comparison, the researchers found that the bone appeared to have been burned at a temperature below 500°C, consistent with the cooking temperatures of Neolithic ovens.
Not only do these methods uncover secrets about how humans lived in the past, they may have important uses in modern-day forensic investigations.
“When you look at normal bones, there’s a pretty good correlation between the size of the bone and the size of the individual,” Parker said. But “when you burn it, bone shrinks, so the correlation doesn’t work.”
Tim Thompson, a forensic anthropologist at England’s Teesside University who wasn’t involved in the study, agreed that the new method of examining bones would be useful for studying specimens throughout history.
“Bone is bone, and it doesn’t really matter whether it’s a modern forensic context or a historic context,” he said. “You’re still looking fundamentally at the same material that’s undergoing the same change.”
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You may occasionally receive promotional content from the Los Angeles Times. | https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2019-06-28/new-way-to-decode-burned-bones |
The University of Haifa's International Master's Degree in Maritime Civilizations offers students an exceptional opportunity to learn about the history, archaeology and fabric of maritime societies, as well as the natural environment in which they developed and currently exist. Students will explore a variety of fields pertaining to maritime civilizations and the marine environment, including coastal and underwater archaeology and micro-archaeology, marine biology and ecology, maritime history, and maritime geology and geomorphology.
The interdisciplinary curriculum offers advanced courses and research training to students interested in exploring human-sea interactions in a dynamic learning environment. The learning experience combines classroom courses, day fieldtrips, hands-on laboratory practice, as well as field-based courses and research. Field activities are an integral part of the program. They expose students to hands-on applied science, a variety of research methods including modern approaches to micro-archaeology, first-hand acquaintance with the sea through research cruises and under-water excavations, and an introduction to the challenges of marine studies. Students will be required to participate in field activities. Special emphasis is placed on coastal settlements, harbors, ships and seafaring as part of the maritime heritage of the Mediterranean. The program also addresses the ecological and geomorphological dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and their influence on the interaction between man and the sea in ancient and modern times. This program is based on active research carried out in the field and the laboratories at the Department of Maritime Civilizations and the Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies. The language of instruction is English. Student experiences are available at the "Sea Us" blog.
- To provide students with an understanding of the sea and maritime civilizations and to prepare them for research in their chosen areas of specialization;
- To train a new generation of scholars, researchers and educators in the field of marine sciences;
- To provide students with specialized knowledge of the relationships between humans and the Mediterranean Sea;To offer an outstanding academic program that combines classroom study with hands-on scientific exploration.
The program is taught within the framework of the Department of Maritime Civilizations, a unique institution that focuses on interdisciplinary studies through the combination of the humanities and natural sciences. It provides a comprehensive approach to the study of coasts and the sea. Joint courses combine history and archaeology; geomorphology and archaeology; and all fields are brought together during the yearly Departmental Research Cruise link.
Link here to the 2018-2019 Course list
Link here to the Department's web site.
Link here to the university's International School
Faculty and Research
Faculty and Emeriti at the Department of Maritime Civilizations carry out a variety of research projects, some of them are reflected in classroom and field activities. Students at the program are encouraged to take part in ongoing research projects which may build towards potential thesis projects.
Faculty members
History:
1. Non-state agents and maritime logistics in antiquity: analyzing the part played by players not commissioned by the state in developing maritime logistics.
2. Grand strategy of ancient Mediterranean Empires: examining aspects of long-term planning and the allocation of resources by Mediterranean empires towards realizing goals related to the maritime sphere.
3. Connectivity and mobility in the Roman mare nostrum: revisiting Roman notions of the Mediterranean, and the complex relationship between sea-base connectivity and actual mobility.
Dr. Nantet, Emmanuel.
1. Ancient ships, based on the study of written, iconographic and archaeological sources (shipwrecks).
2. Development of Nautical Heritage.
3. Ancient Metrology.
Archaeology:
1. Formation processes of the archaeological record: the land-coast-underwater continuum (sites of Megiddo, Kabri and Dor).
2. Subsistence strategies and water management in the Negev Highlands: from the Bronze Age to the Early Islamic period.
3. Geoarchaeological research of prehistoric sites (Ein Qashish, Tabun, Newe David).
1. Ancient and traditional technologies.
2. Middle Bronze Age metals and metallurgy.
3. Obsidian trade in the Southern Levant.
1. Underwater archaeological surveys and excavations in the bays of Tel Dor: maritime interactions and structures from the Bronze Age to the Ottoman Period.
2. Excavations of the Middle Bronze Age Canaanite palace at Tel Kabri: Minoan style wall paintings and wine cellars.
3. Tel Achziv: underwater survey and publication of the Bronze Age and Phoenician remains exposed in previous excavations.
Ancient ship construction:
1. The Ma‘agan Mikhael Replica project.
2. The Ma‘agan Mikhael B shipwreck: Transition in ship construction, seamanship and seafaring in the eastern Mediterranean in Late Antiquity.
3. The Akko Tower Shipwreck and its significance for the maritime history of Akko.
Marine ecoloy:
1. Biology & ecology of gelatinous marine zooplankton (jellyfish) in the eastern Mediterranean, with emphasis on jellyfish blooms.
2. Marine Aquaculture - how to farm the seas sustainably, understanding environmental impacts of aquaculture, development of innovative environmentally-friendly technology, offshore aquaculture.
3. Exploring the use of Citizen Science in marine environmental research - spreading the word and involving the public in what we do.
Maritime Law:
1. The freedom of navigation in Islamic customary law of the sea from the seventh to the late fifteenth century C.E., with emphasis on the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean.
2. Early Islamic coastal defense system (Ribats) in Greater Syria and its expansion in North Africa and Andalusia.
Emeriti.
Prof. Artzy, Michal.
Prof. Mart, Joseph.
1. Coastal and underwater archaeological indicators for sea level changes in Israel and Greece.
2. Seismic and borehole based reconstruction of the Israeli coast in the last 125,000 years, in relation to human settlement patterns.
Prof. Spanier, Ehud.
1. Ecology, behavior and behavioral ecology of lobsters with emphasis on slipper lobsters and their utilization by various societies.
2. Dangerous marine organisms in the Eastern Mediterranean and Northern Red Sea.
3. Behavioral ecology of muricid snails and their use in the ancient dye industries.
Admission
Admission Requirements and Prerequisites
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Accredited BA degree, diploma and transcript
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Preferred backgrounds include history, archaeology, ecology, biology and geology
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A minimum of 3.0 GPA or 80% or equivalent
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TOEFL scores (if native language is not English or candidates have not previously studied at an institution of higher education where the language of instruction is English). A minimum of 570 (paper-based test), 230 (computer-based test) or 89 (internet-based test)
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Two letters of recommendation from an academic
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Curriculum Vitae/Résumé
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Copy of your valid passport & six passport-sized photos
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Personal statement (500-750 words)
Medical forms
Application
International students must register through the International School. Apply for the program online here.
Israeli students must register online according to the University of Haifa regulations. Please click here for the link to the online registration.
Contact Us | http://marsci.haifa.ac.il/index.php/en/ma-title/intprog-civi |
While the Amazon rainforest may look wild and unfamiliar, a new comprehensive study has revealed that it is actually the result of some of humanity’s first experiments with agriculture. Humans have lived in the Amazon for over 10,000 years and have built some of the greatest civilizations of the ancient world. They also dramatically changed the Amazon rainforest in ways that are still evident today.
Environmental researcher Carolina Levis of Wageningen University and a large international team of ecologists and archaeologists collaborated on a study for Science that will undoubtedly change our view of the Amazon. “Humans arrived in the Amazon at least 10,000 years ago and started using the species that were there. And more than 8,000 years ago, they selected some individuals with specific phenotypes that are useful to humans,” Levis told the Atlantic Oceanfrom Robinson Meyer. “They really cultivated and planted these species in their own gardens, in the forests they managed.” These early cultivators were taming trees at about the same time that Neolithic peoples in the Levant first tamed wheat and barley.
Working with data from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network, Levis and her colleagues identified 85 domesticated tree species of the Amazon’s 4,962 species. But these 85 species had an inordinate influence on the composition of the forest itself. “We found that 20 of these 85 domesticated species are hyperdominant: five times higher than the number of hyperdominant species expected by chance,” they write in Science. Overall, about 20 percent of all species in the Amazon rainforest today are the result of ancient domestication. In areas where great ancient civilizations existed, the number of servants is closer to 30 percent.
Favorite trees of Amazon people 8,000 years ago included rubber, cacao, brazil nut, caimito, acai palm, cashew, and tucuma palm. These trees and others were essential as food and building material for pre-Columbian societies.
In addition to evidence that these trees were cultivated and planted by humans, researchers found that housewives were particularly common around ancient cities identified by archaeologists, as well as along rivers where people lived in villages. Many could also be found in areas where Amazonian peoples engaged in slash-and-burn techniques to clear the land. It is possible that these species grew best in areas disturbed by human habitation. In other words, the density of domesticated trees likely resulted from a combination of intentional farming and species that readily adapted to human environments.
The result is a forest that has been heavily modified by man for thousands of years. Although ancient city builders left the forests more than a millennium ago and European colonization 500 years ago wiped out many surviving Amazonian peoples, these tree nurseries have left indelible marks on the landscape.
Although the forest has covered most of the areas where humans once built great temples, humans can still help some species become hyperdominant. Speak with Erin Ross on Nature, paleoecologist Crystal McMichael of the University of Amsterdam noted that the transformation of the Amazon did not end after contact with Europe. “It’s pretty common knowledge that ancient humans and modern humans both settle in similar areas,” she said. As new people pour into the woods, they are likely to keep the percentage of servants higher than average.
Scientists have long argued that humans played a role in shaping the Amazon. But what’s incredible about Levis and her colleagues’ research is that it’s a large-scale assessment of the Amazon that incorporates the perspectives of environmental scientists and archaeologists. This interdisciplinary work has enabled us to understand that a seemingly pristine wilderness is actually a patchwork of farms abandoned centuries ago. | https://techilink.com/the-amazon-rainforest-is-the-result-of-an-8000-year-experiment-techilink/ |
From the author:
Imperios Milenarios (Millenarian Empires) is a game where each player leads an ancient civilization of the World, expanding its territories, improving its sciences and boosting its industries throughout the Ages. The game will last until a number of civilizations reach the Bronze or Iron Ages, when points will be awarded for the territories and cities occupied, technologies discovered, trade goods obtained, Wonders built and treasure.
One distinctive element of the game is the use of a deck/pool-building mechanic mixed with role selection (similar to Eminent Domain) by which players draw a generic action of their choice to boost their hand every turn. This is done with little chips instead of cards, where chips in four different colors are each associated with a couple of possible actions. For instance, players can use blue chips in their hand (fleets/caravans) to expand to an adjacent maritime region, or, to trade goods and discoveries with other players.
As the game progresses and civilizations advance, the map will become gradually more and more crowded, players in turn will increase their hand sizes, and their chips will become more and more efficient by means of technological advancements, thus gradually increasing in complexity of negotiations and military tension. So the core of the interaction between players comes not much from direct conflict, but from the constant negotiation everyone is subject to, for the purpose of establishing accessible trading cities and beneficial exchanges, all the while procuring secured “buffer zones” between their Capitals. | https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgameversion/285311/second-edition |
The lost continent Mauritia is believed to be lying beneath the volcanic surface of Mauritius. According to the scientists' latest discovery, the continent is a long and thin one that spanned 350 square miles and existed three billion years ago based on the ancient crystals.
The researchers from the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa lead by Lewis Ashwal have conducted a study regarding the perceived lost continent in the island of Mauritius at the East of Madagascar. According to Popular Science, the researchers have discovered three billion years old crystals which are more than 300 times older than the volcanic surface of the island.
Based on their latest discovery, the researchers have conclude that the ancient crystals are possibly coming from lost continent that was buried beneath the surface of the island. The findings of the study has been published in the journal Nature Communications.
However, the study has been questioned by cynics who think that the tiny and miniscule crystals have possibly brought to the island by any means. And one cited example for that is a bird could have been the channel of transferring the primordial crystal from Africa; not to mention the wind, vehicle tires, ocean currents and people's shoes.
Nevertheless, Ashwal and his team proceeded to the study and come up with another conclusion that the lost continent have been tore apart just like the supercontinent Gondwana that once surrounded Antarctica, Australia, Madagascar, India and Africa 200 million years ago. The same case has been happening today with Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and Tanzania that are splitting from Africa and slowly forming the East African Rift Valley which is also expected to form bodies of water someday, Times reported.
Meanwhile, the team of researchers continue to look for other evidence of the lost continent beneath. According to John Valley, a student of geosciences at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, what lies beneath Mauritius remains a mystery.
See Now: Facebook will use AI to detect users with suicidal thoughts and prevent suicide© 2017 University Herald, All rights reserved. Do not reproduce without permission. | https://www.universityherald.com/articles/63821/20170204/earth-s-8th-continent-discovered-below-the-waters-of-indian-ocean-video.htm |
Livia Vargas is an Oncology Nurse Navigator at San Antonio Regional Hospital’s Women’s Breast & Imaging Center in Upland, California. She is passionate about improving patient access to care, as well as supporting her patients emotionally and through education. For Livia, giving back through her work as a nurse navigator is an incredible privilege.
“Just by listening, you’re giving that patient so much you don’t even realize,” said Livia. “Providing support is the ultimate gift. Being a successful navigator and the go-to person for patients is incredibly rewarding because they’re choosing to come back to you for support time and time again.”
As a nurse navigator, Livia guides and directs patients across the continuum of care, serving as a liaison between the patient and her physician with the understanding that a cancer diagnosis can be frightening and distressing. She offers emotional support and education about the disease process and treatment plan. “As best I can, I help bridge the gap between informational and supportive needs,” said Livia. She is a resource, educator, and supporter for any questions or concerns patients may have.
Livia also navigates women in the Women Caring for Women (WCW) program, designed to provide free diagnostic services for uninsured and underinsured women who are under 40. She helps identify barriers to the services needed, such as financial and language barriers as well as healthcare illiteracy.
The Center where Livia works has a soothing and supportive environment, where patients find both comfort and confidence. The atmosphere helps patients relax while waiting for appointments and procedures. “It’s a very beautiful facility that was created for women by women. In fact, most women say that they do not feel like they’re waiting to have a mammogram.”
We spoke to Livia about the importance of early access to care and tips for patients and their caregivers as they prepare for each step of treatment.
Why is early intervention and timely access to healthcare services of special interest to your work with breast cancer?
Early intervention and timely access to health care services is more than an interest, it is a necessity for quality breast cancer care. Navigators can assist patients with identifying barriers to healthcare that may place them at risk of “falling through the cracks.” Making sure that patients have been scheduled in a timely manner for their initial consultations with their oncology team is paramount. I help facilitate the connection between the patient and their health care provider by scheduling appointments and arranging for the transfer of records, to improve the flow and timeliness of care.
Education is an important intervention that I provide to our lovely women. After a woman is told that she has breast cancer she always wants to know what is next – what can I expect? Providing that one-on-one education is a perfect opportunity to educate her on disease-specific information, potential treatment options, what to expect from the surgical consultation as well as self-care and coping.
Navigating the complexity of the health care system for some patients can be overwhelming. I understand that patients may fail to comply with the treatment plan or to understand the need for self-advocacy to expedite care when there is malignant diagnosis. Early interventions and timely access to health care services overall improves outcomes and survival.
How do you work with women who are newly diagnosed with breast cancer?
When a woman is told she has breast cancer, there are so many emotions going through her such as disbelief, fear, and sometimes anger. Although these feelings are normal, initially it can make it more difficult for her to absorb and understand all of the information that is provided to her.
The patient and her family are provided with emotional support, anticipatory guidance, coping strategies, potential treatment plan and reassurance that the Navigator will remain available to her throughout her journey.
The educational intervention we provide has been well received. Surgeons in the area have mentioned to me that they notice when a patient has visited with me first because they are more prepared for their consultation and most of their basic questions have been answered (for example, the difference between an oncologist and a surgeon). Meeting with patients beforehand enables them to make the most out of their initial consultations.
As a navigator, I can be a lifeline for women facing breast cancer and a safety net for her loved ones. My overall goal is to promote patient preparedness, ongoing support and guidance throughout their cancer continuum.
What advice do you have for a patient’s loved ones to help make sure newly diagnosed women are feeling supported through their experience with breast cancer?
- Lend a Hand With Research, Resources & Communication: Patients have a lot on their minds, and others can take on some of the work of researching more information about options and treatment, or take on the role of updating others on a patient’s status. Caregivers should educate themselves about the diagnosis by going to research-based and evidence-based organizations. If the patient has not been connected with a nurse navigator, making this connection can be a helpful step.
- Accompany the Patient to Appointments: If they can help it, patients should not go on visits to the doctor alone. They should have a reliable family member, friend or navigator with them. A great way for those accompanying patients to help is by assisting with preparing a list of questions or taking notes throughout the appointment.
- Suggest Support Groups: The best thing that friends or family members can do is listen and gently guide patients to resources such as support groups where they can be connected with others who are facing a similar experience. For many, support groups are the place where feelings can truly be confronted, acknowledged, validated, and affirmed.
- Avoid “Cheerleader” Statements: Patients want to be listened to, without judgment. Avoid “cheerleader” statements such as, “Don’t worry, you’ll be fine” or, “You’ve been through worse.”
- Avoid Personal Anecdotes and Unsolicited Advice: Often times people feel as though they are being supportive by sharing “things they’ve heard” about a disease when they have not been personally affected by it, and it usually is not very helpful. Avoid discussing negative outcomes of other breast cancer patients, which can be very distressing, especially to newly diagnosed patients.
- Don’t Overwhelm the Patient With Questions: Keep in mind that newly diagnosed women do not always have enough information to answer all the questions that may come up from family members and friends. While people are often trying to show support by asking questions or offering opinions, it can often overwhelm the patient and cause more stress.
To learn more about patient navigation, check out the rest of our Heroes in Pink! | https://avonbcc.org/livia-vargas/ |
Clear standards of communication yield many benefits and positive results for health care organizations, from efficient collaboration to increased employee retention, minimized medical errors, and an improvement in patient feedback. As such, the ability to communicate productively is instrumental to building a safe and productive environment.
Through advanced education, such as earning a Doctor of Nursing Practice, nurse leaders can develop crucial communication techniques that facilitate the optimal delivery of care. Verbal, nonverbal, and technological communication, as well as rapport-building skills, such as active listening and compassion, are among 10 nursing communication skills that aim to improve medical care.
Organizational Nursing Communication Skills
The ability to communicate efficiently and effectively can have serious and long-lasting effects. Between health care professionals, communication often involves critical information such as a patient’s care, medication, or standards of procedure, making accuracy essential. To ensure information is relayed properly, a few key nursing communication skills optimize delivery among staff, organizational leaders, and stakeholders.
1. Verbal Communication
Effective communicators are assertive in their approach. Using calm, measured speech and a respectful tone, nurse leaders can minimize the risk of miscommunication and ensure information is not lost in medical jargon. Nurses can support each other and improve patient care by cultivating an environment of reciprocal respect through open communication.
2. Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal cues play a large role in interpersonal communication. Something as simple as crossed arms or slumped posture can greatly affect the way an individual interprets an interaction. The implications and meanings of certain motions such as eye contact or hand gestures may vary among cultures, so nurse leaders must be culturally competent and aware of what their nonverbal cues may be communicating.
3. Written Communication
Maintaining accurate and well-formatted medical information is fundamental for effective communication. Correct grammar, spelling, and diction are all integral parts of proper written conduct and remaining professional.
4. Presentation Skills
During advanced degree programs, graduate students learn to build nursing communication skills necessary for a compelling presentation. Nurse leaders can tailor data and visual aids to fit their target audience and streamline the delivery of new information, critical knowledge, and policies to groups, organizations, or staff.
Rapport-Building Nursing Communication Skills
Developing a relationship of trust and respect between health care professionals and their patients is crucial to the proper delivery of care. By acknowledging individuals’ varying circumstances, experiences, and beliefs, nurse leaders can build open and thoughtful rapports with patients.
5. Active Listening
According to a study published in Medical Care concerning perceived discrimination during a health care visit, the majority of non-white participants reported experiencing perceived racism or classism and felt like their providers did not listen to them. To prevent communication breakdowns and establish an open rapport, many nurse leaders utilize active listening.
Both a nonverbal and verbal skill, active listening is the act of giving one’s undivided attention to another individual. Using culturally appropriate cues and affirmations, the listener shows that they are invested in the conversation, which can encourage patients to speak openly.
6. Compassion
Compassion is a sympathetic desire to help, allowing nurses to make a patient feel cared for while conserving their own energy. It is an extremely valuable nursing communication skill for interactions with patients as well as colleagues, as it entails conveying kindness while maintaining some emotional distance for the care provider. For nurse leaders, it is crucial to not only be compassionate but to recognize when they or the nurses they oversee face compassion fatigue.
At some point in their career, nurses may deal with some level of compassion fatigue. While the symptoms may be similar to burnout, it is an occupational hazard that occurs due to the challenging and traumatic situations nurses encounter, and can affect their worldview or ability to feel compassion for others. Nurse leaders who can provide a supportive environment that encourages awareness and self-care can improve the lives of nurses and their patients.
7. Empathy
Empathy allows someone to understand another person’s feelings, creating a safe environment for open communication. Patients who feel empathy from their health care providers may be more willing to divulge the root cause of an issue, leading to more accurate and effective care and an increased likelihood of medical plan compliance.
Contextual Nursing Communication Skills
The goal of culturally competent health care is equal and consistent quality of care regardless of cultural, ethnic, racial, or religious backgrounds. Upholding this practice requires that providers take the time to understand a patient’s beliefs, motivations, and circumstances. By acknowledging and understanding each patient’s unique lived experience, nurse leaders can form context-specific and effective treatment plans for each individual.
8. Cultural Competency
The integration of cultural intelligence into health care allows nurse leaders to work in tandem with patients and their families. Adapting treatment plans, hiring interpreters, and consulting with a patient’s family and loved ones are ways nurses can accommodate and be cognizant of cultural beliefs. Through higher education and mindful learning, nurses pursuing an advanced degree have the opportunity to specialize in awareness training and transcultural care delivery.
9. Religious Beliefs
Religion and spirituality can impact any number of medical decisions, including dietary restrictions, medication, and willingness to pursue care. Encouraging open communication helps to reduce patient anxiety and helps nurses elect appropriate treatments that are sensitive to patients’ religious beliefs and increase the likelihood of care compliance.
10. Education
A new medical care plan may involve significant shifts in a patient’s daily life, so patients need to understand the reasoning behind these lifestyle changes. Educating patients on both the processes and rationale behind their treatment is crucial to care compliance and achieving positive change. Depending on a patient’s comfort level and knowledge of the care required, nurses must be able to modify explanations to ensure patients fully comprehend their situation.
Between nurse leaders and the nurses they oversee, opportunities for education involve both teaching new skills to nurses starting out in their careers and mentoring them on best practices when educating patients.
Develop Better Communication Skills to Provide Better Care
With strong nursing communication skills, nurse leaders can build a rapport with patients and develop an environment of trust and positivity in health care. For patients, being able to trust providers leads to greater compliance in care. Effective communication within health care teams also decreases the likelihood of mistakes and miscommunications, creating more positive medical outcomes.
In the true spirit of aloha — “kindness, grace, unity, humility, and patience” — Hawai‘i Pacific University’s MSN to Doctor of Nursing Practice is rooted in holistic care and designed to help you succeed. Featuring 100% online coursework, small classes with accessible faculty members, and dedicated student support from first contact through graduation, HPU is passionate about preparing you for leadership opportunities. Discover the difference you can make by pursuing an MSN to DNP with Hawai‘i Pacific University.
Recommended Readings:
The Benefits of Advanced Nursing: What Is the Expected MSN Salary Range?
Careers in Advanced Nursing: What Is a Family Nurse Practitioner?
How Family Nurse Practitioners Can Play a Major Role in Addressing the Growing Physician Shortage in the U.S.
Sources: | https://online.hpu.edu/blog/essential-nursing-communication-skills/ |
Surgical care practitioners are senior nurses, working at an advanced clinical level. They provide surgical and clinical care across the entire patient journey. This includes the outpatients department, pre-admission clinic, operating theatre and post-surgery ward care.
Who is in the team
The team consists of 6 highly trained nurses, all educated to masters level. Each has undergone a robust and comprehensive training programme, under the direct supervision of a consultant cardiothoracic surgeon. This programme is approved by the Department of Health and Royal College of Surgeons.
Surgical care practitioners have the following skills and competencies:
- Work independently in theatre, harvesting veins and arteries for coronary artery bypass surgery
- Assist a surgeon for cardiac (heart) or thoracic (lung) surgery.
- Take a history and examine a patient, formulating a management plan in either an outpatient clinic or an inpatient ward.
- Independently prescribe medication.
- Order investigations and interpret results.
- Provide emergency surgical interventions to post surgery patients.
To provide a high level of care each surgical care practitioner works for an individual consultant cardiothoracic surgeon. This close working relationship allows the surgeon and surgical care practitioner to understand each other’s ways of working, ensuring that all patients receive a consistently high quality of care.
What do we do
A typical working day for a surgical care practitioner is varied;
Ward rounds
Each consultant has a ward round at 8am daily. The surgical care practitioner, with a surgical registrar and the named ward nurse, will review each patient. The aims of the ward round are to review the patient’s progress to date, setting goals and targets for the next 24 hours, managing any complications or problems following surgery, preparing the patient for discharge and answering any questions or concerns the patient has.
Preadmission clinic
A preadmission clinic is available to all elective surgery patients. Either a surgical care practitioner or cardiothoracic specialist nurse will see each patient. The aim of the clinic is to:
- Review the patient’s history, ensuring all investigations are complete for surgery to take place.
- Review the patient’s medication, identifying any changes which need to be made prior to surgery.
- Assess the patient for any potential anaesthetic problems and liaise with a Consultant Anaesthetist if need be.
- Discussing the surgery and post-surgery phase. Ensuring the patient has a good understanding of the process.
- Answer any questions or address any concerns the patient or their family may have.
Inpatient ward care
A specialist nurse in cardiothoracic surgery or a surgical care practitioner provides a service on the surgical inpatient wards between 8am and 6pm Monday to Friday. The surgical care practitioner or specialist nurse is the first point of contact for the ward nurse and will provide the following services.
- Participate or lead in the daily ward round.
- Provide a first on call service, managing any inpatient issues which the named ward nurse needs to escalate.
- Respond to any emergency situations on the ward.
- Work with the ward nurse and physiotherapy team to ensure all patients have an active discharge plan.
- Ensure patients are discharged home with the correct medication and any medication stopped for surgery is restarted if required.
- Provide a daily review of all inpatients awaiting urgent surgery.
- Liaise with other medical teams for patients who require specialist opinions and interventions while an inpatient.
- Liaise with GPs and other hospitals for patients requiring on-going medical treatment.
- Provide a drop in service for the assessment and management of post-operative problems.
- Provide telephone advice to GPs, community nurses, patients and their families.
Operating theatre
Approximately 50% of the surgical care practitioner’s working day is in the operating theatre. Surgical care practitioners are involved in almost all coronary artery bypass graft operations. Their role in these operations is to harvest the conduit (vein or artery) for the surgeon to perform the operation.
Surgical care practitioners are also involved in other cardiac (heart) and thoracic (lung) operations. Their role is that of first assistant. This role requires a competent person with a detailed understanding of the surgical procedure to assist the operating surgeon.
Outpatient clinic
The outpatient clinic is often the last place a patient has contact with the cardiothoracic surgery team, before care is handed back to the referring physician or GP. Typically an outpatient review will be scheduled for 6 weeks after surgery. The surgical care practitioner will review each patient, with a number of aims.
- To discuss any questions the patient may have.
- To review progress since the patient was discharged home.
- To review, and if needed, adjust the patient’s medication.
- To discuss any further treatment options, and arrange a referral if needed.
- To provide an update to the referring consultant or GP. | https://www.southtees.nhs.uk/services/cardiothoracic-services/surgical-care-practitioners/ |
GP practices in Stoke-on-Trent and across North Staffordshire are benefiting from the support of dementia primary care liaison nurses as part of a new community service. Introduced in September last year, the nurse-led service, ran by North Staffordshire Combined Healthcare NHS Trust, acts as a bridge between primary health care and secondary mental health services.
Before the dementia primary care liaison service had been introduced, patients with dementia were required to attend one of the trust’s hospital-based memory assessment service clinics for regular reviews. Now, patients with confirmed diagnoses of dementia, who are stable and established on their medications, can be reviewed in the community as part of the service’s nurse-led memory clinics.
The band 6 nurses have established clinics in their allocated GP practices, which enables patients to receive care and support closer to home in a familiar environment. Patients can be seen at home or in nursing and residential care homes, if this is more convenient. Patients are reviewed every six months as part of the memory clinic service.
‘We have worked with the hospital memory clinic to set up a protocol to provide the service in the community,’ says Stoke-on-Trent’s dementia primary care liaison team leader Linda Simcock.
‘Care plans are created with patients and their families at their last secondary care memory clinic appointments. The patients are then informed that the service will be provided closer to them and that they will no longer need to attend hospital for their reviews.
‘Each patients is given a care plan, and the name and contact details of the nurse who will pick up his or her care in the community. We let the patients know that their nurses will be in touch to arrange their next reviews in six months’ time, but that they can contact the nurses at any time before then if they have any questions.
Faster assessment
‘We hope that by bringing the review service into the community, we will free up hospital memory clinic appointments to enable faster assessment and diagnosis for other patients.’
The memory review covers all aspects of patient wellbeing, including appetite, mood changes and mobility, and identifies any social issues patients may have.
Initial assessments are carried out by GPs or nurse practitioners. Teams ask the patients to undertake the clock-drawing test so that they can assess memory changes. The test is repeated every six months to monitor patients for signs of deterioration.
A team of three dementia primary care liaison nurses provide support at all GP practices in Stoke city centre. In North Staffordshire, a team of two dementia primary care liaison nurses provide support to 14 GP practices in the Newcastle-under-Lyme and Staffordshire Moorlands areas as part of a one-year pilot. The team hopes that the North Staffordshire service will continue after the pilot period has ended.
The Stoke service has been commissioned by Stoke-on-Trent Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG), while the North Staffordshire pilot is being funded by North Staffordshire CCG.
Holistic assessment
‘We support GPs with their annual quality outcomes framework (QOF) dementia reviews,’ says North Staffordshire’s dementia primary care liaison nurse Emma Vause. ‘This holistic assessment covers everything from patient mobility and cognition to nutrition. From the results we can look at whether there is anything that must be addressed and we can formulate new care plans for patients.
‘The review also helps us to assess whether patients would benefit from additional support, for example from social services or from voluntary organisations such as Age UK or local dementia support charity Approach.
Ms Vause continues: ‘Alternatively, we may identify a patient who has deteriorated and must be seen by the hospital memory clinic team. We can also review physical health concerns with the patient’s GP.
‘The memory clinic reviews are carried out with GPs and at the same time as patient QOF dementia reviews if both reviews are due at the same time and the patient prefers them to be undertaken simultaneously,’ says Ms Vause. ‘We aim to reduce the number of practice visits for patients where possible.
Urgent response calls
‘We also handle urgent response calls from GPs and practice nurses. If patients’ dementia requires urgent review by a community psychiatric nurse, they can contact us and, if they are in care homes, we will go out to see them within 30 minutes. If patients are in their own homes, we contact their carers or nominated persons to get assessments.
‘In each case, we undertake an initial triage assessment to get immediate signposting in place and enable the GP to deliver treatment faster. This works well and means the practice does not need to contact the hospital memory clinic to arrange for someone from the team there to carry out a triage.’
The relationship between each practice and its allocated specialist nurse depends on how the practice prefers to operate. In some cases, GPs want to undertake joint reviews with the nurses; in others, the specialist nurse will carry out QOF dementia reviews alongside practice nurses.
Review targets
‘The aim of the service is to provide support and increase understanding of how to manage dementia in primary care,’ says head of North Staffordshire Combined Healthcare NHS Trust’s neuro and old age psychiatry directorate Jane Munton-Davies. ‘The teams have targets for care plans being reviewed in line with the QOF.’
One of the benefits of the dementia primary care liaison nurse service is the continuity of care it offers patients. Patients who use secondary memory services are seen at dementia reviews by one of a number of practitioners, but those who attend practices in Stoke and the pilot areas in North Staffordshire are always seen by named dementia primary care liaison nurses.
Reassurance
‘Our service offers patients, carers and families convenience and reassurance,’ says Stoke-on-Trent’s dementia primary care liaison nurse Anna Dunn, who is allocated to 15 general practices across the south of the city.
‘They are happy about the service, [partly because] they have someone they can talk to. Many families do not know where to turn when a loved one is first diagnosed with the condition.
‘We have a direct line for patients and carers to contact us if they require any advice or support. We can help with any issues, questions or concerns, and provide a whole package of support to ensure all their needs are met. As we continue to regularly review patients, this will also help to build relationships and trust.’
A case study involving Ms Dunn is set out below.
Case study
The nurse-led service provides a ‘much-needed’ support line to patients, says Stoke-on-Trent’s dementia primary care liaison nurse Anna Dunn.
She says: ‘A patient’s wife called and was distressed, saying that her husband was not eating or drinking as part of his condition. She did not know much about dementia, so I went out to see her the following day and explained all about her husband’s diagnosis and what to expect in the future.
‘I explained the reason her husband was not eating or drinking was due to him having swallowing difficulties. I also referred the patient to a speech and language therapist to have a quick review, and advised the patient’s wife what is out there to help, such as carers support groups. I made sure she had my contact number and left her with a few information leaflets that we provide. She said she would not have known what to do if this service was not available.
‘Having a nurse to contact in times of need really does makes a difference. Patients and carers feel more supported, just having that direct contact with us.’
Working together
The service is an extension of the trust’s care home liaison service and staff in the two services work closely together. The role of some of the dementia primary care liaison nurses also encompasses care home liaison.
‘The care homes that are covered by the GPs in our area are also covered as part of our care home liaison nurse role,’ explains Ms Vause. ‘This includes patients who present with behaviour or mood difficulties and any sort of mental health or psychiatric need.
‘We work with GPs, care home staff and consultants to adjust treatment or management plans to try to reduce hospital admissions.’
Valuable service
The dementia primary care liaison nurses provide a valuable service to GP practices. Feedback from practice staff, including GPs and practice nurses, has been positive.
The nurses form a link between primary and secondary mental health services, and can advise on medication and side effects. They also liaise one day a week with hospital consultants to review patients and receive advice.
‘If there are concerns about a patient, practices can call on an identified additional member of staff, the dementia primary care liaison nurse,’ says North Staffordshire’s dementia primary care liaison team leader Rachael Birks.
‘Practice staff have got to know their nurses and share information easily. If a GP or practice nurse has a query about a patient, they can pick up the phone and speak to their specialist nurse. | https://rcni.com/primary-health-care/newsroom/analysis/nurse-led-dementia-liaison-service-acts-bridge-secondary-care |
The BCIT Nursing Program supports the goal of good health and well-being for all persons. Help our future nurses put into action their health interview skills to better understand your health journey and perspectives by volunteering for a 30 minute interview. Let’s make a difference now and into the future!
Lead Organization/Department
BCIT Nursing Program
Aim
To give newly enrolled student nurses an opportunity to develop their communication skills and develop an understanding of how the health care journey impacts what patients go through and ultimately their health outcomes.
The role of the patient partner is to engage in a short 15 – 30 minute interview with a group of student nurses to share their or a family members health care journey.
Level of Engagement
This opportunity is at the level of consult on the spectrum of engagement. The promise to you is that the health care partner will listen to and acknowledge your ideas and concerns, and provide feedback on how your input affected the decision.
Eligibility
Open to patient partners across the province who:
• Have previous and/or current experience as a patient or family member/caregiver of a person who has accessed the health care system
• Ideally would be an older adult (over 55 years of age) with a chronic health condition (for example diabetes, high blood pressure, asthma, etc.); However younger older adults (between 45 – 55 years of age) who have a chronic health condition would also meet the eligibility criteria
• Are willing & comfortable to share their health journey and experience as a patient, family member or caregiver in a group of up to 4 students
• Have access to a phone (for a phone meeting) or computer (for a Zoom meeting)
If you have a strong interest in this work but have not yet completed a PVN orientation and Patient Partner Commitments, are unsure if your experience is a good fit or feel another format of engagement would work better with your availability, please contact Cassy Mitchell.
Logistics
• Number of vacancies: up to 32
• Date and Time: Interviews to be scheduled between 22 February-March 5, 2022 at a time that is convenient for patient partners (interviews will last between 15-30 minutes)
• Location: Telephone or Zoom interviews
• Commitment: One time
Reimbursement
No out of pocket expenses are anticipated for this engagement opportunity. However, if you meet the eligibility criteria, but have concerns about your ability to participate, please contact Cassy Mitchell [email protected] to see if support options are available. We are always seeking to better understand and reduce barriers to participation.
Background
At BCIT, student nurses start their first term in a community rotation. During this rotation, student nurses meet older patients with chronic disease(s) and who live in the community. Given the pandemic restrictions, these first term students are not in clinical practice for their first semester of the program which means they do not engage with patients in-person. We believe that interviewing patient partners through PVN will provide these students with an opportunity to therefore practice their communication skills. It is important at the beginning of a student nurses education, that they develop an understanding of the patient’s health care journey and the impact it has on the patient’s health outcomes. Some examples of questions that the student nurses may ask include:
• Please tell me about your journey in the healthcare system
• No one health care professional can care for a patient/client on their own. Who was part of your team? Whom do you consider still part of your team right now?
BCIT Nursing students and instructors will be involved in this initiative and confidentiality will be maintained as per nursing regulations.
The BCIT Nursing program does not see any risks with this request as the students will engage in an interview focused on the patient partner’s health care journey. However, should a concern be raised by the patient partner, the BCIT student nurse will loop in the nursing instructor for guidance. The student nurses are in their first semester of the nursing program so if any health concerns are raised by the patient partner, the students will seek out the nursing instructor for guidance. The knowledge level is limited for these first semester student nurses, so they will not be providing any instructions to the patient partner. This patient partner interview is not to address any health issues, rather, simply a learning exercise for student nurses in the area of developing communication skills.
None of these sessions will be recorded and information will not be shared with any other peers/colleagues. Information may be shared with the instructor however for learning purposes only. | https://patientvoicesbc.ca/patient-partners/volunteer/network/interviewee-enhancing-bc-institute-of-technology-bcit-student-nurses-communication-and-interview-skills/ |
Nurse patient relationship stages and theories
A therapeutic nurse-patient relationship is a supportive interaction that moves a patient toward wellness. It's based on trust, respect, interest. The phases of Peplau's theory of interpersonal relations are applicable to the There are many similarities between the nurse and patient relationship and that. Peplau's theory explains the phases of interpersonal process, roles in nursing situations The nurse and patient work together so both become mature and Identified four sequential phases in the interpersonal relationship.
Gillaspy has taught health science at University of Phoenix and Ashford University and has a degree from Palmer College of Chiropractic. A therapeutic nurse-patient relationship is a supportive interaction that moves a patient toward wellness.
It's based on trust, respect, interest, and empathy. Learn how to use these components to move patients through each phase of the relationship. Nurse-Patient Relationship Even as small children, we learn that friends make the world feel safe and fun. True friends are trusted with our secrets and respect our privacy. Through their actions and words, friends encourage us to reach our goals and comfort us when we have a setback.
In a lot of ways, a therapeutic nurse-patient relationship is like a friendship. This professional interaction is a caring relationship that supports a patient's well-being. A successful nurse-patient relationship is based on trust and respect, much like a friendship. In this lesson, we'll look at these components and others and show how they can be used to help a patient move through the different phases of a therapeutic nurse-patient relationship.
Components There are many skills to learn when studying to become a nurse. One of the most important skills is how to create a therapeutic relationship with patients.
To do this, a nurse must master a few key components, including trust and respect. As a nurse, you should introduce yourself to your patients and refer to the patient by name. These seemingly small gestures display an air of friendliness, caring, and approachability, which can go a long way toward making a patient feel safe.
When you maintain eye contact with a patient, you continue to foster trust and respect as your relationship progresses. It's also important to respect a patient's boundaries.
Nurses assist clients to achieve their health related goals including improving their relationship with others. The relationship between nurse and client is a powerful healing force by itself. Self-awareness Self-awareness is an internal evaluation of one self and of one's reactions to emotionally charged situations, people and places. It offers an opportunity to recognize how our attitudes, perceptions, past and present experiences, and relationships frame or distort interactions with others.
An example of self-awareness would be acknowledging that showing anger is not a sign of weakness, because there were emotions outside of your control.
Peplau’s Theory – A Nurse/Patient Collaboration
Nurses need self-awareness in this relationship to be able to relate to the patient's experiences to develop empathy. Attributes such as being genuine, warm and respectful are a few to mention. An aspect of respect is respecting an individual's culture and ensuring open-mindedness is being incorporated all throughout the relationship up until the termination phase.
It is highly beneficial for the client to incorporate their family, as they may be the most effective support system. Revealing your whole self and being genuine with clients will accomplish the desired nurse client relationship.
In addition, the nurse may also reduce distance to demonstrate their desire in being involved, restating and reflecting to validate the nurse's interpretation of the client's message, directing the conversation towards important topics by focusing in on them.
Peplau's Theory - A Nurse/Patient Collaboration - Ausmed
Furthermore, being polite and punctual displays respect for the client in addition to remembering to be patient, understanding, also to praise and encourage the client for their attempts to take better care of their health. One of the non-verbal factors is listening. Listening behaviours are identified as S.
R; S-sit squarely in relation to client, O-maintain an open position and do not cross arms or legs, L-lean slightly towards the client, E-maintain reasonable and comfortable eye contact, R-relax. These behaviours are effective for communication skills, and are useful for thinking about how to listen to another person.
Empathy Having the ability to enter the perceptual world of the other person and understanding how they experience the situation is empathy. This is an important therapeutic nurse behaviour essential to convey support, understanding and share experiences. Patients are expecting a nurse who will show interest, sympathy, and an understanding of their difficulties. When receiving care patients tend to be looking for more than the treatment of their disease or disability, they want to receive psychological consideration.
During hard times, clients are looking for a therapeutic relationship that will make their treatment as less challenging as possible. Many patients are aware that a solution to their problems may not be available but expect to have support through them and that this is what defines a positive or negative experience.
Past experiences can help the clinician can better understand issues in order to provide better intervention and treatment. The goal of the nurse is to develop a body of knowledge that allows them to provide cultural specific care. This begins with an open mind and accepting attitude.
Cultural competence is a viewpoint that increases respect and awareness for patients from cultures different from the nurse's own.
Cultural sensitivity is putting aside our own perspective to understand another person's perceptive. Caring and culture are described as being intricately linked. It is important to assess language needs and request for a translation service if needed and provide written material in the patient's language. As well as, trying to mimic the patient's style of communication e. Another obstacle is stereotyping, a patient's background is often multifaceted encompassing many ethic and cultural traditions.
In order to individualize communication and provide culturally sensitive care it is important to understand the complexity of social, ethnic, cultural and economic.
This involves overcoming certain attitudes and offering consistent, non-judgemental care to all patients. Accepting the person for who they are regardless of diverse backgrounds and circumstances or differences in morals or beliefs.
By exhibiting these attributes trust can grow between patient and nurse.
Nurse–client relationship - Wikipedia
It includes nurses working with the client to create goals directed at improving their health status. A partnership is formed between nurse and client.
The nurse empowers patient and families to get involved in their health. To make this process successful the nurse must value, respect and listen to clients as individuals. Focus should be on the feelings, priorities, challenges, and ideas of the patient, with progressive aim of enhancing optimum physical, spiritual, and mental health. It is stated that it is the nurse's job to report abuse of their client to ensure that their client is safe from harm. Nurses must intervene and report any abusive situations observed that might be seen as violent, threatening, or intended to inflict harm.
Nurses must also report any health care provider's behaviors or remarks towards clients that are perceived as romantic, or sexually abusive.
Interviews were done with participants from Southern Ontario, ten had been hospitalized for a psychiatric illness and four had experiences with nurses from community-based organizations, but were never hospitalized. The participants were asked about experiences at different stages of the relationship. The research described two relationships that formed the "bright side" and the "dark side".
The "bright" relationship involved nurses who validated clients and their feelings. For example, one client tested his trust of the nurse by becoming angry with her and revealing his negative thoughts related to the hospitalization. The client stated, "she's trying to be quite nice to me For example, one client stated, "The nurses' general feeling was when someone asks for help, they're being manipulative and attention seeking ".
Nurse–client relationship
One patient reported, "the nurses all stayed in their central station. They didn't mix with the patients The only interaction you have with them is medication time". One participant stated, "no one cares. It's just, they don't want to hear it. They don't want to know it; they don't want to listen". These findings bring awareness about the importance of the nurse—client relationship. Building trust[ edit ] Building trust is beneficial to how the relationship progresses.Mental Health Nursing: Nurse-Client Relationship
Wiesman used interviews with 15 participants who spent at least three days in intensive care to investigate the factors that helped develop trust in the nurse—client relationship. Patients said nurses promoted trust through attentiveness, competence, comfort measures, personality traits, and provision of information.
Every participant stated the attentiveness of the nurse was important to develop trust. One said the nurses "are with you all the time. Whenever anything comes up, they're in there caring for you". They took time to do little things and made sure they were done right and proper," stated one participant. One client stated, "they were there for the smallest need. I remember one time where they repositioned me maybe five or six times in a matter of an hour". | https://gtfd.info/and-relationship/nurse-patient-relationship-stages-and-theories.php |
- Create an opportunity for patient and family to participate in care delivery.
- Create a team to identify areas of improvement.
- Standardize the process of BSR.
- Find ways to implement nursing BSR strategy.
- Direct implementation of BSR.
There are four main types of nursing reports described in literature: a written report, a tape-recorded method, a verbal face-to-face report conducted in a private setting, and face-to-face bedside hand-off, also called a Bedside Shift Report.
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Currently, the latter method is a significant topic of research in nursing. Although it is not new, studies into its effectiveness have only started appearing recently, and most of them agree that switching to bedside report is beneficial to everyone: hospital staff, patients, and their families alike.
The ultimate goal for this project is to create an opportunity for the patient and his or her family to participate in care delivery by implementing this practice. The steps necessary to reach this goal are…
The steps are taken directly from the project paper.
What is Bedside Shift Report (BSR)?
- A shift report done at the patient’s bedside.
- Occurs between the outgoing nurse, incoming nurse, patient, and patient’s family (if permitted).
- Participants are introduced to one another.
- Done in language everyone present can understand.
- Report and assessment of the patient and room.
- Verbal report using the SBAR+T format.
- Review the incoming nurse’s tasks.
- The patient and their family are encouraged to participate.
- The patient’s and family’s needs and concerns can be identified.
A bedside shift report is, as the name implies, a nurse’s shift report done in person, at the patient’s bedside.
It involves the two nurses changing shifts, the patient him- or herself, and his or her family. For this practice’s purposes, the patient defines who the family is and whether they are allowed to be present.
First of all, the outgoing nurse makes sure everyone is introduced to one another, and uses language that everyone present can understand — no medical jargon that can confuse the patient.
As a part of the report, the nurses conduct focused assessment of the patient and the room’s safety.
Next, the outgoing nurse conducts a verbal reports. He or she should use the SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation) with an additional step: always thank the patient.
Then the incoming nurse’s tasks are reviewed.
The BSR practice focuses on communication between the two nurses and the patient, who is encouraged throughout the process to participate, raise concerns and ask questions to clear up any misunderstandings. If any family is present, they are also encouraged to join, if the patient allows.
Patient benefits of BSR
- Significant improvements to patient safety: fewer sentinel events during shift change (Ofori-Atta, 2015).
- Patient falls significantly reduced (Sand-Jecklin & Sherman, 2014).
- Assessment of the patient allows to check surgical wounds, pressure ulcers, other physical issues (Ofori-Atta, 2015).
- Medications are verified at BSR, reducing medication errors (Sand-Jecklin & Sherman, 2014).
- General patient satisfaction is improved (Dorvil, 2018).
- Patients can clarify information, better set their expectations, and clear misunderstandings (Gregory, Tan, Tilrico, Edwardson, & Gamm 2014).
- Patients get a clearer understanding of their care (Gregory et al., 2014).
- Patients feel better informed and more engaged in their care (Dorvil, 2018).
The patient is the central focus of a health care provider. Previous studies have noted that a significant portion of sentinel events happen during the shift change, causing negative outcomes that could have been prevented. Since BSR is done in the patient’s presence, events lake patient falls can be responded to immediately or prevented. Furthermore, as the process includes an assessment of the patient as part of the SBAR+T model, any physical issues can be spotted, and medication pumps verified for accuracy.
As a consequence of a more personal report process that includes them, patients’ satisfaction increases. The two-way communication with the nurses allows them to ask any questions and voice any concerns they may have. Thus empowered, they can clear up any misunderstandings or offer feedback and suggestions, becoming better informed and engaged in their care. Furthermore, getting more opportunities to interact with nurses allows them to build trust and feel safer overall.
Nurse benefits of BSR
- Shorter report times mean less overtime, causing less stress and saving up to $143,520 in expenses (Dorvil, 2018).
- Oncoming nurse can begin direct patient care sooner (Gregory et al., 2014).
- Better assignment prioritization due to better communication (Ofori-Atta, 2015).
- Greater report efficiency and accuracy compared to other report methods (Dorvil, 2018).
- Improved nurse-nurse socialization and emotional support (Gregory et al., 2014).
- Improved teamwork, coordination and collaboration (Gregory et al., 2014).
- Increased ability to answer physicians’ questions at the beginning of the shift (Sand-Jecklin & Sherman, 2014).
- Less patient call-light use (Sand-Jecklin & Sherman, 2014).
- Increased accountability (Ofori-Atta, 2015).
- More opportunities for mentoring, coaching, and networking (Gregory et al, 2014).
- Nurses can visualize the patient and build rapport (Gregory et al., 2014).
- Fewer delays and real-time assessment lead to better nurse satisfaction (Gregory et al., 2014).
Nurses benefit from the implementation of BSR, as well. Studies have shown that this method takes less time than the other three shift report methods. This means less overtime is accrued — in one study, over a hundred thousand dollars was saved in overtime expenses. For the same reason, the oncoming nurse can begin direct patient care sooner, and thanks to the SBAR framework, they can prioritize their assignments better. Finally, direct communication is more efficient and accurate than reading or listening to a report.
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Since the incoming and outgoing nurse communicate directly during their report, they get an opportunity to socialize, tell stories, and provide emotional support to one another. Thanks to that, they collaborate and coordinate their activities better, becoming a stronger team.
Some studies have even noted that nurses can answer physicians’ questions better at the beginning of their shift, as they have more hands-on experience with the patient and are directly informed of any issues that may be present. Others have noted that patients are less likely to use the call-light after implementation of BSR.
Working closely together during the report also improves accountability, as the incoming and outgoing nurse can corroborate, verify, and support each other’s statements. It also means they can assist one another through mentoring, coaching, or networking.
Seeing the patient and talking to them directly allows nurses to build trust and rapport with them, once again contributing to those feelings of satisfaction and safety.
Ultimately, as face-to-face bedside reports are so much more efficient than other methods, being conducted in real-time, general nurse satisfaction tends to increase.
Drawbacks and concerns
- Privacy concerns: nurses have to report potentially sensitive information in semiprivate rooms (Gregory et al., 2014).
- Patients were less concerned about privacy (Sand-Jecklin & Sherman, 2014).
- BSR does not violate HIPAA (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2017).
- Redundancy, medical jargon, or hearing about their condition tiring and anxiety-inducing to some patients (Sand-Jecklin & Sherman, 2014).
- Some nurses found BSR more stressful than other report methods (Sand-Jecklin & Sherman, 2014).
- Patients can ask questions that require a long answer or cannot be answered (Dorvil, 2018).
- Some nurses perceive the report time as longer. This was not supported by overtime data (Sand-Jecklin & Sherman, 2014).
- Time-consuming to fully implement (Dorvil, 2018).
- There are several issues related to sustainability (Dorvil, 2018).
- Some outcomes rebounded to after a short-term increase (Sand-Jecklin & Sherman, 2014).
- Standardization seems to alleviate these issues (Dorvil, 2018).
However, several drawbacks and concerns have been established with BSR.
Privacy is a somewhat obvious concern. After all, giving a report, talking about potentially sensitive medical issues in a semiprivate room or accidentally disclosing information the patient has not been made aware of can be an issue. AHRQ has stated that as long as reasonable precautions have been taken, BSR does not violate HIPAA. Most patients, meanwhile, don’t seem to share such concerns. Some found the disturbance of the report tiring, however.
On the nurses’ side, some found talking in front of patients uncomfortable and BSR more stressful. Furthermore, some studies noted concerns that the report can be prolonged by patients asking difficult questions that either require an extended explanation or cannot be answered at the time. However, this is simply a matter of training: one can delay answering such questions until later. Possibly related to these concerns, some nurses claimed that the report took longer than before. Actual overtime statistics were consistently lower across studies.
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The most significant issues with BSR are related to the practice’s sustainability. Although most studies show consistently and significantly positive outcomes, one survey collected data 3 and 13 months after BSR’s implementation to measure its long-term effects. Although its results were still positive after a year, most metrics at that point were significantly lower than after the 3-month period, and not significantly higher than they were pre-implementation. The authors of this survey suggest that a lack of standardization of the report process is to blame for this rebound, which is not a problem inherent to the practice, and can therefore be fixed.
To summarize
- Saves time, down from 40 to 10 minutes in one case (Ofori-Atta, 2015).
- Saves money (Dorvil, 2018).
- Benefits both nurses and patients (Gregory et al., 2014).
- Disadvantages mostly related to training and employee/leader buy-in (Dorvil, 2018).
As demonstrating, implementing bedside shift reports is ultimately an improvement with few drawbacks.
It saves time. Studies show that it takes 15 minutes less, on average, than previous report methods. In one case, thanks to utilizing the SBAR framework, report times were reduced to 10 minutes.
It saves money because nurses are more likely to end their shift on time.
Both nurses and patients report higher levels of satisfaction and safety after the implementation of BSR.
Although there are disadvantages, they are primarily related to employee training and standardization of the process.
How to implement BSR
Dorvil (2018) suggests following Everett Rogers’ five-step approach:
- Knowledge: introduce the idea to staff and educate them.
- Persuasion: discuss advantages and disadvantages, build positive attitude towards the new practice.
- Decision: form a leadership group, establish theoretical framework and practical goals.
- Implementation: evaluate and modify the practice as necessary.
- Confirmation: monitor nurses’ attitudes, reinforce the practice.
The article by Dorvil reports overcoming the difficulties in the implementation of BSR by using Everett Rogers’ five-step approach.
Ultimately, the implementation of BSR requires a long-term approach and an in-depth study of the organizational environment. As it is a complex and multi-faceted process, establishing a multidisciplinary team is crucial to its success. Since training addresses major concerns and emphasized critical points of the practice, the key element for the successful adoption is the support from the nurse managers and staff.
References
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2017). Nurse bedside shift report. Implementation handbook. Web.
Dorvil, B. (2018). The secrets to successful nurse bedside shift report implementation and sustainability. Nursing Management (Springhouse), 49(6), 20-25. Web.
Gregory, S., Tan, D., Tilrico, M., Edwardson, N., & Gamm, L. (2014). Bedside shift reports. What does the evidence say? JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 44(10), 541-545. Web.
Ofori-Atta, J. (2015). Bedside shift report: implications for patient safety and quality of care. Nursing, 45(8), 1-4. Web.
Sand-Jecklin, K., & Sherman, J. (2014). A quantitative assessment of patient and nurse outcomes of bedside nursing report implementation. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 23(19-20), 2854-2863. Web. | https://ivypanda.com/essays/bedside-shift-report-in-the-nursing/ |
A simple but structured process ensures effective communication.
Involving patients’ families in the perioperative process is crucial for family-centered care, but the COVID-19 pandemic has impeded their presence as a result of physical distancing. Many facilities have restricted visitors to maintain staff and patient safety, which means patients arrive in healthcare settings without their families by their side.
In April 2020, our organization, like many others in the nation, implemented visitor restrictions in the preoperative (pre-op) and postanesthesia care unit (PACU) areas. Patients who will be discharged after the procedure are required to bring a family member as their designated driver on the day of their procedure, but these individuals must wait in the main lobby or their car, as do family members of patients who will be admitted after surgery. To help both patients and families, we developed The SCOOP, a simple but structured process used to maximize family involvement when restrictions are in place.
The SCOOP
The SCOOP ensures three-way communication among the nurse, the patient, and their family during discharge or transfer.
S—Seek permission from the patient
The first step is to seek permission from the patient to involve their family in care by sharing the discharge summary and including them in discharge teaching; permission is at the patient’s discretion. The best time to seek permission is during the preoperative phase, either during pre-admission or in the pre-op on the day of the procedure.
The pre-admission nurse or the pre-op nurse educate patients about SCOOP, explaining that it’s a solution designed to overcome visitor restriction challenges. After permission is granted, the nurse verifies the family member’s phone number and, for patients who will be discharged, clarifies if that family member is the caregiver and the driver who should be called when it’s time for the patient to leave the facility.
The nurse then completes the SCOOP communication sheet, noting the patient’s permission and correct contact information. The sheet is part of the patient’s health record so that PACU nurses know they can call families and involve them in the discharge or transfer process.
C—Calling the family
When the patient is ready for either discharge home or transfer to an inpatient floor, the PACU nurse reminds the patient that they will call their family. In our organization, we use a hands-free communication badge that dials outside phone numbers and allows for three-way communication with the nurse, patient, and family member.
Other communication devices, such as smartphones, tablets, or portable phones, also could be used; the key is to have the three-way communication, which allows firsthand information transfer to both the patient and family. If someone has a question, everyone can hear it and the nurse’s response. Three-way communication also allows the nurse to verify that the patient and the family understand the information.
O—Opportunity for the RN to teach
When the call is established, the nurse uses AIDET®, developed by the Studer Group, to guide the interaction:
- Acknowledge the family.
- Introduce themselves.
- Provide an approximate Duration for the call.
- Explain the reason for the call, for example, discharge instructions.
- Thank them for their time and presence to support the patient.
The nurse also follows AIDET for patients transferring to an inpatient floor, but the message is geared toward giving a general overview of the patient’s condition, providing a room number for the floor, and explaining the inpatient visitor policy.
When providing discharge instructions, nurses speak clearly, slowly, and audibly, while avoiding medical jargon. They share detailed aftercare instructions, including activity, diet, pain management, possible anesthesia side effects, and potential complications. They also provide printed information patients and families can reference at home. Patients and families also are told that a nurse will call the patient within 24 hours after the procedure for follow-up.
O—Opportunity for patient and family to ask questions
Patients and families are given the opportunity to ask questions and have any of their aftercare concerns addressed. The interaction is a dialogue to ensure information is clarified and instructions are understood.
Nurses actively listen, provide appropriate responses, and use teach-back to verify understanding. With teach-back, the patient and family member are asked to verbalize discharge instructions in their own words to verify understanding. Teach-back is a useful tool to increase adherence to treatment plans, optimize patient outcomes, and improve patient satisfaction.
P—Prepare for exit
After discharge teaching is complete and all questions or concerns are addressed, the nurse prepares the patient to exit the facility. The nurse asks the family member to drive up to the curb; during this time, discharge paperwork is finalized and the patient gets dressed. The nurse or a designee takes the patient in a wheelchair out to the curb and waits until they safely enter the vehicle.
For patients transferring to the floor, the nurse reminds the family of the floor and room number and estimates how long the transfer will take.
Implementing The SCOOP
We suggest using Kotter’s eight-step model of change as a framework to guide the implementation of The SCOOP. (See Making a change.) Possible outcome measures for assessing its effectiveness include scores for the patient experience and questions that address family involvement in care. Process measures could include auditing or observing nurses as they implement The SCOOP and using a survey to assess staff satisfaction. We look forward to collecting this data in the future, but anecdotal reports indicate high staff satisfaction.
Making a change
Kotter’s eight-step change model was used to guide the implementation of The SCOOP.
- Create a sense of urgency. The nurse leaders recognized and communicated the urgent need for a strategy and plan to involve families in patient care despite physical distancing during the pandemic.
- Build a powerful team. We formed a team that included two staff nurses and two nurse leaders (the authors of this article). This team had the power and desire to lead the initiative.
- Develop a vision. Our vision to involve families in care despite restricted visitor policies inspired the development of SCOOP. We then brainstormed and strategized how to implement the process.
- Communicate for buy-in. The clinical nurses on the team created an educational handout that they used to teach their peers. The nurse leader reinforced the teaching during huddles and staff meetings. We also asked the marketing team to create large posters to place in each department.
- Empower the team for action. Our plan was inexpensive to implement; we used existing communication devices, set a date, and implemented the process. The department nurses are empowered to provide real-time feedback so we can refine and streamline the process as needed.
- Celebrate short wins. We celebrated with all department staff when the posters arrived. We also celebrate when staff nurses share stories or experiences that demonstrate SCOOP’s effectiveness.
- Don’t let up. We continue to reinforce SCOOP during huddles, staff meetings, and nurse leader rounds.
- Make the change stick. We continue to work on this project and plan to have outcome and process measures to support its effectiveness.
A simple solution
Anesthetic agents, stress, and anxiety related to a procedure can temporarily compromise patients’ cognitive function and memory capacity. Family members, who also can be anxious about their loved ones, play a crucial role in supporting the patient and reinforcing discharge instructions when the patient goes home. The SCOOP is a simple strategy that can be used to enable family involvement during a time when they can’t be physically present at the bedside, easing both patient and family stress.
Editor’s note: This is an early release, web exclusive article that will appear in the upcoming January 2021 issue of the American Nurse Journal.
All authors work at PIH Health – Downey in Downey, California. Muriel Moyo is clinical director of the outpatient surgery center, PACU, and endoscopy. Cynthia Apodaca is a clinical nurse in PACU. Giselle Peralta is a clinical nurse in the outpatient surgery center. Julie Castillo is assistant director of the outpatient surgery center, PACU, and endoscopy.
References
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Patient and family engagement in the surgical environment module: Facilitator notes. May 2017. ahrq.gov/hai/tools/ambulatory-surgery/sections/implementation/training-tools/pf-engagement-fac-notes.html
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Use the teach-back method: Tool #5. Health Literacy Universal Precautions Toolkit. 2nd ed. September 2020. ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool5.html
American Association of Nurse Anesthetists. Discharge after sedation or anesthesia on the day of the procedure: Patient transportation with or without a responsible adult: Position statement and policy considerations. July 2018. aana.com/docs/default-source/practice-aana-com-web-documents-(all)/discharge-after-sedation-or-anesthesia-on-the-day-of-the-procedure.pdf?sfvrsn=ed4a5bb1_2
Croke L. Incorporating family visitation in the postanesthesia care unit. AORN J. 2019;109(4):P5-P6.
Engel K. Discharge instructions in the PACU: Who remembers? Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. August 2013. psnet.ahrq.gov/web-mm/discharge-instructions-pacu-who-remembers
Hart JL, Turnbull AE, Oppenheim IM, Courtright KR. Family-centered care during the COVID-19 era. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2020;60(2):e93–e97.
Kotter JP. Leading Change. Brighton: Harvard Business Review Press; 2012.
Stannard D, Krenzischek D. PeriAnesthesia Nursing Care: A Bedside Guide for Safe Recovery. 2nd ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2016. | https://www.myamericannurse.com/the-scoop-involving-family-in-care-during-covid-19-pandemic/ |
A nursing report is a document that nurses hand over to the next nurse during a shift change. A nursing report contains relevant information concerning a patient’s state or condition. It can be a document that can explain a situation in the event of a legal investigation. A report is necessary when a patient is transferred to another unit in a hospital. A report is important since a new team takes charge of the patient’s treatment. Handoff is a term used by some nurses to describe the reports they write to submit at the end of a shift. To protect patient information, the exchange is normally done at allocation, where no one else can hear it.
The Importance of the Report
- It Guides Patients Care. A nurse might not be aware of a patient’s health status at the start of a change. It necessitates the use of a nursing report to provide vital information about a patient to an oncoming nurse so that they can begin caring for the patient. Caring for a patient without all of the necessary details can jeopardize the patient’s safety and treatment. During the transition of a patient from one nurse to another, a report offers an opportunity to understand the facts. Additionally, he or she may ask questions, and obtain clarifications on any unclear issues. It is for this purpose that any nurse involved in patient care, including student nurses, must submit a report on the patients they care for during a shift.
- Improves Patients involvement and Safety. Maintaining protection in healthcare settings necessitates the creation of a safety culture. It necessitates open and honest contact with the patient, other caregivers, and family members on all aspects of care, treatment, and services. A well-written nursing study achieves the original goal of ensuring a safe nurse-to-nurse handoff. It also encourages the patient and his or her family to participate. The absence of a patient necessitates the traditional handing over of his or her report at the nurses’ station.
Validating Patient’s Data
According to research, filling out reports at a nurse’s station makes the job appear to be very dangerous. Nursing reports remove the need for patients to be alone and encourage them to feel involved as part of the healthcare team. Nurses are typically the first to look after a patient’s wellbeing. Also, writing a bedside report is an important part of their treatment plan. At the change of shift report, a nurse is responsible for contact and will make every attempt to validate patient data related to these issues.
- Health History of the patient.
- Plan of care including medication of the patient.
- Physical assessment of the patient.
End Shift Reports
A patient’s nurse writes a correct end-of-shift report based on the summary of information gathered during the shift. Details written by nurses who are nearing the end of their shifts and distributed to nurses starting the next shift include, patient’s current medical condition, as well as his or her medical history, specific prescription requirements, allergies, a record of the patient’s pain levels, and a pain management plan, and any discharge orders. A patient’s life is in jeopardy if A nurse omits this information.
Why is the Report Vital?
It is important to note that individual patients’ needs are better fulfilled when the nursing team is aware of their existing medical conditions. By presenting a description of a patient’s progress or deterioration over the last several hours, an end-of-shift report helps nurses to consider where their patients are in terms of rehabilitation. Nurses may take the appropriate steps to lead to better results by understanding what has happened before in a patient’s care plan.
How to Write an Effective Nursing Report
Aside from including a patient’s required medical records, there are a few important items nurses must remember while writing an end-of-shift study. The following are some suggestions for improving the quality of your reliever nurses’ end-of-shift reports.
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Use Concise Language and Specific Language
Avoid using ambiguous words in your end-of-shift summary to avoid confusing the next nurse. Instead, use descriptive, concise words to describe your patient’s status, which will help the new nurse concentrate on the task at hand. Provide concrete data gleaned from your findings, as well as the outcomes of any procedures carried out during your shift.
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Record Everything
Every significant aspect of a patient’s condition, no matter how minor, can prove to be crucial during the recovery process. It’s important to fill out your end-of-shift report with all relevant details about your patient’s condition. A catastrophe may result from not reporting an object that seems insignificant.
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Conduct Bedside Reporting as Often as Possible
Medical personnel also refer to bedside reporting as reviewing the end-of-shift report with the patient, his or her accompanying family members, and the incoming nurse. The first thing done by nurses is to carry out a bedside report. Before starting work, both participants have the opportunity to ask any questions they might have during this discussion.
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Reserve Time to Answer Questions
Even though bedtime reporting is not performed until each shift, many nurses have concerns about the end-of-shift survey. Maximizing the amount of time the next nurse and the patient spend together is vital as it ensures that all of the patient’s questions are answered and that the end-of-shift report’s specifics are explained.
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Review Orders
A patient’s condition will quickly deteriorate, necessitating urgent intervention. Specific care orders are issued by a head nurse or supervising physician in certain situations, especially dealing with patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), and each nurse must understand them completely. Nurses should provide special orders on each end-of-shift report and check them with the new nurse to ensure that a patient receives the appropriate treatment.
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Have a Priority of Organization
A well-constructed systematized end-of-shift summary will keep you and the incoming nurse organized. Organizing data and addressing facts within the report will assist in rapidly supplying the correct information during sensitive circumstances.
It is also important to follow a good format. Below is one of the recommended formats.
- Patient: Write down all of the patient’s data, such as age, medical history, current diagnosis, and most recent symptoms.
- Actions: Provide a step-by-step account of the care plan at the hospital.
- Changes: Describe the patient’s ongoing needs and make a list of what the new nurse can do during his or her shift.
- An evaluation provides notes on the patient’s improvement as well as making other important observations during your shift.
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The Nursing Process is about the nurse getting to know the patient as a whole person and not just a patient with an illness.
The Nursing Process provides individual nursing care that focuses on actual or potential alterations to health (Richards & Edwards 2008).
It is about planning and establishing the needs of the patient and helping to deliver these needs through planning and implementation. It does not only help the patient but also any family members.
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The Nursing Process was introduced into the UK in 1977. It originated in the 70s in the USA and was established to help teach students a holistic approach to care (Physical, Intellectual, Emotional and Spiritual PIES) (Hilton Penelope A 2004).
There are four steps to the process although separate entities they are not separate and each one overlaps with the other and can be reassessed on an ongoing basis. The four steps are Assess, Plan, Implementation and Evaluate.
The Nursing Process has four steps to it as stated above. Lets look at each one in turn:-
Assessment stage is about collecting as much information about the patient from as many different sources as possible. Information can come from the patient themselves, family/carer, GP, other Health team members and any previous medical records. There are two different types of data which can be collected; Subjective data or symptoms is collected by the nurse from the patient and can include feelings, worries or pain. Objective data or signs is by means of a head to toe physical examination and general observation Castledine George 2004). Once all the relevant personal patient information has been en-gathered the nurse can move onto physical health information and can therefore establish the patient’s health problems past and present. As the nurse is speaking to the patient, they would be establishing what is wrong with them, how much pain they are in and could it lead to a further complication or could it be easily sorted out. The nurse would also be taking the patient’s vital signs.
Planning stage is between the nurse and patient it is about setting goals that can be achieved, they can be short term or long term. It is about setting the patient a task and also to see if this can be achieved within the time scale given.
Implementation can be between the nurse, patient and any other health care professionals. It is about putting the planning and goals into action and hopefully getting the patient back on track and being able to deal with what is wrong with them and making small changes to help them move forward.
Evaluation is to determine how effective the care has been and to ascertain if the goals have been achieved. If some of the goals have not been achieved its about going back through the nursing care plan and reviewing the dates and possibly changing some of the goals to try and problem solve anything that has not worked out the way it should have (Lloyd Helen et al, 2007).
The Nursing Model by Roper Logan & Tierney was introduced around the 1970s and later published in 1980 in the “Elements of Nursing”. It has subsequently been redefined and redeveloped and was introduced into nursing to help nurses look at the patient as a real person and not just a medical label (Nazarko Linda 2008).
Throughout its life the Nursing Model was changed to incorporate 12 Activities of Living; these would be the foundation of the nursing model and would help nurses redefine what nursing was all about and understand that the patient’s health and ill-health are linked to their lifestyle and their way of life (Alexander et al, 2006).
Taking two Activities of Living; lets look at each one in turn.
Communication:- In order for the nurse to gather information and establish what is wrong with the patient there must be good communication skills (Lloyd & Stephen 2007), along with speaking and the asking of open and closed questions; there must be good listening and observing skills. It is about the nurse and patient building up a good rapport and the nurse building up the trust of the patient. The environment in which they are speaking has to be private and as comfortable as possible. There must be respect and the nurse must assure the patient of confidentiality. The nurse must use the appropriate language to ascertain the information that she requires, do not use to much medical jargon and if the patient is not able to understand does the questions have to be written down or be in a different language altogether.
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The use of open and closed questions; open questions starting with who, what, where and why are allowing the nurse and patient to chat and allowing the patient to chat about life and what is worrying them at the moment; and the nurse time to make any relevant observations about the patient.
The nurse must listen to the patient’s answers but also make her own observations. Ask one question at a time and allow the patient time to answer. Be aware of your own body language and the patients, don’t raise your voice unnecessarily and if there is a moment of silence this will allow the patient time to think about their own thoughts. Use eye contact, don’t hurry the patient and be sympathetic and patient at all times. When looking to conclude the discussion bring everything together and summarise any relevant points and ask the patient if they are happy with what has been discussed and if they have any final questions. Thank them for their time and say that you will be back to discuss anything further when required.
Maintaining a safe environment:- Looking at the patient as a whole and educating the family and carers with the knowledge and understanding of what is required. Taking into account that there may be other people involved ie other Health team members and taking onboard what they have to say and suggest.
Behaviour change does the patient have to have a better and healthier eating plan put in place; do they require to get more exercise. If this is the case can the patient get out and about or do they require assistant to get to and from the doctors or does the health visitor have to come to their house. Does the patient have all of the relevant information to hand in order to achieve these goals.
If the patient is allowed home the family/health care people have to make sure that the patient’s home has a safe environment; the family have to make sure that there is not too many objects around the house that the patient may trip over or bang into (Potter & Perry). Although the patient may have liked being in the hospital and having people doing things for them; once it is time for them to go home there was a fear that they would not be able to cope and end up back in hospital. Therefore getting them back home to familiar surroundings allows them to have privacy and safety. Allows them the independence and freedom to please themselves.
To summarise the Roper Logan & Tierney Model is one of the most widely used models in the West of Scotland. It provides nurses with a framework for en-gathering information and therefore helps them provide the nursing care and standards that are required to meet the needs of the patient in this ever changing environment.
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Jessie McPherson Private Hospital is committed to ensuring patient and staff safety by minimising risk, complying with the National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards (NSQHSS), and in the continuous monitoring and improvement of services.
Our hospital, facilities and services are all accredited with the relevant authorities.
In November 2017, Jessie McPherson Private Hospital was successfully accredited against the National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards (NSQHSS).
At Jessie McPherson Private Hospital we welcome all feedback from patients, their carers and families as this provides us with a valuable insight into our facility and helps to inform us about how we can continue to improve our care and services. Feedback may include a compliment, suggestion or complaint about care, treatment or services provided. Any information you provide will not affect your care.
Complaints are a valuable source of feedback at Jessie McPherson Private Hospital and all patients, their family and friends have the right to make a complaint or query any aspect of their healthcare.
If you or your family have comments or concerns during your stay, please ask to speak with your nurse and/or the Nurse Manager. We would like the opportunity to resolve any of your concerns as they arise.
If you have tried to resolve your complaint and are still not satisfied, you may wish to contact the Health Service Commissioner. The Office of the Health Service Commissioner is an independent, impartial statutory authority and can help with seeking answers to your concerns about a health service. The service is free and confidential.
Write a letter to: Level 30, 570 Bourke St, Melbourne 3000.
Jessie McPherson Private Hospital is proud to partner with Press Ganey in surveying our patients upon discharge from hospital. Patients may receive a survey within 2 weeks of going home. The survey contains de-identified information that we use to monitor and measure patient satisfaction and helps inform us about any areas where we can improve.
Consumer participation is widely recognised and valued as an aid to improve patient health outcomes as well as the quality of health care delivery. At Jessie McPherson Private Hospital, we have set a number of key priority areas to integrate consumer participation into every part of the organisation. These objectives support working with consumers at both a strategic and operational level, as well as supporting patient-centred care approaches with patients, families and carers at the individual level.
Our Consumer Participation Strategy 2016-2018 demonstrates our commitment to partnering with consumers to guide the development, implementation and improvement of private health care treatment and services.
Consumer representatives are involved in the governance of our health service as well as provide input into designing and delivering care. There are many ways that consumers can play a role in improving the quality of care we provide. You can become involved at any time as a consumer representative at Jessie McPherson Private Hospital by joining our Consumer Register.
If you would like further information about how you can be involved, please email us and we would be happy to contact you to discuss this unique opportunity.
We are here to help you – talk to us if you have any worries or concerns about your care and treatment.
Make sure you know how to use your call bell to alert your nurse. Your nurse will check on you regularly throughout the day and night.
We will introduce ourselves to you and your family members and give you the confidence to trust us with your healthcare – if someone does not introduce themselves, please ask them to do so.
Hand hygiene is the single most important factor in reducing infection whilst in hospital. Please wash your hands before and after visiting the toilet and before all meals.
All people (including staff and visitors) need to clean their hands before they touch you.
It’s ok to ask our staff if they have washed their hands before having contact with you.
It is important that you tell us about all the medications that you are currently taking.
Tell us if you have an allergy or you do not understand what your medication is for.
Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist about any concerns you might have about your medication.
We will check your identification band, and ask your name, date of birth and address EVERY time you are given a medication.
It is important that you are given information about all medications that you are going to take at home – you may be given a brochure or printed information by your nurse or pharmacist.
We will regularly check your identification to ensure we give you the right care.
Always wear your identification band on your wrist or leg.
Tell us if you have any allergies – if so, you will be given a red identification band.
All staff looking after you need up to date information about your condition and treatment.
The sharing of information between staff involved in your care is known as “clinical handover”.
You can expect that staff will involve you in handover information on a regular basis to keep you informed and ensure that your needs are being met.
If you have any worries or concerns about your treatment, please let us know.
Some patients may require a blood transfusion during their hospital stay.
If you do require a blood transfusion, the nurses will ask you to tell them your name, address and date of birth and you will be required to sign a consent form.
If you object to having a blood transfusion, it is important that you discuss this with your doctor and that your wishes are recorded in your medical record.
Pressure injuries are caused by unrelieved pressure, shearing or friction resulting in pain and damage to skin and sometimes underlying tissue.
In hospital, patients are at risk when they are lying or sitting on a chair.
On admission, an assessment will be completed to determine if you are at risk of developing a pressure injury.
Keep skin clean and dry – moisturise very dry skin.
Alert your nurse or doctor if you notice any areas on your skin showing changes or if there are areas that are painful.
We are happy to help you change position and can provide a special mattress or cushion for support.
Our staff are trained to detect any changes in your health.
You and your loved ones can help by letting staff know if you do not feel well, if you think that your health condition has changed, or if you think that something does not feel ‘right’.
Your nurse may contact your doctor on your behalf if you have any worries or concerns.
Patients are at an increased risk of falling when they are in hospital.
On admission, a falls assessment will be completed to determine if you are at risk of a fall.
Staff will discuss with you ways to help you avoid a fall.
Please use your call bell to call for assistance if you need to get out of bed.
Wear laced-up or snug-fitting shoes or slippers with rubber soles.
If you have a walking aid, make sure it is in good condition and that it is the right size and height for you.
Use your walking aid and do not rely on furniture for support.
Take your time when turning around or when you are moving from a lying position to a sitting and standing position.
We are here to help you, so please don’t hesitate to ask for support if you need it.
Safe patient care is our number one priority and we are committed to ensuring that processes are in place to prevent patient harm that might inadvertently result from care. Our Point of Care Goals were developed from a range of input from staff and consumers about what constitutes safe and quality care at Jessie McPherson Private Hospital. Our goals reflect our understanding of what patients value about healthcare access and delivery and how this translates into providing exceptional care, for every person, every time.
We will provide a safe, clean and peaceful environment for our patients and staff.
Our staff will have access to equipment, stock, resources and processes to enable efficient care delivery.
We will provide best practice care and services.
Through clinical effectiveness, we will promote healthcare that is appropriate, effective and consistent.
Our quality and safety performance data, policies and procedures, and audit processes will guide service delivery and improvement.
We will strive to serve each patient and other members of the healthcare team in a positive and supportive manner.
We will introduce ourselves to our patients and given them the confidence to trust us with their healthcare.
We will communicate with and inspire our staff to embrace our vision.
We will seamlessly collaborate with our colleagues to achieve the required outcomes.
We will deliver care that is respectful of, and responsive to, the needs and values of our patients and consumers.
We will care about the person and involve the patient and their family in all aspects of their care and treatment.
We will strive to plan and prepare activities effectively to ensure continuity in the delivery of our care and services.
We will continue to build and improve resilience in order to deliver a stable and secure workforce.
At Jessie McPherson Private Hospital, we monitor and manage risks across many areas of the organisation, such as operational, financial, and clinical risks. This is to ensure we continue to keep our patients, staff and visitors safe and free from harm.
Monitoring our risks means that we encourage all staff to report on any and all incidents using our incident reporting system. This enables us to monitor the effectiveness of our risk controls and develop strategies to prevent incidents from occurring. Our incident management system enables us to be notified as soon as an incident occurs, so that it can be followed up in a timely manner.
Despite our efforts to minimise risks, unfortunately incidents can occur. When they do, Jessie McPherson Private Hospital supports open disclosure – this is the process of providing open communication with patients and their carers/families following an incident that has resulted in unintended harm. | http://jessiemcpherson.org/about-us/quality-and-safety/ |
Nurses who don't have the opportunity to learn about how to deal with conflict find it expedient and perhaps even necessary to have the manager intervene. Having the nurse leader walk the direct care nurse through a variety of conversations to resolve a dispute or disagreement provides the opportunity for alternative solutions to be
In summary, the nursing practice is ridden with numerous shortcomings that make it hard for patients to be satisfied with the provided health care services. This paper has provided an evidence-based model in health care provision. The need to improve patient satisfaction in the nursing practice has necessitated the implementation of relevant policies that have yielded positive results. With the nurses embracing concepts, such as teamwork, altruism, leadership, empathy, and communication, patients are becoming more satisfied with the care they are being given in the hospitals.
The profession of nursing takes a person and transforms them into a multitasking sensation. While this may take years to perfect it is one of the greatest feats a nurse can secure. Every nurse must have the ability to critically think, multitask, prioritize, delegate and stay sane through this process. It is the overwhelming sense of need that brings people in the profession. People need nurses to care for them when they cannot themselves, and nurses need to help.
Nursing is the heart of human caring behavior. During a crucial time of nursing shortage, retaining skilled nurses is essential to help handle the growing senior population in our communities. Many people depend on professional, caring, and trained nurses to help them recover their optimal health after an assault to their health stability by numerous diseases. However, bullying in a workplace and especially in the health care settings has become a halt to the career of many ambitious nurses’ especially new graduates (novices nurses) entering the profession. Complexities of the healthcare environment coupled with higher acuity patient care can cause stress and anxiety among nurses who are new to the profession.
If something just does not seem right, nurses are taught to speak up, be responsible, and advocate for their patients. A great deal of critical thinking is required to be a successful professional nurse. Future of the Profession
all work together to provide the best holistic care for each client. Unfortunately, I rather work by myself than with others. When I work alone I know for a fact that I will do the job the right way; when I work with others I most likely find myself micromanaging than trusting that my teammates know what they are doing. I have to realize that there is no room for mavericks or for rebels. If one is to be a change agent or an innovation, there is no other way to be successful in the health profession than to involve the gifts of each member of the team.
The reasons why it is crucial for nurses to be culturally competent is because of the challenges that nurses face to provide care for a culturally diverse population, due to the rise of the diversity of people in the United States. Every day nurses encounter a variety of people that are culturally diverse such as family composition, ethnicity, race, and religion. Being culturally competent, helps the nurse provide effective and comprehensive healthcare to all patients. Having cultural competency is being open-minded about the disparities that exist, having knowledge and understanding that those differences exist per that culture that the nurse is dealing with in particular. When a nurse does not know the patient’s background or cultural information,
This dilemma also exemplifies how one complex dilemma in patient care, can impact on legal, ethical and professional issues for nurses. These issues interface with each other in substantial ways. Nurses must be prepared for these inevitable challenging situations (Tang, 2011). The author must consider the legal, regulatory, ethical,
Nurses lack of education, training, and lack of comfort in providing care was also seen as another barrier to good end of life care. Lack of knowing the patience preference or wishes regarding their care and treatment also created another obstacle for end life care. To make changes to these factors one of which that was made was the effective opening of communication, both with their team and with the patience family. Related to this is the use of a family care model and family involvement in clinical decision making. Nurses ability to act on previous experiences and their ability to support one another was also recognized as a positive factor to providing quality end of life care.
Second, challenging those in training in order to better them in the future is highly important for their professional development as individuals. For example, letting trainees take action in procedures and giving them permission to try their own ideas allows them to make mistakes and grow from them (Heuston and Wolf 250). Prohibiting nurses in training to address a situation themselves and make mistakes inhibits their learning experience and therefor they will never learn. Lastly, nurse leaders must use personal recognition and communication in order to form personal connections to encourage others. (Heuston and Wolf 250).
Interprofessional teamwork has become essential part of health care system in order to improve the quality of care. Many researches has suggested that collaboration of health care workers has impacted the patient care outcome in a positive way, as well as assisting to avoid errors by, “watching each other’s backs” (Cherry & Jacob, p 398). Furthermore, “Important indicators of safety, patient care, and environment of care, such as complications and error rate, length of hospital stay, conflict among caregivers, staff turnover, and mortality rate, have all been shown to decrease in collaborative care environment” (Green & Johnson, 2015, p. 2) In recent years, nurses are in front line in running health care in USA. According to Lomax and White (2015), the Institute of Medicine (IOM) published the report stating that in order to provide safe and high-quality care, it is crucial for nursed to collaborate with other health care professionals (para. 6). | https://www.ipl.org/essay/The-Importance-Of-Nursing-Teamwork-FK2QX5PBUXPV |
Thank you for your interest in exploring job opportunities here at Hope Clinic of McKinney!
We are a faith-based, non-profit, primary health care clinic providing free services to those in Collin County with no insurance and limited financial resources.
Our paid staff sets the tone for our mission and vision — to share the love of Christ as we provide our Collin County neighbors with increased access to compassionate health care. We believe that every person who walks through our doors has innate value because they were created in the image of God. We love our patients because Christ loved them first. We know that together we can accomplish more than we can alone. We are relational, not transactional, for that is where true community development begins.
Our ideal candidate for any paid staff role at Hope Clinic is one that agrees with, identifies with, and has a passion for the vision and mission statement of Hope Clinic, including our priority of being a Christ-focused ministry first, and a clinic second.
If this describes you, we welcome and encourage you to apply today! Simply email your resume with a cover letter to [email protected].
Current Job Openings
POSITION: RN/Nurse Manager/Clinic Coordinator
REPORTS TO: Medical Director
JOB TYPE: Full-Time, 35 hours a week
POSITION SUMMARY: Supervision and monitoring of all clinical medical functions to assure quality efficiency and coordination of appropriate patient care. Oversees all nursing and clinical support staff and volunteers.
ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS:
- Be present when weekday clinic is open to oversee all clinical aspects of operations.
- Act as fill-in nurse, only if volunteer is unavailable, including triage of walk-in patients.
- Supervision, training, monitoring, and evaluation of volunteer nursing staff and clinical support staff. This includes meeting with interested nursing volunteers.
- Provide and improve patient education. This may be during patient visits or scheduling separate nurse visits, depending on the issue.
- Oversee all aspects of laboratory testing. This includes point-of-care testing, acting as a liaison with Quest Diagnostics, ensuring ordered labs have pricing agreements, drawing labs at clinic when clinical staff/volunteer is unable to (or training nurses to do so).
- Monitor and maintain Athena staff inboxes for volunteer providers.
- Oversee inventory systems and items (stocking and organizing), including medications, supplies and equipment. Inform ED-OPS when re-ordering is necessary.
- Serve as clinical liaison during the week. All clinically related calls (labs, imaging, pharmacy, patient medical questions) will be routed through Nurse Manager and/or Medical Assistant.
- Learn clinical aspects of electronic medical record to answer staff questions and develop clinical improvements to meet and exceed quality assurance measures.
- Coordinate with Medical Director and/or Executive Director of Operations to accomplish facility and patient-care goals.
- Recognize and assist in solving clinical and administrative problems.
- Supervise care delivery systems to ensure accuracy and consistency.
- Develop and implement nursing policies and procedures.
- Communicate with patients and families to address care-related concerns and implement patient education.
- Monitor patient medications, treatment and therapies for quality assurance reporting and/or compliance with local, state and federal regulations.
- Serve on Clinical Services Committee.
- Other duties emanating from Medical Director and Executive Directors.
JOB QUALIFICATIONS:
- Minimum Education: Completion of a registered nurse program, BSN or Bachelor’s Degree required
- Minimum Experience: 2 years
- Minimum Certifications and/or Licenses: Licensing as a registered nurse and BLS
- Minimum Skills: Experience with EMR, MS Word, Excel, MS outlook.
- Our ideal candidate for this role is one that agrees with, identifies with, and has a passion for the vision and mission statement of Hope Clinic, including our priority of being a Christ-focused ministry first, and a clinic second.
- Excellent written and oral communication skills, a high level of organization, and the ability to motivate and energize nursing staff in day-to-day operations and when implementing new programs or requirements.
- Available to work at least 1 Saturday shift per month.
POSITION: Office Manager
REPORTS TO: Director of Patient Services
POSITION SUMMARY: Serves as the first impression of Hope Clinic for our patients and visitors. Manages front office of Hope Clinic and provides administrative support to all clinic staff.
ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS:
- Create a warm, comfortable setting in which the patient is welcomed and cared for while waiting to be seen by clinic staff.
- Check patients in and out of appointments and schedule patients for all medical and specialty appointments.
- Oversee annual re-enrollment of established patients and assist in new patient enrollment as needed.
- Answer incoming phone calls for new patient inquiries or existing patients requesting appointments. Ensure all calls or messages are routed to the appropriate staff member
- Answer and manage all incoming messages, both physically and electronically. Ensure all messages are routed to appropriate staff.
- Oversee all appointment reminders. Ensure schedule reflects all updates and changes.
- Oversee all incoming faxes and upload to patient charts or forward to appropriate party.
- Scan and upload patient documentation to patient chart as directed by Director of Patient Services or Nurse Manager.
- Light housekeeping.
- Submit to ED – Operations for office supply purchasing needs.
- Provide administrative support to other clinic staff.
- Other duties emanating from Director of Patient Services.
QUALIFICATIONS:
- Fluency in Spanish and English required.
- Strong administrative and organizational skills.
- Demonstrates effective communication and interpersonal skills in person and over the phone.
- Computer proficiency as well as Office (Word, Excel), and willingness to learn AthenaHealth (electronic medical record).
- Knowledge of scanners, copiers, fax machines and basic office equipment.
- Understands how to ask for help when situations or problems present which are beyond their ability or knowledge.
- Exhibits a willingness to learn new skills.
- Ability to work well under pressure and handle difficult situations in a calm manner.
- Ability to align with our organizational values, including one that agrees with, identifies with, and has a passion for the vision and mission statement of Hope Clinic, including our priority of being a Christ-focused ministry first, and a clinic second.
- Some Saturday and evening availability is required. | https://hopeclinicmckinney.org/job-opportunities/ |
30 years after the association was created, the founders came together and reorganized the association to where any person could become a member to help create expansion, help research and to provide more quality of life to the victims. Today, the American Diabetes Association is labeled as one of the top non-profit charity organizations in America with around 100 total organizations to help fight diabetes. The main location is in Alexandria, Virginia and it has around 90 different offices branched throughout the United States to provide support to anyone in any part of the United States. About Diabetes Diabetes is a disease that is very common in the world. Early detection of diabetes can significantly decrease the risk of it getting worse throughout a person’s life.
The SNAP's domain of evidence-informed practice describes the challenges of nurse practitioners that needed to promote patient care through scientific review and integrate evidence-informed practice into patient care (WRHA, 2016, pg 8-Research_). According to practice standard by CNO 2002 pg 8, registered nurses and nurse practitioners ensure that nursing practices are based on evidence and best-practice guidelines to address client concerns and needs. They also integrate research findings into direct patient care (CNO 2002). Moreover, nurse practitioners are able to engage and implement research-based innovations for promoting patient care. They are able to lead and work together with other healthcare members to support research (WRHA,2016, pg 8-research).
43) https://web-ded.uta.edu/wconnect/ace/static/onlinecne/CEDec08.pdf (http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/766818_2). To advocate for the patient is one of the many important responsibilities of the nurse in order to assure patient safety. An example of a situation in which the nurse would need to advocate for the patient would be if the physician were to order a medication that the nurse knows the patient has an allergic reactions to. It would then be the nurse’s duty to advocate for the patient by reminding the physician of the patient’s allergy. The nurse could then also answer any questions that the patient or the family has regarding the new corrected medication or simply just translating any medical terminology that was not
The role of theory in clinical nursing practice is to guide assessment, interventions, and evaluation of nursing care. Theory in nursing practice provides a rationale for collecting reliable and valid data about the health status of clients, which are essential for effective decision making and implementation. Nursing theory also serves as a guide assessment, interventions, and evaluation of nursing practice. Theories can address important questions for nursing units. Theories can be grand, middle range and practice.
& Bredow, T. S., 2013). In conclusion, Jean Watson’s theory of caring, a middle-range theory, provides essential framework and guidelines in nursing shortage problem. Nurses who exposed to caring theory have moral and ethical obligations to care for others during challenging situations. Patients, families and other professionals depend on nursing profession, their expertise and knowledge for best patient
Transition is the core of discipline in nursing ( Schumacher & Meleis, 1994, p.120). One particular transition listed in the Conceptual Curriculum Model is Health-Illness. Health can subjectively be defined as a state of optimal well being while illness can be defined as a sickness having a negative affect on the body. Two of the four aims of nursing are to promote health and prevent illness. In order to be successful in meeting these aims, a nurse will use knowledge, skills and critical thinking.
When certain abnormal signs and symptoms are identified early, critical bedside consultat... ... middle of paper ... ...ng informatics. The integration of an early warning scoring system with nursing practice is a means with which technology and nursing knowledge evolve to “applied wisdom” (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2012). The data is represented by the vital signs. The collection of vital signs will generate information. The information will be scored in the system and alert the nurse when there are abnormal findings.
The article stated the five principles for Ells with special needs are “learning and developments that facilitates joint productive activities among students, learners’ prior knowledge and learning, educational activities within the context of students’ prior experiences and skills, complex solutions and higher-level thinking, and ongoing verbal dialogue.” In order to have effective curriculum implementation, teaching must emphasize: “academic content relative to students’ culture, background, environment, and prior experiences; multiple content knowledge and skills that are reinf... ... middle of paper ... ... differences in ELL students with special needs, emphasizing that a standardized test will never be able to measure the ability of the individual students. Students will be faced many problems in education that may include being wrongly included or excluded from special education classes. Teachers need to pay attention to the individual needs of their students, and ensure that they do not draw faulty conclusions about their students based on other students in the classroom. When a teacher factors in the student’s family and culture, they will be better to relate instructional material to the student, and they will also create an opportunity for higher thinking. Works Cited Hoover, John J., and James R. Patton.
Teaching history in the public school system can present educators with a unique set of challenges that are not found in any other subjects or disciplines. Furthermore, the distinction between U.S. and World History course structure need to be identified in order to effectively incorporate textbooks, unit tests, state standards, and student prior knowledge into the class. U.S. and World History classes differ in many aspects; and the teacher needs to know how to separate the two distinct course structures. As a U.S. History teacher, various forms of accurate student assessment can be incorporated into my classroom which will provide information needed to adjust my teaching styles. I believe U.S History classes provide a more diverse selection of assessment tools because the material is narrower in scope compared to a World History class.
Critical thinking in relation to research papers involves identifying the author’s position, arguments and conclusions but also the line of reasoning that is used to support the conclusions (Cottrell 2005). The use of educational research papers’ is to understand possible relationships between existing practices and educational policy and legislation. Therefore, it is important to relate educational research papers into a wider context and discover links between other research findings. I shall argue that the given Student A’s (Student 2010) paper for this assignment contains too many quotations and descriptive writing compared to the required criteria of critical thinking. There are links between existing practices and educational policy and legislation but it is difficult to discover what position Student A takes due to the lack of arguments. | https://www.123helpme.com/essay/The-Infection-Prevention-And-Control-550182 |
Medical assistance is not limited to the services one gets through hospitalization. If you or your loved ones need help from healthcare professionals, you can rely on our certified nurse assistants or CNAs. Directed by a registered nurse or supervised by your physician, our CNAs can provide the necessary assistance and health monitoring.
They can ensure the continuity of care in each patient’s home through the following:
- Blood Pressure Monitoring
- Colostomy Care
- Catheter Care and Maintenance
- Diabetic Care / Insulin Injections
- Drawing Blood and Lab Work
- Family-Patient Health Teaching
- GI Tube Feeding Assistance
- Incontinent Care
- Medication Therapy Management
- Oncology Care
- Pain Relief / Pain Management
- Symptom Control
- Vacuum Assisted Closure (VAC) for Wounds
Should you need to arrange for home health care, do not hesitate to leave us a message at any time. Rest assured that we are always ready to address any questions or concerns that you may have. | http://www.siercam.com/home-health-care-certified-nurse-assistants |
Eastern based this analysis on his own opinion, citing no studies to support his opinion. However, this analysis is reasonable, considering what we know about the noncompliant patient.
These studies demonstrate that there are several factors associated with patient noncompliance, regardless of the disease being treated. Medication side effects represent only one of these issues. Nurse practitioners could help to resolve many of these issues by being proactive and asking questions about side effects in patients at risk for becoming noncompliant. They may also be able to predict noncompliance in patients that are prescribed medications with known side effects. By informing the patient of the side effects and giving them practical ways to cope with them, the nurse practitioner can play an active role in helping to eliminate patient noncompliance.
Education was found to play an important role in patient noncompliance. The overall educational level of the patient was found to be important. The nurse practitioner can take positive action by being aware of the patient's overall educational background. Extra care must be taken with those of low educational status. The nurse practitioner must make certain that these patients understand the medication, any side effects, and the importance of taking their medication or following other treatment regimes. The nurse practitioner must make certain that the patient has all of the information that they need and that they understand this information.
This group of studies highlights the role that the nurse practitioner can take in preventing noncompliance in patients. Being sensitive to those patients that fall into risk categories for noncompliance will help the nurse practitioner in taking appropriate action to make certain that the most common reasons for noncompliance are eliminated, or at least lessened in at-risk patient populations. The nurse practitioner must be willing to educate the patient in all aspects of the treatment plan. They must also be willing to listen to patient concerns and to help them devise ways to alleviate fears and problems with their medication regime. Academic research supports the idea that the nurse practitioner can have a positive impact on the willingness and ability of the patient to follow their treatment program.
Legal Ramifications of Discontinuation of Treatment
There is little information available on the topic of the legalities of dismissing patients. This is a relatively grey area of the law that has not been addressed by legislature or academic research. However, in the dismissal of patients, the practitioner can open themselves to lawsuits. From a legal standpoint, the patient is considered a customer. There are few other professions where it would be beneficial to "dismiss" a customer. This makes the topic of dismissing the noncompliant patient unique from a legal perspective.
There are currently no statutory laws that specifically deal wit patient dismissal (Eastern, 2006). Many of the lawsuits stemming from patient dismissal are based on antidiscrimination and abandonment laws (Eastern, 2006). From a legal perspective, the danger is not in leaving oneself open to criminal actions, but in leaving oneself open to civil litigation. However, there are steps that one can take to protect themselves from civil suits, if the occasion should arise that requires the dismissal of a patient.
Just as there are no hard rules concerning the legalities of dismissal, there are also no hard rules concerning when a patient should be dismissed. Nonpayment of legitimate and reasonable charges is the most common reason for patient dismissal (Eastern, 2006). This reason would appear clear-cut, but it often involves problems, such as changes in health plans and the various rules that dictate those changes. Some plans force the doctor to terminate treatment of all participating patients, if the doctor drops out of the plan and the patients were given an option to pay out of pocket but declined (Eastern, 2006). Theft of insurance checks also falls under this same category (Eastern, 2006).
According to Eastern (2006), these are the most common legitimate reasons to dismiss a patient, but most cases involve interpersonal conflicts between the patient and physician. In many cases, this involves noncompliance with ...
Professionals agree that when a patient insists on treatment outside of the doctor's area of expertise, or on treatment in a location other than the private office, it is reasonable to refuse to comply with their wishes (Eastern, 2006). Every physician must establish their own tolerances and norms regarding patient compliance and dismissal of patients from their practice. In doing so, one must be careful not to step over reasonable boundaries that are perfectly within a patient's rights, such as seeking a second opinion or consultation with a specialist.
In the dismissal of patients, the practice manual is an important tool in making certain to avoid lawsuits stemming from patient dismissal. Most agree that dismissal of a patient should be a last resort and that other corrective actions need to be pursued first. Reconciling differences is always the better option when one wishes to continue to build their practice. Sometimes an honest and open discussion is all that is needed to resolve any issues that arise.
Reasons for dismissal should be clearly defined in the practice manual. Once they are defined, they should be followed in every circumstance (Eastern, 2006). Granting exceptions to the rules weakens their impact in a court of law. The patient may be able to establish a discrimination suit based on the ability to prove that the rules are only applied with certain patients, but not with others. Rules of practice only have an impact when they are closely followed and exceptions to the rules are rare.
The practice manual outlines procedures to help resolve conflict in a peaceable manner. Dismissal should be the last resort (Eastern, 2006). The first step when a conflict arises should be an attempt at reconciliation. However, in order to protect oneself legally, this conversation and the outcome of the conversation should be documented (Eastern, 2006). This conversation should be recorded in the patient's chart and a follow up letter should be sent that confirms what was discussed and the outcomes (Eastern, 2006). Many times, this step is all that will be needed to address the concerns of both the physician and the patient. Communication failures are easily resolved, but represent major issues between the medical practitioner and the patient.
Many times patients are not aware or will not admit that they are not in compliance with office policies (Eastern, 2006). Communication is the key to resolving conflicts such as these. Open and honest communication is the first step in resolving conflicts and in building the foundations of a productive, positive relationship in the future. Honest communication can turn a noncompliant patient into a model patient in the future. This is certain a better outcome for the patient and the practice than dismissal. Reconciliation and building relationships should be the first priority in resolving patient-practitioner issues.
While, communication is the magic pill that can cure many poor relationships, it will not work in every case. In some cases, the patient may continue to be problematic after these initial steps. The patient should be aware that further violation of principals will lead to dismissal, if that becomes necessary (Eastern, 2006). This should be clearly stated and it should not be assumed that the patient automatically understands this potential consequence. This conversation should be clearly documented in the patient's chart and should be contained in a follow-up letter (Eastern, 2006).
The practice manual should have clear steps leading up to potential dismissal of a noncompliant patient. These steps can include up to two or three warning letters and attempt at reconciliation before termination of the patient is carried out. These letters should clearly document how the patient has violated office policy and what steps are to be taken if this violation continues in the future. These steps will help to reduce the chances of a lawsuit, and will increase changes that the practitioner will prevail, should one occur (Eastern, 2006). Diligence in these steps is the key to successful termination of patient relationships. This is particularly important if the patient has a physical or mental disability (Eastern, 2006).
Ultimate dismissal of the patient is not the best option for anyone involved. The patient loses access to medical treatment and must go through the process of finding another physician. The medical practitioner suffers loss of income from that patient. In addition, it is not likely that this patient will give them positive referrals. They may even have the affect of creating negative publicity. For these reasons, reconciliation should be the goal of procedures to resolve issues between the medical practitioner and the client. However, if in the end, the issues cannot be resolved and the decision is made to terminate the patient, there are certain steps that can be taken to help avoid a potential lawsuit.
The first step in protecting oneself legally is…
Eastern based this analysis on his own opinion, citing no studies to support his opinion. However, this analysis is reasonable, considering what we know about the noncompliant patient.
References
Barber, N., Parsons, J., Clifford, S., Darracott, R., & Horne, R. (2004). Patients' problems with new medication for chronic conditions. Quality and Safety in Healthcare. 13(3): 172-175.
Chatterjee, J. (2006). From compliance to concordance in diabetes. Journal of Medical Ethics. 32(9): 507-510.
Chisholm, M., Lance, C. & Mulloy, L. (2005). Patient factors associated with adherence to immunosuppressant therapy in renal transplant recipients. American Journal of Health- System Pharmacy. 62 (17): 1775-1781.
Eastern, J. "Dismissing Patients Properly." 1 Jun 2006. OB/GYN News. Accessed 11 Sept. 2008. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CYD/is_/ai_n26906768.
However, it does mean that some things will be different from the normal line of treatment. ("Advance Medical Directives.," n. d.); (Feldman, Mitchell D; Christensen, John F. (2007) The fact that resuscitation of a patient through CPR will not add significantly to the quantity and quality of life is an indication that death may not be very far off and that medicine does not have the power to turn around
Patient is a 69-year-Old male who is refusing treatment for cancer. The following is a description of the patient. Primary diagnosis: Malignant Neoplasm of Head, Face and Neck (C76.0) because this is the diagnosis that brought the patient into treatment (Hogston, 1997). Patient's past medical history: Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, stomatitis, anemia, neutropenia. Patient had right radical neck dissection in 2012. Current Medications: Carvedilol 12.5 mg. q.d.; Furosemide 40 mg q.d. Social History: Patient is a
Antiemetic Efficacy of Ipa Inhalation Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting Antiemetic Efficacy of IPA Inhalation in High-Risk PONV Patients Antiemetic Efficacy of IPA Inhalation in High-Risk PONV Patients Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is considered a significant enough threat to patient health that surgical patients are often treated prophylactically to prevent its occurrence (reviewed by Murphy, Hooper, Sullivan, Clifford, and Apfel, 2006). PONV has been defined as an episode of nausea, vomiting, or retching (non-productive
The patient and his partner's privacy must be respected, but if at all possible the nurse should treat the patient as part of a larger social environment, which includes the patient's family and his community. The patient's status and his partner's health status will impact the quality of life they both experience in their relationship, and affect treatment compliance. Dealing with sensitive issues early on in the intervention builds the
Compliance Patient compliance is not always easy to obtain and it is frustrating when patients fail to follow recommendations and instructions. In addition, nurses and physicians tend to expect compliance while there is plenty of evidence derived from clinical studies that compliance should not be expected. This work intends to examine and analyze the issue of patient compliance. (Stone, et al., 1998) Lamb (nd ) reports that for products marketed
In seeking to administer drugs, nurses ought to be guided by the five medical administration rights. These are patient, time, dose, drug, and route (You, Choe, Park, Kim, and Son, 2015). One issue that I consider to be of great concern in my practice is medicating patients late leading to noncompliance. This happens to be one of the more significant errors in the administration of medications in a healthcare setting, | https://www.paperdue.com/essay/patient-noncompliance-in-patients-advanced-28180 |
Carbon programming language is a new and innovative programming language that has been designed to be more efficient and easier to use than traditional programming languages. Carbon is a statically typed language, meaning that it requires variables to be defined and assigned a type before they can be used. This helps to prevent common errors and makes the code easier to understand.
¶Difference Between Carbon and programming language
One of the key differences between Carbon and other programming languages is that it uses a syntax that is much simpler and easier to read. This makes it ideal for beginners and those who are new to programming. It also makes it easier for experienced developers to read and understand code written in Carbon. There are a number of differences between the Carbon programming language and other programming languages. Here are some key points to consider:
¶Syntax:
One of the main differences between Carbon and other programming languages is the syntax. Carbon uses a syntax that is similar to Python, but with some key differences. For example, Carbon uses indentation to indicate blocks of code, rather than curly braces like in languages like Java or C++.
¶Execution:
Another difference between Carbon and other programming languages is the way that code is executed. Carbon uses a Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler, which translates the code into machine-readable instructions as it is being executed. This allows Carbon to be faster and more efficient than languages that rely on a traditional compiler.
¶Data Types:
Carbon has a different set of data types compared to other programming languages. For example, Carbon has a “tuple” data type, which is a collection of values that are treated as a single entity. This is similar to an array in other languages, but tuples are immutable, meaning that they cannot be changed once they are created.
¶Concurrency:
Carbon has built-in support for concurrent programming, which allows multiple threads of execution to run simultaneously. This makes Carbon a good choice for building high-performance, scalable applications.
¶Community:
Carbon has a growing community of developers and users, with a number of resources available for learning and support. This includes online documentation, forums, and user groups.
Overall, Carbon is a unique programming language that offers a number of benefits for developers, including a syntax that is easy to learn, fast execution, and support for concurrent programming. While it may not be as well-known as languages like Python or Java, it is worth considering for your next project.
¶Benefits of Carbon programming language
Carbon is a programming language that has gained popularity in recent years due to its various benefits. Here are some of the top advantages of using Carbon:
¶Fast development:
Carbon allows developers to quickly create and deploy applications, thanks to its simple and intuitive syntax. This makes it ideal for prototyping and rapid development of applications.
¶Scalability:
Carbon is highly scalable, which means it can handle large amounts of data and traffic without any performance issues. This makes it ideal for building large-scale applications that need to handle a high volume of users and data.
¶Cross-platform compatibility:
Carbon is compatible with multiple platforms, including Windows, Mac, and Linux. This allows developers to easily build applications that can be used on different operating systems.
¶Easy to learn:
Carbon has a simple and easy-to-understand syntax, which makes it an ideal choice for beginners and those who are new to programming.
¶Strong community support:
Carbon has a strong and active community of developers who are constantly working on improving the language and providing support to its users. This helps ensure that the language stays up to date and evolves with the needs of its users.
¶Extensive library of resources:
Carbon has an extensive library of resources, including tutorials, documentation, and code examples, which makes it easy for developers to learn and use the language.
Overall, Carbon is a powerful and flexible programming language that offers many benefits to developers. Its fast development, scalability, cross-platform compatibility, and easy-to-learn syntax make it an excellent choice for building a wide range of applications.
¶Drawbacks of Carbon programming language
Despite its many benefits, Carbon does have some disadvantages. One of the main disadvantages is that it is a relatively new language, which means that it may not be as widely supported as other programming languages. This can make it difficult to find resources or support when using Carbon.
Despite this, Carbon is quickly gaining popularity among developers and is being used by a wide range of companies and organizations. Some of the industries that are using Carbon include finance, healthcare, and e-commerce.
¶Is Carbon programming language is stable to use
- Carbon is a new programming language that was developed with the aim of providing a stable and reliable platform for developers to build on.
- One of the key features of Carbon is its focus on stability. The language has been designed with a number of features that help to ensure that code written in Carbon is less likely to break or cause issues when it is deployed.
- One of these features is the use of a type system that is designed to catch errors and prevent them from causing issues in the code. This type system helps to ensure that the code is more reliable and less prone to errors.
- Another key feature of Carbon is its focus on safety. The language has been designed to minimize the risk of security vulnerabilities and to ensure that code is as safe as possible when it is deployed.
- In addition to these features, Carbon also includes a number of tools and libraries that are designed to help developers build stable and reliable applications. These tools include debugging tools, testing tools, and performance monitoring tools that can help developers identify and fix any issues that may arise in their code.
- Overall, it can be said that Carbon is a stable and reliable programming language that is well-suited for building robust and reliable applications. With its focus on stability, safety, and reliability, Carbon is a great choice for developers looking to build applications that are both reliable and scalable.
Overall, Carbon programming language is a powerful and efficient tool that is ideal for a wide range of applications. Its simple syntax and efficient design make it a great choice for both beginners and experienced developers, and its stability ensures that it is a reliable choice for long-term projects.
PHP If-else-elseif and Switch-case
PHP String Functions - All necessary String functions in PHP to manage strings better. | https://devsenv.com/tutorials/what-is-carbon-programming-language-everything-you-need-to-know-about-it |
It integrates with other programming languages like C, C++, and Java. Some of Hack’s most impressive features are its fast development cycle and its type checking. Hack can reconcile the development cycle of a dynamic typed language like a static typed language, but with many features found in other modern languages. It also provinces instantaneous type checking and runs in less than 200 milliseconds.
The efforts for developing this language initiated in Japan in the 1990s. Similar to Perl, it has a dynamic type system and an automatic memory management. It supports multiple programming paradigms and is a dynamic object-oriented language. Designed by Tim Long in 1992, ICI is a general purpose interpreted computer programming language.
One thing to note about high-level programming languages is that these languages allow the programmer to be detached and separated from the machine. The responsibility and power of executing instructions have been handed over to the machine from the programmer. Python is one of the most popular programming languages today and is easy for beginners to learn because of its readability. It is a popular programming language for machine learning and deep learning applications. For example, PostScript programs are frequently created by another program to control a computer printer or display. More generally, a programming language may describe computation on some, possibly abstract, machine.
- It is developed by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson in 2007.
- Java is not ideal for applications that run on the cloud, as opposed to the server .
- It is a concurrent programming language that includes a sequential subset, which supports functional programming.
- As computers have become more powerful, the difference in runtime between low-level and high-level programming languages is often only milliseconds.
- It has gained popularity among many large IT companies thanks to its simple and modern structure and syntax familiarity.
- Computer Scientists and Application Developers who need to quickly develop high-performing applications turn to Go as the best programming language to get the job done.
It is a favorite for analyzing and manipulating large data sets. While not as established as some of the other languages in this article, helpful manuals are available from the R development core team and other worthwhile resources throughout the web. Also object-oriented, this general-purpose language is often the choice for coding applications to run across most popular platforms such as Windows, macOS, and Linux. Java is also the main language of the Android operating system, therefore the most-used when creating apps for that OS.
Authoring Languages
Low-level language is machine-dependent programming language. The processor runs low- level programs directly without the need of a compiler or interpreter, so the programs written in low-level language can be run very fast. The language can be used to develop everything from high-level GUIs to lower-level operating systems. Red boasts a human-friendly syntax, low memory footprint and is garbage collected.
It targets the .NET Framework and supports both functional as well as imperative object-oriented programming. Don Syme at the Microsoft Research developed this language, which is now being developed at the Microsoft Developer Division. F Sharp, as it is called, will soon be integrated into the .NET Framework and Visual Studio. Named after the book A Programming Language (Iverson, Kenneth E., 1962), APL is an array programming language. It is interpretive, interactive and a functional programming language. Omputer programming languages are used to to communicate instructions to a computer.
Java
C# is used on the back end of several popular websites like Bing, Dell, Visual Studio, and MarketWatch. PHP is considered a relatively easy language to learn for beginning developers. PHP professionals have access to several dedicated online communities, making it easy to get support and answers to questions.
Python developers earn average annual salaries of about $109,092. Compiled languages have been translated by computer programs from one programming language to another and convert information directly to code, which streamlines the programming process. Database programming languages help to create databases and manipulate the way data is stored inside them.
Compiled Languages
As an older language, PHP benefits from a large ecosystem of users who have produced frameworks, libraries, and automation tools to make the programming language easier to use. Since it’s an older programming language, C is not suitable for more modern use cases such as websites or mobile applications. C also has a complex syntax as compared to more modern languages. A programming language provides a structured mechanism for defining pieces of data, and the operations or transformations that may be carried out automatically on that data. A programmer uses the abstractions present in the language to represent the concepts involved in a computation. These concepts are represented as a collection of the simplest elements available .
For compiled languages, static semantics essentially include those semantic rules that can be checked at compile time. Examples include checking that every identifier is declared before it is used or that the labels on the arms of a case statement are distinct. Other forms of static analyses like data flow analysis may also be part of static semantics. Newer programming languages like Java and C# have definite assignment analysis, a form of data flow analysis, as part of their static semantics. | https://www.visualt4.com/top-17-new-computer-programming-languages-in-2022-programing-language-2.html |
When starting on the path of programming, it’s important you invest your time wisely in choosing to learn something that will both benefit you in the immediate future with visible results on your platform of choice, as well as getting you set up for any future languages. Your choice will depend upon a number of factors, so let’s take a look at their characteristics, ease of learning, and likelihood of earning you a living. I’ll also show you some code to display “hello world”, the first application many people write when learning a new language.
In this first part, we’ll be looking at languages used to program software – as in applications which run on the computer or mobile devices. Next time we’ll look at the increasingly significant area of web-programming languages, used to create dynamic websites and interactive browser-based user interfaces.
There are two previous articles in this series which discuss some fundamentals of any programming languages, so if you’re new to programming then be sure to read those too:
- Variables and Datatypes The Basics Of Computer Programming 101 - Variables And DataTypes The Basics Of Computer Programming 101 - Variables And DataTypes Having introduced and talked a little about Object Oriented Programming before and where its namesake comes from, I thought it's time we go through the absolute basics of programming in a non-language specific way. This... Read More
- Functions, Loops and Decision Making The Absolute Basics Of Programming For Beginners (Part 2) The Absolute Basics Of Programming For Beginners (Part 2) In part 2 of our absolute beginners guide to programming, I'll be covering the basics of functions, return values, loops and conditionals. Make sure you’ve read part 1 before tackling this, where I explained the... Read More
Java
Java is a full object-oriented language, strongly typed, with an extensive feature set focused on networking and cross-platform compatibility. Applications written in Java can run on virtually any OS – though the performance won’t be as good as something designed to run natively.
It is the language of choice for most Computer Science courses, and consequently almost everyone has at least a little Java programming experience. Android applications are written in Java too, though you can’t simply run a regular Java app on your Android mobile nor vice-versa.
Likelihood Of Making You Money
If you can make an app worth charging for on the Android marketplace, then the world is yours for the taking. There’s also a lot of enterprise-level Java jobs, but the competition is high and pay low.
C/C++
Though actually separate languages, they are often grouped together, as C++ is basically an enhanced version of C, adding object oriented features. C++ is the serious programmer’s language of choice, forming the basis of most computer games and most advanced Windows software. It’s high performance, but requires a lot more precision on the programmers part when it comes to memory management and consequently has a steep learning curve. Not recommended for absolute beginners.
Likelihood Of Making You Money
With less competition than Java, C++ programmers will always be in demand and paid well, especially in the games industry.
C#
Pronounced C sharp, this is Microsoft’s clone of Java (though the two have since diverged with more pronounced differences) – a general purpose object-oriented strongly-typed language. Performance is good, though not as fast as C++. Software written in C# requires .Net framework to run and is Windows-only.
Likelihood Of Making You Money
There’s a good number of corporate C# jobs out there for enterprise solutions, but you’re unlikely to make money on a single piece of software unlike mobile development. Still, it’s a fun language and easy to learn for beginners, certainly I’d recommend it if you’d like to focus on Windows only.
You can download Microsoft Visual Studio Express for free, which helps greatly with GUI designing and code completion. You can also use it for Visual Basic and many other Microsoft-branded programming languages.
Visual Basic
Another of Microsoft’s contributions, Visual Basic is an event-driven language focussed on simple GUI-based apps. Event-driven means that the code you write will generally be reacting to what the user does – what happens when they click that button, for example. It’s incredibly easy to learn and get a simple app up and running, but ultimately limited and perhaps not the best for actually learning fundamental programming concepts.
Objective-C / Cocoa
This is the Apple Mac language upon which most OSX and iOS applications are built. Technically, Objective-C is an extended version of C with object-oriented features, much like C++, but is nearly always combined with the Cocoa framework for building graphical user interfaces and higher level features on the Mac platform. You must also be careful with memory management.
The syntax and concepts you need to learn are quite complex compared to a language like Java or C#, but on the other hand, Apple provides a comprehensive free development environment (XCode) and tools which make the process of creating real, useable apps fairly easy. There’s also a wealth of written and video tutorials out there to guide you, so it’s certainly more accessible than C++. It’s basically your only choice for OSX and iOS development, but you’ll be able to write for both the Apple desktop and mobile environment with the one language.
Likelihood Of Making You Money
With a developer account ($99 yearly) and a killer app, you have the potential to make a lot – Apple has paid out $2 billion so far. App Store developers stand a better chance than Android developers for making money with paid apps, while Android developers tend to see more returns on in-app advertising.
That’s all the languages I’m going to cover today, and they form the majority of real-world software development on PCs, Macs and mobile environments. Before I get blasted in the comments, I’ve decided to include Python in the web-based list because that seems to be where it’s used most.
Interested in the best browser IDEs programmers should know about The 13 Best Browser IDEs Every Programmer Should Know About The 13 Best Browser IDEs Every Programmer Should Know About Looking for a reliable browser-based integrated development environment? Start developing anywhere with these browser IDEs. Read More ? Take a look at our list:
Hat-tip to Jeffery, an avid commenter here at MakeUseOf and often on-hand to help out in the tech Answers section, who suggested this article and some of the languages it should cover.
Explore more about: Programming, Study Tips. | https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/programming-language-learn-software-development/ |
Are you a beginner at coding? Or struggling to build your fundamental knowledge further?
“Introduction to Programming – Python” is a comprehensive course aimed at developing deep-rooted understanding of the fundamentals of programming and coding for beginners and those looking to enhance their programming skills.
The course is designed and structured to promote clear thinking and problem solving, whilst utilising programming tools to translate ideas into well-defined coding routines. Python, a well-recognised and heavily used programming language in the industry, offers a suitable learning platform for young coders that need access to a broad variety of coding resources, without exposing them to unnecessarily complex syntax requirements.
In particular, the course emphasizes on several important and generic programming concepts such as variables, functions, algorithms, simple data structures, objects and object-oriented programming. All lessons are conducted by qualified and experienced professionals within relevant leading Australian industries, thus providing a real life approach to programming and coding.
More broadly, this course will foster and nurture students’ curiosity towards STEM, ensuring the development of deeper engagement and learning. | https://tutorssa.com.au/subjects/stem-courses-introduction-to-programing/ |
The advent of sophisticated hardware technology and a rise in the demand for software systems, led to the invention and development of programming languages on a large scale. Even now, new languages are being developed and released every year. But, most of the new languages that have emerged are not entirely new; they have been inspired and influenced by the languages that have been released before them. They can be thought of as the improved versions of the older languages. Python is one such language, which derives its design and features from other languages like ABC, ALGOL-68, C++ and UNIX shell.
What is Python?
As you might have already known, Python is basically a high level programming language. A programming language is considered high level if it is machine independent and uses human languages like English to specify its syntax, so that it can be easily understood by a human. The programmers just need to deal with the English-like syntax and does not have to worry about the underlying machine code. Although there are many high level languages available in the market, Python has become widely popular among software developers for its clear-cut syntax and easy readability. The lines of actual code in Python have the look of a pseudo-code and hence are easily understandable.
Why is the readability of a programming language so important in software development? It is because; more time is spent by the programmers in reading the lines of code than writing it. Python makes this task easier by laying huge emphasis on code readability. Also, Python can perform a given task using lesser number of lines of code when compared to other high level languages like Java or C++.
Now, as for the precise description, Python can be described as follows:
Python is a free, open source, general purpose, object oriented programming language.
Since Python is a free and open source software, its source code can be freely accessed, modified and reused. It is object oriented, which means it involves the usage of classes and objects in programming. It is used for developing applications in a wide variety of domains, making it a ‘general-purpose’ programming language. It has a potential number of users in the software community.
Python was initially developed by Guido Van Rossum, from 1985-1995. Python reduced many complexities of application development because it used English key words which are easily understood unlike other languages which require a lot of punctuations. Adding to it is the minimum requirement of syntaxes to be developed.
The following can be said about Python:
Python is interpreted: This indicates that the processing is done by interpreter at run time and one need not compile one’s program before it being executed. This is closely related to the various languages like PHP and PERL.
Python is Interactive: This means, you can directly interact with the Python prompt and execute the programs.
Python is Object-Oriented: This indicates that Python deals with the object oriented programming i.e. we can encapsulate the code within the created objects.
Language for beginners: Python is a good language to start off with for beginners and programmers who have just started with coding. It also extends its support to developing variety of games related to both text and web.
Python Features
Easy-to-learn: Python has simple structure, lesser keywords and a well-defined syntax which allows the learner to understand it in a lesser period of time.
Easy-to-read: The code is well-defined as it requires minimum syntax build.
Easy-to-maintain: Its source code is easy-to-maintain when compared to other languages.
Standard library: One of its biggest strengths is that it has got a bulk library that is portable and is compatible on various Operating Systems like UNIX, Macintosh and Windows.
Interactive Mode: Python supports an interactive mode where results can be entered from a terminal system and can debug the code using this mode.
Portable: Python gives the same User Interface when it is run on various hardware platforms.
Extendable: Adding up of lower level sections to the Python interpreter is possible.
These low-level modules help programmers to use customized tools to increase their efficiency.
Databases: It provides connection with major databases available in market.
GUI Programming: Python supports graphical user interface that can be developed and for different libraries, system calls, and Operating Systems, like Macintosh, Windows MFC, and X Window system of Unix.
Scalable: Python provides a simple and a better structure and supports larger programs than other scripting languages like Shell.
Python as a Scripting Language
Python’s robust features as a programming language helped it to prove its versatility by standing out as a scripting language too.
Scripting Languages are nothing but programming languages which are mostly used for controlling software applications. They support scripts or programs that are only written for runtime operations. ‘Scripts’ do not get compiled but get interpreted; whereas the applications controlled by them are usually compiled. Thus, scripts are different from the core application programs. Scripts and application programs are usually written using different languages. Usually, controlling of the application program by the script occurs by embedding the script into the application program.
Benefits of using Python
Being a dynamic programming language, Python can exhibit certain behaviours during runtime, which the static programming languages can exhibit only during the compile time.
The variable type in Python can be quickly changed without any fuss or errors. It is not possible to do the same in case of static programming languages as the variable type cannot be changed during the progression of the program. It can be easily integrated with other technologies. Python has been designed such that it can be easily embedded into other technologies. The productivity of the programmers greatly increases while working with Python, because of its simplicity, readability and support libraries which are easy to use.
Web services can be easily developed using Python. Python is an ideal programming language to work with, if the projects undertaken are big or complex, whose requirements change often. Scientific applications make use of tools like numeric Python and Scientific Python.
In general, an ideal programming language for scientific research is the one that allows notepad or paper scribbling to be directly translated into a piece of code. Python does the job with much élan as it looks more like an easy to read pseudo code. Python is free software and can be freely used for commercial purposes too. | https://apprize.best/javascript/coding_1/7.html |
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