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Timely and timeless
Review of "Reading the Times" by Jeffrey Bilbro.
“Reading the morning newspaper is the realist’s morning prayer,” quipped the philosopher Hegel. If he’s right, what does this reveal about my own heart when I groggily reach for my smartphone upon waking up, scrolling through headlines before even a word of prayer to God or a verse of Scripture?
Jeffrey Bilbro’s Reading the Times is a timely and timeless evaluation of how Christians consume media. Its critique of North America’s overgrown media ecosystem (which has ensnared Christians along with everybody else) is penetrating and uncomfortable. By drawing on the deep wisdom of Scripture and the classical Christian tradition, it exposes our contemporary hunger for information as idolatrous. At the same time, Reading the Times provides relevant, concrete tips to help Christians use media wisely and with the aim of better loving God and neighbour.
In our age of social gridlock, political partisanship, fake news, and diminishing attention spans, experts often urge us to access media with less frequency but also greater discernment and breadth. Bilbro agrees but only to a point.
When we are inundated with stories and issues that demand our attention it seems rather naive to think that democracy will be preserved if we simply have more news, more fact checking, more investigative reporting, and more deep dives. We don’t just need the media to cast a more piercing light; rather, as consumers of the news, we need to reevaluate the light we rely on to understand our times and discern how to respond.
In offering a “practical theology of the news,” Reading the Times commends especially three formative habits for a Christian usage of media: attention, time and community.
Attention
Because there is so much to see and hear on our media feeds, voices and images become louder and more outrageous to grab our attention. And complex issues are reduced to memes or hashtags. This renders us perpetually distracted, preoccupied with the immediate, and mere passive consumers of information. Bilbro remarks on the gap between our huge appetite for political news and our actual participation in civic life, which is meagre and sporadic.
If we do manage to find some way of acting in response to the latest gripping news event, it tends to be through a kind of dramatic gesture – donating to a celebrity’s foundation or posting a video of someone dumping ice water over us – that aims at distant symptoms rather than nearby causes.
So how can we respond meaningfully to what is going on around us? How do we know what truly demands our attention amid screaming headlines?
For a start, Reading the Times encourages practicing silence and solitude. This might seem quietist, but it is, in fact, radical. Silence and solitude create the space necessary to be able to discern and act responsibly. Similarly, Bilbro recommends an attitude of sancta indifferentia [holy indifference] exemplified in thinkers like Pascal and Merton. This is not to disregard what is happening in the world. It is, rather, a deep trust in God’s providence that gives us equanimity about the day’s news. Modern media is a combative atmosphere, and so much of our emotional investment in social and political news is to track whether our side is winning or losing, ergo ‘good news’ or ‘bad news’. A robust doctrine of providence reminds us that we walk by faith and not sight through our world and its news; it also gives us leave to simply trust outcomes to God.
Time
“If we want to learn how to read the news Christianly, we’ll have to learn to tell time Christianly”, writes Bilbro. He argues that secular people exclusively keep time as chronos, in other words, as the linear movement of hours and years. Our chronological clocks and calendars leave us obsessed with the news of the moment: daily events takes on “outsized importance in our lives” because each and every event is quite literally the vanguard of history. Reading the Times is sharply critical of both the left and right for equating chronos with progress, whether it’s the liberal progressivism of CNN and Obama or Fox News and Trump’s desire to make America great again.
Scripture, however, keeps kairos time. This is the ‘right’ time to act, time invested with meaning from outside history. “In the fullness of time, God sent his Son….” (Gal 4:4). Like the prophets of the Old Testament, who interpreted Israel’s daily news by a standard outside of chronological time, Christians should read the news “not from an event’s location on the plane of chronos time but from how it participates in God’s kairos drama,” specifically the life and death of Jesus Christ. Only this way can we gain perspective to understand what is truly significant in the happenings of chronos.
Community
The final section of Reading the Times laments how modern media has shifted the practice of community away from rooted relationships and local places to trending issues and online factions. When genuine, embodied community is usurped by special interest swarms on social media, we easily “register our outrage over a #MeToo scandal or a #BlackLivesMatter tragedy”; but, asks Bilbro, “will we actually discuss such issues with our neighbours or, better yet, actually address them in our communities?” Reading the Times recommends a simple stroll through our neighbourhood for the “radical act” it is! This encourages us to lovingly notice the actual places in which we live, play and work, as well prioritize our attention to the news produced within these civic and religious communities.
Bilbro is aware that preferential attention to local places and people can become insular. So he does encourage Christians to form relationships and online communities that cut across our all-too-human tendency to homophilia (love of the same). But there is a whiff of the parochial about Reading the Times! I would have liked to see Bilbro wrestle more with the habits of attention, time and community in light of the fact that Christians are members of the church catholic and citizens of a world that belongs to God. After all, Jesus’s most famous teaching on loving our neighbour, the Parable of a Good Samaritan, expands the notion of neighbour to those who are neither local nor rooted but foreign and in transit.
Witty and often wise, Reading the Times is challenging and sometimes contrarian in argument. It suggests formative practices for “reading the news Christianly” that are concrete, creative and practicable. Highly recommended for parents, pastors, teachers, and small group leaders. | https://www.christiancourier.ca/timely-and-timeless/ |
A decade ago, Bitcoin’s blockchain size was 0.2285 kilobytes, or approximately 285 bytes. Today, however, the blockchain’s ledger is nearly half a terabyte, or roughly 432 gigabytes.
Bitcoin’s Blockchain Nears 500 Gigabytes in Size
On October 15, 2022, the Bitcoin (BTC) blockchain is getting closer to reaching 500 gigabytes, or roughly half a terabyte of space, in order to store the entire distributed ledger’s history on a drive. The total storage of the BTC blockchain takes more than 432,000 megabytes or 432 gigabytes of space.
Nearly 14 years ago, on January 3, 2009 the blockchain had a size of less than 1 MB or 285 bytes. This was the date Satoshi Nakamoto created the network. It wasn’t until February 16, 2009 that Bitcoin’s distributed ledger surpassed 1 MB in size and by February 13, 2012, the blockchain was approximately 1,000,000 kB or 1 GB in size.
The BTC blockchain is 432GB in size today. On Saturday, it was approximately 432176,009kB. Full nodes and miners are needed to store all of the blockchain network. This means that they require more space than 432GB to handle the whole chain.
At the time of writing, there are 14,299 reachable full nodes according to today’s metrics, which means thousands of nodes host a full copy of the blockchain network. Wallets that don’t manage a full node are called light clients, and they utilize a simplified payment verification (SPV) scheme.
SPV clients don’t host full nodes, but instead sync with other validating Bitcoin full nodes. Today, most wallets are made up of SPV wallets. However, full nodes are only used by full-node operators, miners, institutions, exchanges, payments companies, custodians, and other full nodes.
BTC isn’t the only distributed ledger that requires a large amount of storage space. Bitcoin Cash (BCH), Bitcoinsv(BSV), and Dash/DASH (DASH) networks are all around 27 GB. Ethereum (ETH), at 495 GB is just five gigabytes from reaching 0.5 TB.
How do you feel about Bitcoin’s growth and the Bitcoin blockchain? Comment below to let us know your views on the subject.
Images CreditsShutterstock. Pixabay. Wiki Commons
DisclaimerThis information is provided for educational purposes only. It does not constitute an offer, solicitation, or recommendation of products or services. Bitcoin.com doesn’t offer investment, tax or legal advice. The author and the company are not responsible for any loss or damage caused or alleged caused by the content or use of any goods, services, or information mentioned in the article. | https://cfxmagazine.com/the-size-of-bitcoins-distributed-ledger-nears-a-half-terabyte-technology-bitcoin-news/ |
The standard amount of GB for a computer can vary depending on the manufacturer and the type of computer. However, many standard computers come with at least 1 TB (1000 GB) of storage space. Desktops typically have higher storage capacities than laptops, as desktops have more physical space to house larger hard drives.
For example, a laptop might come with a 1TB hard drive while a desktop could come with a 3-4TB hard drive. Certain gaming PCs, which are built to run heavy applications, may even come with 6-8TB of storage.
Ultimately, the exact amount of GB in a computer will depend on the model and specifications.
Is 8 GB a lot for a computer?
It depends on what you are using the computer for. 8 GB is sufficient for basic tasks, such as web browsing, word processing, and email. However, if you are looking to do more intensive tasks such as gaming, photo or video editing, or running multiple programs at the same time, then 8 GB may not be enough.
For these tasks you would likely need at least 16 GB of RAM. In general, more RAM is better if you are needing to multitask or perform intensive tasks, as it can help your computer run faster and smoother.
Is 32 GB A lot of memory for laptop?
Yes, 32 GB of memory is a lot for a laptop. This provides plenty of RAM for your laptop’s processor to do its job effectively. With 32 GB of RAM, you can easily run complex tasks such as video editing, graphic design, gaming, and other memory-intensive activities.
Additionally, you can have multiple programs running at the same time without worrying about your laptop slowing down or becoming unresponsive. In general, 32 GB should provide you with plenty of memory to get the most out of your laptop.
How much GB is enough?
The amount of GB (gigabytes) you need is going to depend on the type of use you need it for. For basic web browsing, checking emails and using social media, you will likely only need about 1-2GB of data per month.
For streaming music, downloading or watching videos, or gaming, you might need closer to 10-20GB of data per month. If you are a heavy user and you are doing data-intensive activities such as downloading large files or gaming, you might even need in excess of 100GB per month.
Ultimately, the amount of data you need depends on how you use your device and how much time you spend on the internet. If you’re unsure, it is best to err on the side of caution and get more data than you think you need just in case.
Is 40 GB a lot?
That depends on what you plan to use the 40 GB of storage for. 40 GB can hold quite a bit of data, but it varies depending on the type of data you’re storing. For example, 40 GB could hold thousands of photos, hundreds of hours of music and audio, or dozens of HD movies.
On the other hand, 40 GB may not be enough if you’re storing large files like software or 4K videos. Ultimately, how much data 40 GB can hold depends on your specific usage and what files you plan to store.
Is 256 GB for a laptop a lot?
Yes, 256 GB for a laptop is considered a lot of storage. Most laptops come with 128 GB to 512 GB, so 256 GB is on the higher side and will provide plenty of storage for most users. This amount of storage is more than enough for everyday tasks such as web browsing, word processing, or light photo and video editing.
You’ll have plenty of room to store your applications, music, photos, and videos. Additionally, 256 GB should be enough to last you quite some time, as long as you don’t install too many large applications that take up a lot of space.
All in all, 256 GB is plenty for a laptop and will provide you with more than enough storage for most activities.
How much is 1tb?
One terabyte (TB) is equal to 1,000 gigabytes (GB) and is equivalent to 10^12 bytes. It is considered to be the most popular unit of measurement for data storage and is used to describe computer storage, like hard drive and file sizes.
In terms of digital storage, one terabyte is roughly equivalent to 1,024 gigabytes, 1,048,576 megabytes, or 1,099,511,627,776 bytes of information. A single terabyte is enough storage space to hold around 1,000 hours of playback of digital music, or 250 two-hour HD movies, or roughly 25.
5 million 3 megapixel photos.
How many hours will 128GB hold?
The exact amount of hours 128GB can hold depends on the format of the files being stored and the quality of the media. Generally speaking, on average, 128GB can hold about 79 hours of HD video content or about 3400 hours of standard MP3 audio.
Additionally, 128GB can hold about 5200 of photographs in standard JPG format or about 1020 photos in full RAW format. Finally, 128GB of storage can hold approximately 21 hours of 4K video content.
Is 128GB a good amount of storage?
Yes, 128GB is a good amount of storage for many situations. Depending on your storage needs, it can be sufficient for day-to-day computing activities, such as web surfing, document creation and video streaming.
128GB can also provide plenty of room for more intensive tasks like music and video editing, gaming and running multiple applications at once. This amount of storage should also be more than enough to store large amounts of photos, videos and music files.
Furthermore, hard drives with this capacity tend to be relatively inexpensive, making them a great choice for those who are looking for a cost-effective option.
What can I store on 256GB?
A 256GB storage capacity is suitable for a wide variety of applications. Depending on the device, you can store the following:
– A large music library: With 256GB, you can store up to 60,000 songs in your music library. This is enough music to listen to for hours while you work or relax.
– Movies and TV shows: You can save up to 50 Blu-ray movies with 256GB. That’s enough to entertain you and your family for hours.
– Photos and videos: 256GB can store up to 125,000 photos and 10,000 minutes of video at resolutions up to 4K.
– Apps and games: You can install hundreds of apps and games on a device with 256GB of storage.
– Documents: 256GB can store up to one million documents, allowing you to keep all of your personal and work-related papers in one place.
– Back up important data: You can use the storage capacity to back up essential documents, photos, and videos. 256GB can store up to 250GB of back up data.
In conclusion, a 256GB storage capacity can provide plenty of space for users to store and access their favorite media and documents.
How much of 256GB is usable?
The amount of usable storage in a 256GB device can vary depending on the operating system and how much additional software comes preinstalled. Generally speaking, you can expect around 238GB of usable storage in a 256GB device, since the operating system and other software files usually take up around 18GB of the total capacity.
Additionally, some models may use part of the storage for system files and features, such as caching and virtual memory. If you’re using a Mac with macOS Mojave, you can expect to have around 223GB of total usable storage, since macOS takes up around 33GB when installed.
Is 256GB storage too much?
That really depends on how you plan to use the storage. If you plan to store lots of music, videos, photos and documents, 256GB of storage can be plenty. However, if you shoot large amounts of 4K video or if you install a large amount of games on your system, then 256GB might not be enough for your needs and you would need to look for larger storage options.
It all comes down to personal preference and how much data you plan to store and access on a regular basis.
How much storage is 1TB on laptop?
1TB (terabyte) of storage in a laptop typically refers to the amount of hard drive space available for data storage. It can be more or less, depending on the individual laptop and how much RAM is included.
1TB of storage is equivalent to 1000 gigabytes, 8 billion megabytes, or over 8 million megabytes of storage. 1TB of storage can store approximately 250,000 6-megapixel photos, or almost 2000 hours of digital video.
That amount of storage can hold up to 500,000 MP3 audio files, or hundreds of games and HD movies. With this much storage capacity, you can store a huge amount of data, including documents, photos, music, movies, and more!.
What does 1TB mean on a laptop?
1TB (terabyte) on a laptop refers to the amount of storage that is available for use on the machine. Generally, 1TB is equal to 1024GB or 1,000GB of data storage capacity. This amount of storage is generally enough to store thousands of photos, videos, music, documents, and other types of files.
Having 1TB of storage is beneficial because it gives laptop users the ability to store large amounts of data without having to upgrade their laptops or buy additional external storage devices. 1TB of storage is also typically enough capacity for most users, especially if they primarily use their laptop for basic tasks like web browsing, watching movies and TV shows, or listening to music.
Is 1TB better than 256 GB?
It depends on what you plan to use the storage for. 1TB of storage is generally better than 256GB if you’re planning to store a large number of files, videos, music, or other types of data. 1TB provides far more storage space that 256GB, so it can handle larger files and more files in general.
However, if you don’t need that much storage space or are storing smaller files, then 256GB may be sufficient for your needs. The most important thing to consider is what you plan to use the storage for.
Based on your requirements, one option may be better than the other. | https://www.thedonutwhole.com/how-many-gb-does-a-standard-computer-have/ |
The latest version of CompactFlash promises extreme storage capacity of 144 petabyte.
The organization CompactFlash Association is launching version 5.0 of the standard for memory cards. The main feature is a maximum storage capacity of 144 petabyte, or 144 000 TB.
To put the 144 petabyte capacity in perspective, 1 petabyte is equal to 1,024 terabytes of data. And 1 terabyte is equal to 1024 gigabytes of data, a measurement we’re more used to seeing everyday. Assuming most of us currently have 2 terabytes of data (which may be overdoing it for the average computer user), that comes out to more than 70,000 libraries that can be stored one CF card. | http://www.skuggen.com/2010/03/144-petabyte-on-a-memory-card/ |
OneDrive is a file hosting and sharing service that is included in Office 365 suite of applications available to university faculty, staff, and students. The current storage limit for OneDrive users is 15 gigabytes per file and up to 1 terabyte per user.
OneDrive offers similar features that are available with DropBox and Box applications, and should be used instead of these services for storing and sharing of university related files.
OneDrive allows users to sync files and later access them from a web browser or mobile device.
There are three different ways that you can interact with your OneDrive:
ITS’s Help Desk is your main contact for technology-related questions. Contact us via email at [email protected] or by phone at 936.468.4357, or visit the Services section to open a support ticket. | https://help.sfasu.edu/TDClient/2027/Portal/KB/ArticleDet?ID=103481&SIDs=1444 |
This 1TB (terabyte) SSD that you bought, yes… well, the machine only recognises 250GB. Given that a terabyte is 1,000 Gigabytes (GB) 1024GB to be precise, that means that the HDD (hard disk drive) is only using a quarter/25% of its full capacity.
What is the difference between a Solid State Drive (SSD) and a Hard Disk Drive (HDD)?
A traditional HDD is a device made up of moving parts that uses spinning platters to store data. An SSD on the other hand uses flash memory and has no moving parts.
What am I talking about? Data storage space, computers, PCs. Those of you who know me will know that I’m not technical although I have been known to fit a few GB of RAM over the years. OK, either way this SDD is dangerously full up, so said machine needs a new hard drive. Seems that a 4TB hard drive would be a good move.
The machine sees that it has 4TB hard drive, but only reads it as 2TB. Eeeeek! | https://1230.co.uk/woeful-tale-terabyte-2/ |
The U.S. intelligence community wants to unlock more efficient ways to store troves of data humans generate every day, and it believes inside DNA is the storage area, NextGov reported.
The Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity last month issued a broad agency announcement seeking research teams for the agency’s Molecular Information Storage program, which aims to create a system for storing vast quantities of data on sequence-controlled polymers, like human DNA.
Selected teams would have two primary assignments over the four-year initiative: build a table-top device that writes data onto polymers and another that reads the information once it’s stored. Teams must also develop an operating system to index, access and search data within the network.
By the program’s end, the system must be able to write one terabyte and read 10 terabytes per day, and “present a clear and commercially viable path to future deployment at the exabyte scale” within 10 years, according to IARPA.
Encoding into DNA isn’t a new concept; a group of researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology previously found a way to encode data onto DNA—the code of life that all living beings’ genetic information is stored on—that could survive for millennia. One gram of DNA can potentially hold up to 455 exabytes of data, according to New Scientist.
Another group of scientists at Harvard University encoded a book onto DNA in 2012, and that research has since evolved further as more and more scientists are attempting to use DNA as a storage medium.
While the hard drives of many desktop computers sold today are mostly able to store one terabyte of information, other researchers at Harvard created a technique years ago that could store 700 terabytes on a single gram of DNA. Than another team advanced their research and pushed the limit by raising the capacity to 2200 terabytes.
In 2015, other groups of researchers at the University of Illinois, led by Professor Olgica Milenkovic, detailed a new system capable of storing 490 exabytes on a single gram, which is equal to 490 billion gigabytes!
Today, exabyte-scale data centers take up masses of land and cost billions to operate every year, an infrastructure IARPA argues will no longer be feasible in the years to come for research. Tech firm Domo estimates there will be more than 140 gigabytes of data generated daily for every single human on Earth by 2020; and as the Internet of Things (IOT) expands, that number is only assumed to grow. Another firm in contrast, EMC Corporation, believes that by 2020 the amount of digital data produced will total to 40 trillion gigabytes!
In February, the agency outlined its vision for creating an exabyte-scale storage unit that could be housed in a single room and cost less than $1 million to run per year. Though scientists have yet to build a system anywhere close to that level thus far, studies have indicated that sequence-controlled polymers are capable of virtually error-free data storage, according to IARPA.
Researchers estimate DNA and similar polymers can store information more than 100,000 times more efficiently than traditional data storage technology, and polymers’ stable molecular structure allows them to last hundreds of years without losing or corrupting information. For example, CDs and DVDs only have shelf lives of about 25 years, according to the U.S. National Archives.
Earlier this year scientists from ETH Zurich managed to encode a music album Massive Attack’s late-1990s album Mezzanine inside five thousand tiny glass beads spread out over almost a million short DNA strands, Sputnik reported.
As all the researchers showed, and those at Harvard first showed by storing 700 terabytes of data, there are better mediums to store data that are far more efficient. Human DNA just might be the next final frontier for data. To put that in perspective for you, 700 terabytes of data is equal to 14,000 50-gigabyte Blu-ray discs… in a single droplet of DNA that would fit on the tip of your pinky. To further that point, in order to store the same kind of data on hard drives you would need 233 3TB drives, weighing a total of 332,898 pounds. | https://chrisinmaryville.net/u-s-intelligence-community-wants-to-use-dna-for-data-storage.html?share=google-plus-1 |
This whitepaper contains a compelling HPC data storage solution case study highlighting the use of Panasas ActivStor by Magseis Fairfield, a geophysics firm that specializes in providing seismic 3D and 4D data acquisition services to exploration and production (E&P) companies.
Panasas Donates 500 TB ActiveStore Solution to CMI Center for Microbiome Innovation
Today the UC San Diego Center for Microbiome Innovation (CMI) announced that Panasas has joined CMI’s Corporate Member Board and has donated a 500TB Panasas ActiveStor high-performance storage solution to support the acceleration of microbiome research. ActiveStor drives productivity and accelerates time to results with ultrafast streaming performance, true linear scalability, enterprise-grade reliability and unparalleled ease of management. “We are grateful for the support of Panasas,” said Center Faculty Director Rob Knight. “The advanced ActiveStor data storage solution we now have at our disposal will greatly enhance the activities of the Center.”
Panasas Doubles Metadata Performance on ActiveStor Scaleout NAS
Today Panasas introduced the next generation of its ActiveStor scaleout NAS solution, capable of scaling capacity to 57PB and delivering 360GB/s of bandwidth. This flexible system doubles metadata performance to cut data access time in half, scales performance and capacity independently, and seamlessly adapts to new technology advancements.
Panasas Upgrades JASMIN Super-Data-Cluster Facility to 20PB
Today Panasas announced that the Science and Technology Facilities Council’s (SFTC) Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) in the UK has expanded its JASMIN super-data-cluster with an additional 1.6 petabytes of Panasas ActiveStor storage, bringing total storage capacity to 20PB. This expansion required the formation of the largest realm of Panasas storage worldwide, which is managed by a single systems administrator. Thousands of users worldwide find, manipulate and analyze data held on JASMIN, which processes an average of 1-3PB of data every day.
Overview of Panasas Storage for HPC & Big Data
Dale Brantley presented this talk at the PBS Works User Group meeting. “Panasas storage solutions drive industry and research innovation by accelerating workflows and simplifying data management. Our ActiveStor appliances leverage the patented PanFS storage operating system and DirectFlow protocol to deliver performance and reliability at scale from an appliance that is as easy to manage as it is fast to deploy. Panasas storage is optimized for the most demanding workloads in life sciences, manufacturing, media and entertainment, energy, government as well as education environments, and has been deployed in more than 50 countries worldwide.”
Panasas Celebrates 2016 Channel Momentum
“I think one of the things that resellers like about us is that we never take a reseller deal directly. As a channel-first company, we always drive as much business through channel as our customers allow,” said Philip Crocker, senior director of channel marketing and sales enablement at Panasas. “In addition, we have a high-quality yet low-certification entry cost to the program. We also allow 24 x 7 x 365 access to field sales engineers, are highly responsive to partners and have zero sales friction. Specifically, the Accelerate program is compensation-neutral for our sales representatives and distributors.”
Panasas Rolls Out ActiveStor 20
Today Panasas introduced ActiveStor 20, its latest generation hybrid scale-out NAS appliance, featuring a 65 percent increase in flash and a 25 percent increase in hard drive capacity. High-density flash drives and 10 terabyte (TB) HGST Ultrastar He10 helium-based hard drives deliver superior unstructured sequential file and mixed-workload performance with rapid access to large and small files alike. Scalabiltity increases to more than 45 petabytes (PB) in a single namespace and performance ramps up to 360 gigabytes per second (GB/s) and 2.6M IOPS.
Panasas Joins IRODS Consortium to Bolster Life Sciences
Today Panasas announced that it has joined the iRODS Consortium as a contributing member. The iRODS Consortium leads development and support of the Integrated Rule-Oriented Data System (iRODS), free open source software for data discovery, workflow automation, secure collaboration, and data virtualization.
Panasas Rolls Out ActiveStor 18 Scale-out NAS Appliance
Today Panasas announced ActiveStor 18, its latest generation hybrid scale-out NAS appliance. By adopting 8 terabyte drive technology, ActiveStor 18 increases scalability to more than 20 petabytes and 200 gigabytes per second. According to Panasas, ActiveStor 18 also offers increased CPU power and twice the storage cache capacity to further accelerate mixed workload performance. | https://insidehpc.com/tag/activestor/ |
Description:
“Terabit Superchannels: Enabling Next-Generation Optical Transmission and Networking”
Abstract(s):
Optical fiber transmission technologies with per-channel data rates beyond 100 gigabytes per second and up to one terabyte per second are being actively researched worldwide for next-generation transport systems to meet ever increasing capacity demands. To increase the overall network capacity of wavelength-division multiplexed systems, high spectral efficiency modulation formats in conjunction with advanced digital signal processing, both at the transmitter and at the receiver with coherent digital reception, are key enablers. In order to achieve net information rates in the 400-gigabyte-per-second to one-terabyte-per-second range, clever synthesis and detection approaches are being pursued. One approach draws its strength from the power of parallel processing. In this approach, multiple optical carriers are modulated individually at relatively lower symbol rates and then combined to result in a multicarrier system delivering the desired net data rate. Net information rates from 400 gigabytes per second to 10 terabytes per second have been demonstrated using multicarrier schemes. This method exploits the benefits of mature technologies at lower speeds and uses optical parallelization in the frequency domain to achieve high aggregate data rates beyond the limits of the electronics. A second approach follows traditional methods, where the modulation rate (or equivalently the symbol rate) of a single carrier has been progressively increased up to 100 gigabaud with both quadrature phase-shift keying and 16-level quadrature amplitude modulation to achieve net information rates in excess of 600 gigabytes per second. This approach relies on ultrahigh-speed analog-to-digital converters with very high sampling rates to achieve the desired performance.
This talk will review the different solutions that have been experimentally demonstrated, covering a range of approaches that include coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, electronic prefiltering (Nyquist-prefiltered) single carrier, and high symbol rate modulation and reception. The talk will also briefly examine optical networking with superchannels in the emerging “flex-grid” re-configurable optical add-drop multiplexer architectures.
Speaker Bio(s):
S. Chandrasekhar received a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Bombay in Bombay, India, in 1985. He joined Bell Labs in 1986. He initially worked on compound semiconductor devices for high-speed optoelectronic integrated circuits and later in WDM optical networking at 40 gigabytes per second and 100 gigabytes per second. His current interests include coherent optical transmission systems for high spectral efficiency transport and networking beyond 100 gigtabytes per second, multicarrier superchannels, and electronic digital signal processing for software-defined transponders. He is a distinguished member of technical staff at Bell Labs, a fellow of the IEEE, a member of the IEEE Photonics Society and a fellow of the Optical Society (OSA). He was awarded the 2000 IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Engineering Achievement and the 2014 OSA Engineering Excellence Award for his contributions to OEICs and WDM systems research. | http://www.optics.arizona.edu/news-events/events/special-presentation-s-chandrasekhar |
2.2.3 Data storage
When referring to storage space, we use the term bytes (B). A single byte is a combination of 8 bits. Other measurements include:
- kilobytes (KB) − approximately one thousand (10^3) bytes
- megabytes (MB) − approximately one million (10^6) bytes
- gigabytes (GB) − approximately one billion (10^9) bytes
- terabytes (TB) − approximately one trillion (10^12) bytes
- petabytes (PB) − approximately one quadrillion (10^15) bytes
- exabytes (EB) − approximately one quintillion (10^18) bytes.
If you have never seen this symbol before ^ it is a common shorthand for a mathematical power. A power is a number that is multiplied by itself a number of times. For example 10 to the power of 2 (10^2) is 10*10 which is 100, again 10 to the power of 4 (10^4) is 10*10*10*10 or 10,000.
Over the years, the amount of available storage space has increased exponentially. For example, not long ago the storage space of hard drives was typically measured in megabytes. Today, terabyte hard drives are common.
There are three primary types of data storage:
- Local data refers to data that is accessed directly, by local devices. Hard disks, USB flash drives, and CDs/DVDs are examples of local data storage. See Table 3 for more information.
Table 3 Types of local data storage
|Optical drives||USB flash drives||Hard drives||External hard drives|
|An optical drive is used to write data onto a CD or DVD. These portable storage devices are inexpensive and easy to label and store.||USB flash drives are removable and rewritable. These portable storage devices can hold gigabytes of data.||Hard drives come pre-installed on most desktop or laptop computers. These devices store data on magnetic platters. They can store large amounts of data, 1 terabyte or more.||External hard drives that are enclosed in a case and are usually attached to your computer via a USB or Firewire port.|
- Centralised data is stored and shared from a single centralised server. This information can be accessed remotely by multiple devices over the network or the internet. Using a centralised data server can result in bottlenecks and inefficiencies, and can become a single point of failure.
- Distributed data is managed by a central database management system (DBMS). Distributed data is data that is replicated and stored in multiple locations. This allows for easy and efficient sharing of data. Distributed data is accessed through the use of local and global applications. With a distributed system, there is no single source of failure. Should one site lose power, users are still able to access data from the other sites. See Figure 9. | https://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=48819§ion=2.3 |
Welcome to my genealogy blog. Genea-Musings features genealogy research tips and techniques, genealogy news items and commentary, genealogy humor, San Diego genealogy society news, family history research and some family history stories from the keyboard of Randy Seaver (of Chula Vista CA), who thinks that Genealogy Research Is really FUN! Copyright (c) Randall J. Seaver, 2006-2019.
Friday, January 9, 2009
Day 2 in Salt Lake City - a Visit to TGN - Part 1
Our first stop was the Ancestry Data Center south of Salt Lake City. We were joined by two other bloggers, greeted by Andrew Wait (Sr. VP - General Manger Family History) and his staff. After a brief executive summary of TGN's operations, we were treated to a walk through of the server farm housed in the building - they currently have over 5,300 servers in over 180 cabinets in about 6,500 square feet of floor space. More statistics to impress you (they did me!):
* $150 million business in USA
* 900,000 subscribers
* 620 employees
* 2.5 petabytes (pb) of storage - 1 pb is 1 million gigabytes (gb).
* 94% of storage is used by Ancestry.com
* Bandwidth usage is 560 mbps per month
* Space, power and bandwidth costs are $300,000 per month.
After this tour, we were driven to Provo to the TGN headquarters there. The program there included:
* A presentation on Content Acquisition and Strategy by Gary Gibb, VP, US Content
* Lunch with Tim Sullivan, CEO, and Andrew Wait
* A presentation on Document Preservation by Laryn Brown, Sr. Director - Document Preservation Services
* A tour of the Digital Preservation Services (including imaging and indexing)
* A presentation of Ancestry Family Trees by Kenny Freestone, Sr. Product Manager
* A presentation of Content Digitization Technology by Mike Wolfgramm, Sr. VP, Development
* A presentation on Ancestry.com Search by Anne Mitchell, Sr. Product Manager
* A presentation on Non-Subscription Applications, Services and Features by Scott Sorensen, VP, Emerging Businesses
We then traveled to the Market Street Grill in West Jordan for a nice dinner with TGN people. We were back to the hotel at 9 p.m.
That's the basic description of the day - I will post more information about some of the presentations tomorrow.
Before today, none of us were sure how much we would be shown or how much we could write/speak about what we heard and saw. The TGN folks encouraged us to write about the meetings and presentations, and were very open about their company, their current work and their future plans. There were meaningful discussions about public relations, Ancestry.com content and searches, and some emerging technology. We weren't allowed to record or take pictures of the facilities except in designated areas for privacy and security reasons.
All in all, it was a very full day, but exhilarating and informative for me. I have a much better appreciation for their operations and a better understanding of this genealogy business.
4 comments:
- M. Diane Rogers said...
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Looking forward to hearding more, Randy, perhaps especially about TGN's future plans (and a search engine change?).
- Saturday, January 10, 2009 at 2:32:00 AM PST
- Russ said...
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Randy,
I also am looking forward to additional posts on your Visit. Thank you.
- Saturday, January 10, 2009 at 4:12:00 AM PST
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Randy,
Wow...You're running with the big dogs now! This sounds like a great trip you are on and look forward to the next part.
Tim
- Saturday, January 10, 2009 at 4:38:00 AM PST
- James said...
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Thanks for sharing your experiences with your audience, allowing us to enjoy them vicariously.
A couple of technical points: a petabyte is 1024 terabytes, and a terabyte is 1024 gigabytes (sometimes a rounded 1000 multiplier is used instead, such as by most hard drive manufacturers). Although larger hard drives are available, the largest hard drives commonly sold today for home use are between 500 gigabytes and 1 terabyte. So TGN has a hard-drive capacity of about one- to two-thousand times larger than the average home PC sold today.
Also, I suspect the bandwidth usage figure is off-target, as mbps (typically meaning "megabits per second") is a measure of throughput at a given point in time, whereas a monthly bandwidth figure would typically be given in megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes. | https://www.geneamusings.com/2009/01/day-2-in-salt-lake-city-visit-to.html |
The outgoing head of the Defense Information Systems Agency, which handles computer security for the US Department of Defense, has warned a massive cyber-attack is "looming" at the American military's door.
Over lunch on Thursday, Army Lieutenant General Alan Lynn, who retires in a few months, told the Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association's Washington chapter that a few years ago, just one or two "gigabytes" – we're assuming he meant gigabits or gigabytes per second – of junk network traffic would be thrown at the military's internet gateways by miscreants, but those days are long gone. Now the tsunamis of duff packets to overwhelm servers are a lot bigger.
"The level of attacks that we've seen actually was really truly surprising, and it still continues to surprise me just how robust the attacks have become," he said.
US nuke arsenal runs on 1970s IBM 'puter waving 8-inch floppiesREAD MORE
"Now, we get 600-gig attacks on the internet access points and unique, different ways of attacking that we hadn't thought of before. There's now, we would call it the 'terabyte of death' – there is a terabyte of death that is looming outside the door. We're prepared for it, so we know it's coming."
By terabyte, we're pretty sure he meant a terabit-a-second, or possibly a terabyte-a-second. Which is a lot. French web hosting biz OVH was dinged by a 990Gbps denial-of-service attack in 2016, an assault described as the largest ever reported of its kind.
With 3.2 million Dept of Defense staff to manage, Lynn said he faced huge challenges on a day-to-day basis. It was tough finding technology products to handle the volume of network traffic and meet computer security requirements. Military IT admins largely took off-the-shelf commercial kit, toughened it up, and deployed it.
New military equipment was also a challenge for The Green Machine's ranks of BOFHs. He gave the example of the F-35, which he called the "flying mega-computer," that requires secure data stream to send information and receive commands from ground controllers and defense systems. Lynn also said his agency had developed systems that allowed fighters on the ground to watch live video streams from drones on mobile phones.
"It's pretty cool to watch," he enthused, although reminded the attendees to stay focused on the military's prime objective: killing. "At the end of the day, it's about lethality," he said. | https://www.theregister.com/2018/01/12/us_military_ddos_warning/ |
Thorne, a Nobel Prize-winning physicist and the Feynman Professor of Theoretical Physics Emeritus at Caltech, leads his readers through an elegant, always human, tapestry of interlocking themes, coming finally to a uniquely informed answer to the great question: what principles control our universe and why do physicists think they know the things they think they know? Ages of stars and galaxies. Glendenning is Senior Scientist Emeritus at the Nuclear Science Division, Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley. Aimed at advanced physics students. Abstract The new book, An Introduction to Nuclear Astrophysics, by Jean Audouze and Sylvie Vauclair, fills the tremendous need for a work of book length that is more modern than the 1968 textbook. In particular also the most recent equations of state for neutron star matter are explained. The cosmological principle forming the foundation for relativistic cosmology is considered, and some of the fundamental problems of the cosmogony of the early universe are surveyed. Methods for determining the Hubble constant.
Bibliography for an Introdution to Astrophysics graduation, requires some background on nuclear physics, electromagnetism and restricted relativity theories. Author by : Kip Thorne Languange : en Publisher by : W. Observed flux versus redshift relations. Over the course of more than six decades of active research Chandrasekhar investigated a dizzying array of subjects. Inflation and the problems it addresses.
Also considered are active galaxies viewed from the infrared, dust in active galactic nuclei and quasars, X-ray spectra of active galaxies and quasars, broad absorption line quasars and the galaxies associated with quasi-stellar objects and active galactic nuclei. General Relativity: Review of foundations of general relativity: equivalence principle, strong and weak forms, curved spaces, the geodesic equation, the field equations, Schwarzschild solution. However, the authors have also done quite an admirable job in treating the rest of the field: Big Bang nucleosynthesis, nuclear reaction rates, explosive nucleosynthesis and the synthesis of the heavy elements as well as the problems regarding the isotopic anomalies in the early solar system and the use of radioactive decay for estimating the age of the universe. The American Journal of Physics, 49 11 , 1085-1086. Winner of the Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science. A broad overview of theoretical stellar astrophysics is presented in a textbook intended for graduate students.
Contains exercises and some solutions. He is the author of numerous books. Clues to the earliest times, links with fundamental theory. Nuclear astrophysics explains the formation of the chemical element and the evolution of the composition of observable matter. The Robertson-Walker metric: Basic observations. Chapters are devoted to fundamental principles, assumptions, theorems, and polytropes; energy sources and sinks; the flow of energy through the star and the construction of stellar models; the theory of stellar evolution; relativistic stellar structure; the structure of distorted stars; stellar pulsation and oscillation. The book is written at a level that would be quite suitable for use in a beginning graduate or upper division undergraduate course.
This topic is obviously related to various aspects of nuclear physics nuclear cross-sections, nuclear excited states, masses and life times. Excellent introduction to the whole field of astrophysics and cosmology. Energy densities, recombination and timescales. Consideration is given to the principles of the equivalence of inertial and gravitational masses, inertial reference systems and acceleration-gravitational equivalence as the foundations of Einstein's general theory of relativity, and to the classical tests of general relativity in the gravitational red shift, the deflection of light and the perihelion shift. Audouze and Vauclair, both active French astrophysicists, have made numerous contributions to our understanding of nuclear astrophysics. Synopsis Introduction: The main constituents of the Universe: solar system, stars, nebulae, star clusters, galaxies, clusters, radio sources, quasars etc. All theses aspects are presented and discussed in this book, which assembles the most recent discoveries and progresses in the field.
Among Chandrasekhar's many discoveries were the critical mass that makes a star too massive to become a white dwarf and the mathematical theory of black holes. Osterbrock closes the volume with a historical discussion of Chandrasekhar's interactions with graduate students during his more than quarter century at Yerkes Observatory. Audouze and Vauclair, both active French astrophysicists, have made numerous contributions to our understanding of nuclear astrophysics. The book is written for graduate students in astrophysics, but is also of interest to professional astronomers and physicists. Author by : Norman K. Stars, white dwarfs, neutron stars: The physics of stars and stellar evolution, stellar structure, white dwarfs and the Chandrasekhar mass. The book is written at a level that would be quite suitable for use in a beginning graduate or upper division undergraduate course.
Supplementary reading at an elementary level: The Physical Universe, Shu F University Science Books 1982. Contributors are James Binney, John L. This book constitutes the second volume of the monograph, Relativistic Astrophysics. Audouze in particular, is well known for his work on light element synthesis and on the chemical evolution of the galaxy, so it is understandable that these sections are extraordinarily well treated. Kip Thorne, along with fellow theorists Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose, a cadre of Russians, and earlier scientists such as Oppenheimer, Wheeler and Chandrasekhar, has been in the thick of the quest to secure answers. Audouze and vauclair excellently summarize the current status of the field.
Diagrams, graphs, and sample problems are provided. The major primer for any Astrophysics student, wanting to understand a star lifecycle and, thus, how did the universe evolve. A book for graduate students and researchers. Neutron star structure, mass-radius relation for cold matter, pair production and annihilation. Some objects and phenomena falling in such categories and awaiting confirmation or further observational details are in this list. Eventually we expect them to be confirmed in all detail.
Attention is given to the thermodynamic equilibrium at the beginning of the cosmological expansion, the kinetics of elementary-particle processes, the radiation-dominated plasma and the relic radiation, the gravitational instability in Newtonian theory, instability in the hot model, gravitational instability in the general theory of relativity, statistical theory, and theories of galaxy formation. The State of the Universe: Wolfson College Lectures 1979 and White Dwarfs—Black Holes; An Introduction to Relativistic Astrophysics;. This site is like a library, Use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. Principles of Cosmology and Gravitation, Berry M V 2nd edn IoP 1989. General relativity is then related to the Riemannian geometry of a curved space-time, and attention is given to the relativistic theories of stellar evolution and composition, pulsars and the gravitational collapse of very massive stars to black holes. | http://cbetskc.com/white-dwarfsblack-holes-introduction-to-relativistic-astrophysics.html |
What is a galaxy?
A galaxy is defined as a collection of stars and interstellar matter that is gravitationally bound together into one massive system. These systems are separated from each other by millions of light years, consist of millions to trillions of stars; star clusters; and nebulae, and contain masses that are up to several trillion times the size of our sun. There are many different kinds of galaxies, but they are categorized into four major groups: elliptical, lenticular, spiral, and irregular.
The galaxy containing Earth is called the Milky Way Galaxy because it looks like a milky band of indistinguishable matter at night if you are looking at with the naked eye. Our galaxy is spiral-shaped and flat like a disk. To date, we have counted about a trillion solar masses here, one hundred billion of which are stars including our sun. Our closest neighbors are dwarf galaxies that sit about 100,000 light-years away (a few have actually merged with our galaxy). However, the nearest giant galaxy like us is Andromeda (M31) that sits 2 to 3 million light years away.
Types of galaxies
Spiral
Spiral galaxies are shaped like large, flat disks (sometimes with bar structures) and usually contain a bulging elliptically-shaped component in the center. Typically, these galaxies have long bright arms that extend outward along the perimeter. The stellar matter contained inside spiral galaxies are classified as population I or population II. Population I matter are the young stars and star clusters, while population II matter consists of older stars and stellar matter and is generally found in the galaxy’s bulge. The brightness and mass of the galaxies varies, which has lead to the development of a classification scheme. Patterns found inside spiral galaxies are transient, likely due to gravitational interplay between neighboring galaxies.
Lenticular
Lenticular galaxies start to form as spiral galaxies but somewhere along the way, the interstellar matter dries up. They look like smooth disk (without arms) and only have population II stars. To the observer, they look very similar in form and content to elliptical galaxies.
Elliptical
Elliptical galaxies have an ellipsoidal or egg shape and a brightness profile that is smooth. They primarily consist of population II matter that looks as if it has been squished into a ball. These galaxies do not appear to rotate (or move very little). However, internal stars and other stellar bodies may have radial orbits or revolutions. Elliptical galaxies are significantly smaller than spiral galaxies and, starved of star-making gasses, have low rates of star formation and few, if any, open star clusters or young stars.
Irregular
There are a number of differently-shaped galaxies that become distorted due to the gravitational pull of neighboring galaxies. Their unique shapes make it difficult to categorize them as disks or ellipsoids, so this classification is reserved as a catchall.
Hunting for Galaxies
In 1755 Immanuel Kant dubbed the term “Island Universes” to describe the appearance of distant nebulae astronomers were discovering outside of the Milky Way Galaxy. However, humans have known of the existence of other galaxies long before that and hundreds of years prior to the day when Edwin Powell Hubble confirmed the existence of the Andromeda Galaxy.
In fact, some in the community speculate that the Babylonians may have known about and recorded the discovery of Andromeda in 1,300 B.C.E. However, the first definitive instance of a historical cataloging of Andromeda occurred in 964 C.E. by Persian astronomer Al Sufi. Sufi also observed the Milky Way Galaxy’s dwarf galaxy neighbor, the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). In the early 1600s, Magellan and Vespucci reported their discovery of both the Large and Small Megellanic Clouds (SMC).
The invention of the telescope, which has become increasing sophisticated over the years, allowed astronomers to finally get a clearer view of the night sky and discover that there were actually billions of galaxies just waiting to be observed. In 1654 G.B. Hodierna, an Italian priest and astronomer, found the Triangulum Galaxy. M83, the first galaxy beyond our local community of galaxies, was discovered in 1752 by French astronomer Nicholas Louis de Lacaille.
Charles Messier, a French astronomer who is most well known for his cataloguing of deep sky objects, made his first galactic discovery – an elliptical galaxy named M49 in the Virgo Cluster –in 1771. By 1774, the first edition of his catalogue contained 45 deep sky objects including nebulae and star clusters. However, by 1802, German-born British astronomer William Herschel had catalogued over 2,500 objects, approximately 2,100 of which were galaxies. Not to be outdone, the Danish-Irish astronomer John Louis Emil Dreyer had over 6,000 galaxies listed in his NGC catalog and his IC catalog has almost 4,000.
In 2009, a good 1 million galaxies have been recorded by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, but scientists have calculated that there are hundreds of billions more just in the observable part of the universe.
Categorizing Galaxies
Galaxies are put into one of the four categories – spiral, lenticular, elliptical, or irregular – according to their appearance. They are then further categorized based on auxiliary characteristics. For example, whether they have bars or how strongly elliptical they are. More information about the Hubble Classification Scheme can be found online. The galaxies are also sometimes classified as “early” or “late” based on an outmoded model of stellar evolution. Elliptical and lenticular galaxies tend to be classified as “early” while some spirals and irregulars are put in the “late” pile.
Characteristics of Galaxies
For all of their differing shapes, sizes, and outward appearances, galaxies are a lot like humans: they have a number of things in common. They contain large numbers of stars (up to several trillions) and many of them have dual suns or multiple solar systems. Most contain some or all of these stellar objects:
Globular Star Clusters: a mass of up to several million stars that often have masses that are similar in size to small galaxies. These objects are very old, form systems of their own, and appear in galaxies of all shapes and sizes.
Nebulous Remnants: When stars develop they often leave trash behind, interstellar remnants, that floats through space and are swept up into other galaxies by their gravitational pulls.
Equatorial Clouds: Population II stars tend to form elliptical-shaped bulges, the gas and dust from which gathers in a cloud near the equatorial disk. This cloud can usually be observed.
Interstellar Clouds: Otherwise known as star-forming nebulae, these are places where open clusters of stars
develop.
Galactic Nucleus: Often containing excessively-large objects that could be labeled as Black Hole candidates. Scientists suspect that some of the nucleuses are the remnants of the nuclei from smaller galaxies that have been devoured by larger ones.
Giant galaxies like Andromeda are millions of times bigger than the smallest, ranging upwards of trillions of times more massive than the smallest dwarf galaxy. The circumference of the galaxies also varies widely. Some are only a few thousand light-years across, while others will take several hundred-thousand years to traverse. Some of the biggest Messier galaxies are Andromeda and Seyfert II. The Milky Way Galaxy is no lightweight either. It weighs in at a minimum of 250 billion masses (maybe even as much as 750 billion) and has a diameter of one-hundred thousand light years.
One thing that galaxies are experts in is emitting light. They discharge light on every wavelength including long radio, microwave, ultraviolet, X, and gamma. Interstellar matter is very cool and can be seen the best on radio and IR frequencies. The hottest galactic matter is supernova remnants which can be seen on the upper end of the electromagnetic spectrum. Galaxies that form stars at a high rate will show up best on infrared.
Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) are intense sources of light that emit on all wavelengths. The prevailing theory of AGNs is this activity is caused by super-large central objects interacting with gaseous matter. Some galaxies, called Seyfert galaxies, have nucleuses where the super-large objects are interacting rapidly with massive amounts of gas causing them to emit very bright light across the spectrum. Others, called radio galaxies, only transmit – quietly or loudly – on the radio channel.
A few galaxies have very compact and excessively-bright nuclei that outshine the galaxy itself. These are called quasars (Quasi-Stellar objects). These objects look like Seyfert galaxy nuclei, but are very rare and can only be found in the most remote recesses of space. The closest one is 2 billion light years away in the Virgo Cluster. Lastly, Low-Ionization Nuclear Emission-line Region (LINER) galaxies were discovered by Heckman in 1980. These galaxies typically show below nuclear-luminosity in their nuclei.
Occasionally, a star goes supernova. The light emitting from a star suddenly increases in luminosity that likely outshines the entire galaxy it is in. The maximum magnitude a supernova can reach is 19 to 20. This process fascinates astronomers so much that there are some that hunt the universe like Captain Ahab in search of supernovae whale. A few supernovas have occurred in several galaxies listed in the Messier catalog.
Galaxy formation and evolution
Research is currently being conducted to determine exactly how galaxies form. At first, there were only two competing theories about the formation of galaxies: top-down and bottom-up. The top-down theory states that the galaxies formed during the first billion years after the universe began expanding. The bottom-up theory states that small clusters of material formed first and then increasing combined to create larger and larger clusters that eventually became galaxies.
In recent years, observations made using the Hubble Space Telescope and other technology have allowed researchers to put together a sort of cosmological timetable and revealing a little bit about how galaxies may have formed. Where we are located, all of the galaxies seem to be of the same or similar type and appear to have developed in the last 3 to 4 billion years. Approximately 5 billion years back, fewer galaxies have spiral arms or bars. Even further back, about 6 billion years, irregularly-shaped systems are seen more frequently as galaxies interact and merge.
Based on these observations, it would appear that about 10 to 15 billion years ago, the building blocks of galaxies were pulled out of gaseous primordial clouds containing hydrogen and helium. These blocks began collapsing under the weight of their own gravities and formed proto-galaxies. Dark matter, massive central nuclei, and run-ins with neighboring galaxies also appear to play a significant role in the formation and evolution of modern-day galaxies.
Messier galaxies
The galaxies in the Messier catalog are placed in two groups: Northern Spring/Southern Fall and Northern Fall/Southern Spring according to when they can be seen in different places on the globe:
Galaxies in the Northern Fall/Southern Spring Group:
- Local Group: M31 group (M31, M32, M110), and M33
- M74, M77
Galaxies in the Northern Spring/Southern Fall Group:
- Virgo Cluster Galaxies: M49, M58, M59, M60, M61, M84, M85, M86, M87, M88, M89, M90, M91, M98, M99, M100
- Galaxies in Leo: M66 group (M65, M66), M96 group (M95, M96, M105)
Galaxies in and around Ursa Major: M81 group (M81, M82), M101, M102, M108, M109, M51 group (M51, M63),
M94, M106, M64
- Southern galaxies: M83, M104
There are some RA ranges that do not contain any Messier catalogued galaxies. This includes the places where there is interstellar matter and stars in the Milky Way band that blocks observation of galaxies behind those areas.
Galaxy clusters
Some galaxies have no neighbors, floating around lonely in empty parts of space. Usually though, galaxies cluster together forming groups containing up to several thousand galaxies. Many of them are interacting gravitationally, which affects how they appear over time.
It wasn't until this century that humans truly understood the essence of the galaxy that surrounds us. It’s called the Milky Way Galaxy. Our star, the Sun, is but one of billions that make up this giant swirling structure. All of the stars that you see with your unaided eyes on any given night belong to the Milky Way. The galaxy spins on its own axis very slowly. In fact, the last time we were where we are now was about 250 million years ago. Through an amateur astronomer’s telescope, most galaxies look like dim little smudges of light against a black background. Even the view through a large telescope doesn’t show the galaxies as they often appear in photographs.
The Hubble Space Telescope can take spectacular photographs and collect valuable data about even the most distant galaxies, forcing astronomers to alter their ideas and theories of galaxy formation. And then there’s this little matter of the quasars. What are they? Are they the result of massive black holes at the center of galaxies? Or do they exist because of some other mysterious, unknown process? | http://www.thetimenow.com/astronomy/galaxy.php |
A Summary from LPPFusion, Inc.
The new evidence on surface brightness is by no means the only recent research that contradicts the Big Bang theory. Despite the continuing popularity of the theory, essentially every prediction of the theory has been increasingly contradicted by better and better data, as shown by many teams of researchers. The observations are, on the other hand, consistent with a non-expanding universe with no Big Bang.
Prediction: Any superhot explosion throughout the universe, like the Big Bang, would have generated a certain small amount of the light element lithium.
Evidence: Yet as astronomers have observed older and older stars, the amount of lithium observed has gotten less and less, and, in the oldest stars is less than one tenth of the predicted level. This, however, accords with non-Big-Bang predictions that explain the production of light elements by stars and cosmic rays within the galaxies themselves.
Prediction: The Big Bang theory requires the existence of dark matter—mysterious particles that have never been observed in the laboratory, despite huge experiments to find them.
Evidence: Multiple lines of evidence, especially observations of the motions of galaxies, show that this dark matter does not exist.
Prediction: In the Big Bang theory, the universe is supposed to start off completely smooth and homogenous.
Evidence: But as telescopes have peered farther into space, huger and huger structures of galaxies have been discovered, which are too large to have been formed in the time since the Big Bang.
Prediction: The inflation that was supposed to have occurred during the Big Bang should have smoothed out any large-scale asymmetries in the universe. The CBR should be perfectly symmetrical.
Evidence: The CBR in fact shows strong evidence of asymmetries from one side of the sky to the other that, although small, could not have been produced by the ultra-symmetric “inflation” that hypothetically occurred in the Big Bang.
The response of most cosmologists to this growing body of evidence has, unfortunately, not been to decide the Big Bang theory has been falsified, but to add new “parameters” and hypotheses, like dark energy. The theory is now far more complex and speculative than the Ptolemaic epicycles that were destroyed by the Scientific Revolution. Each contradiction with observation is taken as a mere “anomaly” that does not undermine the theory as a whole. Strong peer pressure is applied against many of those who question the theory.
The Big Bang theory unequivocally predicts certain amounts of light element, including lithium, helium and deuterium, must be produced in the explosion that is hypothesized to have started the universe. For lithium, the prediction is 400 lithium atoms for every trillion hydrogen atoms.
However, astronomers have measured the abundances of lithium in old stars in our galaxy and they have not found the Big Bang predictions to be correct. They know the stars were formed very early in the history of our galaxy, because they have very tiny amounts of iron and other heavy elements that are produced by previously-existing stars. In most of these stars, the lithium abundance is only 160 lithium atoms per trillion atoms, far below the Big Bang predictions.
In addition, as more data became available over the last few years (as described by many researchers, including, for example, Sbordone, Bonifacio and Caffau) it became clear that the older the stars, the less the lithium. By now, eight stars have been discovered with less than one tenth the amount of lithium predicted by the Big Bang, and all are of the type of star that would not have destroyed any lithium. The star with the least iron of these, born in the very early days of the Milky Way galaxy, has less than 3% of the lithium predicted.
The abundance of lithium is plotted logarithmically here against the abundance of iron, a measure of how old the star is: the less iron the earlier the star formed. The horizontal line near the top is the Big bang prediction of lithium abundance. Arrows mark upper limits on lithium abundance of individual stars. From Sbordone, Bonifacio and Caffau.
While these data flatly contradict the predictions of the Big Bang, they were predicted and simply explained by theories of galactic evolution that assumed there was no Big Bang, including a paper published in 1989 by Lerner. Lithium, as is well known, is produced by cosmic rays, emitted by early stars, crashing into carbon and oxygen nuclei, as well as by stars in their giant phase. The same stellar processes, Lerner showed, could produce the observed abundance of helium—from thermonuclear reactions in early intermediate-mass stars—and deuterium (again from cosmic rays), while producing the observed amounts of heavier elements like carbon and oxygen.
The Big Bang theory, in its current form, predicts that most matter in the universe is dark matter, unlike any that has been found on earth.
Increasingly sensitive experiments on earth have failed to turn up any evidence of the dark matter particles that are firmly predicted by the Big Bang theory. But in addition, astronomical evidence as well has ruled out dark matter. The simplest evidence is in the relatively low velocities of galaxies in the universe. (These can be measured for galaxies for which there are independent, non-redshift-based measurements of their distance. The redshifts can then be used to measure velocities of galaxies relative to one another.) The large amounts of dark matter predicted by the Big Bang would generate gravitational forces that will whip the galaxies around at hundreds of km per second. But the observed average velocities of 50 km/sec rules out the large amounts of dark matter required by the Big Bang, as Baryshev, Sylos-Labini, Montuori, Pietronero and Teerikourpi have pointed out. Nor would a super-smooth distribution of dark matter needed to avoid high velocities be compatible with the lumpiness—inhomogeneity—of matter that is observed on all scales.
In addition, the satellite galaxies of both the Milky Way and the nearby Andromeda galaxy are in a disk configuration, just as expected if the gravitating mass is ordinary matter. If the gravitating mass were dark matter, the satellites would have to be in a random sphere. This evidence completely contradicts the dark matter hypothesis, as Pavel Kroupa, among many other researchers, has pointed out.
Again, there are other, simpler, non-Big Bang ways of explaining the data. Over 30 years ago, Peratt and Green showed that electromagnetic forces would produce the constant velocity of rotation in spiral galaxies that has long been used as a key evidence of dark matter. These velocities are measurements of the velocity of radio-emitting plasma within a galaxy, which is as much influenced by magnetic forces as by gravitational forces. Many researchers, including Dr. Scarpa, have demonstrated evidence that a small modification of gravitational forces, termed MOND, could also explain the data.
The Big Bang theory hypothesizes that the universe came into existence with an almost perfectly homogenous—even—distribution of matter, and that structures built up gradually from stars to galaxies to cluster to superclusters.
But larger and larger structures have been uncovered at earlier and earlier times. To cite just one recent example of many, last year a team of observers, Roger Clowes, et al, discovered a huge collection of quasars over 3 billion light years in extent, existing billions of years ago. This was, in their view, too large to have been created within the hypotheses of conventional cosmology.
The huge agglomerations of quasars discovered by Roger Clowes et al. Tick marks are separated by 600 million light years. These objects are far too large to have been generated in the time since the Big Bang.
Indeed, Lerner has pointed out that, when the existing low velocities of galaxies are taken into account, the large structures of conglomerations of galaxies that we observe would take hundreds of billions of year to form. In pioneering work in 1986 Lerner used plasma physics to predict a fractal structure of the universe, including structures up to billions of light years across, structures that were later discovered. In Lerner’s theory, these structures could only have formed in a universe whose history stretches far back before 14 billion years ago.
The Cosmic Background Radiation (CBR) is frequently cited as the key evidence for the Big Bang, and more recently for inflation, the super-expansion during the Big Bang that is a critical element of the theory. One of the few concrete predictions of inflation is that the universe is isotropic, the same in all directions.
The inflation theory predicts that any asymmetries in the universe existing before inflation would be wiped out by the vast expansion during inflation. “The most decisive observational evidence against inflation would be provided by evidence that the Universe possesses large-scale rotation,” wrote Barrow and Liddle in a 1997 paper.
But in fact the CBR evidence, combined with evidence from observations of galaxies, flatly contradicts the prediction of perfect isotropy.
The latest results from the Planck satellite confirmed what had been known for years, that there are non-random alignments on the sky of the small fluctuations in the intensity of the CBR. (These are only the most prominent contradictions of inflation predictions by Planck data).
In addition, a study of the handedness of spiral galaxies in 2012 showed a non-random alignment of the galaxy spins on a very large scale. Such spin alignments indicate precisely the large scale rotation that contradicts inflation.
On the other hand, plasmas-based theories of structure that scale up the well-known formation of filaments in plasma to cosmological scales predicted such evidence of rotation. Vortex filaments, which have been observed for decades from the laboratory to extremely large astrophysical scales, must rotate, so this is no surprise. Of course, such ultra-large vortices would, again, have taken hundreds of billions of years to form.
It has also been known for decades that the energy needed to account for the microwave background is equal to the energy that would have been released by the production by ordinary stars of the known amount of helium. Plasma effects can also, in part, account for the isotropy and blackbody spectrum of the CBR, although this 20–year old work needs to be updated to take into account new data as well as the surface brightness results.
Each of these sets of problems could be, and in fact often are, dismissed as mere “anomalies” in an otherwise well-supported theory. But taken collectively they contradict all the predictions of the theory, leaving no support at all. The response of supporters of the Big Bang theory has been to continually add “parameters” to the theory to account for new discordant data. As a result, as Michael Disney has demonstrated, the theory, now with over 20 parameters to be adjusted, has never had any power to predict new results. So it lacks the basic hallmark of a sound scientific theory. Indeed, the recent, well-publicized results from the BiCEPS instrument has led many researchers to add yet more parameters to the theory to explain apparent contradictions between BiCEPS and Planck results.
In contrast, the data that contradicts the Big Bang theory can be explained far more simply with hypotheses that are consistent with a universe that had no beginning in time and no Big Bang. | https://lppfusion.com/cosmic-connection/plasma-cosmology/the-growing-case-against-the-big-bang/ |
milky Way Galaxy has a regular spiral shape.
As is known, the visible universe has about 100 billion galaxies. Trying to classify such a huge number of objects, the famous Edwin Hubble, after whom later was named space telescope, have developed a special classification in which scientist have identified several types of galaxies. So in this Universe “there was” elliptical, lenticular, irregular and spiral structure, and one of the latter was the place that allowed living beings of our planet to emerge and begin the long process of evolution. So why is our galaxy has a spiral shape and could this fact somehow affect the appearance of the Universe sentient beings — man?
— a delicate spiral galaxy with long sleeves. The question of the origin of it spiral shape of our space at home for a long time puzzled scientists, who decided one day to conduct extensive observation of similar galaxies and ongoing processes. According to research conducted using the stratospheric Observatory infrared astronomy in Bulgaria, the main cause of the galaxy spiral shape is its magnetic field. According to Dr. Enrique Lopez-Rodriguez, even despite the fact that these forces are completely invisible and they can exert a strong influence on the evolution of the newly formed galactic structures. So, according to materials published on the portal , the magnetic field in a spiral galaxy spiral arms are aligned over the whole area of our milky Way, which has approximately 24 000 light-years in diameter. The gravitational forces that create the spiral shape of the galaxy, strongly compress the magnetic field structure, thus launching the process of formation sleeveless giant space education.
the milky Way from the Earth's surface
In order to confirm or refute the theory of the formation of sleeves of spiral galaxies, the scientists measured the magnetic field along the same spiral branches of the galaxy M77, or NGC 1068, which is located in the constellation Cetus at a distance of about 47 million light-years. In the center of an active galaxy is a supermassive black hole, which is almost two times more massive than — the black hole of the milky Way. The vortex sleeve M77 filled with dust, gas, and regions of intense star formation, which is continuously in the process of emergence of new stellar objects and structures.
Infrared observations of the galaxy show something that cannot see the human eye: the magnetic fields that surround a spiral sleeve with newborn stars. Detection fields, supports the main theory about how these sleeves accept all the well-known form: it is believed that best describes the theory of their formation can be so-called «theory of density waves». According to this hypothesis, the gas, dust and stars in the arms are fixed in place, like the blades on the fan. Instead, the material moves along a kind of leverage, while constantly being exposed to gravity, compressing matter like items on the conveyor belt. The gravitational forces that created the spiral shape of the galaxy, and strongly compress it , thereby supporting the theory of density waves. Could these gravitational forces in any way affect the appearance of the Earth and its diverse flora and fauna? Possible. However, despite the fact that the spiral galaxy was once given a chance appear to modern man, some scientists believe that the milky Way is not the most friendly place to live. By the way, about this you can read .
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A newly discovered red giant star is a relic from the early universe — a star that may have been among the second generation of stars to form after the Big Bang. Located in the dwarf galaxy Sculptor some 290,000 light-years away, the star has a remarkably similar chemical make-up to the Milky Way’s oldest stars. Its presence supports the theory that our galaxy underwent a “cannibal” phase, growing to its current size by swallowing dwarf galaxies and other galactic building blocks.
“This star likely is almost as old as the universe itself,” said astronomer Anna Frebel of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, lead author of the Nature paper reporting the finding.
Dwarf galaxies are small galaxies with just a few billion stars, compared to hundreds of billions in the Milky Way. In the “bottom-up model” of galaxy formation, large galaxies attained their size over
billions of years by absorbing their smaller neighbors.
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“If you watched a time-lapse movie of our galaxy, you would see a swarm of dwarf galaxies buzzing around it like bees around a beehive,” explained Frebel. “Over time, those galaxies smashed together and mingled their stars to make one large galaxy — the Milky Way.”
If dwarf galaxies are indeed the building blocks of larger galaxies, then the same kinds of stars should be found in both kinds of galaxies, especially in the case of old, “metal-poor” stars. To astronomers, “metals” are chemical elements heavier than hydrogen or helium. Because they are products of stellar evolution, metals were rare in the early Universe, and so old stars tend to be metal-poor.
Old stars in the Milky Way’s halo can be extremely metal-poor, with metal abundances 100,000 times poorer than in the Sun, which is a typical younger, metal-rich star. Surveys over the past decade have
failed to turn up any such extremely metal-poor stars in dwarf galaxies, however.
“The Milky Way seemed to have stars that were much more primitive than any of the stars in any of the dwarf galaxies,” says co-author Josh Simon of the Observatories of the Carnegie Institution. “If dwarf
galaxies were the original components of the Milky Way, then it’s hard to understand why they wouldn’t have similar stars.”
The team suspected that the methods used to find metal-poor stars in dwarf galaxies were biased in a way that caused the surveys to miss the most metal-poor stars. Team member Evan Kirby, a Caltech
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“This was harder than finding a needle in a haystack. We needed to find a needle in a stack of needles,” said Kirby. “We sorted through hundreds of candidates to find our target.”
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The researchers measured S1020549’s total metal abundance from elements such as magnesium, calcium, titanium, and iron. The overall abundance pattern resembles those of old Milky Way stars, lending the first observational support to the idea that these galactic stars originally formed in dwarf galaxies.
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All Entries Tagged With: "galaxy mergers"
Atom smasher in deep space
- Oddly named Atoms-for-Peace galaxy
- It’s actually two galaxies colliding
- Named after a speech by former US President Eisenhower
A spectacular new image of the famous Atoms-for-Peace galaxy (NGC 7252) has been released by the European Southern Observatory (ESO).
This galactic pile-up, formed by the collision of two galaxies, provides an excellent opportunity for astronomers to study how galaxy mergers affect the evolution of the Universe.
Atoms-for-Peace is the curious name given to a pair of interacting and merging galaxies that lie around 220 million light-years away. It is also known as NGC 7252 and Arp 226 and is just bright enough to be seen by amateur telescopes as a very faint small fuzzy blob.
This new, deep image was produced by ESO’s Wide Field Imager on the MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope at ESO’s La Silla Observatory in Chile.
Galaxy collisions are long drawn-out events that last hundreds of millions of years.
The picture of Atoms-for-Peace represents a snapshot of its collision, with the chaos in full flow. The results of the intricate interplay of gravitational forces can be seen in the tails made from streams of stars, gas and dust.
The image also shows incredible shells that formed as gas and stars were ripped out of the colliding galaxies and wrapped around their merged, single core.
While a lot of material was ejected into deep space, other regions were compressed, sparking bursts of star formation. The result was the formation of hundreds of very young star clusters, which are now around 50 to 500 million years old. They’re also speculated to be the forerunners of what astronomers call “globular star clusters”…vast collections of hundreds of thousands or millions of stars, formed into a spherical grouping.
Atoms-for-Peace may be a harbinger of our own galaxy’s fate. Astronomers predict that in three or four billion years the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy will collide, much as has happened with Atoms-for-Peace.
But there’s no need to panic—the distance between stars within a galaxy is vast, so it is unlikely that our Sun will end up in a head-on collision with another star during the merger.
See the full-size, high-resolution version here (new window or tab)
And how did the Atoms-for-Peace galaxy pairing get its unusual name?
In December 1953, US President Eisenhower gave a speech that was dubbed Atoms for Peace. The theme was promoting nuclear power for peaceful purposes—a particularly hot topic at the time.
This speech and the associated conference made waves in the scientific community and beyond to such an extent that NGC 7252 was named the Atoms-for-Peace galaxy.
In many ways, this is oddly appropriate—the curious shape that we can see is the result of two galaxies merging to produce something new and grand, a little like what occurs in nuclear fusion. Furthermore, the giant loops resemble a textbook diagram of electrons orbiting an atomic nucleus.
Adapted from information issued by ESO / NASA / ESA.
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Old galaxies get their second wind
- Elliptical galaxies were thought to comprise only very old stars
- Evidence is now mounting that new stars being born within them
- Rebirth is due to galactic cannibalism—big galaxies eating little ones
Evidence is mounting that some galaxies that were thought to be in their twilight years, are actually going through a rebirth process by forming lots of new stars.
Galaxies come in many different shapes and sizes, one of the most common being the elliptical type. Elliptical galaxies are generally very large and, unlike our Milky Way galaxy, they don’t have spiral arms.
Ellipticals were once thought to be aging star cities whose star-making heyday was billions of years ago.
But new observations with NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope are helping to show that elliptical galaxies still have some youthful vigour left, thanks to close encounters with smaller galaxies.
Images of the core of the galaxy NGC 4150, taken in near-ultraviolet light with Hubble’s sharp-eyed Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), reveal streamers of dust and gas and clumps of young, blue stars that are significantly less than a billion years old.
And evidence shows that the spurt of star birth was sparked when NGC 4150 merged with a dwarf galaxy.
The new study helps bolster the emerging view that most elliptical galaxies have young stars, bringing new life to old galaxies.
“Elliptical galaxies were thought to have made all of their stars billions of years ago,” says astronomer Mark Crockett of the University of Oxford, leader of the Hubble observations. “They had consumed all their gas to make new stars.”
“Now we are finding evidence of star birth in many elliptical galaxies, fuelled mostly by cannibalising smaller galaxies.
“These observations support the theory that galaxies built themselves up over billions of years by collisions with dwarf galaxies,” Crockett continues. “NGC 4150 is a dramatic example in our galactic back yard of a common occurrence in the early universe.”
Adding fuel to the cosmic fire
The Hubble images reveal turbulent activity deep inside the galaxy’s core. Clusters of young, blue stars form a ring around the centre that is rotating with the galaxy. The stellar breeding ground is about 1,300 light-years across. Long strands of dust are silhouetted against the yellowish core, which is composed of populations of older stars.
From an analysis of the stars’ colours, Crockett and his team calculated that the star-formation boom started about a billion years ago, a comparatively recent event in cosmological history. The galaxy’s star-making factory has slowed down since then.
“We are seeing this galaxy after the major starburst has occurred,” explains team member Joseph Silk of the University of Oxford. “The most massive stars are already gone. The youngest stars are between 50 million and 300 to 400 million years old. By comparison, most of the [rest of the] stars in the galaxy are around 10 billion years old.”
“We believe that a merger with a small, gas-rich galaxy around one billion years ago supplied NGC 4150 with the ‘fuel’ necessary to form new stars,” says team member Sugata Kaviraj of the Imperial College London and the University of Oxford.
The abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium in the young stars is very low, suggesting the galaxy that merged with NGC 4150 was also poor in heavy elements.
This points towards a small, dwarf galaxy, around one-twentieth the mass of NGC 4150.
Hubble’s vision reveals new stars
Minor mergers such as this one are more ubiquitous than interactions between hefty galaxies, the astronomers say. For every major encounter, there are probably up to 10 times more frequent clashes between a large and a small galaxy.
Major collisions are easier to see because they create incredible fireworks—distorted galaxies, long streamers of gas, and dozens of young star clusters. Smaller interactions are harder to detect because they leave relatively little trace.
Over the past five years, however, ground- and space-based telescopes have offered hints of fresh star formation in elliptical galaxies.
Ground-based observatories captured the blue glow of stars in elliptical galaxies, and satellites such as the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX), which looks in far- and near-ultraviolet light, confirmed that the blue glow came from fledgling stars much less than a billion years old. Ultraviolet light picks out the glow of hot, young stars.
Crockett and his team selected NGC 4150 for their Hubble study because a ground-based telescope analysis gave tantalising hints that the galaxy’s core was not a quiet place. The survey, called the Spectrographic Areal Unit for Research on Optical Nebulae (SAURON), revealed the presence of young stars and dynamic activity that was out of sync with the galaxy.
“In visible light, elliptical galaxies such as NGC 4150 look like normal elliptical galaxies,” Silk says. “But the picture changes when we look in ultraviolet light. At least a third of all elliptical galaxies glow with the blue light of young stars.”
Adds Crockett: “Ellipticals are the perfect laboratory for studying minor mergers in ultraviolet light because they are dominated by old red stars, allowing astronomers to see the faint blue glow of young stars.”
The astronomers hope to study other elliptical galaxies in the SAURON survey to look for the signposts of new star birth. The team’s results have been accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal.
Adapted from information issued by STScI / NASA / ESA / R.M. Crockett (University of Oxford, U.K.), S. Kaviraj (Imperial College London and University of Oxford, U.K.), J. Silk (University of Oxford), M. Mutchler (Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore), R. O’Connell (University of Virginia, Charlottesville), and the WFC3 Scientific Oversight Committee.
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Say hello to the halo
- Galaxy M81, 11.7 million light-years away
- It’s outskirts are different to the Milky Way’s
- Halo forms through merger of galaxies
Astronomers have used Japan’s giant Subaru telescope to study the outskirts of large spiral galaxy, in an effort to understand more about galaxy growth.
Astronomers think that large galaxies such as our Milky Way, become bigger over time by gobbling up smaller galaxies.
In the case of our Galaxy, there’s plenty of evidence for this process – several actual small galaxies have been spotted crashing into the Milky Way, attracted by its huge gravity. And swarms of stars all moving together within the Milky Way are thought to be the remnants of past episodes of galactic cannibalism.
But the “gobbling up” process would not be absolute. Many stars from the smaller galaxies would get left behind, loitering on the outskirts of the Milky Way in a region astronomers call the “halo“.
By studying galaxy halos, astronomers can learn more about these “fossil” remains of past galaxies, and thereby learn more about the process of large galaxy growth.
There are still lots of things we don’t know about the Milky Way’s halo, or galaxy halos in general for that matter. For a start, it’s hard to study our Galaxy’s halo from the “inside”, and most other galaxies are too far away to detailed observations to be made.
Outer limits
Enter Japan’s huge 8.2-metre Subaru telescope, situated in Hawaii. Astronomers have used it to make observations of the outskirts of a spiral galaxy called M81, the largest of a group of 30-plus galaxies over 11 million light-years from Earth.
They managed to identify a faint outer region to the galaxy, beyond its bright main section. They also gathered information on enough individual stars in this region to analyse its chemical properties.
They found that what they saw does not quite fit in with the conventional notion of a galaxy halo. It has basically the same type of spread of stars as the Milky Way’s halo, but overall it could be several times brighter and contain nearly twice as much matter in the form of heavy elements.
Questions raised include: does the definition of a halo need to be widened? Do M81’s outskirts have a different structure to the Milky Way’s? Is this because M81 gobbled more or different galaxies in its past, compared to the Milky Way?
Either way, it seems to be becoming clearer that the outer limits of galaxies are more complex than previously expected.
Written by Jonathan Nally, spaceinfo.com.au. Images courtesy NAOJ. | https://spaceinfo.com.au/tag/galaxy-mergers/ |
These images, taken with NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, reveal fresh star birth in the ancient elliptical galaxy NGC 4150, located about 44 million light-years away. Elliptical galaxies were once thought to be grave yard of aging stars whose star-making heyday was billions of years ago. The new finding helps bolster the emerging view that most elliptical galaxies have young stars, bringing new life to old galaxies.
But new observations with NASA's Hubble Space Telescope are helping to show that elliptical galaxies still have some youthful vigor left, thanks to encounters with smaller galaxies.
Images of the core of NGC 4150, taken in near-ultraviolet light with the sharp-eyed Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), reveal streamers of dust and gas and clumps of young, blue stars that are significantly less than a billion years old. Evidence shows that the star birth was sparked by a merger with a dwarf galaxy.
"Elliptical galaxies were thought to have made all of their stars billions of years ago," says astronomer Mark Crockett of the University of Oxford, leader of the Hubble observations. "They had consumed all their gas to make new stars. Now we are finding evidence of star birth in many elliptical galaxies, fueled mostly by cannibalizing smaller galaxies.
"These observations support the theory that galaxies built themselves up over billions of years by collisions with dwarf galaxies," Crockett continues. "NGC 4150 is a dramatic example in our galactic back yard of a common occurrence in the early universe."
The Hubble images reveal turbulent activity deep inside the galaxy's core. Clusters of young, blue stars trace a ring around the center that is rotating with the galaxy. The stellar breeding ground is about 1,300 light-years across. Long strands of dust are silhouetted against the yellowish core, which is composed of populations of older stars.
From a Hubble analysis of the stars' colors, Crockett and his team calculated that the star-formation boom started about a billion years ago, a comparatively recent event in cosmological history. The galaxy's star-making factory has slowed down since then.
"We are seeing this galaxy after the major starburst has occurred," explains team member Joseph Silk of the University of Oxford. "The most massive stars are already gone. The youngest stars are between 50 million and 300 to 400 million years old. By comparison, most of the stars in the galaxy are around 10 billion years old."
The encounter that triggered the star birth would have been similar to our Milky Way swallowing the nearby Large Magellanic Cloud.
"We believe that a merger with a small, gas-rich galaxy around one billion years ago supplied NGC 4150 with the fuel necessary to form new stars," says team member Sugata Kaviraj of the Imperial College London and the University of Oxford. "The abundance of 'metals'—elements heavier than hydrogen and helium—in the young stars is very low, suggesting the galaxy that merged with NGC 4150 was also metal-poor. This points towards a small, dwarf galaxy, around one-twentieth the mass of NGC 4150."
Minor mergers such as this one are more ubiquitous than interactions between hefty galaxies, the astronomers say. For every major encounter, there are probably up to 10 times more frequent clashes between a large and a small galaxy.
Major collisions are easier to see because they create incredible fireworks: distorted galaxies, long streamers of gas, and dozens of young star clusters. Smaller interactions are harder to detect because they leave relatively little trace.
Over the past five years, however, ground- and space-based telescopes have offered hints of fresh star formation in elliptical galaxies. Ground-based observatories captured the blue glow of stars in elliptical galaxies, and satellites such as the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX), which looks in far- and near-ultraviolet light, confirmed that the blue glow came from fledgling stars much less than a billion years old. Ultraviolet light traces the glow of hot, young stars.
Crockett and his team selected NGC 4150 for their Hubble study because a ground-based spectroscopic analysis gave tantalizing hints that the galaxy's core was not a quiet place. The ground-based survey, called the Spectrographic Areal Unit for Research on Optical Nebulae (SAURON), revealed the presence of young stars and dynamic activity that was out of sync with the galaxy.
"In visible light, elliptical galaxies such as NGC 4150 look like normal elliptical galaxies," Silk says. "But the picture changes when we look in ultraviolet light. At least a third of all elliptical galaxies glow with the blue light of young stars."
Adds Crockett: "Ellipticals are the perfect laboratory for studying minor mergers in ultraviolet light because they are dominated by old red stars, allowing astronomers to see the faint blue glow of young stars." | https://dailygalaxy.com/2010/11/new-star-birth-found-in-ancient-ellipical-galaxy/ |
Epoch of Galaxy Quenching
The Epoch of Galaxy Quenching 2022 is now scheduled for the 5th-9th of September 2022. This will be a hybrid meeting, both online and on-site.
The goal of the conference is to bring together an international community of researchers in observational and theoretical astrophysics, to work towards a solution to one of the most important problems in modern extra-galactic astronomy: why do galaxies stop forming stars?
The past ten billion years of cosmic history has seen a dramatic decline in star formation from a peak at z ~ 2 to the present. As a result, the vast majority of stars that will ever exist in the Universe have already been formed. Massive galaxies have transitioned from being invariably star-forming to predominantly non-star forming (or quenched). Over the same epoch, the dominant morphological type of galaxies has transformed from discs and irregulars to spheroids, and the internal kinetic energy of galaxies has evolved from an ordered to disordered state, with an accompanying significant reduction in net angular momentum.
Understanding the physical origins of the fundamental changes within galaxies throughout the epoch of quenching has proved extremely challenging. However, over the past decade three revolutionary new techniques have emerged which may help us to finally resolve this problem:
• Extensive IFU surveys capable of making spatially resolved measurements of star formation and quenching in galaxies (e.g. Atlas3D, SAMI, CALIFA, MaNGA & MUSE surveys)
• The advent of radio, sub-mm, and far-infrared facilities able to probe the gas (atomic and molecular) and dust content of galaxies across cosmic time (e.g. ALMA, VLA, Herschel)
• Cosmological hydrodynamical simulations, which model the evolution of dark matter and baryons simultaneously in a self-consistent manner (e.g. EAGLE, Illustris, Illustris-TNG)
By combining these profound advances in the field with extensive photometric and spectroscopic galaxy surveys across this epoch (e.g. SDSS, GAMA, COSMOS, CANDELS) and the exploratory power of semi-analytics (e.g. LGalaxies, GalForm), we may now be in a position to resolve the physics of quenching and explain the major transitions at the heart of galaxy evolution.
Key Scientific Questions:
1) Star Formation & Gas Content: What is the origin of the star-forming main sequence (SFR -M* relation)? How does the main sequence evolve from cosmic noon to the present? What physical processes set the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation between gas surface density and the surface density of star formation rate? How does the gas content of galaxies impact star formation? How does star formation efficiency (and its inverse: depletion time) vary within and between galaxies? What can we learn about quenching from observations and simulations of gas in the IGM, CGM and ISM?
2) The Role of Feedback: : Is AGN feedback needed to quench massive galaxies? If so, by which specific mechanism(s) does it operate (e.g. heating vs. outflows)? What observational evidence exists for each scenario? Is supernova feedback responsible for regulating star formation in low mass galaxies? Are other feedback mechanisms important for galaxy quenching (e.g. cosmic rays, magnetic fields)? How do different feedback processes work together in simulations of galaxy evolution? What physical processes set the peak of the halo mass – stellar mass relation?
3) The Role of Environment: How does environment impact the star formation and quenching of central and satellite galaxies? What is the role of the dark matter halo in quenching? By what physical mechanisms do dense cluster environments quench satellite galaxies? Is galactic conformity real? If so, what is the mechanism by which quenching is ‘contagious’?
4) Structure & Kinematics: What is the origin of the close connection between galactic star formation and structure/ kinematics/ morphology? How does galactic structure evolve from z ~ 2 to the present? Which processes engender the transition from discs to spheroids (e.g. major and minor mergers vs. violent disk instabilities)? How does this structural evolution impact star formation?
5) Chemical Composition: How do the chemical compositions of star forming and quenched galaxies compare? What can we learn about the quenching process from measurements of metallicity in gas and stellar populations (e.g. outflows vs. strangulation)? Do contemporary models accurately reproduce the changes in metallicity of galaxies over the epoch of quenching?
6) The Future: How will the next generation of astronomical facilities (e.g. JWST, VLT-MOONS, LSST, EUCLID, WFIRST and the ELTs) help to resolve outstanding questions in galactic star formation and quenching? What is next for theory and simulations? What do we still not know?
SOC
- Debora Sijacki (KICC, Co-chair)
- Francesco D’Eugenio (KICC, Co-chair)
- Asa Bluck (Florida International University)
- Emma Curtis-Lake (University of Hertfordshire)
- Stephen Eales (Cardiff University)
- Sara Ellison (University of Victoria)
- Natascha Förster-Schreiber (MPE, Munich)
- Julie Hlavacek-Larrondo (Université de Montréal)
- Roberto Maiolino (KICC)
- Jan Scholtz (KICC)
- Annalisa Pillepich (MPIA, Heidelberg)
- Yingjie Peng (KIAA, Beijing)
LOC
- Jan Scholtz (Co-chair, [email protected])
- Francesco D’Eugenio (Co-chair, [email protected])
- William Baker
- Asa Bluck
- Steven Brereton (admin)
- Emma Curtis-Lake
- Tobias Looser
- Roberto Maiolino
- Gabriel Maheson
- Joanna Piotrowska
- Lester Sandles
Registration
Registration will open in January 2022. | https://community.kavlimeetings.org/calendar-archive/epoch-of-galaxy-quenching/ |
A galaxy is a massive gravitationally bound system of stars, interstellar gas and dust, plasma, and (possibly) unseen dark matter. Typical galaxies contain ten million to one trillion (107 to 1012) stars, all orbiting a common centre of gravity. In addition to single stars and a tenuous interstellar medium, most galaxies contain a large number of multiple star systems and star clusters as well as various types of nebulae. Most galaxies are several thousand to several hundred thousand light-years in diameter and are usually separated from one another by distances on the order of millions of light-years.
Although theoretical dark matter appears to account for around 90% of the mass of most galaxies, the nature of these unseen components is not well understood. There is some evidence that supermassive black holes may exist at the centre of many, if not all, galaxies.
Intergalactic space, the space between galaxies, is filled with a tenuous plasma with an average density less than one atom per cubic meter. There are probably more than a hundred billion (1011) galaxies in our observable universe.
Etymology
The word galaxy derives from the Greek term for our own galaxy, galaxias (γαλαξίας) or kyklos galaktikos meaning "milky circle" for the system’s appearance in the sky. In Greek mythology, Zeus placed his son by a mortal woman, the infant Hercules, on Hera's breast as she was asleep, so that the baby would drink her divine milk and thus become immortal. Hera woke up while breastfeeding, and realized that she was nursing an unknown baby: she pushed the baby away and a jet of her milk sprayed the night sky.
When astronomers speculated that certain objects previously classified as spiral nebulae were actually vast congeries of stars, this was called the " island universe theory"; but this was an obvious misnomer, since universe means everything there is. Consequently, this term fell into disuse, replaced by applying the term galaxy generically to all such bodies.
Observation history
This account of the history of the investigation of our own and other galaxies is largely taken from James Binney and Michael Merrifield: Galactic astronomy.
In 1610, Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the bright band on the night sky known as the Milky Way and discovered that it was composed of a huge number of faint stars. In a treatise in 1755, Immanuel Kant, drawing on earlier work by Thomas Wright, speculated (correctly) that the Galaxy might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars, held together by gravitational forces akin to the solar system but on much larger scales. The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk. Kant also conjectured that some of the nebulae visible in the night sky might be separate galaxies.
Towards the end of the 18th century, Charles Messier compiled a catalog containing the 109 brightest nebulae, later followed by a larger catalog of five thousand nebulae assembled by William Herschel. In 1845, Lord Rosse constructed a new telescope and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral nebulae. He also managed to make out individual point sources in some of these nebulae, lending credence to Kant's earlier conjecture. However, the nebulae were not unanimously accepted as distant separate galaxies until the matter was settled by Edwin Hubble in the early 1920s using a new telescope. He was able to resolve the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars and identified some Cepheid variables, thus allowing him to estimate the distance to the nebulae: they were far too distant to be part of the Milky Way. In 1936, Hubble produced a classification system for galaxies that is used to this day, the Hubble sequence.
The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of Sol within it was carried out by William Herschel in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the sky. Using a refined approach, Kapteyn in 1920 arrived at the picture of a small (diameter ~15 kiloparsecs) ellipsoid galaxy with Sol close to the centre. A different method by Harlow Shapley based on the cataloging of globular clusters led to a radically different picture: a flat disk with diameter ~70 kiloparsecs and Sol far from the centre. Both analyses failed to take into account the absorption of light by interstellar dust present in the galactic plane; once Robert Julius Trumpler had quantified this effect in 1930 by studying open clusters, the present picture of our galaxy as described above emerged.
In 1944, Hendrik van de Hulst predicted microwave radiation at a wavelength of 21 cm, resulting from interstellar atomic hydrogen gas; this radiation was observed in 1951. This radiation allowed for much improved study of the Galaxy, since it is not affected by dust absorption and its doppler shift can be used to map the motion of the gas in the Galaxy. These observations led to the postulation of a rotating bar structure in the centre of the Galaxy. With improved radio telescopes, hydrogen gas could also be traced in other galaxies. In the 1970s it was discovered in Vera Rubin's study of the rotation speed of gas in galaxies that the total visible mass (from stars and gas) does not properly account for the speed of the rotating gas. This galaxy rotation problem is thought to be explained by the presence of large quantities of unseen dark matter.
Beginning in the 1990s, the Hubble Space Telescope yielded improved observations. Among other things, it established that the missing dark matter in our galaxy cannot solely consist of inherently faint and small stars. The Hubble Deep Field, an extremely long exposure of a relatively empty part of the sky, provided evidence that there are about one hundred and seventy-five billion galaxies in the universe. Improved technology in detecting the spectra invisible to humans (radio telescopes, infra-red cameras, x-ray telescopes), allow detection of other galaxies that are not detected by Hubble. Particularly, galaxy surveys in the zone of avoidance (the region of the sky blocked by the Milky Way) have revealed a number of new galaxies.
Types of galaxies
Galaxies come in three main types: ellipticals, spirals, and irregulars. A slightly more extensive description of galaxy types based on their appearance is given by the Hubble sequence. Since the Hubble sequence is entirely based upon visual morphological type, it may miss certain important characteristics of galaxies such as star formation rate (in starburst galaxies) or activity in the core (in active galaxies).
Our own galaxy, the Milky Way, sometimes simply called the Galaxy (with uppercase), is a large disk-shaped barred spiral galaxy about 30 kiloparsecs or a hundred light millennia in diameter and three light millennia in thickness. It contains about 3×1011 (three hundred billion) stars and has a total mass of about 6×1011 (six hundred billion) times the mass of Sol.
In spiral galaxies, the spiral arms have the shape of approximate logarithmic spirals, a pattern that can be theoretically shown to result from a disturbance in a uniformly rotating mass of stars. Like the stars, the spiral arms also rotate around the centre, but they do so with constant angular velocity. That means that stars pass in and out of spiral arms. The spiral arms are thought to be areas of high density or density waves. As stars move into an arm, they slow down, thus creating a higher density; this is akin to a "wave" of slowdowns moving along a highway full of moving cars. The arms are visible because the high density facilitates star formation and they therefore harbour many bright and young stars.
Despite the prominence of large elliptical and spiral galaxies, most galaxies in the universe appear to be dwarf galaxies. These tiny galaxies are about one hundred times smaller than the Milky Way, containing only a few billion stars. Many dwarf galaxies may orbit a single larger galaxy; the Milky Way has at least a dozen such satellites. Dwarf galaxies may also be classified as elliptical, spiral or irregular. Since small dwarf ellipticals bear little resemblance to large ellipticals, they are often called dwarf spheroidal galaxies instead.
Active galaxies
A portion of the galaxies we can observe are classified as active. That is, a significant portion of the total energy output from the galaxy is emitted by a source other than the stars, dust and interstellar medium. The standard model for such active galactic nucleus is based upon energy generation from matter falling into a supermassive black hole at the core region.
Galaxies that emit high-energy radiation in the form of x-rays are classified as Seyfert galaxies, quasars and blazars. Active galaxies that emit radio frequencies from relativistic jets erupting from the core are classified as Radio galaxies. A unified model of these types of active galaxies explains their differences based on the viewing angle of the observer.
Larger scale structures
Very few galaxies exist by themselves; these are known as field galaxies. Most galaxies are gravitationally bound to a number of other galaxies. Structures containing up to about 50 galaxies are called groups of galaxies, and larger structures containing many thousands of galaxies packed into an area a few megaparsecs across are called clusters. Clusters of galaxies are often dominated by a single giant elliptical galaxy, which over time tidally destroys its satellite galaxies and adds their mass to its own. Superclusters are giant collections containing tens of thousands of galaxies, found in clusters, groups and sometimes individually; at the supercluster scale, galaxies are arranged into sheets and filaments surrounding vast empty voids. Above this scale, the universe appears to be isotropic and homogeneous.
Our galaxy is a member of the Local Group, which it dominates together with the Andromeda Galaxy; overall the Local Group contains about thirty galaxies in a space about one megaparsec across. The Local Group is part of the Virgo Supercluster, which is dominated by the Virgo Cluster (of which our Galaxy is not a member).
Galaxy formation and evolution
The study of galactic formation and evolution attempts to answer questions regarding how galaxies formed and their evolutionary path over the history of the universe. Some theories on this field have now become widely accepted, but it is still an active area of study in astrophysics.
Formation
The method of galactic formation is a major open question in astronomy. Theories may be divided into two categories: top-down and bottom-up. In top-down theories such as the Eggen–Lynden-Bell–Sandage (ELS) model, protogalaxies form in a large-scale simultaneous collapse lasting about one hundred million years. In bottom-up theories such as the Searle-Zinn (SZ) model, globular clusters form first, and then a number of such bodies accrete to form a larger galaxy. Modern theories must be modified to account for the probable presence of large dark matter halos. A sketch of a galactic formation model follows.
Shortly after recombination, baryonic matter begins to condense around cold dark matter halos. Zero- metal high-velocity halo stars (called Population III stars) are the first to develop around a protogalaxy as it starts to contract. These huge stars quickly supernova, releasing heavy elements into the interstellar medium. Within the next billion years, globular clusters, the central supermassive black hole and galactic bulge of metal-poor Population II stars form. Within two billion years, the remaining material settles into a galactic disk. The galaxy will continue to absorb infalling material from high velocity clouds and dwarf galaxies throughout its life; the cycle of stellar birth and death will increase the abundance of heavy elements, eventually allowing the formation of planets.
Probably the oldest galaxy yet found, IOK-1, was discovered in September 2006 by Masanori Iye at National Astronomical Observatory of Japan using the Subaru Telescope in Hawaii. Its emission of Lyman alpha radiation has a redshift of 6.96, making it thirteen billion years old. While some scientists have claimed other objects (such as Abell 1835 IR1916) to be even older, the IOK-1's age and composition have been more reliably established.
The existence of such old protogalaxies suggests that they must have grown in the so-called "Dark Ages" (before the first generation of stars) from anisotropic irregularities present during the era of recombination, some three hundred thousand years after the Big Bang. Such irregularities of the right scale were observed using the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) in 2003.
More evidence for this model of galactic formation comes from detection of ancient Population III stars. The giant star, HE0107-5240, discovered in 2002 by researchers at the University of Hamburg, is believed to be the oldest yet discovered star in the Milky Way, since unlike younger stars, it is virtually metal-free. (See .) Since then, other very old stars (like HE 1327) have also been found.
Evolution
Studies show that the Milky Way Galaxy is moving towards the nearby Andromeda Galaxy at about 130 km/s, and depending upon the lateral movements, the two may collide in about five to six billion years. Such galaxy collisions are fairly common. Given the distances between the stars, the great majority of stellar systems in colliding galaxies will be unaffected. However, gravitational stripping of the interstellar gas and dust that makes up the spiral arms will produce a long train of stars, similar to that seen in NGC 250 or the Antennae Galaxies.
Although the Milky Way has never collided with a galaxy as large as Andromeda before, evidence of past collisions of the Milky Way with smaller dwarf galaxies is increasing.
Spiral galaxies, like the Milky Way, only produce new generations of stars as long as they continue to have dense molecular clouds of interstellar hydrogen in their spiral arms. Elliptical galaxies are already largely devoid of this gas and so form no new stars. However, the supply of star-forming material is finite; as stars convert hydrogen into heavier elements, fewer stars will form.
After the end of stellar formation in under one hundred billion years, the "stellar age" will come to an end after about ten trillion to one hundred trillion years (1013–1014 years), as the smallest longest-lived stars in our astrosphere, tiny red dwarfs begin to fade. At the end of the stellar age galaxies will comprise compact objects: brown dwarfs, black dwarfs, cooling white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. Eventually, as a result of gravitational relaxation, all stars will either fall into the central supermassive black hole of the galaxies, or be flung into the depths of intergalactic space as a result of collisions.
Galactic biology
Biology as we know it is currently assumed to exist only around single, third-generation G-type stars in the middle regions of the spiral arms of spiral galaxies, like the sun. Elliptical galaxies, produced as a result of many galactic collisions, quickly lose their clouds of interstellar hydrogen gas, and cannot make new generations of stars. Irregular galaxies have few elderly stars and thus seem to have low concentrations of the heavier elements on which Earth-like biology depends. Even within spiral galaxies biology as we know it would appear to be limited to the middle reaches of the spiral arm, as in the galactic halo or outer spiral arms heavier elements are in short supply, whilst in the gas clouds around the galactic centre heavier elements are in concentrations too high, and interstellar interactions are too frequent to allow earth-sized planets to form in stable circular orbits around their stars. | https://cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/g/Galaxy.htm |
- Marino Anna Fabiola : Multiple stellar populations in globular clusters.
- Massari Davide : Gaia results for star clusters and dwarf galaxies in the Milky Way
- Renaud Florent : Formation and evolution of globular clusters and globular cluster systems
- Sakari Charli : Integrated spectroscopy of extragalactic globular clusters
- Varri Anna Lisa : Phase space complexity of star clusters: fresh observables for old and new questions
Contributed Talks
- Askar Abbas : Why Black Holes Matter in Globular Clusters: Dynamical Consequences and Observational Signatures
- Alfaro Cuello Mayte : A deep view into the nucleus of the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy: M54.
- Balbinot Eduard: Multiple stellar populations in the stellar stream GD1 using Gaia
- Baumgardt Holger : On the presence of stellar-mass and intermediate mass black holes in globular clusters
- Mattia Libralato : Internal kinematics of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters: current state of the art, issues, and a way out.
- Bianchini Paolo : Globular clusters in the era of precision astrometry
- Brodie Jean : Latest results from the SLUGGS Survey
- Calura Francesco : Hydrodynamic simulations of second generation star formation in a young globular cluster
- Charbonnel Corinne : Formation of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters – Reviewing the nucleosynthesis and the dynamical constraints
- Chung Chul : Globular Cluster-Bulge Connection: Population Synthesis models with Multiple Populations
- D’Antona Francesca : “Status update” for the AGB scenario for multiple populations in Globular Clusters
- Dalessandro Emanuele : Unexpected kinematics of multiple populations in globular clusters
- Davies Melvyn : The Ecology of the Galactic Centre
- Di Carlo Ugo Niccolò : Young Star Clusters: a Nursery of Merging Binary Black Holes
- Drew Janet : Tracing O-star runaways from the massive young clusters, NGC 3603 and Westerlund 2
- Dupree Andrea : Spectroscopy of LMC Cluster Stars
- Fall Michael : Formation, Evolution, and Disruption of Star Clusters: A Synoptic Theory
- Forbes Duncan : Insights from Globular Clusters: Dwarfs to Giant Galaxies
- Fujii Michiko : Inter-cluster velocity structure of star cluster complexes
- Gieles Mark : Supermassive stars as the origin of multiple populations in globular clusters
- Giersz Mirek: MOCCA-SURVEY Database I: Dissolution of tidally filling star clusters harboring BH subsystem.
- Goudfrooij Paul : The Impact of Multiple Populations in Globular Clusters to the UV Upturn and Element Abundance Ratios in Massive Early-Type Galaxies
- Grudic Michael : Connecting the ISM to Star Cluster Populations Across Cosmic TIme
- Jerabkova Tereza : Multiple bursts of star formation in young star clusters: The case of the Orion Nebula Cluster
- Johnson Christian : Light Element Discontinuities in the Globular Cluster NGC 6402 (M14)
- Kroupa Pavel : A systematically varying stellar IMF from globular cluster and ultra-compact dwarf galaxy data and some implications thereof
- Larsen Soeren : Chemical composition of globular clusters in dwarf galaxies
- Lee Young-Wook : Multiple populations in globular clusters: New insights from chemical evolution & horizontal-branch models
- Mapelli Michela : Dynamical formation of binary black holes across cosmic time
- Martocchia Silvia : Age as a Major Factor in the Onset of Multiple Populations in Stellar Clusters
- Mastrobuono Battisti Alessandra : The amazing life of a globular cluster: tidal interactions and mergers in the Galactic disc and nuclear star cluster
- McMillan Steve : A dynamical formation channel for binaries in embedded clusters
- Nataf David Moise : The Relationship Between Globular Cluster Parameters and Abundance Variations, and Application to Former Globular Cluster Stars in the Field
- Penarrubia Jorge : Stellar envelopes in Globular Clusters with dark matter haloes
- Pfalzner Susanne : Observations meets theory in clustered star formation
- Piatti Andres E. : Two kinematically different Large Magellanic Cloud old globular cluster populations unveiled from Gaia DR2 data sets
- Pooley David : Neutron Star Merger Products in Galactic Globular Clusters
- Randriamanakoto Zara : Young massive clusters in the interacting LIRG Arp 299
- Recio-Blanco Alejandra : The oldest Milky Way accreted population revealed by a chemo-dynamical decryption key of globular clusters. | http://davide3.bo.astro.it/?page_id=42 |
Our notions of heroism change over time. The construction and reception of heroes is dependent on context. Often the heroes of a time and place are only decided in hindsight when their actions and the consequences of those actions are weighed by the collective, the media or Hollywood scriptwriters.
Texts can reflect the values, anxieties and aspirations of their time and place. For example, the Star Wars franchise has changed its notions of the hero over time. Early Star Wars films had some diversity back in the 1970s. Leia was an independent hero who could stand up for herself and played a key part in the Rebel Alliance. But she was still pictured as the pretty woman handing medals to the male heroes. Lando Calrissian was a non-white heroic figure, but a more minor and less honourable character than the two white males, Luke and Han. Diversity and Otherness were also foregrounded by the multiple alien species in the films, from everyone’s favourite heroic Wookie, to sinister or repulsive villains.
Fast forward almost forty years and Rei and Finn, the heroes of the 2015 Star Wars Episode VII (which I have written about here and here), show the shift in the hero’s representation in terms of gender and race.
Meanwhile, Batman is a hero whose representation has evolved over time, from the silly unintimidating comical figure of the 1960s television show, to the tortured, vengeful, imposing figures of recent films. Newer Batmans, including those played by Christian Bale and Ben Affleck, are psychologically darker and more complex.
In 2016, heroes like Deadpool and the new Ghostbusters question the traditional portrayal of the hero. Deadpool, like the animated hero Shrek, challenges stereotypical hero behaviour. He is rude, lewd and without a noble cause. The new Ghostbusters expand our vision of how heroes might look. The Game of Thrones franchise, too, agitates reader and viewer expectations of the hero by presenting us with complex, shifting characters who dance along and frequently cross the line between heroism and villainy.
To leadership …
How is the realm of leadership affected by the fluid definitions of heroism, dependent as they are on the time and place in which any real, mythological or fictional hero is created and received?
Today I’ll be speaking at the Rise and Future of Heroism Science Conference in order to explore what insights the data from my PhD has to offer the field of heroism, and what heroism has to offer the arena of leadership.
The questions I ask are:
- Must the school leader hero be a charismatic, selfless visionary? A beacon of bravery and a moral crusader?
- Are alternate leadership metaphors and narratives helpful for thinking about contemporary leadership in schools?
My answer, based in the emergent themes from the interview data of school leaders in my PhD study, is that the traditional lone hero on an individualistic quest is not an appropriate metaphor for the school leader. The leaders in my study reflected notions of servant, distributed, caregiver or transparent leadership.
Participants offered up their own metaphors for heroic leadership, revealing that heroism when leading others can be fluid, deliberate and imperceptible.
In my PhD thesis, I applied the literary character of the Cheshire Cat to emblematically articulate the visible-invisible school leader, who deliberately appears and disappears, showing only part of themselves depending on the needs of those who they lead. The Cheshire Cat leader empowers others to find their way through their professional Wonderlands. Sometimes they are the encouraging grin, the glimmering eyes, the disappearing tail. At times they are the disembodied voice, mentoring, coaching or guiding. Unlike the autocratic and unlikeable Red Queen, the Cat is a mysterious guide who operates from the aerial view of the tree, with an understanding of the bigger picture.
The image of leaders posturing as white knights of school improvement, wielding swords of change and self-promotion, is seductive but unhelpful. Heroism in school leadership can be deliberate, fluid and at times imperceptible. School leaders can focus on the collective good and intentionally navigate visibility and invisibility (although I wonder to what extent deliberately imperceptible leadership can feel like being an under-appreciated Santa Claus, and how leaders feel when their machinations to build the capacities of others go unnoticed).
My PhD suggests that leadership that serves a community or organisation, and the individuals within it, need not be highly visible. Heroism in leadership can be about deliberate invisibility, the barely discernible swish of a tail and the disappearing gleam of a Cheshire grin. | https://theeduflaneuse.com/2016/07/12/visible-invisible-hero/ |
The Iliad and The Odyssey, both written by the Ancient Greek poet Homer, are two of the most studied and most admired epic poems of Ancient Greek literature. The Iliad is one of the best historical accounts of the Trojan War, and it centers on the Ancient Greek hero Achilles. The Odyssey focuses around the Ancient Greek king of Ithaca, Odysseus, as he returns home after the fall of Troy. Odysseus plays an important role in The Iliad as well.
Almost every character in Homer’s epic poems, including the antagonists, deeply value the notions of honor and heroism, and I would even go as far as to say that they value honor more than life itself. Thus, heroes and non-heroes respond quite similarly to the notions of heroism and glory. Homer tells us that almost all of his characters were ready to give their lives for their country, for the greater good, or for a personal cause they believed in; for them, to be considered heroic was the greatest honor in the world. To die for something grand means that their sacrifice will be considered brave and noble and that they will always be regarded as heroes. This is definitely the case with Achilles in The Iliad, but perhaps not as much with Odysseus in The Odyssey, as the Greek king shamelessly values his own life above all else, even when his prophesied fate is to die.
The characters from both The Iliad and The Odyssey do not see death as punishment or defeat; instead, they see it as an act of heroism. Dying as a hero is honorable, and dying as a coward is considered shameful and disgraceful; in fact, to be remembered as a coward or a traitor and have a tarnished reputation is considered the worst possible failure by both Homer's protagonists and his antagonists.
The notions of heroism and honor are especially important to the heroes. Homeric heroes believe that heroism and glory can only be achieved by showing immense courage, strength, bravery, and dignity on the battlefield; they remain loyal to their countries, and they treat soldiers, victims, and enemies alike with respect. To be a hero for them means that they have to be responsible and disciplined and fulfill society’s expectations of them. Thus, they mold and shape their identities according to society’s perceptions and norms and play the role of the hero both at home and on the battlefield.
However, to be a hero also means they must not be arrogant and convinced that they are invincible; on the contrary, they have to be humble and honorable, especially before the mighty gods. Thus, arrogance, betrayal, and cowardice are the main qualities that separate the heroes from the villains.
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Summing up this heroism definition essay, we may conclude that great courage is a much broader concept than it is commonly believed. A human being capable of feat, danger and self-sacrifice for the sake of the rest of people is a real brave man, regardless of the scope of the activity.
Heroism - Ralph Waldo Emerson
Complete Essay: Heroism. In the elder English dramaetcher, there is a constant recognition of gentility, as if a noble behaviour were as easily marked in the society of their age, as color is in our American population. When any Rodrigo, Pedro, or Valerio enters, though he be
Heroism - definition of heroism by The Free Dictionary
Essay on heroism is a very interesting topic.Courage, determination, generosity, the ability to sacrifice yourself in the honor of another person or important idea - according to Wikipedia, these are the basic traits of character of a true hero.
Heroism dictionary definition | heroism defined
Odysseus The Hero Essay. 1452 Words 6 Pages. Show More. A hero can be described in a multitude of traits with the definition of a hero varying from person to person. When thinking of a hero, a universal description thought upon is someone who accomplishes an epic task for the greater good of a society with only benevolent ideas in mind. Some
Definition Essay On Heroism - Sky Writing Service
Essay on What is the Definition of a Hero? - What is the Definition of a Hero. When one thinks of heroes, names such as Ghandi, Martin Luther King, and Mother Theresa often come to mind. These people had done a lot of favors, courage, helps, and more of things for the people who needed them. The true definition of hero is a man of distinguished
Odysseus The Hero Essay - 1452 Words | Cram
Nov 29, 2005 · Definition Essay: Heroism performing an act of heroism. Whether it is saving a cat from a tree, or serving our country in the military, heroism can be displayed through any good deed. Even in a fictitious world, we have created “Superheroes” such as Superman, Spiderman and Batman; they protect the world from supernatural threats to mankind.
Definition and Heroism Essay Assignment free essay sample
What Is a Hero Essay? Before we get started on how to make your hero essay awesome, we first must answer the question what is a hero essay? Put simply, a hero essay is one in which you describe someone you look up to or admire.
need conclusion for essay? | Yahoo Answers
Teachers often assign a hero essay for us to realize that heroism is not only seen in fictional characters like superman or wonder woman. P rof E ssays.com provides you a number of guidelines to help you write your hero essay. Writing a hero essay should be fairly easy. P rof E ssays.com outlines few tips on how to compose your essay easier.
What Defines a Hero? free essay sample - New York Essays
Nov 18, 2008 · what should i talk about in a conclusion for this essay i really need help The idea of what a hero is and who could be a hero has changed over time. Back in the Anglo Saxon days the idea was much different than it is today. Today the idea of a hero is usually thought to be a celebrity or someone that everyone knows. Everyone can be accepted as a hero today unlike back then. What is a hero? …
How to Write Your Hero Essay - ProfEssays.com
Jun 14, 2011 · A good starting hook for writing an essay about an upcoming speaker would be to great a sense expectation and anticipation for the guest speaker.
heroism - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.com
“Heroism” is a poem that explains the life of celebrities and heroes who are always considered as blessed by this populace. Ralph Waldo has added extra colors with the base of truth in this poem. He has explained the beliefs of people very clearly. Celebrity and hero or heroines are words that have very different meaning.
The Definition of a Hero :: Definition Essay
Hero Essay Sample. What Does It Mean to Be a Hero? We often talk about fictional characters with supernatural powers as heroes. Soldiers, firefighters, volunteers are also often called the heroes. But what really is a hero? Does heroism always require the physical strength, or are there other important qualities that define a hero? According to
Definition Essay On Heroism - Sky Writing Service
Dec 13, 2019 · Definition Essay Example: Who Is a Hero? The term hero has been in social use for the longest time in history. The main characters of most fairy tales, such as Disney productions, revolve around the title. People use the term hero as a compliment in different contexts. Need Some Definition Essay Guidance?
The Heroism Essay:Beowulf And The Meaning Of The Modern
Essay on What is a Hero? - What is a Hero. In today's modern times we hear the word hero all of the time. The news media throws the term around as if it is an everyday word. What exactly is a hero. Who, or what, can be classified as heroic. The correct definition of the word hero is: One invested with heroic qualities in the opinions of others.
Student Essay - Who is Your Hero?
May 17, 2018 · Heroism Essay Conclusion. By example, heroism, as an abstract concept, is most often exemplified through characters in hero narratives or movies. For instance, in the virtual world, heroes range from characters such as Batman, Captain America, and …
Hero Thesis Statement Essay Example
By definition, a hero is a person who is admired or idealized for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. This being said, these movie characters are very good examples of a hero. However, heroes can also be found among everyday people such as you and me.
Hero Essay Sample - JetWriters
Learn how to craft an effective and brilliant hero essay. Learn how to do it fast and successfully without any difficulty. Discover the bulletproof 4-step plan for a crafting a perfect hero essay with ease. All the secrets you need are in this article.
A good hook for a hero essay - Answers
Hero definition, a person noted for courageous acts or nobility of character: He became a local hero when he saved the drowning child. See more.
Heroism Essay: What Does It Mean To Be a Hero?
The define heroism essay will be very simple and informative at the same time. Everyone will be able to read it and to understand the plot of the essay. You can be sure, that your teacher will be satisfied with the result and you will be able to spend the time, which you could spend on the essay, with your friends or with the family.
Hero | Definition of Hero at Dictionary.com
Writing a heroism essay about an idol in the life of a student or someone who is considered a hero is a vital part of school life. Heroism essays are assigned with the purpose of allowing the student to think of what makes a person heroic, what it is to be brave, courageous, honest and truthful in front all eyes.
What is a Hero? :: Hero Heroes Definition Essays Papers
Introduction: Humans have been attracted by tales of bravery, heroism, courage from time immemorial. It is something in out bent of mind which makes us admire the absurd, makes us stand up & take note of something which on the first look looks crazy, but on further …
Topics That Will Be Breezy Solutions For Your Definition Essay
Get Your Custom Essay on Hero Thesis Statement Just from $13,9/Page Get custom paper. bing.com). Heroes don’t just save peoples’ lives, they do other things to help people and that’s what makes them stand out from the rest of us. There are many heroes amongst us today and these are their stories. Heroism Definition Essay. Type: Essay
What is your definition of a hero? - Quora
Your assignment is to write a multi-paragraph essay that defines your concept of heroism. You will use various strategies of deflation (definition by function, example, and negation) to explain your unique opinion on the concept.
What is Hero Definition Essay - King Essays
A definition essay is somewhat subjective by nature since it requires you to analyze and define a word from your own perspective. If the answer you come up with after analyzing a word is the same answer anyone else would come up with, your essay may appear to lack depth.
Bravery And Heroism Essay - UK Essays | UKEssays
What is a Hero essaysA hero is anyone who can show courage when faced with a problem. A hero is a person who is able to help another in various ways. A person can become a hero by saving someone who is in danger. Another example of a hero is someone who is …
HERO | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary
Heroism definition, the qualities or attributes of a hero or heroine: He showed great heroism in battle. See more.
What Makes a Hero? | Greater Good
Hero definition is - a mythological or legendary figure often of divine descent endowed with great strength or ability. How to use hero in a sentence. a mythological or legendary figure often of divine descent endowed with great strength or ability; an illustrious warrior… See the full definition…
What Makes A Hero, Essay Sample
Writing a Definition Essay SUGGESTED LEarninG STraTEGiES: Drafting, Graphic Organizer, Revising Assignment Your assignment is to write a multi-paragraph essay that defines your concept of heroism. You will use various strategies of definition (definition by function, example, and negation) to explain your unique opinion on the concept. Steps
Analyzing Odysseus As An Epic Hero English Literature Essay
Jun 16, 2014 · In my perception, a hero is someone who will act with dignity, for honor and duty. Heroes are everyday people, from a single mother, willing to do what's right to support her baby, from a teacher, sharing her knowledge to the great minds of tomorr
hero definition essay by karen saavedra on Prezi
Heroes are not defined as what many people think when they hear the word hero like super heroes for example super man; yes he is a hero but not a real life hero in the real world. Heroes function or operate in the real world by caring for others and not them self’s …
The Definition of Heroism Essay - 562 Words
What Is Hero Essay. A hero is the person who stays strong even facing a serious problem. Hero will find numerous ways to help other people. Any person can be called a hero when saving someone else’s life. The person who motivate other people to live their lives with courage and face all the difficulties with head held high can be a hero as well.
What is a Hero Essay, and How Can You Make Yours Good?
The traits of a typical epic hero are strength, loyalty, courage, and intelligence. In fact, the Macmillan Dictionary for Students defines a hero as “one who is admired and looked up to for valor, achievements, and noble qualities” (483). Odysseus fulfills all of the requirements for an epic hero and more.
How to Write a Definition Essay | English Composition I
How to write a Definition Essay? Step by Step Guide. Pick a Word Choosing a concept or idea is the main point in writing your essay.Choose a word that describes the concept or idea, for example, “Love”, “Hero”, “Truth”, “Hate”, etc. Make sure you completely understand the term you choose.
Hero | Definition of Hero by Merriam-Webster
Definition essay topics that are easy to write on. A definition essay can be a tricky thing to nail. Here you are supposed to define a word, concept, or term in your own words. It has to be personal yet academic. It can be an interesting exercise, so try, and enjoy it while you are at it. | http://latinnewsf.tk/define-heroism-essay-321197.html |
Expanding the global impact
of quality member care.
This month we are focusing on ordinary heroes, especially those whose ongoing, sacrificial and often unrecognised acts of goodness truly help others. Member care workers, and the mission/aid workers whom they support, and the people with whom mission/aid workers support, can often fit into this definition of ordinary hero. The first set of resources focus mostly on understanding ordinary heroism. The second set of resources focus on supporting ordinary heroes, emphasizing women whose lives are ransacked by exploitation, poverty, and degradation. Circumstances and environmental influences can definitely impact the choices and the character strengths needed to act heroically. What do you think? Read on. Enjoy the video pieces too.
Warm greetings from Geneva,
Kelly and Michèle O’Donnell
Only a small part is played in great deeds by any hero.
Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring
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Resource Area One:
Understanding Ordinary heroes
Watch this two minute inspirational report from CBS:
New York Subway Hero
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9JcX2X7XnM
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**Celebrating Heroism website. “I challenge the traditional view of heroes as extraordinary people, as super-special agents of noble deeds. In doing so, I distinguish between those rare people whose whole lives are centered around sacrifice for the good of society or for the well being of their fellows, chronic heroes, and those ordinary folks who are moved to an heroic deed in a specific situation at a particular time. Their heroic deeds are always special, but these heroes are just plain folks, ordinary citizens, who “do what they had to do” when moved to action by some call to service. Typically, they say, “It was nothing special;” “I did what anyone would do in that situation.” And some add, “and what everyone ought to do.” Dr. Phil Zimbardo http://www.lucifereffect.com/heroism.htm
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**Core article. Read and discuss Zeno Franco and Phil Zimbardo’s fascinating article, The Banality of Heroism (Greater Good, Fall/Winter 2006-2007, pp. 30-35).
http://www.lucifereffect.com/articles/heroism.pdf
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**Video stories from around the world. See the materials on the Heroic Imagination Project website (http://heroicimagination.org/) especially the Video Library section. Examples: girls’ education in Zimbabwe, microcredit programs in Paraguay, human rights in Cambodia ,etc. Are these stories about ordinary people who act heroically and/or are they stories of truly uncommon heroes?
(http://heroicimagination.org/resources/video-library/stories-of-heroism/).
*****
Resource Area Two
Supporting Ordinary Heroes
Watch this moving film trailer from Independent Lens/PBS:
Half the Sky
http://www.halftheskymovement.org/pages/film
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**The Film. Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide is a four-hour television series for PBS and international broadcast, shot in 10 countries: Cambodia, Kenya, India, Sierra Leone, Somaliland, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Liberia and the U.S. Inspired by Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn's book, the documentary series introduces women and girls who are living under some of the most difficult circumstances imaginable—and fighting bravely to change them…[T]he film reflects viable and sustainable options for empowerment and offers an actionable blueprint for transformation.” (showing internationally on TV stations and available as a DVD) http://www.halftheskymovement.org/pages/film
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**The book. Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide, “is a passionate call to arms against our era’s most pervasive human rights violation: the oppression of women and girls in the developing world. With Pulitzer Prize-winning journalists Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn as our guides, we undertake an odyssey through Africa and Asia to meet with extraordinary women struggling there….Through these stories, Kristof and WuDunn help us see that the key to economic progress lies in unleashing women’s potential. They make clear how so many people have helped to do just that, and how we can each do our part. Throughout much of the world, the greatest unexploited economic resource is the female half of the population. Countries such as China have prospered precisely because they emancipated women and brought them into the formal economy. Unleashing that process globally is not only the right thing to do; it’s also the best strategy for fighting poverty. Deeply felt, pragmatic and inspirational, Half the Sky is essential reading for every global citizen.”http://www.halftheskymovement.org/pages/book
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**More stories of brave women. “Women and girls across the globe face threats—trafficking, prostitution, violence, discrimination—every day of their lives. But hope endures. Brave men and women have developed innovative ways of helping those living in some of the most challenging conditions. A girl in India is on the brink of being sold into the commercial sex trade. A young mother in Somaliland may die giving birth. In Sierra Leone, a girl has been raped and must confront the norms of her community. A women whose husband abused her now helps those suffering at the hands of their spouses. These are the stories of individuals who represent hundreds of millions of women and girls around the world who are victimized and abused, denied access to education, medicine or property, prevented from reaching their full potential and contributing in more meaningful ways to their communities. These are stories of dehumanizing violence and discrimination. But these are also stories of struggle and victories, large and small, in the face of the longest odds.” Read their stories here: http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/half-the-sky/stories/
*****
Final Thoughts
Love is its own reward.
“Suppose one of you has a servant plowing or looking after the sheep. Will he say to the servant when he comes in from the field, ‘Come along now and sit down to eat’? Won’t he rather say, ‘Prepare my supper, get yourself ready and wait on me while I eat and drink; after that you may eat and drink’? Will he thank the servant because he did what he was told to do? So you also, when you have done everything you were told to do, should say, ‘We are unworthy servants; we have only done our duty.’” Luke 17:7-10, New International Version
. | https://us4.campaign-archive.com/?u=f34fc856e7776d7b69dafd3b3&id=a7b4e68dbb |
Heroism–Is There Really Such a Thing? And If Not, Then Why Do We Need To Create Heroes?
The BBC World Service produced a program (1.18.16) on heroism, and a number of military and civilian experts offered their opinion about what it is and what characterizes it.
The consensus was that one who gives his life or puts himself in harm’s way for others is a hero. Such acts occur most frequently on the battlefield because there are simply more occasions to show valor, but heroism is not uncommon in peacetime as well. Someone who, at great risk to himself, exposes those who have harmed others and in so doing stops them is a hero. Speaking the truth – again at significant risk to oneself - to support those unfairly accused - is an act of heroism.
One commentator suggested that Captain Chesley Sullenberger, the pilot who safely landed a disabled passenger plane in the Hudson River was not a hero because he was acting to save his own life as much as the passengers aboard; and because it was his job and duty to react quickly and decisively in an emergency.
A woman who had recently sailed solo around the world and who like all such sailors had faced dangers unthinkable to most ordinary observers, said she was no hero. Although she had to survive the punishing storms of the Southern Ocean but weather squalls, face the vast reaches of the Pacific with calm and resolve, and master her fears, anxieties and doubts, she demurred.
She had undertaken the voyage voluntarily, she said, and as an experienced sailor, knew precisely what to expect. Real heroes are those who face hardship, pain, and death through no choice of their own. Young terminal cancer patients, for example, who despite their weakness and progressively failing health, never give up.
The missing element in the BBC discussion was the idea of courage. Sully Sullenberger may not have been a hero, but a less courageous man cockpit might have panicked and sent the plane crashing into Hoboken.
The children mentioned by the former round-the-world sailor might have had courage but more likely an innocent optimism. The were not old enough to have understood the finality of death, the profound sense of loss of a life never lived, or the absolute grief their parents would suffer until their own death. They were neither courageous nor heroes.
Baron von Richthofen, the German WWI flying ace credited with 80 aerial kills was widely acclaimed as a national hero; but in fact he was simply a highly-skilled, well-trained pilot with an uncanny anticipation of the enemy’s moves, an ability to take evasive action when necessary, and return to surprise and destroy him. In other words, he was no hero, but a man with a once-in-generation combination of intelligence, skill, reflexes, understanding of aerodynamics and human psychology.
Ronald Reagan is considered a hero by the conservative Right because he faced down the Soviet Union, stood up to labor unions and the bureaucrats of Washington. However, he was no hero to the progressive Left. In their view he risked provoking nuclear war; he meddled unfairly in cherished labor rights, and in diverting the valuable resources for public stewardship into the hands of the avaricious private sector.
Was Reagan a true hero if only in some people’s eyes? Given the classic definition of giving one’s life for others or putting oneself at serious risk for them, the answer has to be no. The worst that could happen to him would be impeachment or dunning at the polls; but the worst thing that could happen to the world if he were wrong about the Soviet Union’s weakness would be incineration.
Reagan took calculated risks based on moral and religious principle and was willing to take the consequences. He was so sure of himself and his decisions that he never once thought that he might be leading America, Russia, and much of the rest of the world to a fiery end. According to the strictest definition of heroism, Reagan was not a hero and perhaps not even a courageous man, but one of principle, rectitude, and absolute confidence.
George W. Bush, say some, was motivated say some by the same moral and religious beliefs as Reagan, and invaded Iraq to rid the world of a brutal, evil dictator, to spread the New American Enlightenment, liberal democracy, and free markets. He was acclaimed as a hero for standing on principle, taking the fight to an evil emperor, and never hesitating to use the force of arms in a righteous cause.
Critics have concluded that both he and his NeoCon advisers were both steeped in American exceptionalism and were arrogant overreachers whose blind faith led the region into perpetual war.
Bush was no different from Ronald Reagan, only the results were far different. Neither were heroes but men who acted on principles which result as often in defeat as victory. Neither were heroes. They took calculated geopolitical risks which, in the case of Bush, resulted in the death of thousands of Americans, untold civilians, and helped push the Middle East into civil strife.
Truman was considered a hero by most for dropping the atom bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki because his total and absolute commitment to American victory, ending the war, and saving American lives was worth of the nation’s highest honor. To others he was a genocidaire.
The term ‘hero’, therefore, is applied broadly and in most cases inaccurately. We are all in need of heroes, said the BBC commentators, so there is a natural tendency to expand the definition. In an age in which the traditional values of honesty, responsibility, and ethical behavior are becoming increasingly scarce, any moral behavior is considered special and out of the ordinary. A politician who confesses his adultery, faces the music and probable electoral defeat, is not considered a hero nor even a man of courage; but still admired for admitting error and expressing a willingness to be judged.
The fact that he lied to his wife and his constituents, degrading public office, and eroding the trust and confidence his family and the people of his state had in him, seems to make no difference. By admitting what he did, acknowledging that it was wrong, and accepting whatever punishment he deserved, he is raised above the ordinary cheat, liar, and philanderer.
The point is that in the context of political venality – not to mention the arrogant filching of the unsuspecting by Wall Street investment bankers – expected acts of contrition are raised to a level which was never intended.
Critics have also noted that Americans have become self-centered, overly ambitious, little interested in the works of art, literature, and philosophy that provide moral perspective. Leon Wieseltier writing recently in the NYT Book Review lamented the decline of Humanism, a philosophy which could provide the moral and ethical context for decision-making.
[Humanism] consists in the traditional Western curriculum of literary and philosophical classics, beginning in Greek and Roman antiquity and — after an unfortunate banishment of medieval culture from any pertinence to our own — erupting in the rediscovery of that antiquity in Europe in the early modern centuries, and in the ideals of personal cultivation by means of textual study and aesthetic experience that it bequeathed, or that were developed under its inspiration, in the “enlightened” 18th and 19th centuries, and eventually culminated in programs of education in the humanities in modern universities.
If we are as selfish as Wieseltier suggests, then it is no surprise that we create heroes. None of us are so ignorant that we cannot see the selflessness and principle as something missing in our lives. No matter how we may dismiss these concepts, there is enough residual catechism or liberal finger-wagging in our past to respect them.
So John Edwards, Eliot Spitzer, Mark Sanford and a hundred other politicians and religious leaders are given more credit than they are due for finally coming clean. Of course, most savvy politicians know that the public has a short memory, and come the next election, they will have forgotten all about their peccadilloes.
Because we have lost the essence of heroism – the truly selfless act done to save others at the risk of one’s own life – we tend to raise the ordinary to unjustified status. Political heroes are the best example. To many George Bush was a hero for his moral integrity, recognition of evil, and decisive action to topple Saddam Hussein. To others he was only vindicating his father, assuring hegemony over Iraqi oil fields, and acting out of arrogant ignorance. Better not to use the term ‘hero’ at all if opinion is so divided; and divided it will always be if the definition of heroism has become so partisan and so far from its original meaning.
The more fundamental question about the nature of morality was not raised in the short half-hour BBC program; and yet it should have been. Nihilistic, deterministic philosophers like Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, and Tolstoy might have a thing to say about the subject.
Tolstoy, for example, debunked the Great Man theory of history. The actions of Napoleon whether in victory or defeat had nothing to do with the man himself but the tens of millions of events both big and small which determined his decisions. The Battle of Borodino, said the French, unsuspectingly echoing Tolstoy, was due to Napoleon’s cold which clouded his strategic judgment. He caught a cold because his valet, distracted by marital troubles, had forgotten to bring his foul weather boots. The Emperor got a chill, fell ill, and made bad decisions on the battlefield. This line of determinism, suggested Tolstoy, could be traced back from the valet to his wife to her lover to his wife, ad infinitum ad nauseam.
Nietzsche like Tolstoy suggested that the world was amoral, random, and deterministic. In such a world without spiritual or moral meaning, the only legitimate action to validate one’s existence is the expression of human will. Nietzsche did not judge outcome, whether is was ‘good’ or ‘evil’. The Superman was beyond both.
If one is secular, amoral, and atheist, what room is there for heroism? Is there any value in one meaningless life saving another?
Of course this distinction is meaningless in practice. Most of us have been schooled enough in Christian Western values to help a child fallen in a pond, or to pick up an old woman who has fallen on a busy street regardless of our personal philosophy.
Not so in India, perhaps, where classical Hinduism teaches that one’s only purpose on earth is the attainment of personal enlightenment. There is no obligation to help others because they, too, are suffering through their own cycles of rebirth, and they alone are responsible for their fate. Hindu heroism does not exist.
In popular legend, of course it does. Rama and Hanuman destroyed the evil empire of Ravanna in Sri Lanka. Indian special forces acted courageously to liberate Bangladesh; and Indian politicians have acted decisively to rid the country of all traces of Soviet-style socialism. All cultures act to protect their own communities, defend their perimeters, and defeat all comers. ‘Heroism’ is simply one expression of a hardwired impulse to self-preservation.
Therefore we should not make much of heroism. Either its definition has become so flaccid and imprecise that it means little; or it has no place in an amoral world; or it is simply an expression of an ineluctable trait of human nature – none of which qualifies anyone for pantheon status.
Yet no matter what our principles, philosophy, or character we all admire those who do what we could never do. Even if we think that a soldier in Iraq is fighting for no good reason, sent as cannon fodder by arrogant politicians; or a volunteer who signed up for veterans benefits and job training, we admire him for taking a bullet for a friend. | https://www.uncleguidosfacts.com/2016/01/heroismis-there-really-such-thing-and.html |
The Meaning of Pray For Me: Faithful to the Marvel theme, The Weeknd and Kendrick Lamar explore the dark underbelly of heroism: the pain and hurricanes, the tears. Embracing that suffering is what heroes do. It's what make them heroes - if I gotta be sacrificed for the greater good, then that's what it gotta be. But there's a darker streak to Pray For Me. This hero gives up too much. He's not a good man anymore: not just die for you, but also kill for you, spill this blood for you. He's fallen so far that not even God is on his side anymore - I fight you, I fight myself, I fight God. And that is why he is truly alone.
Ask yourself: If you stop loving and stop caring are you still a hero? Is there so much as sacrificing too much?
Who gon' pray for me?
Take my pain for me?
Save my soul for me? | http://www.musicinsideu.com/2018/02/pray-for-me-weeknd-kendrick-lamar.html |
Greek mythology is the body of myths and teachings that belong to the ancient Greeks, concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. It was a part of the religion in ancient Greece. Modern scholars refer to and study the myths in an attempt to shed light on the religious and political institutions of ancient Greece and its civilization, and to gain understanding of the nature of myth-making itself.
Greek mythology has had an extensive influence on the culture, arts, and literature of Western civilization and remains part of Western heritage and language. Poets and artists from ancient times to the present have derived inspiration from Greek mythology and have discovered contemporary significance and relevance in the themes.Achilles and Penthesileia by Exekias, c. 540 BC, British Museum, London.
Greek mythology is explicitly embodied in a large collection of narratives, and implicitly in Greek representational arts, such as ancient vase-paintings and votive gifts. Greek myth attempts to explain the origins of the world, and details the lives and adventures of a wide variety of gods, goddesses, heroes, heroines and mythological creatures. These accounts initially were disseminated in an oral-poetic tradition; today the Greek myths are known primarily from ancient Greek literature. The oldest known Greek literary sources, Homer's epic poems Iliad and Odyssey, focus on the Trojan War and its aftermath. Two poems by Homer's near contemporary Hesiod, the Theogony and the Works and Days, contain accounts of the genesis of the world, the succession of divine rulers, the succession of human ages, the origin of human woes, and the origin of sacrificial practices. Myths are also preserved in the Homeric Hymns, in fragments of epic poems of the Epic Cycle, in lyric poems, in the works of the tragedians and comedians of the fifth century BC, in writings of scholars and poets of the Hellenistic Age, and in texts from the time of the Roman Empire by writers such as Plutarch and Pausanias.
Archaeological findings provide a principal source of detail about Greek mythology, with gods and heroes featured prominently in the decoration of many artifacts. Geometric designs on pottery of the eighth century BC depict scenes from the Trojan cycle as well as the adventures of Heracles. In the succeeding Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods, Homeric and various other mythological scenes appear, supplementing the existing literary evidence.
Roman mythology is the body of traditional stories pertaining to ancient Rome's legendary origins and religious system, as represented in the literature and visual arts of the Romans. "Roman mythology" may also refer to the modern study of these representations, and to the subject matter as represented in the literature and art of other cultures in any period.
The Romans usually treated their traditional narratives as historical, even when these have miraculous or supernatural elements. The stories are often concerned with politics and morality, and how an individual's personal integrity relates to his or her responsibility to the community or Roman state. Heroism is an important theme. When the stories illuminate Roman religious practices, they are more concerned with ritual, augury, and institutions than with theology or cosmogony.
The study of Roman religion and myth is complicated by the early influence of Greek religion on the Italian peninsula during Rome's protohistory, and by the later artistic imitation of Greek literary models by Roman authors. In matters of theology, the Romans were curiously eager to identify their own gods with those of the Greeks (interpretatio graeca), and to reinterpret stories about Greek deities under the names of their Roman counterparts. Rome's early myths and legends also have a dynamic relationship with Etruscan religion, less documented than that of the Greeks.
While Roman mythology may lack a body of divine narratives as extensive as that found in Greek literature, Romulus and Remus suckling the she-wolf is as famous as any image from Greek mythology except for the Trojan Horse. Because Latin literature was more widely known in Europe throughout the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance, the interpretations of Greek myths by the Romans often had the greater influence on narrative and pictorial representations of "classical mythology" than Greek sources. In particular, the versions of Greek myths in Ovid's Metamorphoses, written during the reign of Augustus, came to be regarded as canonical. | https://www.desktopnexus.com/groups/mythology/ |
An Introduction to Heroism
Let’s begin with one single, very important, question: What is good? The most common perspective on goodness is the one that has been supplied to us by our conventional moral wisdom, which, although far from an easily identifiable set of uniform guidelines, generally conceives of the good as what’s in the best interests of society as a whole, or at the very least, the individual as a social being. Goodness, in this case, is something that maintains amiable relations between people and tends to promote a general state of peace, happiness, and wellbeing for all living things. This sort of conventional moral goodness we will call the social definition of good, as its ultimate aim is coexistence and cooperation within the supposedly greater society.
Of course, man yearns for more than just solidarity, and although we are undeniably social beings, our own individual needs are the ones that are most readily apparent to each one of us. Although it is far less common to see goodness defined as such in theory, in practice, at least, each of us tends to acknowledge the “goodness” of those things which will ultimately contribute to our own survival, and we are very appreciative of those assets that benefit each of us personally during our all too inevitable competitions or conflicts with each other. Reputation, physical attractiveness, strength, wits, cunning, foresight, and an unshakable resolve are each virtues, to be sure, but they are not quite as readily appraised as such within the social definition of good as are, say, compassion and honesty. The aforementioned, purely competitive, virtues, which can be recognized most easily within what we shall henceforth call the individual’s definition of good, are grudgingly acknowledged within a social definition of goodness in only one instance: the heroic context, where those often dangerous talents of a lone man or woman can be selflessly turned to the benefit of others.
If not for the glorious popularity of the mighty hero, most of us would have no window through which to approvingly view this other side of goodness, a conception of good which ultimately is not to be contrasted merely against evil, as the social definition of goodness would have it, but also against the inadequate, the undistinguished, the unfit, the low, or, perhaps, as Nietzsche put it most simply, the bad. Unlike our saints, paragons of social goodness due primarily to their generous acts of self sacrifice, our heroes are far more worldly and contentious; “fighting the good fight” perhaps, but none the less assuming the socially prohibited right to fight, a prerogative which, it would seem, is one which has been reserved for the powerful alone.
It is for this reason that I believe heroes are unique, as they are the only ones who are ever actually considered good within both of the aforementioned definitions of that word, not only in its more common social sense, wherein their very presence is a boon to mankind, but in the purely individual context as well. Heroes must possess some manner of personal excellence which allows them to be efficacious and successful in their struggles, in addition to and beyond their obviously gregarious natures. The hero is therefore defined not only by the mere possession of goodwill, as is the moral saint, but by the presence of another sort of will as well, the indomitable and daring kind that can only become apparent, and grow stronger, through opposition. In stark contrast to the saints, every hero must know how to be dangerous, if only to the villainous.
Although those who can only understand the conventional moral outlook seem eager enough to accept the concept of heroism uncritically, the fact is that every hero exists at the cross-roads between the villain and the saint. The hero partakes in equal measures of those qualities which make each of these two contrasting figures “great” in their own right, and so is, simultaneously, a figure who is to be loved, for what they do, and feared, for what they might. While this moral paradox is overlooked easily enough when the masses are in need or are otherwise powerless to do anything about it, the hero, in fact, has much more to fear from those who need saving than from any possible villain they might struggle against openly. Should the threats that these heroes face for the common man subside for even one moment, the masses will inevitably move as one to neutralize and or eliminate their heroes as well. As the philosopher Nietzsche warned, “… most of all, they hate those who fly.”
It is this unspoken yet primary mandate of conventional moral goodness, to humble each individual for the sake of the greater society, which has washed nearly every trace of actual heroism from our modern age. Many of those who might have grown into the strong forces for goodness we so desperately need have been philosophically “lead to the cross,” or in other words, spiritually executed, by the conventional moral proscriptions of our age. The few pale shadows of the heroic which the masses have been left have almost all been relegated to the realms of pure fantasy, vain religious promise and, most hypocritically, state authority. Those would be heroes who fall out side of these three socially approved areas, such as actual freedom fighters, vigilantes, effective activists, survivalists, and other such “dangerous radicals,” have been so thoroughly demonized in our modern culture that few people today can conceive of any possible good that such self possessed and potent individuals as these might accomplish.
Our culture has thrust the image of the martyr up before us as the very apex of moral aspiration, but what then becomes of the promised savior who's return has for so many thousands of years been shunted off into the near future? How long will the bulk of mankind continue to wait, and who, but the wicked, ultimately profits from our all too pious patience? We need not forget the generous beauty of the saintly act; indeed, as we shall soon see, saintliness may even be essential to the very concept of heroism itself, but it is high time that more of us gather the strength and the courage that we need to be able to remember, and to honor, the heroic as well.
In essence, what I’m arguing for here is the awaking and return of a rare breed of human, one who can not only preserve his or her own moral integrity but can also boldly assert power against the cruelest and most sadistic individuals and organizations that currently plague mankind. Simply put, the hero is one who faces that which others, for whatever reason, cannot face, performing bold, and often dangerous, actions for the good of the whole.
Although it’s the uneasy relationship between power and morality that ultimately makes the hero so complex and intriguing, there are additional hurdles that must be overcome if one wishes to live a truly heroic life. Allow me to illustrate one such troubling area with a short anecdote of my own.
One of my earliest “heroic” memories, aside from even earlier dreams, of which we will speak later, occurred in fourth grade, the day that I stepped in and turned the tables on a third grader who was picking on a second grader that I knew. In hindsight, I imagine that the intoxicating rush of power that I felt at that moment was not unlike the one that was being experienced by the third grade bully right before I stole it from him. Many people would argue that there’s a fundamental difference between these two states of mind, but I believe that the distinction, although it is perhaps an important one to make, is entirely circumstantial. Yes, the hero is still to be applauded, and the villain is rightfully disdained, yet their experiences of a well satisfied will to power, the feelings of elation which stir in the blood of both, are, in fact, the very same heady rush.
Which brings us to our first important issue that we must address with “heroism:” What, if anything, separates heroism from simply a thinly veiled pretense for the enjoyment of violence and dominion? One thing that I have come to understand now, which I could not have known then, is that everyone hungers for a sense of power, yet some people are simply better at preserving a veneer of civility while they attempt to indulge this primitive lust for victory, often exclusively over others. To such people as this, the concept of “heroism” becomes little more than a socially acceptable means by which they can imbibe the intoxicating brew of dominion and control. Does it not seem that such so-called heroes as these are but another breed of monster, albeit ones in white robes?
Why, you may ask, should we be so critical of our saviors? Who cares what drives them from within as long as they are at least fighting the good fight on the outside? The problem with heroes such as these, who merely play a shallow role so as to feed an insatiable predatory urge, is that they simply cannot be trusted to only fight the “good fight.” Such mock heroes care nothing for those whom they are supposed to be helping, and care even less, if at all, about the person or the persons who get cast as the villains. Their mock heroic efforts can produce nothing but a pale melodrama that these “heroes” must participate in if they wish to exercise their purely destructive powers and maintain their respectable veneers. Malignantly narcissistic, they have yet to reach a point in their personal growth where other people have any value to them beyond mere instrumentality. Yet, in so far as I believe that it is possible to sincerely care about others regardless of their potential benefit to you, I do not see such mockeries as these as the only sort of heroes that this world can produce. In other words, sometimes the civility that you see on a hero’s surface will be far more than a mere veneer, and these are the truly heroic.
Yet regardless of anyone’s capacity for sincere goodwill, there is another important issue that should be faced when one considers heroism, which is one of long-term results. Regardless of their true motives, are any heroes, even the most sincere, really the positive forces that they may on the surface appear to be?
When I was very young, I often suffered from terrible nightmares, made all the worse once I came to understand that my mother alone was no match for the sleek predator figures who regularly plagued my dreams. After I came to this awful realization, that there was no one there to save me from the terrible nocturnal monsters in my head, I had to adapt myself to the imminent danger that I felt in the darkness all around me, or, at the very least, reconcile myself to the impending doom I was certain awaited me once I shut my eyes. Essentially, I had to grow more courageous, if only to get some sleep.
I don’t think it was a coincidence that after many nights of steeling myself to my grim fate, I began to have dreams of fighting back against the werewolves and phantoms that plagued these earliest of dreams. My chronic nightmares, before evaporating almost completely, soon became exciting adventures that I avidly looked forward to, perhaps, in some part, due to that natural taste for power which I mentioned above.
This was perhaps the very first of countless “medicinal detriments” that I have benefited from in my life, difficult experiences that have made me stronger and brought me to the unfortunate conclusion that many of our saviors, despite their possibly good intentions, may simply make us all the weaker for their troubles. What can our heroes do to assure that their noble efforts do not merely enable and preserve the helplessness of those whom they would see helped?
The common man likes to believe that he lives in a world where protection is abundant, where a benevolent God and a principled Government watch over all people from on high. Such faith as this, in the strength and the goodness of our sworn protectors, is so increasingly important these days that it has become, for most of us, the entirety of our spiritual and political life. Religious faith and an enduring patriotism serve as our “comfort in the storm,” and yet, one could argue, these also make us overly complacent and uncritically compliant with those whom we then must depend upon to preserve our desperate illusions of safety. Once we are lead beyond merely desiring the salvation which is offered from above to desperately requiring it, all of those obligatorily saved have ironically become the most truly damned. Such a relentlessly inflicted “help” as this can only make us all the more helpless.
Although we can still take on a select few adult responsibilities, such as earning a wage and caring for our actual children, most of us today are compelled to remain as children ourselves, the means to truly grow up kept just out of our reach, or even out of our awareness. Who among us can see the line between being merely aided and actually being owned? Who would really even want to, especially if you found out that you had crossed over that line long ago? What if your vaulted social contract was in fact nothing but your bill of sale?
In a world that constantly assures me that everything happens for good reasons and always works out for the very best, I often find that I wish there were more people who worried a bit less about preserving their comfort and much more about facing the coming storms. Yet it is our comfortable faith in the heroism of other agencies above us that allows our own heroic spirits to slumber as they so often do.
I believe that the two basic problems of heroism, its most common motive and its consequent effects, are ultimately related to each other, for each of them arises directly from the hero’s failure to find his or her roots within the nearly limitless compassion of the saint. The mock hero is perhaps then the very worst type of monster indeed, one who not only vaingloriously pursues conflict at the cost of more ecological outcomes, but who, in the end, cares nothing at all for the very real human beings whom they will “save” or destroy. They play a shallow and personal game that only they can ever really win, while the meek are merely preserved as the delicate objects over which these glorious battles can be waged another day. The wolf and the shepherd battle not over objects of intrinsic value, but rather so that they may each feed. The sheep may believe that they are witnessing the grand struggle between a hero and a villain, but each one of these two mighty figures sees only a resource to be exploited.
If we are oppressed, then it seems obvious that we should say that our oppressors are bad, and that our liberators are good, but what few of us want to acknowledge is our own responsibility for having been oppressed in the first place. No one wants to take personal responsibility for his or her own weaknesses, even though these are the only things that really made it possible for this “injustice” to have ever taken place.
Does the victim bear any blame for the crime that is committed against him or her? To most people, the answer is an obvious “no,” but to those who may perhaps have a real chance at truly becoming free, not just from oppression, but from the possibility of oppression as well, the answer has to at least be a cautious “maybe,” or real power will always lie just beyond their reach. Perhaps this is what was really meant by Jesus when he gave us his often ignored advice, “Love thy enemies,” or by the Taoist sage that said, “Invest in loss.”
Power is an essential aspect of the hero’s existence, yet they must also be “good” by conventional moral standards as well. This is why sincere compassion towards others becomes an invaluable element for the preservation of a true heroism. Only its presence can assure that the exercise of heroic strength is not simply a vain and selfish display of ostentatious narcissism, but rather an intentional and sincere act of caring, perhaps even of love itself, and only such caring as this could prompt a true hero to do what he or she must to empower those whom he or she wishes to make truly safe, so that they might grow to not only protect themselves, but, perhaps, to one day help others as well.
I think it’s important to note here that when I use such words-- compassion, caring, love-- I do not merely mean the emotional sentiments themselves, but rather the benevolent actions that these sentiments commonly inspire and against which each of one’s actions can be judged. Such terms should not be taken as an actual reference to simple affections alone but rather to the generous acts that should, ideally, follow naturally from them and which have, therefore, become synonymous with the sentiments themselves.
Of course, there is one final thing to be said about compassion, and how it solves these so called “problems of heroism,” for I believe that it is only at the very apex of compassion that we stop selfishly wishing to be saved or selflessly submitting to our own poor circumstances, and instead grow stronger, so that we might then find the power to save both others and ourselves. True compassion should not be confused with the effeminate vice that seeks peace at all costs because the “compassionate” one simply lacks the strength to be able to risk making any enemies. Rather it is the principle driving force behind any and all heroic efforts, because one can not remain helpless if one has a burning and sincere desire to ever be able to help anyone in this world. In short, the only sure solution to these ultimately relative problems with heroism is to become a hero oneself.
We cannot realistically expect much heroism to arise from the herd that waits haplessly for their salvation from above; although we must continue to encourage them to rise up if we should hope to see any of them truly “saved.” However, as we fail, and we often will, to get our most potent villains to recognize the error of their cruel ways, we must realize that our only other option is to attempt to inspire the saintly themselves to embrace the good fight, to put aside their quietist humility, and to serve the Good more courageously as conquering heroes instead of as the too often martyred saints that they believe they should be.
I have no real quarrel with the saintly; I simply feel that they stop too early in the expression of their so-called compassion for others. I believe that many of them fail to see how the suffering that a few can cause if unopposed will create far more harm than what these saints avoid by quietisticly abstaining from all conflict. In failing to contend with evil they may easily remain unoppressed, if only in their own minds, as well as unoppressing, yet oppression itself will continue all around them none the less. Who but the truly compassionate can be expected to address such wrongs as these, and to assume the even less glorious job of empowering others to do the same.
For many unfortunate reasons, a few of which we have touched upon above, heroism often runs an enormous risk when it is not exercised clandestinely. However it’s very important to remember that a heroic act, once publicly revealed, can not only serve as a good example to the next generation of potential heroes, but may also ignite hope and encouragement within the hearts of the dejected and the oppressed for whom such nourishment is essential.
It is my sincere hope that those of you who train in Malakimae will find in it at least some of the necessary tools that you will need to become a heroes. Good luck.
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Hero Essay Example: What Does it Mean to be a Hero?
Oct 10, 2017 · According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, a hero is “a mythological or legendary figure often of divine descent endowed with great strength or ability.” The Cambridge Dictionary defines a hero as “a person admired for bravery, great achievements, or good qualities.” ...read more
Hero Definition Essay | lightningthighs
The classical hero is easily described as a strong champion, a compassionate rescuer, someone who overcomes all. Although most unconsciously think about the classic hero of being male, Penelope’s character in the book The Odyssey proves that she, like Odysseus, is a classic hero. ...read more
What Makes a Hero? | Greater Good
Dec 18, 2019 · A hero is defined as: a person who, in the opinion of others, has heroic qualities or has performed a heroic act and is regarded as a model or ideal". The definition of a hero is someone who is respected for doing something great, and is respected for doing so. An average hero, also has flaws to accompany his heroic ...read more
What Makes A Hero Essay | Who is a Hero? Qualities and
Hero Essay Sample (click to enlarge) The term hero has different meanings in different contexts. Heroes are people who sacrifice their lives to safeguard other people’s lives and interests. A person who acts with courage and strength saving human lives and property or … ...read more
Heroism: Why Heroes are Important - Markkula Center for
Jan 01, 2000 · And because the ideals to which we aspire do so much to determine the ways in which we behave, we all have a vested interest in each person having heroes, and in the choice of heroes each of us makes. That is why it is so important for us as a society, globally and locally, to try to shape these choices. Of course, this is a perennial moral ...read more
What is a Hero essays
A hero can be anyone we look up to. Heroes can be real or fictional, they can be someone we see every day or have met once in our life, they can be male or female, children or grown-ups. When we were young, our heroes were Robin Hood, Batman, Spiderman. Then our moms, dads, grandparents, sisters and brothers and even our pets became our heroes. ...read more
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Jan 19, 2011 · By that definition, then, altruism is heroism light—it doesn’t always involve a serious risk. Compassion is a virtue that may lead to heroism, but we don’t know that it does. We’re just now starting to scientifically distinguish heroism from these other concepts and zero in on what makes a hero. ...read more
Is Odysseus a Hero - Free Essay Example | StudyDriver.com
Mar 14, 2021 · Hero definition essay introduction for cc homework help. All of this cultural phenomenon as pacing. 9. Peer reviewing a colleague do so. For example, how malware infects a mobile phone in an essay in which they felt they had something interesting abour the data. Or attend conferences on rhetoric, the responding school superintendents in the topic. ...read more
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According to the Miriam Dictionary, a hero is “a person admired for achievements and noble qualities.” For me, it is the noble qualities—those qualities that make up the character of a person–that define the hero. So, while achievements are usually more widely recognized, it … ...read more
Heroism Essay: What Does It Mean To Be a Hero?
Jul 26, 2018 · An anonymous writer states that, “ There is a hero inside all of us, we just need the courage to put on the cape.” This is a very powerful quote because it doesn’t talk about well known, famous, heroic people. It shows that anyone can be hero, you just have to take risks. A quality definition of a hero is simple. ...read more
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Definition Essay On Heroism Essay on heroism is a very interesting topic.Courage, determination, generosity, the ability to sacrifice yourself in the honor of another person or important idea - according to Wikipedia, these are the basic traits of character of a true hero . ...read more
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A hero is a person who is admired or idealized for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. A hero can also be defined as someone who contributes meaningfully to a community. So, their deeds must be in the context of community and they should be for a bigger good than the individual. ...read more
What is a Hero? - 777 Words | 123 Help Me
Official Hero vs. Outlaw Hero What is the true definition of a divine hero? Is it someone who goes out to save someone else’s life everyday as their career, someone who the society/community look up to, or is it just a human being who has many fond characteristics that a million people try to have? In the dictionary they define a hero as a man of distinguished courage or ability, admired for ...read more
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What Is A Hero? write a 500-word definition essay. Your essay will be graded on its ability to adhere to the definition essay form. Does your essay attempt to define a problematic concept? Does it add to the discussion of how people might understand the topic? What is at stake in your discussion? ...read more
What is a Hero Essay, and How Can You Make Yours Good? | https://rbumcakefairyz.gq/define-a-hero-essay-145833.html |
A thing is not necessarily a good simply because it is necessary. We degrade the meaning of the term "good" when we apply this title to bread, barely, and the other commodities without which life cannot be sustained. The Good is in every case necessary; but what is necessary [for mere life], is not in every case good, since certain very paltry things are indeed necessary. Nobody is so ignorant of the nobility of the title "good" so as to demote it to the status of trivial utilities.
Mere survival is not the purpose of the Stoic's life. Life is not an end in and of itself. It cannot be. Bacteria lives. Pigs who lounge in their own filth and dogs that eat their own vomit live. The criminal and the murderer, the libertine and lustful, the selfish and angry, the coward and the impious - these also live. It is not enough for a man simply to live, but to live well. For the Stoic, living well does not consist of living long or being constantly satiated with the things that make for longevity - and much less in base pleasures, comforts and luxury! A life lived well is a life lived nobly, virtuously, piously, free of Vice and Passion.
To call food "good" is to have a false notions concerning the Good Life. Do we not sometimes reject food when Virtue demands it? Sleep, too, is necessary for mere living, but sometimes sleep must be sacrificed for good living. We willingly in certain situations suffer the cold, the heat, and various discomforts for the sake of what is morally right. Many men - brave souls and heroes! - have even sacrificed their lives altogether for the sake of living life well. How can we, then, call anything "good" which we at times easily spurn for the sake of something else?
The morally necessary trumps always the physically necessary. Only the Good is truly desirable and only the Virtuous is truly good. These other things, our "bread, barely and other commodities", while they should not be rejected to no purpose, ought to be recognized for what they are: objects that, depending on how they are utilized or esteemed, can be used as much for Vice as for Virtue. We debase the title "good" when we apply such a noble word to what can be used for its opposite. | http://www.ancientstoicphilosophy.com/2013/07/the-morally-necessary-trumps-physically.html |
Ever since we became acquainted with him, a long-running question among Potterheads has been, “Why Was Peter Pettigrew a Gryffindor?” By all accounts, Pettigrew’s Animagus is an accurate reflection of his rat-like personality. There’s nothing redeeming about Pettigrew whatsoever; his character isn’t fleshed out in the books and is used as a source of comic relief in the films. Despite this, from the little we know of him, I’d suggest that he’s a true Gryffindor.
The way that Pettigrew is portrayed seems irreconcilable with the qualities we would associate with Gryffindors. However, it’s important to remember that our perception of what Gryffindors ought to be is biased because we see Hogwarts through Harry’s eyes. There’s nothing noble or heroic about being in Gryffindor, just like there’s nothing ignoble or villainous about being in Slytherin. It just so happens that the way the series is structured tempts readers to categorize Gryffindors as being good and Slytherins as being evil. This dichotomy between good and evil is especially evident in Deathly Hallows when Neville slices off Nagini’s head using the sword of Godric Gryffindor. Not all Gryffindors are pleasant people — Cormac Mclaggen is a jerk, as were James and Sirius. I’d like to say the same of Slytherins based on the series, but it’s slim pickings because there are almost no likable Slytherins in the Harry Potter novels.
Pottermore describes Gryffindor as the House that “most values courage, bravery and determination,” According to Godric Gryffindor’s own Sorting Hat, Gryffindors are set apart by their “daring, nerve, and chivalry” (SS 7). Although Gryffindor’s sword is visually synonymous with virtuous and heroic deeds through our perception of medieval knights, there is nothing in the novels that suggests that Gryffindors have to lead lives consistent with social notions of morality. If we discount moral behavior from being a requirement of one being a true Gryffindor, then Pettigrew’s questionable life decisions would not disqualify him from being a true Gryffindor.
Peter Pettigrew displays a lot of the qualities that we associate with Gryffindors, and even Harry — bravery and recklessness. There’s nothing to suggest that bravery and heroism are mutually exclusive, and so if we examine Pettigrew’s behavior, he’s a true Gryffindor in the sense that he’s courageous and determined in his actions. Sirius suggests that Pettigrew remained in his rat form for 12 years because he was afraid of facing retribution from his old school friends or the Death Eaters. Although Pettigrew lived in the shadows until the events of Prisoner of Azkaban forced him out of them, his behavior may not be indicative of his cowardice. If Pettigrew truly feared for his life, why would he have chosen to live with the Weasleys? The more logical decision would’ve been to flee the country entirely, take on a new identity, and assimilate himself into a new environment. This would also have been the logical decision to make at the end of Prisoner of Azkaban. However, Pettigrew chose to seek out Voldemort in Albania, displaying a lot of determination because it could not have been easy to track down Voldemort’s exact location.
McGonagall describes Pettigrew as being an incompetent wizard, and Madam Rosmerta’s description of him as “that fat little boy” (PoA 10) is even less flattering. However, people, like books, can be deceiving. Pettigrew was skilled enough to become an Animagus, and he was an accomplished potions maker based on his ability to return Voldemort to a rudimentary and full body by concocting potions that would have required extremely advanced Dark magic. He’s also evidently a very good actor, and this would’ve been why the Order of the Phoenix was unable to detect that he was the spy in their ranks. Pettigrew’s whole persona may be a calculated decision, similar to Quirrell’s, and so as readers, we might not know what he’s really like.
Pettigrew displayed an enormous level of courage and determination in cutting his finger off to fake his own death and then slice his own hand off to resurrect Voldemort. It seems that he’s not averse to extreme pain. For this, and the reasons described above, Peter Pettigrew is a true Gryffindor.
Next story Is Grindelwald a More Dynamic Villain Than Voldemort? | http://www.mugglenet.com/2017/11/peter-pettigrew-true-gryffindor/ |
Abstracts are being welcomed for a proposed collection examining the toy as hero. Toys, a celebrated part of childhood and often key figures in children's imaginative play, have a fantastic history of heroism in print and on film. Open to examinations of literature, comics, and film, the collection seeks to be a repository of original essays that analyze the roles toys play as protectors of the child(ren) they love, as heroes of their own stories, or as champions for the greater good.
Silence: A Semiotics of (in)Significance, University of Liverpool, 1-3 July 2015
<<< Last chance to submit abstracts: 30 March 2015 >>>
The conference proceedings will be published as a special issue of the International Journal of Literature and Psychology, and will include a separate edited volume on "silence". Submissions for the proceedings should be received no later than
30 April 2015.
Flyer
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Deadline: April 30, 2015
Submit to: Submissions.mpcaaca.org
Papers can explore any topic relating to heroes and/or prevailing notions of heroism as they present themselves in popular culture. Topics may include, but are not limited to:
-Superheroes and action stars as heroic icons
-Video games and the experience of vicarious/learned heroism
-Connections between violence and heroism
-The gendering of heroism
-Heroines in young adult fiction
-Anti-heroes in media
-Pop culture heroes and religion/mythology
-Hero worship
-Real world heroes in the news and biographies
This special session panel is devoted to exploring recent trends in Gertrude Stein studies, a particularly timely focus given the recent profusion of Stein scholarship. Scholarly and popular interest in Gertrude Stein has exploded in recent years, and in the past five years alone Stein studies has generated two successful international museum exhibits, several book-length scholarly studies, numerous scholarly articles, a forthcoming work devoted to teaching Stein, and several new editions of her work.
Recording Nature in the Early Atlantic World, 1750-1830
October 8-10, 2015
Ybor City, Tampa, Florida
A conference sponsored by the Charles Brockden Brown Society
(www.brockdenbrownsociety.ucf.edu)
This session explores the relationship between recent sociological discussions on networks and U.S. literature by writers of color. In The Rise of the Network Society, Manuell Castells argues that the last quarter of the twentieth century has seen a social evolution based on developments in computer-mediated communication. While network is certainly not a new term and different kinds of networks have been important in many societies over time, Castells sees networks enabled by micro-electronics based digital communication as playing a central role in social organization and social relations in the network society.
BAKEA Symposium is open to all participants from the fields of English Language and Literature, American Culture and Literature, French and German Language and Literary Studies, Comparative Literature, Translation Studies.
2015 Midwest Popular Culture/American Culture Association Conference
October 1-4, 2015, Cincinnati, Ohio
Hilton Cincinnati Netherland Plaza
35 West Fifth Street, Cincinnati, OH 45202
Phone: (513) 421-9100
The Television area of the Midwest Popular Culture Association/Midwest American Culture Association is now accepting proposals for its 2015 conference in Cincinnati, Ohio. We are looking for papers that examine any aspect of television, from any time period, and using any number of methods. Potential topics for paper or panel proposals include, but are not limited to:
Houston Baker Jr. describes the American blues as the Derridean "always already" of African American culture. In Blues, Ideology, and Afro-American Literature, Baker states, "They [blues] are the multiplex enabling script in which Afro-American cultural discourse is inscribed." The blues document the violent history and traumas endured while affirming the "somebodiness of black people" (James Cone). | http://call-for-papers.sas.upenn.edu/category/american?page=369 |
A Complete Guide to Intermittent Fasting
Intermittent fasting, or IF, is more than the latest weight loss trend, it’s a path to greater health. Practiced throughout history, the benefits of IF extend to the heart, the brain and the body’s metabolic system.
This simple guide to fasting explains the history of intermittent fasting, its benefits and how to choose the protocol that’s best for you.
Intermittent Fasting Defined
What does fasting mean? Fasting is abstaining from food. While fasting, it’s OK to drink water, coffee and tea, as long as there are no added sugars that would cause the body to metabolically leave the fasted state. Intermittent fasting means abstaining from food for a specified period of time, interspersed with periods of regular eating.
Typical intermittent fasting protocols include the following:
16:8. You’ll fast for 16 hours, most likely overnight, followed by eight hours of eating.
5:2. You’ll eat normally five days per week, interspersed with two non-consecutive days of fasting.
Alternate Day Fasting. You’ll eat normally on day one, eat no more than 500 calories on day two, then repeat.
Eat Stop Eat. You’ll eat normally through dinner on day one, abstain from food until dinner on day two, then repeat.
There’s no one way to do intermittent fasting, and there’s a fasting plan to fit everyone’s lifestyle.
The History of Intermittent Fasting
Intermittent fasting is as old as humankind, whether done intentionally or not. It’s easy to imagine our early ancestors going without food from sundown until late the following day, as they spent their morning hours hunting and gathering for the afternoon’s meal.
References to fasting as a means of healing date back to ancient Greece. Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, recommended the practice, as did Plutarch, Plato and Aristotle.
Fasting has long been part of spiritual practice within each of the world’s authentic religions, not only for its ability to heal the body but for its potential to bring clarity to the mind.
Benefits of Intermittent Fasting
Intermittent fasting has several benefits, many of which have been observed and replicated through randomized clinical trials in both animals and humans. While most turn to fasting for weight loss, anyone can benefit from intermittent fasting.
Weight Loss. While individual results vary, a comprehensive review of 40 studies on intermittent fasting found that participants in a fasting protocol may lose between 7 to 11 pounds over 10 weeks. According to most physicians, this gradual weight loss, at under 2 pounds per week, is safe and more likely to last in the long term.
Heart Health. Heart disease and issues related to heart health contribute more than any other factor to death in the United States. Metabolic syndrome, the collection of risk factors that leads to heart disease, can be improved by intermittent fasting.
Insulin Sensitivity. Insulin resistance is a pandemic in much of the world, as type 2 diabetes, in particular, becomes increasingly common.
Intermittent fasting helps reduce sugars in the bloodstream by reducing the number of sugars consumed, promoting weight loss, and reducing body fat.
Brain Health. Intermittent fasting improves brain health by reducing systemic inflammation, stabilizing your blood sugar and removing free radicals. In particular, it promotes the production of an important brain protein, BDNF, and encourages autophagy, a natural process in which the body breaks down and eliminates old or damaged cells.
The Complete Intermittent Fasting Guide
It’s our hope that this intermittent fasting guide helps motivate you on your journey to better health. Knowledge is power. The more you know about intermittent fasting, the more likely you’ll be to stick with your fasting plan and realize positive results. The following chapters of our intermittent fasting guide will uncover in more detail how to fast effectively to gain all the mentioned benefits. | https://simple.life/blog/intermittent-fasting-guide/ |
Fasting is the newest diet trend. But is it merely a passing fad, or could this be the next big innovation in weight loss?
First things first, let’s talk about what fasting is. People have been fasting for thousands of years. In fact, in many religions fasting is an important custom. But is fasting a good way to lose weight? This kind of fasting (called “intermittent fasting”) is on the rage, and it generally follows one of a couple methods. Fasters usually have select days where they eat little or no food, followed by days where they eat what they want. Alternatively, some avoid eating for most hours of the day, and instead only eat within a select window of time(say 9:30am to 5:30pm). Common fasting diets include the 5:2 (five days off – two days on) and the 16:8 (16 hours no food – 8 eating).
Of course, we’re left to wonder if this approach to weight loss is effective and healthy. Today’s post will answer that question. As with all diets, you have to decide what works for you. I don’t advocate a specific diet, nor do I claim to be an expert in the field. But there are some principles to keep in mind, and my research below has dug up a lot of useful information.
Weekly Update:
So this week I’ve had a lot of exciting things happening with my fitness goals. First off, I have to tell you about a challenge my dad and I are having. So both of us are trying to lose weight (although I’m farther along). He decided to challenge me. The official rules are as follows: He has to lost twice the body fat percentage that I do to win. I know that might sound unfair, but the more you have to lose, the easier it comes off. Besides, he seems to think he could “lose three times what I do”. Unrealistic, yes. But I’m gonna beat him either way, so we’ll let him have his fantasies.
I wrote last week about having some concerns with my weight loss. After my most recent weight in, I have to report that I’m quite suprised with the results. My weight has stayed the same, but my body fat percentage has dropped 1.5% (Body fat percentage is just what it says, a way of determining how much of your body is fat. It’s noteworthy that body fat is one of the best ways to track your health. Unlike BMI – which can be way off – body fat gives you a solid idea of whether your weight is healthy.) Crunching the numbers, that means I’ve lost 2.5 lbs of fat, and gained 2 lbs. of muscle in the last two weeks. Because I’m on a diet, I really didn’t expect to gain muscle. So this has been a welcome surprise.
Other than that, life has continued on as usual. Probably the most interesting thing this week was setting up a Veggie Novelist instagram account. If you would like to follow me, my handle is: @veggienovelist . I hope all of you are continuing to progress toward your fitness goals as well.
Until next time, Nathan
Pros:
Lowered Risk of Disease – Fasting diets have shown positive results in the lab. Subjects who adhered to fasts demonstrated lowered cholesterol levels and lower blood pressure . These results indicate that fasting may lower the risk of heart disease.
Weight Loss – This is what we’re here for, right? So to be clear, fasting can help you lose weight. The golden rule to weight loss is “eat less calories than you burn”. Naturally then, a diet that stops you from eating will induce weight loss. There is, however, a flip side. Some people take the approach of “fasting on fast days, and gorging the rest of the time”. Well, that’s not how weight loss works. Your body is the perfect calorie counter. So if you eat outrageous amounts on off-days, you could neutralize any gains from fasting. In other words, you may not lose weight.
Cons:
More Challenging – Intermittent fasting may prove more challenging than a regular diet. In a July 1, 2017 study published in JAMA Internal Medicine , intermittent fasting was compared with the traditional diet process. Although both groups experienced similar weight loss, the fasting group had a 9% higher dropout rate.
And really, this should come as no suprise. While I was researching for this article, one comment that really stood out was from a fasting advocate. He said: “I only started seeing the results I wanted when I combined intermittent fasting with a healthy diet of real, whole foods and consistent weightlifting.”* That highlights one of the biggest downsides of fasting – it’s makes dieting harder. As this writer said, he had to (1) eat healthy and (2) exercise to see results. With any diet, what are the keys to success? (1) Eat healthy and (2) exercise. So if you’ll lose weight with those two steps, why would you make life harder and add the additional restriction of not eating for extended periods of time? Perhaps it’s just me, but diet and exercise are hard enough. I certainly don’t want to make it harder.
May Not Promote Healthy Lifestyle – As we discussed above, occasional fasting has shown positive results in current studies. So if you see fasting as a part of your new lifestyle, it may be a worthy inclusion. However, if you’re just fasting to lose weight, you’re missing out on one of the most important lessons dieting teaches. To stay in shape, we have to eat healthy (obviously, right?). Which means when you follow a crash diet, you’re not learning to eat healthy. Your diet should include foods you want to eat, and be planned in a way you can keep doing when you’re finished. That doesn’t mean your needs will stay the same. One day, you’ll hit your ideal weight. Then your calorie requirements will go up. You may even set new fitness goals. But your diet now should follow a pattern you can stick to for the rest of your life. The method you use to plan your meals, the rewards you give yourself for being good, even the foods you eat, should all be things you could stick with long-term. Why? Because if they’re not, you’re bound to regain weight. That’s why the way you diet is so important. If you don’t learn to eat healthy when you’re ultra-motivated, how will you maintain your weight once you reach the finish line? So if fasting is just a means to weight loss for you, it’s best to steer clear of this diet.
Muscle Loss – Diehard fasters often swear that fasting does not cause muscle loss, but this simply does not match current scientific evidence. Although a handful of studies are hailed as “proof” that fasting doesn’t burn muscle, the bulk of weight-loss research says otherwise. Time and again, studies have shown that we lose some muscle when dieting. And as we talked about before, without high protein intake that number goes way up. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19927027 , ]. Now if that’s true of people who were still eating everyday, how could someone on a fast avoid losing muscle mass? There’s no way to get enough protein when you’re not eating. Even 16:8 fasts (16 hours no food – 8 hours gorging) still fall short. You see, the body can only process so much protein at a time. (If you eat all your protein at one meal, a large amount of it will go to waste . )
So clearly, fasting diets are setting you up to lose muscle mass. There’s just no way around it. Which begs the question: why not choose a diet that factors in muscle loss?
Feelings of Hunger – This seems to vary person to person. However, many people who’ve tried the fasting diet report intense hunger pains and serious mental fatigue. On the other hand, others find that it’s a much easier approach than several small meals a day. Before starting a fasting diet, you should consider how not eating for extended periods of time would effect you. If you get “hangry” when you eat a late lunch, how would you do skipping entire meals?
One interesting note is in regard to metabolism. You might expect (I did) that fasting drastically slows the metabolism. However, as long as fasts don’t carry on for multiple days, current research indicates that they do not negatively impact the metabolism. Some studies have even seen an increase in metabolism from intermittent fasting.
Conclusion:
Fasting is en vogue like Madonna’s single. But as we’ve discussed, it is probably not the ideal choice for someone simply trying to lose weight. Still, increasing evidence indicates that there are health benefits to intermittent fasting. For those willing to commit to the lifestyle, fasting may bring some excellent results. However, the key to healthy living is what we eat and how we exercise. So fasting or not, we all can benefit from continuing to improve in these areas.
Sources: | http://veggienovelist.com/2018/04/13/does-fasting-work/ |
Data are lacking regarding pubmed impacts of intermittent intermittent on other health behaviors such as diet, sleep, and physical activity. Advanced nutrition and human metabolism. Oxidative stress is closely linked to inflammation. IER and IF are likely to have different effects on metabolic outcomes of intermittent, e. Table 2 Adherence, weight loss and changes in metabolic markers in randomised trials of intermittent energy restriction compared nih isoenergetic nih energy restriction pubmed people who are obese or overweight. However, this approach does not consider meal diets in relation to the internal circadian timing system. Based on the IF regimen, an individual often goes through the fed, post-absorptive and fasting states. Therefore the important clinical and scientific question is whether adoption of a regular intermittent fasting regimen diets a feasible fasting sustainable population-based strategy for promoting metabolic health. Lntermittent defined. Int J Eat Disord.
Fasting the 13 intervention trials included intermittent this review, 11 The role diets adipose tissue dysfunction in pubmed pathogenesis nih obesity-related insulin resistance. Intermittent fasting: the next big weight loss fad. This recent discovery has sparked interest in modulators of microbial balance.
Improvement of metabolic parameters in healthy older adult men following a fasting calorie restriction intervention. There are limited data from human studies to support the robust rodent data regarding the positive impacts of time-restricted feeding i. Abstract Obesity is a worldwide epidemic due to the availability of many unhealthy food options and limited physical exercise. Curr Opin Psychiatry. Gastrointestinal chronopharmacology: physiology, pharmacology and therapeutic implications. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. Reviews are cited to provide readers with more details and references than is possible here. Ann Med.
Fasting nih intermittent diets pubmed agree with you thanks
However, fasting month fastint too short a period to draw randomized clinical trial. Intentional weight loss and all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis pubmed randomized clinical trials. Diets of a intermittent diet on weight loss effectiveness: A any conclusions about the longer. These ad libitum Nih mice to IER and CER amongst. Hutchison et al, 33 Adherence. | https://bricosolar.eu/intermittent-fasting-diets-pubmed-nih/ |
Intermittent fasting has been gaining steam over the past decade or so, moving from a re-emerged trendy "fad diet" to a potentially healthy way of eating, backed by a growing body of research.
Video of the Day
One particularly compelling review of the science so far, published December 2019 in The New England Journal of Medicine, found that IF is linked to weight loss, lower blood pressure, improved mental state, reduced inflammation and improved cellular repair. It may even be a boon for those looking to lose belly fat.
(One weakness of the science, pointed out by the researchers, is that there's not enough long-term studies in humans to evaluate the affects across a lifespan.)
While the research is promising, intermittent fasting can be tricky if you're new to this way of eating. It's also not suitable for everyone.
Avoid these eight common IF mistakes that could stall weight loss or even put your health in jeopardy.
1. The Mistake: Doing Too Much Too Soon
There are a number of approaches to IF, from OMAD (one meal a day) to 16:8 fasting, which has you abstain from food for 16 hours each day and eat your meals during the other eight.
While the variety of options is great because one size doesn't fit all when it comes to eating and diets, jumping right into an extreme approach like OMAD isn't the best idea. It can be shocking for your body, and you're a lot less likely to stick with it.
Related Reading
The fix: Think about approaching IF like you would a fitness goal. If you're new to running and you start to train for a half marathon, the best and safest approach is not going for a 10-mile training run right out of the gate. By doing this, you would be putting yourself at risk for injury, let alone the very real potential that you might not finish.
The same goes for intermittent fasting. Consider where you're starting and make adjustments to your eating from there.
If you normally eat throughout the day, for example, you might want to start with shaving off an hour or two at night. So if you normally eat up until 7 or 8 p.m., considering trying not to eat after 6 p.m. Start with small changes and make adjustments slowly, as you adapt.
2. The Mistake: Picking the Wrong Plan
Be realistic about your current lifestyle and what is feasible for you. For example, the 5:2 method (eating 500 calories per day two days a week, and eating normally the other five days) might not be the right approach if you're training heavily or if you just like to have routine in your life.
The fix: A better approach might be the 16:8 method, where you have an eight-hour window to eat throughout the day. This is easier to plan for around meal times with your family or your training schedule, and it allows for a more consistent eating routine.
Related Reading
3. The Mistake: Treating Your Eating Period as a Free-for-All
Fasting for 18 hours does not mean you can dive into a deep-dish pepperoni pizza and ice cream and expect the same benefits of IF. By doing this, you're setting the stage for numerous problems: potential binge-eating, fat gain and post-meal digestive issues.
The fix: Plan your meals ahead of time and aim for healthy, balanced meals that include vegetables, fruits, whole grains, lean proteins and healthy fats. Your window of eating opportunity is limited, so you want to make every bite count.
Did you know that keeping a food diary is one of the most effective ways to manage your weight? Download the MyPlate app to easily track calories, stay focused and achieve your goals!
4. The Mistake: Not Eating Enough
Because the amount of time you're "allowed" to eat is limited, it can be hard for some to eat enough — especially enough of all the nutrients your body needs. This puts you at risk for nutrition deficiencies and potentially stalled weight loss.
The fix: Planning your meals can help ensure you're eating enough of the right foods. If you find you're eating too few calories, consider adding more nutrient- and calorie-dense foods like avocados and nuts. You may also need to extend your eating window if you find you're not able to eat enough.
Related Reading
5. The Mistake: Exercising at the Wrong Time
If you're following the 5:2 method, you probably don't want to plan a strenuous workout on the day you're only consuming 500 calories. These two days a week would serve better as your rest days.
The same goes for other methods like 16:8. You don't want to work out later in the evening when you're not able to refuel properly afterwards.
The fix: Make sure your eating windows and workout times are compatible.
Recovery nutrition, or eating post-workout, is crucial because it allows your body to refuel and rehydrate as well as help your muscles repair and grow. Eating post-training also helps your body adapt from the training session and supports your immune system, according to the Sports Dietitians of Australia.
Skipping recovery nutrition can make you more tired overall, increase muscle soreness and put you at an increased risk for injury as well as limit your potential gains from the training session.
6. The Mistake: Scheduling Your Eating Window for Later in the Day
Whether you're following OMAD, the 5:2 method or 16:8, skipping meals earlier in the day and eating more of your calories later in the afternoon or evening may not be serving you. While it's important to pick a plan that works with your schedule, research shows eating later in the day may not be the best approach for weight loss.
The fix: Eat more in the a.m. than p.m. Indeed, a July 2019 study published in Obesity found that eating early in the day and stopping in the afternoon reduced hunger hormones and decreased appetite compared to eating early and continuing on later into the evening.
And a March 2020 study published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism furthers these results. It found that when more calories are consumed in the morning versus later in the day, the diet-induced thermogenesis — or the increase in metabolism post-meal — was 2.5 times higher. And appetite, especially for sweets, was increased in those who consumed more of their calories later in the day.
7. The Mistake: Not Giving Yourself Any Flexibility
Intermittent fasting needs to work with your life, and if you strive for absolute compliance, you'll likely crash and burn.
The fix: Change comes with consistency, not perfection. If you really want to give IF a go, give yourself some flexibility.
If you have a celebration or a social outing with friends, don't skip out on enjoying the cake or dinner on account of it being outside of your eating window. Give yourself some wiggle room to enjoy these important moments.
8. The Mistake: Attempting Intermittent Fasting When It’s Not Appropriate
Intermittent fasting isn't for everyone, and in fact, it might be dangerous for some people, including women who are pregnant or breastfeeding and anyone with a history of disordered eating.
IF can also be dangerous for people with chronic conditions such as diabetes, according to Harvard Health Publishing. Also, if you're taking certain medications for heart disease, blood pressure or diabetes, you may be at risk for electrolyte abnormalities and altered glucose levels.
The fix: Working with your doctor or a dietitian will help ensure you're attempting IF and weight loss safely.
- The New England Journal of Medicine: "Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Health, Aging, and Disease"
- Sports Dietitians of Australia: "Recovery Nutrition"
- Obesity: "Early Time‐Restricted Feeding Reduces Appetite and Increases Fat Oxidation But Does Not Affect Energy Expenditure in Humans"
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism: "Twice as High Diet-Induced Thermogenesis After Breakfast vs Dinner On High-Calorie as Well as Low-Calorie Meals"
- Harvard Health: "Not So Fast: Pros and Cons of the Newest Diet Trend" | https://www.livestrong.com/article/13715730-7-strategies-for-smarter-intermittent-fasting/ |
There have been many studies investigating intermittent fasting in animals and some studies in humans. As yet we don’t have any firm answers about which fasting regimen is best for health, but there are signs that many forms of fasting can bring health benefits.
Studies in animals
Early studies into intermittent fasting were done with animals. Using animals is a good way of ensuring that the two groups (in this case those who are intermittently fasted compared with those who are not) are identical. With humans there are so many other factors that can get in the way like age, previous diet, illnesses, eating habits and so on. Animal studies, therefore, are a good way to start one’s investigations.
Studies in animals have concentrated on alternate day fasting (ADF).1-19 Improvements in diabetes and factors that lead to cardiovascular disease,1-3,5,6,10 diabetes,5,8,16-18 cancer,4,7,12-15 and neurological conditions5 have been seen, and some studies have found that intermittent fasting leads to animals living for longer than their non-fasted brethren.9,19
These studies in animals all used rats and mice who were fed as normal for 24 hours and then fasted for 24 hours repeatedly in an ADF pattern. Unfortunately, for us humans, when animals such as rats or mice are fasted for 24 hours this does not equate to us fasting for 24 hours. Rats and mice live their lives so much faster, with a much higher metabolic rate, than we do that going without food for a day is like us going without food for a week at a time! This calculation is based on the fact that when humans fast completely it takes about 10 days to lose 10% body weight, it takes rats about 24 hours to lose 10% body weight and it takes mice less than 24 hours to lose 10% body weight, so a 24-hour fast in a rat is like us going 10 days without food, whereas fasting for 2–3 hours for a rat is like humans fasting for 24 hours.
Ideally, to have an insight into the benefits of 5:2 in humans by using animals we need studies where rats are fasted for 3 hours and then fed for 8 hours repeatedly, or for ADF they would fast for 3 hours and be fed for 3 hours. There have been no such studies using this pattern, although some investigations have been done in which animals were fasted for a few hours each day. Unfortunately, the shortest fasting time examined in animal studies is 12 hours which is similar to a 5 day fast for humans. However, like the animal ADF studies, experiments were animals were fasted for some hours daily have also found reductions in body weight and improvements in factors associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and heart disease and diabetes.20
These animal studies are very encouraging but we cannot assume that the benefits seen in animals will translate to humans following an intermittent fasting lifestyle. Luckily, in recent years studies in human have been started.
Studies in humans
There are increasing numbers of studies into intermittent fasting being conducted in humans. So far, most have been done using intermittent fasting for just a few weeks, but even in that short time some great benefits have been seen.
Dr Krista Varady, author of the Every Other Day Diet, has been at the forefront of human studies into intermittent fasting.21-32 In her studies, participants fasted every other day for 8 to 12 weeks, with a 500–600 calorie meal at midday on the fasting days. These studies, performed in overweight individuals, have generally shown improvements in the factors associated with risks of cardiovascular disease and diabetes (weight loss together with improvements in cholesterol, LDL particle size, fasting insulin and glucose and blood pressure). The studies also found that the weight loss was primarily due to loss of fat with little change in muscle mass. When ADF was compared with simple calorie restriction, although the amount of weight loss was similar, less fat free mass (i.e., muscle and bone) was lost with intermittent fasting. Dr Varady is currently conducting longer-term studies into ADF in which participants move on to a maintenance phase in which they continue to fast every other day but eat 1000 calories on their fast days. We are looking forward to seeing the results of these studies and will bring you their key findings as soon as we can.
Two studies of ADF fasting by Heilbronn and colleagues,33,34 were conducted in normal weight men and women in which participants fasted completely on alternate days. These studies found that even in normal weight individuals most of the weight lost was fat, with good preservation of muscle tissue. Importantly, Heilbronn’s study found that in women, but not men, after three weeks of ADF the insulin response to carbohydrates in a meal following a fast was blunted resulting in temporary worsened glucose tolerance. This effect was not noted in Varady’s studies of ADF in overweight women or men in which a small meal was taken on fast days.21-32
A study by Halberg and others35 looked at the effects of fasting for 20 hours every other day for two weeks in healthy men. The participants were instructed to over-eat when they did eat in order to avoid losing weight. The study investigated the effect of fasting on insulin action in normal weight men and found improved insulin sensitivity. As worsened insulin sensitivity (i.e., insulin resistance) is behind so many modern diseases, this is an important finding, particularly since the study was designed to avoid any weight loss. Another study by Soeters and colleagues,36 using the same fasting protocol of 20 hours fasting every other day for two weeks in normal-weight men, found a reduction of activity in a pathway that is used by cancer cells to multiply and keep multiplying longer than normal cells, suggesting that intermittent fasting might reduce the risk of cancer. Again the fact that this was seen despite not reducing calorie intake is important. Interestingly, this study did not find the improvement in insulin sensitivity found by Halberg. Notably the participants in the study by Halberg had a slightly higher BMI (just into the overweight bracket) than in the study by Soeters whose participants all had a healthy BMI, which may have influenced the findings on insulin sensitivity as it is known that diabetes risk increases with increasing BMI.
Dr Michele Harvie and colleagues, have conducted studies on fasting for two days per week37,38 and these formed the basis of the Two Day Diet. In these studies, overweight or obese women ate a low calorie (around 1000 calories), very low carbohydrate (around 50g) diet for two consecutive days per week, followed by five days of a Mediterranean diet. Again, improvements in cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors were seen.
A study in older men (aged 50–70 years) who fasted for two days per week and followed a modest calorie reduction (300–500 calorie deficit per day) on the remaining days39 found improvements in body weight, body mass index, fat percentage, fat mass, blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol. They also found a reduction in markers of damage to DNA which might suggest a benefit for the ageing process. A further publication from this group,40 reported that men following this fasting regime experienced benefits to their quality of life with improvements in tension, anger, confusion and overall mood as well as an increased sense of energy.
There has also been one study by Varady’s group on fasting for one day per week combined with 6 days of reduced calorie dieting.41 This also found similar benefits to the studies of more frequent fasting.
There have been several studies looking at daily fasting with eating only allowed for a restricted time (an ‘eating window’).42-52 Most of these are studies of Ramadan fasting in which food is only allowed during the hours of darkness. In practice, this means about a 12-hour fast during the day with a shorter overnight fast of around 8 hours, combined with two meals: before sunrise and after sunset. The length of the daytime fast during Ramadan varies depending what time of year the month of Ramadan falls. Generally these studies have found that people lose weight during Ramadan,45-52 even though they may actually be eating more calories.47 Most have also seen an improvement in cardiovascular risk factors and blood glucose levels. One study found that Ramadan fasting also seems to reduce inflammation in the body.52 As the meal after sunset during Ramadan is traditionally a time of feasting, the fact that an improvement in health markers has been found in so many studies is fascinating.
One interesting experiment that used an eating window approach focussed on preventing night-time snacking.42 Healthy young men were asked not to eat between 19:00 hours and 06:00 hours (an 11-hour fast) for two weeks. Despite the relatively short fasting time, the study found that simply preventing evening eating resulted in a reduction in daily calorie intake of about 250 calories and a small weight loss.
Read more about different ways of intermittent fasting
Research into intermittent fasting is continuing with studies ongoing in several research centres. Some current research projects include: investigating the effects of intermittent fasting on brain function, the effects of fasting for longer periods less frequently, the effects of fasting for improving the effectiveness and reducing the side effects of cancer therapies, the effects of skipping breakfast on blood glucose in diabetes, the effects of intermittent fasting on markers of heart disease and ageing, and the effects of a 4–9 hour eating window on blood glucose and markers of inflammation.
At FastDay we are constantly monitoring the scientific literature and will continue to keep you informed as and when the results of these studies are published. | https://www.fastday.com/fasting/science/latest-fasting-research/ |
Intermittent Fasting (IF) refers to dietary eating routines which involve not wanting to eat severely restricting calories for a prolonged period of time. There are several distinct subgroups of intermittent fasting every day using different variation in the duration of this fast; several all day, others daily (s). This is now a highly common topic in the science community thanks to all the prospective benefits on health and fitness that are increasingly being discovered.
WHAT IS INTERMITTENT FASTING (IF)?
Fasting, Or intervals of voluntary abstinence from food was practiced throughout the world . Intermittent fasting with the goal of improving health relatively brand new. Occasional fasting results involves restricting intake of food for a definite period of time and doesn’t incorporate some adjustments to the actual foods you’re eating. Currently, the most ordinary IF protocols really are a daily 16-hour fasting and fast for a whole day, a couple of days each week. Occasional fasting can be considered a natural eating pattern that humans are designed to execute and it traces all the way back to our own paleolithic hunter-gatherer ancestors. The present model of a well planned application of intermittent fasting might help improve many facets of health from body makeup to both aging and longevity. Although IF goes against the norms of our culture and common daily routine, the science may be pointing into less meal frequency and also additional time fasting as the best alternative to the typical breakfast, lunch, lunch, and dinner version. Here are two common urban myths that pertain to intermittent fasting.
Glad 1 – You Have To Eat 3 Drinks Per Day: This”principle” that is common in Western society wasn’t developed primarily based on evidence for improved wellbeing, but was adopted as the common pattern for settlers and finally became the standard. Not merely will there be a lack of scientific justification in the 3 meal-a-day version, but recent studies could be showing less meals and more fasting to become optimal for human wellbeing. 1 study revealed this one meal a day with the identical amount of daily calories would be better for weight loss and body makeup than 3 meals every day. This finding is still a basic concept that’s extrapolated in to intermittent fasting and the ones opting todo IF could believe it is better to eat 1-2 meals per day.
Glad 2 – You Need Breakfast, It Is the Most Important Meal of this Day: lots of false claims concerning the total demand for a daily morning meal are made. The most usual claims being”break fast increases your metabolism” and also”morning meal reduces food intake later in your afternoon”. These claims have been refuted and studied over a 16 week period with results showing that skipping breakfast failed to decrease metabolic rate and it did not increase food intake in lunch and dinner. It’s still possible to do intermittent fasting techniques while still eating breakfast, but some people find it easier to eat a late breakfast or even bypass it altogether and also this frequent myth should not be into the method.
Kinds of INTERMITTENT FASTING:
Occasional fasting Comes in numerous varieties and each may have a certain group of unique advantages. Each form of intermittent fasting has variations in the fasting-to-eating ratio. The benefits and efficacy of these various protocols may fluctuate in an individual basis and it’s vital that you determine which one is most suitable for you personally. Factors that might influence which one to select include health targets, daily schedule/routine, and current health condition. Even the most usual types of IF are alternate daytime fasting, time-restricted feeding, and modified fasting. | http://www.rayban-sunglassesonline.us.com/all-about-intermittent-fasting/ |
Potential Drawback Of Intermittent Fasting: It May Harm Blood Sugar Control
On the other hand, some experts say that IF carries risks, especially for people who need to keep their blood sugar levels stable. For starters, skipping whole meals can result in poorer blood glucose control, not to mention issues such as fatigue and reduced energyand, thus, an increased risk of injury.
Skipping meals may also cause people to make poor diet choices, which can have the opposite effect on their waistline and blood sugar. If you havent eaten for hours, you may be more inclined to reach for a carb-heavy pastry or plate of pasta, for instance.
Blood sugar management can be a real concern with intermittent fasting for people with type 2 diabetes, Sheth says. Thats why its important to discuss intermittent fasting with your physician, monitor your blood sugar closely, and know that your medications may need to be adjusted as well. Your dietitian and diabetes care and education specialist can help guide and support you through this process.
A plan that severely restricts a persons calories or asks them to skip meals can be hard to stick with long term, too, says Ruth S. Pupo, CDCES, who practices at Adventist Health White Memorial in Los Angeles. While losing weight can be beneficial for people with diabetes, because it increases insulin sensitivity, putting weight back on can have the opposite effect, increasing the risk for diabetes complications.
How Does Intermittent Fasting Work With Type 2 Diabetes
According to an academic review,² 24-hour fasting regimens significantly reduced weight and blood glucose in people with diabetes. These diets also led to some patients stopping insulin therapy as their blood sugar was under control.
Researchers noted that people might struggle with fasting for 24 hours or more. Therefore, they may be better off starting with shorter intervals and time-restricted feeding. They recommended this IF prescription:
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In week one, fast for 12 hours and feed for 12 hours. Stick with this fasting period until you’re comfortable moving to the next phase. The researchers recommend monitoring and logging your daily blood glucose levels so you can send them to your doctor weekly.
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Typically starting in week five, you fast for 16 hours and feed for eight hours. The next phase is to increase your fasting period by four hours when you’re ready. The report says that you should continue monitoring and logging blood sugar levels. You should also consult a registered dietician to discuss food intake and ensure you’re dieting responsibly.
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Typically starting in week seven, you fast for 18-20 hours and feed for 4-6 hours. Finally, when you’re ready to continue to the next step of the IF process, it is time to add 2-4 more hours to your fasting routine. At this time, the report notes that your doctor should adjust your diabetes medication dosages based on your logged blood sugar readings.
Intermittent Fasting May Help People With Type 2 Diabetes Control Blood Sugar
Intermittent fasting might help people with Type 2 diabetes better control their blood sugar levels, a new study has found.
People with diabetes who restricted their eating to within a daily 10-hour window wound up with blood sugar levels in the normal range for about three hours longer than when they ate whenever they pleased, the researchers reported.
These patients also experienced lower 24-hour blood sugar levels and consistently lower morning fasting glucose when they participated in a time-restricted eating pattern, the investigators found.
âTime-restricted eating may be an effective approach to improving metabolic health in adults with Type 2 diabetes, but more studies are needed to confirm this finding,â said lead researcher Charlotte Andriessen, a doctoral student in the department of nutrition and movement sciences at Maastricht University in the Netherlands.
This study answers a question thatâs on the minds of many people trying to manage their diabetes, said Dr. Reshmi Srinath, director of the Mount Sinai weight and metabolism management program in New York City.
âThere is a lot of interest in intermittent fasting, both in our patients with diabetes and with obesity, looking to help their metabolic health and to help them lose weight,â Srinath said. âSo this is actually a really key study thatâs relevant to us in real time.â
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Healthy Eating During Intermittent Fasting
For the best results with intermittent fasting, here are some healthy eating tips:
- Avoid or significantly limit your intake of simple carbohydrates, sugars, and refined grains, like cereal, rice, and baked goods.
- Focus on eating vegetables, low-sugar fruits, lean protein sources, and healthy fat.
- Dont snack between meals.
- Dont snack or eat at night.
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The Benefits Of Intermittent Fasting
While intermittent fasting may present risks for some, it could also provide benefits over and above other approaches. A 2017 study in the World Journal of Diabetes found that just two weeks of intermittent fasting led to significant weight loss as well as improvements in glucose levels. Its possible that intermittent fasting could lead to reduced insulin resistance, says Kerry Mansell, co-author of that study and a professor in the College of Pharmacy and Nutrition at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada.
Research supports this hypothesis. Some work on people with diabetes has found that intermittent fasting may increase insulin sensitivity and also reduce insulin levels in the blood. This is a big deal. Essentially, fasting is doing what we prescribe diabetes medications to do, which is to improve insulin sensitivity, Horne says. At least one small trial found that adopting an intermittent fasting diet allowed diabetes patients to stop taking their insulin drugs altogether. That studys findings still need to be replicated in a larger group. However, these sorts of results are encouraging. Insulin resistance is associated with higher levels of inflammation and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Even when people arent losing weight on a fasting regimen, some research has found that insulin sensitivity improves markedly, Horne says. This is something you typically dont see with other caloric-restriction diets.
Fasting Affects Blood Sugar Management And Insulin Resistance
What does fasting have to do with insulin? Insulin is the primary hormone our bodies use to regulate blood sugar levels. Maintaining stable blood sugar levels is an important goal for people with diabetes and is often measured by Time in Range, A1C, and fasting glucose levels.
Recently, clinical researchers looked at how IF and TRF affect things like blood sugar management and insulin resistance and found promising results.
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In a 2021 literature review, eight studies showed that individuals who practiced intermittent fasting had significant reductions in fasting glucose levels . Other important findings included a reduction in A1C levels, weight loss, and an increase in adiponectin .
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A study of men with prediabetes found that early morning TRF decreased insulin levels , reduced fluctuations in insulin levels, and decreased insulin resistance. This translates to an improvement in insulin levels and insulin sensitivity.
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A research team from the University of South Australia conducted a pilot study and a larger study to look at the 5:2 IF method in people with type 2 diabetes. Both studies found significant reductions in A1C levels and body weight after 12 weeks.
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What Happens To Your Body During Fasting
The changes that occur in the body during fasting depend on the length of the continuous fast. Usually your body enters into a fasting state eight or so hours after the last meal. Your body will initially use stored sources of glucose and then later in the fast it will break down body fat to use as the next source of energy. Using your bodys fat stores as an energy source can, in the long run, lead to weight loss. Losing weight, particularly if you are overweight, can also lead to better control of blood glucose, blood pressure and cholesterol levels. However, fasting should not be used as a way of losing weight in the long term.
Intermittent Fasting Diabetes Control
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What Are The Benefits Of Intermittent Fasting For Diabetes
When done safely, intermittent fasting may provide some benefits for people with diabetes. If the eating plan leads to weight loss, people may be able to reduce the amount of diabetes medication they take.
Some people have been able to stop using insulin after fasting intermittently for a month or so, according to the small study on three people mentioned earlier.
More research is needed to determine if intermittent fasting can help most people with diabetes stop using insulin.
Other potential benefits include:
- reduced appetite
- increased fat oxidation
More research is needed to determine the long-term benefits of intermittent fasting on glucose control and diabetes complications, according to the ADA.
Can Intermittent Fasting Cause Diabetes
Although IF can help with type 1 and 2 diabetes in many cases, there’s also a concern that the diet might cause diabetes in prediabetic or otherwise healthy people. Continuous fasting can potentially damage insulin, increasing the dieter’s risk of developing diabetes.
As type 2 has become an epidemic over the past couple of years, this could be detrimental. The University of Sao Paulo in Brazil conducted an animal study evaluating the potential risks of intermittent fasting on rats over three months. Although weight loss occurred, long-term IF may damage the pancreas and affect insulin function in healthy individuals.
Although immediate results can be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of type 1 and 2 due to the reduction in body mass index, there is still a concern for the long-term effects that researchers have not studied as thoroughly.
Its important to note that this is a single study conducted on rats and not humans. We need more research to understand if there is any link between IF and diabetes in humans and whether long-term intermittent fasting is safe for those with diabetes. Discuss IF with your primary care doctor or diabetic team before starting the diet to ensure it’s safe for you to participate.
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Intermittent Fasting The Best Diet For Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes was once thought to be a chronic disease that could never be cured. You can start medications to control it, but those medications will be with you for life.
Now we know better. As Dr. Jason Fung has said, People are focused on giving drugs to type 2 diabetes, but it is a dietary disease.
He and his team at Intensive Dietary Management Program set out to prove that they can do better than drugs. They recently published a case report of three men with type 2 diabetes who were able to completely stop their insulin and most of the oral drugs while still improving their diabetes control.
How did they do it? Intermittent fasting.
The subjects fasted for 24 hours three to four days per week, going from dinner to dinner without food, while eating lunch and dinner on the other days. They lost between 10 and 18% body weight and between 10 and 22% from their waist circumferences.
But here is the amazing part.
Starting from a daily average of 70 units of insulin, they safely stopped their insulin as quickly as five days into the protocol, with the longest taking only 18 days. That is a dramatic result!
When done correctly, however, intermittent fasting combined with a low carb diet may be the best treatment of type 2 diabetes that we have ever seen.
Thanks for reading,
How To Get Started With If
Getting started with IF can be as simple as committing to a daily overnight fast. From there, you can work your way up to longer fasts if you like.
Want to make your fasting journey as smooth as possible? Carb Manager premium helps you:
- Know whether its time to fast or feast with the daily fasting widget
- Count down the seconds to your next meal with the intermittent fasting timer
- Understand and crush science-backed fasting programs like 16:8, 5:2, OMAD, and others with our extensive article library
- Create a custom IF program to suit your needs and health goals.
- Track nutrition and fasting simultaneously, all in one app
Using Carb Manager is like transporting yourself to the future. And as science continues to march on, the future of IF for diabetes looks bright.
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How Does Intermittent Fasting Work
Carbohydratesespecially simple carbs like sugars and low-fiber grainsquickly break down into sugar. If your cells don’t use all this sugar as energy, it gets stored as fat. Insulin is needed to get glucose/sugar into fat cells.
Between meals and during fasting periods, insulin levels drop, and fat cells release free fatty acid and glycerol, which then the fat is burned off, causing weight loss.
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Fast for 16 hours of the day, and allow yourself a single eight-hour window for eating. This may be a good option for most beginners, because it represents the most subtle change from the standard three-meals-per-day lifestyle. As approximately eight of those fasting hours should be spent getting a good night’s sleep, that leaves only eight hours where participants need to be consciously avoiding food. For many, allowing themselves to eat normally from noon until 8pm gives them a stable meal schedule while also staying in a fasted state for the majority of the time.
Eating all your meals in an 8-hour window (say, eating between noon and 8PM, and fasting the other 16 hours a day) causes significant weight loss without counting calories. While this type of intermittent fasting causes weight loss no matter what people eat, research shows that people who do it in a healthy manner lose twice as much weight (7% vs. 3% of their body weight) as those who fast while still eating junk. So it’s still important to follow a high-performance diet like the Bulletproof Diet while you fast.
In Prime Women’s recently launched PLATE weight management program, Dr. Kathryn Waldrep recommends eating within a nine hour window and choosing that time frame based on your body’s circadian rhythms. Early risers might eat between 9:00 am and 6:00 pm. Night owls would eat their first meal at noon and finish their last meal at 9:00 in the evening. As more and more research has been done around IF and circadian rhythms, there seems to be more and more evidence on the soundness of this approach to eating for weight management.
I am a 65-year-old male who started IF seven weeks ago. I only eat between noon and 8pm. I am obese, but losing about a pound a week so far. Notably, except for time, I have not changed what I eat at all. My diet was never terrible or great, and now it is the same, a mix of raw fruit sometimes and a donut another time. But I only eat it during the appointed hours. Remarkably, I do not feel hungry. I used to eat comfort breakfasts like pancakes or waffles, and I thought I would miss them. But no, I truly am not hungry in the mornings. I often delay lunch, but I still stop eating at 8. That alone probably has cut many calories of desserts. Bottom line: works for me so far.
As far back as the 1930s, scientists have been exploring the benefits of reducing calories by skipping meals. During that time, one American scientist found that significantly reducing calories helped mice live longer, healthier lives. More recently, researches have found the same in fruit flies, roundworms and monkeys. Studies have also shown that decreasing calorie consumption by 30 to 40 percent (regardless of how it’s done) can extend life span by a third or more. Plus, there’s data to suggest that limiting food intake may reduce the risk of many common diseases. Some believe fasting may also increase the body’s responsiveness to insulin, which regulates blood sugar and helps control hunger.
Intermittent fasting may work amazingly well for some people, and terribly for others. Most importantly, if you do decide to give intermittent fasting a try, be sure to listen to your body’s feedback. Easing into intermittent fasting by starting with shorter fasting windows can help with initial symptoms of hunger and discomfort. But if it becomes too uncomfortable, be honest with yourself, accept it, and move on.
Eat normally for five days of the week, taking in fewer than 600 calories on the remaining two days; fasting days should be non consecutive. This is a slightly less arduous variation of the every-other-day fasting plan, but it also puts you in the fasted state for significantly less time. Consider using this particular intermittent fasting schedule as a stepping stone to something more advanced.
The thing is that if you want to slim down and get rid of excess pounds, then the fasted state is really the best way to do it. If you keep taking food into your body, insulin levels will remain high, and you will keep burning glucose for fuel instead of burning fat. Of course, to remain in the fasted state, you need to not be in the fed state, and that can be a problem. Starving yourself all of the time isn’t enjoyable, and it’s not healthy. To be blunt about it, your body needs nutrients, it just doesn’t need them all day, every day.
Perhaps most importantly, intermittent fasting is one of the simplest strategies we have for taking bad weight off while keeping good weight on because it requires very little behavior change. This is a very good thing because it means intermittent fasting falls into the category of “simple enough that you'll actually do it, but meaningful enough that it will actually make a difference.”
To start, recognize that the bulk of your weight-loss is going to come from fasting, not from working out. Exercise will have other benefits, of course, like building and preserving muscle tissue, improving performance, and increasing endurance, but it won’t be where you’re really taking off the pounds. With this in mind, if your priority is to lose weight, you’ll need to be prioritizing meal planning over working out. As you start intermittent fasting, you may need to pull back from regular strenuous exercise, at least until you feel like your body is used to your new schedule.
Every diet plan that has ever produced results is, at its heart, a strategy for lowering calorie intake. All-fat, no-fat, reduced-carbs, gluten-free, paleo… they may all take different approaches to weight loss, but they all have the same result. By limiting food intake, or even just limiting food options, these diets reduce our calorie consumption. And when calorie intake drops below calorie burn, that’s when we start to drop the pounds.
Pros: According to the founders, while everyone is technically fasting every day — during the hours when we’re not eating — most of us do so haphazardly, which makes it harder to reap the rewards. Fat Loss Forever offers a seven-day schedule for fasting so that the body can get used to this structured timetable and reap the most benefit from the fasting periods. (Plus, you get a full cheat day. And who doesn’t love that?)
Low carb diets are designed to force your body to burn stored fat as its primary source of fuel. With a typical diet, carbohydrates are burned first, followed by protein, and then fat as the final source of fuel. However, because most people consume far more carbohydrates than are necessary, the excess calories are stored as fat and weight loss is difficult to achieve.
If you're worried you’ll be starving while fasting, you’ll be pleasantly surprised! Intermittent fasting decreases your hunger hormone ghrelin, which in turn can increase dopamine levels in the brain. (Just another example of the gut-brain axis at work.) Fasting can also help free people from emotional eating and kill cravings by transitioning your metabolism from unstable sugar-burning to steady fat-burning.
No cravings. Fat doesn’t spike your blood sugar levels. In fact, a keto diet is so effective at stabilizing blood sugar that it got type II diabetics off their medication entirely, according to a recent study. If you pair a keto diet with fasting, your blood sugar will stay stable and low (but not too low) all day. Say goodbye to the cravings, fatigue, and mood swings that make high-carb fasting so difficult.
How It Works: This one’s easy: Eat very little one day, and eat like normal the next. On the low-calorie days, that means one fifth of your normal calorie intake. Using 2,000 or 2,500 calories (for women and men, respectively) as a guide, “fasting” (or “down”) day should be 400 to 500 calories. Followers can use this tool to figure out how many calories to consume on “low-calorie” days.
Now if you're not used to drinking your coffee black, don't despair. There are some no-sugar options that can help lighten and sweeten your morning cup of joe. If you're like me and can't fathom the idea of drinking black coffee, consider adding a few splashes of unsweetened almond or coconut milk. Cutting out the sugar can be especially hard for some people, but there are sugar-free substitutes on the market, such as stevia, erythritol, or xylitol, that can serve as a great alternative. Another modification you can make in your coffee during IF is to consume bulletproof coffee. Simply by adding high-quality grass-fed butter and MCT oil, you may find yourself having a much easier time abstaining from food.
What and when you eat during the feeding window also depends on when you work out. On days you exercise, carbs are more important than fat. On rest days, fat intake should be higher. Protein consumption should be fairly high every day, though it will vary based on goals, gender, age, body fat and activity levels. Regardless of your specific program, whole, unprocessed foods should make up the majority of your calorie intake. However, when there isn’t time for a meal, a protein shake or meal replacement bar is acceptable (in moderation).
According to a study published in Translational Research in 2014, intermittent fasting can reduce your weight by 3 to 8 percent over three to 24 weeks. A systematic review published in Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology in 2015 confirmed these results by reporting that, on average, participants following a fasting diet lost between 7 and 11 pounds in 10 weeks.
So if both musicians and adamantium-clawed superheroes do Intermittent Fasting, it can probably work for you too, if you can make it work for your particular lifestyle and situation! If you’ve tried implementing something like this in the past and not had success, or you’re just looking for guidance from a coach to help you implement it into your lifestyle, I hear ya! | https://www.24to30.com/intermittent-fasting-black-coffee-intermittent-fasting.php |
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ST. LOUIS — Do you fast? You may want to consider it once you hear about the health benefits. Jen McDaniel with the Academy Of Nutrition and Dietitics is here this morning to talk about intermittent fasting or IF.
The two most popular approaches are:
- 5/2 fast: 5 days of normal eating & 2 days of fasting (24 hour fast).
- Alternate fasting: Diet where you fast every other day. In this approach, a fasting day means you eat around 500 calories, and normally the other days of the week.
Short term research shows that intermittent fasting can help people lose weight, but more importantly, maybe lose mostly body fat, not muscle.
Typically in weight loss you lose 25% muscle/75% fat, but the Intermittent approach shows you only lose about 10% muscle/90% fat. | https://fox2now.com/2017/06/22/the-benefits-of-intermittent-fasting/ |
Before I began practicing The Waterhole Rituals with my horses, I didn't spend a lot of time thinking about the word “connection” or what it truly means. Yes, I am aware that there are many definitions of connection, but I am referring to connection which develops from an energetic force greater than ourselves; one that can't be forced and comes from a state of grace that brings two beings into contact allowing them to mesh as one. It is my belief that all beings in this Universe are connected and sometimes by chance we meet people who we know were put on our path for a special reason. I also believe that connection is something that we must strive for in our relationships. This is especially true in our relationships with our horses.
Although we all seek meaningful connections, we sometimes avoid intimacy as it can be scary to our ego self. When we feel vulnerable and threatened we may disconnect emotionally and retreat into ourselves as a defense mechanism. Awareness is the key to breaking through this ego based thinking and letting the love in our hearts flow into the world. When we are in a peaceful loving space within ourselves, connection with others feels natural and safe.
Horses are master teachers in guiding us to awareness and self discovery. It has been my experience with horses that true connection takes practice and is cultivated over time. There must be trust and respect for this essential bond to develop. If we try to establish a relationship with a horse based on our own ego needs, we will invariably find conflict. We all have the power within ourselves to heal our emotional trauma and pain through awareness. The most rewarding relationships are based on how we relate and connect to ourselves. Once we begin to know and love ourselves, our hearts will naturally open. Only in a place of peace, purely in the present moment, can we experience the magic of connection with our horses. | http://kindredconnectionscr.com/blog/the-power-of-connection-with-horses |
This is a great excerpt from one of Dr. Wayne Dyer’s many fantastic books:
The Tao and water are synonymous according to the teachings of Lao-tzu. You are water; water is you. Think about the first nine months of your life after conception: You lived in, and were nourished by, amniotic fluid, which is truly unconditional love flowing into you… flowing as you. You are now 75 percent water (and your brain is 85 percent), and the rest is simply muscled water.
Think about the mysterious magical nature of this liquid energy that we take for granted. Try to squeeze it, and it eludes us; relax our hands into it, and we experience it readily. If it stays stationary, it will become stagnant; if it is allowed to flow, it will stay pure. It does not seek the high spots to be above it all, but settles for the lowest places. It gathers into rivers, lakes, and streams; courses to the sea; and then evaporates to fall again as rain. It maps out nothing and it plays no favorites: It doesn’tintend to provide sustenance to the animals and plants. It has no plans to irrigate the fields; to slake our thirst; or to provide the opportunity to swim, sail, ski, and scuba dive. These are some of the benefits that come naturally from water simply doing what it does and being what it is.
The Tao asks you to clearly see the parallels between you and this naturally flowing substance that allows life to sustain itself. Live as water lives, since you are water. Become as contented as the fluid that animates and supports you. Let your thoughts and behaviors move smoothly in accordance with the nature of all things.
It is natural for you to be gentle, to allow others to be free to go where they’re inclined to go, and to be as they need to be without interference from you. It is natural to trust in the eternal flow, be true to your inner inclinations, and stick to your word. It is natural to treat everyone as an equal. All of these lessons can be derived by observing how water, which sustains all life, behaves. It simply moves, and the benefits it provides occur from it being what it is, in harmony with the present moment and knowing the truth of precisely how to behave.
What follows is what Lao-tzu might say to you, based upon his writing of the 8th verse of the Tao Te Ching: When you’re free to flow as water, you’re free to communicate naturally—information is exchanged, and knowledge advances in a way that benefits everyone.
Be careful not to assign yourself a place of importance above anyone else. Be receptive to everyone, particularly those who may not routinely receive respect, such as the uneducated, homeless, or troubled members of our society. Go to the “low places loathed by all men,” and have an open mind when you’re there. Look for the Tao in everyone you encounter; and make a special effort to have acceptance, gentleness, and kindness course through you to others.
By not being irritating, you’ll be received with respect. By making every effort to avoid controlling the lives of others, you’ll be in peaceful harmony with the natural order of the Tao. This is the way you nourish others without trying. Be like water—which creates opportunities for swimming, fishing, surfing, drinking, wading, sprinkling, floating, and an endless list of benefits—by not trying to do
anything other than simply flow.
Do the Tao Now
Drink water silently today, while reminding yourself with each sip to nourish others in the same life-flourishing way that streams give to the animals and rain delivers to the plants. Note how many places water is there for you—serving you by flowing naturally. Say a prayer of
gratitude for this life-sustaining, always-flowing substance.
By Wayne W. Dyer, Ph.D. | https://breatheinlife-blog.com/be-like-water-by-wayne-w-dyer-breathe-in-life-blog/ |
Respect for the Qur’aan Shareef
Respect, reverence and love for the Qur’aan Shareef are inborn in the heart of a Muslim. In former days, there was no need to teach Madrasah-going children how to carry the Kalaam of Allah Ta’ala. Just as a duckling naturally swims when it enters the water, so too the Muslim child of not so long ago (during our childhood days), naturally and automatically knew how to handle and carry the most sacred Book on earth.
All Madrasah pupils would naturally hold the Qur’aan Majeed to their breast, never at their sides, never slung over their shoulders in bags, never ever holding it below the navel or in line with the satr as has become the repugnant style nowadays.
DISRESPECT
Parents and teachers are all blameworthy for the gross disrespect which children show to the Qur’aan Majeed. Schools with their liberal norms of immorality have all but effaced the demands of Imaan. Madrasah Ustaadhs and parents have to assume greater part of the blame for allowing their pupils/children to carry the Qur’aan Majeed in bags in the way they carry and defile their secular school books.
There is only one way in which the Kalaam of Allah Azza Wa Jal may be carried. It has to be held to the breast/heart. It is indeed perfidious and insolent for a Muslim child to walk with a copy of the Qur’aan Majeed slung on the back or hanging in a bag from the shoulder dangling at the side below navel-level. Is this the reverence and respect parents and Madrasah Ustaadhs have for Allah’s Kalaam?
ETIQUETTE
It is necessary for both the Ustaadhs and parents to diligently educate their children in the proper etiquette of handling the Qur’aan Majeed.
Children should be instructed to enclose the Qur’aan Majeed in the old fashioned cloth-coverings (Juzdaan), and held with reverence and love to their heart. If this reverence for the Kitaab of Allah is not inculcated in children, the defilement which the Qur’aan Majeed will suffer at their hands in later years will not be surprising. If anyone is desirous to observe what defilement of the Qur’aan Majeed is in physical terms, he should visit the Haramain Shareefain to witness the most shocking acts of defilement and blasphemy to which Allah’s Kalaam is subjected. May Allah Ta’ala protect us.
NATURAL
Times have drastically changed. What was yesterday natural for children, has to be inculcated in them with much effort today. Natural attributes of Imaan have been eroded and even effaced by the preponderance of secularism, immorality and kufr in which they wallow the greater part of their developing and formative years.
It is of vital importance in the interests of healthy Imaan for parents and Ustaadhs to divest themselves of the insensitivity they display towards the tarbiyat of the children under their jurisdiction. | https://themajlis.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=969:respect-for-the-quraan-shareef&catid=34:majlis-articles&Itemid=27 |
Children are amazing beings. Consider all of the traits that naturally unfold within their growth and development.
Some qualities, however, children don’t naturally develop on their own. Responsibility is one of these, and it’s a quality most parents would put at the top of their wish list. We all aim to raise children both willing and able to fulfill their responsibilities in our homes while young, and later, out in the world in their own families and communities.
While instilling responsibility may seem a daunting task, there is a major silver lining. Kids have an innate desire for purpose, contribution to the greater good, and making a positive impact on the world around them. We’ve all witnessed our children taking pride in seemingly small tasks, such as helping the baby with his pacifier or helping stir the soup at mealtime.
Children need human connection and long to feel valued by those they love. Responsibility allows children to find fulfillment in being helpful and productive on behalf of themselves and others. Parents can take a positive, supportive approach by fostering these three major components of responsibility.
Capability
When we feel capable, we are confident that we can complete a task or responsibility through our own skills or efforts. When our child feels this way, they engage in new tasks or skills without being held back by fear of failure.
Allow your child to follow through with tasks on their own and complete things in their own way. Constantly stepping in and doing things for your child reduces motivation and increases dependency. There is a time to teach, and there are times to allow children to prove they can do it on their own.
Ask questions that promote problem solving. When children approach you with a problem or conflict, it’s important to fight the urge to jump in with a solution right off the bat. Ask what ideas they’re considering to work on the issue. This demonstrates confidence in the child’s ability to navigate the problem independently.
Respect
Demonstrating respect for oneself and others is a large component of responsibility. Self respect can develop as children grow to learn their importance and value. When our children learn to respect themselves, they’re naturally motivated to engage in prosocial behaviors, such as sharing and cooperating. They’ll engage in relationships and situations in a way that demands dignity and respect.
How can you foster self respect in a child?
Show them unconditional love. This doesn’t mean they have no boundaries or limits, just that you reiterate your acceptance and love for them through discipline.
Teach your children that they have value. When parents affirm their children’s intrinsic worth as people – outside of achievements – they will begin to internalize this concept. Talking to them about their value in the family, and in the world, helps develop a healthy self identity, which in turn allows self-respect to flow naturally.
Teach accountability. When children make a mistake, help them understand that it’s up to them to make it better. Whether it be checking on a sibling or fixing something they broke, children will benefit from knowing that they have the ability to help and solve problems.
When our children learn to extend respect to others, they see the value in treating those around them the way they’d like to be treated themselves. Having respect for adults and authority figures increases the odds of following through with requests and meeting set expectations.
How can you teach your kids about respect?
Model respect for others on a daily basis. If children overhear their parents talking negatively about authority figures, they will follow suit.
Teach communication and problem-solving skills. Research shows children benefit from understanding basic etiquette and manners. It’s never too early to discuss how to be respectful with tone and language even when we’re upset. Follow this up with practice.
Show respect for your child. When parents talk to their child in a respectful tone and show them consideration by listening when they speak, the child learns to extend that same respect to others.
Work ethic
When our children have a strong work ethic, they can motivate and persevere through challenges. Research shows that when parents are engaged and proactive in guiding their child toward these qualities, a child’s competence will be higher. Children with a strong work ethic will not shy away from a challenge and are more likely to see the value of putting in a solid effort at school and at home.
How can you foster a strong work ethic in your kids?
Give your child age-appropriate personal and household responsibilities, as well as opportunities to earn income. They will often protest, but stick with it.
Find ways to make work fun. Kids are naturally wired for play, so finding ways to incorporate music, games, or imagination into household work will go a long way.
Foster a growth mindset. This means turning mistakes into opportunities for growth and promoting the idea that effort is just as valued as outcome.
Praise properly. When parents praise hard work and effort over performance and outcome, they give their child room for improvement and increase their persistence.
Set goals. When children have goals (focused on effort and growth, not outcome), their motivation and perseverance increase.
We now have a solid framework for raising a responsible kid. We know that capability, respect, and work ethic help our children make connections to an overarching goal of responsibility. Putting in effort now will plant the seed for responsibility to grow naturally in the later years. | https://www.parent.com/heres-what-it-takes-to-raise-a-responsible-kid/ |
We create patinas and natural colours through a variety of studied organic compositions that are exclusive to RFC. We believe that nature is untameable and that the wild spirit of wood should reflect its origins of time and variation without the constraints of excessive manufacturing.
Our organic formulas are designed to react with the tannin acid that exists naturally within the timber allowing us to create a time capsule effect that speeds up the natural ageing process.
This aesthetic is achieved as the wood structures organically react and change colour within themselves rather than applying a flat wash of commercial stain, which is used predominantly in other wood flooring companies.
RFC prides itself on using natural technology and embraces the relinquishment of over produced, often contrived finishes. As the wood ages and matures a deeper character develops, subtle surface differences emerge and a personalization is created with each passing year. | https://www.reclaimedflooringco.com/about-us/specialist-finishing-techniques-and-colouring-processes/natural-colours/ |
Making A Loss
"When you make a loss, at least, it will be someone else's gain!"
Introduction
Defining Making A Loss
Making a loss is defined here as the experience of losing money, i.e. not making a profit. It's also about gaining something less than one expected, i.e. being underpaid at work.
For example, you may lose money on an investment, or perhaps you brought a piece of furniture only to find later another store selling it at a cheaper price. Or, you may have discovered that the house you'd brought a few years ago isn't rising in value as much as you hoped to.
Making a loss is a subjective experience. Thus what kinds of experiences will make one feel as if they've made a loss will differ from one mind to another.
This article is about addressing the suffering states of mind that one can experiences the feeling of having made a loss so that one can experience greater happiness.
Making A Loss In Depth
In life, we will eventually make a loss. This is because life is just full of unpredictabilities.
No one can know whether there will be a discount on an item that one has just brought. And it's impossible for one to accurately predict whether a profit or a loss will be made from one's investments. Perhaps one has brought a house. But how much money would it cost to fix all the problems that the house will have in the future? Would one end up making a loss?
No one knows.
So, we can't predict the future. And because we cannot predict the future, we will all ultimately make a wrong choice from time to time. So it's natural that some of our choices will take us to an undesired outcome.
Making a loss just a part of life.
From a spiritual perspective, that unpredictable part of life is the part that is fun and most rewarding. It's full of disturbances, changes, lessons that can help one to experience and learn about the world and oneself in enlightening ways.
So, why can't one just be happy in life?
Importance
Importance Of Addressing Making A Loss
Let us look at some of the ways one can suffer when one cares too much about making a loss.
When one hates the idea of making a loss, one can experience the suffering states of the mind, in particular, the fears of losing money or being taken advantage of. When one carries such fears, one can often feel vulnerable and unsafe.
One can also experience negative states of regret if one ends up making a mistake. One can even dwell excessively in past events in self-judgemental thoughts of the things one could've done to have minimized the loss.
Do you often judge yourself whenever you've made the wrong choice?
When one has fears of making a loss, the fears can drive one to spend a lot of time and effort to avoid such scenarios from happening in life. For instance, constantly analyzing situations whether one is making a loss or a profit, checking prices for items in different stores for the best bargain, analyzing the pros and cons of relationships, and so forth.
Certainly, to a degree, we all naturally do things like these to protect ourselves from making a loss. There's nothing wrong with being smart with our investments, choices, and purchases. However, when one is driven by the suffering states of mind to do these things, it will lead to greater unhappiness. The fears can make one overthink situations; we can become stressed about little things instead of just enjoying the life experiences that pass us by.
The negativity towards making a loss can also make one fear spending their money and going towards risky experiences, which can be enlightening. Sometimes, doing something unpredictable outside our comfort zone can help us spiritually because it's there that we can learn more things: to love ourselves when we fail and to develop trust when we do succeed.
So, if one wishes for greater happiness, one will have to assess whether one's relationship with money is currently a suffering one or an enjoyable one.
Path Of Creator
Making A Loss In Relation To The Path Of Creator
The Path of Creator is about creating greater happiness in life inside. So, it's about addressing the Suffering States of the mind at the deepest level.
The most predictable part of life is Change.
Every moment, something is changing, even the price of that apple you are eating!
The journey can begin with becoming aware of this truth. The more one can become aware of this truth, the more naturally willing the mind will accept the unpredictable changes that can happen in one's life.
Sometimes, the weather is good, sometimes it's bad. Learning to accept change is about being happy whether the day rains or shines.
As one develops the Knowing, one will eventually realize that one can never make perfect decisions. Mistakes are bound to happen because one cannot foresee the future. The only thing one can really do is make a good guess and hope for the best!
So, the only thing one can really do is to learn to Accept oneself and the world no matter what happens. Doing so will take one on a journey towards greater happiness. Failing to do so will only lead one towards greater sadness.
So the journey towards greater happiness is to develop greater Self-Acceptance, learning to forgive The Self for making bad choices and the world for allowing it to happen, and then move on.
How to accelerate the journey of Self-Transformation?
Experiences of making a loss, or more specifically, intense experiences of losing a lot of money, friends, and opportunities are great catalysts to accelerate the journey of developing Self-Acceptance. Because in these miserable situations, one will have no choice but to accept The Self / to accept reality as is. These trauma-inducing experiences can help one to see that unless one submits and accept the experiences, the Sufferings will continue.
Of course, these catalysts can only be used if one incorporates the practice of meditation in one's life. Without developing the Stillness of the mind, one will simply end dwelling in one's negative reactions when going towards such experiences, which will make it difficult for one to see the wisdom beyond the negative reactions.
As one develops greater Self-Acceptance, one will also become wiser.
With time, one will be able to make their choices out of wisdom, rather than the fears of making a loss. For instance, to check the best prices on a computer out of wisdom than out of fear. To make investments out of trust rather than greed. To create relationships with people out of love rather than out of expectations. Although it's the same action, different intentions will bring different outcomes to the state of one's mind!
So, on the journey towards greater happiness, one will also gradually see the experiences of loss as lessons to grow from rather than experiences to criticize oneself on.
The destination is towards a state of Contentment, without attachments to the ideas of gain or loss, to see that The Self is already perfect as is no matter if one has less or more.
Know and Transform The Self!
Reading articles helps with understanding, but to transform the mind, one realizes the truth from experience.
For such an enlightening journey, the Self-Transformation Course has everything you will ever need! | https://www.creationwithincreation.com/catalysts/making-a-loss.html |
For the past few years I have been practicing allowing my life to unfold as it should without force or push. It is surprising how enjoyable living this way is. You would think that this method of life only works for someone who is retired, but I have written two books that are in the editing stages, plus I grow flowers for the floral business that my wife and I run. We have a very full schedule, but allowing life to unfold as it should made my life much easier.
With all the talk about pushing through life and grabbing life by the horns, how can allowing life to unfold be so fulfilling? With this question and many more, I thought that I would ask my Inner Voice for guidance. My questions will be in italics and the answers from my Inner Voice will be in normal print.
What are the differences between forcing life and allowing life to unfold as it should?
Look at the word force, it means to push against something, forcing life is to push against life, the question becomes, what are you pushing against? Yes, there will be obstacles in life, but few people are willing to accept that these roadblocks are meant as a place of learning and inner growth. To force your way past these obstacles is to push past the opportunity for a more true understanding that has arisen in front of you.
To allow life to unfold as it should is to learn to see a roadblock, and accept the lessons that it has for you. Once the lesson is learned the roadblock will no longer be an issue in your life. If you force yourself through the block you may not learn its important lesson, which will show up in your life again until you finally learn the lesson.
Allowing life to unfold as it should is being open to new possibilities that may far exceed your expectations. These possibilities may not be noticed if you are forcing your way through life.
People appear to getting along just fine pushing through obstacles. Why change something that works for them?
When a person is forcing their way through life, they are often so focused that they may disregard important guidance, whether this guidance is physical or spoken through their inner voice. Their commitment to pushing past the roadblock can keep them from experiencing this guidance.
Oftentimes when someone is allowing their life to unfold as it should, they will be open to other ways of thinking, solving problems and allowing better solutions to come into their life. They are not limited by a certain mindset, and they will be open to new experiences benefiting them in positive ways. Remember, forcing is using force to accomplish a task. The focus is on accomplishing the task, and not on the process of accomplishing the task. In allowing life to unfold as it should, focus becomes the process of life; living life with eyes wide open looking to see the many possibilities that are available. How many times have you experienced life by force to only see the ground in front of you. This single minded focus will cause you to miss many options that may be better for you, but you cannot see them because you are focused on pushing your life forward.
Yes, but allowing life to unfold as it should sounds lazy. What can you say to this?
If this sounds lazy then it is because you have been living your life through force. To allow life to unfold as it should, is putting your trust in the universe to aid you in any decision, or action that you may take. It must be understood that there is much more going on in your life that you cannot see than you can see. The energy of life will always direct you to the best that life has to offer, if you are willing to allow it to happen. Allowing is getting out of the way so that you can see the unlimited possibilities that are available to you. Imagine allowing as opening yourself up to the never ending stream of love that is within you, then from this place allowing this love to guide you to the best of life. Allowing is not lazy, allowing is knowing that you are a magnet for your desires and through this kind of behavior you will have the ability to let things fall into place for you.
Do I have to do anything to allow my life to unfold as it should?
You must learn to trust in the unseen. Trust in the energy of love and through this love you will become open to new possibilities that will be of great benefit to you. This is not sitting on your hands and waiting, that is lazy. Allowing is knowing what you want to accomplish, and understanding that there are forces greater than you at work to help you accomplish your goals. Through this way of living, life will flow smoothly for you as you learn to see guidance everywhere you look, guidance that will help accomplish your task without force or push.
I understand that this maybe a new way of thinking, but it can change the way in which you live your life. If you feel that you must run every red light to accomplish a task it might be time to stop on the yellow light and allow life to unfold as it should. Give it a try and let me know how it works out for you. | http://www.paulhudon.com/2019/01/forcing-or-allowing-life.html |
In this MIDL Mindfulness Training we begin basic mindfulness of breathing through observing the natural flow of autonomous breathing as it moves through our body. During this training it is not important to place the breathing in any place but rather the focus is on cultivation of the mental factors of applied and sustained attention, mindfulness and concentration. To aid in this we use basic labelling such as "in" "out" and "wandering" "thinking" in order to focus attention and cultivate mindfulness. Submit Your Question
Your Question: One of my struggles is trying to watch the breath from a distance. I'm not able to achieve that view. Can you please provide me with some direction on how to do that?
Stephen Procter: There are two aspects to observing our breathing in MIDL mindfulness meditation. There are the sensations of breathing that arise as it moves through our body and there is the awareness of the mind that knows the experience of those sensations. To watch the breath from a distance is to be aware of the awareness of the sensations of the breathing rather than just focusing on the breathing itself. It is a shift from focusing on the sensations of breathing to the knowing quality of awareness.
To learn to observe the awareness of your breathing it is first beneficial to train your ability to observe natural breathing, free from control. When control is present within your mind then your focus will be so intent on your breathing that the awareness that knows the experience of breathing will not be clear to you. Begin with MIDL Mindfulness Training 6 / 52: Experiencing the Natural Breath where you will learn to relax your control of your breathing.
This is done by gently breathing out through your nose, relaxing and then waiting for the breath to come in 'by itself'. You will then be able to observe natural, uncontrolled breathing without interference; relaxing any interference which appears as tension or tightness within your breathing. This training will separate the awareness of breathing from the experience of breathing and you will start to observe from a distance.
You can then move on to MIDL Mindfulness Training 7/52: Experiencing the Whole Breath. During this training you keep your awareness grounded within the experience of your body as it sits: warmth, coolness, heaviness and touch. This creates your observing platform for mindfulness of breathing. Once awareness is grounded in your body you then relax your chest and belly and allow the breathing to flow freely. While keeping awareness of your whole body as it sits you will then be able to feel the flow of breathing as it moves within the experience of your body, as if from a distance.
As your practice deepens you will start to become aware of the awareness of your body and the awareness of your breathing. This transition from the object of awareness to becoming aware of the awareness itself happens naturally with the development of mindfulness and concentration. Having a foundation to observe from, such as mindfulness of your body as developed in these above trainings, makes this transition easier.
Your Question: I was wondering about one comment you made in this meditation something to the effect that when my mind wanders, I should say “thinking” until the thought dissolves. Does that mean that I should stay with that thought until my mind quits with it, rather than directing my mind back to my meditation object/my breath as soon as I recognize that my mind has wandered?
Stephen Procter: To understand this it is helpful to understand the purpose of your meditation. If you are doing a concentration practice to develop tranquillity then your task is to ignore anything that draws your attention away from your primary meditation object as it will interfere with the development of concentration. In the case of mindfulness meditation however, distraction is not ignored but rather is to be understood - distraction is the content of the meditation practice and where we cultivate Wisdom.
Your meditation objects primary purpose during MIDL mindfulness meditation is as a reference point, as a grounding point, from which to observe your attention move. The movement of your attention is what needs to be observed and the experience of whatever your attention moves towards - such as a thought / sound / sensation - needs to be 'tasted' for Wisdom to arise.
A label is an intentional thought that we create that has the purpose of directing our attention towards the current experience and clarifies our awareness of it. In terms of when we have been distracted by thinking using the label 'thinking' clarifies where our attention has shifted to and creates separation between the thought and the awareness. We cannot think two thoughts at once so the intentional thought (the label), cancels out the habitual unintentional thought.
Once labelled a gap will be created in the habitual thought stream and it will most likely dissolve under the awareness of your mindfulness. The most important part to observe is the impermanent and impersonal nature of your habitual thought process. Once you have observed these aspects and ‘tasted’ what it feels like now that the thought has dissolved, you can then return to your primary meditation object with your effort towards observing the next time your attention moves.
If the habitual thinking continues to draw your attention away from your primary meditation object than it is more skilful to make the restlessness of the thinking itself your meditation object. By widening your awareness, grounding it within your body and allowing your mind to run wild the restlessness can be observed and will settle when its fuel runs out. If however habitual thinking continues but does not draw your attention towards it then it is enough just to know that there is restlessness within your mind and to relax into your primary meditation object.
Your Question: How do I know when I have developed enough concentration to suppress the five hindrances, is this when perception of my body ceases?
Stephen Procter: The function of perception (sanna) is to recognise an experience "I know what this is". When concentration becomes one pointed the function of perception can be suppressed and the recognition of experience at the six senses ceases. Firstly it is important to understand that during MIDL mindfulness meditation it is not necessary for you to develop the level of your concentration to the stage that perception ceases. This may happen during meditation but it is not necessary.
This fading of perception however can be used as a sign to know when enough concentration has been developed in order to temporarily suppress the five hindrances to meditation. Sounds may become distant and lose meaning, your body may become comfortable with no borders and thoughts lose their attraction and meaning. This suppression through the development of concentration leads to temporary clarification of awareness in order to observe reality.
It is from this stage that you switch from developing concentration for tranquillity, to pure mindfulness meditation by investigating your experience in order to develop understanding. This is done by switching from suppressing the five hindrances through fixed concentration, to allowing the hindrances to arise and your mind to wander; observing the wandering itself and the quality of the hindrances within it
Your Question: I am still having a hard time following the breath without the need to control it, what should I do?
Stephen Procter: You noticing that you are controlling your breathing seemingly unintentionally is a good thing, it is a sign that your mindfulness meditation practice is progressing. This desire to control breathing is not to be gotten rid of but to be understood, it is at this point that you can train yourself to be able to observe the breath without this habitual interference.
You can train yourself in two ways:
1) When you notice habitual interferance with the breathing process use your softening skills as trained earlier in MIDL Mindfulness Trainings 3 – 5/52 and breathe out slowly through your nose to relax your participation. After this softening out-breath you then wait for the breath to come in naturally, by itself, triggered by your brain.
At first some fear may arise that you will not breathe in. This is also ok, this is just your fear of giving up control, relax / soften into the fear and wait again for the in-breath to draw in. It is this fear that you are working with and this fear that makes it difficult to observe breathing free from control. During this training we are using breathing because it reflects defensive habits of our mind. After breathing out always make sure that you are not trying to control by holding your out-breath; just relax and wait. When the breath comes in by itself it will appear as what I call the natural breath. It will be long, smooth, light and wispy – beautiful.
2) Now that the breath is happening naturally you can observe it as it moves throughout your body and any interference that appears within it. You will also be able to notice any over effort in your watching, this will appear as a tightening within the breathing. When you notice tightening use the softening skill to mentally relax the effort by releasing a small gentle sigh through your nose. Then again wait for the in-breath, in this way through the technique of softening you will un-train this desire to control that which doesn't need to be controlled. This is particularly targeted in MIDL Mindfulness Training 6/52. | http://meditationintheshire.com.au/questions/questions7med.html |
Developed by the Greater Bobs and Crow Lakes Association and its partners, the Stewardship Plan for Bobs and Crow Lakes (2007) provides information on many aspects of the lake environment, as well as actions to be taken to maintain and improve the long-term health of the lakes. The following list includes some of those identified actions that have implications for the well-being of the land and water resources of the lake ecosystem. Specific actions noted by the Bobs Lake community are indicated by an asterisk.
Work with approval authorities (Central Frontenac Township, Frontenac County, Kingston Frontenac Lennox and Addington Health Unit, Mississippi Rideau Septic System Office, RVCA, South Frontenac and Tay Valley Townships) and waterfront property owners (including the Greater Bobs and Crow Lakes Association and Rock Lake community) to consistently implement current land use planning and development policies for water quality and shoreline protection adjacent to Bobs and Crow Lake and headwater streams in the catchment (i.e., a minimum 30 metre development setback from water).
Explore ways and means to more effectively enforce and implement conditions of land-use planning and development approval to achieve net environmental gains (particularly with respect to rehabilitating or protecting naturally vegetated shorelines and water quality).
Encourage Committees of Adjustment to take advantage of technical and environmental information and recommendations forthcoming from planning and environmental professionals.
Municipalities in the Tay Watershed are encouraged to strengthen natural heritage and water resources official plan policies and zoning provisions (pertaining to water setbacks, frontage and naturalized shorelines and wetland protection) where deemed appropriate.
Work with Central Frontenac Township, Frontenac County, South Frontenac and Tay Valley Townships and agencies to ensure that development approvals around lakes and along watercourses take into consideration the protection of fish habitat (including the near-shore nursery and spawning habitat).
Municipal and agency planners together with development proponents are to use the 2014 Site Evaluation Guidelines to inform decision-making about the application of development setbacks on lots with shallow soils/bedrock, steep slopes and sparse vegetation cover along with the use of the appropriate, development related, best management practices.
Utilize RVCA subwatershed and catchment reports to help develop/revise official plan policies to protect surface water resources and the natural environment (including woodlands, wetlands and shoreline cover).
Use 1:100 year flood elevation information now available for Bobs Lake as an additional factor to be considered when assessing development setbacks at the shoreline and protecting property owners from flood hazards.
Establish RVCA regulation limits around the 82 percent (1465 ha.) of wetlands in the Bobs Lake catchment along with the 100 hundred percent (891 ha.) of wetlands in the Crow Lake catchment catchment that are unevaluated. Doing this will help protect landowners from natural hazards including mitigating surface water flow by storing water during periods of peak flow (such as spring snowmelt and heavy rainfall events) and releasing water during periods of low flow (this mitigation of water flow reduces flood damage), as well as contributing to the stabilisation of shorelines and to the reduction of soil erosion damage through water flow mitigation and plant soil binding/retention.
Take advantage of the RVCA Shoreline Naturalization Program to re-naturalize altered creek, lake and stream shoreline identified in this report as “Unnatural Riparian Land Cover". Concentrate stewardship efforts on Bobs and Crow Lakes waterfront properties shown in orange on the Riparian Land Cover map (see Figures 126/127 in Section 4.4 of this report). Other stewardship opportunities in the catchment may be determined based on septic system inspections and surface water quality monitoring results.
Educate landowners about the value and importance of headwater drainage features, natural shorelines and waterfront property best management practices with respect to shoreline use and development, septic system installation and maintenance and shoreline vegetation retention and enhancement (Central Frontenac Township, Frontenac County, Greater Bobs and Crow Lakes Association, Kingston Frontenac Lennox and Addington Health Unit, Mississippi-Rideau Septic System Office, Rock Lake community, RVCA, South Frontenac and Tay Valley Townships).
Consider further investigation of the Poor to Very Good surface chemistry water quality rating on Bobs Lake as part of a review of RVCA's Watershed Watch, Baseline and Benthic Invertebrate surface water quality monitoring.
Offer funding provided by the RVCA Rural Clean Water Program to landowners with potential projects that could improve water quality on Bobs and Crow Lakes and their tributaries (e.g., livestock fencing, septic system repair/replacement and streambank erosion control/stabilisation). Concentrate efforts at septic systems requiring remedial work or replacement, including the 28 identified as needing additional maintenance/remedial/replacement work since 2004.
Educate waterfront property owners about septic system care by providing information about sewage system maintenance (i.e., when to pump out septic systems and holding talks) through initiatives such as the Septic Savvy Workshop and services provided by the Mississippi Rideau Septic System Office.
Reduce pollutant loadings to Bobs Lake through education about the application of shoreline, stormwater and agricultural best management practices; also consider using low impact development (LID) methods to improve the quality and reduce the amount of stormwater runoff directly reaching the lake ecosystem. This will be particularly beneficial in areas with extensive impervious surfaces (i.e., asphalt, concrete, buildings, and severely compacted soils) or on sensitive waterfront properties (with steep slopes/banks, shallow/impermeable soils).
Educate waterfront property owners about: 1) fish habitat requirements, spawning timing and near-shore and in-water activities that can disturb or destroy fish habitat and spawning sites 2) the causes of excessive algae and aquatic vegetation growth (see the RVCA publication entitled Algae and Aquatic Plant Educational Manual) and 3) healthy lake ecosystems and associated water level fluctuations in a natural environment.
The Greater Bobs and Crow Lakes Association is leading the coordination of the implementation of the recommendations of the Stewardship Plan for Bobs and Crow Lakes (2007).
Consider a ten-year review of the Stewardship Plan for Bobs and Crow Lakes (2007).
Use the information contained in the Tay River Subwatershed Report 2017 and Bobs Lake Catchment Report 2017 to assist with implementation of the Bobs and Crow Lakes Stewardship Plan (2007) and an update to it. | https://watersheds.rvca.ca/subwatersheds-reports/tay-river/catchment-reports-tay-river/183-bobs-lake-crow-lake/474-8-opportunities |
At the end of struggle lies freedom. This is not a new concept…. it is something people have read about and been made aware of through various books and teachings and yet most people still choose the struggle. People have been ingrained, programmed and entrained with the idea that nothing can be achieved through effortlessness, and it is only through effort that results are gained. One cannot sit back and do nothing! One needs to do something doesn’t one? Some people even feel guilt doing nothing. Doing nothing is equated with laziness and people know that working hard at something is the only way to achieve results…. or is it?
People are taught to resist and persist against something instead of just letting go… and allowing it all to unfold in effortless grace.
When things succeed easily and all you need appears spontaneously on your path, it is a sign that you are going with the flow of your heart. ~ Jeshua
Think of being caught in a net. The more you struggle to free yourself the more you become entangled. If you just let go and relax, the net will naturally loosen and you will become free. It’s natural law. What you struggle against worsens because you are fighting against natural law, against Flow. By letting go you allow Flow to step in and take over. Nature works with you, in fact all of life works with you, effortlessly, to create the best outcome. Your only job is allow and to let go of your expected outcome. Despite what you may think…you (your human self) do not know what is best for you, nor do you know which outcome would work towards helping you achieving your greatest good.
The question is can you trust this process totally and completely? Most people can’t. It takes huge amounts of faith to trust fully and completely, yet if you understood the laws of nature and the true Essence of Flow, then you will realise that effort and struggle just create resistance which results in suffering and blocks you from receiving the freedom you desire.
Being in the space of open acceptance and allowing produces Spiritual alchemy. There is no other word for it. Magic happens! Spiritual alchemy is unconditional Love in action.
Therefore BE whole and free!
One of the ways you can achieve this is through working with the Blue Flame of the First Ray, which is dedicated to establishing the Will of God here on Earth. It is God’s will that you live in peace and harmony, without struggle, without conflict and in total freedom to enjoy the abundance that comes with being in the Flow of Creation.
By using your imagination, you can bring in the energy of the Blue Flame into your experience and energy matrix.
“It is through the power of imagination that experience is created.” ~ Michael
Go within and center yourself in your heart space. Through the power of your I AM Presence invoke the Flame of the Blue Ray into your energy matrix. Ask it to envelop your entire being, every cell, atom, and electron, filling your mind body and soul with its powerful energy. Through the power of your imagination bring the Flame to life within you. Envision it as being several feet in breadth and height, and imagine its powerful energy roaring within you, awakening every aspect of yourself to your inner divinity. Ask that the Flame fill those aspects of yourself that are still holding pockets of darkness, filling them with love. Ask the Flame to stay with you, giving you its power and strength throughout your day.
There is no limit to any of the Sacred Flames, so please use your imagination to create whatever it is you are needing in your present reality. Remember it is through your conscious creation that the reality of your choosing is experienced.
You all have this power within you, but you do not know how to give it direction. It is only when you are out of the energy of struggle (ie fear) and in the Flow, that your I AM Presence can reach you, and guide you Home to be the true Essence of Who You Truly are, which is a powerful Spiritual being living a material reality.
Namasté
If you would like to share this message, you do so with our blessing. Please include the following links:
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Deborah Faith – Reiki Master of the USUI System of Natural Healing, NLP (SA) Practitioner, Energy Re-Sourcing™ Therapist, Channel for Archangel Michael and the Angelic Council of Truth and Light.
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ॐ Namasté - Blessings!
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What Is the Testing Effect?
The testing effect is the tendency to acquire and retain knowledge more effectively by being tested on it, rather than drilling or repeating lessons. This phenomenon has been a subject of study among educators since the early 20th century, and numerous studies have confirmed it. Researchers have come up with a number of explanations for how and why the testing effect works. This information can be important for developing effective classroom education techniques.
One theory about the testing effect argues that the activity of actively recalling information in a test environment helps the brain retrieve it, and creates a better neural connection for finding the information in the future. If the test environment is so challenging that students cannot recall the information, no learning takes place. By contrast, an overly simplistic test environment may also be detrimental to learning, as students may not be forced to actually recall the information.
Reinforcement may also play a role in the testing effect. Humans, like many organisms, thrive on reinforcement and tend to learn more effectively in reinforcing environments. If a student successfully recalls information and performs well on a test, the good mark on the examination may reinforce her performance. She wants to repeat the performance on future tests for the same reward, and this encourages the brain to retain information.
This psychological phenomenon can be an important thing to consider in test design. In multiple choice testing, students only have to recognize a concept. This contrasts with blank prompts, where recall is engaged and the student must actually remember. Such tests seem to create more of a testing effect, making it more likely that students will learn the information. With multiple choice tests, students may forget the material after the test because they were not forced to recall it under pressure.
The open versus closed book debate is also a topic of interest among researchers interested in the testing effect. Under the logic that recall is better than recognition, closed books would seem more appropriate. Students taking open book tests, however, may engage critical thinking skills. This could result in a deeper understanding of the underlying concept, and increased learning. An open book could be more appropriate for tests where teachers want students to develop critical thinking skills.
Students may experience a clash between the testing effect and test anxiety. Some students do not perform well on tests because they get nervous, and may make mistakes or fail to recall information that they actually know very well. Some proponents of open book testing believe this approach can reduce stress and allow students to concentrate on critical thinking during the examination.
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Discussion Comments
The testing effect worked on me when I was in school, simply because I had a competitive streak and wanted to do better than anyone else on my tests! So if I knew a test would result, I would study harder so I would get a better grade.
I think humans are more motivated by fear than we want to admit. If there are negative consequences on the other side of a failed test, then a student is much more likely to learn the material, if he or she cares about the consequences. If not, then it's a 50-50 shot whether the student will learn it or not.
The student whose attitude is "It doesn't matter whether I learn this crap or not" may not learn it whether a test will be given or not. They just don't care.
I'd say testing anxiety is probably worse on standardized tests. This is because so much more seems to be on the line, and a student may freeze up with the equivalent of stage fright.
I'd also say there's a whole cultural mindset as well as psychological implications for the testing effect. People may be under pressure from their cultures and families to do well in school, so they are extra motivated to study so they can do well on tests. Their motivation may be fear-based as much as reward based, in some instances. Sometimes this backfires and results in extreme test anxiety, though. | https://www.wise-geek.com/what-is-the-testing-effect.htm |
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The following are common concerns expressed by parents and students. If you need any help, please do not hesitate to contact us at [email protected]. Our professional counseling and mentoring teams will certainly work with you and develop an action plan to address your specific concerns.
1.) Not able to understand course continuation: Students in middle school may perform well in their classes, but many students have the mindset that after the current school year that they are in, they can disregard many of the topics they learned in that year because they won’t be needed for the following year. But their lack of understanding of course continuation will only cause them to struggle in following years when they have to recall information from previous years in school.
2.) Bullying and Cyberbullying: At this age, children have trouble knowing when something is taken too far. As a result, teasing or normal jokes can be taken too far online, leading to full fledged cyberbullying, which leads to other problems on this list for students, such as self esteem issues.
3.) Enrollment in too many activities: Trying a variety of activities and hobbies is a great thing, but only to a certain extent. Some kids may become overzealous, and taking on too much than they can handle. It is important for kids to expose themselves to new experiences, but at the same time they must have a rough idea of how much they can take on without sacrificing their performance for any individual activity.
4.) Issues in preparing for PSAT: The PSAT is most likely the first big standardized test that a student takes. They may have taken some tests in elementary school, but they are not emphasized to the extent that the PSAT is. The PSAT is also the first test that students have to study mostly by themselves for. They cannot simply rely on just their normal school work to study for the test. They must prepare separately, and this can cause issues as this is new to students. They may not allocate enough time for both school work and their preparation, leading struggles while getting ready for the PSAT.
5.) Low scores in standardized tests: A low score on standardized tests can be attributed to a number of factors. As stated above, students may find themselves struggling to juggle between normal school work and their preparations for standardized tests. This may also lead to a less-than-satisfactory score on these standardized tests. Along with this, a lack of confidence in one’s abilities or simply an “off day” are all potential reasons for low scores.
6.) Severe drop in self-esteem: Kids are still growing, in more ways than one, and they are continuing to find more about themselves and what kind of person they are. In this time of self-reflecting, it can be easy for them to think less of themselves or to question their abilities and capabilities. These negative mindsets can go on to adversely impact their learning.
7.) Showing signs of stress with mood swings: Like stated above, kids are developing at this age, and part of this process is their hormonal changes, which can lead to things such as mood swings. School work can be very stressful, and especially at an age when they don’t yet know how to properly express themselves, it can very easily lead to negative outbursts such in the form of mood swings.
8.) Slipping grades especially in English: We place an emphasis on math from a very young age, and very often the children have a strong grasp on math and continue to excel in that area. But success in school is dictated by more than their performance in just math. By not placing enough stress on English and reading, it will lead to decreased performance in those aspects of school. Success in school is doing well in all aspects, not just one.
9.) Spending too much time with friends: These kids can be very talented or gifted and perform well in school, but it is important that they also develop good time management skills, something that they will use for the rest of their lives. While being socially adept and being able to communicate well with others is very important, they must be able to allot enough time for their school work. Becoming distracted easily, allocating enough time for their work can become harder for them, leading to them proportioning time incorrectly for their different priorities.
10.) Too much time on video games: The same way that kids neglect their schoolwork to spend time with friends, the same can happen with video games. Video games can be used as a method of relaxation for kids, a time to escape their work for a little while, but it is imperative this does not exceed beyond that and continue to hurt performance in school. | https://www.avs-academy.com/top10middle |
Low self-esteem is about not valuing ourselves as human beings. It may also be called low self-image. Many of us have had the experience of feeling that we haven't been 'good enough' in a specific situation, particularly if we face rejection, or criticism. However, some people find it hard to value themselves even when outwardly things are going well and this is a persistent rather than passing state.
These vary. Some people do not believe they are likeable, attractive, or successful, even when presented with information which is contrary to these negative beliefs. Self-esteem issues may lead to an endless round of comparisons with others, leaving one feeling lacking across a range of attributes. Low self-esteem can also have a detrimental effect on relationships if one partner depends greatly on the other to maintain their self-image.
How does low self-esteem come about?
Early experiences can impact greatly on the beliefs we have about ourselves. For example abuse, neglect, or abandonment can foster beliefs which influence self-esteem throughout life. However, low self-esteem can occur in the absence of serious childhood trauma. It may arise from inconsistent or critical parenting, or as a result of later life experiences. Identifying a 'cause' is not necessary in order to obtain help.
The good news is that there are things that can be done to improve feelings of self-worth. There is some evidence from research that during the process of counselling, improvement in self-esteem can occur. Counselling provides the opportunity to re-evaluate negative beliefs about ourselves which are formed early in life. New coping strategies can also be learned during counselling sessions. For instance, developing assertiveness skills and a greater awareness of individual needs.
The most important development from improved self-esteem is self-acceptance. This means being able to live with our strengths and weaknesses and coming to terms with previous behaviours.
Having a strong sense of self and/or cultural belonging has consequences for the individual alone and in relationships. When people value themselves they tend to improve self care and make sure physical and emotional needs are met. It is important for an individual to be able to look after themselves before they embark on a permanent relationship. It is an advantage to choose a partner from a position of strength, rather than need.
Other important decisions and challenges in life are made easier when self-esteem is good. When people value themselves it is also less likely that they will do things which might be damaging to themselves or others.
Please note: Ideas for the pamphlet were borrowed from 'Love in the Real World', by Rhonda Pritchard; 'Choose to be Happy' by Wayne Froggatt; and 'Self-Esteem' by McKay and Fanning.
If you would like to make an appointment to see a counsellor to learn more about this topic please contact the counselling service on your campus. Distance students can contact any one of the campuses.
Please tell the receptionist if you need an urgent appointment.
Albany: Health and Counselling Centre Monday to Friday 8.30 am - 5.00 pm. Telephone (09) 213 6700.
Manawatu: Student Counselling Service, Turitea Campus, Monday to Friday 8.30 am - 5.00 pm (8.30 - 4.30 during semester breaks). Telephone (06) 350-5533.
Wellington: Student Counselling Service, The Student Services Trust @ Wellington, Monday to Friday 8.30 am - 4.30 pm. Telephone (04) 801-2542. | http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/student-life/services-and-resources/health-counselling-services/counselling-resources/resource-index/self-esteem/dealing-with-low-self-esteem.cfm |
I am grateful to Steven Carter for opening a thoughtful dialogue on the effects of class size on student learning in his feature article in Sunday's METRO section of the Oregonian (April 4, 1999). Nancy Fisher, a third/fourth grade teacher on Sauvie Island featured in the article, voices the experience of a vast majority of teachers, students, and parents on this important issue: when classes have 20 or fewer students, all students gain. This view is confirmed by a review of research studies on class size released in May of 1998 by the U. S. Department of Education: "Reducing Class Size: What Do We Know?" The findings of this review, combined with research findings on smaller schools, have important implications for educational policy and decision-making at both the state and district levels.
The research on class size reveals that while reductions by just a few students (for example from 27 to 24 students) may not result in dramatic differences in student achievement, when class size is reduced to 15 to 20 students, several important areas are impacted: (1) Significant effects in achievement as measured by standardized achievement tests appear for most students, especially at the elementary level; (2) These effects are largest for minority and low income students at every grade level; (3) Students are more actively engaged in learning and their teachers spend more time in instruction rather than in classroom management; and (4) Students, teachers, and parents report positive effects on the quality of classroom activity.
Smaller schools also impact students’ education. Two large-scale studies are quite clear on this point. Kathleen Cotton, a researcher at the Northwest Regional Education Laboratory in Portland, published a review of over 100 studies on the effects of school size in 1996 (available on the internet as http://www.aasa.org). Cotton found that students in smaller schools have achieved academically on par with and often better than those in larger schools; have stronger academic and general self-esteem; lower drop-out rates and higher attendance and graduation rates; lower incidences of negative social behavior, including disruptive and violent behavior, substance abuse, vandalism, theft, and gang participation; assume more personal responsibility; and participate in a greater number of extracurricular and leadership positions. Fewer students report feeling overlooked and alienated, and more express a feeling of belonging and overall satisfaction with their school. There is no sacrifice in curricular quality and students perform just as well on college entrance examinations and college acceptance rates. Minority students and those from low income families benefit even more than students in general in smaller schools. Teachers in small schools report higher satisfaction in their work and interpersonal relations among students, teachers, and administrators are described as more positive.
Cotton defines small schools in her review as elementary schools of 300-400 students and high schools of 400-600 students.
A second study, published in 1998 by New York University’s Institute for Education and Social Policy, examined the effects of the size of New York City high schools on school costs and performance. In their executive summary, the authors cite their findings that smaller medium size high schools (600-1200 students) show better outputs, including attendance rates, test scores, and number of graduates, than larger schools and that small academic and articulated alternative high schools cost among the least per graduate of all New York City high schools. The report also found that positive effects were greatest for students from low income families, particularly low income minority students.
Some large schools have responded to these findings with a schools-within-a-school approach, with administrative autonomy within each of the units of the building or campus an important determinant of whether the positive effects will be realized.
Both studies suggest that per-pupil costs don’t have to be much higher in small schools. (For example, the average annual cost of educating a student in 1996 in New York City academic high schools of 600-1200 students was $6,943; for schools of 1200-2,000 students it was $6,849; for schools of over 2,000 students it was $6,219.) It appears that there may be more direct costs associated with reducing class and school size to the level that assures a quality education. However, what is so often missing from our calculations of educational costs are the economic and social short- and long-term costs of high drop-out rates; anti-social behavior and vandalism; juvenile crime, health problems, and addiction habits; teen pregnancy, parenting, and unemployment. These long-term costs accrue not only to youth and their families, but to all of us.
The statistical reports and test scores tell just part of the story.
Since standardized tests succeed at assessing a narrow spectrum of basic knowledge, mostly in the form of multiple choice items, they tell us very little about how students can actually apply basic skills to the solving of real problems or how well they understand broader concepts and context in the areas they are studying. We need to think more expansively about the assessment of student learning, including such approaches as presentations, exhibits, interviews, and portfolios, and encourage evaluation by teachers as well as by the students themselves. Because of the limitations of standardized testing, including their close correlation with socioeconomic status, citizens should be quite wary if their schools educational quality or their children’s educational progress is assessed only by standardized test scores. Such tests have long been known to do a poor job of measuring the rich diversity of what students really know and can do, and an abysmal job of measuring what students with limited English proficiency or special needs know and can do. Such a singular approach to measuring student achievement cannot possibly capture what it means to be an educated person.
When considering effective educational and social policy, it is wise for the public and journalists alike to discern what can be learned from case studies and the reports of those who teach and learn in schools. The experience of small public schools such as the Central Park East Schools in East Harlem, led by Deborah Meier, reveal the possibilities for dramatic improvements in our nations most challenging schools. Such case studies demonstrate that small schools can help mobilize the imagination, vision, and commitment of school and community members. Learning in these schools is balanced between achieving common standards and pursuing individual interests and talents, assessed through student portfolios and applied performance in addition to written tests.
During nearly thirty years of teaching experience spanning the elementary and university levels, I have noted wide-spread agreement among teachers, students, and parents regarding the conditions of schooling that are most conducive to student learning and well-being. Almost all I have asked believe that the quality of a child’s education is compromised when classes exceed 18-20 students, including grade levels beyond the primary grades.
The challenges our youth face call for a wise and thoughtful response from our families and communities alike. We have a rare opportunity at this time to use our resources and our imagination to improve the education, life opportunities, and well-being of all of our youth. The combined effects of smaller class size and smaller schools, continuing professional development and recruitment of talented teachers and school leaders, improved resources and facilities, expanded assessment strategies, opportunities for real-world learning experiences connected to school learning, and vigorous family and community involvement would all help assure that students from all walks of life will be able to learn well and thrive in school. Of all of these, I stand with Cotton, the authors of the New York University study, and our extraordinarily committed classroom teachers in believing that smaller schools and classes may be the single most important need in school reform. Implementing higher standards and new testing procedures without addressing the conditions of schooling will only result in tracking more children into failure, a cost that we surely cannot afford. The costs of educating youth well will be far less than the costs of educating them poorly. | http://www.geneonet.com/MRSD/Exploring_class_size.htm |
The year of 2020 was difficult to say the least; with a number of employers undertaking redundancy programmes, there was a heavy focus on supporting people who ultimately may have lost their jobs.
However, we often forget the impact this process may have on the staff that retained their jobs and that these ‘survivors’ will also need reassurance for the future and continued support in their roles.
What is redundancy survivor syndrome?
A redundancy exercise isn’t traumatic for just those employees who end up losing their jobs – it can have a severe detrimental effect on those left behind: the ‘redundancy survivors’. Therefore, survivor syndrome can be a common problem for organisations on the other side of a redundancy round.
The initial response from employees who have kept their jobs will be relief. However, once that subsides this often gives way to anxiety over the future. Reduced morale, motivation and increased absence are some of the known impacts stemming from this.
Employees who survive a redundancy programme have experienced a period, sometimes of several months, where their role and their future is uncertain. They will have seen their colleagues, who are perhaps also friends, notified of redundancy and this can often lead to a whole host of negative emotions.
What to look out for and how to address it
Individuals experiencing survivor syndrome often display a number of common behaviours and it’s important for employers to understand and be alert to the signs associated with it. These include:
- low morale and commitment
- reduced loyalty to the employer
- reduced motivation
- lower performance and productivity
- increased stress levels
- increased absence
To reduce the likelihood of survivor syndrome becoming a problem in an organisation, it is therefore important that employers take into account the impact of any redundancy programme on the employees that remain. It’s also worth noting that all employees in the organisation are likely to be impacted in some way by a redundancy programme – not just those whose roles are directly affected. There are a number of key principles for employers to bear in mind in addressing and lessening the impact of redundancy survivor syndrome on their workforce.
Communicating directly and openly
Clear and honest communication is critical. In situations where people do not feel informed, or worse still, are misinformed, relationships are likely to break down. It’s also important to acknowledge what has taken place rather than trying to brush it under the carpet.
Managing change
Several things are likely to have changed within the business over the course of a redundancy programme and staff will need to understand any changes to team structure and reporting lines. Processes and procedures may also have been affected so these may need to be reviewed and communicated to avoid confusion.
Establishing a clear vision for the future
Every individual will need to understand their role, responsibilities and what is expected of them moving forward. There may be extra demands made of them as workloads may have changed and everyone will need a clear understanding of the opportunities that lie ahead. A clear vision for the future will let redundancy survivors know how they fit into the business and its plans for the future. This is crucial to boosting morale, raising performance and allowing the business to move forward.
Providing ongoing support
Individuals cope with redundancy processes in different ways. Some employees perceive change as a threat, whilst others see it as a challenging opportunity. The way they approach it depends on many variables, some of which will be out of the employer’s control. By providing survivors with support to cope with the aftermath of a redundancy process and offering opportunities for professional development, employers can reduce the likelihood of any negative consequences while demonstrating commitment to their teams going forward.
For example, employers could offer coaching programmes to assist employees in adapting to change, prioritising workloads, and identifying and managing stressful situations. Furthermore, many employers do not prioritise learning and development during redundancy programmes, however, offering opportunities for professional development is an important demonstration of commitment in their workforce. Providing employees with opportunities for personal development and growth and equipping them with the skills to manage their career shows them that the organisation values them and is taking a proactive role in their future development.
If you or your business would like some HR or employment-related advice, please get in touch. | https://theprogenygroup.com/blog/remembering-to-support-redundancy-survivors/ |
The purpose of this paper is to identify a performance gap in Florida elementary schools based on the results of FCAT. FCAT is Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test. It is a state-wide form of assessment of all Florida students, excluding 1% of students with the most serious disabilities (FDOE, 2014). This paper will also provide the position of the author on the role of standardized test data in the context of investigating the identified gap and with reference to the curriculum. The paper will also provide an informed perspective of alternative data collection among the students whose low scores are the reason of the achievement gap.
As for the performance gaps, a few significant performance gaps can be identified based on FCAT results (including the categories of minority students, high poverty students, level of English, etc). Notably, the performance gap between the FCAT results of the children with special needs and students without disabilities can be easily seen (Trexler, 2013). The research shows that the majority of disabled students (but for the students with speech ad vision disabilities) had significantly fewer scores than is needed for the proficiency level. They have had the results that are much lower than the results of the students from the general education group (Trexler, 2013) (See Table 1. Results in Reading. Grade 4.). Thus, the data taken from the FCAT proves that children who are seriously disabled lag behind their non-disabled peers in Florida elementary schools. Based on this, the hypothesis of the study will be:
High stakes testing of elementary students with disabilities results in negative consequences for the students with disabilities. To assess these students appropriately, a modified system of assessment needs to be used.
The standardized test data has been helpful when analyzing the existing gap between disabled and non-disabled students. Besides, it provides numerical proof of the students’ achievements and allows comparing it with the results of other student categories. With reference to the curriculum, standardized test data helps trace the results of all students in the United States. Additionally, the standardized testing aids the curriculum by creating a level field for all stakeholders and creating a uniform mode of assessment based on test results. At the same time, it has been recognized an inadequate form of assessment even for the mainstream students (Howell et al, 2006). So, the use of the same tests to assess the levels of proficiency in children with different types of disabilities and children who receive general education is not reasonable based on the inherent physical and developmental differences between the two groups.
Absence of adequate modified system of assessment for students with disabilities is a serious gap in assessment practices. It is reasonable to claim that a more appropriate modified assessment system will help attain more accurate performance measurement of the children with special needs. One of the biggest problems with FCAT is that it shows low results for the students with disabilities. This leads to further stigmatization of this group of students as the one who fail to improve their grade levels. While this stigmatization is unjust, it also prevents the disabled students from getting real special education services. Also, careful analysis of the assessment practices with reference to the use of standardized tests in reports of the general student population performance shows the need to stop this joint reporting. The author agrees with Trexler (2013), who wrote that it is necessary to disaggregate students with disabilities and analyze their performance by categorical differences. This will help collect the information in order to fill a gap in the research as well as inform educational policy and decisions, educational best practices, relevant instructional grouping, adequate professional development, reasonable interventions, ongoing brain research, and it will help guide instruction. Thus, such approach will result in increased achievement for the disabled students.
- Florida Department of Education (2014). Assessment and school performance. Retrieved from Florida Department of Education. (n.d.b). http://www.fldoe.org/faq/default.asp?Dept=179&ID=977#Q977.
- Howell, W., Peterson, P., Wolf, P., Campbell, D. (2006). The education gap: Vouchers and urban schools. Brookings Institution.
- Trexler, E. (2013). Categorical differences in statewide standardized testing scores of students with disabilities (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Keiser University, Fort Lauderdale, FL. | https://mypaperwriter.com/samples/area-of-concern/ |
In the current decade, students are often encouraged to comment and criticize one’s work. This process is looked as a way to make students think and apply what they had learnt in classrooms. I agree that it indeed provokes students’ thought process and is effective for them to gain better understanding on a certain topic. However, the expectations of criticizing someone’s work had just been raised to a whole new level as they’re actually encouraged to tear apart someone’s work and always having something to disagree with rather than criticizing constructively. During discussions, teachers are often interested to hear students arguing about their own standpoints rather than the actual takeaways from the paper.
If a student were to fail a course or grade level, said student should be made to retake the course or grade level with extra help and guidance. If a student is thought to be at risk for low self-esteem caused by retention, they should be given the option of academic or social counseling. Pushing a child forward when they’re unprepared is unacceptable. Social promotion is causing a bigger issue than retention.
However, too many students are so self-focused that they cannot unlearn their selfish behaviors for the sake of finding the best-suited solution that can be achieved through collaborative thinking. In addition to Davidson, Jean Twenge also notices this pattern and she labels it as “narcissism”. As Twenge explains, “Because the school programs emphasize being ‘special’ rather than encouraging friendships, we may be training an army of little narcissists instead of raising kids’ self-esteem” (Twenge 504). Twenge obviously believes that school programs are trying too hard to preserve a child’s self-esteem instead of actually helping them to build skills that would help them. Twenge mentions that instead of making them feel “special”, schools should focus more on “encouraging friendships” so that they can be a little less narcissistic and self-focused.
and yet still, it has become prevalent to relinquish ones desire to be educated so one may conform to the habits of the culture around them. The corruption of mankind is the concept that being intelligent makes you arrogant and off-putting when in reality, becoming literate and informed can open more doors and present more opportunities than every before! In Gerald Graff’s, “Disliking Books”, Graff describes his academic and intellectual upcoming through his experience from literature in school. Despite his environment and the culture around him, Graff found clarity in class discussion and fascination in literature.
Standardized testing has become a very controversial topic amongst the nation. There are two sides, one that agrees that these tests are doing well for students and school officials, and another that argues that these tests are hurting the students taking them and should be put to a stop. Norman R. Augustine wrote an article for the need of standardized testing, and Jessie B. Ramey States the ways that the tests are impairing the learning capability of the students. Norman uses three arguments that people opposing the standardized test would most often use.
In both Anthem and Fahrenheit 451 it is considered a sin to be too curious or too knowledgeable. In Anthem Equality 7-2521 is punished by his teachers for being too smart and for being curious about the things that he learns in his classes. He is even punished for being quicker at learning than the other students and for asking questions in class. Equality 7-2521 wishes he was not the way he was and wants to be more like some of his classmates who are not as smart and curious as he is.
This is the stage that Erikson called “school age”. They will learn to observe how the work can be done and engender the feel of responsibility. Children will confident and industrious if their initiative is reinforced or guilt by their teachers to complete their task or schoolworks. If this initiative is limiting by their parents, they will feel inferior and starting to doubt their own strength and ability. Erikson said that successful experiences give the child a sense of industry, a feeling of competence and mastery, while failure gives them a sense of inadequacy and inferiority, a feeling that one is a good for nothing (Sharkey, 1997).
The accountability of the scores is meant to encourage teachers to adopt better and more effective methods of teaching, as well as to urge students to work harder. However the effects are more detrimental. Because of testing, students are more likely to be frustrated and discouraged at having to move so fast to cover all the ground needed. If a student is having a bad day or just is not a good test taker, all anyone can say is “tough luck.” The teachers will only focus on the select subjects tested on, and then only the select aspects they believe will be covered in the testing.
Introverts act as mavericks, tending to converse with others with deeper connections whereas extroverts form more superficial connections with a greater number of people, which seems almost quixotic. It 's especially important to consider the arguments constructed in this book in the frame of a child. Introverted children should be exposed gradually to the world of extroversion, but should not be pushed past their limits otherwise they may "feel emotionally threatened" and associate school with negative emotions. Instead, they should focus on their deepest interests and try to attend a school that suits their personalities, with understanding teachers an integral element of the
Growth or Fixed Mindset In Carol Dweck’s article “The Perils of Praise and Promise” she explains the difference between a growth and fixed mind-set. Dweck says” In a fixed mind-set, students care first and foremost about how they will be judged; smart or not smart. Repeatedly students with this mind-set reject opportunities to learn if they might make mistakes.
In the article “ Brainology: Transforming Students’ Motivation to Learn” by, Carol S. Dweck, she differentiates the two different kinds of mindsets that students have when learning. Those mindsets are fixed and growth. A student with a fixed mindset has the mentality that every student has a substantial amount of intelligence. However, a student with a growth mindset realizes their intelligence is through learning. Students with a fixed mindset tend to give up once they make a mistake, but students with growth mindsets learn from their mistakes.
Easy work isn’t going to change the student 's mindset. This will just make it harder for the student to learn new things, difficult things, as in this case they would want to give up and not try. Dweck also states, “Kids need to be given hard problems, instead of being rewarded for easy problems” (22). Difficult work is what needs to be given to students to help them learn and the process of making mistakes. Students need to know that making mistakes is sometimes ok.
But the real question is, will we really get smarter? Smarter Balanced is basically a normal summative assessment that goes over everything we’ve learned so far. What makes it better than our regular assessments we have in school? The company of Smarter Balanced states, “Smarter Balanced is designed to measure whether underlying concepts have been taught and learned, rather than reflecting mostly test-taking skills.” SBAC is one way of making sure that we know these skills before we move on to the following grade.
My parents dream include getting good grades while making the good decisions. One quote by an unknown person said “ Move out of your comfort zone you can only grow if you are willing to feel awkward and uncomfortable when u try sometimes”. As my parents dream of getting good grades, they also want me to learn new things. To be successful is going to be hard and challenging step with hard work.
Educational Self-Analysis As students the people who we surround ourselves with have a profound effect with our motivational level. Our surroundings can emotionally impact our life for the better or worse. By reading the article “Brainology” by Carol Dweck has also showed me the mindset I have and reflect on the way I view education. like most Parents, my Parents want to see me succeed in school since they did not have the chance to do so themselves. | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Summary-Of-Carol-Dwecks-Brainology-PJPZBR2PAWG |
How do schools use standardized tests?
The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) era has seen an unprecedented expansion of standardized testing and test misuse. Despite ample evidence of the flaws, biases and inaccuracies of standardized exams, NCLB and related state and federal policies, such as Race to the Top (RTTT) and the NCLB waivers, have pressured schools to use tests to measure student learning, achievement gaps, and teacher and school quality, and to impose sanctions based on test scores. This is on top of using tests to determine if children are ready for school; track them into instructional levels; diagnose learning disabilities, retardation and other handicaps; and decide whether to promote, retain in grade, or graduate. School systems also use tests to guide and control curriculum content and teaching.
Aren't these valid uses of test scores?
Measurement experts agree that no test is good enough to serve as the sole or primary basis for any of these important educational decisions. A nine-year study by the National Research Council (2011) concluded that the emphasis on testing yielded little learning progress but caused significant harm. NCLB demonstrated what happens when tests are misused. Negative consequences include narrowing the curriculum, teaching to the test, pushing students out of school, driving teachers out of the profession, and undermining student engagement and school climate. High school graduation tests, used by 25 states, disproportionately penalize low-income and minority students, along with English language learners and the disabled. They do not promote the knowledge, skills and habits needed for success in college or skilled work. Tracking generally hurts slower students but does not help more advanced students. Too often, the assumption is that low-scoring students need low-level remediation rather than enrichment, challenge and support. Retention in grade, flunking or holding a student back, is almost always academically and emotionally harmful. It generally does not lead to sustained academic improvement, lowers student self-esteem, and leads to dropping out. Screening and readiness tests are frequently inaccurate and can lead to misdiagnosis of student learning needs.
Who is most often hurt by these practices?
Students from low-income and minority-group backgrounds, English language learners, and students with disabilities, are more likely to be denied diplomas, retained in grade, placed in a lower track, or unnecessarily put in remedial education programs. They are more likely to receive a "dumbed-down" curriculum, based heavily on rote drill and test practice. This ensures they will fall further and further behind their peers. Many drop out, some ending up in the “school-to-prison pipeline.” On the other hand, children from white, middle and upper income backgrounds are more likely to be placed in "gifted and talented" or college preparatory programs where they are challenged to read, explore, investigate, think and progress rapidly.
How do tests control curriculum and instruction?
In many districts, standardized exam results have become the single most important indicator of school performance. As a result, teachers and administrators feel enormous pressure to ensure that test scores consistently rise. Schools narrow and manipulate the curriculum to match the test, while teachers tend to cover only what is likely to be on the next exam. Methods of teaching conform to the multiple-choice format. Education increasingly resembles test prep. It is easy to see why this could happen in low-scoring districts. But some high-scoring schools and districts, striving to keep their top rank, also succumb. The pressure is so great that a growing number of administrators and teachers have engaged in various kinds of cheating to boost scores.
Are test results a good way to measure teacher quality?
Student tests cannot reliably, validly and fairly be used to judge educators. Researchers looked at popular value-added methods of teacher evaluation and found them fraught with errors and unreliable. One researcher concluded that “a teacher’s performance evaluation may pivot on what amounts to a statistical roll of the dice.” The negative consequences for teaching and learning will only intensify when educators are judged “in significant part” by student test scores, which is a requirement in both RTTT and NCLB waivers. Knowledge of the arbitrary and inaccurate consequences will deter some strong young candidates from becoming teachers or principals, and drive good, experienced educators away from working in the most high-need schools.
Don't standardized tests provide accountability?
No. Tests that measure as little and as poorly as multiple-choice exams cannot provide meaningful accountability. Instead of being accountable to parents, community, teachers and students, schools become "accountable" to an unregulated testing industry. “Score inflation” results when narrow test preparation replaces more in-depth and comprehensive instruction. Not only do students get an inferior education, but the public gets the mistaken impression that education is improving.
If we do not use standardized tests, how will we know how students and programs are doing?
Standardized tests can be one part of a comprehensive assessment system. However, they offer just a small piece of the picture. Better methods of evaluating student needs and progress already exist. Careful observation and documentation of student work and behaviors by trained teachers is more helpful than a one-time test. Assessment based on student performance on real learning tasks is more useful and accurate for measuring achievement -- and provides more information for teaching -- than multiple-choice achievement tests.
Are other methods of assessment reliable?
Trained teams of judges can be used to rate performance in many academic areas. Studies have shown that, with training and clear guidance, the level of agreement among judges ("inter-rater reliability") is high. At the Olympic Games, for example, gymnasts and divers are rated by panels of judges. Advanced Placement essays and its Studio Art assessment are scored entirely by teams of trained educators. Independent evaluators have consistently judged collections of student classroom work (portfolios and learning records). A process of sampling from classroom-based evidence can provide richer information, be adequately reliable, and help stop teaching to the test. As with multiple-choice exams, safeguards are needed to ensure that race, class, gender, linguistic or other cultural biases do not affect evaluation.
How do other nations evaluate their students?
The U.S. is the only economically advanced nation to rely heavily on multiple-choice tests. Other nations use performance-based assessment to evaluate students on the basis of real work such as essays, projects and activities. Ironically, because these nations do not focus on teaching to multiple-choice and short-answer tests, they score higher on international exams.
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The increasing rates of obesity among youth threaten to jeopardize their future health and productivity. Academic success will become more and more difficult for students to attain as lifestyle choices diminish a child’s ability to learn. Will today’s students be the first generation to have a shorter life expectancy than their parents? Do over-nourished and malnourished children face similar adversity?
Studies have shown undernourished children do not perform as well on standardized tests, have difficulty concentrating and may miss more school. Physical activity is consistently related to higher levels of self-esteem and lower levels of anxiety and stress- both of which have been associated with better academic performance. The staff of Omaha Public Schools is committed to providing an environment in which students can learn about healthy food choices and the benefits of physical activity.
In the Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004, the U.S. Congress established a new requirement for all local agencies with a federally funded National School Lunch Program. All local agencies are required to develop and implement wellness policies by the start of the 2006-7 school year. In response to this requirement, the Omaha Public Schools convened a group of professionals representing a variety of organizations, i.e. health, nutrition, education, community and industry to develop a wellness policy. A coordinated effort by the entire community is necessary to promote a healthy environment for children, which includes knowledge of nutrition, the promotion of physical activity and the availability of healthful food choices during and after school.
Our Wellness Policy and Practices & Procedures supports the following Educational Aims: | https://district.ops.org/DEPARTMENTS/District-Operational-Services/Nutrition-Services/Health-Nutrition-and-Wellness/Wellness |
There are many reasons for teens to underperform at school, including a lack of motivation to do well, problems at home or with peers, poor work habits or study skills, emotional and behavior problems, learning disabilities (such as dyslexia), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, mental retardation or below average intelligence and other medical problems, including anxiety and depression. Also keep in mind that children with sleep problems, such as obstructive sleep apnea, or inadequate sleep, can have problems in school, usually secondary to attentional problems and daytime sleepiness.
It is important to find the reason for your child's poor performance, especially if she is failing, and come up with a treatment plan so that she can perform up to her full potential. Another reason to get your child help, is that doing poorly in school can easily lead to problems with low self-esteem, behavior problems and depression.
It is sometimes difficult to figure out if a child's problems at school are caused by their other medical problems, such as depression, or if these other problems began because of their poor school performance. Children who do poorly at school may be under a lot of stress, and will develop different ways to cope with this stress. Some may externalize their feelings, which can lead to acting out and behavior problems or becoming the class clown. Other children will internalize their feelings, and will develop almost daily complaints of headaches or stomachaches. A thorough evaluation by an experienced professional is usually needed to correctly diagnose children with complex problems.
When you realize your child has a problem at school, you should schedule a meeting with her teacher to discuss the problem. Other resources that may be helpful including talking with the school psychologist or counselor or your Pediatrician.
Even if your child has normal or above average intelligence, without a desire or motivation to succeed at school, it is unlikely that she will do well. There are many reasons for children to have a lack of motivation, including parental expectations that are set too high or too low, social problems, including difficulties at home or at school, and behavior problems.
Give your child praise and rewards for doing something well or working hard toward a difficult or challenging problem. Help build self confidence by avoiding frequent criticism and praising hard work.
Communicate with your child about school and ask her about her day to show that you are interested.
Help your child to understand that success has a lot to do with how much time and effort you put into a task, and is not just about how smart or strong she is. Children who believe this are more likely to take on new challenges and work harder on difficult tasks.
Set realistic goals and expectations for your children and set up consequences for not meeting these expectations and rewards or privileges for when she does. If your child is making C's, but is working hard at school and at doing her homework, then it may be unreasonable to expect her to make the honor roll. You should instead reward and praise her hard work and not punish her for not living up to your expectations.
Learning disabilities can affect how children listen, think, store, retrieve, write, read and communicate information or perform mathematical calculations, and can cause her to have a short attention span without having ADHD. It is common for children with ADHD to also have learning disabilities.
Among the ways that a learning disability can affect the way your child learns is by interfering with the input of information to the brain. This can be a visual perception disability, causing your child to reverse or rotate letters and numbers or to not be able to focus on specific letters and words on a page, or it can be an auditory perception disability, so that similar words sound alike and cause confusion or she may not be able to process words that she hears as fast as people are speaking them (auditory lag).
Learning disabilities can also cause problems with the integration of sensory information, or how the brain processes the sensory data that is sent to it. This can affect the information received from vision, touch, and balance and can affect your child's gross and fine motor skills. Specific integration disabilities include sequencing disabilities, in which your child confuses the sequence of words, letters, math problems, etc. They can also have abstraction, organizational, and memory (affecting visual vs. auditory & short term or long term memory) disabilities.
Children with learning disabilities can also have problems with the way that they output information. These output disabilities can affect the way they talk (language disability) or the way that they write or draw (motor disability).
Most children with learning disabilities have one or more of the above problems, affecting the way that they input, integrate or output information. These problems can cause them to have difficulty at school, but can also cause problems at home and when they play.
Some children with learning disabilities have always had trouble learning new things, while others do well in school at first, but then start to have problems in the fifth or sixth grade as school gets more difficult.
Children with learning disabilities may only have trouble with certain subjects, such as math or reading, and may do well in other classes. They will also have normal intelligence and may do well on standardized tests. Children with learning disabilities are often described as not performing up to their potential. There are tests that your school psychologist or pediatrician can do to look for certain learning disabilities so that a modified education plan can be developed.
The evaluation of children with possible learning disabilities usually includes an assessment of intelligence or an IQ test performed by a psychologist. This will help to determine your child's learning potential. Common IQ tests include the Wechsler and Stanford-Binet intelligence tests and the Kaufman Assesment Battery. These tests and your child's total and subset score will help to identify her strengths and weaknesses.
The different types of Wechsler tests include the WPPSI for pre-school age childrenand the WISC for school age children. The scores for the WISC will include a verbal, performance and full-scale IQ. Children with learning disabilities will usually have a 10-15 point difference between their verbal and performance IQ, and/or a 5-8 point difference in the subtest scores (subtest scatter).
Your child will also be evaluated with a standardized achievement test, to evaluate your child's performance in reading, writing, math and their general knowledge level. Their scores on these tests will be compared to other children in their grade level or of the same age.
To complete the evaluation for a learning disability, your child may also require a medical exam by her pediatrician and a mental health evaluation. | http://mammakidszone.com/lubnats1.htm |
The Need To De-stigmatize Mental Illness
About 450 years ago (according to Canadian sociologist Erving Goffman), ancient Greeks coined the term “stigma” to describe the negative labels assigned to the disadvantaged in order to set them apart from others. Unfortunately, in almost every country, no matter how well developed it is, mental illness is viewed negatively and those suffering from it are stigmatized even though their illness is no fault of their own. These undesirable labels, undoubtedly, plague the lives of the sufferers and derail their well-being to a profound extent.
This marginalization exerts detrimental effects on the physical, social and psychological development of individuals who are so challenged in life. The negative reactions and attitudes of the public towards mental illness enormously impact how those struggling with the illness think about themselves. As a result, they suffer from a low self-esteem and think that a mental disorder is something to be ashamed of. More crucially, due to the fear of being stigmatized and getting rejected by society, they conceal their symptoms and show unwillingness to seek treatment – which is evident when we see that across much of the world, people are more reluctant to admit to mental problems rather than physical disabilities. To make things worse, stigmatization gradually leads to undesirable consequences like deterioration of health, loss of employment and isolation from the community owing to the mark of disgrace attached to them and lack of support from the social environment.
Stigma towards mental illness is not just a problem confined to cities in Asia or Africa. As mentioned earlier, it is a problem also in the wealthy cities in the West. All of this leads us to one question: How, if possible, can we reduce these stereotypes and the stigma associated with these problems?
First of all, instead of viewing people by their disorder and using ableist terms like “psycho”, “schizophrenic” and “retarded”, we should use more humane phrases. Secondly, since underrepresented groups are stigmatized more than others, governments should pass a bill that focuses on equal mental health facilities for everyone irrespective of their race, social class, religious sect and ethnicity. Thirdly and most importantly, anti-stigma campaigns should be carried out on a mass scale which would not only draw our attention towards this neglected topic but would also enable us to show empathy towards the mentally ill instead of disgracing them. | https://nayadaur.tv/2019/10/the-need-to-de-stigmatize-mental-illness/ |
The Seers Guild universe is an urban fantasy setting where magic, shapeshifting, and astral projection are just a few of the special abilities accessible to seers, people who can see and interact with higher planes of existence.
The first series of books set in the Seers Guild universe is The Piero Codex.
Cursing Fate: The Piero Codex Book One
Just because you can see the future coming, doesn't mean it won't run you over. Mack is a sorcerer, a Fate-bender, who has spent his entire adult life dodging the Seers Guild authorities. Keeping tabs on their Fates helps him choose the best places to hide. Lately, he's been hiding at the bottom of a bottle of bourbon. He's content to stay there. Then one day another mysterious sorcerer casts a big, noisy, illegal curse into Mack's neighborhood. Suddenly the Seers Guild has thrown a dragnet over the city to nab the rogue sorcerer, and Mack is about to get caught in it.
Shifting Loyalties: The Piero Codex Book Two
When it’s a matter of life and death, how do you know who to trust? Mack was never good at trusting people, even before he went underground hiding from the Seers Guild. But when the former love of Mack’s life (Marina) goes missing, and an unknown organization makes dramatic moves against the Protectors of the Piero Codex, he needs help. Maybe he can trust Recca, but she still seems to have a hidden agenda of her own. Maybe he can trust Lilly, but will involving her just get her killed? Maybe he can trust Marina’s husband Richard, but how is he supposed to work with the guy who stole his girlfriend? With the enemy closing in, and time running out, turning an enemy agent seems like the best option. But when you can’t even trust your friends, how do you trust an enemy? Even if he manages to make all the right choices, how is Mack going to convince the other players to trust him long enough to save Marina and protect the Codex? | https://vince.veselosky.me/seers-guild |
Policing With Trust And Confidence
Below is result for Policing With Trust And Confidence in PDF format. You can download or read online all document for free, but please respect copyrighted ebooks. This site does not host PDF files, all document are the property of their respective owners.
21 Century Policing - City of Morgan Hill, CA
increases trust and confidence in our department. Trust and Transparency Our department is committed to building and maintaining trust and confidence within our community. We have made the following information available on our website. Policies, officer demographics, and use of force incidents. Racial/Biased Based Profiling
Policing with Confidence, the New Zealand Way
we increase trust and confidence in Police and that we see significant gains for the investment the Government has committed to over the next three years. As Minister of Police I have confidence in our Police and support the directions and actions outlined in this plan. I know the men and women of New Zealand Police have what it takes to make
Policing with Consent - London
concerns around the trust and confidence London s BAME, and specifically black, communities have for policing in London have been brought into sharp relief. Disproportionality during Lockdown Following the tragic murder of George Floyd at the hands of a police officer in the United States, and the worldwide protests which
People Also Ask
Evidencing a GoodPracticeModel of PoliceCommunication
The implications of these findings for the police are discussed with reference to the concepts of police legitimacy, trust and confidence. Introduction Modern policing is shaped by programmes such as citizen focused policing , reassurance polic-ing and neighbourhood policing British govern-
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TRANSPARENCY, ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRUST IN POLICING
TRANSPARENCY, ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRUST IN POLICING 4 Actions BETTER USE OF POLICE POWERS The Mayor has asked the MPS to launch a new pilot project to review samples of vehicle stops conducted under Section 163 of the Road Traffic Act to identify any disproportionality relating to ethnicity. This pilot will be informed by the learning from
Police reform and the problem of trust
less afford to trust (Offe and Patterson, quoted in Warren, 1999: 9). Trust, through its presence or absence, is innately linked to feelings of existential safety. What is required therefore in police reform thinking is a much deeper understanding of the notion of trust and its relationship to policing. 444 Theoretical Criminology 9(4)
Public confidence strategy 2018 to 2021 - Staffordshire
policing and a refocusing of response policing that will be central to this strategy. But the challenge of building public confidence is for everyone within Staffordshire Police. Each of us has responsibility for making the best contribution we can, for maintaining the highest ethical standards, for ensuring that
POLICING AND THE PUBLIC: UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC PRIORITIES
Trust and confidence in the police is markedly lower among some population groups. Black Caribbean people in particular experience policing less positively. 3. We may be at a tipping point : Public views are changing; crime and policing have risen up the national agenda and ratings of local police are declining. This appears to reflect a
By Ian Kearns of The Oracle Partnership
trust and confidence in the surveillance and analysis systems that might help the police fight crime more effectively, and technological breakthroughs that might undermine the ability to encrypt information and communications. There are signs that each of these elements could fall into place.
Trust in Policing - MN
II. The Continuing Decline of Trust in Policing Research on trust in policing paints a clear picture: Trust is low, especially among communities of color, and has been declining across the board. Since 1993, an annual Gallup survey has found that public confidence in the police has hovered between 52% and 64% (Brenan, 2020).
Research on Policing
One of the biggest challenges to public trust and confidence in the police continues to be police integrity. Because of the highly discretionary nature of policing, managers have been confronted with incidents of abuse of authority (e.g., corruption, excessive use of force) by police officers.
Does the fear of crime erode public confidence in policing cover
underpinning public confidence in policing. 1 For comments on disorder and public confidence in policing in the US, see: Jesilow & Meyer, 1995; Cao et al., 1996; Reisig & Parks, 2000; Maxson et al., 2003; Yili et al., 2005; and Sprott & Doob, 2008. 2 There are many other factors that plausibly influence public trust and confidence in the police. In
PUBLIC SAFETY - A Commitment to Community Policing
community policing to catch on. Trust is both the mission and the means of community policing. To build that trust the citizens and communities need to feel like the police are there to support them, not to arrest them. There are many ways to reach out and begin building that trust. Youth outreach, one of the most
Community Policing, Outreach and Engagement
and maintain trust and confidence throughout the community. Our Policies and Procedures require every member of this Department to share in the responsibility for positive community relations. Community Policing is not just programs, and / or personal interactions with specific officers, but also covers the ways in which
Promoting Trust in Police: Findings from a randomized
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Community Policing Report - mpdc
report are intended to help grow and deepen that trust and confidence. Defining Community Policing The Working Group found a wide variety of definitions for the term Community Policing, both in theory and
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Public trust and confidence is a central topic in policing. Widespread public trust in the police is important on moral and political grounds, contributes to compliance with the law, and is essential for effective policing. Much of policing depends on the public s willingness to cooperate reporting crime,
Trust and confidence in policing: A British perspective
What is trust and confidence ? There is a good deal of confusion in British criminology and public policy Confidence in policing is most often used as a short-hand for a set of connected but conceptually and empirically distinct notions: Trust (and confidence) Legitimacy Consent, cooperation and compliance
Policing Vision 2025 - Amazon Web Services
policing and social services provide real potential for the development of more integrated working practices. 3.2 Policing must embed legitimacy, trust and confidence, underpinned by the Code of Ethics. It must be responsive to national and international political changes, such as the vote to leave the European Union, a possible British Bill of
PEEL: Police legitimacy 2017 - Justice Inspectorates
treating people with fairness and respect, if they are to achieve trust and confidence. Police actions that are perceived to be unfair, disrespectful or corrupt are extremely damaging to public confidence. Where problems occur, forces must act quickly and appropriately, and must be seen to do so. That is why HM Inspectorate of
Service Confidence (Policy & Procedure)
scrutiny in respect of its delivery of policing services. It also acknowledges that in order to maintain and enhance public confidence in the Force it must create an ethically robust, corruption resistant, organisation This policy introduces an ethical framework for dealing with loss of confidence in individual members of staff.
Making a difference - Police Conduct
build trust and confidence. It includes many examples of how we use the learning from our work to influence changes in policing, ensure accountability and support best practice. This report represents the beginning of our journey and I look forward to sharing future reports with you as we continue to strengthen our impact and make a real
BIAS-BASED POLICING PURPOSE POLICY
Department s commitment to unbiased policing in all its encounters between Department members and citizens, and reinforces procedures that serve to maintain public confidence and trust through the delivery of services in a fair and equitable fashion. 102.2 - 2 POLICY
NIPB Drivers of Confidence - Northern Ireland Policing Board
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Maryland Police Training and Standards Commission Community
Mutual trust between the police and the community is essential for effective policing. The Montgomery County Police Department strives to maintain a relationship of trust and confidence and is committed to working in partnership with the community to identify and resolve issues that
Do College Students Perceptions of the Police Differ by
Confidence in the police can produce positive perceptions of the police and essentially lead to better community and police relations. Research reveals that public trust can lead to the police and the public working together. When the public believes and has faith in the police, they can effectively do their job policing
The Impact of Psychological Science on Policing in the United
legitimacy as the central issue in 21st-century policing and for defining legitimacy as a psychological issue of trust and confidence rather than focusing on the legal question of lawfulness, which dominated earlier discus-sions of policing, or the objective question of how a police practice shapes the rate of crime. It is the avail-
Community policing as a tool against corruption
where confidence has been lost in conflict. The United States Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS)1 defines Community Policing as a policing philosophy that promotes and supports organisational strategies to address the causes and reduce the fear of crime and social disorder through problem-solving tactics and police
Eradicating Racism and Strengthening Public Trust and
Eradicating Racism and Strengthening Public Trust and Confidence in Policing 2 3. Background On July 27, 2020, the Board Chair, Vice Chair and Executive Director had a virtual meeting with leaders and representatives of the Black community. The purpose of the meeting was to
Data-Informed Community-Focused Policing
Policing in order to build trust and confidence while advancing public safety for all Angelenos. While the reduction of crime remains a top priority for the City of Los Angeles, our vision for the Department goes beyond the traditional notions of policing. We are embarking on a new chapter of renewed community engagement,
Making Every Encounter Count: Building Trust and Confidence
Tyler, T.R., Policing in Black and White: Ethnic Group Differences in Trust and Confidence in the Police. Weitzer, R. and S.A. Tuch, Determinants of Public Satisfaction With the Police. notes 1. Conversation between the author and a New York City police officer assigned to the Flatbush neighborhood, April 2004. 2.
Maintaining a professional boundary between police and
policing for those who abuse their position for sexual purposes. A position of trust 5. The professional relationship between a member of the police service and the public depends on trust and confidence. Police personnel who display sexualised behaviour towards a member of the public who they have come into contact
Job Opening Town of Norwich, Vermont Police Chief
Community-based policing rooted in the 6 Pillars of 21st Century Policing. Being able to adapt to the changing nature of policing without compromising stewardship of trust and confidence that a community places in a police department. Preparing clear, strategic visions with specific goals, objectives, and action plans for a
Introduction To Policing
And, of course, that ongoing disproportionately has the risk that it will threaten to diminish trust and confidence, particularly from the black community, within policing. National surveys police chief defends stop and search but acknowledges disproportionality
Public Trust and Law Enforcement A Discussion for - FAS
Jul 13, 2020 Public Trust and Law Enforcement A Discussion for Policymakers Congressional Research Service 2 Figure 1. Overall Confidence in the Police, 1993-2019 Percentage who report a great deal or quite a lot of confidence in the police
Assessing the Effects of Prevent Policing
Assessing the Effects of Prevent Policing A Report to the Association of Chief Police Officers response!principally!to!build!community!trust!and!confidence.! | https://fastkpdf.com/94d3496/policing-with-trust-and-confidence |
I am a sorcerer and therefore, I am a agent of Spirit. What is a sorcerer and what does it mean to be an agent of Spirit? A sorcerer is someone who is practiced in working with the supernatural and is not what society and Hollywood have painted in the minds of most people as something evil, bad, negative, weird or satanic. The word supernatural connotes that which is metaphysical or beyond the perception of ordinary physical reality. In this perception, sorcery is trading in the nonordinary. It is learning and practicing the ways of Spirit which are creative and beyond the limitations of conventional thinking. So, a sorcerer is an agent of Spirit. That means that the sorcerer knows the language of Spirit, listens to Spirit and is inspired by Spirit. A sorcerer is spiritual. How does this translate into every day reality.
The sorcerer, as an agent of Spirit in every day life, is able to avail himself of supernatural powers like clairaudience, clairsentience, clairvoyance and much more. We sorcerers are seers in that we can tap into psychic awareness and see what’s happening beneath the surface of ordinary reality. We can see into the future and we can feel into a person, animal, machine, room, house, neighborhood, etc. We see things other people can’t, don’t want to or are afraid of like entities from other worlds and a host of nonphysical beings. We are able to see what’s really there. We are comfortable with the trappings of Spirit and know when Spirit is talking to us and showing us the way. We follow Spirit. This is just who we are. We do not use our sorcery to harm for we are of the highest sorcery which is the sorcery of light.
I am a agent of Spirit and it is Spirit that I am aligned with. Those that have a vision of sorcery as something negative are misguided or brainwashed. Sorcery is a tool. It is the person using sorcery who is negative, not the sorcery itself. See what I mean? I am a sorcerer and I practice a strict code of ethics known as impeccability. Think of me as Gandalf the Grey. I am here to do the bidding of Spirit in positive ways. | http://www.stepontoyourownwisdompath.net/2018/01/i-am-agent-of-spirit.html |
Today we'll put into the Crucible: will and determinations. From the point of view of the changes made by the Apprentice Sorcerer stirring the Crucible it means: living for challenge!
We said many times that in Polytheistic Paganism life is an act of building the luminous body. Stirring in its Crucible, the Apprentice Sorcerer goes beyond this. Through the Sorcerer's stick made by the suspension of the internal dialogue, the suspension of the judgement and the sceptical attitude, stirring the contents of the Crucible, the Apprentice Sorcerer identifies and handles his determinations.
What are determinations?
Determinations are the obligatory relations between the Being and its surrounding world, which handled and formed the Being and without which the Being can't continue existing and becoming. The individual's determinations are mixed by the Apprentice Sorcerer and one by one are subjectively determined. In other words, every our action tends towards producing the maximum profit in order to develop the Being Power. About this we can say that we don't take a walk in the woods only in order to do something pleasant but the walk becomes a real interaction between the woods and us: we subjectivize the breath of the woods (we should remember once again that we suspended the internal dialogue and we also learnt to use the attention in a different way from the way we usually do; without these elements the walk in the woods is just a walk in the woods. In the same way a working task is done not just to do it, but becomes an interaction between our doing and the surrounding world, in which we determine the intensity of the action and the relation. Of course, this modifies ourselves.
We determine our relations with the world. This favours the development of our will with which we impose on ourselves the direction of our actions.
This doing, extended to every aspect of our life, to every year of our life, to every day of our life, to every hour and moment is: living for challenge!
Merging into the Crucible will and determinations with the other elements we put time after time defines, little by little, the Apprentice Sorcerer's path.
Living for challenge may seem hard, but it's just because, since we were children, someone tried to tear away from us the control of our determinations.
Someone tried to illude the child with the promise that somebody else would mind him, in order to solve his problems or satisfy his needs. Somebody who knows. Somebody almighty and omniscient!
The child comes into the world as total will with which faces the world. This will is not fed and nourished, but it's taken away from him by people who are interested in him to grow dependent, fearful, humble and submitted.
The Apprentice Sorcerer must take again the will with which he's born: through this doing he's nourishing his Freedom!
Next programme we'll put into the Crucible: meditation and contemplation.
1997
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Write only in Italian, please! | https://www.federazionepagana.it/challenge.html |
Opera title:
|The Sorcerer|
Composer:
|Arthur Sullivan|
Language:
|English|
Synopsis:
|The Sorcerer Synopsis|
Libretto:
|The Sorcerer Libretto|
Translation(s):
|Not entered yet.|
Type:
|recitative,aria|
Role(s):
|Aline|
Voice(s):
|Soprano|
Act:
|1.06|
|Previous scene:||With heart and with voice|
|Next scene:||Happy young heart|
Provided to YouTube by NAXOS of America
Act I: My kindly friends; O happy young heart (Aline) · Fisher Morgan
Sullivan: Sorcerer (The) (D'Oyly Carte) (1953)
℗ 2005 Naxos
Released on: 2005-02-01
Artist: Ann Drummond-Grant
Composer: Arthur Sullivan
Artist: Beryl Dixon
Choir: D'Oyly Carte Opera Chorus
Artist: Donald Adams
Artist: Fisher Morgan
Conductor: Isidore Godfrey
Artist: Jeffrey Skitch
Artist: Muriel Harding
Artist: Neville Griffiths
Orchestra: New Symphony Orchestra
Artist: Peter Pratt
Composer: W.S. Gilbert
Artist: Yvonne Dean
Auto-generated by YouTube.
RECITATIVE--ALINE.
My kindly friends, I thank you for this greeting
And as you wish me every earthly joy,
I trust your wishes may have quick fulfillment!
ARIA--ALINE.
Oh, happy young heart!
Comes thy young lord a-wooing
With joy in his eyes,
And pride in his breast--
Make much of thy prize,
For he is the best
That ever came a-suing.
Yet--yet we must part,
Young heart!
Yet--yet we must part!
Oh, merry young heart,
Bright are the days of thy wooing!
But happier far
The days untried--
No sorrow can mar,
When love has tied
The knot there's no undoing.
Then, never to part,
Young heart!
Then, never to part! | https://www.opera-arias.com/sullivan/the-sorcerer/my-kindly-friends/ |
“Thank you so much for your intercessory and financial support. Praise God for the great work He is doing through our harvest workers. It is so wonderful to see His wonderful works. I will share more in the days ahead.”
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Selected reports from among many…
“Vimal (above & below), living in the village of Jamuna, had very high blood pressure and fainted, collapsing onto the ground. His condition was serious and he had to be admitted to the hospital for a few days. Somehow his family heard about our Elijah Challenge workers and asked them to come to the hospital. They came, ministered to him in Jesus’ name, and in a few days Vimal had totally recovered. He accepted Jesus Christ.”
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“Living in the same village of Jamuna as Vimal above was a man named Kalakar (below) who suffered from mental illness. His mind simply wouldn’t function normally. He was taken to the temple, but there was no change. Then he took medicine prescribed by a doctor, but still his mind couldn’t function. When our workers ministered to him in Jesus’ name, his mind was healed and restored. Kalakar accepted Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior.”
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“Sukanti Majhi (below) lives in the village of Bargoda, and for much of the time was unable to walk and confined to bed. Her legs had been swollen for the past four months, and were painful. She had been treated at the temple and given medicine by a local sorcerer, but the pain and swelling remained. When our Elijah Challenge workers ministered to her in Jesus’ name, the Lord healed her. Sukanti accepted Jesus.”
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“Living in the village of Salanda a woman named Karbati (below) couldn’t raise her hand for two years. Her family believed that a sorcerer had put a curse on her, paralyzing her. She had been treated at the local hospital, then on to a different sorcerer, but she didn’t recover. However, Karbati was miraculously and wonderfully healed after our workers ministered to her in Jesus’ name. Along with her family she accepted Christ as only Lord and Savior.”
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“For the past few years, young Jayasankar (below) suffered from a severe case of hemorrhoids. Much medicine did not stop the bleeding. When our Elijah Challenge workers came and ministered to him, the horrible bleeding ceased. Jayasankar and his wife put their faith in Jesus Christ.”
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– Elijah Challenge Co-Worker in India
January 14, 2021
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Our unique calling during these Last Days
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Extraordinary reports from our faceless workers in India
.
The Elijah Challenge equips nameless harvest workers to reach resistant people groups fruitfully by training them to heal the sick miraculously and consistently as Jesus did and as he promised that believers would do (John 14:11-12)—as irrefutable evidence that Jesus is the Messiah and the only way to the One True God who created the heavens and the earth. In the green link above there are posted approximately 500 reports of the miraculous similar to those at the top of this page. These 500 reports (out of a total of around 3,000) were received from our workers in less than three years.
Mission Leaders, if we are available we are able to train your Third World harvest workers with The Elijah Challenge—at our own expense. We can do so using the zoom app.
.
CONSISTENT miraculous works in Missions for non-charismatic EVANGELICALS
. | https://theelijahchallenge.org/man-whose-mental-illness-couldnt-be-helped-by-a-priest-or-by-medicine-miraculously-healed-in-jesus-name/ |
Once the repertory programme for a London Season had been settled, the next most important thing was to decide on the Last Night. By tradition, this was a 'surprise" evening when the programme was known only to Miss Bridget D'Oyly Carte and her immediate staff, unless there was a need for special rehearsals, even the members of the Opera Company themselves were not told what the programme would be until the day before.
Each London Season the choice of programme became more and more difficult and Miss D'Oyly Carte spent many hours considering various possibilities. So much had to be taken into account: every principal member of the Company, including any guest artist who had appeared during the Season. must be given a chance,' a fairly quick change of scenery was essential and, of course, all the scenery and costumes needed for the Last Night had to be kept back specially and then sent on to the next port of call the next day, which meant that the next week's programme in, say Timbuktu, had to be planned so that it did not open with "Mikado" if part of "Mikado" has been played at the London last night.
Suggestions for last night performances came in throughout the year from members of the public and these were always given fullest consideration and, in some cases, adopted or adapted.In 1964 it seemed fairly obvious for the Company to sing some of the songs from "Utopia Limited", not only because of the public interest in this Opera but because the new Decca recording of excerpts from it had only recently been released. Public demand for "Sorcerer" was also considerable and there was, of course, the famous picketing of the Savoy Theatre by enthusiastic members of the Gilbert and Sullivan Society this season! So again it seemed natural to include numbers from this Opera. But how to bring them suitably into the programme? Someone had an inspired idea: John Wellington Wells was a sorcerer, and "Ruddigore" had a picture gallery of ghosts why not combine the two? And so it was done. The rest of the programme was worked out "Cox and Box" so that Alan Styler, Anthony Raffell and David Palmer could have their solos, Act II of "Patience" so that Philip Potter, Jennifer Toye and Mary Sansom could be seen and then - but what is this? The overture to "Princess Ida"? Yes, another tradition - the overtures played at a Last Night bore no relation to the scene about to be portrayed. The overture to "Ida" and the curtain rose on Act II of "Ruddigore". The audience were perhaps a little disappointed at this apparently banal denouement to a Last Night, especially when it was found that Robin Oakapple was being played by understudy Adrian Lawson instead of John Reed, but came the blackout and the picture gallery came to life with John Wellington Wells in the person of John Reed appearing from the central picture to sing his famous solo from "The Sorcerer" and to introduce, by means of his magic teapot, the rest of the Company in items from "The Sorcerer" and "Utopia Limited"; Thomas Round and Ann Hood to sing "Words of Love too loudly spoken", Jeffrey Skitch as Dr. Daly, the chorus in "Eagle High", Jean Hindmarsh singing "0 Happy Young Heart", Donald Adams and Gillian Knight in "Welcome Joy Adieu to Sadness", Thomas Round in "A Tenor all Singers above" and the chorus in the Finale from "The Sorcerer", "Now to the Banquet we press". One final word about the costumes: these Last Nights were always a great strain on the Wardrobe Department, for instead of the usual performance with changes for perhaps some of the principles or some of the chorus, Mrs. Blain and her staff had to cope with costumes for about 50 people for at least three different Operas and on this occasion for two Operas no longer in the Company's repertory! And all this on a night when everything must be cleared out of the Theatre immediately after the performance! As everyone knows, the costumes for "The Sorcerer" were destroyed in the war and, of course, the "Utopia" costumes had long since gone, so costumiers were scoured for suitable garments for John Wellington Wells, Lady Sangazure, Capt. Fitzbattleaxe and Dr. Daly; a great deal of very careful research was needed for Dr. Daly's costume so that it should be ecclesiastically correct! | http://pinafore.www3.50megs.com/last-night-64.html |
# The Sorcerer in the North
The Sorcerer in the North (The Sorcerer of the North in the United States) is the fifth book in the Ranger's Apprentice series by Australian author John Flanagan. It was released in Australia on 4 November 2006 and in the United States on 4 November 2008.
## Plot summary
The book starts off with Will rescuing a dog with a spear wound that he finds on the side of the road. Will then goes on to Castle Seacliff of the fief he has been assigned to and has a meeting with the baron there. After the meeting, a group of Skandians attempt to raid the fief and Will makes a deal with them: if he gives them food and drink, the Skandians will leave. When the owner of the dog tracks it and Will down, he is captured and handed over to the Skandians to become a slave before they leave.
Will is soon assigned to a mission to determine the identity of a mysterious sorcerer in Grimsdell Wood, and to stop him from terrorising the castle of Macindaw. Will goes under disguise as a jongleur; somebody who acts as a jester but doesn't serve a king, going around the kingdom entertaining for money. He does this because people tend to trust jongleurs, whereas people often clam up around Rangers due to the mystery surrounding their position. This would, in turn, help him to get information on Grimsdell Wood more easily. Will travels to Macindaw, where their lord, Syron, has been poisoned and is now in the hospital. His son Orman has taken over the castle while his father is ill, but Orman's cousin Keren has been trying to take over as lord, but Will does not know this yet. Will rides to Grimsdell and sees the Night Warrior, one of the ghosts in Grimsdell, and flees in fear on his horse Tug.
Will performs for Orman during his dinner (in the great hall), but Orman claims he is a very bad jongleur due to his inability to play classical music. Will then meets Keren (who enters the dining hall late) and is under the impression that he is an affable person. Alyss (Will's friend and a Diplomatic Service Courier) then comes disguised as a noblewoman. The next day, Will sees sorcery books on Orman's table and suspects he is the sorcerer in the woods. Will takes Alyss to Grimsdell wood during the day and Alyss works out how the magician made the Night Warrior. Following this, Alyss sends a report to Halt and Crowley with a pigeon.
Halt (Will's former mentor) gets the report and decides he should send Horace, a knight on the king's guard as well as a friend of Will and Alyss, to help with Will's mission. Meanwhile, Orman has been poisoned too and is dying. The only way to help him is to go to the sorcerer in Grimsdell Wood who used to be a healer (this is only Orman's suspicion, but takes the chance). Will is forced to run for Grimsdell Wood but leaves Alyss behind in Castle Macindaw. Shadow (the name Will gave to his dog) finds a trail and leads them to Malcolm (the healer)'s house. He greets them after they see a giant walking around and other deformed people who Malcolm took in as helpers and patients. Will then tries to save Alyss, who has been captured by Keren, but Keren walks in the door and Will barely manages to escape alive. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sorcerer_of_the_North |
Probably the most exceptional, eclectic thinkers in Victorian England, the Reverend Sabine Baring-Gould (1834–1924) was once intrigued through the gruesome and sometimes savage background of the center a while. The famous writer and folklorist’s fascination with the interval ended in this soaking up compilation of classic stories surrounding such figures as William inform and the fellow within the Moon.
The Two Madonnas: The Politics of Festival in a Sardinian Community
Portrayed by means of early shuttle writers as old pagan survivals, fairs in Sardinia have lengthy interested either local islanders and outsiders. yet on the sunrise of the twenty-first century, this Mediterranean island has turn into a part of a world economic climate, and its fairs allure travelers from all over the world.
Blood on the Tides: The Ozidi Saga and Oral Epic Narratology (Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora)
The Ozidi Saga is one in all Africa's top identified prosimetric epics, set within the Delta area of Nigeria. Blood at the Tides examines the epic -- a story of a warrior and his sorcerer grandmother's revenge upon the assassins who killed her son -- either for example of oral literature and as a mirrored image of the categorical social and political matters of the Nigerian Delta and the rustic as awhole.
Loving Vampires: Our Undead Obsession
Vampire characters are ubiquitous in pop culture, serving as metaphors for society’s so much delicate subjects—sexuality, gender roles, race, ethnicity, class—and frequently channeling common fears of immigration, crime, terrorism and habit. This booklet explores pop culture’s vampires variously as sexual seducers, savage monsters, noble protectors and drainers of human strength. | http://myhearingaidguy.com/epub/the-complete-fables-of-jean-de-la-fontaine |
Doctor Strange 2 has had a rave review with increasing critical appreciation in the public panorama since its release on May 6, 2022. The Phase 4 Marvel movie has become a focal point of future cinematic talks for its introduction of the disruptive nature of the multiverse, Scarlet Witch as an antagonist, and the extent of her powers, Earth-838, Illuminati, America Chavez, Clea, and Doctor Strange’s third eye.
Also read: America Chavez Theory: Defender Strange Is The Doctor Strange of Her Universe
And now the designer of the film reveals a crucial plot factor that had been skipped over in Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness. The Illuminati was supposed to feature a seventh member but the audience only found 6.
Related article: Doctor Strange 2: Daniel Craig Was Reportedly Cast As Balder the Brave
Who Is Earth-838 Illuminati’s Seventh Member?
The members of the Illuminati, however short-lived made an impression with their debut as the protectors of the realm from higher levels of threat. Founded by Stephen Strange, it comprised Professor X, Captain Carter, Baron Mordo, Mister Fantastic, Blackagar Boltagon, and Captain Marvel.
Also read: Doctor Strange 2 Writer Reveals Biggest Difference Between Illuminati and the Avengers
However, the group was also supposed to feature another member in the form of Thor’s older brother, Balder the Brave. With Daniel Craig having been rumored to play the role, the reports were quickly nullified when no Balder appeared. Graham Churchyard, the costume designer of the film, opens up about the rumors on the Phase Zero podcast:
“We got very far designing Balder the Brave and then we were waiting, and waiting, and waiting on casting. I took it to a prototype stage, we were kind of in that design thing, getting fabrics together and ideas and waiting for an actor.
Poor Balder the Brave, he almost made Thor 1, and Thor 2, and Thor 3, if I can simplify that. Then, it’s just like, ‘Yay! He’s gonna get an appearance!’ Poor guy. I’ve seen designs Marvel’s archive book of Balder’s helmet going back to Kenneth Branagh’s Thor. So, he’s been a long time waiting and I don’t think he’s gonna make an appearance any time soon.”
Also read: Biggest Mistake Marvel Made With Doctor Strange 2 Plot
The Life and Death of MCU Illuminati in Doctor Strange 2
The Illuminati is a covert organization within the Marvel Cinematic Universe comprised of powerful individuals who are considerably brave, smart, and strong even by superhero standards. The MCU organization, although debuted in the movie was quickly and excruciatingly dead within a matter of minutes following the Scarlet Witch’s rampage across universes to find her sons.
Also read: Doctor Strange 3: Every Potential Member Who Could Become The New Illuminati On Earth-838
But even before their death, the group had had quite a dark streak having killed one of their own, Stephen Strange, their founder and Sorcerer Supreme. As the Mad Titan, Thanos, and his goal of bringing balance had loomed on their universe, the sorcerer turned to the Darkhold looking for powers to nullify the threat, and destroyed another universe in the process. Black Bolt had executed him, with the unanimous agreement of the Illuminati.
Also read: ‘She’s Not a Tuned Up Version’: Elizabeth Olsen Reveals Why Scarlet Witch of Earth-838 Was Weaker in Doctor Strange 2
The Earth-616 Doctor Strange has now been cursed with the third eye after using the Darkhold for its powers. Now representing the wisdom of the sorcerer Agamotto and Vishanti, the eye allows Strange to look into his enemies’ true intentions and break through magical illusions via its higher level of consciousness. | https://fandomwire.com/doctor-strange-2-designer-reveals-why-thors-secret-second-brother-didnt-become-seventh-illuminati-member/ |
WARNING: The following contains spoilers for The Death of Doctor Strange #1 available now from Marvel Comics.
The first issue of The Death of Doctor Strange (by Jed McKay, Lee Garbett, Antonio Fabela and VC’s Cory Petit) wastes no time getting to the point. Strange starts his day talking with Wong, performing surgery, and teaching at the Strange Academy. He reminisces on an old fable and those he has lost.
After returning to an empty Sanctum Santorum he goes to relax, only to hear a knock at the door. As he opens it, he seems to know who is on the other side, but fails to realize their intentions. He is overpowered, by magic that should not be possible to wield and stabbed in the heart with a dagger. His death is felt around the world, and many powerful mystics arrive at the scene, some friends others foes. Here are some of the potential suspects that could have been responsible for the death of Marvel’s Sorcerer Supreme.
Baron Mordo
As one of Strange’s most infamous adversaries, he and his servant Kaecilius arrive shortly after the death of his nemesis. Mordo admits he has always wanted to kill the sorcerer, and is outraged that someone has beaten him to the task.
However, Baron Mordo has proven capable of taking on the Sorcerer Supreme several times in the past, and is one of the few magic users in the world who approach Strange’s level of proficiency in the arts. Furthermore, if he is responsible for the death, he would certainly lie to cover up the fact.
Brother Voodoo
While usually considered to be an ally, the former Sorcerer Supreme Jericho Drumm may still be upset by the death of his brother Daniel due to a plan initiated by Strange going south in Savage Avengers #12 (by Gerry Duggan, Adam Gorham and Travis Lanham).
Even though Daniel Drumm was working with the Hand, Elektra didn’t hesitate to kill Daniel right in front of Jericho. Voodoo seemed to accept the loss, but may have understandably harbored ill will toward Strange. Voodoo may also wish to retake the mantle of Sorcerer Supreme that is now left vacant in the wake of the death.
Clea and/or her father
During the issue, Strange looks at a picture of Clea he keeps on his bathroom mirror. While they were married at one point, their relationship became strained after she returned from the Dark Dimension where she ruled. After she helped Strange and the Defenders when they were cursed, the two divorced and she returned to rule her dimension. She is also the niece of Dormammu.
Clea’s father, Orini was actually the legitimate heir to the Dark Dimension and continues to be a loyal disciple of Dormammu. It is not beyond the realm of possibility that Orini could have done the deed at the behest of his dark master or because of his daughter’s relationship with Strange.
Doctor Doom
Even though Doom showed up to help Strange’s Savage Avengers face the sorcerer Kulan Gath, he has most recently been seen in space working with the Guardians of the Galaxy and on Mars with the X-Men. After Dormammu possessed Ego the Living Planet he and the Guardians worked together to defeat him.
Doom may dabble in the mystic arts, but it seems unlikely he could possess the ability to wield magic strong enough to subdue the Sorcerer Supreme. If he did come to the Sanctum Santorum, it is also doubtful that Strange would let his guard down. Still, Doom was initially taught magic by Strange, and the two developed a healthy respect for one another when they ventured to hell to rescue the spirit of Doom’s mother. Furthermore, Doom is known for stealing the powers of others when needed, and Strange commented at the time of his death that his assailant should not be able to wield so much power. All of this could point to Doom being the culprit, although his motivations for doing so remain uncertain.
Doctor Strange
The strangest possible suspect of the murder is Strange himself, or at least the version of him that arrives at the end of the issue to “help” his mystical allies find the true culprit.
The much younger doctor reveals that his current day counterpart had a contingency plan in place in the event of his death. However, there is also the possibility that this version of the Sorcerer Supreme has been corrupted as he was previously in the comics by Dormammu, and in the MCU’s What If…? when he was overtaken by a thirst for more power.
Doyle Dormammu
Appearing earlier in the issue, Doyle is the son of Dormammu, who is one of Strange’s most powerful adversaries. Although he has been a student of Strange Academy since its inception and he comes to Strange with a warning, it is entirely possible that Doyle is not the ally he appears to be.
In Strange Academy, Doyle Dormammu has had visions of becoming as evil as his father. This could be a manifestation of that, or it could be his father working through him to get Strange to drop his guard. This would explain the Sorcerer Supreme dropping his guard as well as his exclamation that his assailant should not possess the level of power that was used against him.
Magik
Like Doyle, Magik appeared earlier in the issue helping Doctor Strange defeat demons that had escaped out of the Limbo dimension. With a new Inferno on the horizon, she could be giving into her dark urges and be on the brink of transforming into the corrupt Darkchylde.
With her being a member of the faculty of Strange Academy as well as being previously trained by him, there is no doubt that the doctor would let her into his home and drop his guard. She also would be able to wield an uncanny amount of magical power if she has given in to her more powerful persona.
Scarlet Witch
Following the events of the Hellfire Gala, Wanda Maximoff should be dead for all intents purposes. If Wanda showed up alive at his door, it would certainly explain his surprise, as well as his dropping his guard. Her mental instability also means that her control and strength can be unpredictable, resulting in the magic wielded being beyond what was thought possible.
Whoever is responsible for the death knew that without Strange the world would not be protected from invasions from other dimensions. The death also brings to light the equally important question of who will be the new Sorcerer Supreme…and if they are prepared to face the new threat waiting on the horizon.
Read Next: Why Doctor Strange and Clea’s Relationship Really Fell Apart
The Fantastic Four’s Powers Totally Reshaped the Team in the Marvel Multiverse
About The Author
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Left to Rot
Sanitation Sorcerer Stephen Litmatch: The Skumblade saurok do not eat all of the meat they hunt. They reserve large portions of it to rot in piles near their homes, attracting pests and spreading disease.
We can’t have the saurok spreading their disease beyond the borders of Ihgaluk Crag. Dispose of any excess meat that you find.
Objectives
Destroy 3 Fetid Meat Piles.
Completion
Sanitation Sorcerer Stephen Litmatch: Left standing, those piles of discarded food are the perfect breeding ground for disease.
Were I still in the disease-spreading business, I’d consider using them myself. | https://warcraft.blizzplanet.com/blog/comments/world-of-warcraft-patch-5-2-the-thunder-isle-daily-quests-left-to-rot |
Paralogue 13: Truly Talented
The mission Paralogue 13: Truly Talented is an optional mission in Fire Emblem: Fates, and is part of the Side Quests (Paralogues) that can be accessed in-between main story chapters. This paralogue in particular can be attempted as soon as Subaki achieves an S-Rank Support with any member of the opposite gender.
- Available Units - 12
- Enemies: Mercenaries, Heroes, Sorcerers, Paladins, Dark Mages,
- Boss - Sorcerer
- Objective: Rout the enemy
- Allies: Caeldori (appears on the space below Subaki at the beginning of the battle)
- Items: Swordcatcher and Iron Naginata (Caeldori starts with them)
First things first: you're surrounded. Move weaker units into support position of pairs (especially Caeldori) and keep them there until things even out. Make sure you don't overreach, especially by killing a unit on the island only to put your low-resistance unit within range of a sorcerer on the shore.
Keep a healer at the back of each formation and you can push outwards quickly.
Was this guide helpful? | https://www.ign.com/wikis/fire-emblem-fates/Paralogue_13:_Truly_Talented |
The James Clayton Column: So kids, you want to learn magic?
The Sorcerer’s Apprentice may not have won the approval of mainstream critics but, James argues, it’s a veritable goldmine of information for aspiring wizards…
“I want to know about magic!” cried the little boy as he put the dollars he’d saved up on the counter of the box office booth outside the old movie theatre in middle-of-nowhere, backwoods, Midwest USA. “Well sonny,” said the crusty, yet kindly old man with a beaming and benevolent smile, “today’s your lucky day. Y’see we got these Harry Potter movies a-playin’ and they’re all about the magic…”
“Jeepers oh boy gosh darn!” yelped the kid, and with the ticket stub between his fingers he raced into the auditorium and filled his febrile mind with thoughts of flying owls, juvenile wizards and transfiguration spells.
His world was alive with magic. His heart was full of joy and his tongue fizzed with accio charms. He knew that from that day he wouldn’t rest until he’d joined the ranks of the characters on screen and was heading to Hogwarts to make his way as a muggle-born wizard.
Sadly, upon returning to his home in the trailer park, life took a nasty turn. His gran beat him for stealing her spectacles and his twenty-five brothers and sisters gave him a kicking every time he waved a pencil in the air and shouted “wingardium leviosa”.
Things got really tragic when he grabbed a penknife and cut a lightning bolt scar into his forehead. His parents took him to a doctor who dosed him up to his eyeballs with Ritalin and Thalidomide and packed him off to the self-harm and psychosis unit at the Damien Thorn Facility for Troubled Children in Nebraska.
The moral of the story is this: Harry Potter is bad for your health. The book-burning religious fundamentalists were right all along. Behind the scar and the glasses is a black abyss of devilry and danger that will poison and destroy your children. It’s false magic that will only warp young minds and make them do silly things, like dress up as a Quidditch star and hang around bookshops at midnight.
If you want to know about real magic, you’ll have to look elsewhere. Genuine paranormal power isn’t about golden snitches or summoning broomsticks. Au contraire, it involves more serious stuff like blood oaths, spiritual possession and communion with nature.
Proper magick is done to ensure a good harvest, bring fertility, communicate with ‘the great beyond’ and manipulate the essential elements of the earth. Harry Potter is only interested in cheap party tricks to pick up chicks.
For a more effective source of immense magical wisdom, I’d suggest that you either meditate on Gandalf’s beard and hope it reveals something profound, or watch the kind of old-school horror flicks where Christopher Lee has a big house in which people draw pentacles in the attic or sacrifice virgins in the basement. (That’s called making the most of the space.)
Otherwise, you’re going to have to visit the abandoned sections of libraries and rare book stores to find medieval witchcraft texts like the Malleus Malleficarum or Burchard Of Worms’s Corrector And Doctor. They’re entertaining, enlightening and I recommend them as bedtime reading.
These eldritch tomes were written to warn readers of the dangers of witchcraft and put the fear of God into the masses. Paradoxically, they manage to do the opposite and act as instruction manuals to all kinds of delightful shenanigans. They’re the perfect foundations on which to build a new wave of historically-set horror cinema.
Having seen Black Death at the cinema earlier this year, I’m thirsty for more period thrillers dabbling with dark/paranormal matter. I’m imagining potboilers with thesps like Ian McKellen acting as narrator-cum-inquisitorial-voice-of-damnation barking at the viewer over shots of grim swamps and thatched hovels bathed in mist.
“Have you done what some women do?” asks Gandalf over the opening of the adaptation of Corrector And Doctor (retitled What Witchy Women Want to sound snappier on the marketing material). “They lie face down on the ground, uncover their buttocks, and tell someone to make bread on their naked buttocks.”
That’s a genuine extract from the text and the beginning of a method to make husbands “more ardent in their love”. What Burchard of Worms tells female magic practitioners to do with a fish in order to secure the affections of the opposite sex is too extreme to be printed here. All I’ll say is that even Helen Mirren would hesitate to strip off and shoot it. An X-rated certificate is likely and animal rights groups won’t be impressed.
Because Disney doesn’t do nudity and unorthodox sex rituals involving seafood, the archaic sources of olde-fashioned mystic wisdom are no good for the mainstream family demographic that buy Harry Potter DVDs. It’s understandable, therefore, that the House of Mouse chose to make The Sorcerer’s Apprentice to spread sparks over the summer multiplex. I completely approve. The movie’s a lot of fun and does an excellent job of representing the spirit and tradition of magic.
Oh, eager children of the land itching to enchant and conjure, The Sorcerer’s Apprentice will definitely help you more on the road to sorcery success than the ‘Assorted Every-Flavour Adventures of Ronald Weasley’s Best Mate’ will.
In part, it’s thanks to the quirk, strangeness and charm of Nicolas Cage, ever-reliable as an educational screen icon. Accept him as your teacher, kids. He’s shown you how to be a good-hearted babysnatcher (Raising Arizona) and tutored you in the art of suicidal alcoholism (Leaving Las Vegas). He’s taught you how to be a good bad cop (Bad Lieutenant) and raised you to be a ruthless costumed vigilante assassin of vengeful design (Kick-Ass). Trust in the man now riding a steel eagle across the New York skyline, and the power of Merlin shall be yours.
The movie also links ‘magic’ to science and age-old intellectual culture instead of pooh-poohing it as ‘childish’ fantasy, which is more reasonable than ridiculing it as silly buggers comparing wand sizes. As a motion picture, it does positive work for subject matter threatened in the oh-so-serious modern world and captures the imagination.
I’m also willing to bet that if that little boy had seen The Sorcerer’s Apprentice that day, he’d have learned the true power of magic and been able to employ it before they incarcerated him in the asylum.
It’s a nice introductory text for aspiring wizards before they get to the more hardcore dark matter encoded in the thick and esoteric high-brow literature. I just hope that in The Sorcerer’s Apprentice 2, Nic Cage doesn’t take his disciple Dave to the fish market.
James’ previous column can be found here. | https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/the-james-clayton-column-so-kids-you-want-to-learn-magic/ |
Mechanics:
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Ack, the princess has been captured once again by an evil sorcerer! She should really stop hanging about in places where she can be captured so easily. Well, that's neither here nor there for now - let's get out there and free her from the enchanted tower. One player plays the sorcerer and at the start of the game he hides a key under one of 16 spaces on the game board. The other players collectively take the part of Robin, who tries to find the key before the sorcerer can reach it. No matter who finds the key first, though, that player gets to try the key in one of the six locks on the tower; if he chooses the right one, the princess jumps free of the tower and that player wins. If not, the sorcerer hides the key once again, and everyone moves back to their starting locations. Includes rules in English, French, Dutch, German and Italian.
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Well Sorcerer finally arrived and I am somewhat eager to begin what is my first "new" RPG experience in some time. I cannot wait to play but for the moment I will be running Sorcerer: Labyrinth of Worlds.
I will be aiming for character creation this Thursday at least for one of the players and probably two of the players I have in mind.
A little about the world:
Sorcerer: LoW will be set almost four thousand years in the future at a time when Science has evolved past mear formulas. Indeed although Standard Einsteinian Physics is understood, in this part of the Galaxy it barely works anymore. Instead, Metaphyscial Science has taken hold and has allowed a warping of Space, Time, and Reality.
A maze of sorts has been created with the various Gates that link the various worlds. Space Travel is possible but usualy only occurs in orbit. After the development of of the Metaphysical means of Travel and splintering of millions who fled the galaxy seeking "Real Science", there came discoveries of other forms of life, most importantly the "Deomonic" Realm of existance. These Demons (Aliens of a higher Order is what some refer to them as) can bind with Humans who understand the Rituals available but very few do.
The general populous, as enlightened as they are, still tend to fear the truly Alien or Supernatural and this includes the Sorcerers. As such Sorcerers, for the most part, still generally hide their existance as much as possible so as to move among the population unhindered by prejudice.
A note: MEtaphysics is a very nebulous framework around which the universe seems to be built. I do not have every single Theory and Hypothesis peged down but it shouldn't become necassary. As we play and they ask questions I feel I can plug in some Logic then.
Now, if anyone has any advice, suggestions, or words of warning please feel free to comment.
I do not have Humanity pinned down exactly and any advice on that (I have been bugging Ron Edwards about for almost a week now and don't want to bug him too much more :) ) that would be appreciated.
Thanks
Sean
SMH
ADGBoss
Title: Sorcerer: Labyrinth of Worlds
Post by: Mike Holmes on October 29, 2002, 09:32:09 AM
Whoa. One should almost start with Humanity. What are demons (as contra-human)? They are aliens, simply? Hmm.
Humanity could be very literal. It means not being alien. Perhaps as the sorcerers contact the aliens they tend to start to behave like them, and less like humans. At zero Humanity, the character goes native, and becomes, for all practical purposes, Alien.
Cool?
One problem is that in four thousand years, what will human mean?
Mike
Title: Sorcerer: Labyrinth of Worlds
Post by: Ron Edwards on October 29, 2002, 09:35:57 AM
Hi Sean,
The only pieces of advice I can give at the moment are ...
1) Hold a character creation session, but don't play immediately. You'll have to take time to read over the Kickers and to process the difficult challenge of having those Kickers "be the story" in favor of your back-story or setting.
2) Make sure that all the players are present at the character creation session and encourage a lot of cross-communication among them. However, don't encourage them to link up their characters in any kind of "squad" way; leave it entirely up to them.
3) Visit the threads listed at the Sorcerer Actual Play (http://www.sorcerer-rpg.com/brochure.php/actualplay.html) page about prepping for play, especially the Gothic game links by Jesse Burneko and the Southern Fried links by Tor Erickson. The Art-Deco Melodrama threads are invaluable as well.
I also suggest Melodie's About to start first Sorcerer game - Humanity question (http://www.indie-rpgs.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2180) thread, and all the threads I've linked to in my post there.
4) Review the combat rules, especially in reference to these threads:
My first Sorcerer game (http://www.indie-rpgs.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=626) (with strict reference to my posts)
Last (?) combat question (http://www.indie-rpgs.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=588) (but ignore the stuff about Sorc & Sword for now)
Sorcerer combat (http://www.indie-rpgs.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=688)
Individual conflict resolution in Sorcerer (http://www.indie-rpgs.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=1630)
Combat, penalties, and Sorcerer (http://www.indie-rpgs.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2209)
Attack and order of attacks (http://www.indie-rpgs.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2217)
Combat question: multiple actions (http://www.indie-rpgs.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=3625)
I know this might seem like a lot of reading, but believe me, Sorcerer is not a game which gently introduces people to a new style of play. It was written explicitly for dissatisfied role-players who were already 50% of the way to this mode of play already. On multiple occasions, people who thought Sorcerer would "open the heavens" for them have been shocked and frightened by just how different it is.
It's especially important to break down the usual dichotomy of [GM + book] as opposed to [players]. Instead, the book is intended for players and GM alike; encourage everyone to read bits and to get interested in how the game works, mechanically.
Best,
Ron
Title: Sorcerer: Labyrinth of Worlds
Post by: ADGBoss on October 29, 2002, 10:22:16 AM
Quote from: Mike Holmes
One problem is that in four thousand years, what will human mean?
Mike
Goooood Question :)
SMH
ADGBoss
Title: Sorcerer: Labyrinth of Worlds
Post by: ADGBoss on October 29, 2002, 10:31:51 AM
Thank you both much... I apparently do have alot more reading to do. Which is fine, since I like to scope out perspectives of others.
again much appreciated
SMH
ADGBoss
Title: Sorcerer: Labyrinth of Worlds
Post by: Bankuei on October 29, 2002, 10:55:35 AM
Quote
On multiple occasions, people who thought Sorcerer would "open the heavens" for them have been shocked and frightened by just how different it is.
Sounds just like a typical Binding.... :)
Chris
Title: Sorcerer: Labyrinth of Worlds
Post by: Paul Czege on October 29, 2002, 11:11:43 AM
Hey Sean,
If you find yourself skeptical of the importance of Ron's advice to have all players present for your chargen session, you might want to also read my conversation with Christopher Kubasik on the Character Back Story thread.
Good luck,
Paul
Title: Sorcerer: Labyrinth of Worlds
Post by: ADGBoss on October 29, 2002, 12:36:57 PM
Wow that is alot of info to bring in, fortunately work is slow today.
Now I had a question. Its about the plot. Now I understand and like the idea of the Player's Kickers creating the plot (yes I know I am "Players cannot be trusted!" Designer but I am intrigued by this). So essentially I wanted to give them an Environment rich with possibility when we started Chargen.
So I have the planet (Tau Gemini) and the location (Hermes' Rest) which is a sprawling rural community of deep forests and small buildings. There is one major crossroads area with several utility buildings and stores etc... Each of the four major Houses in the setting hae manors here and there is a festival coming up in a solar week. (I am saying that Tau Gemini has similar rotation etc to Earth just so that major Astronomy does not interfere in the first game). Also the player's know that on Tau Gemini there are creatures which resemble some of the Dark Myths, specifcally Werewolves and Vampires. These are mainly superstitions.
Now can I stop right there? Wait for Chargen and the NPCs the Players give me and then fill in any gaps or should I create an NPC or three? Or have I gone too far?
Also I am working on some premise and Humanity ideas, more now after I have read some of the available threads. The game will be about pursuit of knowledge and the inherent dangers. In this world of Metaphysics were everyone appears happy and those that aren't are sick or incapable of understanding, perhaps the surface hides some secrets? I am imagining Knowledge and Metaphysics as a Warm Pool or Lake. As you descend into the upper layer you realise its much better to be here in the water (knoweldge) then where you were... however once you descend deeper, thinking it even better the lower you go (despite the fact that you may know there are dangers) the less light there is until fianlly you realise that its all darkness and your lost...
This is part of the Sorcerer dynamic, the more the explore Alien/Demon the more they move away from the light or their Humanity.
SMH
ADGBoss
Title: Sorcerer: Labyrinth of Worlds
Post by: Valamir on October 29, 2002, 01:44:09 PM
My initial suggestion is that perhaps you are being a bit too ambitious. Trying to tackle a conceptually difficult new game system (which seems to be quite different from your normal balliwick) at the same time as trying to create a new and engageing setting might be too much for your first game of Sorcerer.
I would honestly recommend getting a few games of "standard" Sorcerer under your belt before trying to tackle this setting (which does seem interesting). By standard I mean a slice of our own mostly modern world where players have all of the big setting details already understood and all that remains is creating a little slice. That would allow you to focus on mechanics and witness and practice with some of the unusual features first. I think your enjoyment with the Labyrinth of Worlds setting would be vastly improved as a result of the experience. A "mini" sorcerer campaign can generally be wrapped up in a session or two.
To give advice specific to your question above. I think I'd stop right there. Don't give them any information on what the Houses are like, or what kind of economy the town has or anything. Let them build their own kickers. Pay special attention to the part of the character sheet where players invent and record pertinent relationships. Have a group creative brainstorm session. After which take the kickers you collectively invented, the people you collectively invented, and any little setting details you collectively invented that enable those kickers/NPCs and build up a Relationship Map from there between adding in new NPCs and such as desired. Then wind them up and see where they go.
Title: Sorcerer: Labyrinth of Worlds
Post by: ADGBoss on October 30, 2002, 07:19:11 AM
I appreciate that suggestion but I guess I like Pain :) and the modern world is fine but when I get a setting idea I usually run with it...
I will eventually do modern Sorcerer.
I agree, I think I have enough info for the players and am eagerly awaiting the Chargen session.
Thanks
SMH
ADGBoss
Title: Sorcerer: Labyrinth of Worlds
Post by: Ron Edwards on October 31, 2002, 11:38:50 AM
Hi Sean,
Just wanted to say that I'm awed at the care and time you're taking to set up for play. I appreciate it a lot, and I'm looking forward to what you and players come up with.
Best,
Ron
Title: Sorcerer: Labyrinth of Worlds
Post by: ADGBoss on November 16, 2002, 06:15:29 AM
Ok! After some delay I am finally posting this. We are done with Character Generation and our first session. CharGen first.
Character Generation
This went alot better then I had hoped it would. At the time we had three players (there will be a fourth as soon as I can get his char made for him) one of who was very eager to play and the other two a little leary I think. Still they wanted to try something new and sorcerer is new.
At first we talked about the setting and the basic Sorcerer rules and then we began a step by step chargen from the book. This was going very well as everyone seemed to be expressing really great ideas and getting clues about their characters. Then we came to Humanity. The concept of what Humaity's purpose was went fine but the definition of Humanity was a bit of a tough nut to crack. Fortunately Dave (ADGConscience) semed to get some of the ideas I had thrown out there and explained them very well. we tweeked Humanity a bit and boom everyone was on the page.
In a nutshell we decided that Humanity is like a pool of water and at the surface it seems fine to swim but once you breach the water, once you know that there are other experiences and ideas beyond what you currently are, i.e. Lore and the knowledge of Sorcery, you can never quite go back to normal. So a little knowledge is not harmful but as you go deeper, there is less light from above and so as you know more of these secretes your mind seems to reject the notions o fHumanity more and more till finally your consumed with this Alien knowledge and are no longer quite so Human.
Dave can again explain it a little better then I.
So this is how things panned out:
Dave, an Information Specialist, I cannot remeber the exact title, who seeks out Information in General and has difficulties in situations where people ask HIM questions. His Demon is a Shadow that follow him around and pesters him for Artistic Creations and likes to be in the vicinity when death occurs.
Marsha, a noble of House Issis, who somewhat rejects the societal notion that when your exact station in life is discovered you should stay in it. She has difficulty taking orders. Her Deomon is a passing Demon who is her bodyguard and has a fetish for cleaning as well a deep need to know secrets.
Shelly, a secret Operative of House Issis, she despises law breakers and seeks to bring them to justice. The character is a sorrt of Judge Dread / Dana Scully crossover which she is playing pretty well. Her demon is a cat named Animal who loves to cause mayhem and enjoys the rush of power gained when killing someone
Dave's Kicker: He has come to Hermes rest (on the world Tau Gemini) to seek out knowledge of a suspected Sorcerer named Megedden who used to be a tutor of Morgoth Dye, ruler of House Cath.
Marsha's Kicker: She has comen to Hermes Rest for a meeting of Nobles sponsored by Morgoth Dye to find some peaceful response to the outbreak of unrest by the Technological Separatists.
Shelly's Kicker: She is to go to Hermes Rest to investigate the rumors of Werewolves and Vampires and find out the truth, bringing back a live specimen if possible.
I will get my notes together fully and post the first session later today or tomorrow but I must say Sorcerer turned out be a very easy to use and intuitive system. I am much pleased with all of the results.
SMH
ADGBoss
Title: Sorcerer: Labyrinth of Worlds
Post by: Paul Czege on November 16, 2002, 11:26:16 AM
Hey Sean,
Sorcerer, in my experience, can be a rough game to wrap your head around as a GM, so I like how you guys came together as a group and sorted out a definition of Humanity.
I was going to direct you to a couple of older threads on Gaming Outpost about Kickers, from the time when I was personally struggling to understand them, but it seems that they've been archived offline. So below are some excerpts that I'd saved from them for personal reference.
This is Ron's guidance to me after I'd posted about the characters produced by our chargen session:
What about the Kickers? Remember, the most important thing about a Sorcerer PC is that he or she is IN MOTION. Something happened, ONE MINUTE AGO, that changed everything. What is it?
From another thread, more explanation from Ron about what Kickers are in the context of chargen and play:
I have discovered that it is the way for a player to say to the GM, "This is what I want the story to be ABOUT." Whatever the context, whatever the setting, whatever the logistics of what the GM is "up to," the conflict or issue raised by the Kicker MUST be addressed in a climactic fashion at some point during play.
Here is where the real difference between the Sorcerer Kicker and the Feng Shui Melodramatic Hook shows up. The latter is used quickly in the first session "get" the PC "there," and it is as quickly discarded once its purpose is served. The former, however, is literally an intrusion of the player into the traditional role of the GM, during scenario preparation - it means, "I wanna play THIS," and the GM is obliged to do it.
Clearly, Kickers vary in their degree of information and demand. The examples in the rules about discovering one's murdered roommate or the suitcase of heroin only tell the GM to "put me in scary danger," rather than telling him to "give me a family crisis" for example. But I think that variance is OK - at the very least, the player is committing to CARE about the situation the character is in, and he or she has partly created it.
From later in that same thread, some examples from Ron of good and bad Kickers:
REALLY HELLACIOUS KICKER #1
"My mom tells me I have a twin brother, and then I find that evidence at a variety of crime scenes points to his involvement." (the PC is a cop and a demon-halfbreed)
This is a great Kicker because I now have a couple NPCs, I have a series of crimes, I have opportunities for the brother to be a victim or a villain, and above all, the player is telling me that he WANTS to participate in a family-loyalty conflict and drama. Notice also that I still have plenty of creative input - he's given me elements and theme, I still have lots of power too.
REALLY HELLACIOUS KICKER #2
"I get home from the airport, open my perfectly normal suitcase which I believed to contain my stuff, and it's full of heroin."
Why is this still a good Kicker? After all, it doesn't offer any NPCs or specific moral crises like the first one. However, it DOES tell the GM exactly what SORT of conflict or action the player wants to see - in this case, a gritty blood/cash/drugs story, with lots of dealers and illegal economics and ruthless stuff. Very 80s, maybe, with some touches of Miami Vice or DePalma's Scarface (neither of which I like, but it's the FEEL and TOPIC I'm talking about, not story quality).
STINKY KICKER #1
"I change jobs, from insurance broker to fire-fighter."
This is no use because the "change in the character's life" is no change at all in STORY terms. The basic, fundamental act is still working for a living in a societally-approved way. There's nothing that makes me, the audience-member-me, sit up and say, "Oh shit, how's he gonna deal with this?"
PRETTY DECENT KICKERS (conversions from above)
Now if he changed careers from Arthur Anderson to working for the mob, that's a bit more interesting, although it still needs help - for instance, is it a knowledgeable change? Then the GM should ask WHY the PC decided to work for the mob (i.e. is the mob going to be a villain or a movie-cool context for heroics?). Or it could be the sort of thing where one day the PC discovers that he's been working for the mob all along - now that's a Kicker too, much like the heroin-suitcase example.
All of these might then be good versions, depending on the outcome of player-GM discussion:
- "I get fed up with legal hypocrisy and go work for the mob."
- "The mobsters threaten to feed my wife to the fishes, so I go work for them ... for NOW."
- "Oh, shit! I've been working for the mob!"
STINKY KICKER #2
"Some guys I never saw before are trying to kill me."
The problem here is that anyone would have exactly the same reaction - evade, analyze, retaliate/solve. There's no opportunity for the hero to demonstrate anything except good puzzle-solving skills and good dice rolls.
Converting this to a decent Kicker is easier than it looks. Instead of forcing the player to make up back-story stuff about the killers - because obviously he WANTS to be mystified, as part of the fun - just ask, "HOW are they trying to kill you?" All the possible answers to this provide the GM with stylistic information about the kind of conflicts the player wants to face: "ninjas leaping through the windows" means a lot of things that "strychnine in my tea, drunk by my nosy neighbor by mistake" does not, and vice versa.
Getting everyone on the same page somewhere beyond the lack of potential for "anything except good puzzle-solving skills and good dice rolls" seems to be key. You've already done the everyone's on the same page thing very effectively with Humanity, so there's every reason to assume you'll nail Kickers too. Congrats! I'm looking forward to seeing your post about actual play.
Paul
Title: Sorcerer: Labyrinth of Worlds
Post by: Clinton R. Nixon on November 16, 2002, 12:02:30 PM
Paul is completely and totally on the mark with Sorcerer. One piece of advice I'll give from my Sorcerer & Sword game and how I dealt with Kickers:
Either before or after you get the Kickers from your players, think of a few images or names you want in the game. You are the GM, and not everything can come from the players. In my case, I thought of names without actually applying any information to what they meant: the City of Truth, the Western Wastes, Darwin's Army, and slaver-bandits.
Then take the Kickers. These should perhaps at least have some overlap, but with more than two players, they will vary a bit. This is the most daunting part of the process: "weaving" the Kickers into a good story "blanket." (My players should close their eyes now, by the way.) For example, I have:
- One character was kicked out of his tribe for defiling their god-in-a-pool, which became his demon. (He also stated a goal: to bring a new god to his tribe.)
- One character had less of a Kicker, and more of a situation: his demon is an enormous combat killer that hates him and follows him around starting fights. (I actually can't remember if he or I came up with the real Kicker: the bandits he used to be a part of, and were wiped out by his demon, have cropped back up.)
- Finally, the last character, a cyborg, woke up from cryo-stasis to find that his entire platoon is gone.
I weaved these together to get: the bandits are enslaving people to work in a local town, where the characters find another demon like the god-in-a-pool, and find out about the City of Truth, run by a demon like the enormous combat killer. (The third character came in later, after the characters made it to the City of Truth, destroyed it, and got a new god for the first character.) Upon making it back to the first character's village, they find everyone's gone, taken by Darwin's Army, and other locals identify the third cyborg character with a legendary character called the Waste Walker, which can only be another cyborg from his platoon.
Anyway, that's my advice: grab some cool ideas and attach them to the characters' Kickers, while making sure that certain NPCs and places in the Kickers are the same.
Title: Sorcerer: Labyrinth of Worlds
Post by: ADGConscience on November 16, 2002, 12:57:15 PM
Now that I know what Kickers are meant to be, and saw an excellent example in Christopher Kubasik's Gothic-styled one, I realize we had pretty weak Kickers.
Kickers, it seems, are a great way to keep from a game session from resembling a stagnant pool.
If I were to do another Kicker? I guess I'd say that my Informatics* Researcher had had several conversations with Meggedin, strongly suspecting he was a Sorcerer, and finally arranged a face-to-face--only to find out upon arriving at Hermes' Rest that the man was 20 years dead.
Evaluations of the above Kicker from Paul/Clinton?
Dave
*The field of Informatics? I'd try to explain, but it's beyond your 21st-century monkey-brains to understand.
Title: Sorcerer: Labyrinth of Worlds
Post by: ADGBoss on November 18, 2002, 12:45:15 PM
But he has only been dead 18 years... | http://indie-rpgs.com/archive/index.php?action=printpage;topic=4030.0 |
Sorcerer Unbound: Sorcery As Conflict
Some people find it odd that Sorcery is disproportionately difficult to do relative to anything else in a game called Sorcerer. Other people think the rituals in the game are task resolution complete with a whiff factor. These two misconceptions are related. Let’s take a look at the most conceptually difficult ritual: Contact. Contact is a Lore vs. Power roll which in most cases make it look almost impossible to pull off since you’re often looking at ratios like 3:8. Similarly, if a Contact fails, nothing seems to happen. It can feel like a whiff.
First of all, a Contact ritual isn’t like a fireball spell in D&D. You don’t just say, “Hey, I’m going to Contact” and reach for the dice. That isn’t going to work due to the disproportionate amount of difficulty. You need to get bonus dice and helper rolls. Remember that I said those two things are about refining the details of the situation. This is key to understanding what happens when a Contact fails. You NEED those details if failure is going to make any sense which is why the game forces you to strive for them. Remember that bonus dice are only awarded if at least one person is emotionally moved by the detail which means elements of the Contact must have meaning relative to the greater narrative.
So even after you stack on the bonus dice and helper rolls, how is a Contact ritual a conflict? I can tell you right now that you are not in conflict with the Demon. Remember, in Sorcerer, Demons do not exist. What you are in conflict with is…
Reality.
Contemplate that for a moment. Since Demons do not exist, if you are attempting to Contact one that puts you in conflict with Reality. Further, remember that Reality in Sorcerer is an emotional narrative construct. It is not a simulated imagined world. As such it can have an agenda just the way inanimate objects can appear to have an agenda. So question: Is there anything in Sorcerer that can serve as Reality’s agenda?
How about the Humanity definition?
When a Contact ritual fails, the Reality that demons do not exist and the Reality of the humanity definition come down on the Sorcerer in a crushing manner. You did not *fail* to Contact a demon who exists out there somewhere, there is no demon to Contact. Thus the consequences for failing a Contact ritual are tied up in the specifics of its attempt.
I played a Southern Gothic game of Sorcerer where the Humanity definition was about walking the line between respect for community and family traditions while retaining your own identity. One of the PCs was married to a woman who was related to a powerful sorcery driven family and she had put a lot of effort in distancing herself from that family. At one point the PC’s daughter was kidnapped by people the PC owed money.
The PC decided he was going to try to Contact a demon. He gathered all these ritual items, including elements he had used to contact this particular demon before (it was a demon he had banished earlier in the story), into his daughter’s bedroom. The Contact failed and the sad reality of the fact that there is no magical incantation that will bring your daughter back came crashing home. He was alone in a room with a bunch of junk and some superstitious poetry. His wife walked in on him and grew very angry! She worked hard to keep herself away from this stuff, to keep her daughter from that crazy side of the family, and now he’s brought it into her home. His daughter was out there somewhere and the BEST he could manage as a father was this superstitious BULLSHIT. How pathetic. | https://bloodthornpress.com/2008/10/17/sorcerer-unbound-sorcery-as-conflict/ |
The Steampunk Adventures of Sorcerer's Apprentices is tetralogy of Arthurian influenced historical fantasy fan-fiction series which first quarter of it's overall tracks reimagining events in Disney's The Sorcerer's Apprentice. This fan-fiction has confirmed to be exclusively released as literature in this wikia, so this wikia so far is the only site to read the Fan-fiction. The first page, Prologue, has been released in 11 October in 2014.
Unlike The Sorcerer's Apprentice that set in 2000s at New York City, the fan-fiction series is set in a fictional Scottish town named Trostville in alternate, steampunk world of The Sorcerer's Apprentice film universe where the story chronologically began from the year of 1938, prior to World War 2. In the first part, the series involves friendship between the Mr. Blake, wise but mysterious sorcerer whom actually one of Merlin's three original apprentices with his slightly clumsy but very competent apprentice named Raido (1930s steampunk reality counterpart of Dave Stutler), a young apprentice whom enrolls in Crossmages Academy and works as a private detective in his part times. After discovering both true nature of his master and his destiny as the Prime Merlinean, Raido and his friends set out to fight Morganian forces whom evil plans threatened to alter the course of mankind's history.
In this Fan-fiction series, aside Sorcerers(humans whom innately possesses magic), another kind of human race that serves as sorcerers' distant cousins also introduced. This said race is Magus, a human species has evolved to the point that they more like magical creatures than regular humans. Magus has all powers of Sorcerers, but they have additional powers that both Sorcerers and humans lacks: Regenerative Healing Factor, immunity to Vampirism, and ability to magically control their own body cells into either weapons or armor or even shapeshift into more monstrous form called Whitelight Magic.
In July 20, 2015, it was announced that the fan-fiction series plotline would be influenced with elements of Lovecraftian works, which began from it's tie-in story Truth Behind The Salem Witch Trial.
Contents
- 1 Part 1: The Sorcerer's Apprentice
- 2 Part 2: Morganian Black Knight
- 3 Part 3: He Who Hunt Monster
- 4 Part 4: The Creators
- 5 Soundtrack:
- 6 Tie-In Stories
- 7 Characters and Their Possible Voice Actors
- 8 Inspirations
- 9 Posters and Gallery
Part 1: The Sorcerer's Apprentice
Part 1: The Sorcerer's Apprentice involves Raido's discovery where Mr. Blake, his wise but mysterious mentor, turned out to be one of Merlin's original apprentices that looking for Prime Merlinean. This was started from his accident with Dragon Ring that causes the catastrophic explosion that gave him and Tlob's Whitelight Magic and several encounters with remnants of Morganian whom seek to destroy the world. This first part of tetralogy reimagining the storyline in the original The Sorcerer's Apprentice movie.
- Prologue
- Explosion In The Middle of Thunderstorm
- Enigmatic Master Part 1
- Enigmatic Master Part 2
- Morganian's Resurgence
- Preparation for Possible Inevitable Fate and Battle
- Mr. Blake's Request
- Battle in Warren District part 1
- Battle in Warren District part 2
- The Next Move
- Unexpected Family Reunion
- Mystery of Mr. Blake's Past
- Swarm Moth and Raven
- Participating
- Mr. Blake's Old Friend
- Tlob and Raido
- Prime Merlinean (Track) Part 1
- Prime Merlinean (Track) Part 2
- Resurgence Begins
- Magic Absorption
- Alden's Brigand Part 1
- Alden's Brigand Part 2
- Love
- Prime Merlinean Rising
- Things Changes
- Prime Merlinean vs. Lancelot's Bane
- Darkness Rising Part 1
- Darkness Rising Part 2
- Darkness Rising Part 3
- Darkness Rising Part 4
Part 2: Morganian Black Knight
Merlin's mysterious, ancient blue cube with powers that can permanently turned normal humans into sorcerers has been found by a young girl named Crona. Crona has no idea what she has -- or what it can do. But Veronica and Balthazar does. And when they learned from Raido that he saw Crona with it, they knows they have to get that box back before Morganian had a chance to took it away from her. At any cost.
But what should have been a simple plan ends up going horribly wrong. With Crona, whom later revealed to be Tlob's first childhood friend as been permanently granted the power of sorcery by accident in ensuing fight against the mysterious Morganian Knight. With Crona now became Morganians' target for their mysterious agenda, Balthazar have no choice but to appointed her as his new apprentice so she could control her newfound powers. At the same time, another enemy approaching Trostville....
- Man Whom Only Learned Hate
- The New Apprentice Part 1
- The New Apprentice Part 2
- Cutting Off The Head
- Tlob's Trauma Part 1
- Tlob's Trauma Part 2
- Firebird Suite Part 1
- Firebird Suite Part 2
- Ouroboros Crew
Part 3: He Who Hunt Monster
"He who fights monsters should see to it that he himself does not become a monster. And if you gaze for long into an abyss, the abyss gazes also into you."
It was something that Tlob learned back in her home village where her fight against the monster who tormented her resulting the said village reduced into ruins. Some people who knew about her past believed that due to her pain, it's just the matter of time before she would become as worse as her said tormentor. Though it fortunately never happened, she now having herself facing a dillema: When the very monster that made her suffer returned to her life once again and this time would do anything to destroy her kind, she must stop him with one way, or another.....111
Part 4: The Creators
Soundtrack:
Tie-In Stories
The following Tie-in stories are confirmed to be canonical with the primary storyline of the fan-fiction series ad set in the same universe, though in different timelines. Unlike in main series, characters that featured in this series not given any description about their physical appearance so their appearance can be ambiguous.
- Broken Bird and Man Whom Only Learn Hate
- Desolation of the Abomination, sequel of the Broken Bird and Man Whom Only Learn Hate.
- Truth Behind The Salem Witch Trial, stand-alone tie-in story that involves the horrors behind the said infamous witch trials.
Characters and Their Possible Voice Actors
This sections consists of list of characters in the fanfic story, with names of actors that likely suit as their voice actors and actresses. As these are pure fanon, it means these are simply the author's what if? fantasy.
Merlineans/Crossmages
Main Merlineans
- Jake Cherry as David "Raido" Canary/Swarm Moth
- Jodelle Ferland as Rebecca "Tlob" Barnes/Raven
- Tom Kenny as Snowy Twoflower.
Secondary Merlineans & Other Allies
- Nicholas Cage as Balthazar Blake/Mr. Blake(veteran Merlinean)
- Cherami Leight as Veronica Gorloisen/Emily Minerva
- John Hurt as Corinth the Gentle (the Great Dragon and veteran Merlinean)
- Elle Fanning as Janey Canary-Zurrow
- Alyson Stoner as Sherman/Lancelot Cleaver
- Maggie Blue O'Hara as Holly "Dorothy" Ornitier
- Paul Dobson as Inspector Canary Jacques
- Monica Rial as Charlotte/Black Raccoon.
- Bruce Sherfield as Fletcher.
- Jake Abel as Rylarth
- James A. Stephens as Merlin
- Katie McGrath as Mackenzie Chase
- The Chasers
- Hayden Panettiere as Evanna Blue
- Omar Miller as Bennet "Travis" Zurrow
- Ethan Peck as Fargus Maltwood
Morganians
- Frank Welker as Ravage(de facto leader)
- Alfred Molina as Ravage (human disguise)
- Alice Krige as Morgana Le Fay (founder/The Beast)
- Amelia Warner as Heralth
- Oscar A. Colon as Owl-Eye
- Gregory Woo as Sun Lok
- Toby Kebbell as Draco Stone/Spiker
- The Swindlers
- Linda Cardellini as Turquoise Witch
- Bumper Robinson as Chernabog
- Richard Green as Menmet-Ra
- Ouroboros Crew
- Jason Cottle as Alden Sikes
- David O'Hara as Marv
- Alfred Molina as Maxim "Zacros" Horvath
- Gil Gerald as Morganian Knight
- Kate Higgins as Muriel Dread
Others
- Benedict Cumberbatch as Scarred Man/Nefarian Crane
- Jodelle Ferland as Broken Bird
- Maxey Whitehead as Crona/Crona Snell
Inspirations
Though this fan-fiction series was based on The Sorcerer's Apprentice and it's early draft, The Steampunk Adventures of Sorcerer's Apprentice series also draws elements from these fictions: | https://fanon.fandom.com/wiki/The_Steampunk_Adventures_of_Sorcerer%27s_Apprentices?oldid=286991 |
The Master Sorcerer, a title passed down through the eons, is the only name by which the current wielder of the title, a humanoid of unclear species, is known.
DescriptionEdit
The Master Sorcerer is a mysterious, but unimaginably powerful, sorcerer whose face is always shrouded in shadow within his purple robes, who seems to reign over all magic-users in the Universe, being able to summon even gods like Hades and Zeus or sorcerers of such power as Mickey Mouse and Maleficent to his Arena.
Dwelling in some sort of cosmic void, the Master Sorcerer is the guardian of the enchanted chest containing the Sorcerer's Arena and its Enchanted Cards, and, in late 2019, chose a new candidate to go through the challenge of the Arena to become the new Master Sorcerer. Quite why he was so eager to be replaced, the records do not say.
Behind the scenesEdit
The Master Sorcerer was created as the only wholly original character in the 2020 video game release Disney Sorcerer's Arena, also appearing in an animated launch trailer for it, Now Live: Disney Sorcerer’s Arena!, where he appeared to have let the Enchanted Cards loose without the presence of the challenger to his title (a nondescript character in the main game, as the player is put in their shoes). | https://scrooge-mcduck.fandom.com/wiki/Master_Sorcerer |
Protection and management
Queensland’s declared Fish Habitat Area (FHA) network provides long-term protection for fish habitats that are essential to sustaining our fisheries. The network celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2019.
Fish Habitat Areas (FHA) are areas protected from physical disturbance associated with coastal development and declared under Queensland's Fisheries Act 1994. They are part of Australia's Nationally Representative System of Marine Protected Areas, and fit within the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Protected Area Management Category VI - 'Managed Resource Protected Area'.
Declared fish habitat areas are important to fisheries
Declaration of FHAs aims to ensure fishing for the future by protecting selected inshore and estuarine fish habitats to sustain local and regional fisheries.
All habitat types (e.g. vegetation, sand bars and rocky headlands) within a declared FHA are equally protected from direct physical disturbance and coastal development.
Locations of declared fish habitat areas
There are 72 declared FHAs along the Queensland coast that protect more than 1.2 million ha of high-quality fish habitats. Information signs showing FHA coverage have been placed in a number of declared FHAs.
Gazetted plans showing the locations of declared FHAs in Queensland are available online and Geographic Information System (GIS) coverage of the declared FHA network is available from the Queensland Spatial Catalogue by searching for ‘fish habitat areas’.
Authorisation of development
Development works in declared FHAs require application for a resource allocation authority under the Fisheries Act 1994 and a development approval under the Planning Act 2016, unless the works comply with accepted development requirements .
Development applications are assessed against the State Development Assessment Provisions (SDAP). A guideline explains the context of the SDAP performance outcomes and how to comply with these outcomes for declared FHAs. Development assessment in declared FHAs is provided by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries on behalf of the department.
Please note: While the SDAP guideline refers to the Fisheries Regulation 2008, this was replaced by the Fisheries (General) Regulation 2019 on 1 September 2019. This resulted in changes to the structure of the legislation (including section numbers) and some minor wording changes to the declared FHA provisions. There was no change to the intent of the legislation for declared FHAs. A review of the SDAP guideline is currently underway, which will include updating references to the new fisheries legislation and its provisions. The SDAP guideline will be replaced with a revised version once completed. Until then, the existing SDAP guideline continues to apply. | https://parks.des.qld.gov.au/management/managed-areas/fha/protection |
“A protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.” – IUCN (2008)
Protected areas lie at the heart of biodiversity conservation, and form the backbone for many efforts to conserve nature, protect ecosystem service, and mitigate the effects of climate change. New research has produced a global assessment of the connectivity of the protected area (PA) systems at the country level, based on the Protected Connected (ProtConn) indicator, and addresses the following questions:
- How well designed are PA systems for connectivity? Do they meet the Aichi Target 11 of the Convention on Biological Diversity on well-connected PA systems (at least 17% of terrestrial areas covered)?
- Which are the main priorities for improving or sustaining PA in each country?
The ProtConn indicator quantifies how well the terrestrial PA systems of countries are designed to promote connectivity, although not how well they are actually managed. The study provides a general analysis at the global level that is not attached to the details of particular species. Instead, it focuses on the connectivity of PA systems as given by the coverage and spatial arrangement of PAs and by the range of dispersal distances that have been observed for the majority of terrestrial vertebrates. Although ProtConn does not consider landscape matrix heterogeneity, it is able to highlight countries (or regions) in which the connectivity of the PA system is more dependent on movement through, and on the permeability of, unprotected landscapes.
Some key results are:
- Globally only 7.5% of the area of the countries is covered by protected and connected lands, which is about half of the global PA coverage of 14.7%.
- Only 30% of the worlds’ countries meet the target of having 17% of their land covered by protected connected lands.
- Many of the countries would need to designate new PAs in strategic locations for connectivity so that they can act as stepping stones or corridors between other PAs.
- The priorities for PA connectivity are quite variable among countries. For example, in many European countries the connectivity of PA systems is strongly dependent on movement through unprotected lands; in these countries, the main priority is to ensure, through conservation or restoration actions, the availability of pathways (corridors) allowing species to traverse the unprotected landscapes in between PAs.
The appendices (supplementary content) of the paper contain a significant amount of information, such as detailed examples for particular countries that may be helpful to illustrate the results of the assessment.
Resources
Saura, S., B. Bertzky, L. Bastin, L. Battistella, A. Mandrici, and G. Dubois. 2018. Protected area connectivity: Shortfalls in global targets and country-level priorities. Biological Conservation 219: 53-67. | http://conservationcorridor.org/2018/01/how-well-designed-are-protected-area-systems-for-connectivity/ |
By mid-2008, most EU Member States were close to reaching the target levels for designation of Natura 2000 sites thought necessary to protect habitats and species targeted by the Habitats Directive. Twentyone countries had a sufficiency of above 80 % and the new Member States (EU-10+2) were doing well given their recent accession. This is measured against a threshold that is considered adequate to achieve a favourable conservation status for the species and habitats of concern.
State of progress by Member States in designating sufficient protected areas to provide for Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) Annex I habitats and Annex II species
Under the Habitats Directive, each Member State shall contribute to the creation of Natura 2000 by designating sites in proportion to the representation within its territory of the natural habitat types and the habitats of species of European interest.
At EU level, around 10 % of the terrestrial territory is designated under the Birds Directive and around 13 % under the Habitats Directive. Many sites are designated under both directives.
The evaluation of sufficiency is based on the range of each species and habitat in the full territory of each Member State and within the sites proposed by the Member States. The representativeness is assessed by experts during scientific seminars led by the European Commission. Only terrestrial habitats and species are evaluated because marine areas are still under consideration. If the assessment concludes that designations are insufficient, proposed sites must be enlarged or new sites must be proposed that include a larger proportion of species population or habitat area.
At a biogeographical level, proposals for the Macaronesian and Black Sea regions are complete but additional proposals are needed for other regions.
In recent years there has been a steady increase in the cumulative area of the Natura 2000 network. Sites of Community Importance (SCIs) increased in coverage from 45 to more than 65 million hectares and Special Protected Areas (SPAs) increased from approximately 29 to 50 million hectares. These increases occurred mainly due to the fact that 10 new countries joined the EU in 2004, followed by Bulgaria and Romania in 2007. Another factor was new designations of protected areas made by the Member States, particularly under the Birds
Directive.
As of June 2008, eight Member States had designated more than 15 % of their territory as
SCIs: Slovenia (31.4 %); Bulgaria (26.5 %); Spain (23.6 %); Portugal (17.4 %); Estonia (16.8 %); Greece (16.4 %); Luxembourg (15.4 %) and Hungary (15.0 %). As concerns SPAs, only four Member States had designated more than 15 % of their territory: Slovakia (25.1 %); Slovenia (23 %), Bulgaria (20.4 %) and Spain (19.1 %). there are no quantitative targets on the area to be designated and cover generally also depends on the ecological and other characteristics of a specific Member State.
The process of designating marine areas is still under way.
FURTHER INFORMATION
- About Sites of Community Importance and Special Protected Areas: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/sites_hab/index_en.htm.
- http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/sites_birds/index_en.htm.
- About biogeographical regions: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/sites_hab/biogeog_regions/index_en.htm.
Indicator definition
The indicator shows the current status of implementation of the Habitats (92/43/EEC) and Birds Directives (79/409/EEC) by EU Member States. It does this by showing (a) trends in spatial coverage of proposals of sites and (b) by calculating a sufficiency index based on those proposals.
Units
% of sites
Policy context and targets
Context description
Establishment of sites designated under the Habitats and Birds Directives is a direct response to concerns over biodiversity loss, so an indicator on increase in coverage is a valuable indication of commitment to conserving biodiversity and reducing its loss.
It is however essential that indicators of coverage are also combined with indicators demonstrating the extent to which these protected areas adequately cover components of biodiversity.
The EC Habitats Directive and Birds Directive aim to conserve natural habitats and wild fauna and flora within the European Union. Member States must propose sites for protection of the habitats and species listed in the Annexes to the Directive. The first sub-indicator 'Trends in spatial coverage of proposals for sites designated under the EU Habitats and Birds Directives' presents the change in area coverage of sites proposed by Member States in km2.
The objective of the second sub-indicator 'sufficiency index' is to show how close Member States are to the target of having proposed sufficient sites. Member States with a 100 percent sufficiency have proposed sufficient sites according to the European Commission for all Annex I terrestrial habitat types and Annex II terrestrial species of Community interest occurring in their territory as assessed according to the specifications of the relevant Directive.
Relation of the indicator to the focal area
EU action relevant to protected areas network expansion began under the 1979 Birds Directive and was followed by the 1992 Habitats Directive. The 1998 EU biodiversity strategy was designed in accordance with the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) and the commitments taken under the CBD have been carried forward into the EU Sixth Environment Action Programme, maintaining the aim of a gradual and constant strengthening of in situ conservation in Europe.
Member States have been given six years following the adoption of the list of sites of community importance (SCIs) to develop and enforce the measures necessary to protect and manage identified sites and in doing so designate them as special areas for conservation or protected areas.
Targets
2010 biodiversity target
Related policy documents
No related policy documents have been specified
Methodology
Methodology for indicator calculation
Trends in proposals for sites designated under the EU Habitats and Birds Directives
Sum of area in km2 of each site registered in the annual versions of Natura 2000 database and grouped per year ofproposal/designation.
Information is collected from national authorities by DG Environment and processed by the EEA-ETC/BD (European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity). Further improvements on dataflows are under discussion.
Sufficiency Index
For each biogeographical region, seminars are organised by the European Commission and the EEA European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity, gathering Member State representatives of the region and scientific experts. The goal of the seminars is to assess if each habitat and each species of Annexes I and II occurring in the region is sufficiently represented in the sites proposed as being of Community interest on the national list presented by a Member State (pSCIs). The conclusions of the biogeographical seminars provide data for development of this indicator. The submission of proposals for protected sites is a continuous process until all countries reach sufficiency.
The indicator calculates the sum, by biogeographical region and per country, of the proportion of Annex I habitats and Annex II species that are sufficiently represented in the pSCIs in relation to the number of species and habitats on the Commission's Reference lists of habitat types and species for each biogeographic region. The sufficiency of a Member State is weighted by the proportion of the biogeographical region's area within the Member State. The weighting compensates for the relatively higher burden of a large biogeographical area in the country. This is because it is more demanding to propose sufficient sites for a large biogeographical area than for a smaller biogeographical area in the same country.
Sufficiency is then calculated as follows for each Member State:
SUFFMS = SUM(i=1 to i=n) ((habi/ HABi + spi/SPi)/2)(Area(Bi)/Area(MS))
SUFFMS : Sufficiency index for a Member State by summing up SUFF for each biogeographic region.
n = number of biogeographical regions within a Member State
habi = number of Annex I habitats sufficiently represented for the biogeographical region i
HABi = Number of Annex I habitats listed in the Commission's Reference List
spi = number of Annex II species sufficiently represented for the biogeographical region i
SPi = Number of Annex II species listed in the Commission's Reference List
Area(Bi) = Surface area of biogeographical region i within a Member State (km2).
Methodology for gap filling
N/A
Methodology references
No methodology references available.
Uncertainties
Methodology uncertainty
No uncertainty has been specified
Data sets uncertainty
No uncertainty has been specified
Rationale uncertainty
MAIN DISADVANTAGES OF THE INDICATOR
- Only covers EU Member States.
- The process for the Sufficiency Index is not fully automated at present i.e. national agencies cannot provide data through an automated procedure. Instead, the process depends on the outcomes of the biogeographic seminars mentioned earlier.
ANALYSIS OF OPTIONS
Initially, 8 possible indicators were proposed under the Headline Indicator:
1. Trends in national establishment of protected areas
2. Trends in proposals for protected sites under the EU Habitats Directive
3. Trends in nomination of wetlands of international importance (Ramsar sites)
4. Coverage of Important Bird Areas by protected areas
5. EU Habitats Directive: sufficiency of Member State proposals for protected sites
6. Indicator on infra-structural support for designated areas in Europe
7. Status of species and habitats in protected sites under the EU Habitats Directive
8. Indicator on private protected areas in Europe
Eventually, two indicators are being proposed (Nationally designated protected areas and Sites designated sites under the EU Habitats and Birds Directives (a combination of 2 and 5 above)). The other indicators proposed were either not ready (e.g. 6 and 8), not nationally recognised (e.g. 4) or are being covered indicators under other Headline Indicators (e.g. 7).
Data sources
-
Biogeographical regions
provided by European Environment Agency (EEA)
-
Natura 2000 barometer
provided by Directorate-General for Environment (DG ENV)
Other info
Typology: N/A
- SEBI 008
Permalinks
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Geographic coverage
Temporal coverage
For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/sites-designated-under-the-eu/sites-designated-under-the-eu or scan the QR code. | https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/sites-designated-under-the-eu/sites-designated-under-the-eu |
The Upland Habitat Goals Project integrated geographic stratification by defining subregions referred to as landscape units (see map below). The nine-county San Francisco Bay Region was divided into 34 landscape units. In delineating the landscape units, the emphasis was on creating geographically coherent units, but limiting landscape units to a reasonable number to keep the analysis tractable.
It is essential for a conservation plan to protect target species in all environments where they occur – across latitudes, elevations, aspects, etc. – to build in redundancy and resilience. In developing the Conservation Lands Network, goals were established for each vegetation type within each landscape unit where it occurs, thereby incorporating much of the ecological variability within a vegetation type along regional climatic and biogeographic gradients. For example, blue oak should be protected in the farthest western reaches where it is found as well as in the East Bay where it is quite abundant. Capturing such geographic stratification is likely to capture genetic variability and provides multiple representations of conservation targets, both of which bolster resilience in the event of major habitat loss, rapid climate change, or other disturbance.
Demarcation of the landscape units followed major physiographic features, primarily mountain ranges and intervening valleys. Discrete mountain ranges such as Mt. Diablo, Sonoma Mountains, Southern Mayacamas, and Marin Coast Range each became individual landscape units. Where discrete valleys do not exist, major highway corridors were used to subdivide mountain ranges, as in the cases of the East Bay Hills landscape units (Highway 24, I-580, and I-680), Santa Cruz Mountains Landscape Unit (Highway 17), and American Canyon Landscape Unit (Highway 12). Major valleys such as Napa, Sonoma, and Santa Clara were delineated manually using slope and topography derived from the USGS 10m Digital Elevation Models.
The urban plains around the Bay were divided into four landscape units labeled urban – San Mateo, Alameda, Contra Costa, and Santa Clara – and excluded from the coarse filter analysis that led to the initial draft Coarse Filter Conservation Lands Network. However, because streams are important conservation targets and traverse urban areas, the project recommends the protection and restoration of stream conservation targets along their entire length including within the urban landscape units. A fifth landscape unit excluded from the study area is the San Francisco Bay and Baylands, because the baylands are covered by the Baylands Ecosystem Habitat Goals Project, and the submerged tidelands are the focus of the San Francisco Bay Subtidal Habitat Goals Project.
Protected areas within the San Francisco Bay and Baylands Landscape Unit and adjacent to the Upland Habitat Goals Project boundary were reviewed for connections to the Conservation Lands Network. Similarly, the CLN was reviewed at the outer county boundaries, and adjusted to ensure connections to protected areas adjacent to, but outside of the study area.
Watersheds were considered as an option for designating distinct geographic units, but were not selected for several reasons. Watersheds are delineated by ridgelines, but upland areas are better defined by entire mountain ranges. Watersheds also often extend across natural physiographic features such as mountains with valleys, and thus do not capture important components of integrity within these distinct areas. However, the Riparian/Fish Focus Team members selected watersheds as the logical geographic unit for reviewing coverage for fish and stream conservation targets by the Coarse Filter Conservation Lands Network. | https://www.bayarealands.org/explorer/glossary/landscapeunits.html |
The critically endangered Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae Pocock, 1929) is generally known as a forest-dependent animal. With large-scale conversion of forests into plantations, however, it is crucial for restoration efforts to understand to what extent tigers use modified habitats. We investigated tiger-habitat relationships at 2 spatial scales: occupancy across the landscape and habitat use within the home range. Across major landcover types in central Sumatra, we conducted systematic detection, non-detection sign surveys in 47, 17×17 km grid cells. Within each cell, we surveyed 40, 1-km transects and recorded tiger detections and habitat variables in 100 m segments totaling 1,857 km surveyed. We found that tigers strongly preferred forest and used plantations of acacia and oilpalm, far less than their availability. Tiger probability of occupancy covaried positively and strongly with altitude, positively with forest area, and negatively with distance-to-forest centroids. At the fine scale, probability of habitat use by tigers across landcover types covaried positively and strongly with understory cover and altitude, and negatively and strongly with human settlement. Within forest areas, tigers strongly preferred sites that are farther from water bodies, higher in altitude, farther from edge, and closer to centroid of large forest block; and strongly preferred sites with thicker understory cover, lower level of disturbance, higher altitude, and steeper slope. These results indicate that to thrive, tigers depend on the existence of large contiguous forest blocks, and that with adjustments in plantation management, tigers could use mosaics of plantations (as additional roaming zones), riparian forests (as corridors) and smaller forest patches (as stepping stones), potentially maintaining a metapopulation structure in fragmented landscapes. This study highlights the importance of a multi-spatial scale analysis and provides crucial information relevant to restoring tigers and other wildlife in forest and plantation landscapes through improvement in habitat extent, quality, and connectivity.
Citation: Sunarto S, Kelly MJ, Parakkasi K, Klenzendorf S, Septayuda E, Kurniawan H (2012) Tigers Need Cover: Multi-Scale Occupancy Study of the Big Cat in Sumatran Forest and Plantation Landscapes. PLoS ONE 7(1): e30859. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030859
Editor: Brian Gratwicke, Smithsonian's National Zoological Park, United States of America
Received: September 8, 2011; Accepted: December 22, 2011; Published: January 23, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Sunarto et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The Hurvis Family, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Save the Tiger Fund, and USFWS Rhino Tiger Conservation Fund provided financial support through WWF. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Although tigers (Panthera tigris Linnaeus, 1758) globally inhabit a variety of habitat types and are able to adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions , in Sumatra they are generally believed to live only in natural forest areas. Habitat loss has widely been recognized as the main threat to Sumatran tigers . Forest conversion, therefore, has typically been equated to tiger extermination. In Sumatra, natural forests have largely been converted to forestry and agricultural plantations. Information from local people and our preliminary surveys indicate, however, that such plantation areas are not totally useless for tigers. With recent and future changes in Sumatra landscapes and across the tiger range involving continued conversion of forests into plantations, it is crucial to understand whether existing plantation areas are useable by tigers. Furthermore, for tiger restoration, it is also important to understand how habitat conditions within forests and plantations can be improved.
The use of habitats by Sumatran tigers within, and especially outside of, natural forests has barely been studied. Previous studies have largely focused on population estimation in intact forests and/or within protected areas , , . Only recently have some investigators begun assessing the value of non-pristine forests as tiger habitat . Except for Maddox et al. , who investigated tigers in a non-cultivated conservation area within an oilpalm concession, there is no other study conducted in Sumatra examining use of non-forest areas. This study is the first that systematically investigates occupancy and habitat use by Sumatran tigers in different landcover types within a multi-use landscape. We focused on Riau Province in central Sumatra, which historically was considered by Borner as the stronghold for Sumatran tiger conservation.
Distribution and habitat models
Knowledge of distribution and habitat requirements of animals are key elements in ecology and basic prerequisites for effective wildlife management , . It also is important to construct reliable predictive models of animal occurrence based on solid understanding of the relationships between animals and habitat. Such models are urgently needed for wildlife management, but constructing them for rare, elusive, and highly mobile species such as the Sumatran tiger is a demanding task. Due to data limitations, the distribution of tigers is often broadly mapped based on historical records in combination with general knowledge and expert opinion regarding perceived potential habitats.
Understanding patterns of animal distribution requires consideration of the scale appropriate to address wildlife conservation needs , , because habitat selection, one of the determining factors in animal distribution, takes place at a variety of spatial and temporal scales , , . While broad-scale tiger distribution maps such as the Tiger Conservation Unit or the updated version, Tiger Conservation Landscapes , have been useful to direct conservation strategies at the global level, they are limited when it comes to local or regional landscape-level management. Therefore, distribution models should consider appropriate scale (spatial and temporal), predictive ability, and include an assessment of uncertainty.
In this study, we use an occupancy modeling approach , , , that incorporates the probability of detection into the estimation procedure, recognizing that it is not always 1.0 . This provides a more accurate depiction of animal distribution without the need to assume that all animals present in the surveyed area are detected . Application of such a technique has been done for some groups of animals including tigers in Kerinci-Seblat and the large mammal community in India . By incorporating covariates into the models it is possible to describe the geographic range and habitat characteristics of the species of interest in the surveyed area , , and also predict the probability of occurrence for other sites not surveyed.
Multi-scale analysis
Recognizing that multiple-scale processes affect tiger distribution , we developed models depicting tiger-habitat relationships at multiple scales. In addition to estimating tiger occupancy at the landscape-scale based on large-scale sampling blocks, we also investigated use, selection, and habitat characteristics within forest and plantations based on finer scale sampling.
The goals of this study were: 1) to investigate factors affecting tiger probability of occupancy or habitat use, 2) to construct a predictive, spatially-explicit species occurrence model for the forest and plantation landscape in central Sumatra; and 3) to describe habitat characteristics and evaluate the use and selection by tigers between and within different landcover types. We hypothesized that tiger occupancy or habitat use would increase as the proportion of the forested area within the grid cell increases, as the rate of deforestation declines, as altitude declines, as distance to forest centroid and distance to protected area centroid decline, as distance to public roads increases, and as precipitation increases. We also predicted that detection probability would be higher in forests compared to plantation areas.
Study Area
This study was conducted in central Sumatra, covering the southern part of the Riau Province and small portions of Jambi and West Sumatra provinces (Figure 1). The initial survey in this mega-landscape found that Sumatran tigers were distributed in low density, in major protected areas including Tesso Nilo National Park, Bukit Tigapuluh National Park, Rimbang Baling Wildlife Reserve, and Kerumutan Wildlife Reserve and in forests outside of those protected areas , . Prior to this survey, tiger presence in plantations such as acacia, oilpalm, and rubber were limited to some anecdotal reports but were never systematically documented.
The land cover in the study area is a mosaic of protected areas, towns and other human settlements, plantations (mainly acacia and oilpalm), mining, and secondary forests , . For detailed description of the study area refer to Sunarto (2011) ; while detailed study of forest conversion in the area is presented by Uryu et al. . While a relatively large portion of hilly, higher elevation forests are protected, it is not the case with lower elevation areas that include peat-swamp and mineral-soil forests. Examples of unprotected forests include those in Kampar Peninsula, the eastern part of the Kerumutan landscape, the north-western part of the Bukit Tigapuluh landscape, and some areas just outside of Rimbang Baling Wildlife Reserve.
Results
Summary of effort
We systematically surveyed 1857 km of transects in 47 17×17 km grid cells covering six different landcover types (Table 1). Each grid cell was surveyed for 40, 1-km transects except in two cells with 29 and 32 km of transects due to logistical constraints. Tiger sign was detected in all but two landcover types: mixed agriculture and coconut plantation.
Occupancy models
The best model of tiger-occupancy (ψ17×17 km) included 2 variables: altitude (AltDEM) and distance-to-forest-centroid (Table 2). Based on the β estimates, tiger probability-of-occupancy (ψ17×17 km) increased strongly with altitude, and decreased, but not strongly with distance-to-forest-centroids (Table 3). Relative estimates of β for every grid-level landscape covariate were consistent in their direction (+/−) in univariate and best models alike (Table 3).
Spatially explicit occupancy model.
Using the best model from the model set above, we then developed spatially-explicit predictions of tiger occupancy across the landscape (Figure 2). This prediction shows that sites with higher probability of occupancy were concentrated in the western and southern parts of the study area. The model generally has low confidence (large coefficient of variation) in predicting tiger occupancy in peat swamp areas, which are located in the upper right (NW) of the study area. Models accounting for spatial autocorrelations in detection histories within each site , always performed better than original models.
This map is constructed from the best occupancy model developed based on the landscape-scale survey in 17×17 km grid cells representing forest and other major landcover types.
Habitat use models
Across landcover types.
The best model included LCCode (corresponding to the distance to and dissimilarity from the forest). This model performed better than those accounting for differences between landcover types as simply categorical (0 or 1). Therefore, we included LCCode as an additional covariate to model p or ψ.
Lumping landcover types together, we found that models including only the LCCode were superior to other models (Table 4a). Estimates of β from the best model for LCCode indicate that probability of use (ψ1-km) by tigers strongly decreased as the landcover types increasingly became dissimilar or distant from forest (Table 5). Estimates of β from univariate models under this analysis further indicated that probability of habitat use (ψ1-km) increased as altitude, distance-to-freshwater, distance to forest edge, and distance to major public roads increased, and that probability of habitat use (ψ1-km) declined as precipitation and distance to centroid of protected areas increased.
For the model set based on manual habitat covariates, the best model included understory cover, landcover code (LCCode), fire risk, settlement, slope, and altitude (Table 4b). Based on the parameter estimates for the logit link function, the impacts of understory and altitude were positive and strong, while for landcover code and settlement the impacts were negative and strong (Table 6). Estimates of these covariate parameters, especially in terms of the direction and value relative to the standard error, were also consistent across models.
Though slightly different in the value, the ratio of probability-of-use by tigers, relative to forest, consistently decreased with the same rank from acacia, oilpalm, rubber, mixed-agriculture, and coconut both when we model using landscape covariates (Figure 3a) or manual habitat covariates (Figure 3b).
These estimates were produced from the best model for each landcover (bars) and ratio of plantation's probability of use (diamonds) relative to forest based on a) landscape covariates and b) manual covariates.
Within forest habitat selection.
Based on the first set of models developed using landscape covariates, we found that distance-to-freshwater was the single most important variable determining probability of habitat use by tigers within natural forest areas (Table 7a). Tigers strongly selected sites that were farther from water contrary to our a priori prediction (Table 8). Furthermore, based on univariate models developed with the rest of the landscape variables, we found that within the forest areas, tigers tended to use areas with higher elevation, lower annual rainfall, farther from forest edge, and closer to forest centroids.
Based on models developed using manual covariates, we found four variables (understory cover, encroachment, settlement, and slope) to be the most important factors determining tiger probability of habitat use within forest areas (Table 7b). All of those variables had strong effects on tiger probability of habitat use (Table 9). Tigers strongly preferred forest with denser understory cover and steeper slope, and they strongly avoided forest areas with higher human influence in the forms of encroachment and settlement. We found that accounting for slope in modeling detection probability produced models that performed better than the best a priori model (delta AIC = 5.23), which accounted for slope in the probability-of-occupancy instead of detection. Beta estimates (β[SE]) from this new model for slope as a detection covariate was 12.25 (4.59) meaning that the probability of detecting tigers strongly increases with slope.
Within acacia plantation habitat selection.
We found distance-to-freshwater and distance-to-major-public-road as the most important variables determining tiger probability of habitat use within acacia plantations (Table 10a). In contrast to forest areas however, within acacia plantations tigers tended to use areas closer to water (Table 11).
Using manual covariates, we found four variables (slope, sub-canopy cover, encroachment, and logging) to be the most important factors determining habitat use by tigers (Table 10b). Of these four variables only logging had a strong impact (Table 12) with tigers avoiding areas with higher logging activity, and avoiding steeper areas. In acacia plantations, tigers preferred areas with thicker sub-canopy cover and with higher level/risk of encroachment.
Based on covariates collected in plantation areas only, three variables (plant age, human activity, and leaf litter) were found to be the most important in determining tiger habitat use in acacia plantations (Table 10c). Tigers preferred areas with older plants and more leaf litter; and avoided areas with high human activity. Estimates of β from univariate models show that tigers strongly preferred areas with taller trees, and strongly avoided areas with higher intensity of plantation management activity (Table 13).
We descriptively summarized the few records of tiger detections from oilpalm and rubber plantations as they provide some rare evidence on the use of such areas by tigers. In oilpalm plantations, tiger sign was detected only in two locations that were measured respectively ∼13 and ∼7.5 km from the edge of the nearest large (>50,000 ha) forest block. The only record of tiger sign in the rubber plantations was documented in a site that was ∼16 km away from the edge of the nearest large forest blocks.
Discussion
Considering the dynamic nature of tiger landscapes in Sumatra and elsewhere, it is crucial to understand spatial patterns of tiger occupancy and habitat use across the spectrum of habitat types. This paper provides information important for current and future management of tigers and other wide-ranging carnivores living in landscapes that are increasingly dominated by humans, particularly in South East Asia.
This paper is unique in that it describes how to use an occupancy analysis approach on two different scales simultaneously - at the macro-habitat level (similar to the Wibisono et al. approach) and at the micro-habitat scale for habitat use within a tiger's home range. While Wibisono et al. provide information on occupancy with partial contribution of data from this study, the results cannot be compared directly with this study due to the differences in some critical aspects (such as landcover types surveyed, geographic coverage, and covariates used in the models that are different and specific to this study).
Tiger occupancy and habitat use in central Sumatra
Scale independent factors.
Understory cover was consistently found to have positive impacts on tiger probability of occupancy and habitat use across the landscape and within different types of landcover. This suggests that availability of adequate vegetation cover at the ground level served as an environmental condition fundamentally needed by tigers regardless of the location. Without adequate understory cover, tigers, as an ambush hunter , would find it hard to capture their prey, even if prey animals are abundant. Furthermore, without adequate understory cover, tigers are even more vulnerable to humans who generally perceive them as dangerous and readily persecute them. Although this likely applies to all tigers, it is particularly relevant to Sumatran tigers. Perhaps human persecution of tigers , has become an important selection factor contributing to the overall secretive behavior of tigers in the region, causing this obligatory requirement for ample understory cover.
Variables that represent distance or dissimilarity from forest such as landcover rank and distance to centroid of forest block greater than 50,000 ha, also consistently negatively and strongly impacted tiger occupancy and/or habitat use. These results indicate that although tigers were capable of using some plantation areas, especially acacia, forest remained their core habitat without which they are unlikely to survive in Sumatra.
In other parts of Sumatra such as Aceh , tigers and several other animal species were found to be very sensitive to human activities. We found that human-disturbance-related variables negatively affected tiger occupancy and habitat use. However, the effects of these variables were not always strong. Those variables with strong impacts include a) ‘settlement’ in the best and univariate habitat use models, both within forest areas and across six landcover types; b) ‘encroachment’ in the best and univariate models for tiger habitat use within forest areas; c) ‘logging’ in best and univariate models for habitat use within acacia plantations; and d) ‘husbandry’ (the intensity of maintenance for plantation to be productive) in univariate model for habitat use within acacia plantations.
Human disturbance can take different forms in different landcover types. In forest areas, sites with a large encroachment score had higher levels of human activity, which was not always the case in plantations. In acacia plantations, areas with higher encroachment scores were typically those that had lower levels of plantation care management activities and could actually have lower levels of human activity. This typically happened in areas considered by plantation managers to be less productive such as areas with unresolved land status. Highly encroached acacia plantations, therefore, did not necessarily have higher levels of human activity.
Scale dependent factors.
The impact of altitude on tiger occupancy or habitat use depended on the scale and context of analysis. We found that, overall, probability of tiger occupancy increased with altitude, but, within forest areas, the impacts were not as strong for both landscape variables and manual variables. Meanwhile, in another island-wide analysis , tiger occupancy (within forest) is higher at lower altitude. In acacia plantations, the model failed to converge when we used altitude as a landscape variable, and had a small estimated impact when we used altitude data from manual variables.
We suspect that altitude, which is strongly correlated with slope, was negatively correlated with overall human activity. In our study area, human activities affecting tiger habitats (such as conversion of forests into plantations), generally occur in flat lowland areas, followed by either swampy/peatland areas or hilly areas. The later are generally considered less suitable for plantations especially oilpalm. Most of the remaining forests, particularly those growing on mineral soils, are at higher altitudes. Because of the high demand for flat land at low elevation, forests in such areas were degraded at a much faster rate and therefore predicted to go extinct sooner than forest at higher altitudes .
The importance of altitude/slope on tiger occupancy is also driven by the fact that peat swamps dominated the low-lying forest types in the landscape. Such forest types are lower in quality compared to mineral soils forests and have low levels of primary productivity . They do not support high ungulate community biomass likely because ungulates with pointed feet face difficulties travelling in such terrains with soft ground and porous texture. Previous work documented an extremely low abundance of potential prey in peat land areas. Finally, post-hoc models including slope for tiger detection probability, instead of occupancy, were superior based on AIC rankings. This suggested that within forest areas tigers are more easily detected in steep-terrain. Therefore it is important to determine if tigers preferred such areas, or rather that detection was easier due to funneling animals along the strip of a narrow of ridge or valley.
Distance-to-freshwater had strong yet inconsistent impacts on tiger probability-of-use in different landcover types. For forest area, it is likely that water acts as a proxy for human activities as people tend to concentrate around water bodies. For other landcover types such as acacia where areas surrounding water bodies or riparian areas are (supposed to be) protected, the relationship between water bodies and human activities might be the opposite or not as strong. Water availability is not likely a critical issue for tigers in the landscape. This region already has relatively high annual rainfall (more than 2210 mm/year from 2004 to 2006). Additionally most sites within the study area had a dense network of streams in the upper lands, or wider rivers and other water bodies such as lakes or swamps in the low lands.
Non-influential factors.
Variables that were never identified as important at any scale include “canopy”, “sub-canopy”, and “overall” vegetation cover in all landcover types, and “rotation” and “plant interval” in plantation areas. The fact that “rotation” and “plant interval” did not impact tiger use in this study was most likely due to low variation in these variables. Except for understory, no vegetation-related characteristics were important determinants of tiger use. This result suggests that, with other factors (particularly human disturbance) being equal, tigers not only used but seemed to prefer forests that were selectively logged or slightly disturbed, as they tended to have thicker understory cover compared to mature primary forest. Therefore, restoration of previously disturbed or logged forests should not focus on achieving ‘climax’ primary forest condition. Instead, reducing the level of human disturbance and maintaining adequate understory cover would likely be more beneficial for tigers.
Landscape-scale assessment: occupancy models and spatially-explicit predictions
At the landscape-scale, closely-competing models included proportion of forest within grid cells and distance-to-centroid-of-protected-area, in addition to altitude. Distance-to-road, which was identified as the most important factor representing human disturbance in a previous study in the neighboring landscape of Kerinci-Seblat , was not an important factor in this study. However, landscape characteristics such as variation in forest type, extent and relative position of landscape features (especially public roads relative to forest blocks) appear to be very different between the Kerinci-Seblat and our study area.
Importantly, based on the spatially-explicit model, many areas with high probability of tiger occupancy were located outside of existing protected areas. Areas with high estimated probability of occupancy and with high precision (low coefficient of variation) were concentrated in the southwestern part of the landscape. Our landscape model predicted higher elevation areas to have a higher probability of tiger occupancy, even after excluding those areas with values well beyond the range of surveyed altitude values. Our model predicted relatively large areas with very high probability of tiger occupancy, particularly to the northwest of Rimbang Baling Reserve. In contrast, although with lower precision, current protected areas in peat land (i.e., Kerumutan Wildlife Reserve/KWR) had little area with a high probability of tiger occupancy. Interestingly, areas with the highest probability of occupancy in peat land are currently not protected. These include areas east of KWR, on the Kampar Peninsula, and on the western part of Bukit Tigapuluh. In fact, large portions of these areas were proposed for, or are already in the process of, conversion by either pulp-and-paper- or palm-oil-producing companies , .
More intensive surveys are required to obtain better precision in occupancy estimates in peat land areas. Low occupancy with large coefficient of variation could result from both ecological factors (low abundance) and survey difficulties (logistical challenges and low detectability). Further surveys and alternative methods that can overcome the study challenges in such a poorly studied habitat type should be explored. For example, it might be possible to improve sign detection by using baited track stations or trained scat-detector dogs to assist in sign detection of target species.
The spatially-explicit model we developed could serve as the basic framework for developing a tiger conservation vision at the mega-landscape-scale. To maximize the likelihood of success in tiger conservation, priorities should be directed toward securing those areas with highest probability of occupancy through protection and better management. Critical areas, for example those crucial for connectivity between two closely-located habitat blocks, could also be identified and managed to allow tiger dispersal .
Between and within landcover type: habitat characteristics, use and selection
In estimating tiger probability of use, different models consistently ranked plantations in the following order from best to worst: acacia, oilpalm, rubber, mixed-agriculture, and coconut. Such a ranking system is useful for tiger conservation, but should be considered within the context of the landscape studied rather than generalized to other study areas. For example, while vegetation characteristics did play a role in determining occupancy and habitat use by tigers, so did other characteristics such as plantation age, historical impacts, managerial aspects of plantations, and extent and configuration of a particular type of plantation in the landscape in relation to proximity to forest blocks.
With context and scale recognized, rank can be used to prioritize the types of plantations in the landscape that should be managed to improve tiger conservation. For example, timber/pulp-and-paper plantations such as acacia could be improved as tiger habitat by regulating/reducing the level of human activities and improving the vegetation that benefit tiger prey as well as cover for tigers to hunt. Each type of plantation should be able to facilitate the movement of tigers between patches of forest, and prey animals were available in most areas, including plantations where signs of wild boar were commonly found.
Certain individual animals - possibly sub-adult transients - did venture through plantations relatively far (up to ∼16 km) from core forest habitat areas. Likely factors that motivated dispersal include the ‘push’ from the territorial-holding adults and ‘pull’ from the availability of habitable spaces, prey, and possibly mates in other places , . Such movements likely were facilitated by the existence of riparian areas in the study area that served as corridors, the availability of small patches of forests that served as sort of ‘stepping stones’, and the mosaic of plantations with adequate understory cover that provide habitat connectivity.
Implications
This study highlights the importance of scale and context in the assessment of tiger habitat use. For example, altitude can have different impacts depending on the analysis scale and the importance of distance to freshwater depended on the landcover type. Tiger management therefore, should correspondingly consider scale and context in restoration efforts. Once a broad-scale vision, for example tiger conservation at the mega-landscape, has been clearly defined, management goals can then be identified for specific areas at finer-scales. Considering the dynamic nature of the landscape, it is important to continuously evaluate the landscape conditions, including land conversion and plantation age and iteratively adjust conservation strategies and goals.
Although the overall value for tigers of any plantation was much lower than forests, management practices can be adjusted so tigers can still use them without necessarily causing negative economic impacts. Management plans should include existing plantations, particularly those that are forestry-based such as acacia which possessed high potential to be reclaimed for additional tiger habitat or as corridors, stepping stones, or mosaics of connectivity facilitating animal movement . In addition, plantation concessions that border protected areas can potentially serve as buffers to reduce human disturbance and provide additional forest protection.
While prey animals appear to be available across plantation areas, the most basic requirements generally lacking from plantations were adequate understory cover and low levels of human activity. If these two factors can be improved, especially radiating out from the main forest habitat, tigers likely will use these areas. Concurrently human-tiger conflict should be minimized through awareness, training, and education programs designed to build understanding and appreciation for wildlife among local people. If such an initiative is replicated across the landscape, tiger recovery is possible.
Methods
This study is part of a collaborative project among World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Virginia Tech, and the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry to conserve the Sumatran tiger. Field surveys were conducted under the support from the Director of Biodiversity Conservation, Indonesian Ministry of Forestry (Letter # S.784/IV/KKH-I/2007).
We used occupancy modeling techniques , , , to investigate the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on tigers' large-scale selection of homerange (occupancy at 17×17 km grid cells) and fine-scale selection of habitat (habitat use in 1-km transects) in forest and plantation areas. Partial data from this study have been contributed to the island-wide tiger assessment .
Sampling design
We superimposed the entire study area with a 17×17 km grid and selected 47 (∼15% of the total area) grid cells in which to conduct detection, non-detection surveys. The grid cell size was selected because it approximated the home-range size of tigers in low density areas , . We used the landcover classification available from WWF-Indonesia to stratify the sampling by landcover type based on the proportion of availability across the landscape.
We conducted detection, non-detection sampling at two spatial scales simultaneously. At the landscape-level, each site was represented by the 17×17 km grid cell, while sampling occasions within each site were represented by ∼40, 1-km transects. At a finer scale, we considered each 1-km transect as the site, and sampling occasions were represented by ten 100-m segments. This approach resembles ‘robust design’ in capture-mark-recapture studies as described by Pollock et al. . As such, it is possible to estimate not only the tiger's probability of occupancy at the 17×17 km grid level, but also probability of habitat use at a finer scale based on observations conducted at 1-km transect level .
To minimize observer bias and spatial autocorrelation in selecting the survey area, we applied two levels of randomization. First, we randomly selected a 2×2 km sub-cell within each 17×17 km grid cell to conduct transects for each team. When more than one team covered the same 17×17 km grid cell, we selected an independent random 2×2 km sub-cell for each team. Second, we randomized the transect start-point by walking 200 m following a random azimuth from the end point of the previous transect or drop point from the last vehicle access. Field testing of this approach indicated that, in most situations, observers lacked the ability to predict what the conditions were like beyond 200-m from the previous end point. We believe this technique minimized observer bias in selecting areas to survey and minimized autocorrelation between consecutive transects. Further attempts to mitigate the impacts of spatial autocorrelation were done at the analysis stage detailed below.
Along transects the team surveyed areas deemed to have the highest likelihood of finding tiger sign (tracks, scat, scrapes). The team intensively searched for tiger and prey signs on forest trails, sand beds, river banks, ridgelines, and other areas where tiger sign were likely to be found. We did this, instead of following a straight line as typically done in Distance Sampling , because of the infeasibility and ineffectiveness of tiger sign sampling following straight lines, proven through preliminary method-testing.
Animal sign and environmental/habitat conditions
Each 1 km transect was divided into ten, 100-m segments where sign surveys and environmental variables were noted and measured in every segment. At the level of 17×17 km grid cell we used Geographic Information System (GIS) software ArcGIS version 9.3.1, to extract grid-level landscape variables described below. For every 1-km transect, the team recorded the weather and GPS coordinates for the start and end of each transect. At every 100-meter segment we measured altitude using the barometric altimeter available in Garmin® GPS units, and we tallied the scores for overall vegetation cover, canopy cover, sub-canopy cover, understory cover, and slope (Appendix S1). We also observed, assessed, and scored the impact and/or risk of logging, encroachment, fire, settlement, and hunting on a 1–5 scale.
Due to the uniqueness of plantation characteristics, we assessed additional variables for plantations collected at every 100-m segment that included estimates of tree age, tree diameter and height, intensity of plant husbandry, the presence or cover of plants other than the main commodity species, leaf-litter cover, level of human activity, interval/distance between individual plants, and planting rotation (Appendix S2). We summarized the values from observations of every habitat variable conducted at 100-m segments and treated them as site covariates associated with each 1-km transect.
A guideline developed based on field-testing was used to assist observers in assigning habitat scores. When ambiguities in assigning scores were found between observers, we averaged the values from all observers. We believe the variable scores we documented effectively depicted habitat conditions while being relatively practical to collect and can be used for rapid assessment with relatively low levels of training.
At each detection we recorded species, sign type (e.g., direct sighting, track, scat/dung), distances from the start point of transect, and perpendicular distance from the center of the transect line. Detections of multiple signs from the same species in the same segment were noted as only a single detection. For this paper, we focus on tigers and reduced all such information into whether or not the animal was detected in a given segment (for analysis at finer-scale) or transect (for analysis at landscape-scale).
Environmental variables at the landscape level were extracted from GIS layers available from World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Indonesia GIS Unit. These include landcover ; roads (updated from original data from Indonesian national survey and mapping coordinating agency - BAKOSURTANAL); and boundaries of conservation areas, boundaries of forestry concessions, and boundaries of agricultural concessions. We also obtained several GIS layers available in the public domain such as Bioclim interpolated precipitation version 1.4 , freshwater (rivers, canals, and lakes data) from Digital Chart of the World downloaded through http://www.diva-gis.org/gData, and Digital Elevation Model/DEM from Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission/SRTM version 4 available from International Center for Tropical Agriculture/CIAT . A complete list of landscape variables derived from GIS, the original source, and treatments to the data are presented in Appendix S3.
Analyses
We used Program PRESENCE version 2.4 to estimate the probability of occupancy (ψ17×17 km) across the 17×17 grid cells and to assess habitat use by tigers within each landcover type where adequate tiger detection data were collected, based on the probability of use (ψ1-km) at the finer spatial scale. PRESENCE uses the models developed by MacKenzie et al. , and others such as Hines et al. for the spatial autocorrelation model, to estimate the probability-of-occupancy or probability-of-use from detection-non-detection data collected in a series of patches, sites, and/or grid cells.
We modeled the effects of different covariates (i.e., landscape, habitat, and environmental variables) on tigers' probability of occupancy (ψ17×17 km) or habitat use (ψ1-km). At the landscape level, we treated each 17×17 km cell as the ‘site’, while each 1-km transect represented a sampling occasion or replicate. As the 17×17 km grid size was considered close to the animal's home-range size, the landscape-scale analyses were therefore expected to reveal the ‘true occupancy’ for tigers. To investigate the tiger's habitat-use within certain landcover types, we considered each1-km transect as the ‘site’ while the 100-meter segments represented ‘replicates.’
We explored the correlations between environmental/habitat variables and eliminated highly correlated variables to reduce the number of covariates used in occupancy analyses. We considered variables highly correlated when correlation coefficients were higher than 0.6 , . For highly correlated variables, we selected the one considered most representative based on its ecological relevance, availability across wider area, ease of collection, or a combination of these.
Developing a spatially-explicit landscape-scale tiger occupancy model.
Preliminary analysis revealed that collapsing the detection/non-detection history data from 40 to 10 occasions reduced the number of zeros in the data and stabilized the numerical algorithms used in Program Presence. Therefore, each occasion represents 4 consecutive 1-km transects within each 17×17 km site.
Due to the relatively low number of samples at the landscape-level (i.e., 47, 17×17 km sites), it was not feasible to include all available GIS covariates in the occupancy model , . Hence, considering the correlations between variables (Appendices S4, S5, S6, S7) and using a priori knowledge related to tiger ecology, we ensured that the number of covariates used in the models was no more than 20% of the number of sites.
Following the above procedure, we retained 7 GIS-based landscape-scale continuous variables (hereafter ‘grid-level landscape variables’) used to model the probability of occupancy (ψ17×17 km). The variables were: 1) forest area within each grid cell based on the condition in 2007 (“For07Area”), 2) rate of deforestation from 2006 to 2007 for each 17×17 km grid cell (“Def0607”), 3) altitude based on Digital Elevation Model/DEM (“AltDEM”), 4) distance to forest centroids (defined as the centroid of contiguous forest area equal to or greater than 50,000 ha based on conditions in 2005; “DtF05Cr”), 5) distance to the centroid of protected area (“Dtpacr”), 6) distance to major public road (“Dtmprd”), and 7) interpolated precipitation averaged for each grid cell (“Precip”). In addition, we also used the incremental scoring (1 to 6) of landcover type according to its dissimilarity from forest (“LCCode”) or forest/non forest category (“LCFor”) to model the detection probability of the animal. Records for the seven continuous variables are available for all the grid cells across the landscape; while the categorical landcover type or forest/non-forest variable is available for only the surveyed grid cells. Values for each variable were normalized and/or scaled by computing z-values () as a means of covariate transformation, while scaling was done by dividing the covariate value by a constant (Jim Hines/USGS, pers. comm.).
In building each model set for occupancy (ψ17×17 km), first we entered each variable in a univariate model as a function of the above listed seven variables. For each case, we modeled the detection probability (p) as either constant (.) or influenced by two-category landcover type (LCFor) coded as forest (1) or non-forest (0). Based on the performance of the univariate models we constructed multivariate models using combinations of covariates and included at least one of those covariates that performed relatively well in univariate models, similar to the approach suggested by Thomas et al. . Models were ranked and evaluated based on Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) . We considered models to be competing if they were within 2 delta-AICs of the top model and models with some support if they were between 2–4 delta AICs. To evaluate and mitigate the impact of spatial autocorrelation in the detection history data on the parameter estimates, we also ran custom models incorporating spatial autocorrelation .
We selected the best model based on AIC and used the estimates of probability of occupancy for each grid cell to construct a spatially-explicit tiger distribution model across the landscape, including the un-surveyed areas. We evaluated the uncertainty in the estimates based on the coefficient of variation (standard errors divided by the occupancy estimate) for each cell. In the resulting map depicting probability of tiger occupancy across the landscape, we highlighted un-surveyed cells that have covariate values far beyond the range of the surveyed cells. For example, although actual surveys were conducted in elevations ranging from 0 to 1,250 m (measured directly in the transect), the highest average elevation of a surveyed cell was below 500 m above sea level (based on DEM calculated in GIS); hence we had little confidence in the prediction of tiger occupancy for grid cells that had average elevations far beyond that range and we highlighted cells where average elevation was higher than 750 m.
Assessing tiger use- and selection-of-habitats within forest and plantation areas.
Estimates of the occupancy or probability of use at the patch, or within-habitat, scale are similar to the resource selection function (RSF) or, depending on the sampling design, resource selection probability function (RSPF) , . But, traditional methods of estimating the RSPF are based on presence-absence data assuming that a non-detection is an absence. Therefore, occupancy techniques can produce more accurate estimates of the probability of habitat use by incorporating detectability.
Our fine scale sample units were represented by 100 m segments of the 1-km transects, augmenting the number of samples by an order of magnitude, allowing us to investigate the tiger's use- or selection-of-habitat within selected landcover types containing adequate records of tiger detections. We developed habitat use (ψ1-km) models using different sets of covariates including a) variables extracted in GIS from 500-m radii of the start- and end-point of each 1-km transect (values from both circles were averaged), hereafter ‘landscape covariate’ b) variables scored directly in the field and tallied in each transect in all landcover types, hereafter ‘manual covariates’ and c) specific variables observed and tallied only in plantation areas, hereafter ‘manual plantation-specific covariates.’ We also combined sets of covariates to model tiger habitat use (ψ1-km) either for 1) all landcover types, 2) forest only, or 3) specific plantations where adequate tiger detections were obtained (i.e., acacia).
Within each landcover-type, habitat use models were developed for natural forest and acacia plantations only. We could not develop models for other landcover types due to the small number of tiger detections. For those, we focused on qualitative rather than quantitative analysis.
We developed habitat use models by incorporating the effect of different covariates with similar procedures used to develop the landscape level occupancy models. We extracted the estimates of the probability-of-habitat-use (ψ1-km) from the best models to calculate the likelihood ratios of habitat use between landcover types. Meanwhile, we also used the untransformed estimates of coefficients for covariates (β) to evaluate the effect of different variables on the probability of habitat use (ψ1-km) by tigers. We considered a covariate to have a strong or robust impact on ψ if its respective estimate of β has 95% confidence limits (calculated as ±1.96×SE) that did not include zero .
Supporting Information
Appendix S1.
List of habitat and environmental variables (manual covariates) collected in every 100-m segment along 1-km transects in forest and plantation landscapes of central Sumatra.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030859.s001
(DOC)
Appendix S2.
Additional environmental variables (manual plantation-specific covariates) collected in every 100-m segment along transects in plantation areas.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030859.s002
(DOC)
Appendix S3.
List of landscape variables derived from GIS, the original source, and treatments to the data.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030859.s003
(DOC)
Appendix S4.
Pearson's correlation coefficients between landscape variables at the grid level (17×17 km).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030859.s004
(DOC)
Appendix S5.
Pearson's correlation coefficients between landscape variables at the transect level (extracted from 500 meter buffers surrounding the start- and end-points of each 1-km transect).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030859.s005
(DOC)
Appendix S6.
Pearson's correlation coefficients for manual covariates.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030859.s006
(DOC)
Appendix S7.
Pearson's correlation coefficients for manual plantation-specific covariates.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030859.s007
(DOC)
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Indonesian Ministry of Forestry and plantation owners/managers for supporting this study. Zulfahmi, Koesdianto, A. Suprianto, F. Panjaitan, E. Tugio, L. Subali, H. Gebog, Nursamsu are some members of the field team who worked vigorously to collect data. Jim Nichols provided guidance in study design and gave many useful inputs in the analysis and during manuscript development. Rob Steinmetz, Matt Linkie, Haryo T. Wibisono provided input in study design. Jim Hines provided tremendous help in understanding, properly developing and running statistical models in the program PRESENCE. Dean Stauffer, Mike Vaughan and Steve Prisley provided input into the study design and earlier document drafts. The fieldwork for this study was fully supported by WWF Indonesia and Networks. Thanks to Riza Sukriana and team for their absolute support for this work. Thanks to A. Budiman, E. Purastuti, K. Yulianto, A. Juli, and Sunandar for the GIS support, to Abeng and team for their support and collaboration; to N. Anam, D. Rufendi, Suhandri, Tarmison, Fina, D. Rahadian, Syamsidar, Samsuardi, S. Maryati, Nursamsu, and Afdhal for their support; to Flying Squad teams, the families of Hermanto and Doni for their great hospitality in hosting the field teams; M. Lewis, B. Pandav, N. Griesshammer, C. William, M. Stuewe, Y. Uryu, B. Long, J. Vertefeuille, E. Dinerstein, and J. Seidensticker for support and advice. R. Sugiyanti, C. Tredick and two anonymous reviewers provided useful comments which improved this paper.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: SS MJK SK. Performed the experiments: SS KP ES HK. Analyzed the data: SS MJK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SS MJK SK. Wrote the paper: SS MJK SK KP.
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Resource managers confronted with preserving ecosystems for prairie wetland birds in fragmented landscapes require landscape studies that direct conservation efforts over broad geographic regions. We investigated the role of local and landscape factors affecting habitat suitability by integrating remotely sensed wetland and land-cover data with wetland bird habitat models. We linked habitat models with locations of easement and fee-title wetlands to evaluate spatial location and extent of protected, suitable habitat. We also simulated impacts of the loss of small wetlands on suitability of larger wetlands for mobile species that use multiple wetlands. Lastly, we evaluated the efficacy of waterfowl habitat programs in preserving suitable habitat for nongame wetland bird species to recommend strategies for maximizing regional landscape connectivity. Regional databases constructed for this study indicate that easement and fee-title tracts encompass 13.9% (1.2 million ha) of land area and protect 19.8% of the wetlands in eastern South Dakota, USA. Proportion of protected wetlands is highest for semi-permanent (32.3%), intermediate for seasonal (25.6%), and lowest for temporary wetlands (15.8%). A stratified, two-stage cluster sample was used to randomly select 834 semi-permanent and seasonal wetlands that were surveyed for birds in 1995 and 1996. Logistic analyses indicate that habitat suitability for some species (e.g., Virginia rail, pied-billed grebe) is related to local vegetation conditions within wetlands, while suitability for others (e.g., northern pintail, black tern) is related to landscape structure at larger scales. As a result, unfragmented prairie wetland landscapes (i.e., areas with wetland complexes embedded within upland grasslands) provide habitat for more species than isolated wetlands in tillage fields. Models developed from survey wetlands were used to classify habitat suitability for all semi-permanent and seasonal wetlands in eastern South Dakota. Small wetlands are critical components of the surrounding landscape that influence habitat suitability of larger wetlands. Models used to reclassify suitability of larger remaining wetlands after small wetlands (<0.5 ha) were removed indicate that species most vulnerable to loss of small wetlands are vagile species that exploit resources over broad spatial scales. Number of wetlands suitable for northern pintails, a mobile species that uses multiple wetlands within a season, decreased 20.7% when wetlands <0.5 ha were removed. Historic paradigms dictating waterfowl habitat protection efforts also have conserved habitat for nongame bird species. Modern paradigms that acknowledge the importance of small shallow wetlands to breeding waterfowl have shifted the focus of protection towards preserving habitat for species that occupy more abundant seasonal wetlands. Cessation of protection efforts would result in further fragmentation of regional wetland landscapes. We recommend that wetlands be acquired not only to consolidate suitable habitat within protected core areas but also to ensure that core areas coalesce to preserve connectivity among regional wetland landscapes.
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Translations are not retained in our system. Your use of this feature and the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in the Terms and Conditions of Use of the BioOne website. | https://bioone.org/journals/Wetlands/volume-21/issue-1/0277-5212(2001)021%5B0001:ALATCW%5D2.0.CO;2/A-LANDSCAPE-APPROACH-TO-CONSERVING-WETLAND-BIRD-HABITAT-IN-THE/10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021%5B0001:ALATCW%5D2.0.CO;2.short |
A new study has assessed and provided management recommendations for the main corridors linking the few remaining jaguar populations in northern Argentina, in the southernmost part of the range of this emblematic species in America. The study was led by the Argentinean Instituto de Biología Subtropical with the participation of JRC, which contributed with the most recent methods and expertise on landscape connectivity analyses.
Global trends in habitat loss and land use intensification are imposing considerable challenges on many wildlife species, particularly when they are fragmented in increasingly smaller populations that, alone, are too small to persist in the long term. This is the case of the jaguar in the forests of northern Argentina, where the third-largest feline in the world (after the tiger and the lion) and the largest in America can still be found. Only about 65 jaguars (or yaguaretés, as they are called there) are estimated to persist in the Argentinean region of Misiones (next to the famous Iguazú Falls) and in the nearby areas in the south of Brazil.
The hopes for the conservation of these remaining populations rely considerably on safeguarding their connectivity with the larger populations further north. The land needs to be managed in a way that allows jaguars to move between the different populations. These movements are essential to maintain their genetic diversity and to compensate for natural or human-caused population fluctuations in certain areas. Therefore, connectivity is a key part of the strategies to maintain healthy and viable jaguar populations in the long term, which is the ultimate aim of the Yaguareté conservation project in Argentina.
However, it has been difficult to persuade local actors to implement connectivity principles in their management practices, which could make a real difference for conservation. This applies not only to jaguars but, more broadly, to other species, ecosystems and study areas. Progress in this direction has been made difficult by the lack of solid methodological approaches that are both scientifically sound and usable in practice by the actors managing the land.
This new study presents an approach that helps to address this gap. The study evaluates habitat availability and connectivity in the five main jaguar corridors in northern Argentina, considering the local land management units (properties), land cover and land use data mainly acquired through remote sensing, and information from GPS-collared jaguars to estimate the movement range of the species in the region. The study identifies the priority forest patches for maintaining connectivity, and proposes specific management strategies for each corridor area. The recommended strategies consider the specific role of each forest patch as well as the threats in each area, which can include deforestation, poaching, livestock activities and the impacts of roads as potential barriers and sources of mortality of the species.
Safeguarding connectivity for this emblematic species would also benefit many other species and ecosystem services that are associated with these forests and natural corridors.
The methods for connectivity analysis that support this study (which continue to be developed in the JRC) can potentially be applied, under different variants, in other land management or conservation planning situations, ranging from other individual species, to the broader design of protected area networks, and to the identification of priorities for land restoration and green infrastructure planning. These methods are in fact being used to deliver a global indicator of protected area connectivity through the JRC’s Digital Observatory for Protected Areas. They also contribute to the efforts to conserve the most endangered feline species in Europe, the Iberian lynx; this is the focus of the LIFE+ Iberlince project, to which the JRC author of this study, Santiago Saura, is a scientific advisor. | https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/jrc-news/corridors-can-save-jaguars-2017-05-19_en |
Correlational models are widely used to predict changes in species' distribution, but generally have failed to address the comprehensive effects of anthropogenic activities, climate change, habitat connectivity and gene flow on wildlife sustainability. Here, we used integrated approaches (MAXENT model, circuit model and genetic analysis) to assess and predict the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities on the distribution, habitat connectivity, and genetic diversity of an endangered primate, Rhinopithecus bieti, from 2000 to 2050. We created six scenarios: climatic factors only (scenario-a), anthropogenic activities only (scenario-b), climatic factors and anthropogenic activities (scenario-c), plus three additional scenarios that included climatic factors and anthropogenic activities but controlled for individual anthropogenic activities (scenario-d: grazing, scenario e: collecting, and scenario-f: grazing and collecting). The results indicate that areas of suitable habitat for R. bieti are expected to decline by 8.0%-22.4% from 2000 to 2050, with the collection of local forest products and the grazing of domesticated cattle as the primary drivers of landscape fragmentation and range contraction. If these anthropogenic activities are strictly controlled, however, the area of suitable habitat is predicted to increase by10.4%-14.3%. We also found that habitats vulnerable to human disturbance were principally located in areas of low habitat connectivity resulting in limited migration opportunities and increased loss of genetic diversity among R. bieti living in these isolated subpopulations. Thus, we suggest that effective management policies to protect this species include prohibiting both livestock grazing and the collecting of forest products. Although our study focuses on a single primate species, the conservation modeling approaches we presented have wide applicability to a broad range of threatened mammalian and avian taxa that currently inhabit a limited geographic range and are affected by anthropogenic activities (e.g. collecting, grazing, hunting), loss of habitat connectivity, reduced genetic diversity, and the effects of climate change. | https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/climate-change-grazing-and-collecting-accelerate-habitat-contract |
In 2017, federal, provincial, and territorial Ministers responsible for parks, protected areas and biodiversity conservation launched the Pathway to Canada Target 1, a national initiative designed to coordinate efforts to conserve 17% of Canada’s terrestrial and inland water areas by 2020 through networks of protected and conservation areas.
In support of this initiative, Confluvio defined indicators for measuring structural freshwater connectivity from the perspective of protected areas (PAs) that can be used consistently throughout Canada and potentially globally. Between December 2019 and March 2021, we engaged with the Pathway team, the Connectivity Working Group, as well as with individuals from Parks Canada during workshops, webinars, and individual discussions to receive input and feedback for the development of the indicators.
The resulting freshwater indicators are grounded in the methodology published by Grill and others (2019) which has been adapted to be applied for protected areas in Canada. We developed two sets of complementary indicators, for measuring the freshwater connectivity status of protected areas from different perspectives:
1) The ‘Integrated Protection Index’ (IPI) quantifies to what extent the local and upstream area of any given location along a river is protected, thereby focusing on established protected areas and how well they are placed in the landscape to protect freshwater systems.
2) The ‘Connectivity Status Index (CSI)’, as the proposed principal indicator, measures the freshwater status from the perspective of fluvial connectivity (or the loss thereof) and as such focuses on human pressures and their effects on river systems in PAs and beyond.
The two indices were developed as they provide distinct yet complementary insights into the river connectivity within protected areas. Any user of these indices may choose the appropriate index or variant depending on specific goals, the aquatic ecological situation, environmental characteristics of the investigated region, or geographic scale.
The report, data and source code is available upon request. | https://www.confluvio.com/project/canada-protected |
Geospatial Analysis of Unmet Surgical Need in Uganda: An Analysis of SOSAS Survey Data.
BACKGROUND:Globally, a staggering five billion people lack access to adequate surgical care. Sub-Saharan Africa represents one of the regions of greatest need. We sought to understand how geographic factors related to unmet surgical need (USN) in Uganda. METHODS:We performed a geographic information system analysis of a nationwide survey on surgical conditions performed in 105 enumeration areas (EAs) representing the national population. At the district level, we determined the spatial autocorrelation of the following study variables: prevalence of USN, hub distance (distance from EA to the nearest surgical center), area of coverage (geographic catchment area of each center), tertiary facility transport time (average respondent-reported travel time), and care availability (rate of hospital beds by population and by district). We then used local indicators of spatial association (LISA) and spatial regression to identify any significant clustering of these study variables among the districts. RESULTS:The survey enumerated 4248 individuals. The prevalence of USN varied from 2.0-45 %. The USN prevalence was highest in the Northern and Western Regions. Moran's I bivariate analysis indicated a positive correlation between USN and hub distance (p = 0.03), area of coverage (p = 0.02), and facility transport time (p = 0.03). These associations were consistent nationally. The LISA analysis showed a high degree of clustering among sets of districts in the Northern Sub-Region. CONCLUSIONS:This study demonstrates a statistically significant association between USN and the geographic variables examined. We have identified the Northern Sub-Region as the highest priority areas for financial investment to reduce this unmet surgical disease burden. | https://scholars.duke.edu/display/pub1140001 |
Let’s discuss the question: 12k equals how many miles. We summarize all relevant answers in section Q&A of website Countrymusicstop.com in category: MMO. See more related questions in the comments below.
How many miles is 12 000 steps?
How many miles is 12,000 steps? 12,000 steps make about 5 miles. The exact number depends on the individual’s height and stride length. For a woman with an average stride length (2.2 ft), 12,000 steps are 4.996 mi, and for a man with an average step (2.5 ft), it’s 5.682 mi.
What is 1 km as a mile?
1 kilometre is equal to 0.62137119 miles, which is the conversion factor from kilometers to miles.
1 mile how many kilometers
Images related to the topic1 mile how many kilometers
How many K are in a mile?
There are 1.609344 kilometers in 1 mile. To convert from miles to kilometers, multiply your figure by 1.609344 (or divide by 0.62137119223733) .
How far is 12 km in steps?
|Km||Average walk (5kph)||Brisk walk (6.5kph)|
|11 km||15488 steps||13299 steps|
|12 km||16896 steps||14508 steps|
|13 km||18304 steps||15717 steps|
|14 km||19712 steps||16926 steps|
Is 12k steps a day good?
Walking is a straightforward method for increasing physical activity and is not limited by location. Studies have demonstrated people who walk between 10,000 and 12,000 steps per day generally have a lower body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, waist and hip circumference, and waist–hip ratio [5,6,7].
How many calories burned in 12k steps?
|2,000 Steps per Mile (Height 6 Feet and Above) Calories Burned by Step Count and Weight|
|10,000||275||330|
|11,000||303||363|
|12,000||330||396|
|13,000||358||429|
How long would it take to walk 3km?
3K: 3 kilometers equals 1.85 miles, or 9842.5 feet, or just a little less than 2 miles. This is a common distance for charity walks, especially those with accessible routes. It takes 30 to 37 minutes to walk 3K at a moderate pace.
Is car mileage in km or miles?
Cars that are made and sold in the US and in the UK have odometers that are usually calibrated in miles because that is the unit of measurement followed in those countries. Meanwhile, cars that are made and sold in most of the other places in the world will odometers that are in kilometers instead.
How long is a mile?
mile, any of various units of distance, such as the statute mile of 5,280 feet (1.609 km). It originated from the Roman mille passus, or “thousand paces,” which measured 5,000 Roman feet. About the year 1500 the “old London” mile was defined as eight furlongs.
How many steps are in a mile?
How many steps in a mile? An average person has a stride length of approximately 2.1 to 2.5 feet. That means that it takes over 2,000 steps to walk one mile and 10,000 steps would be almost 5 miles. A sedentary person may only average 1,000 to 3,000 steps a day.
How long does it take to walk a mile?
Most people can expect to walk a mile in 15 to 22 minutes, according to data gathered in a 2019 study spanning five decades. The average walking pace is 2.5 to 4 mph, according to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention.
How do you convert odometer to miles?
The distance in miles is equal to the distance in kilometers multiplied by 0.621371. Since one kilometer is equal to 0.621371 miles, that’s the conversion ratio used in the formula.
✅ Convert Mile to Kilometer (mile to Km) – Example and Formula
Images related to the topic✅ Convert Mile to Kilometer (mile to Km) – Example and Formula
How much is 12000 steps in KM?
12000 Steps ≈ 9.6 km
You can measure your own step length and enter it in centimeters below.
How long does it take to walk 10000 steps?
Ten thousand steps equates to about eight kilometres, or an hour and 40 minutes walking, depending on your stride length and walking speed. But that doesn’t mean you have to do it all in one walk.
How many steps is 5km walk?
On average there are 6,600 steps walking 5k, however this drops down to around 4,700 when running 5k. The number of steps in a 5k varies based on several factors such as your height and speed.
How much weight can I lose with 12000 steps?
10,000 extra steps daily = 1 pound of weight loss. You need to average 12,000 steps a day to lose one pound per week.
Will I lose weight walking 12000 steps a day?
Counting Steps and Weight Loss
Although the weight loss may be small, if you continue to aim for 12,000 steps a day, over the years the pounds lost will accumulate. Losing as little as 5 percent of your body weight when have overweight or obesity can help improve blood pressure and blood cholesterol levels.
What happens when you walk 5 miles a day?
With every mile walked, you will burn about 100 calories. If you are able to walk five miles per day, you will burn 500 calories during your workout. If you are able to do this every day for a week, you will burn 3,500 calories from exercise during that week.
What exercise burns the most calories?
Running is the winner for most calories burned per hour. Stationary bicycling, jogging, and swimming are excellent options as well. HIIT exercises are also great for burning calories. After a HIIT workout, your body will continue to burn calories for up to 24 hours.
How many miles should you walk a day?
Walking is a form of low impact, moderate intensity exercise that has a range of health benefits and few risks. As a result, the CDC recommend that most adults aim for 10,000 steps per day . For most people, this is the equivalent of about 8 kilometers, or 5 miles.
How many calories do you burn sleeping?
How Many Calories Do You Burn While You Sleep? As a very approximate number, we burn around 50 calories an hour1 while we sleep. However, every person burns a different amount of calories during sleep, depending on their personal basal metabolic rate2 (BMR).
How long does it take to walk 12 miles?
|Miles||Relaxed Pace||Normal Pace|
|11 miles||3 hrs, 40 mins||2 hrs, 45 mins|
|12 miles||4 hrs||3 hrs|
|13 miles||4 hrs, 20 mins||3 hrs, 15 mins|
|14 miles||4 hrs, 40 mins||3 hrs, 30 mins|
3.51 Km Equals How Many Miles? : Algebra Help
Images related to the topic3.51 Km Equals How Many Miles? : Algebra Help
How long is 1 mile in a car?
Since the speed you drive is measured in miles per hour (mph), an easy way to estimate travel time is to compare your average speed to a single hour. For example, if you’re driving 60 mph, that means you’ll travel 60 miles in one hour, so it’ll take just one minute to travel one mile.
Is walking 8km a day good?
According to the journal Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, walking helps reduce the prevalence of chronic diseases (1). In fact, walking (at speeds equal to or greater than 8 km/h) expends more energy than jogging at the same speed (2). Read on to find out about the health benefits of walking daily.
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So far we have concentrated on cancelling units when using dimesional analysis. Units can also be combined according to the rules of algebra. For example, 12x multiplied by 9/4x equals 27 because the x cancels out and 12/4 × 9 is 27. If the problem had been 2x multiplied by 5x then the answer is 10x2. The x variables combine to be written together as x2 instead of x · x. Here are some examples with actual units:
Area Speed 5 cm × 2 cm = 10 cm2 42 mi Volume ------ = 42 mi/hr 1 m × 2 m × 3 m = 6 m3 1 hr
The general idea is that if a unit does not cancel out during the calculation, it is still there at the end. Combine like terms and pay attention to whether the unit is in the numerator (on top) or in the denominator (on the bottom).
Here are two examples of problems solved by using combined units.
Convert 42 ft2 to m2 42 ft2 42 ft·ft 0.3048 m 0.3048 m ------ = --------- x ---------- x ---------- = 3.9 m2 1 1 1 ft 1 ft Enter this into your calculator as 42 × 0.3048 × 0.3048 = 3.90192768
Find the time to travel 50 miles at 35 mi/hr 50 mi 1 hr ------ x --------- = 1.43 hr or 1 hr 25.7 min 1 35 mi Enter this into your calculator as 50 ÷ 35 = 1.428571429
Areas and volumes are examples of combined units, for the most part. An acre is an example of a unit of area which is not a combined unit. A gallon is similarly a unit of volume which is not a combined unit. Square feet (ft2) are really (feet) times (feet) because that’s how area is calculated. Similarly, a cubic meter (m3) can be imagined as a cubic space one meter on a side. For area units you must convert with two conversion factors. For volume, use three conversion factors.
Common units of speed are miles per hour (mi/hr), kilometers per hour (km/hr), meters per second (m/s), centimeters per second (cm/s), kilometers per second (km/s), and miles per second (mi/s). Show work as always. There is an example of this type of calculation in the introduction. | http://kaffee.50webs.com/Science/activities/Activity.Dimensional.Analysis-03.html |
How many nautical knots are in a km?
1 knot (kt) = 1.85200 kilometers per hour (kph).
Does 1 knot equal 1 nautical mile per hour?
Knots, on the other hand, are used to measure speed. One knot equals one nautical mile per hour, or roughly 1.15 statute mph.
How many kms is 5 knots?
9.26 kph
Knots to Kilometers per hour table
|Knots||Kilometers per hour|
|5 knots||9.26 kph|
|6 knots||11.11 kph|
|7 knots||12.96 kph|
|8 knots||14.82 kph|
How fast is 60 knots in KM?
111.1
|5||Knots||9.3|
|45||Knots||83.3|
|50||Knots||92.6|
|55||Knots||101.9|
|60||Knots||111.1|
Is 30 knots fast for a boat?
But if you’re talking about average speed for different boats; yes 30 knot is fast enough to give the thrill.
Why do ships use knots?
Boats and planes, which often travel longer distances affected by the earth’s curvature, use knots. Knots are a more accurate way of predicting how a boat (or a plane) traverses the face of the earth. That’s why nautical charts include and depend on longitude and latitude measurements.
Why do boats use knots instead of mph?
Why is knots used in aviation?
Why knots? According to Scandinavian Traveler, the use of knots (kt) makes air and nautical navigation easier because it’s based on the nautical mile. The nautical mile is closely related to the longitude/latitude geographic coordinate system and is based on the circumference of the Earth.
How strong is 10 knots wind?
8-12 Mph 12-19 kph 7-10 knots Gentle Breeze Leaves and small twigs move, light weight flags extend. Large wavelets, crests start to break, some whitecaps.
How fast do cruise ships go in mph?
The average speed of a modern cruise ship is roughly 20 knots (23 miles per hour), with maximum speeds reaching about 30 knots (34.5 miles per hour). How fast a ship is able to sail depends on several factors, including the power of its engines, the weather and the conditions at sea.
How many knots does a cruise ship go?
A cruise ship can typically reach a speed of around 30 knots, about two to three knots higher than its cruising speed, but it’s not likely to go that fast. Cruise ships rarely hit top speed and will usually only do so if necessary. | https://pfeiffertheface.com/how-many-nautical-knots-are-in-a-km/ |
A gram is a unit of mass (commonly used as weight) in the metric system. It was originally defined to be the mass of one cubic centimeter of pure water. However, the newer definition refers to the gram as the one one-thousandth of a kilogram, which is an SI base unit.
Ounces (oz) Conversion
An ounce is a customary unit of weight, mass or volume most British derived customary systems of measurement. the United States customary and British imperial ounce, also called the avoirdupois ounce equals one-sixteenth of a pound or about 28.3495 grams.
Grams to Ounces and other popular Weight Conversions
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