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Finland has been crowned the happiest country in the world for the fifth straight year in an annual UN-sponsored index, while neighbouring Nordic countries also continued to rank high.
Finland’s score continued to be “significantly ahead” of the top 10 countries, the 10th World Happiness Report by the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network published on March 18 showed.
Denmark ranked second, followed by Iceland. Sweden and Norway bagged the seventh and eighth positions on the list.
How are the countries ranked?
People assess their own happiness in the World Happiness Report, which usually ranks 150 countries based on several parameters, such as real GDP per capital, social support, personal freedom to make life choices, healthy life expectancy, generosity and levels of corruption in the country.
Each variable measures a populated-weighted average score on a scale of 0-10 every year over a period of three years. It is then compared with other countries. This year, 146 countries were assessed and ranked, based mostly on life evaluations from the Gallup World Poll.
The report also took into account data from social media to compare people’s emotions before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
Managing the pandemic
According to the report this year, the Nordic countries showed higher levels of personal and institutional trust and were able to better manage the coronavirus pandemic.
The Nordic countries recorded 27 deaths per 100,000 people from COVID-19 between 2020 and 2021 against 80 in the rest of Western Europe, CNBC reported.
The 10th edition of the World Happiness Report also tried to highlight the factor of balance and harmony. The citizens of Nordic countries are believed to have experienced higher levels of balance and harmony as well. About 90.4 percent of the respondents in Finland and Malta deemed their life to be in balance.
What makes the Finns and Danes so happy
“There are a lot of factors that impact happiness, everything from biology to income levels to the city they live in,” Meik Wiking, CEO of Happiness Research Institute in Copenhagen, told CNBC Make It.
In Finland, new mothers are gifted a new baby box with around 63 items to help with the child’s growth in the first year.
“You don’t have to buy anything for the first two-three months, except diapers,” Maria Ainamo-McDonald told CNBC.
Apart from gifts, Finland and other Nordic countries also give 10 months of parental leave, of which the father gets nine weeks. Both parents stay home for the first three weeks and the rest of the time is shared between the parents until the baby is nine months old. A parent can take stay home till the child is three years old without losing their job, although the stipend is much lower.
The government also lends their support to those who are unemployed or in-between jobs. Christina Konig Kohrsen in Denmark took an eight-month break from her job and received about $2,000 a month from the government when she was unemployed.
Apart from this, Finland and Denmark provide free education and healthcare, which are some of the biggest perks for the people living in these countries. | https://www.cnbctv18.com/news/what-makes-finland-happiest-country-in-the-world-for-5th-straight-year-12896602.htm |
More Money Means Less God - Except in China and the U.S.
Throughout the world, higher incomes translate into less religiosity, and vice versa. But that rule does not apply to the Americans, nor to the Chinese.
Is belief in God a prerequisite for moral behaviour? The answer to that question varies widely throughout the world. As shown by this graph, most people in poorer countries will say yes, while no is the more likely answer in richer nations.
For those of a religious persuasion, the result validates the sentiment expressed in Matthew 6:24 — “Ye cannot serve God and mammon (1).” People of a more materialistic bent will take it as proof of Karl Marx’s maxim that “religion is the opiate of the masses,” at least as long as they can’t afford more expensive diversions.
It's a strange map that makes close neighbours of Pakistan and Ghana, Russia and Chile, and Canada and Australia. What unites each pair is that they have similar attitudes toward God and morality, and comparable levels of per-capita income.
Pakistan and Ghana huddle together near the top left corner of the graph: poorest, and most religious (2). They are joined by a host of other low-income, high-piety countries, such as Indonesia, Jordan, Egypt, El Salvador, Nigeria, Uganda, Senegal, Kenya, and Bolivia. All have an average per capita GDP below $10,000. Religiosity is at or above 80 percent.
Russia and Chile are in the middle group of countries, together with Mexico, Argentina, Poland, and Greece. These countries are not very rich (average per capita GDP of about $20,000), but only half-religious (from just under 40 percent to a bit over 50 percent).
Canada and Australia are part of a more dispersed community of nations that also includes Italy, Spain, Israel, Germany, Britain, and France, with average per capita GDPs varying between $30,000 and $50,000, and levels of religiosity from below 40 percent to just over 10 percent.
Not all countries observe the median proposed by the graph too closely. India is quite poor, but relatively areligious. Malaysia and Turkey are relatively wealthy, but very religious.
But the two most remarkable countries on the graph are the two furthest outliers, each refuting one of both truisms quoted above. The U.S., the richest country of the bunch, is also way more religious than a lot of the other ones. It has the highest per capita GDP of any country on the graph — over $50,000. By that measure, its level of religiosity should be at 30 percent, around the median. In fact, it's well over 50 percent.
And China, relatively poor, is atypically areligious. The average per capita GDP is almost exactly $10,000, which would imply a piety score of close to 70 percent. In fact, the score is just over 10 percent, the lowest of all countries shown, ex aequo with France, equally areligious, but much richer.
Why are Americans more religious than Greeks, whose income is less than half of theirs? And why are Chinese, who are poorer than Brazilians, less than a quarter as religious? Perhaps both Marx and Matthew got it wrong...
This map found here at the Pew Research Center.
Strange Maps #757
Got a strange map? Let me know at [email protected].
(1) From the Hebrew ‘mamon’, meaning “capital, money, riches”.
(2) For the purpose of this text, 'thinking the belief in God is necessary for morality' is equated with 'religiosity'. Doubtlessly, those big on God and/or morality will have a more nuanced view on the matter.
LinkedIn meets Tinder in this mindful networking app
Swipe right to make the connections that could change your career.
Swipe right. Match. Meet over coffee or set up a call.
No, we aren't talking about Tinder. Introducing Shapr, a free app that helps people with synergistic professional goals and skill sets easily meet and collaborate.
10 books to check out from Jordan Peterson's 'Great Books' list
The Canadian professor has an extensive collection posted on his site.
- Peterson's Great Books list features classics by Orwell, Jung, Huxley, and Dostoevsky.
- Categories include literature, neuroscience, religion, and systems analysis.
- Having recently left Patreon for "freedom of speech" reasons, Peterson is taking direct donations through Paypal (and Bitcoin).
Your body’s full of stuff you no longer need. Here's a list.
Evolution doesn't clean up after itself very well.
- An evolutionary biologist got people swapping ideas about our lingering vestigia.
- Basically, this is the stuff that served some evolutionary purpose at some point, but now is kind of, well, extra.
- Here are the six traits that inaugurated the fun.
Should you invest in China's stock market? Know this one thing first.
Despite incredible economic growth, it is not necessarily an investor's paradise.
- China's stock market is just 27 years old. It's economy has grown 30x over that time.
- Imagine if you had invested early and gotten in on the ground floor.
- Actually, you would have lost money. Here's how that's possible.
SMARTER FASTER trademarks owned by The Big Think, Inc. All rights reserved. | https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/the-god-vs-mammon-map |
In this episode, we explore the Eastern coast of the Gulf of Mexico, in the lively culture of the Jarocho people in Veracruz and those around the River Papaloapan. Besides el Tilingo Lingo. la Bruja and El Aguanieve (El Zapateado), the focus is on the wedding dance, el son de La Bamba. In addition, the costumes are vividly described, along with the romantic Mexican custom of the serenata (the serenade), but this time, Mananitas con jarana.
Notice that the gentleman Jarocho dancer and his lady companion would sometimes compete to the vibrant, rhythmic steps of the very fast heel-and-toe movements and steps called zapateados and taconeados (as is depicted in the photo of the dance, el son del tilingo lingo).
On other occasions, the women would imitate the movements with their skirts of such animals such as palomas (doves) and mariposas (butterflies). One such dance is El Palomo y la Paloma, where the man's chivalry shines through. In some folklorico groups, the gentlemen bring in chairs to the stage so that the ladies may be seated. During the dance, the men tip their hats, remove them and bow, while genuflecting in front of their damsel, to show the high respect that Mexican men had for the women that they were courting.
On other occasions, the loveliness of the mestiza came through in a sensual dance called La Bruja (the witch). The serious look of the women pervade the evening as they dance with lit candles on their heads. As these women solo in their purely feminine dance, the theme of woman being the enchantress is dominant in this tropical region.
The music is lively, with songs famous as the Canto a Veracruz, El Balaju and El Siquirisi, as well as El Cascabel. The musicians play with the Veracruz harp, which is smaller and much more vibrant than the classical harp. A very similar harp is played in neighboring Venezuela, whose coastal peoples have a lively culture very similar to that of the jarochos. In addition to the melody lead of the harp, the jarana and requinto add accompaniment and rhythm, as well as the Spanish guitarra.
The competition for groups and families is seen in El Aguanieve (also known today as El Zapateado), where improvisations and contests reign on the tarima (the wooden platform), and the finale ends with the entire ensemble participating together in the last verses.
The couples perform their dynamic steps in their white costumes, reflecting the heat of this subtropical climate.
The jarocho region of Veracruz is considered to be one of the liveliest and happiest areas of Mexican folklorico dance. For some people, it is incredible to imagine that these songs, like the wedding song of La Bamba, were being danced in the 18th century (during the time of the American War for Independence, also known as the Revolutionary War).
Today, La Bamba is still the favorite of wedding couples, as they tie the knot (literally) by dancing steps while tying a bow with their feet, signifying their union and unity in marriage. It is the audio of La Bamba that is featured in this podcast episode 003.
Publié le par [email protected] (F Castaneda)
Copyright 2006
Les podcasts externes de ce site sont récupérés à partir de liens publics (Feed XML/RSS) qui nous ont été fournis par nos utilisateurs ainsi que des partenaires. Ce podcast m'appartient. | https://podcloud.fr/podcast/arriba-folklorico-music-and-dance-of-mexico/episode/episode-003-veracruz-and-the-jarocho-music-and-dance-and-la-bamba |
The Columbus office is situated in bustling, energetic Easton on the corner of Easton Way and Stelzer Road. We are at the center of lively commerce, vibrant retail, luxurious hospitality, thriving restaurants and charming residences. From our fourth floor offices, we enjoy the sights and sounds of some of the best of what Columbus has to offer. Inside, the firm’s more-than-80 year history is depicted graphically on our walls. It’s a testimony to the fact that character, experience, persistence, and professional contribution are appreciated in our organization. | https://www.cshco.com/our-offices/columbus-oh/ |
Santo Domingo is a vibrant, bustling city that serves as both the Dominican Republic's capital and the Caribbean's largest city by population. Santo Domingo was named the American Capital of Culture because it was the first city in the Americas. Its Colonial City is a UNESCO World Heritage Site with museums, arts, music, and some of the city's best restaurants. However, this is a very commercial area, with hot clubs, lively cultural centers, and trendy restaurants in addition to colonial-era architecture. The Dominican Republic's capital is an alluring destination for beaches, tropical climates, hundreds of years of exciting history, and music. Santo Domingo is a beautiful place to visit if you need to wash away some stress, feed your thirst for historical information, or want to immerse yourself in a vibrant, thrilling Latin American metropolis, so book your tickets now! | https://www.hydratravels.com/flights/flights-to-santo-domingo |
The Mexican capital is more cosmopolitan than ever, with world-class museums, vibrant street art and bustling markets.
For a capital with such a long and layered history, there is much that’s new in Mexico City. Skyscrapers grow like bamboo. A trendy restaurant, boutique hotel or high-end food store seems to open every week. Despite the often dark national mood — corruption in Mexico seems ever more brazen, and violence, much of it drug-related, persists in many areas — the city has kept its mojo.
There are extravagant plans for new pedestrian areas and a new airport, and the ZonaMaco art fair has become a must for international dealers. The city is still a place of contradictions and yawning inequality, with helipads for the rich and four-hour commutes for ordinary workers; pockets of Art Deco charm and miles of ugly sprawl; cutting-edge museums and schools without computers. But Mexico City is more cosmopolitan than ever, producing world-class chefs, artists and movie directors, and drawing talented Europeans and Latin Americans. In the age of the megalopolis, the Mexican capital is primed to bewitch and baffle, challenge and enchant. | https://m.vingle.net/posts/1481123 |
Washington, D.C. has always been renowned for its beautiful historic sites, stunning museums, and exceptional restaurants, and in recent years the city has undergone a massive shift. It has grown to be the seat of national political power and a vibrant and thriving city with a prosperous economy and lively sense of community. As a result, it has become one of the most desirable living locations on the east coast. However, with so many different neighborhoods, all with their own distinct personalities, knowing where you want to settle down in this bustling city can sometimes seem like a challenge. Take a deeper look at some of these D.C. neighborhoods so that you can find the best place for you to put down roots.
One of the city’s oldest and most beloved neighborhoods, H Street Corridor, has recently undergone a vibrant revival. While the community is happily looking towards building an even better future, they are also holding on tightly to the past, taking great care to restore historic architecture and preserve everything that makes this neighborhood what it is. As a result, you’ll find yourself walking past perfectly restored townhouses carefully intermingled with brand new luxury apartment buildings.
In keeping with the small-town sensibility of the area, you’ll find no chain restaurants here. Instead, the local community is dedicated to supporting small businesses, so you’ll find the streets lined with exceptional, one-of-a-kind eateries such as Cane, Le Grenier and Fancy Radish which is serving some of the best vegan cuisine in the city.
While many people know Capitol Hill as being the epicenter of U.S. politics, you may be surprised to learn that it’s also one of the most densely populated areas in the city. Capitol Hill has more residences on its blocks than any other neighborhood in D.C. However, that doesn’t mean that it feels busy or built up. On the contrary, as one of the oldest communities in the city, Capitol Hill feels incredibly quaint and peaceful, with numerous green areas and various seasonal open-air markets such as the neighborhood anchor, the historic Eastern Market, for residents to wander through.
Single-family townhouses in Capitol Hill tend to be of the neoclassical and federal style, which were the most popular when the neighborhood was predominantly built. However, there are also numerous new builds for you to look through if you’re interested in something more modern.
The Southwest Waterfront has undergone a massive renovation in recent years and has quickly become one of the most desirable locations in the city. Recent new residential and commercial construction along the Potomac River and surrounding streets has turned the area into a luxurious and elegant community with a laid-back feel and peaceful vibe. This neighborhood is ideal for young professionals and established entrepreneurs alike.
The community itself is filled with an array of dining and entertainment venues for residents to enjoy, including:
◾ Nationals Park
◾ The Anthem
◾ The Arena Stage
◾ The Maine Avenue Fish Market
If you’re hoping to move into the hippest, trendiest community in D.C., then look no further than Shaw. Rich in history and culture, Shaw is a vibrant and eclectic neighborhood known throughout the city for its energetic nightlife and delectable dining scene. Here you’ll find some of the trendiest restaurants right next to some of the city’s most historic homes.
Shaw has undergone its very own renaissance in recent years, with the neighborhood looking to create the perfect blend of old and new. As a result, you can find beautiful federal-style townhomes in Shaw all within walking distance of every possible convenience, including grocery stores, unique boutiques, bustling cafes, and more.
The home of the renowned jazz musician Duke Ellington, Logan Circle is one of the most tranquil and easy-going neighborhoods in D.C. Known for its historical significance and old-world charms, this exceptional neighborhood is full of turn-of-the-century mansions and exquisite townhomes where residents can enjoy the best of both the old and new worlds.
Not only is Logan circle filled with one-of-a-kind boutiques and high-end shops, but the community can also be a part of the happening local bar scene and vibrant restaurants in the area like TILT, Le Diplomate, and The Commodore, which have definitely helped to make it one of the most popular neighborhoods with the young professional crowd.
Known as the center of the city’s music scene, you’ll find yourself listening to jazz, blues, rock, and even go-go music as you make your way through the streets of the U Street Corridor. Having always been D.C.’s artistic and cultural home, this vibrant and lively community has seen some of the Capitol’s most turbulent times, including the civil rights movement, race riots, and numerous protests. However, the district has taken these scars and turned them into beautiful pieces of art, embracing the beauty and importance of the past and helping it turn the neighborhood into something extraordinary.
Nowadays, the community is home to one of D.C.’s most eclectic and diverse dining scenes. Residents can find everything from the famous Ben’s Chili Bowl to El Centro DC or Shebelle Ethiopian Cuisine & Bar, which offers some of the most authentic and delicious Ethiopian food in the city.
One of the newest neighborhoods in the city, Dupont Circle is also one of the trendiest. Known for being the center of LGBTQ+ life in the city, this community is full of hip boutiques, lively bars and restaurants, and some of the best nightlife around. There are also numerous museums, historic homes, art galleries, and bookstores in the area, which has made it an ideal location for families and anyone interested in exposing and educating themselves regularly.
Single-family homes in Dupont Circle tend to be on the pricier side, with the average home and condo values reaching nearly half a million. However, the highly-rated schools, luxurious community lifestyle, and beautiful parks and recreational areas make this area one of the most popular in the city.
If it’s diversity you’re after, Columbia Heights is the place for you. This one-of-a-kind community’s small-town charm and picturesque streets have attracted residents from around the world for decades, and the impact of the multi-cultural population can be seen throughout the community in the array of shops, restaurants, entertainment venues, and annual events.
Residents of Columbia Heights can enjoy live performances at the Gala Hispanic Theater, Sunday drum circles in Meridian Hill Park, get a taste of Laos at Thip Khao, and grab a bite of local produce from the seasonal farmers' market. This community has a little something for everyone and makes sure that every neighbor feels welcome and involved from the moment they move in.
(Credit: Washington.org)
This community comes with all the advantages of a lively college town without having to worry about the noise and business. American University park makes sure that residents can enjoy a quiet and peaceful lifestyle while still having access to the conveniences and cultural benefits of big-city living. With the namesake university right around the corner, this community has access to numerous museums, art galleries, and libraries within walking distance, making it perfect for a family with little ones and young professionals alike.
American University Park property tends to be some of the largest on the market, with most boasting large front and back yards as well as the classic white picket fence so many prospective buyers dream of.
If you’re looking for a community with easy access to D.C. without having to live in the city itself, then Bethesda, Maryland is a great option. This thriving community offers every comfort of small-town life all within the Metro D.C. Area, allowing residents to quickly commute to any D.C. business from the beauty and tranquility of their 19th century Bethesda home.
This community is perfect for anyone who enjoys an active lifestyle, which is why it’s become such a popular option with growing families as well as the younger crowd working in D.C. The vibrant community has helped build a lively dining scene with various local restaurants and cafes lining the town’s streets. Residents can also enjoy the multitude of parks, outdoor recreational areas, and open-air shopping centers.
Washington, D.C. is quickly becoming one of the most popular cities to live in on the East Coast, with people flocking to the various communities for their vibrance, beauty, and sense of community. Finding the ideal neighborhood that has everything you’ve ever hoped for will be the best step to help you feel at home. Contact the experts at the Jeanne Phil Meg Team and let them help to find you that perfect property today. | https://jeannephilmeg.com/blog/the-scoop-on-10-dc-neighborhoods |
Favourite Holiday Locations in Northumberland
With stunning golden sands, a breathtaking World Heritage Site, and two Areas of Outstanding Natural beauty, it could be tricky to decide where to make your memories in the north-eastern county of Northumberland.
Whether you're looking for a rural cottage or a seaside home, we know you’ll find your dream holiday with us. But where do you start? Our truly local team have put together a collection of some of their favourite destinations for your break in Northumberland. From lively harbours and water-sport bays to quiet towns and bustling markets, there’s something for everyone in the county of castles.
Bamburgh & Holy Island
A beautiful seaside town in the heart of Northumberland, renowned for its castle, coastline, and shoreside walks.Read more
Seahouses & Beadnell
Seahouses is a vibrant market town, just moments away from Beadnell Bay, the county’s watersport hotspot.Read more
Hexham
Once home to marauding Vikings, Hexham has now been voted England’s favourite market town and has a vibrant arts scene. | https://www.originalcottages.co.uk/northumberland-cottages/favourite-locations |
Gangtok is the capital city of the Himalayan state of Sikkim, known for its flowers, particularly orchids, and its preservation of Tibetan culture because of the many refugees who have settled there. Sandwiched between Bhutan, Nepal and Tibet, Sikkim was once an independent kingdom and it was the last state to give up its monarchy and integrate into India in 1975. Separated from the rest of India by the Rungeet River, foreigners are required to get a permit to visit Sikkim.
Located at an altitude of 1,547 metres, Gangtok has stunning views of the Himalayas, and is home to a number of important Tibetan monasteries and Buddhist sites. The Rumtek Monastery, which sits at an altitude of 1,500m, is Gangtok’s most famous site, celebrated for its superb monastic paintings and intricate woodwork. The Rumtek Monastery was built in 1959 by Rangjung Doje, the 16th Karampa Lama, after he fled Tibet. It is a replica of the monastery in Tibet which Rangjung Doje and other resident 'Black Hat' monks abandoned after the Chinese invasion. Here in Gangtok, the Rumtek Monastery is set in a tranquil place of flowing streams, snow-capped mountain and sweeping valley views.
Also make time to visit the Namgyal Institute of Tibetology, which is an important cultural centre due to the large number of Tibetan refugees who have settled in Sikkim over the decades. The centre does fascinating research into the religion, history, language, art and culture of the Tibetan people and its library holds one of the largest collections of Tibetan works in the world outside Tibet and a museum of Tibetan iconography and religious art.
Once a sleepy little town that was considered very remote, it is now fast expanding into a bustling city, with busy markets and thoroughfares. Explore Gangtok's night market and its mostly pedestrianised high street, Mahatma Ghandi (MG) Marg, which is a lively hub full of restaurants, shops and people. Just minutes away from the vibrant centre of Gangtok are serene and beautiful spots overlooking the Kanchenjunga Range.
Rise early to visit the viewpoint at Tashi to witness the sunrise over Mt. Kanchenjunga. Ganesh Tok is another viewpoint; named after its small Hindu temple, it has a tower to survey the whole city and its picturesque surrounds. The landscape is full of scalloped rice terraces and perfumed forests - this region is famous for its orchid forests, which are in full bloom between April and June.
I dislike feeling at home when I am abroad. | https://www.ampersandtravel.com/north-india/places-of-interest/gangtok/ |
Life is Vibrant and Lively in Eagle Pass
People are choosing to live in Eagle Pass because it is a slice of pure Texas nestled on the Rio Grande — rich in history, culture, and entertainment. Founded in 1849, Eagle Pass’ architecture and historic sites give a sense of steadfastness that provides a compelling backdrop for its ever-evolving arts and entertainment scene. The 300 Block Art and Entertainment District on Main Street brims with lively restaurants, galleries, and music venues. At the City of Eagle Pass Art and Culture Center, you can tour an exhibit and be inspired to create your own masterpiece in one of their many classes. Lucky Eagle Casino, a golf course, Maverick County Lake, Mall de las Aguilas, historic Fort Duncan, and much more round out recreation and entertainment choices that run a multicultural gambit.
Eagle Pass Celebrates Its Multicultural Border Advantages
While authentic Mexican goods and food can be found right on Main Street in Eagle Pass for a complete “taste of Mexico” on American soil, our sister city of Piedras Negras, Coahuila, Mexico, is a short trip away across one of two international bridges. In fact, Eagle Pass is the fastest route between San Antonio and Mexico and is often referred to as "La Puerta de México" or Mexico's Door. Each March, Eagle Pass is home to the International Friendship Festival. The highlight is the Abrazo — Spanish for “embrace” — where people from both countries line up to hug one another in the middle of a border-spanning international bridge. | https://www.chooseeaglepass.com/life |
No trip to Ho Chi Minh City is complete without exploring this bustling market where you can enjoy a traditional Vietnamese dish or purchase souvenirs.
Pham Ngu Lao Backpacker Area
Known as the city’s main backpacker area, the streets of Pham Ngu Lao are lined with great value restaurants, colorful markets and lively bars.
Saigon Square
You can search for that perfect souvenir with a trip to Saigon Square, a favorite shopping spot in Ho Chi Minh City. Discover the top-notch restaurants and fascinating museums in this vibrant area.
Bui Vien Walking Street
When you visit Bui Vien Walking Street, a popular shopping spot in Ho Chi Minh City, you can find the perfect gifts to bring home. Check out the top-notch restaurants or lively bars in this walkable area.
War Remnants Museum
This much-visited museum presents a confronting and often graphic portrayal of the Vietnam War.
Opera House
This stunning theater, with its glistening white architecture and curved lines, makes it easy to forget that you are in Ho Chi Minh City and not in Paris. | https://www.expedia.com/Long-Thanh-Golf-Club-Bien-Hoa.d553248621562620016.Vacation-Attraction |
As one of the world’s most vibrant, cosmopolitan cities, it is perhaps unsurprising that there are a number of popular areas to live in our great capital. With 118 Inner London areas to choose from, we look at 6 stylish places to live in London.
If you are a young professional moving to London and looking for a contemporary and lively place to live, there are plenty of up and coming areas that will be right up your street. Here are six stylish places to consider when moving to the capital to work and experience a unique pace of life.
As one of the more notorious suburbs in North West London, Camden Town regularly attracts young professionals looking to live in the area with its bustling markets, swanky restaurants and lively pubs and clubs. With an extensive live music scene, Camden maintains a young and vibrant atmosphere. Its local pubs also offer something for the more discerning drinker as well as the more raucous establishments.
Camden Market is a London hotspot for those who enjoy shopping with independents and is said to be the fourth most popular tourist attraction in the capital. Its bohemian vibe means it is very chilled out and relaxed, and the street food is a must-try.
Camden also boasts fantastic transport links around the city with its tube station on the Northern line as well as SilverLink trains which call at Camden Road train station. Many bus routes also operate a 24-hour service including: 24, 27, 29, 31, 46, 88, 134, 168, 214, 253, 274, C2, making Camden popular for those living and commuting in London.
If you are considering Camden Town as your new home, our London guide to Camden offers advice and tips about buying a property and living in the area.
An area of East London that has fast become the epicentre of all things creative and technical, Shoreditch is a region full of character and tradition – with critics labelling it the ‘new Soho’ thanks to its huge selection of vintage shops, independent boutiques and varied nightlife. Formerly a light industrial and textile-influenced centre, Shoreditch has retained much of its urban culture having been neglected by town planners in the 60s and 70s. Subsequently it is a borough brimful of interesting buildings, walkways and markets.
It is also a very multicultural region, with a large Bangladeshi and South Asian contingent. Their influence lives on in Brick Lane, regarded as London’s ‘curry mile’ and is one of the highlights of any tourist trip to the capital.
Shoreditch and nearby Hoxton retain that industrial edge with a vibrant entertainment scene. However, those who wish to make the most of Shoreditch’s nightlife but prefer to live in greener surroundings may wish to look at living in other London boroughs such as Islington and Bow.
For more information about buying a home in London and living in Shoreditch, take a look at our London area guide to Shoreditch.
Clapham is a large area of South London that has become synonymous with young professionals in recent years. Clapham Old Town and Clapham High Street offers an enviable array of fashionable bars, boutiques, restaurants and retail outlets within the proximity of the Northern line on the London Underground.
Clapham is a bustling urban area with over 220 acres of greenery known as Clapham Common. With a plethora of bars, restaurants and even its own summer music festival, Clapham Common is one of the most visited open spaces in South London and is popular with both young professionals and families alike.
Bear in mind that flat and house prices in Clapham can put some first-time London residents off. Expect to pay around £300 per week for a decent one-bed rented property. However, house sharing remains a common alternative for those wishing to live in London, and rooms can be rented for under £100 per week. If you are moving to London, you may need quotes from removal companies within central London to help get you on your feet.
This inner-city district of London spans from Islington High Street all the way across to Highbury Fields and has recently become an area in-demand with city professionals and young families looking to live in London. Its relatively central location to the city – in zone 2 on the London Underground – which results in cheaper travel into the city centre, but its many residential areas also give it a more rural suburban feel.
Islington’s transport links are second-to-none in the capital. Wherever you find yourself in the borough you are within a brisk walk of a tube stop on the Piccadilly, Victoria and Northern lines, as well as a more bus routes than you can shake a proverbial stick at. The borough offers a great selection of eateries, pubs and bars at both ends of the budget spectrum, as well as a popular Farmers’ Market – the perfect place to get a taste of some sumptuous artisan foods.
The borough is also crammed full of places to see and things to do with a varied cultural scene including music gigs, comedy gigs, plays and fringe theatre productions. Islington Academy is a one-stop shop for nightlife and with two multiplex cinemas within walking distance, there is little reason for residents to venture elsewhere.
Not only is the South East London borough of Camberwell home to arguably the prettiest street in the capital, Camberwell Grove, it is also home to a stylish and contemporary demographic buoyed by its booming art market. With a growing local population of students and artisans in close proximity to Camberwell’s College of Arts, Goldsmiths College and the nearby South London Gallery, its living centre is home to a great selection of young professionals and has quickly become one of the most stylish places to live in London.
Housing in Camberwell is widely regarded as being cheaper than comparable up-and-coming areas such as Shoreditch and Hackney, and is subsequently an ideal substitute for people looking for a thriving cultural scene on a mid to low-range budget. In terms of properties, Camberwell boasts a wonderful array of elegant Georgian houses which carve a uniquely British urban landscape.
In terms of nightlife and entertainment, Camberwell’s reputation is most certainly on the rise. A number of charming homely pubs adorn the Denmark Hill area, while trendier, lively bars line Camberwell Church Street. Many of these establishments operate late licences and offer regular club nights at weekends. Camberwell’s Denmark Hill railway station is regularly served by London Overground and Southeastern lines, connecting the area to Victoria, London Bridge, St Pancras and Blackfriars from within Zone 2.
Camberwell is also home to two of London’s major hospitals – King’s College and the Maudsley.
Brixton is an area that often has a bad reputation in the eyes of many. However, delve a little deeper and you will find the South London region has plenty going for it, with many regarding it as one of the most popular places to live in London. Most notably for newcomers to the capital, Brixton boasts a range of incredibly affordable housing options. The area is fast attracting a new generation of young and affluent fashion-conscious professionals to add to its already cosmopolitan demographic.
Although the area has cleaned up its act significantly in recent years there is no escaping its gritty culture, which only serves to add to the lively and eclectic nature of Brixton as a residential area. Brixton now boasts a thriving creative arts scene and its plethora of pubs, clubs and restaurants also ensures an enjoyable nightlife. Brixton Academy is home to some of the best live music gigs in the area and often hosts many of the world’s best acts.
Brixton also houses the biggest and best undercover market in London. It is a fantastic place to visit for world foods, fabrics and music too. The Ritzy Cinema is one of England’s first purpose-built cinemas dating back to 1910 and its beautiful art deco surroundings make it a very popular entertainment venue.
It should also be noted that as of September 18 2009, Brixton launched its own currency, the Brixton Pound, as an alternative to the pound sterling. Residents can pay using paper currency and electronically via text message.
Take a moment to read our handy guide on home removals in London to help you find the best firm for your moving requirements in the big smoke.
If you're not sure which trendy London area is for you, take a look at our guide to finding a home in London to help you work out what you want in your new London home.
I think chiswick is a nice place to live because it's poshy and interesting to meet new people there. Also i moved to hyde park area and it's is very quiet there. | https://www.reallymoving.com/help-and-advice/guides/6-trendy-places-to-live-in-london |
Tel Aviv, also known as Tel Aviv-Yafo, is Israel’s lively metropolis and a popular tourist destination for its beaches, culinary excellence and vibrant nightlife, as well as Christian pilgrimage sites in the nearby Israeli capital of Jerusalem. The list of things to do in Tel Aviv is endless!
Not to be missed
- Carmel Market: Eat your way through Tel Aviv’s largest and most famous market, serving traditional and Middle Eastern fare. Then, walk off the calories in the quaint and historic Neve Tzedek neighbourhood nearby.
- Tel Aviv Promenade: Lined with restaurants and cafés, this bustling 14-km boardwalk extends between the beaches of Jaffa and Tel Baruch. Great for watching the sun set over the Mediterranean!
- Museums: While art lovers admire the contemporary exhibitions at the Tel Aviv Museum of Art, history buffs can explore the military Palmach Museum and the Beit Hatfutsot museum of the Jewish people.
- Soccer: Soccer fans, why not support Israel’s football club at a Maccabi Tel Aviv match! | https://www.yyztravel.com/tag/airtransat |
Malaga, commonly referred to as the 'heart' of the Costa del Sol, is a popular tourist destination in southern Spain. Its interesting culture and impressive city centre make it a highly visited destination for people of all ages, offering the perfect mix of traditional Spanish charm and modern class.
For a delve into its historic centre, you can visit the Alcazaba - a well-preserved, 11th-century Moorish fort - the Gibalfaro Castle or Malaga Cathedral, whose interior shows the carvings of celebrated Spanish sculptor Pedro de Mena. Malaga also boasts an impressive selection of museums, from the famous Picasso Museum to the new Carmen Thyssen Museum - and there is even a fancy wine museum - but Picasso is unsurprisingly the main tourist attraction here, with the official heritage site 'Casa Natal', Picasso's birthplace, situated in Plaza de la Merced just a short walk from the Picasso Museum.
Malaga Centre is also a shopper's paradise what with the enormous El Corte Ingles and the pedestrianised high street, known as 'Larios', which is lined with national and international shops including designer labels, international chains and classy boutiques.
You can also find plenty of top-classbars and restaurants that offer a range of Spanish and international delicacies and are always lively and full of atmosphere. Wandering down the typically Spanish narrow streets you'll find a choice of small cafes or tapas bars for a proper taste of Spain.
Malaga has a lively and vibrant night-life all around the city, from the main city centre down to the port. As a university city, you will find bustling bars and clubs filled with local students most nights of the week. There are also other bars specialising in things like salsa or jazz to cater for different tastes and moods.
The annual Malaga fair (Feria), held in August, is a festive celebration that fills the streets with fireworks, flamenco and fiestas. 'La Malagueta' is the impressive bullfighting arena that hosts a selection of fights as part of the celebrations at this time of year.
Other places of interest include Malaga's city park along 'Paseo el Parque' and, for football fans, Malaga Football Club's Rosaleda Stadium, which is easy to reach and holds its own museum too.
With such a vast selection of activities and vibrant atmosphere, it is no wonder that Malaga is such a popular destination among visitors to Andalucia.
Looking for a great place to stay? Check out our pick of the best hotels in Malaga.
For more information on the options for car hire at Malaga Airport with Espacar, please contact us via e-mail at [email protected] or call 952 792 935. | http://www.espacar.es/destinations/malaga.htm |
Welcome to Uzbekistan, the gateway to Central Asia! This beautiful country has something to offer travelers in any season. From the fascinating culture of the Silk Road to the lush landscapes of the Fergana Valley, Uzbekistan has something for everyone. But what is the best time to visit?
The climate of Uzbekistan varies greatly depending on the region. In the west, the summers can be hot and dry, while the winters can be cold and snowy. In the south, the summers are hot and humid, while the winters are mild and dry. Depending on what you are looking for, there is a perfect time to visit Uzbekistan.
Uzbekistan is a land of remarkable beauty and culture, and no matter when you visit, you’re sure to have a wonderful experience. Come explore this vibrant country, learn about its rich history, and have an unforgettable adventure. So when is the best time to visit Uzbekistan? Read on and find out!
How Many Days in Uzbekistan?
If you’re looking for a unique destination in Central Asia, Uzbekistan is a great place to visit. With an area of 447,400 square kilometers and an estimated population of 33.5 million people, Uzbekistan is the largest Central Asian country.
When it comes to how many days you should spend in Uzbekistan, the answer depends largely on what you want to see and do. If you’re just passing through and want to experience the highlights of the country, a few days is enough. However, if you’re looking to explore the culture and history of the region, you’ll need at least a week or two.
Uzbekistan is a great place to explore. From the bustling cities of Tashkent and Samarkand to the beautiful desert landscapes of the Kyzylkum and the remote villages of the Fergana Valley, there’s something to suit everyone’s taste. There’s also plenty of outdoor activities to choose from, such as hiking, biking, and horseback riding.
If you’re looking for a memorable experience, you should plan to spend at least 10 days in Uzbekistan. This will give you plenty of time to explore the cities, experience the culture, and enjoy the outdoor activities. However, if you’re looking for an extended stay, you can easily add a couple more days to your trip.
No matter how many days you decide to spend in Uzbekistan, you’re sure to have an unforgettable experience.
Hottest Month in Uzbekistan: Temperature & Climate
If you’re planning a trip to Uzbekistan, you should brace yourself for some hot weather! The hottest month in Uzbekistan is July, when temperatures can reach as high as 37°C. In the south of the country, temperatures can even exceed 40°C. It’s a dry heat, though, so you won’t be as uncomfortable as you would in a humid climate.
The rest of the summer months in Uzbekistan are also hot, with temperatures rarely dropping below 30°C. During the day, you’ll want to take advantage of the shade and rest, while in the evening, you can explore the cities and towns with cooler temperatures.
In the winter months, temperatures can drop as low as -10°C, so make sure you pack some warm clothes if you’re travelling during this time of year. The winter months are also quite dry and it can be quite windy in certain parts of the country.
No matter when you visit Uzbekistan, it’s best to prepare for the weather and enjoy your time there. With its stunning landscapes and vibrant culture, Uzbekistan is certainly worth a visit.
Visit Uzbekistan in December: Pros & Cons
December is a great time to visit Uzbekistan!
The Pros of visiting Uzbekistan in December include the mild weather, which is perfect for sightseeing and exploring the country’s amazing culture. You’ll also enjoy the festive atmosphere, as the country is bustling with holiday spirit. The capital city of Tashkent is especially beautiful in December, with its illuminating decorations and vibrant markets. Plus, there’s a wide range of activities to take part in, from skiing to ice skating and even dog sledding.
The Cons of visiting Uzbekistan in December include the cold temperatures, which can make sightseeing a bit uncomfortable. Also, many of the country’s parks and attractions will be closed for the winter season. Finally, the holiday season is a popular time for locals and tourists alike, which can make it challenging to find accommodations.
Overall, December is a great time to visit Uzbekistan, and there’s so much to do and see! Just make sure to plan ahead and pack the necessary layers to stay warm.
Visit Uzbekistan in August: Benefits
Are you looking for a great vacation spot in August? Look no further than Uzbekistan! With its stunning architecture, vibrant culture, and rich history, Uzbekistan is the perfect destination for your summer getaway.
Traveling to Uzbekistan in August is a great choice, as it is the peak of summer. With an average temperature of 27 degrees Celsius, you can expect beautiful blue skies, warm temperatures, and plenty of sunshine. The sunny weather is also a great opportunity to explore the country’s outdoor attractions, such as its sweeping deserts, lush green valleys, and picturesque mountain ranges.
In addition to its stunning landscapes and great weather, Uzbekistan is home to some of the most incredible architecture in Central Asia. From the grandiose Registan Square in Samarkand to the bustling Khiva city, Uzbekistan has a rich history that can be seen in its stunning buildings and monuments. With this rich cultural history, you can also explore the country’s local markets, learn about its fascinating customs, and discover its unique cuisine.
Finally, Uzbekistan is a great place to experience some of the region’s unique customs and traditions. From the lively Nowruz celebrations to the vibrant wedding ceremonies, you can really get a sense of the culture and customs that make up Uzbekistan.
For these reasons and more, Uzbekistan is the ideal destination for your August vacation. So what are you waiting for? Come explore Uzbekistan and experience the best of Central Asia!
In conclusion, Uzbekistan is a beautiful country to visit any time of year. From mid-spring to mid-autumn, the climate is comfortable and pleasant, making it the best time to explore the country’s architectural marvels, cultural attractions, and other attractions. For those looking for a colder holiday, the winter months are a great time for skiing and other winter sports. The summer months offer a more relaxed atmosphere, perfect for soaking up the sun and exploring the country’s lush countryside.
To summarize, the best time to visit Uzbekistan is: | https://toltips.com/when-is-the-best-time-to-visit-uzbekistan/ |
A vibrant and bustling city, Lubbock is one of the greatest college towns in the nation. The beautiful Texas Tech campus, the vibrant art and culture scene, and the classic West Texas hospitality make Lubbock feel like home from the first moment you visit. You will find your own favorite hangout, form a new family of friends and make great memories, all in a place that feels safe and comfortable.
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I think Lubbock is a great college town because it's not too big, and it's also not a small town. And you have that big city feel here. You can go out to dinner at all these great new restaurants. But you're also not stuck in traffic for an hour and a half.
My favorite things to do in Lubbock kind of range on a spectrum. I really like the live music scene. First Friday Art Trail is also really cool. Tech students' actually artwork is displayed.
We're not too far from New Mexico and Ruidoso and all those great places, but we're also not too far from Dallas, where we can go and see a big city.
I like going outdoors. I like hiking. So they have Caprock Canyon, which is about an hour and a half away, and then Palo Duro, which is closer to two hours away. And then you can also go to New Mexico, and you can go to the White Sands or you can go to the Guadalupe Mountains or you go to Carlsbad Caverns. So if you're like a nature enthusiast or if you like to go back to the cities, you can get to either one of them from Lubbock.
I think it's a huge advantage to have students that are from everywhere. You get a lot of different point of views. You get to learn a lot about the country, and even the world, in some cases. And so it's a really great learning experience to really have yourself immersed in a diverse culture like Lubbock and Texas Tech offer.
The vibe of the people here in Lubbock is what makes Lubbock a great college town. Everybody wants somebody to succeed. Everybody wants to be neighborly. Everybody wants to be friendly. So I think, as a college student, the first time you're away from your parents, this is a great community to kind of build yourself and find who you are while you're in college. | https://ttu.university-tour.com/player/18/campus-life/lubbock |
D Varee Residence Patong is a modern 4-star property offering comfortable accommodation in Patong. Highlights include an outdoor swimming pool, a gym and a good location close to Jungceylon shopping centre. The hotel is housed in a modern mid-rise complex.
Patong is the largest beach resort on the island, featuring a vibrant restaurant and nightlife scene and many streets lined with bustling market stalls. Nearby places of interest include the main beachfront promenade, beautiful temple Wat Patong, Patong Boxing Stadium, Jungceylon shopping centre and the lively, neon-lit Bangla Road, home to hundreds of bars and nightclubs.
Family Suites are 70sqm and decorated in a modern style. They feature two bedrooms and a separate living room with a small kitchenette. Amenities include air-conditioning, tea and coffee equipment, a microwave, safe, flat-screen cable TV and two en-suite bathroom. | https://only-apartments.com/kathu/d-varee-residence-patong-prd8GM9R4 |
As part of the culmination of the GES theme “Festivals, food and clothing”, the students and teachers of KG at MRIS Charmwood participated in “Mile Sur Mera Tumhara” — an event which showcased the confluence of different Indian states including Punjab, West Bengal, Jammu & Kashmir, Kerala, Gujarat and Haryana and their cultures. Each KG class dressed up in the clothes of a particular state and brought food accordingly.
The teachers and students from each class — dressed up in beautiful ethnic clothes — presented lively dances and vibrant ramp walks. In the classrooms, the students and teachers decorated the class according to the state and depicted the culture of that particular area with artefacts as well as food.
Thus, the guests got the opportunity to taste Punjabi delicacies like “Kadhi chawal”, “Sarson ka saag”, “Makki ki roti”, Bengali sweets like “Rasgullas”, “Mishti Doi”, “Sandesh”, Kashmiri “Kahwa”, Gujarati “Dhokla” and “Khandvi”, “Idli”, “Vada” and “Sambhar” from Kerala and “Bajre ki roti” and “Saag” from Haryana.
The event highlighted the beautiful clothes, culture, food and traditions of India, all beautifully woven into each other. The children got the wonderful and unique opportunity to experience the vibrant hues of their country. | https://mris.edu.in/faridabad-charmwood-latest/celebrating-the-beautiful-canvas-of-india-with-mile-sur-mera-tumhara/ |
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Posted: Wed, 19 Dec 2018
The No More Faith Schools campaign has said the government "must think again" over the funding of a wave of religiously selective schools after the publication of an official impact assessment.
An equality impact assessment has found that a decision to fund voluntary aided (VA) schools in England will disadvantage families who do not share those schools' religion.
The assessment, from the Department for Education (DfE), has found the policy will lead to discrimination in the schools' admissions, through their teaching of denominational RE and in their employment practices. This is all likely to be legal, owing to exemptions in equalities legislation which allow faith schools to discriminate on religious grounds.
The assessment also highlighted the risk that the policy could undermine social cohesion.
In November the government announced plans to fund a new wave of VA schools, which can select 100% of their pupils on religious grounds. Earlier this year the DfE withdrew plans to lift a 50% cap on faith-based admissions to new free schools after lobbying by the National Secular Society and others.
The assessment said new VA faith schools "will, in practice, benefit pupils of those faiths, and their parents, by making it easier for them to gain places at state-funded schools that are designated as having the same religious character as their own faith". It added that the benefit "would not be experienced by children or parents of other faiths or non-religious convictions".
It also acknowledged that the changes "may impact" on school choice for parents who do not wish to send their children to those faith schools.
Earlier this month an NSS report, The Choice Delusion, found that thousands of families are assigned faith schools against their wishes each year. The NSS found that almost three in 10 families across England live in areas where most or all of the closest primary schools are faith schools.
The government's assessment found that establishing schools which can teach RE "in line with the tenets of their faith" would "impact on the school choice" of families who did not share that faith.
It also found that the new schools would open jobs to teachers where those from particular religious backgrounds would be given preferential treatment. Religious VA schools have the right to employ staff whose "beliefs, worship and/or teaching capacity" are "consistent with the school's religious designation". They may also legally consider whether teachers' conduct is "incompatible with" their religious outlook.
Exemptions in the Equality Act 2010 allow discrimination related to religion or belief when establishing, altering or closing schools.
The assessment says all applicants to the scheme will have to demonstrate how the school will "be welcoming and address the needs of pupils of all faiths and none".
Some Jewish education leaders have spoken out against this modest requirement. Earlier this month David Meyer of Partnerships for Jewish Schools expressed "concern about the practicalities for schools trying to implement" it.
The assessment notes the risk that VA schools will have "a negative effect on good relations and mutual understanding between pupils and parents of those faiths, and those who are not of that faith". It says schools will be expected to "show how they will help the government to implement its strategy on community cohesion" in an attempt to mitigate this risk.
It also found that groups which may not be able to meet a requirement to provide a proportion of the capital costs for the school's foundation may face discrimination, though such groups could apply for further government grants.
It did not highlight the potential for hierarchies of discrimination, for example when a Catholic school prioritises children from non-Catholic Christian families over those from other religions and both over the non-religious. It also did not include a quantitative analysis of the policy's religious implications.
No More Faith Schools campaigner Alastair Lichten said the assessment had "cast a damning light on the likely impact of the government's decision to fund new voluntary aided schools".
"The impact assessment details how these proposed faith schools will religiously discriminate against pupils, families and teachers. However, because this discrimination is made lawful by special exemptions in the Equality Act, faith groups are simply given a free pass. There is no other area of public life where religious discrimination and segregation is not only sanctioned, but actively supported by government policy. Any equality impact assessment which whitewashes this is unworthy of the name.
"The bizarre pantomime where proposed faith schools set up explicitly to have 100% religiously selective admissions are expected to mouth platitudes about being inclusive of 'pupils of all faiths and none' is an insult to the public's intelligence. The suggestion that active discrimination is 'mitigated' by this tokenistic requirement only shows how low the bar has been set for faith schools.
"The government must think again and stop funding discriminatory faith schools, and indeed consider rolling back state funding of faith schools altogether."
The No More Faith Schools campaign has said it will work with local communities and authorities to challenge unwanted new faith schools. | https://www.nomorefaithschools.org/news/2018/12/dfe-assessment-new-selective-faith-schools-will-disadvantage-families |
On the 12 June (today), the European court will consider for the first time where obesity sits in legal terms and whether it should be considered a disability in the case of Karsten Kaltoft v Billund Kommune. The outcome could prove significant for employers, triggering potential obligations to make reasonable adjustments at work or restricting opportunity to reject job candidates due to their weight.
This question will be considered by the European Court of Justice, in proceedings brought by a Danish childminder, Mr Kaltoft, who alleges he was dismissed by his local authority due to his obesity. The authority claimed that he was unable to perform his duties, for example, needing the help of a colleague to tie a child’s shoe-laces. What is in issue, is whether Mr Kaltoft’s obesity falls within the definition of disability under EU law and whether, by dismissing him, his employer may have been guilty of disability discrimination. The Danish court has asked for clarification from the European Court as to whether the European Framework Directive, which sets the benchmark of discrimination laws across Member States, can be interpreted to encompass obesity as a disability.
Audrey Williams, Partner and Head of discrimination at law firm Eversheds comments: “It will be some weeks before the European Court publishes its decision in the Kaltoft case. However, depending upon the outcome, the impact could prove significant for employers, particularly those in the UK which continues to reveal the highest percentages of obesity in Europe. Discrimination law in the UK, the Equality Act, 2010, has been interpreted as protecting physical and mental conditions which result from obesity, to the extent they meet specified criteria in terms of their nature, effect and duration; obesity itself has been rejected by the UK courts as a disability in its own right. If the European Court reaches a contrary conclusion, the Equality Act would need to be applied very differently.
“If obesity is classified as a disability, the effect for employers could be profound. Obesity, however it will come to be defined, would need to be approached just like any other physical or mental impairment, preventing an employer from treating an employee less favourably because of their weight, not because of consequential medical problems. This would include the ability to dismiss. Moreover, employers would need to think carefully about the potential impact of their practices or procedures upon those with weight issues, to avoid disadvantage. The primary change, however, would almost certainly arise in the context of the employers’ duties to make reasonable adjustments to the work place or working arrangements. For example, access to the office may be an issue, requiring review of where the employee is located and their seating arrangements. On a more emotive note, might obese employees need to receive preferential access to car parking, for example? | https://www.hrreview.co.uk/hr-news/employment-law/could-obesity-be-labelled-a-disability/51924 |
Although securing support for pupils with SEND via an EHC (Education, Health and Care) Plan (formerly a Statement) remains an enormous challenge for many families, the intention of legislation over recent years has been to make schools much more welcoming and accessible to children with SEND. As a matter of public policy this is clearly a good thing and as a matter of practice there is no doubt that schools have made huge progress – which is not to say they could not do even more in future. Parents should always seek to work with (not against) schools in addressing their child's needs. In my experience there is little a school finds more unhelpful than parents not being transparent about their child's needs. In the end, everyone is united in seeking to ensure the child's needs are met and their best interests are promoted. In this article I have set out a summary of the law relating to educational provision for pupils with SEND. For more information, go to:
https://www.gov.uk/topic/schools-colleges-childrens-services/special-educational-needs-disabilities
Disability
The definition of disability for pupils is the same as for disability discrimination in employment. In brief, a pupil with SEND is someone who has a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial, long-term and adverse effect on his or her ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities. (In employment this definition has been the subject of voluminous litigation.)
Disabilities may include epilepsy, learning and behavioural difficulties, as well as the ‘traditionally’ recognised disabilities. There are, however, specific exclusions for substance dependency, seasonal allergies, and tendencies to steal, start fires or physically/sexually abuse.
Reasonable adjustments
As for employees, schools have an obligation to make reasonable adjustments for disabled pupils.
Schools are not required to remove or alter physical features (such as historic buildings) in order to comply. Instead, schools have a duty to plan better access for pupils with disabilities generally, including in relation to the physical environment of the school.
Scope
The Equality Act requires schools to make reasonable adjustments in connection with:
Triggers
The duty to make reasonable adjustments is only triggered when a pupil suffers a ‘substantial disadvantage’ which would include: having to put in extra time/effort to do something, inconvenience, indignity, discomfort, loss of opportunity and/or diminished progress.
What is an ‘auxiliary aid or service’?
The EHRC Guidance states that an auxiliary aid is ‘anything which provides additional support or assistance to a disabled pupil’ and gives the following examples:
Consequences
The inclusion of ‘auxiliary aids and services’ within the duty to make reasonable adjustments for pupils with SEND has clear consequences for independent schools. One obvious area is the provision of learning support for pupils with special educational needs, which is sometimes subject to an additional fee, in much the same way as music lessons. Essentially, if a pupil with SEND is ‘disabled’ for the purposes of the Act and the support provided for his or her SEND is an ‘auxiliary aid or service’, the school is not permitted to charge for the learning support if it is a reasonable adjustment.
What is a ‘reasonable adjustment’?
There are no hard and fast rules about what constitutes a reasonable adjustment and the decision ultimately rests with the First Tier Tribunal (formerly the Special Educational Needs and Disability in Schools Tribunal or ‘SENDIST’). Sometimes adjustments will be suggested by external advisors such as the child's doctor or an educational psychologist. In other cases, parents may request a change on behalf of their child. Schools should also themselves consider whether there is an adjustment that might overcome a substantial disadvantage suffered by a pupil.
Once the potential adjustment has been identified, the school has to decide whether or not it is reasonable taking into account the following factors set out in the EHRC guidelines:
Failure to make a reasonable adjustment cannot be justified, whereas under the old law it could be. The only question therefore is whether the adjustment is reasonable. Schools are not expected to make adjustments that are not reasonable.
In addition to having a duty to consider reasonable adjustments for particular individual pupils with SEND, schools also have to consider potential adjustments which may be needed for pupils with SEND generally as it is likely that any school will have a pupil with SEND at some point. However, schools are not obliged to anticipate and make adjustments for every imaginable disability and need only consider general reasonable adjustments, such as being prepared to introduce large font exam papers for pupils with a visual impairment even though there are no such pupils currently admitted to the school. Such a strategic and wider view of the school's approach to planning for pupils with SEND links closely with its planning duties.
Exceptions
Schools are:
Examples of reasonable and unreasonable adjustments
Claims of disability discrimination
Parents of a child (NB not the child him or herself) can bring a claim of disability discrimination against a school. There is a time limit of six months from the date when the parents think the discrimination occurred. Such claims are heard by the First-tier Tribunal (Special Needs and Disability).
If the Tribunal upholds a claim of unlawful discrimination it will not be able to award financial compensation. It could order any other remedy, such as:
Planning duties
Schedule 10 of the Equality Act 2010 sets out the accessibility arrangements schools must implement for pupils with SEND. These are also known as schools' ‘planning duties’. An independent school is obliged to draw up accessibility plans to improve access to education over time. Such plans should concentrate on three specific areas:
Independent schools are required to prepare these plans in writing, and implement and review them as necessary. Accessibility plans are subject to review as part of an Ofsted inspection. | http://serviceschools.co.uk/cms/SEN_and_disabilities/ |
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Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, can lead to vitamin deficiencies. Little is known about HG-related vitamin K deficiency. We aim to summarize available evidence on the occurrence of HG-related vitamin K deficiency and corresponding maternal and neonatal complications. A systematic review was conducted, searching Medline and EMBASE from inception to November 12th, 2020. We identified 1564 articles, of which we included 15 in this study: 14 case reports (n=21 women) and one retrospective cohort study (n=109 women). Nine out of 21 women reported in case reports had a prolonged prothrombin time (PT). The cohort study measured PT in 39/109 women with HG, of whom 10/39 women (26%) had prolonged PT. In total, 30-50% women received vitamin K supplementation after vitamin K deficiency had been diagnosed. Four case reports (n=4 women) reported corresponding maternal complications, all consisting of coagulopathy-related haemorrhage. Nine case reports (n= 16 neonates) reported corresponding neonatal complications including intracranial haemorrhage (n=2 neonates) and embryopathy (n=14 neonates), which consisted of Binder phenotype (n=14 neonates), chondrodysplasia punctata (n=9 neonates) and grey matter heterotopia (n=3 neonates). In conclusion, vitamin K deficiency and related complications occur among women with HG. In our systematic review, we were unable to assess the incidence rate.
Despite progress in gender equality, women continue to be disadvantaged compared with men. Worldwide, women are more often confronted with poverty, violence, and mental health problems, and they have less access to food and education. All these factors do not only affect women themselves, but also have a negative impact on the child’s early environment and impair its early development, thereby reducing the health and well-being of future generations. Framing gender equality as a women’s issue fails to highlight the importance of gender equality for the health and well-being of the next generation. As a scientific community investigating early human development and health, we have failed to fully recognize and underscore the importance of gender equality in achieving the best possible start for every child. If women and men had equal rights and opportunities, their children would be more likely to reach their full potential which would improve the health and well-being of future generations. Our studies and interventions have not fully taken into account the complexity of gender inequality and women’s disadvantaged positions in society. We need better insight into the complex adaptive interactions between various societal and human factors contributing to gender inequality and find approaches that take this complexity into account. If we want DOHaD science to have societal impact, we should strive beyond gender equality for gender equity and help women achieve equal rights and opportunities. We need to work with public health professionals, human rights activists, and policymakers to gauge the importance of gender equality. After all, gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but also a necessary foundation for healthier future generations.
Ramadan, the Islamic month of daytime fasting, is observed by many pregnant Muslims. Although pregnant women are exempt, many prefer to fast. Previous research has shown long-term adverse effects on various health outcomes among the offspring, but evidence on effects on perinatal outcomes is mixed. This study investigates effects of Ramadan during pregnancy among Muslims in the Netherlands.
Data from the Perinatal Registry of the Netherlands (Perined) on all births between 2000 and 2010 to mothers recorded as Mediterranean (i.e. of Turkish/Moroccan descent, a proxy for Muslim) (n = 139,322) or as ethnically Dutch (n = 1,481,435) were used. Ramadan exposure was defined using an intention-to-treat approach as the occurrence of a Ramadan during gestation. Muslims with versus without a Ramadan occurring during gestation were compared using difference-in-differences analyses. In these multiple linear/logistic regressions, non-Muslims were additionally included in order to take out potentially remaining confounding through seasonal effects.
The occurrence of a Ramadan during pregnancy among Muslims was not associated with altered birth weight, gestational length, newborn’s sex, perinatal mortality, low Apgar, or mild congenital anomalies. Odds for severe congenital anomalies were higher among the exposed (odds ratio: 1.17; 95% confidence interval: 1.00, 1.37), but this association became non-significant when adjusting for multiple testing.
Despite earlier research showing long-term adverse health effects of prenatal exposure to Ramadan, there seems to be little or no relation between exposure to Ramadan during pregnancy and birth outcomes.
Previous studies suggest that Ramadan exposure during pregnancy might affect the health of women and their babies, particularly through the effect of fasting. This study aimed to evaluate the association between Ramadan exposure and fasting during pregnancy on the birth weight of newborns. This study concerned 1351 pregnant women from a prospective cohort in Jakarta, Indonesia. Ramadan exposure was based on the actual overlap between Ramadan and pregnancy. Women's fasting behaviour was recorded among 139 women who came for antenatal care between 10 July 2013 and 7 August 2013, and those who had fasted for at least 1 d (n 110) were classified as exposed to Ramadan fasting. Furthermore, a 24 h dietary recall was performed and repeated 1 month later. Birth weight of newborns who were exposed to Ramadan during pregnancy did not significantly differ from those who were not, both in the total and trimester-specific analysis. Maternal fasting did not seem to affect the birth weight of newborns (−72 (95 % CI −258, 114) g; P = 0·44), although there was a non-significant trend towards lower birth weight with fasting in the second and third trimester. Women who fasted had significantly lower total energy, macronutrient and water intake as compared with women who did not. Women's intake was also lower during Ramadan (regardless of their fasting behaviour) as compared with 1 month later. Lifestyle changes that occur with Ramadan and fasting during pregnancy are associated with lower reported energy intake. We cannot conclude on the effect of fasting on birth weight due to low statistical power.
Many Muslim women worldwide are pregnant during Ramadan and adhere to Ramadan fasting during pregnancy. In the present study, we determined whether maternal adherence to Ramadan fasting during pregnancy has an impact on the birth weight of the newborn, and whether the effects differed according to trimester in which Ramadan fasting took place. A prospective cohort study was conducted in 130 pregnant Muslim women who attended antenatal care in Amsterdam and Zaanstad, The Netherlands. Data on adherence to Ramadan fasting during pregnancy and demographics were self-reported by pregnant women, and the outcome of the newborn was retrieved from medical records after delivery. The results showed that half of all the women adhered to Ramadan fasting. With strict adherence to Ramadan fasting in pregnancy, the birth weight of newborns tended to be lower than that of newborns of non-fasting mothers, although this was not statistically significant ( − 198 g, 95 % CI − 447, 51, P= 0·12). Children of mothers who fasted in the first trimester of pregnancy were lighter at birth than those whose mothers had not fasted ( − 272 g, 95 % CI − 547, 3, P= 0·05). There were no differences in birth weight between children whose mothers had or had not fasted if Ramadan fasting had taken place later in pregnancy. Ramadan fasting during early pregnancy may lead to lower birth weight of newborns. These findings call for further confirmation in larger studies that should also investigate potential implications for perinatal and long-term morbidity and mortality.
People who were small at birth have been shown to have an increased risk of CHD and chronic bronchitis in later life. These findings have led to the fetal origins hypothesis that proposes that the fetus adapts to a limited supply of nutrients, and in doing so it permanently alters its physiology and metabolism, which could increase its risk of disease in later life. The Dutch famine — though a historical disaster — provides a unique opportunity to study effects of undernutrition during gestation in humans. People who had been exposed to famine in late or mid gestation had reduced glucose tolerance. Whereas people exposed to famine in early gestation had a more atherogenic lipid profile, somewhat higher fibrinogen concentrations and reduced plasma concentrations of factor VII, a higher BMI and they appeared to have a higher risk of CHD. Though the latter was based on small numbers, as could be expected from the relatively young age of the cohort. Nevertheless, this is the first evidence in humans that maternal undernutrition during gestation is linked with the risk of CHD in later life. Our findings broadly support the hypothesis that chronic diseases originate through adaptations made by the fetus in response to undernutrition. The long-term effects of intrauterine undernutrition, however, depend upon its timing during gestation and on the tissues and systems undergoing critical periods of development at that time. Furthermore, our findings suggest that maternal malnutrition during gestation may permanently affect adult health without affecting the size of the baby at birth. This gives the fetal origins hypothesis a new dimension. It may imply that adaptations that enable the fetus to continue to grow may nevertheless have adverse consequences for health in later life. CHD may be viewed as the price paid for successful adaptations to an adverse intra-uterine environment. It also implies that the long-term consequences of improved nutrition of pregnant women will be underestimated if these are solely based on the size of the baby at birth. We need to know more about what an adequate diet for pregnant women might be. In general, women are especially receptive to advice about diet and lifestyle before and during a pregnancy. This should be exploited to improve the health of future generations.
Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this to your organisation's collection. | https://core-cms.prod.aop.cambridge.org/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tessa%20J.%20Roseboom%20&eventCode=SE-AU |
The art of caring in clinical practice
For genetic counsellors it’s not simply enough to impart scientific knowledge, or to be able to communicate the results of a genetic test in an easily digestible format. At the heart of these exchanges with patients is a more complex set of professional competencies that demand a high level of emotional intelligence.
Many practitioners in the field will support individuals throughout different points in their lives as the relevance of genetic information re-emerges for them and their wider family (e.g. at the time when a person is ready to have a predictive test, at a time when they are ready to have children and want to pursue testing in pregnancy, at a time when they want to explore risk reduction options etc). This means that in addition to translating the science of a condition, there is also a responsibility to implement a system of support and care into clinical practice.
To be able to build sustained relationships with patients, especially relationships that effectively support individuals to process an unexpected or unwanted result, and subsequently feel empowered to move forward, this requires a deep level of professional empathy.
“Genetic Counsellors combine the advanced knowledge of the science of genetics and genomics with the art of caring and communications skills, to help families and future families.”Prof. Christine Patch (Principal Staff Scientist in Genomic Counselling at Wellcome Connecting Science Engagement and Society team)
In the fifth instalment of our ‘Voices of Genetic Counsellors’ video series, created by members of our Wellcome Genome Campus Society and Ethics Research team, and in partnership with the Association of Genetic Nurses and Counsellors, we hear from Professor Christine Patch (Principal Staff Scientist in Genomic Counselling, Wellcome Connecting Science Engagement and Society), as she explains the very nuanced, yet candid communications skills held by genetic counsellors, to enable them to develop a valuable clinical relationship with their patients.
Christine highlights the critical importance of the involvement of genetic counsellors in healthcare; explaining how the profession combines medical genetics and psychosocial counselling to effectively guide on reproductive health, long-term medical management, and the ability to communicate with wider family members – where appropriate.
Christine explains the distinctive relationship that a counsellor has with their patient, whereby all individuals are treated as valuable. This demonstrates why genetic counselling is so fundamental to clinical practice, in enabling families to make informed decisions about their respective futures, as well as promoting efficient use of healthcare resources.
Christine also shares a very poignant story about a patient she counselled with Huntington’s Disease. Through this extraordinary narrative we learn more about the unique communication skills that epitomise the genetic counselling profession. We also discover how, with the right application of these skills, patients can be encouraged to form a positive outlook around their condition, and move to develop a “normal” life whilst living with the consequences of a confirmed diagnosis.
Watch the video below, or visit our YouTube Channel. | https://genomethicsblog.org/2020/05/26/genetic-counsellors-patients-and-bad-results/ |
An increasing number of people today are putting their hopes in the stars. The eminent Cambridge physicist Stephen Hawking noted in a recent speech that humans must “continue to go into space for the future of humanity.”
In February, that humanist glimmer of hope gleamed brighter with NASA’s discovery of inhabitable worlds outside our solar system. The Spitzer Space Telescope discovered so far a total of seven Earth-sized planets orbiting the newly named TRAPPIST-1 star. Of the seven exoplanets discovered, three are within the habitable zone—meaning they’re the most likely of the seven to have liquid water.
At “just” 40 light years away, the TRAPPIST-1 system looks ripe for exploration. And the parameters of TRAPPIST-1e, the fourth planet from the system’s red dwarf star, looks like the best place to start. The race for discovering our next home is on.
The idea that humanity’s future and hope is in finding inhabitable worlds many light years away can seem problematic to a Christian whose future and hope is found in God. Is it?
The eschatological overtones found in many of these pronouncements can account for most of the unease. As Christians, we know our home is not this world, but we’re not sure it is TRAPPIST-1e, either. Meanwhile, movies such as Interstellar promote the view that our dying world is a given—either through environmental disaster, nuclear war, or zombie apocalypse—and that in order to survive, we’ll need to put all our energy towards escaping to a better place.
It’s just a new version of “I’ll Fly Away”—sung by choirs of humanists with their hope for utopia, not heaven. Some bright morning when this world is over, we’ll launch our spaceships to that home on the universe’s interstellar shore.
Utopia, TRAPPIST-1e, or heaven?
The theological and philosophical perspectives that undergird this thought are nothing new. For example, shortly after the discovery of the New World, Thomas More wrote his popular book Utopia (1516) about a mythical island in the Atlantic. The perfect society described in More’s book inspired a future hope for humanity, especially for those who resided in war-weary Europe. If one could but sail to this island, a better life was assured.
The beautiful artists’ renderings of TRAPPIST-1e are as inviting as any Utopia or Atlantis. Unfortunately, they are probably just as fictional. If the planet is habitable, the only livable area would be a thin strip of land between the sun-facing and sun-avoiding sections of the planet—sections that are forever locked in place. It would be a land of perpetual twilight, suspended in the same one “day” until the end of time, while years and seasons as we know them change every few days.
While the proliferation of identified exoplanets is truly a remarkable feat of human ingenuity, what we can yet learn about these “mythical islands” is limited. Scientists can predict a number of quantifying indicators for these worlds such as their size, orbit, and density, which can indicate whether or not they are rocky or gaseous, but the quality of actual habitability remains unknown.
Not all those interested in preserving the human race in space see exoplanets as a sign of salvation for humanity. For example, according to famed physicist Enrico Fermi’s Paradox, while it is highly probable that there is an extremely large number of habitable exoplanets with intelligent life like ours, the lack of evidence—by way of intelligent life communicating to Earth from those habitable worlds—creates a yet-unsolvable problem. From this, the argument known as the Great Filter postulates there is a reason—a prohibitive factor or event—that prevents most intelligent life from evolving to the point of interstellar travel. Thus, the more potentially habitable exoplanets we discover, the more problematic our universe becomes—and the less hopeful space exploration can seem.
Creation is vaster still
For Christians, finding our future in the stars can appear misguided, but it is not—as long as Christians can separate eschatological fervor from practical science and understand God’s plan for creation.
Before Europeans discovered the New World, a race was already on to discover new horizons that could make life better. The problems of the Old World seemed unsolvable. Starting in the 16th century—propelled by books like More’s Utopia—an escape to the New World seemed to be a viable solution.
This “New World,” of course, was not new. It was a part of God’s creation, designed along with everything else that God had created. It was also already inhabited. Europeans weren’t the first humans to “discover” it. However, from the perspective of Europeans in the early 16th century, the New World was merely the furthest place they could see on the horizon of creation.
Though planet Earth seems small today, there are still parts of our planet that are not well known. We are still making discoveries about our own world, such as whether or not we should define an eighth continent of Zealandia. Places like Antarctica and the depths of our oceans are still underexplored. All are still within the horizon of creation.
When God created the world and saw that it was good, it wasn’t just the Middle East or the Old World, but all of creation—the entire universe. Exoplanets such as those in the TRAPPIST-1 system are really no different than Antarctica or the depths of our ocean—parts of creation that are still to be explored. Indeed, they are simply further into the horizon than humanity has yet traveled.
Even if our world is on the cusp of a technological singularity, travel to other planets is still a far off possibility for the immediate future. Exoplanets are on our horizon but are merely a tiny shadow in front of something much greater. If humanity gets to the TRAPPIST-1 system one day, as a natural extension of exploring the world that God created, it will be good. In the meantime, there is no shortage of creation to explore within our reach.
Douglas Estes is an assistant professor of New Testament and practical theology and director of the DMin program at South University—Columbia. He is the author and editor of many books on biblical scholarship and the church, including Questions and Rhetoric in the Greek New Testament (Zondervan, 2017) and a fellow at the Center for Pastor Theologians. His focus is the intersection of text, church, and world.
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Eight new exoplanets have been confirmed from potential candidates found by NASA’s Kepler probe. Two of them are the most Earth like worlds ever found. The planets are thought to lie in the ‘Goldilocks’ zone, the region around a star where it is neither too hot nor too cold for liquid water to exist.
The planets Kepler-438b and Kepler-442b both orbit around red dwarf stars that are smaller and cooler than our Sun, but in many other ways they are very similar to our own planet.
They are a similar size to the Earth, as Kepler-438b is only 12 per cent larger, and Kepler-442b is one-third. The planets also receive a similar amount of light from their stars as the Earth does from the Sun, making these two worlds even more appealing as places with the potential to support life.
“We don't know for sure whether any of the planets in our sample are truly habitable,” explains second author David Kipping of the Havard-Smithsmonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA). “All we can say is that they're promising candidates.”
The planets were validated from 4,125 candidates found by NASA’s Kepler Space Probe during its primary mission. The spacecraft tracked over 100,000 stars between May 2009 and April 2013, searching for signs of exoplanets in orbit around them.
“Kepler collected data for four years – long enough that we can now tease out the Earth-size candidates in one Earth-year orbits”, said Fergal Mullally, SETI Institute Kepler scientist at NASA’s Ames Research Center. “We’re closer than we’ve ever been to finding Earth twins around other sun-like stars. These are the planets we’re looking for.”
The new discoveries will help estimate how common terrestrial planets are in our Galaxy, and how often they fall in the habitable zone. The measurements will gauge how usual, or unusual, planets like our own are, and work towards answering the question of whether we are alone in the Universe. | http://cdn.skyatnightmagazine.com/news/eight-new-potentially-habitable-worlds-found |
We are the generation of human beings that are going to know whether or not we're alone in the universe. This episode explores the search of exoplanets, from ancient Greek philosophers to the discoveries made possible with the Kepler Telescope. Unbelievable new worlds, planets made of diamond, planets of raining glass, worlds in collision, some plunging into stars, and others that just might harbor life.
Thanks to today's planet hunters, our views of the universe and of our place in it are undergoing one of the greatest revolutions in scientific history.
Series
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The Universe Season 8
Second Genesis
2018 Technology
In episode 3, Artemis arrives on the exoplanet Minerva B, but will she find evidence of life? This is a vision of our future, the fateful day in a far-flung corner of the universe, when a probe from Earth initiates the first descent onto an alien world, looking for proof of life beyond our solar system.
There are no witnesses, no cheering crowds in the control room. A decade or more will pass before news finally reaches us, back across the dark oceans of space. But the seeds of this mission are already being sowed today by the first generation of scientists bold enough to believe it could be possible.
Series
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Is Anybody Out There
2015 Science
In August 1977, the Big Ear Radio-telescope in Ohio received a strange signal from the Sagittarius constellation while searching for intelligent extra-terrestrial life. It had a duration of 72 seconds and an intensity 30 times higher than usual. Named the Wow signal, it is still being considered as one of the best examples of having being sent by intelligent extraterrestrial life. But, nothing has revolutionised the search of extra-terrestrial intelligent life as much as the recent discovery by the Kepler Satellite, of thousands of Earth-like planets where life could be possible. Join the debate with this stunning documentary, as we ask Is Anybody Out There?
Strangest Alien Worlds
2017 Science HD
Discoveries of new planets have revealed countless worlds much stranger than Earth. Some of these strange worlds don’t have stars; others are made out of diamonds. Will we ever find a planet like Earth, or are these distant worlds stranger than fiction?
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2016 Nature
The hunt for aliens is on! After a distinguished career in cosmology Professor Martin Rees, the astronomer royal, has taken up the search for extra-terrestrials. Looking for aliens is no longer science fiction - it is a question that's engaging some of the greatest minds in science." As our knowledge of the universe has increased, we're getting closer to answers. Many scientists now think we live in galaxy with a billion Earth-like planets, many of which may be teeming with life. But what kind of life? Has anything evolved into beings we could communicate with? This film gets inside the minds of the scientists considering one of the most exciting and profound questions we can ask - are we alone in the universe? Professor Rees thinks we may have our idea of what an alien is like all wrong. If he's right, it's not organic extra-terrestrials we should look for, it's machines.
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วันพฤหัสบดีที่ 14 เมษายน 2016 เวลา 07:10 น.
(CNN) "I want to find another Earth. That's what I'm living for."
MIT astrophysicist Sara Seager has been looking at planets beyond our solar system, known as exoplanets, for almost 20 years.
When the first ones were discovered in the 1990s, many questioned the finding and didn't think it was real. But since then, with better technology, we have observed more than 6,000 of them, most of which are giant balls of gas.
Today, the list grows every week.
With so many planets now coming out of hiding, the race is on to identify one that resembles Earth: a rocky world with liquid water just like ours, and suitable to host life.
Seager believes she knows how to make that discovery.
It's not easy to see exoplanets as you can't just look at them through a telescope. This is due to the blinding light coming from their host stars, which can be very different in size and features compared to our sun. The process is often described as trying to spot a firefly circling a lighthouse, from thousands of miles away.
"As many as one in five stars like the sun could have a planet with liquid water."
The first ones were discovered indirectly, in 1995, by just looking at stars to see if they would wobble slightly, responding to the pull of another object's gravity.
At this time, Seager was a graduate student at Harvard searching for a topic for her Ph.D. and she was intrigued by the newborn field of faraway planets.
"Since the planets were discovered indirectly, most people didn't believe that the discoveries were real. They'd say to me 'Why are you doing this? These aren't planets!'," says Seager.
The contrarians weren't entirely wrong: the wobble can be caused by other factors such as another star and several planet discoveries have been retracted over time for this reason.
But then a different technique was found to make their hunt easier, called transit. This is when a planet moves in front of its host star and causes the star's light to dim slightly.
"One of the planets from the wobble technique showed transit: it went in front of the star at exactly the time it was predicted to and that was basically incontrovertible," says Seager.
Seager did not want to simply look for distant planets. She set her sights on something more specific -- their atmosphere. She was the first person to do so.
"Atmospheres are important because they're a way to look for signs of life: we look at gases that don't belong and may have been produced by some life form," she explains.
But if seeing an exoplanet is already difficult, how do you observe an atmosphere? For this purpose the light from the star can come in handy. "When a planet transits in front of its star, we can very carefully analyze the atmosphere's composition, thanks to the light of the star shining through it," says Seager.
The process becomes similar to looking at a rainbow.
"If you look at a rainbow very closely, you see tiny little dark lines between the colors, pieces that are missing. Those lines are there because Earth's atmosphere is taking away some of the light."
The dark lines are like fingerprints for specific gases and special tools can decode which ones are there. In 1999, Seager suggested that one particular element, sodium, should leave a detectable fingerprint.
"It's like skunk spray: a tiny bit of sodium can make a very big signature," she says.
Seager was right -- her prediction was independently confirmed two years later using the Hubble telescope.
Sodium was found in the atmosphere of a "Hot Jupiter," the name given to the first exoplanets ever discovered. These are huge spheres of gas many times larger than Earth -- like our Jupiter -- orbiting dangerously close to their stars, making them very hot.
Because of their size, Hot Jupiters are the easiest exoplanets to spot, and hundreds have been found to date. But as they don't have a solid surface, they are nothing like Earth.
To find life, we need small, rocky planets -- like ours.
Compared to finding "Hot Jupiters", searching for rocky planets is far more difficult, mainly because of their smaller size. And when spotting gases, it's not sodium we're after.
"The number one thing we want to see in a planet's atmosphere is water vapor," says Seager.
We see water vapour in some of the giant planets, like Jupiter, as they have it naturally within their atmosphere. "We have not seen that yet in a rocky planet."
Detecting water vapor on a rocky planet would be the tell-tale sign of a liquid ocean, and therefore the potential for life. "All life on Earth needs water, and we believe that all life needs a liquid," says Seager.
The need for liquid to create life is theorized due to the chemistry of molecules, as they require liquids to react and reform into other things -- such as lifeforms. "Water is simply the most abundant liquid out there," says Seager.
For a planet to have liquid water, some basic conditions must be met. The planet must be such that its surface temperature is not too hot -- or water will boil away -- and not too cold -- or it will freeze into ice. This all depends on its distance from the parent star: either too close, or too far.
Astronomers call this sweet spot the "Goldilocks zone," from the children's tale "The Three Bears," in which young Goldilocks likes her porridge "Not too cold, not too hot, but just right."
These planets are not rare, but the challenge in spotting them can make it seem that way.
"As many as one in five stars like the sun could have a planet with liquid water. And even though this number could be wrong, as things change quickly, we know for sure that small rocky planets are not rare," says Seager.
There may be billions of Earth-like planets in our galaxy alone.
Out of the 6,000 planets discovered so far, approximately 2,000 have been confirmed to be actual planets -- work is underway on the rest -- but only about 30 are considered potentially habitable.
In 2014, NASA found the first Earth-sized planet orbiting a star in the habitable zone. This was named Kepler-186f -- after the Kepler space telescope, used to spot it -- and is about 500 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus, the galactic equivalent of our neighbourhood since the Milky Way is about 100,000 light years across. This planet is 10% larger than Earth.
Described by NASA as "a significant step toward finding worlds like our planet Earth," Kepler-186f orbits around a type of common star known as a red dwarf, which is about half the size of our sun.
With our current technology, however, it's hard to know much more than the size of an exoplanet and how far it is from its star.
The majority of exoplanet discoveries have been made by the Kepler space telescope, after which most of them have been named. Launched in 2009, the telescope has now entered emergency mode 75 million miles away from Earth, due to a malfunction.
To study the atmospheres of potential Earth twins, scientists need new eyes in the sky.
To date, Seager has only been able to study the atmospheres of a handful of exoplanets -- all gas giants -- but she's involved in a new NASA program launching in 2017 to just scout the brightest nearby stars for small rocky planets in the habitable zone.
Called TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite), the two-year mission will accumulate data that will then be fed into the James Webb Space Telescope, the next Hubble, which is due to launch in 2018: "It's going to be amazing," says Seager.
The James Webb telescope -- named after the head of NASA during the pioneering era of the 1960s -- will look at the cosmos with unprecedented clarity thanks to its use of a primary mirror about five times larger than Hubble's. It will also offer direct imaging of exoplanets by blocking the blinding light of their host stars with special instruments that make them more visible. This will allow Seager and other astronomers to study exoplanets like never before.
Seager believes many of the planets in their search will be the rocky, watery worlds she's been looking for.
"I'm absolutely confident they're out there."
It's a golden age for planet hunters: NASA's Kepler mission has identified more than 3,500 potential planets orbiting stars beyond our Sun. Some of them, like a planet called Kepler-22b, might even be able to harbor life. How did we come upon this distant planet? Combining startling animation with input from expert astrophysicists and astrobiologists, "Alien Planets Revealed" takes viewers on a journey along with the Kepler telescope. How does the telescope look for planets? How many of these planets are like our Earth? Will any of these planets be suitable for life as we know it? Bringing the creative power of veteran animators together with the latest discoveries in planet-hunting, "Alien Planets Revealed" shows the successes of the Kepler mission, taking us to planets beyond our solar system and providing a glimpse of creatures we might one day encounter.
Aliens almost certainly do exist. So why haven't we yet met E.T.? It turns out we're only just developing instruments powerful enough to scan for them, and science sophisticated enough to know where to look. As a result, race is on to find the first intelligent aliens. But what would they look like, and how would they interact with us if we met? The answers may come to us sooner than we imagine, for one leading astronomer believes she may already have heard a hint of their first efforts to communicate.
It's one of the great mysteries of science, a mystery that if solved will force us to rethink our place in the universe. Is life on Earth unique? Or is it spread throughout the cosmos? If we share the stars with aliens, why haven't we heard from them? Or are we truly alone? Space, time, life itself. The secrets of the cosmos lie through the wormhole. We've all done it. Stared into the night sky, gazed at the vast canopy of stars and wondered what or who is out there. Is there other life in the universe? Maybe on a planet like ours with water and air? Or on some other kind of planet or moon supporting an alien form of life?
Why do we humans have such a connection to the night sky?
The twinkling lights that seem like oases out there and yet we're not sure. Are there habitable worlds?
Around the world there are a group of highly intelligent, highly trained scientists that share a surprising belief. There are a couple of hundred billion stars just in our galaxy and at least half of them probably have planets. That's 100 billion planetary systems. How many planets in each system? let's say five. That's a half trillion, 500 billion planets out there. Keep in mind, there are 100 billion other galaxies! For these scientists the vastness of our universe can mean just one thing - the existence of life.
The ultracool dwarf star, known as TRAPPIST-1, isn't the kind of star scientists expected to be a hub for planets. It's at the end of the range for what classifies as a star: half the temperature and a tenth the mass of the sun. TRAPPIST-1 is red, barely larger than Jupiter and too dim to be seen with the naked eye or even amateur telescopes from Earth.
But these tiny stars, along with brown dwarfs, are long-lived, common in the Milky Way and represent 25-50% of stellar objects in the galaxy, said study researcher Julien de Wit, a postdoctoral associate with MIT's Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.
Over the course of 62 nights from September to December 2015, researchers led by Gillon used a telescope, also called TRAPPIST (transiting planets and planetesimals small telescope), to observe its starlight and changes in brightness. The team saw shadows, like little eclipses, periodically interrupting the steady pattern of starlight. Using a telescope that can detect infrared light added an advantage that visible light camera programs don't provide.
"It's like standing in front of a lamp and throwing a flea across it," said professor Adam Burgasser of the Center for Astrophysics and Space Science at the University of California San Diego. "It was only a 1% dip in light, but the specific pattern was a good sign of orbiting planets."
The planets are about the size of Earth and given the proximity of two of them to the dwarf star, they receive about four times the amount of radiation than we do from the sun, which suggests they are in the "habitable zone." According to Burgasser, the "habitable zone," determines how close a planet is to the star that it orbits and given the temperature of the planet based on that proximity, it could have water on the surface. This core ingredient for life as we know it also suggests there could be an atmosphere and habitable regions on the planets themselves.
The planets are the perfect target to be studied at 40 light-years away, but that doesn't mean we will reach them anytime soon. With current technology, it would take millions of years for an expedition to reach these planets. But from a research perspective, they provide a close opportunity and the best target to search for life beyond Earth and our solar system. What we find also could change how we determine the creation of life as we know it.
The telescopes these researchers use to study the planets are even more precise than Hubble. In 2018, they can begin using the James Webb Space Telescope, which will allow the scientists to observe the shell of an atmosphere if it exists for these planets, and even what chemicals comprise that atmosphere. It will also provide more detailed information about the planets' composition, temperature and pressure, according to de Wit.
"We've shown that these kinds of stars are a way to find Earth-like planets," he said. "Over the next few years, we can explore the space around this one and pin down their orbits and see if there are other planets in this system."
Burgasser, who has made the study of dwarf stars his life's work, says that TRAPPIST-1 was initially studied quite a bit, but the planets around it have not been revealed until now.
"It's like you've known this good friend your whole life and suddenly find out that they're royalty," he said. "What else could we find out about other 'old friends' that we previously studied if we went back?"
Are we alone in the universe? We may be very close to finding out.
The Holy Grail of space science is the discovery of a planet just like ours: the right size, the right orbit around its sun, not too hot, not too cold – in the area dubbed the Goldilocks Zone. For millennia humans studying the stars had no idea if there were any other planets outside our solar system, let alone ones similar enough to ours to sustain life. The first extra-solar planet – or exoplanet – was only discovered in 1995. Now, a new space-based telescope has discovered thousands more, and some of them may be just like Earth.
If the Kepler Space Telescope's discoveries are verified, and if what is true for this one tiny randomly-chosen area of the cosmos is true throughout, then our universe is probably chock full of habitable planets. This discovery would have enormous implications for the possibility of extra-terrestrial life. We would move from slim chance to great likelihood in one giant step. And we're about to take that step. | http://thaniyo.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=337:thaniya5922&catid=9:thaniyapucha2557&Itemid=13 |
Book>> Five Hundred Billion Years Of Solitude • by Lee Billings • Penguin • Rs 799
For thousands of years, humans have wondered whether there’s life elsewhere in the universe. Ancient literature of most civilisations are replete with tales of extraterrestrials. In the sixth century BC, the Greek philosopher Anaximander suggested that other worlds were endlessly forming and disintegrating in a universe of infinite extent. A century later Democritus, another Greek philosopher, argued that the never-ending dance of atoms would inevitably lead to countless other worlds and other lives. The 12th century Islamic theologian Fakhr al-Din al-Razi wrote of a thousand other worlds.
In the 17th century, Johannes Kepler and other astronomers began to wonder if improvements to the recently invented telescope would one day enable humans to actually examine some of those other worlds. “There may be yet created several other helps for the eye,” wrote Robert Hooke in 1665, “such as by which we may perhaps be able to discover living Creatures in the Moon, or other Planets”.
Closer to our times, astronomer Carl Sagan once wrote that there are a million technological civilisations in our galaxy alone. His colleague Frank Drake offered a more conservative estimate: 10,000. Pioneering comet researcher John Oro estimates a hundred civilisations are sprinkled across the Milky Way. There are also sceptics like Ben Zuckerman, an astronomer at UCLA, who thinks we may as well be alone in this galaxy, if not in the universe.
The fact, however, remains that estimates of life outside Earth are highly speculative. We don’t have any solid knowledge about a single alien microbe, a solitary spore, much less the hubcap from a passing alien starship. But we seem to be getting there. It seems that exoplanetology, the study of planets orbiting other stars far beyond our sun, is enjoying a golden age. Statistical extrapolations suggest there are probably some 20 billion Earth-like planets in our galaxy alone. Recently, astronomers mapped the clouds on a planet 1,000 light years away. In December last year, Sara Seager, a planetary scientist at MIT, told a US Congress Committee on Science, Space and Technology, “This is the first time in human history we have the technological reach to find life on other planets.” She said NASA’s Kepler telescope has found that about one in five sun-like stars should host an Earth-size planet outside of our solar system that can sustain life, and at current pace we are about 10 years away from finding signs of life outside Earth.
Seager features prominently in Lee Billings’ Five Hundred Billion Years of Solitude. To begin with, Billing drives home an important point: the search for life in other worlds, or even just finding another planet that could possibly sustain any kind of life, is not a simple matter of calibrating instruments and pointing a telescope at a star. The search for Earth-like planets demands scientists have an intimate knowledge of our own planet. So Five Hundred Billion Years of Solitude is an exploration of this intertwining of the quest to understand our own planet and the desire to seek life beyond it.
“Around the turn of the millennium, I started regularly seeing news stories about how astronomers were discovering ever-larger numbers of exoplanets, and how sometime in the next decade or so NASA and other space agencies would build and launch space telescopes designed for the explicit purpose of seeking out Earth-like worlds and the life they might harbour. That just seemed like such a cool, wild idea. I wanted to figure out how the state of play had changed so dramatically in such a relatively short time,” he said in an interview to the news magazine The Atlantic. The quest led him to the origins of astronomy and its links with astrobiology—the study of the origin, evolution and distribution of life on Earth as well as extraterrestrial life.
Five Hundred Billion Years of Solitude is both a primer on astrobiology, and a collection of knowlegde from some of the greatest minds in the field. We meet the redoubtable Frank Drake, professor emeritus at the University of California, Santa Cruz, one of the pioneers of research on extraterrestials. Drake pioneered the search for radio signals from extraterrestrials more than 50 years ago. He is also the creator of the famous Drake Equation which postulates the possible number of extraterrestrial civilisations currently in existence in the Milky Way. We also meet Gregory Laughlin whose forte is numerical simulations and modelling to detect extraterrestrials. Also interviewed is exoplanet hunter Geoffrey Marcy. And then there is Seager of course.
Billings tells us about the predicaments of NASA when trying to squeeze as much of its various projects out of limited dollars and the fickle behaviour of US funding agencies. He berates most US presidents for their lack of vision—John F Kennedy is an exception.
All this while Billings is alive to his central concern: to relate the work of these scientists to protecting the life we do know on this planet? There is good news and bad news for those of us who worry about the future of Earth. The good news first: Billings reports that even if we burn up all the fossil fuel, we are unlikely to tip Earth into “a runaway-greenhouse world” as one scientist described Venus. The bad news is the planet is going to become uninhabitable anyway. Long before the Sun burns out, Earth’s core will cool off and volcanoes, which restore the atmosphere, will cease. The amount of carbon dioxide will fall to levels too low to support photosynthesis in half a billion years or so.
The only way for humans to survive may be to move off-planet. So for Billings it actually makes sense to start thinking about this now. Such a vision, according to Billings, is “often implied but rarely acknowledged explicitly for fear of cynical ridicule”. But then it has also guided space exploration since the Russian scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky devised the first space rockets in a loghouse about 200 km southwest of Moscow.
We may or may not discover habitable planets. But the fact that the Earth will not be able to sustain life for ever is indeed sobering for many of us who have taken the planet’s life-sustaining characteristic for granted.
Pratul Raturi is a science writer
We are a voice to you; you have been a support to us. Together we build journalism that is independent, credible and fearless. You can further help us by making a donation. This will mean a lot for our ability to bring you news, perspectives and analysis from the ground so that we can make change together. | https://www.downtoearth.org.in/reviews/life-beyond-earth-44185 |
Society of Petroleum Engineers
Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) is a not-for-profit professional association whose members are engaged in energy resources development and production. SPE has more than 158,000 members in 143 countries, who participate in 203 sections and 382 student chapters. SPE’s membership includes more than 73,000 student members. SPE is a key resource for technical knowledge related to the oil and gas exploration and production industry, and provides services through publications, events, training courses and online resources.
SPE’s mission is to collect, disseminate and exchange technical knowledge concerning the exploration, development and production of oil and gas resources, and related technologies for the public benefit; and to provide opportunities for professionals to enhance their technical and professional competence. Major Technical Disciplines: Upstream oil and gas operations, including Drilling; Completions; Health, Safety, and Environment; Management and Information; Production and Operations; Projects, Facilities and Construction; and Reservoir.
Mission Performance’s Human Factors solutions are scheduled through SPE across North America in 2018 and are also available by request globally.
About Human Factors Training Courses at SPE
Optimizing Reliability, Risk and Compliance through Human Factors (HF)-Masterclass
Continuing Education Units 0.8 CEUs are offered based on length of course
Description
Safety Leadership focuses on the ‘Human Factors’ (HF) which complement technical training to optimise reliability, safety, compliance, efficiency and risks within a team-based environment. The IOGP laid down the HF skills and competencies required, and they form the basis for specialised O&G HF training’s delivered by Mission Performance. This 1-Day course reviews the key Human Factors but then also reviews what can be done to accelerate and scale operational roll-out for optimum and sustained impact, including integration with existing safety processes and (reporting) systems, refreshers, assessments, measurements as well as the role of leadership and culture.
Why Attend
Human errors account for nearly 75% of all incidents, accidents and near misses in the O&G industry worldwide. Most of these are avoidable. We typically develop and deploy many systems and processes to reduce risks and improve safety, but most organisations either overlook the role of the human in terms of criticality to safety or don’t quite know which ‘human factors’ mostly affect risk, safety and compliance or what to practically do to optimise them in an O&G environment. This course equips delegates with an understanding of how to achieve a further step change in safety through proactively using and optimising the ‘human side’ of their operations. | https://www.missionperformance.com/our-mission/what/human-factors-training/society-of-petroleum-engineers/ |
Company Profile: Syn-Tech Ltd.
As a highly technical specialty lubricants formulator and manufacturer, Syn-Tech Ltd. evaluates each application as a unique set of parameters for a correct lubricant match, earning the respect of many longtime customers.
Investigations on the Efficiency of Worm Gear Drives
Experimental investigations on different worm gears were conducted on several test rigs, taking into consideration the influence of different gear ratios, worm wheel materials, lubricants, and contact pattern on efficiency and load-carrying capacity. Recommendations for an increase in overall worm gearbox efficiencies are presented.
Shear Stability Is Key to Proper EAL Gear Oil Selection
To prevent failures of bearings and gears, careful selection of EALs for use in marine components, combined with a good oil sampling program, are necessary.
An Update on Broaching Technology
Advances in both broach tools and broach machines have progressed the state of the art in broaching.
DEPARTMENTS
Optimizing Performance with Surface Finish and Lubrication
Lubrication in mechanical power transfer systems can have superfluous or detrimental properties if not optimized relative to the surface finish of the components.
Variables for Quality Design: Application
A complete understanding of where the gearing will be used, the surrounding environment, and external influences is an essential starting point for achieving a quality design.
Trend Talks: Quality Control and Inspection
When it comes to manufacturing high-quality gears, quality control and inspection play crucial roles in meeting industry standards and a customer’s specific needs.
Modern Nitriding Techniques for Gear Applications
Among thermochemical methods, the processes of plasma nitriding and gas nitriding have progressed in the industry to increase gear performance. | http://gearsolutions.com/archives/?magazine=2016-03 |
Warehouse operations have a pivotal role to play in the movement of products and overall efficiency of logistics. With better processes in place, as well as optimising features, such as layout and storage, it’s possible to improve the way a warehouse performs. Although there’s no perfect warehouse design, these tips can bring clarity to most setups.
Consider a brand new approach
If you’ve become stuck in something of a rut when it comes to your warehouse processes then a brand new approach could revolutionise the way that you operate, as well as the results that you can achieve. Hiroyuki Hirano, a long-term consultant for Toyota, established the 5S system, which sets out 5 stages for achieving a lean workflow. The stages progress through keeping only what you really need, to creating new standardised procedures. Advantages of incorporating the 5S approach include improving efficiency and quality and reducing cost.
Flow, Accessibility, Space, and Throughput (FAST)
It’s always worth looking at the best practice in your industry to see if the benefits could be applied to your own warehouse management. FAST is a popular and widely used approach that can be useful for improving warehouse design, for example. It has a role to play in optimising physical design, as well as communicating with senior management by attaching KPIs to each of the FAST categories.
Using data to optimise operations
Implementing a Warehouse Management System that collects important operational data – as well as tracking inventory – can provide crucial insight drawn from tracking both fixed and moveable assets. Data that is automatically collected is much more reliable than manually obtained figures and can provide important perspective on how assets are currently treated. For example, you’ll be able to see how inventory moves around the warehouse, identifying the peaks and the lows and making changes to the processes used during those times to improve efficiency.
Set some realistic goals for improvement
Once you’ve gathered data from your own warehouse performance, as well as the best practices that others in the industry rely on, you can start to set realistic goals to measure on an ongoing basis. Defining and tracking an efficient and easy to use returns process, for example, can make a big difference to overall performance, and improving inventory analysis is a key goal for making decisions about where to invest resources to achieve the best warehouse efficiency results.
Reorganise before you expand
It’s always worth pausing before you take a step towards expansion to ensure that you really need the additional space. It may be that more efficient existing operations could create the space you think you need – for example, vertical space is often overlooked as a way to introduce greater capacity and efficiency.
Don’t forget health and safety concerns
It’s very easy to focus on efficiency and results when you’re looking to optimise warehouse management. However, health and safety should never be overlooked. Health and safety issues can be costly for the business and can also impact on performance.
Our warehouse services are optimised for efficiency and performance, with customised reporting procedures and schedules will give you better control over your business and goods. Get in touch with UCS today to find out more. | https://www.useucs.com/archives/blog/how-to-optimise-your-warehouse-management-for-clarity-and-efficiency |
EAP (Enterprise Architecture Planning) is the ultimate planning is a process to define business processes and which will help the company to scale up the performance. This process is very vital for any business to lay down business processes.
What is benefit of implementing Enterprise Architectural Planning. ?
Companies implementing the Enterprise Architectural framework has got greater benefits, as soon as it is implemented any company can see a huge difference in performance. This is a strategic planning process helps the companies to identify the gaps in the overall expected sales and the actual baseline , using this process we can integrate the business and your IT strategies together to improve performance, and this information generated by this process is shared to the management. This process helps to track the performance at cheaper costs and eventually it results in improved performance for the company.
These are the skill sets and responsibilities of an Enterprise Architect Planner
Skillsets
- You need to have leadership skills and qualities and a good team worker.
- Knowledge of all business process, IT latest technologies and you need to possess problem solving abilities.
- Must have experience on understanding business processes and should be able to implement architectural standards.
- Must have knowledge about project management methods and tools.
- Should have knowledge building block designs and system integration.
- Knowledge about legal aspects such as copyright and data protection, laws involved in contracts and other hoax.
Responsibilities
- You need to be well versed in developing new strategies, reviewing the standards according to the Company requirements.
- Your role is basically to mentor architects to implemented the IT strategies such as Cloud computing and Application integration etc.
- You need to implement certain architectural standards for the company and your role will be mainly to mentor architects.
Overall the individual must be an excellent team player with creativity and knowledge about IT and Applications systems integration to evolve new methodologies for the company. This is an important role that will take the company performance to the next level. | https://www.jobawareness.com/skillsets-responsibilities-enterprise-architect-planner.asp |
An important driver of BAM’s future success will be the alignment of its business portfolio to maximise value by making use of scale and knowledge. To achieve this we want to expand the team with a data analyst focusing on the topics safety and sustainability. In this challenging role you will lead the reporting on these topics and pro-actively support BAM’s strategy implementation and performance.
As a data analyst you are part of the Royal BAM Strategy Team, a small specialised group that advises our Executive Committee, senior business leadership and other corporate stakeholders on driving, assessing and prioritising our company-wide strategic direction.
As data analyst you support BAM’s safety and sustainability strategy with uniform data-driven insights and tools. You are the driving factor behind establishing critical processes to consolidate, analyse and report data, in close collaboration with the safety and sustainability officers at operating companies. You are eager to work with data and dive into the details of BAM’s reporting process. You generate management information and come up with proposals to improve the company’s safety and sustainability reporting processes and performance.
BAM is a technical company that embraces safety and sustainability to prepare for the future. The BAM Safety and Sustainability department is continuously developing and expanding its focus into areas such as health and wellbeing, diversity and inclusion and human rights. Within this role, you are challenged to further shape the company’s strategy, for example by prioritizing and managing strategic initiatives and by focusing on future target setting. As a data analyst it is key that you can respond dynamically to new situations and changing demands.
Responsibilities and tasks
We offer you an environment with colleagues that are experts in their profession, have a drive to work against the highest professional standards and are highly motivated to work for BAM. We offer an international environment with many opportunities for personal development and excellent career perspective. We offer the flexibility to work remotely and measure performance on delivery. Overall we offer an attractive and great place to work and BAM offers its employees employment conditions in line with market conditions.
You can simply apply by clicking the Apply Now button. | https://www.stepstone.nl/banen--Data-analyst-Safety-Sustainability-Bunnik-Koninklijke-BAM-Groep-nv--512103-inline.html?formApplyNow=true |
Our client is a successful, innovative and forward-thinking organisation that provides a valuable service to the B2C market.
The organisation is led by a highly capable senior leadership team who have ambitious plans to continue developing its capability whilst keeping customers at its centre. They are passionate, relentless and determined to make a difference in their market and view their people as the key to their success. They are able to offer a supportive environment that encourages you to professionally develop and drive your career forward in an organisation that is proud of its values and acts with integrity in everything they do.
Job Description
The overall purpose of the role:
The Operations Director has strategic and tactical responsibility for implementing a forward-thinking production strategy that maximises efficiency, optimises production levels and drives operational excellence. By working collaboratively with internal and external stakeholders you will be seeking for best in class production and business practices to deliver against customer expectations, managing teams and project across the business. You will play a pivotal role in the building of a new production facility.
The Operations Director will provide clear leadership and vision, inspire and motivate staff to achieve excellence and mentor them as they develop new skills.
You will drive Key Performance Indicators across all areas of the production function to ensure that all projects are delivered on cost and on time to the highest quality standards. Ensure Health, Safety and Environmental issues are prioritised and facilitated, direct and drive implementation of Lean Business strategy and drive Continuous Improvement across all productions areas of the business.
- Overall responsibility for production activities across the business
- Create and implement a best practice production vision, strategy, policies, processes and procedures to aid and improve business performance
- Evaluate and implement suitable automated processes
- Evaluate the challenges faced by the business and take action to mitigate risks and develop opportunities
- Contribute to overall business strategy and annual budget process
- Initiate and develop creative and innovative production processes
- Provide leadership to departments under control and coach, mentor and develop direct reports and manage a high performing team that delivers continuous improvement, added value and cost reductions
- Proactively work with line management, engineering, service and other departments to incorporate best practices into the production environment
The Successful Applicant
- Demonstrable experience of leading a large scale / high volume production function, likely to be from the automotive, aerospace or food sectors with a proven track record in strategic manufacturing leadership delivering effective manufacturing strategies, policies, processes and systems
- Ability to add value, reduce costs and make business improvements
- Knowledge and technical understanding of world-class manufacturing processes and techniques
- Experience of operating and influencing at a strategic level
- A successful track record of leading the design, development and delivery of efficient production through directing and driving a Lean and Continuous Improvement approach.
- An established, credible leader, with proven ability to lead and influence colleagues from the shop floor to the boardroom with gravitas and impact.
- Proven ability to identify and make changes in production efficiency and to guide the business to live up to those expectations in the fast-evolving world.
- Adept at interpretation and leveraging data to evaluate and implement suitable automation.
- Demonstrate experience of aligning business and strategic objectives with production strategy.
- Experience of implementing projects, ideally including a New Build project.
What's on Offer
Attractive basic, performance bonus and benefits. | https://www.michaelpage.co.uk/job-detail/operations-director/ref/jn-092020-1231048 |
Our Mission is to drive operational excellence in healthcare organizations through leading-edge process management innovations that streamline enterprise workflow, improve financial return, and enhance the patient experience.
Since our introductory newsletter in October 2011 we have grown from a handful of readers to over 400 seasoned healthcare and related industry professionals. Most of you are also part of our Linked-In community and we appreciate that additional connection. For those of you with whom we are not yet “linked-in”, please join us at LinkedIn.
We have also been busy speaking with industry leaders, hospital administrators, practice managers, physicians and consultants about critical “pain points” in healthcare operations. What became very clear is that patient handoffs or “transitions in care” are a common challenge with few proven solutions in sight. Process inefficiencies, which in some cases are a matter of life and death and in all cases are a matter of waste leading to higher costs and lower revenues, are present even in hospitals and practices with advanced EHR, PM and legacy IT systems. This is not a shortcoming of the systems, but rather a “gap” in the availability of information “bridges” that better connects people and improves the orchestration of the work that these people need to get done.
For this reason, this newsletter will feature one of the initiatives we are working on to address the challenge of transitions in care. As before, we welcome your feedback and the opportunity to discuss these and other process or workflow issues your organization may have.
One of the many challenges facing provider organizations is how patients are transitioned from one physician’s care to another in terms of the exchange or “handoff” of critical information. Optimium Health believes that optimizing information exchange from one caregiver to another through process automation will secure three key benefits: 1) improve patient safety, 2) enhance patient and provider satisfaction, and, 3) increase provider financial performance.
An October 2010 Joint Commission study across ten hospitals of national prominence indicated that 37% of patient handoffs were defective and did not allow the receiver to safely care for the patient. Additionally, 21% of the senders were dissatisfied with the quality of the handoff. Further, the commission study stated that handoff failures account for 80% of all adverse events.
While EHR systems provide significant data capture and storage, most do not offer a means to improve caregiver workflow processes that are manually intensive and, therefore, are ripe for errors, omissions, and duplications. Optimium Health can use an EHR system as a foundation technology and then overlay the OPTIMI$ER process engine to create tailored dashboards, checklists, alerts, and information bridges that will facilitate caregiver handoffs.
Specifically, OPTIMI$ER can positively impact perioperative care orchestration and information exchange. Why is this area of interest to us? Operating rooms account for approximately 42% of a hospital’s revenue. And yet, a poor on-time start rate for the first case of the day is recognized as the principal cause of inefficiency in the operating room. The average OR starts on time 27 percent of the time which is clearly a disastrous performance. And, according to the Health Financial Management Association (HFMA) “…improving throughput by just one additional procedure per day per OR suite can generate anywhere from $4M to $7M in additional revenue for the average-sized organization”. OPTIMI$ER has been designed to address the specific workflow issues that cause such an outstandingly bad performance across the majority of the 34,000 operating rooms.
Today’s healthcare providers face constant pressure to improve the quality, safety, and efficiency of care while reducing costs and increasing revenue. Many incentives encourage providers to improve performance (such as financial incentives to demonstrate meaningful use of electronic health records [EHR] technology)—and increasingly, the healthcare community is being asked to do more with less. These pressures extend to all aspects of the organization, from clinical operations to revenue cycle and administrative processes.
Investments in process optimization, throughput, and workflow efficiency technologies offer a way for providers to meet operational goals against the backdrop of an ever-more daunting strategic agenda.
Upcoming examples for how handoffs in the perioperative setting can be improved through workflow automation: scheduling, surgical checklists, supply audit trail.
Vicki Harrison and Dr. Mark Stega have combined their respective healthcare experience to form Optimium Health Incorporated (OHI), a consulting and technology solutions firm that works with healthcare provider organizations, physician practices, hospitals and health systems. The changing needs of the market today require organizations to run more efficiently, optimizing their performance to gain financial benefit, while at the same time, improving quality and their bottom line. Thus, OHI’s mission is to drive operational excellence with leading-edge process management solutions designed to optimize enterprise workflow, improve financial return, and enhance the patient experience.
What we saw missing within current healthcare consulting and technology offerings is the ability to create repeatable and sustainable processes. These are needed to drive efficiency, provide rapid ROI, optimize the performance of both people and technology, and allow for measuring and improving quality. Technology vendors provide technology, which in most cases requires the user to modify the way they do work in order to utilize the technology. Consulting firms provide recommendations and some very modest tools and materials to implement change. Neither works particularly well in isolation over the mid to long term.
Optimium Health, Inc. approaches the problem from a different perspective. We can enhance the sustainability, accuracy, and repeatability by applying workflow automation tools to a complex set of processes.
Our workflow engine, known as OPTIMI$ER™, uses a set of automation tools that guide the worker through each step of a process, immediately alerting the worker to missed steps in the processes being performed before the missed step negatively impacts the process. OPTIMI$ER assures that steps in a process are identical from one worker to another, assuring consistent repeatable and sustainable processes that are documented and measurable. Reports are available in real-time and easily configurable.
OPTIMI$ER will provide leverage for consulting firms who want to enhance the deliverable to their client by increasing the areas of opportunity. OPTIMI$ER will enhance the efficiencies and interoperability of legacy technology systems within an organization by adding a process layer that monitors and orchestrates workflow.
The end result is that an ROI is achievable in less than three months, either through revenue recovery or reallocation of staff. Because OPTIMI$ER is working in the background, it has little to no impact on the way the work is done and the learning curve is nearly immediate.
The Problem: Approximately 25% of all medical practice income is lost in one of the following ways: Under pricing, under coding, missed charges or non reimbursed claims. An average of 3-5% of annual practice revenue is lost because the practice failed to bill for services and procedures that the physicians performed.[Source : “Billing Problems? Consider Your Charge Ticket” by Deborah Grider, CPC-EM (Appeared in 2008 Physician Practice)] Many things can contribute to the problem. For example, how are the following questions being answered: Who is doing the coding? How are charge tickets processed through the practice? How are patients scheduled or seen in an emergent encounter? When a patient is seen at the hospital ED, how does the practice receive the billing information? How are charge tickets rectified?
Without processes in place to track workflows and identify breakdowns, a provider organization may have no idea how much revenue is being lost.
Our Philosophy: We begin by understanding the needs of people, reviewing the processes in place and then adapting the technology.
OPTIMI$ER™ transforms predominantly manual labor intensive vertical “silo” workflows that unintentionally create an office environment ripe for errors, inefficiencies and inconsistencies into “integrated” horizontal workflows between department staff, practice managers, physicians and hospitals/surgi-centers.
Through the use of business intelligence, rules, alerts, and directing work to the appropriate person, OPTIMI$ER connects people, process and technology to create a dynamic horizontal workflow environment. It breaks down static, workflow “silos” and the accompanying barriers to efficiency. By optimizing clinical processes, an organization can realize improved financial returns, increased operational efficiencies and enhanced cross department communication while reducing errors, duplications and missed steps in the process.
The financial benefits of OPTIMI$ER tend to fall into three areas of improvement: a) throughput b) resource allocation c) revenue capture.
By way of example, in an orthopedic group with 9 physicians, OPTIMI$ER helped to find $950,000 in non-billed charges over a 12 month period. This resulted in approximately $350,000 in additional revenue that otherwise would have been lost.
Furthermore, due to the efficiency provided by OPTIMI$ER, the number of schedulers required to schedule procedures was reduced from 5.5 to 2.5 resulting in an additional savings of $100,000 in FTE overhead.
On the softer side, there were fewer missed surgeries due to scheduling mishaps which led to increased satisfaction for physicians, schedulers, and patients.
For a copy of OHI’s Orthopaedic Practice Whitepaper, please contact us using the contact form available in the menu above.
Revenue cycle management, HIEs and Massachusetts are among the healthcare topics that every organization should have in mind for 2011 and beyond, according to HIMSS Analytics.
The PPACA regulations for Medicare reimbursements will pose a great challenge to hospitals as they work to maintain their revenue cycle operations. Keeping tabs on RCM vendors’ communications and strategies is key.
The Health Level 7 document proves that the industry is still paying attention to the need for standards, but vendors must see demand for its use. Semantic interoperability is another key issue – monitor ONC and meaningful use regulations for a standard medical vocabulary.
For the full article, click on this link.
While this issue of OHI “Viewpoints” is simply to provide a brief overview of who we are and what we do, subsequent issues will aim to open a two-way dialogue with our readers. Our focus will be on the various workflow challenges facing healthcare organizations today and how practices, hospitals and support services have overcome them. Additionally, we will highlight industry reports that may be useful references as you evaluate priorities for and options available to your enterprise.
We invite you to contact us using the “Contact Us” form from the menu above for further information about Optimium Health or with suggestions for future “Viewpoints” content. And please forward our newsletter to colleagues you think would be interested in hearing from us.
We intend to publish “Viewpoints” 4-6 times per year. | https://www.optimiumhealth.com/category/viewpoints-newsletter/ |
Computing has become an integral and indispensable part of genomic biology. This course teaches basic skills in scientific computing, with a focus on applications for genomic science, aimed at making you more productive, your computational work more reliable, and your research easier to reproduce and extend, including by your future self. The course includes introductions to (1) using Unix shell commands to efficiently find, organize, and stage data for analysis; (2) basic data types, control flows, functions, and 3rd party packages for the Python programming language commonly encountered in scientific computing; (3) using version control to manage with confidence the numerous directions research code takes from inception to publication; and (4) techniques for optimizing how your computational analyses run on a high-performance computing cluster. The format of the course is inspired by the acclaimed Software Carpentry-style bootcamps. Hence, this is a fully hands-on workshop, and students are expected to bring a laptop.
Pre-requisites: "Introduction to Unix" (or equivalent experience).
Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) continues to be the key technology for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of peptides, proteins and metabolites for both basic and clinical research projects. This GCB Academy session is designed as an introduction for researchers needing to expand their knowledge of the use of LC/MS/MS-based methods for proteomics and metabolomics, and thus help researchers better understand how these technologies can help inform their research goals. Background material in basic protein/metabolite chemistries will be provided, with an emphasis on how to use the physicochemical characteristics of these biomolecules for sample preparation specifically for LC/MS/MS analyses. In addition, the fundamentals of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry will be discussed to enable students to understand the nuances of the experimental designs required to address their specific project. Real-world examples will be used to illustrate sample preparation and analysis strategies, including basic identification projects, characterization of Post-Translational Modifications and differential expression analyses (including 'omic biomarker discovery and targeted biomarker verification).
This 4-hour tutorial will provide you with a better understanding of the data processing and analysis methods that are used in RNA-seq analysis. We will cover topics such as data quality control, normalization, and calling differentially expressed genes. We will provide hands-on experience that will allow you to go back to your lab and work with your own data.
Pre-requisites: "Introduction to Unix" and "Introduction to Scientific Computing for Genomics" (or equivalent experience).
This course will provide an in-depth overview of experimental design, focusing on proteomic analysis of protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) and protein expression in (but not limited to) mammalian cells, tissues and biofluids. Topics will be aimed at getting maximum biological information from your samples. We will discuss methods for enriching subproteomes and PTMs; best practices for insuring sample integrity and avoiding common contaminants that will be carried downstream; and how to be aware of additional factors that might influence reproducibility across biological replicates. In addition, we will discuss where discovery-based or targeted proteomic analyses may be most appropriate. Feel free to bring specific questions about your favorite proteins, model systems, or biological matrices. Prerequisite: Fundamentals of Mass Spectrometry for Proteomic and Metabolomic Analyses, encouraged, but not required.
Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is a versatile tool for the qualitative and quantitative characterization of peptides, proteins and metabolites for both basic and clinical research projects. One of the most important considerations in being able to translate LC-MS datasets into meaningful biological observations is to effectively use open source software packages and/or online resources geared toward LC-MS based datasets. This GCB Academy session is designed as a complement to GCB Academy course “Fundamentals of Mass Spectrometry for Proteomic and Metabolomic Analyses” (Nov. 7) and GCB Academy course “Experimental Design: Get the most your of your proteome” (Nov. 8) and is intended for users of the Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource who have or plan on generating LC/MS based Proteomic Datasets with the Shared Resource. This first portion of the course will focus on the effective use of Scaffold to characterize qualitative proteomic datasets. This will include an overview of Scaffold and features such as interpretation of spectral matches at a protein or peptide level, gene ontology classification, homology matching, spectral count data, and data export. The second portion of the course will cover common proteomic data analysis strategies from supplemental data (typically .xlsx file formats from Rosetta Elucidator) provided as part of the Shared Resource’s quantitative proteomic workflows. This will include an overview of the typical features of a quantitative data return document, various data summarization levels, calculating peptide/protein relative fold-changes and p-values, exporting data for motif analysis (PTM specific datasets), and performing Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and 2D Clustering within JMP Pro.
Metabolomics has emerged as a powerful approach for characterization of molecular systems and also development of biomarkers for disease progression or diagnosis. Broadly, metabolomics is the characterization of small molecules by mass spectrometry and can include both "unbiased" or non-targeted techniques, as well as "targeted" methods. A common misconception in the use of metabolomics is that non-targeted metabolomics can capture the majority of metabolites in any sample type; however, unlike proteomics, metabolomic analysis of any sort is inherently biased based simply on the type of solvent extraction used to isolate the metabolites. Given these complexities, the most important aspect for a successful metabolomics study is deciding which technique to use and understanding the data each approach will likely be able to provide. In this introductory course, we will utilize case studies to discuss the critical differences in targeted and non-targeted metabolomics and an investigator might choose one over another. For non-targeted metabolomics, the course will cover current methods for identification and quantification using publicly available tools as well as methods for analysis of high dimensional datasets. For targeted metabolomics, the course will cover methods for accurate quantification, how to enable longitudinal translation of metabolomics assays, and tools focused on targeted pathway mapping.
This 4-hour hands-on tutorial will provide you with experience working with data from a single-cell RNA-Seq experiment. We will cover quality control, filtering, normalization, clustering, differential expression and mark identification analysis.
Pre-requisites: Must have previously taken the GCB Academy “RNA-Seq Analysis” course.
This seminar will offer an introductory overview of key considerations and best practices in establishing and maintaining clinical biospecimen collections for genomic and precision medicine research. Topics covered will include: basic concepts in biobank and cohort research; role of standardization, harmonization, and quality control; maintaining unique sample identification and robust chain-of-custody tracking; need for secure information and inventory management systems for samples and data; important considerations in repository design; and an overview of biobanking resources at Duke and beyond.
This 90-minute course will provide attendees with an overview of general principles of genetics, genomics and molecular biology, and clinical applications and technologies currently used in clinical practice. In particular, the course will provide an overview of genomics, genome-wide association studies and other large initiatives and a range of testing technologies for diagnosis and treatment. Introduction of new technologies such as liquid biopsies will also be briefly discussed. Continuing education credits will be available.
An introductory discussion on what is involved in designing and analyzing the microbiome. We will cover study design, sample collection/storage/preparation/sequencing of 16S rDNA and provide a 3-4 hour analysis using basic QIIME data analysis.
Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) continues to be the key technology for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of peptides, proteins and metabolites for both basic and clinical research projects. This GCB Academy session is designed as an introduction for researchers needing to expand their knowledge of the use of LC/MS/MS-based methods for proteomics and metabolomics, and thus help researchers better understand how these technologies can help inform their research goals. Background material in basic protein/metabolite chemistries will be provided, with an emphasis on how to use the physicochemical characteristics of these biomolecules for sample preparation specifically for LC/MS/MS analyses. In addition, the fundamentals of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry will be discussed to enable students to understand the nuances of the experimental designs required to address their specific project. Real-world examples will be used to illustrate sample preparation and analysis strategies, including basic identification projects, characterization of Post-Translational Modifications and differential expression analyses (including 'omic biomarker discovery and targeted biomarker verification). Finally, the use of open source software tools for interpretation of these datasets will be discussed.
Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a versatile tool for the qualitative and quantitative characterization of peptides, proteins and metabolites for both basic and clinical research projects. One of the most important considerations in being able to translate LC-MS datasets into meaningful biological observations is to effectively use open source software packages and other online resources to perform proper data analysis, interpretation, and forward-looking experimental design. This GCB Academy session is designed as a complement to “Introduction to Mass Spec Technologies for Proteomics and Metabolomics” and is intended for users of the Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource who have or plan on generating LC/MS based Proteomic or Metabolomic Datasets with the Shared Resource. The first section of the course will focus on the effective use of Scaffold to characterize qualitative proteomic datasets. This will include an overview of Scaffold and features such as interpretation of spectral matches at a protein or peptide level, gene ontology classification, homology matching, spectral count data, and data export. The second section will cover the interpretation and meta-analysis of data provided from the quantitative proteomics and metabolomics pipelines (typically .xlsx file formats from Rosetta Elucidator) provided as part of the Shared Resource’s quantitative workflows. This will include an overview of the typical features of a quantitative data return document, various data summarization levels (e.g. peptide versus protein), calculating peptide/protein relative fold-changes and p-values, exporting data for motif analysis (PTM specific datasets), and performing Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and 2D Clustering within JMP Pro (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Finally, we will cover the use of Skyline as a tool for targeted quantitative proteomics workflows. This will include utilizing Skyline for verification following LC-MS based discovery experiments, as well as a brief introduction to using Skyline to design and interpret targeted proteomics and metabolomics analysis. This portion will utilize hands-on analysis of raw data collected in the Shared Resource. For advance training in Skyline, the tutorials on the Skyline software web site are highly recommended (https://skyline.gs.washington.edu/labkey/wiki/home/software/Skyline/page.view?name=tutorials).
2) Personal laptop with Scaffold (http://www.proteomesoftware.com/products/scaffold/download/), Skyline (https://skyline.gs.washington.edu/labkey/project/home/software/Skyline/begin.view?), and JMP Pro (downloaded from Duke OIT, https://software.oit.duke.edu/comp-print/software/index.php) pre-installed.
Single cell expression profiling can be facilitated through the automation of the Fluidigm C1 System. The system allows one to capture single cells and explore gene expression profiling through the use of qPCR or RNA sequencing analysis. The technology will be discussed as well as how it can be applied in your research. Pre-requisites: Basic understanding of molecular biology.
PCR, quantitative PCR and droplet-digital PCR technologies will be discussed along with examples on which technology would best fit your research.
In this 3-day workshop, participants will prepare stranded RNA-Seq libraries and will have the opportunit to generate and analyze expression data. This hands-on workshop consists of two parts: 1) sample preparation and data generation (wet lab) and 2) data analysis. In the first part, participants will be trained at estimating RNA sample quality, generating stranded directional RNA-Seq libraries, and assessing RNA-Seq library quality. In the second part, participants will learn how to perform basic bioinformatics analyses on the RNA-Seq data, including data QC, mapping reads, and differential expression analysis. For more in-depth analyses, the GCB Academy course on RNA-Seq analysis is recommended.
Pre-requisites: Attendees should have basic laboratory skills such as lab safety principles, best RNA practices, pipetting, and dilutions.
This hands-on tutorial will introduce the data processing steps for the purpose of calling variants from whole exome sequencing data. We will go step-by-step through the best practices guide from the Genome Analysis Toolkit. After completing this tutorial, you should feel comfortable calling variants from data generated in your own labs.
Single cell expression profiling can be facilitated through the automation of the Fluidigm C1 System. The system allows one to capture single cells and explore gene expression profiling through the use of qPCR or RNA sequencing analysis. The technology will be discussed as well as how it can be applied in your research. Pre-requisites: Basic understanding of molecular biology. PCR, quantitative PCR and droplet-digital PCR technologies will be discussed along with examples on which technology would best fit your research.
Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is a versatile tool for the qualitative and quantitative characterization of peptides, proteins and metabolites for both basic and clinical research projects. One of the most important considerations in being able to translate LC-MS datasets into meaningful biological observations is to effectively use open source software packages and/or online resources geared toward LC-MS based datasets. This GCB Academy session is designed as a complement to GCB Academy course “Fundamentals of Mass Spectrometry for Proteomic and Metabolomic Analyses” (Nov 7th) and GCB Academy course “Experimental Design: Get the most out of your proteome” (Nov 8th) and is intended for users of the Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource who have or plan on generating LC/MS based Proteomic or Metabolomic Datasets with the Shared Resource. This first portion of the course will focus on the effective use of Scaffold to characterize qualitative proteomic datasets. This will include an overview of Scaffold and features such as interpretation of spectral matches at a protein or peptide level, gene ontology classification, homology matching, spectral count data, and data export. The second portion of the course will cover common proteomic and metabolomic data analysis strategies from supplemental data (typically .xlsx file formats from Rosetta Elucidator) provided as part of the Shared Resource’s quantitative proteomic workflows. This will include an overview of the typical features of a quantitative data return document, various data summarization levels, calculating peptide/protein relative fold-changes and p-values, exporting data for motif analysis (PTM specific datasets), and performing Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and 2D Clustering within JMP Pro.
Critical review of a Proteomics data analysis presents unique challenges because of the complex workflows involved in going from raw mass spectrometry data to results interpretation. Using tools discussed in the “Bioinformatics Tools” course, this class will work to ‘deconstruct’ a proteomics experiment which has had flaws in the analysis and interpretation. By finding the errors in data analysis and interpretation, the goal of this case study will be to become more aware of many common pitfalls in proteomics data analysis, and enhance your skills in reviewing proteomics datasets which are becoming much more common in the peer-reviewed literature. The material will be guided, but hands-on participation is expected. Laptops required. Prerequisites: Attendance at “Fundamentals” and “Experimental Design” classes recommended but not required, attendance at “Bioinformatics Tools” highly recommended. | https://genome.duke.edu/past-gcb-academy-offerings |
Understanding of biological processes and aberrations in disease conditions has over the years moved away from the study of single molecules to a more holistic and all-encompassing view to investigate the entire spectrum of proteins. This method, termed proteomics, has been enabled principally by mass spectrometry techniques. The power of mass spectrometry-based proteomics lays in its ability to investigate an entire proteome and associated expression or modification states of a huge amount of proteins in one single experiment. This massive amount of data requires a high level of automation in data processing to render it into a reduced set of information that can be used to answer the initial hypotheses, explore the biology or contextualize molecular changes associated with a physiological attribute. This chapter gives an overview of the most common proteomic approaches, biological sample considerations and data acquisition methods, data processing, software solutions for the various steps and further functional analyses of biological data. This enables the comparison of various datasets as a summation of individual experiments, to cross-compare sample types and other metadata. There are many approach pipelines in existence that cover specialist disciplines and data analytics steps, and it is a certainty that many more data analysis methodologies will be generated over the coming years, but it also emphasizes the inherent place of proteomic technologies in research in elucidating the nature of biological processes and understanding of disease etiology. | https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/publications/computational-approaches-in-proteomics |
Preference handling and optimization are indispensable means for addressing nontrivial applications in Answer Set Programming (ASP). However, their implementation becomes difficult whenever they bring about a significant increase in computational complexity. As a consequence, existing ASP systems do not offer complex optimization capacities, supporting, for instance, inclusion-based minimization or Pareto efficiency. Rather, such complex criteria are typically addressed by resorting to dedicated modeling techniques, like saturation. Unlike the ease of common ASP modeling, however, these techniques are rather involved and hardly usable by ASP laymen. We address this problem by developing a general implementation technique by means of meta-prpogramming, thus reusing existing ASP systems to capture various forms of qualitative preferences among answer sets. In this way, complex preferences and optimization capacities become readily available for ASP applications.
We introduce an approach to detecting inconsistencies in large biological networks by using answer set programming. To this end, we build upon a recently proposed notion of consistency between biochemical/genetic reactions and high-throughput profiles of cell activity. We then present an approach based on answer set programming to check the consistency of large-scale data sets. Moreover, we extend this methodology to provide explanations for inconsistencies by determining minimal representations of conflicts. In practice, this can be used to identify unreliable data or to indicate missing reactions.
Biology has made great progress in identifying and measuring the building blocks of life. The availability of high-throughput methods in molecular biology has dramatically accelerated the growth of biological knowledge for various organisms. The advancements in genomic, proteomic and metabolomic technologies allow for constructing complex models of biological systems. An increasing number of biological repositories is available on the web, incorporating thousands of biochemical reactions and genetic regulations. Systems Biology is a recent research trend in life science, which fosters a systemic view on biology. In Systems Biology one is interested in integrating the knowledge from all these different sources into models that capture the interaction of these entities. By studying these models one wants to understand the emerging properties of the whole system, such as robustness. However, both measurements as well as biological networks are prone to considerable incompleteness, heterogeneity and mutual inconsistency, which makes it highly non-trivial to draw biologically meaningful conclusions in an automated way. Therefore, we want to promote Answer Set Programming (ASP) as a tool for discrete modeling in Systems Biology. ASP is a declarative problem solving paradigm, in which a problem is encoded as a logic program such that its answer sets represent solutions to the problem. ASP has intrinsic features to cope with incompleteness, offers a rich modeling language and highly efficient solving technology. We present ASP solutions, for the analysis of genetic regulatory networks, determining consistency with observed measurements and identifying minimal causes for inconsistency. We extend this approach for computing minimal repairs on model and data that restore consistency. This method allows for predicting unobserved data even in case of inconsistency. Further, we present an ASP approach to metabolic network expansion. This approach exploits the easy characterization of reachability in ASP and its various reasoning methods, to explore the biosynthetic capabilities of metabolic reaction networks and generate hypotheses for extending the network. Finally, we present the BioASP library, a Python library which encapsulates our ASP solutions into the imperative programming paradigm. The library allows for an easy integration of ASP solution into system rich environments, as they exist in Systems Biology. | https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/opus4-ubp/solrsearch/index/search/searchtype/collection/id/116/rows/10/sortfield/title/sortorder/asc/start/0/yearfq/2011/subjectfq/answer+set+programming/languagefq/eng |
Browsing by Subject "Bayes Theorem"
Now showing items 1-18 of 18
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A framework for integrating the songbird brain. (J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol, 2002-12)Biological systems by default involve complex components with complex relationships. To decipher how biological systems work, we assume that one needs to integrate information over multiple levels of complexity. The songbird ...
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A new trial design to accelerate tuberculosis drug development: the Phase IIC Selection Trial with Extended Post-treatment follow-up (STEP). (BMC Med, 2016-03-23)BACKGROUND: The standard 6-month four-drug regimen for the treatment of drug-sensitive tuberculosis has remained unchanged for decades and is inadequate to control the epidemic. Shorter, simpler regimens are urgently needed ...
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Advances to Bayesian network inference for generating causal networks from observational biological data. (Bioinformatics, 2004-12-12)MOTIVATION: Network inference algorithms are powerful computational tools for identifying putative causal interactions among variables from observational data. Bayesian network inference algorithms hold particular promise ...
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Association between DNA damage response and repair genes and risk of invasive serous ovarian cancer. (PLoS One, 2010-04-08)BACKGROUND: We analyzed the association between 53 genes related to DNA repair and p53-mediated damage response and serous ovarian cancer risk using case-control data from the North Carolina Ovarian Cancer Study (NCOCS), ...
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Automatic annotation of spatial expression patterns via sparse Bayesian factor models. (PLoS Comput Biol, 2011-07)Advances in reporters for gene expression have made it possible to document and quantify expression patterns in 2D-4D. In contrast to microarrays, which provide data for many genes but averaged and/or at low resolution, ...
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Bayesian inference for genomic data integration reduces misclassification rate in predicting protein-protein interactions. (PLoS Comput Biol, 2011-07)Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are essential to most fundamental cellular processes. There has been increasing interest in reconstructing PPIs networks. However, several critical difficulties exist in obtaining reliable ...
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Bayesian inference of the number of factors in gene-expression analysis: application to human virus challenge studies. (BMC Bioinformatics, 2010-11-09)BACKGROUND: Nonparametric Bayesian techniques have been developed recently to extend the sophistication of factor models, allowing one to infer the number of appropriate factors from the observed data. We consider such techniques ...
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Delimiting species without nuclear monophyly in Madagascar's mouse lemurs. (PLoS One, 2010-03-31)BACKGROUND: Speciation begins when populations become genetically separated through a substantial reduction in gene flow, and it is at this point that a genetically cohesive set of populations attain the sole property of ...
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Detecting local haplotype sharing and haplotype association. (Genetics, 2014-07)A novel haplotype association method is presented, and its power is demonstrated. Relying on a statistical model for linkage disequilibrium (LD), the method first infers ancestral haplotypes and their loadings at each marker ...
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Estimation and validation of a multiattribute model of Alzheimer disease progression. (Med Decis Making, 2010-11)OBJECTIVES: To estimate and validate a multiattribute model of the clinical course of Alzheimer disease (AD) from mild AD to death in a high-quality prospective cohort study, and to estimate the impact of hypothetical ...
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Inference for nonlinear epidemiological models using genealogies and time series. (PLoS Comput Biol, 2011-08)Phylodynamics - the field aiming to quantitatively integrate the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of rapidly evolving populations like those of RNA viruses - increasingly relies upon coalescent approaches to infer past ...
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Influence of network topology and data collection on network inference. (Pac Symp Biocomput, 2003)We recently developed an approach for testing the accuracy of network inference algorithms by applying them to biologically realistic simulations with known network topology. Here, we seek to determine the degree to which ...
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Metabolomic derangements are associated with mortality in critically ill adult patients. (PLoS One, 2014)OBJECTIVE: To identify metabolomic biomarkers predictive of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) mortality in adults. RATIONALE: Comprehensive metabolomic profiling of plasma at ICU admission to identify biomarkers associated with ...
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Phylodynamic inference and model assessment with approximate bayesian computation: influenza as a case study. (PLoS Comput Biol, 2012)A key priority in infectious disease research is to understand the ecological and evolutionary drivers of viral diseases from data on disease incidence as well as viral genetic and antigenic variation. We propose using a ...
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Phylodynamic inference for structured epidemiological models. (PLoS Comput Biol, 2014-04)Coalescent theory is routinely used to estimate past population dynamics and demographic parameters from genealogies. While early work in coalescent theory only considered simple demographic models, advances in theory have ...
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The evolutionary origin of Indian Ocean tortoises (Dipsochelys). (Mol Phylogenet Evol, 2002-08)Today, the only surviving wild population of giant tortoises in the Indian Ocean occurs on the island of Aldabra. However, giant tortoises once inhabited islands throughout the western Indian Ocean. Madagascar, Africa, and ...
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The genomic consequences of adaptive divergence and reproductive isolation between species of manakins. (Mol Ecol, 2013-06)The processes of adaptation and speciation are expected to shape genomic variation within and between diverging species. Here we analyze genomic heterogeneity of genetic differentiation and introgression in a hybrid zone ...
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Working at the interface of phylogenetics and population genetics: a biogeographical analysis of Triaenops spp. (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae). (Mol Ecol, 2007-02)New applications of genetic data to questions of historical biogeography have revolutionized our understanding of how organisms have come to occupy their present distributions. Phylogenetic methods in combination with divergence ... | https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/browse?type=subject&value=Bayes%20Theorem |
Our research focuses on designing algorithms and development of models and software to extract information from variety of molecular biology data including genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and phospho-proteomic (i.e. omics data).
Current Projects
- Analysis of Phosphoproteomics Data in Alzheimer's Disease
- Analysis of Phosphoproteomics Data in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- Prediction of Kinase-Substrate Interactions
- Rewiring of Biological Networks
- Post-Translational Modifications Crosstalk
Bioinformatics Research Advisors
Dr. Marzieh Ayati
Assistant Professor
[email protected]
Areas of Research
- Data Mining
- High-Throughput Data Analysis
- Systems/Network Biology
- Omics Data
Related Courses
CSCI 4341 Introduction to Data Science
This course provides an introduction to computational and statistical approaches to analyzing data. While this course will substantially overlap with courses such as introductory statistics, data mining, and machine learning.
CSCI 4344 Bioinformatics
This course provides an introduction to the analysis of biological data using computational methods.Topics include sequence analysis, gene finding, pairwise and multiple alignments, gene mapping, motif identification, polymorphisms, phylogenetic analysis, microarray data analysis, and analysisof proteomic data. | https://www.utrgv.edu/csci/research/bioinformatics/index.htm |
Genomics is the study of an organism's genome aimed at the functional specification of the different parts of the sequence that comprise the blueprint of the living cell to unveil the mechanisms of the physiology of the cell and its basic, developmental, and tissue-specific processes. Proteomics...
- Proteomics: biology in the post-genomic era. Brower, Vicki // EMBO Reports;Jul2001, Vol. 2 Issue 7, p558
In June 2001, when the Human Genome Project and Celera completed the first maps of the human genome, Francis Collins, head of the government sponsored HGP, warned that only then would the real race begin. Proteomics is more complex by several orders of magnitude than genomics, with no one...
- Studying the System. Salem, Gustavo // R&D Magazine;Feb2011, Vol. 53 Issue 1, p18
The article offers information on new methods and tools that could help life science researchers in understanding the whole biological system. Approaches to biological systems study include the focus on only one aspect such as transcriptomics, genomics and proteomics but scientists believe that...
- Yeast Genomics and Drug Target Identification. Bharucha, Nikë; Kumar, Anuj // Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening;Sep2007, Vol. 10 Issue 8, p618
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is well recognized as a preferred eukaryote for the development of genomic technologies and approaches. Accordingly, a sizeable complement of genomic resources has been developed in yeast, and this genomic foundation is now informing a wide variety of...
- A network view of disease and compound screening. Schadt, Eric E.; Friend, Stephen H.; Shaywitz, David A. // Nature Reviews Drug Discovery;Apr2009, Vol. 8 Issue 4, p286
The large-scale generation and integration of genomic, proteomic, signalling and metabolomic data are increasingly allowing the construction of complex networks that provide a new framework for understanding the molecular basis of physiological or pathophysiological states. Network-based drug...
- Software Needed to See Systems Biology. // Genomics & Proteomics;Mar2004, Vol. 4 Issue 2, p20
Presents computer software tools available to process and analyze data involving molecular interactions. Composition of systems biology; Representation in the software as nodes with intermolecular interactions shown as links between the nodes; Implication on the additional data that can be...
- Mining metabolites: extracting the yeast metabolome from the literature. Nobata, Chikashi; Dobson, Paul; Iqbal, Syed; Mendes, Pedro; Tsujii, Jun'ichi; Kell, Douglas; Ananiadou, Sophia // Metabolomics;Mar2011, Vol. 7 Issue 1, p94
Text mining methods have added considerably to our capacity to extract biological knowledge from the literature. Recently the field of systems biology has begun to model and simulate metabolic networks, requiring knowledge of the set of molecules involved. While genomics and proteomics...
- Comprehensive characterization of malignant phyllodes tumor by whole genomic and proteomic analysis: biological implications for targeted therapy opportunities. Jardim, Denis L. Fontes; Conley, Anthony; Subbiah, Vivek // Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases;2013, Vol. 8 Issue 1, p1
Background:Phyllodes tumors are uncommon breast tumors that account for less than 0.5% of all breast malignancies. After metastases develop, the prognosis is poor, with very few patients living more than 1 year. The biology of this unusual cancer is not understood and,...
- Neutrophil Proteome: Lessons from Different Standpoints. Morris, C. F. M.; Castro, M. S.; Fontes, W. // Protein & Peptide Letters;Sep2008, Vol. 15 Issue 9, p995
The present review brings a timeline of some of the major steps given throughout the years towards the development of our knowledge regarding the biology of the neutrophil. The contribution of early articles and their elementary biochemical approach is highlighted. The importance of the... | http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/12465402/thinking-tinkering-tooling-systems-biology |
This thesis investigates four different aspects of information security management: challenges faced by security practitioners, interactive collaborations among security practitioners and other stakeholders, diagnostic work performed by security practitioners during the response to incidents, and factors that impact the adoption of an intrusion detection system in one organization. Our approach is based on qualitative analyzes of empirical data from semi-structured interviews and participatory observation. For each theme under study, the contributions of the qualitative analysis are twofold. First, we provide a richer understanding of the main factors that affect the security within organizations. Second, equipped with this richer understanding, we provide recommendations on how to improve security tools, along with opportunities for future research. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the human, organizational, and technological factors that affect security in organizations and the effectiveness of security tools. Our work also highlights the need for continued refinement of how factors interplay by obtaining more rich data (e.g., contextual inquiry), and the need to generalize and validate these findings through other sources of information to study how these factors interplay (e.g., surveys). | https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0065500 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Department
Department of Leadership, Technology, and Human Development
Committee Chair
Gregory Chamblee
Committee Member 1
Cordelia Zinskie
Committee Member 2
Paul Brinson
Abstract
ABSTRACT
This program evaluation of a Study Skills Freshman Academy in a medium size high school in the Southeastern region of the United States explored the impact of the academy model on student discipline, attendance, and academic achievement. The program targeted incoming first year ninth grade students, identified as having the potential for non-completion of high school, to make a successful transition from middle school. Stufflebeam’s CIPP [Context, Input, Process and Product] evaluation model was employed to examine and evaluate the academy.
The program evaluation was conducted using a mixed methods approach, yielding both qualitative and quantitative data for analysis. Participants were the students initially enrolled in the program as well as five school personnel who were directly involved in program design and implementation. Data collected were student surveys, student archival data, student focus group interviews and interviews with school personnel. For the quantitative portion of this research study, online surveys were completed by student participants. For each sub-question, descriptive statistics were calculated for each CIPP evaluation component. Qualitative data from the student focus group and school personnel interviews were analyzed for each CIPP category. Qualitative data were analyzed using Merriman’s (1998) basic interpretive method and Glesne’s (2006) steps for thematic analysis.
Review of the data suggested that the program had proven effective in meeting its stated goals to positively impact student achievement, increase the students’ average daily attendance, lower the number of disciplinary incidents, and decrease ninth grade retention rates. Findings, in comparison to the eighth-grade archival data, regarding student discipline were that the overall number of incident referrals were lower, the average daily attendance rate was higher, and academic achievement was improved in reading and math skills. The Study Skills Freshman Academy was categorized as meeting its stated goals based on CIPP evaluation techniques.
The program evaluation was conducted in a rural Georgia, singular high school setting. Replication of the evaluation in schools of varying sizes, locales (i.e., rural, metro, urban, suburban), and/or various states may produce comprehensive data that could be generalized to measure program effectiveness.
Recommended Citation
Rowe, Cheryl D., "Assessing a Study Skills Freshman Academy Program in a Rural Georgia School District: A CIPP Program Evaluation" (2018). Electronic Theses & Dissertations. | https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/1758/ |
Available under License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.
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Abstract
Introduction There are multiple configurations of specialist nurses working in the field of Parkinson’s. Parkinson’s Nurse Specialists (PNSs) are recognised as playing a pivotal role; however, there is little published evidence to demonstrate their effectiveness. Further evidence is needed to establish which aspects of the PNSs provide the greatest benefit to people with Parkinson’s and their families, and the cost-effectiveness of different models of care.
Methods and analysis Realist approaches explain how and why programmes work (or not) through striving to answer the question: what works, for whom and under what circumstances. This research uses a realist evaluation and aims to integrate an economic analysis within the realist framework. We refer to this as ‘realist economic evaluation’. It comprises four phases: (1) developing resource-sensitive initial programme theories (IPTs) using surveys to gain a better understanding of the role and impact (costs and benefits) of the PNSs; (2) testing the IPTs through qualitative interviews and quantitative data analysis; (3) evaluating the cost and resource use implications alongside the benefits associated with the role of the PNSs and (4) iteratively refining the IPTs throughout the project. The IPTs will draw on both quantitative and qualitative data. The result of the study will be a series of refined programme theories, which will explain how specialist nurses work in the field of Parkinson’s in the UK, what impact they have on people with Parkinson’s and their families and carers, and at what cost.
Ethics and dissemination Northumbria University, the Health Research Authority and Health and Care Research Wales have approved this study. Key findings will be disseminated throughout the duration of the project online and through social media, and via annual and regional Parkinson’s meetings and the Parkinson’s UK Excellence Network. Academic dissemination will occur through publication and conference presentations. | http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/44198/ |
Authors : Steffen Lemke, Maryam Mehrazar, Athanasios Mazarakis, Isabella Peters
The Social Sciences have long been struggling with quantitative forms of research assessment—insufficient coverage in prominent citation indices and overall lower citation counts than in STM subject areas have led to a widespread weariness regarding bibliometric evaluations among social scientists.
Fueled by the rise of the social web, new hope is often placed on alternative metrics that measure the attention scholarly publications receive online, in particular on social media. But almost a decade after the coining of the term altmetrics for this new group of indicators, the uptake of the concept in the Social Sciences still seems to be low.
Just like with traditional bibliometric indicators, one central problem hindering the applicability of altmetrics for the Social Sciences is the low coverage of social science publications on the respective data sources—which in the case of altmetrics are the various social media platforms on which interactions with scientific outputs can be measured.
Another reason is that social scientists have strong opinions about the usefulness of metrics for research evaluation which may hinder broad acceptance of altmetrics too. We conducted qualitative interviews and online surveys with researchers to identify the concerns which inhibit the use of social media and the utilization of metrics for research evaluation in the Social Sciences.
By analyzing the response data from the interviews in conjunction with the response data from the surveys, we identify the key concerns that inhibit social scientists from (1) applying social media for professional purposes and (2) making use of the wide array of metrics available.
Our findings show that aspects of time consumption, privacy, dealing with information overload, and prevalent styles of communication are predominant concerns inhibiting Social Science researchers from using social media platforms for their work.
Regarding indicators for research impact we identify a widespread lack of knowledge about existing metrics, their methodologies and meanings as a major hindrance for their uptake through social scientists.
The results have implications for future developments of scholarly online tools and show that researchers could benefit considerably from additional formal training regarding the correct application and interpretation of metrics. | https://microblogging.infodocs.eu/?tag=isabella-peters |
Diabetes can cause your blood sugar to be too high or too low. This can lead to kidney disease, nerve damage, and conditions that affect your skin, eyes, and feet.
Diabetes is a lifelong condition that requires ongoing attention. Without proper management, it can lead to several potentially severe complications.
If you have diabetes, it’s important to routinely monitor your blood sugar. No matter how careful you may be, it’s still possible that a problem might arise.
This article details the different complications that can occur in diabetes.
There are two types of complications you may experience: acute and chronic.
Acute complications require emergency care. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and ketoacidosis (the buildup of acid in your blood as a result of high blood sugar) are examples of acute complications.
If left untreated, these conditions can lead to:
Without proper management, diabetes can also lead to chronic complications.
Diabetes causes high blood sugar. Over time and without proper treatment, this can damage various organs, including your:
Unmanaged diabetes can also cause nerve damage.
People with diabetes can experience sudden drops in their blood sugar. Skipping a meal or taking too much of a medication that increases insulin levels in your body can commonly cause this. Symptoms can include:
If your blood sugar gets too low, you may experience fainting, seizures, or coma.
This complication of diabetes occurs when your body cannot use sugar, or glucose, as a fuel source because your body has no insulin or not enough insulin. Ketoacidosis is
If your cells do not get enough energy, your body begins to break down fat. Potentially toxic acids called ketone bodies, which are byproducts of fat breakdown, then build up in your body. This can lead to:
Diabetes can damage blood vessels in your eyes and cause various eye conditions, such as the following:
Cataracts
Cataracts are
Glaucoma
This is when pressure builds up in your eye and restricts blood flow to your retina and optic nerve. Glaucoma causes gradual loss of vision. Compared to people without diabetes, people with diabetes are
Learn the causes, types, and treatments of glaucoma.
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is a category that includes any problems with the retina that are related to diabetes. In the
This condition can also advance to the proliferative form, in which damaged blood vessels of the retina close off and force new blood vessels to form. These new vessels are weak and may bleed. The proliferative form of diabetic retinopathy can lead to permanent vision loss.
Read more about the four stages of diabetic retinopathy.
Macular edema
Macular edema results from diabetic retinopathy. When capillary walls lose their ability to control the passage of substances between the blood and the retina, fluid can leak into the macula, causing it to swell. The macula is the part of your eye that lets you see faces and read.
This condition
Over time, high blood sugar levels can affect your kidneys’ ability to filter waste out of your body. When this happens, substances such as protein may incorrectly pass into your urine. This progressive damage to your kidneys is called diabetic nephropathy.
You are at higher risk for kidney disease if you also have high blood pressure. Diabetes is the
Excess sugar in your bloodstream can
- tingling
- numbness
- pain
- burning sensations
If numbness becomes severe, you may eventually not even be able to notice an injury until a large sore or infection develops.
Learn more about diabetic neuropathy and type 2 diabetes here.
High blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels in your body. This can cause problems with circulation and
People with diabetes are
If you have diabetes, it’s crucial that you take foot problems seriously. Without proper care, small sores or breaks in your skin may turn into deep skin ulcers. If skin ulcers get larger or grow deeper, they can lead to gangrene, which can require foot amputation.
Skin complications, such as bacterial and viral infections, are often the first symptoms of diabetes. Diabetes can also cause specific skin conditions, such as diabetic dermopathy, diabetic blisters, and necrobiosis.
Long-term complications of diabetes develop gradually. The longer you’ve had diabetes, the higher your risk for complications.
However, proper preventive care can help you lessen or avoid many or all of these diabetes complications. The more effectively you manage your blood sugar levels, the lower your risk of developing complications and the better your long-term outlook.
In the last 20 years, the rates of several major diabetes complications
Diabetes complications often share causes and risk factors. Making changes to improve your overall health can also help reduce your risk of several complications. You can improve your diabetes outlook by:
- making an effort to reach or maintain a moderate weight
- getting more physical activity when possible
- eating a balanced, nutritious diet
- taking medications diligently, as directed by a healthcare professional
Diabetes is a lifelong condition, and without proper management, it can cause numerous complications. These include chronic kidney disease, nerve damage, and conditions that affect your eyes, feet, blood vessels, and skin.
Reaching or maintaining a moderate weight, leading an active lifestyle, eating a healthful diet, and following your treatment plan can help you manage diabetes. | https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes-complications?utm_source=ReadNext |
When a person has diabetes, they have high levels of blood sugar. If glucose levels remain high, many health issues can arise. Managing these levels can reduce the risk of excess blood sugar causing damage across the body.
Getting an early diagnosis of diabetes, as well as following a treatment plan that involves regular medical care, lifestyle changes, and medication, can help limit the effects of diabetes.
This article looks at some of the long-term complications of diabetes and how to prevent them.
Find out here how to recognize the common symptoms of diabetes.
Glucose, or blood sugar, is the main energy source for the human body. It comes from the food people eat. The hormone insulin helps the cells of the body convert glucose into fuel.
In type 1 diabetes, the body’s immune system attacks cells in the pancreas and stops them from making insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the body is not able to make insulin or the insulin does not work as it should.
In both types of diabetes, the amount of sugar in the blood becomes higher than it should be.
Type 2 is more common. It develops over time and is often related to a lack of exercise, an unhealthful diet, or obesity, though other factors may also predispose a person to develop it. Type 1 is usually genetic and
Both types of diabetes can cause a variety of damage to the body if a person does not control the condition.
High blood glucose levels can cause damage to all parts of the cardiovascular system. For this reason, there is a close link between diabetes and cardiovascular problems.
Blood vessels
Excess blood sugar decreases the elasticity of blood vessels and causes them to narrow, impeding blood flow. This can lead to a reduced supply of blood and oxygen, increasing the risk of high blood pressure and damage to large and small blood vessels.
High blood pressure is a risk factor for heart disease. Nearly
Damage to large blood vessels is known as macrovascular disease, while microvascular disease refers to damage to small blood vessels.
Complications from macrovascular disease include:
Microvascular disease can also lead to problems with the:
- eyes
- kidneys
- nervous system
A person with diabetes can reduce the risk of cardiovascular and circulatory problems by:
- managing blood sugar levels
- quitting smoking
- managing blood pressure and lipids
- using prescription medications, such as statin drugs, to lower cholesterol
- monitoring blood pressure
- exercising regularly
- eating a fiber-rich diet
For some people with type 2 diabetes, current guidelines recommend that doctors prescribe sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2) and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA).
These drugs can reduce the risk of high blood sugar and cardiovascular disease. They also work to decrease weight, lower blood pressure, reduce systemic inflammation, and improve cardiac function.
The guidelines recommend these for people who have diabetes, plus those with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease with a high risk of heart failure, and chronic kidney disease.
These drugs can also reduce the risk of chronic kidney disease progression. A doctor may also prescribe them to treat atherosclerosis with no relation to heart failure.
The cardiovascular system
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), cardiovascular disease is the
The CDC add that people with diabetes are two to three times more likely to have a stroke or die of some form of heart disease than those without diabetes.
People with diabetes also tend to develop more serious heart problems at an earlier age than people without the condition.
In addition, diabetes often occurs alongside other conditions that stress the heart, such as obesity, hypertension, and high cholesterol.
An unhealthful diet and a lack of exercise are risk factors for both cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Wounds and infections
Poor circulation
A person with diabetes should check their skin regularly for wounds and see their doctor if they have any signs of an infection, including redness, swelling, or fever.
Neuropathy, or nerve damage, is a common complication of diabetes. About
More than half of people living with diabetes will eventually get the condition.
Neuropathy can affect any part of the nervous system, including the nerves that control autonomic or involuntary functions, such as digestion.
However, the most common form is peripheral neuropathy. This causes pain and numbness in the extremities, specifically the legs, feet, and toes, arms, hands, and fingers.
Neuropathy can also affect the hips and upper legs.
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) says that up to
Click here to find out more about diabetic neuropathy.
Feet
The loss of sensation that occurs with neuropathy can make it harder for a person to notice small wounds. Combined with poor circulation, this can lead to severe complications.
If a person does not notice a blister on their foot, for example, an infection can develop and worsen quickly. Poor circulation contributes to this. Ulceration and tissue death can result, and amputation may be necessary in some cases.
Over time, high blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels in the kidneys. This damage prevents the kidneys from filtering waste out of the blood. In time, kidney failure can result.
The NIDDK describes diabetes as one of the main causes of kidney disease. It affects
Diabetic nephropathy is a kidney disease that affects people with diabetes. Learn more here.
Diabetes
Short-term problems include blurred vision due to high blood sugar. Long-term complications include:
Having regular eye tests, managing blood sugar, and avoiding or quitting smoking can all help protect eye health with diabetes.
Find out more about the link between blurry vision and diabetes here.
Damage to the nervous system can affect autonomic body functions, including digestion.
Gastroparesis can happen when nerve damage
The condition can result in:
- nausea
- vomiting
- acid reflux
- bloating
- abdominal pain
- weight loss in severe cases
Learn more about diabetic gastroparesis here.
Diabetes-related damage to blood vessels and the autonomic nervous system may have a negative effect on sexual function and the body’s ability to send and respond to sexual stimuli.
Erectile dysfunction is more than three times more likely to develop in men with diabetes, and it can appear
Other ways in which diabetes can affect people’s confidence in their sex life include:
- the condition’s impact on mental health
- worry that sex may lower glucose levels, leading to hypoglycemia
- uncertainty about what to do with an insulin pump
However, there are ways of overcoming all of these problems.
Learn more about how diabetes can affect a person’s sex life and how to manage these complications here.
Diabetes can affect fertility in both men and women.
A 2020 review of 28 studies shows an association between the risk of type 2 diabetes and the earlier onset of puberty in girls.
Menstrual irregularities are also common once menstruation starts, a female
There is also a
Diabetes can also cause pregnancy complications — therefore, good blood sugar management during the entire pregnancy is essential.
There are links between diabetes and various skin conditions. Symptoms can range from mild to severe.
Problems include a higher chance of:
- dry skin
- skin tags
- dark patches of skin, known as acanthosis nigricans
- bacterial infections, such as styes or boils
- fungal infections, such as thrush or athlete’s foot
- itching
- diabetic dermopathy, which involves harmless but potentially bothersome roundish, brown, scaly patches
- blisters
Studies have
Ulcers can develop if a skin infection becomes severe. Ulcers are open wounds that are slow to heal.
Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) starts as a raised area of skin that can turn violet and become itchy and sore. NLD is a rare condition that may need treatment if the sores open.
A person with high blood sugar levels may also have
Calluses, foot sores, and dry skin can also pose problems. If wounds develop from these, ulcers can appear. Without attention, a foot ulcer can become dangerous, possibly resulting in the need for an amputation.
Learn more about how diabetes can lead to skin problems here.
Metabolism is the process by which the body converts nutrients into energy. Disruption to this process can lead to various complications, some of which can be life threatening.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life threatening diabetes complication. It happens when the body cannot use glucose for energy, so it starts to break down fat. As it does this, it releases chemicals known as ketones. High levels of ketones can make the blood too acidic.
Within a few hours, this can lead to various symptoms, including:
Without treatment, DKA can be fatal.
DKA is most likely to affect a person with type 1 diabetes, but it can also happen with type 2 diabetes if blood sugar levels rise too far.
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
A hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) occurs when blood sugars are extremely high. It is more common in type 2 diabetes.
Symptoms develop gradually and include:
- dehydration
- confusion
- loss of consciousness and coma
HHS can be fatal if a person does not receive treatment quickly.
Metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome refers to a collection of conditions and symptoms, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity.
A doctor
- high fasting blood sugar
- high LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and low HDL (“good”) cholesterol
- hypertension, or high blood pressure
- a large waist size due to body fat around the middle
- high levels of triglycerides in the blood
Risk factors for diabetes and other aspects of metabolic syndrome include low physical activity and excess weight.
Diabetes can affect a person’s mental health in
- concerns about treatment, health, and possible complications that can give rise to stress, anxiety, and depression
- concerns about the cost of treatment and whether or not they are getting it right, especially if symptoms change
- mood disorders that make it difficult for a person to keep a healthy lifestyle
Learning as much as possible about diabetes can help reduce stress. The more a person knows about their condition, the more control they will feel they have over their diabetes and its treatment.
Knowing what to do in each situation can boost a person’s confidence and leave them feeling better overall.
Working with a healthcare professional can help to minimize these problems. A doctor or counselor can help make a plan to reduce the risk of mental health problems.
The following are answers to some common questions about diabetes.
How do I reduce the risk of diabetes complications?
The longer a person has diabetes, the
Ways to minimize the risks include:
- managing blood sugar levels through insulin use or medication
- boosting overall health with lifestyle measures, such as having a healthful diet, exercising, and managing blood glucose
- following the treatment plan that the doctor recommends
What are the first signs of diabetes?
Early signs of diabetes include frequent urination, excessive thirst or hunger, fatigue, and numbness in the hands or feet.
Learn about other early signs of diabetes here.
What is gestational diabetes?
This is another type of diabetes that only develops during pregnancy. Hormones from the placenta prevent the insulin in the body from properly storing glucose and the body does not make enough insulin to counteract this. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after delivery.
Diabetes occurs when a person’s blood sugar levels become too high. In time, high blood sugar levels can affect all parts of the body and result in several complications, some of which can be serious.
In the short term, a person with high blood glucose levels will notice that they feel thirsty and need to urinate frequently. If this happens, they should see a doctor whether or not they have a diagnosis of diabetes.
Without treatment, diabetes can lead to confusion and possibly a loss of consciousness, coma, and death.
In the long term, diabetes increases the risk of damage to blood vessels and nerves, resulting in a wide range of complications. All forms of diabetes can disrupt daily life, but a person who manages their blood sugar levels well has a good chance of living a full and active life. | https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317483 |
Type 1 diabetes can affect other illnesses if blood sugar levels are not well controlled. High levels of sugar in the blood affects blood vessels, which can lead to complications, including the following:
- gradual changes in the retina, which may cause loss of vision
- damage to the kidneys, which may eventually lead to dialysis treatments
- injuries to nerves, which may cause pain and loss of feeling
- high blood pressure, which increases the risk of heart attack and stroke
- poor blood flow to extremities, which may lead to infections
Over the long term, serious complications can develop as a result of type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is related to cardiovascular disease, nerve damage, stroke, blindness and kidney failure. Poor circulation can also result in foot problems that, if left untreated, could leave to amputation of the foot or leg. Uncontrolled diabetes can also lead to pregnancy complications and birth defects.
The risk of these complications can be considerably reduced with early diagnosis and by consistently maintaining proper blood sugar levels.
Continue Learning about Diabetes Complications
Important: This content reflects information from various individuals and organizations and may offer alternative or opposing points of view. It should not be used for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. As always, you should consult with your healthcare provider about your specific health needs. | https://www.sharecare.com/health/diabetes-complications/how-type1-diabetes-affect-body |
A1C is a blood test that measures your average blood sugar level for the past two to three months. A1C is also called a hemoglobin A1C, HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin, or glycated hemoglobin test. In the body, a protein called hemoglobin carries oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. You can collect glucose along the way and the glucose will bind to hemoglobin, which is then converted to glycated hemoglobin. The higher the blood glucose level, the more glucose binds to hemoglobin. The A1C test measures the amount of hemoglobin with glucose attached to it.
This test is often used to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes, and to track treatment plans for people with diabetes. Experts have identified A1C levels for a healthy person, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes , and knowing your A1C level can help you make adjustments to your treatment and lifestyle.
A1C ranges and what they mean
The A1C result is presented as a percentage, reflecting the percentage of glucose and hemoglobin bound. For example, an A1C level where there are five glycated hemoglobins out of 100 hemoglobin would be 5%.
The A1C ranges for normal, prediabetes , and diabetes are as follows:
- Normal: less than 5.7%
- Prediabetes: 5.7% to 6.4%
- Diabetes: 6.5% and more
The higher the A1C, the higher the blood glucose level. If your A1C is in the prediabetes range, you should speak with your doctor to determine the best way to prevent type 2 diabetes, as prediabetes is a known risk factor for type 2 diabetes. In general, within the prediabetic range, the higher the A1C, the greater the risk of diabetes.
The A1C test should not be used to diagnose type 1 diabetes, gestational diabetes, or cystic fibrosis-related diabetes.
What happens when the A1C is too high?
The high A1C level cannot be ignored. Research shows a direct correlation between high A1C levels and serious complications of diabetes. An A1C level greater than 7% means that a person is at a higher risk of complications from diabetes, which should make sure that the person has a plan to control their blood sugar and reduce that risk. If these strategies already exist, an increase in A1C may indicate that they need to be modified.
Several factors can falsely raise or lower your A1C score, including:
- Kidney failure, liver disease, or severe anemia.
- Immigrants from Africa, the Mediterranean or Southeast Asia
- Certain blood disorders (such as sickle cell anemia or thalassemia)
- Certain medications, including opioids and some HIV medications.
- Loss of blood or blood transfusion.
- Early or late pregnancy
If not treated properly, high blood sugar levels can lead to serious complications such as heart disease, stroke, vision loss, nerve damage, kidney and gum disease. Short-term problems to watch out for include hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia .
Heart disease and stroke
People living with diabetes have high blood sugar levels, and over time this can damage the blood vessels and nerves that control the heart, which can lead to heart disease . People with diabetes have been found to develop heart disease at a younger age than people without diabetes. Also, the longer you have diabetes, the greater your chances of developing heart disease.
The most common type of heart disease is coronary artery disease , which occurs when plaque builds up on the walls of the coronary arteries, the blood vessels that supply oxygen and blood to the heart. Plaque is made up of cholesterol deposits that constrict the inside of the arteries and reduce blood flow. This process is called atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries. Reduced blood flow to the heart can lead to a heart attack .
Reduced blood flow to the brain can also cause a stroke . Diabetic patients are especially at significantly higher risk of stroke and have a higher mortality rate.
Those who have diabetes are also more likely to have other conditions that increase their risk for heart disease, including:
- High blood pressure : This increases blood flow to the arteries and can damage the walls of the arteries.
- Too much low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol – This is also known as bad cholesterol and can lead to plaque buildup on the walls of damaged arteries.
- High triglycerides : This, when combined with low HDL cholesterol or high LDL cholesterol, is believed to help strengthen the arteries.
People with diabetes are also more likely to have heart failure when their heart cannot pump blood well.
Blindness
Diabetes can also damage the eyes, which can lead to blurred vision and vision loss . Eye problems that can occur in people with diabetes are called diabetic eye diseases, which include diabetic retinopathy , diabetic macular edema (fluid retention in the retina ), cataracts , and glaucoma . However, people with diabetes can take steps to prevent diabetic eye disease by taking care of their diabetes.
If blood glucose levels remain high over time, they can damage the tiny blood vessels at the back of the eyes. This damage can start during prediabetes. Damaged blood vessels can leak fluid and cause swelling. New weak blood vessels can also start to grow. These blood vessels can bleed in the middle of the eye, leave scars, or cause dangerously high pressure inside the eye.
Diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of vision loss in people with diabetes. Early detection and treatment of diabetic retinopathy can reduce the risk of blindness by 95%.
At the first eye injury, warning signs are often missing. A comprehensive dilated eye exam helps your doctor identify and treat vision problems early, before serious vision loss occurs. Adults with type 1 diabetes undergo eye enlargement exams for five years after diagnosis and then every year thereafter. Adults with type 2 diabetes should have an eye exam soon after diagnosis and an enlarged eye exam every year.
Nerve damage
Damage to the nerves caused by diabetes is called diabetic neuropathy . High blood sugar damages your nerves, and these nerves can stop sending messages to various parts of your body. Nerve damage can cause problems ranging from mild numbness to pain. Half of people with diabetes have nerve damage.
There are several types of neuropathy:
- Peripheral nerve damage: This type of damage affects the hands, feet, legs, and arms and is the most common type of nerve damage in people with diabetes. This usually starts with the legs; usually on both legs at the same time.
- Autonomic nerve damage: affects the heart, bladder, stomach, intestines, genitals, or eyes.
- Proximal nerve injury: Nerves in the thighs, thighs, buttocks, or legs are affected. It can also affect the abdomen and chest area.
- Focal nerve injury: Individual nerves are affected, most often in the arm, head, trunk, or leg.
People with diabetes should pay attention to the symptoms of nerve damage by recognizing new symptoms associated with pain, numbness, or new incontinence or bowel control problems. As with other complications, keeping your blood sugar levels as close to your target range as possible is the best way to prevent or delay nerve damage.
Kidney disease
People with diabetes can also get diabetic kidney disease . About one in three adults with diabetes has kidney disease. High blood glucose levels can damage the blood vessels in the kidneys. When this happens, they stop working. Many people with diabetes also develop high blood pressure, which can also damage the kidneys.
Gum disease
Diabetes doesn't just lead to high blood sugar levels. People with diabetes also have sugar in their saliva, which ends up in their mouth. Therefore, your teeth and gums are more exposed to sugar, which promotes the growth of microbes and plaque, irritating the gums and causing them to become ill .
In addition to gum disease, the jaw and tongue, as well as other tissues in the mouth, can be affected. Gum disease and other more common oral problems in people with diabetes include:
- Gingivitis (swollen or diseased gums)
- Periodontitis
- Canker sores (oral candidiasis)
- Xerostomia (dry mouth)
- Oral burning
Some of the first signs of gum disease are swollen, painful, or bleeding gums. Sometimes you may not have any signs of gum disease. You may not realize this until you are seriously injured. The best defense is to visit the dentist twice a year for cleanings and check-ups.
Lower A1C
While the complications of diabetes are serious, there are ways to control your blood sugar levels to lower your A1C levels and prevent them. With the help of a healthcare professional, a treatment plan that includes medications and lifestyle changes can help lower your levels and avoid complications.
Track healthy eating and diet
Your diet has a big impact on the way your body makes and uses blood sugar. To maintain healthy blood sugar levels and therefore lower A1C, it is helpful to eat healthy and track your food intake. Tracking your food intake helps you plan healthy options ahead of time, as well as analyze what may have been causing your blood sugar spike.
Here are some healthy snacks to help lower your A1C levels:
- Berries
- Walnuts
- Eggs
- Yogurt
- Apples
Stress Relief Techniques
Stress management is critical to overall health and helps people with diabetes in particular.
Research has shown that acute stress can increase glucose production and interfere with glucose utilization. This means that better stress management can have a positive effect on blood sugar levels.
Some methods to relieve stress include:
- Yoga
- Login
- To meditate
- Talk therapy
Keep active
Exercise helps people with diabetes for a number of reasons, including weight loss and stress relief, but it also directly affects blood sugar levels. When you exercise, your muscles need and use sugar, which lowers blood levels. Studies have shown that regular and prolonged physical activity training has a positive effect on glycemic control and body composition in patients with type 2 diabetes. It also contributed to the development of the cardiovascular system among these patients.
The more you exercise, the greater the decrease in A1C. Try to be active for at least 10 minutes every day.
Medications and periodic monitoring
The A1C is an important tool for managing diabetes, but it is not a substitute for regular home blood sugar tests. Blood sugar rises and falls during the day and at night, which does not show up on your A1C. Two people can have the same A1C: one with constant blood sugar levels and the other with high and low fluctuations.
If you reach your A1C goal but have symptoms of rising or falling, check your blood sugar more often and at different times of the day. Track your results and share them with your healthcare provider so that you can make changes to your medication and treatment plan as needed.
Get the word of drug information
The A1C blood test is just one of many tools for monitoring and controlling blood sugar levels. A1C is the average blood sugar level for 90 days, so healthcare professionals will likely recommend checking your blood sugar between A1C tests if your blood sugar is not being monitored. Checking your blood sugar regularly can help you identify factors that affect your blood sugar and adjust your treatment plan. Controlling diabetes is your best defense against the various complications that diabetes can cause. Discuss problems and new symptoms with your doctor to make sure your treatment plan is tailored to your needs. | https://www.pharmaonlinerx.com/what-happens-when-the-a1c-gets-too-high/ |
Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most debilitating complications of type 1 diabetes, and one of the most common. It is the medical name given to progressive damage to the nervous system caused by diabetes. Diabetic neuropathy leads to a loss of feeling in the hands and feet, and is the most common cause of "nontraumatic" (not due to an accident) amputations in the United States. More than 60 percent of people with diabetes have some form of neuropathy, but only about half experience symptoms. It is most common among those who have had diabetes for at least 25 years.
What are the complications of diabetic neuropathy?
Diabetic neuropathy can affect nerves throughout the body, and every organ system as well. Different doctors classify neuropathy in different ways. One way to classify diabetic neuropathies is as either peripheral, autonomic, proximal, or focal.
Peripheral neuropathy can cause pain, burning, tingling, or numbness in the hands, feet, arms, and/or legs.
Autonomic neuropathy can cause problems with the digestive system, including bowel and bladder function; the sexual organs; the sweat glands; the eyes; the heart; and the blood vessels that control blood pressure. It can also make it difficult to feel the body's signals of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).
Proximal neuropathy can lead to weakness in the legs, and pain in the hips, thighs, and buttocks.
Focal neuropathy can causes a sudden weakening of a nerve or group of nerves anywhere in the body, but most often in the head, torso, or leg, resulting in muscle weakness or pain. It is possible to have neuropathy present without any noticeable symptoms.
What can be done to prevent and treat diabetic neuropathy?
People who have a history of poor blood sugar control, those over 40, those who are overweight, and those with high levels of blood fat and high blood pressure are most at risk for developing the complications of diabetic neuropathy. So tight blood control, maintaining ideal weight, and regular exercise are essential preventative measures. It is also important to limit alcohol consumption, take care of your feet, and report any problems with feet, legs, digestion, sexual functioning, dizziness, and inability to detect low blood sugar to your doctor. Specific treatments vary depending on what type of neuropathy exists. | https://www.bighealth.net/conditions/diabetes/neuropathy.htm |
Autonomic Neuropathy : Symptoms, causes and treatment
World Diabetes Day is 14th November. It’s such a prevalent and important issue that we would like to discuss autonomic neuropathy in a bit more detail with you.
Neuropathy is the collective word for damage to nerves, it is one of the most common diabetes- related complications. Around 60-70% of people with diabetes have some level of neuropathy. There are 2 main forms:
Peripheral Neuropathy (Sensory and Motor):
This is damage to the nerves in the periphery, such as your hands and feet. The feet are often the first place you experience problems because the nerves in the feet are furthest from the brain and the spinal cord. Damage to the peripheral nerves can interfere with your ability to feel pain.
Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy (DAN):
Often simply referred to as autonomic neuropathy and is a serious and often overlooked complication of diabetes. DAN is damage to the nerves that control involuntary bodily functions and your internal organs, such as your stomach, bladder, heart, blood vessels and sweat glands.
What causes Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy?
Over time, high blood glucose and high levels of fats in the blood, such as triglycerides, can damage your nerves and the small blood vessels that sustain your nerves, leading to diabetic autonomic neuropathy. DAN usually presents alongside other diabetes complications, such as peripheral neuropathy. It makes sense that if nerves in other parts of your body could similarly be affected. However, DAN can occur on its own, or may be diagnosed before other diabetes-related complications are recognised.
What are the symptoms of Autonomic Neuropathy?
The symptoms will depend on which of your body’s functions are affected and can include any, or a combination, of the following:
Gastro-intestinal disturbances such as bloating, nausea, gastroparesis, constipation, diarrhoea (especially at night), and faecal incontinence (the inability to control bowel movements).
Urinary and genital tracts (reproductive organs), including bladder problems such as recurrent urinary tract infections, kidney infections, incontinence and sexual dysfunction.
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy symptoms include tachycardia (a rapid heartbeat while resting, orthostatic hypotension (also called postural hypotension – a form of low blood pressure when you stand up from sitting or lying down). Also people with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy are at double the risk of silent myocardial ischaemia (heart attacks) and mortality (death).
Also, Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy can cause Sudomotor Dysfunction which means that the thermos-regulatory sweating, the way your body keeps cool, is damaged. It tends to occur in a glove and stocking distribution initially. This means that in the beginning it will affect the hands and feet, by making them dry and crack, but over time it can extend further up the limbs and into the abdomen. Eventually it results in “global anhidrosis”, the inability to sweat at all. This is even more dangerous, as when you don’t sweat your body can’t cool itself, which can lead to overheating and potentially heatstroke.
Some people with sudomotor dysfunction can experience excessive sweating, as the body’s way to compensate. Gustatory sweating is an abnormal production of sweat that occurs soon after eating food. The sweating begins on the forehead and then spreads to the face, scalp and neck.
Other ways Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy may make itself known is through:
· Impaired neurovascular function such as loss of sensation and numbness.
· Exercise intolerance
· Hypoglycaemic autonomic failure – defective glucose counter-regulation in hypoglycaemia (low sugar levels) and hypoglycaemia unawareness.
How is Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy diagnosed?
Doctors diagnosed DAN based on your symptoms, family and medical history, a physical exam which includes checking your heart rate and blood pressure (while you are lying down and after standing up) and other tests to check for different types of autonomic nerve damage.
How common is Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy?
It is not exactly known how many people suffer from DAN but it is estimated that around 20% of people with diabetes have symptoms suggestive of DAN.
Prevention and Screening
Knowledge of early autonomic dysfunction can encourage you to help treat autonomic neuropathy by keeping your blood glucose levels, blood pressure and cholesterol as close to your target as possible. Reducing alcohol intake and stopping smoking can keep nerve damage from getting worse.
Your ProMed Podiatrist is highly skilled and experienced in performing diabetes foot risk assessments as part of your annual cycle of care. If you have any concerns regarding your foot health, please contact us to book your assessment.
HEALTHY FEET ARE HAPPY FEET!
Raechel Farquharson, Podiatrist. | https://promedclinic.com.au/autonomic-neuropathy-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/ |
By Dr Rafidah Dato’ Abdullah
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs situated at the back, weighing only 0.5% of the total body weight. It is an important organ as it receives 25% of blood of every single heartbeat.
From the heart, blood travels to the kidneys through renal arteries. The ureter is responsible of channelling the passage of urine through to the bladder. The kidneys have millions of “nephrons” in its cortex, which is on its own a unique structure responsible for various important functions.
Main functions of the kidneys
The kidney participates in whole-body homeostasis, such as:
1. Regulating acid-base balance, electrolyte concentrations
2. Maintaining fluid balance and volume
3. Regulation of blood pressure
4. Release hormones into your blood to help your body make red blood cells and promote strong bones
The kidney accomplishes these homeostatic functions both independently and in concert with other organs. Many of the kidney’s functions are accomplished by relatively simple mechanisms of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, which take place in the nephron.
Filtration is the process by which cells and large proteins are filtered from the blood to make an ultra-filtrate that eventually becomes urine. The kidney generates 180 liters of filtrate a day, while reabsorbing a large percentage, allowing for the generation of only approximately 2 liters of urine.
Reabsorption is the transport of molecules from this ultra-filtrate and into the blood. Secretion is the reverse process, in which molecules are transported in the opposite direction, from the blood into the urine.
WHAT IS CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)?
Chronic Kidney Disease includes conditions that damage your kidneys and decrease their ability to keep you healthy by functioning as it should. If kidney disease gets worse, wastes can build to high levels in your blood and make one feel sick.
You may develop complications like high blood pressure, anemia (low blood count), weak bones, poor nutritional health and nerve damage.
Kidney disease increases your risk of having heart and blood vessel diseases and cardiovascular disease. These problems may happen slowly over a long period of time.
Early detection and treatment can often keep chronic kidney disease from worsening. When kidney disease develops, it will eventually lead to kidney failure; a condition which requires dialysis treatment or a kidney transplant to maintain a patient’s life.
WHAT CAUSES CKD?
The two main causes of chronic kidney disease are diabetes and high blood pressure, which are responsible for up to two-thirds of all cases.
Diabetes happens when your blood sugar is too high, causing damage to many organs in your body, including the kidneys and heart, as well as blood vessels, nerves and eyes.
High blood pressure, or hypertension, occurs when the pressure of your blood against the walls of your blood vessels increases. If uncontrolled, or poorly controlled, high blood pressure can be a leading cause of heart attacks, strokes and chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease can also cause high blood pressure.
Other conditions that affect the kidneys are:
- Glomerulonephritis, a group of diseases that cause inflammation and damage to the kidney’s filtering units. These disorders are the third most common type of kidney disease.
- Inherited diseases, such as polycystic kidney disease, which causes large cysts to form in the kidneys and damage the surrounding tissue.
- Malformations that occur as a baby develops in its mother’s womb. For example, a narrowing may occur that prevents normal outflow of urine and causes urine to flow back up to the kidney. This causes infections and may damage the kidneys.
- Lupus and other diseases that affect the body’s immune system.
- Obstructions caused by problems like kidney stones, tumors or an enlarged prostate gland in men.
- Repeated urinary infections.
STAGES OF CKD
There are 5 stages of chronic kidney disease. Stage 1 is the earliest stage and it advances to other stages with increasing severity of kidney disease. Stage 5 will need to commence renal replacement therapy (transplant or dialysis) as kidney function is extremely poor and complications will occur if treatment is not instituted the soonest possible.
SYMPTOMS OF CKD
Most people may not have any severe symptoms until their kidney disease is advanced, until it has reached Stage 5. However, you may notice that you:
- Feel more tired and have less energy
- Have trouble concentrating
- Have a poor appetite
- Have trouble sleeping
- Have muscle cramping at night
- Have swollen feet and ankles
- Have puffiness around your eyes, especially in the morning
- Have dry, itchy skin
- Have the need to urinate more often, especially at night
This article is Part 1 in a 3-part educational series in conjunction with celebration of the World Kidney Day. All are invited to join us in the launching ceremony and also the awareness run on 4 March 2012 at Dataran Merdeka. For more information, please visit www.msn.com.my or www.moh.gov.my.
The National Kidney Foundation (NKF) Malaysia is a non-profit charitable organisation dedicated to helping Malaysians suffering from end stage kidney failure who lack access to or cannot afford dialysis treatment. Currently there are over 1,400 dialysis patients receiving subsidised dialysis treatment in our 24 dialysis centres nationwide, and the numbers are growing annually. | http://www.urbanhealth.com.my/medical/chronic-kidney-disease-are-you-at-risk/ |
Diabetic Hypoglycemia Causes
Gastroparesis is more common in people who have high, uncontrolled blood glucose levels over a long period of time. Extended periods of high glucose in the blood cause nerve damage throughout the body. Chronically high blood sugar levels also damage the blood vessels that supply the body’s nerves and organs with nutrition and oxygen, including the vagus nerve and digestive tract, both of which ultimately lead to gastroparesis.
Acid reflux happens when stomach acid backs up into the tube that connects the throat and stomach (the esophagus). Another name for acid reflux is gastroesophageal reflux.
Food then moves slowly from the stomach to the small intestine or stops moving altogether. This disorder is known as gastroparesis, also called delayed gastric emptying. The delayed emptying of the stomach can increase your acid levels and cause GERD and heartburn. Type 2 diabetes is a very common known cause of gastroparesis. Generally, people who suffer from gastroparesis due to causes other than diabetes express their main symptoms as chronic nausea and vomiting.
What does your acid reflux have to do with diabetes?
… Second, the medications are not adequately shutting off the production of stomach acid. You may also experience dumping syndrome if you have certain medical conditions.
There is no cure for gastroparesis. It’s a chronic condition. However, it can be successfully managed with dietary changes, medications, and proper control of blood glucose.
Headaches can affect people with diabetes as a result of high or low blood sugar. Over-the-counter medications can help, but you should see a doctor if you have severe headaches that interfere with daily life. Good blood glucose management can help reduce the risk of headaches with diabetes. After eating, the pancreas automatically releases the right amount of insulin to move the glucose in blood into the cells. As glucose enters the cells, the blood sugar levels fall.
The more specific 6-hour glucose tolerance test can be used to chart changes in the patient’s blood sugar levels before ingestion of a special glucose drink and at regular intervals during the six hours following to see if an unusual rise or drop in blood glucose levels occurs. Doctors treat dumping syndrome by recommending changes to how and what you eat, medicines, and, in some cases, surgery. Many people with dumping syndrome have mild symptoms that improve over time with simple changes in eating and diet. Hypoglycemia also triggers the release of body hormones, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine. Your brain relies on these hormones to raise blood sugar levels.
Our ADAPT Health Coach Training Program (HCTP) is teaching the next generation of health coaches how to master those skills, support their clients, and fight back against chronic disease. Find out more about the ADAPT HCTP.
Treatment
Fletcher, Jenna. “What to know about diabetic gastroparesis.” Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 12 Apr. 2019. Web. | https://louer-en-bretagne.com/what-is-diabetic-gastroparesis-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-2/ |
Why is it so important to control diabetes?
Diabetes puts an individual at an increased risk of developing a wide of health complications, and these affect almost every part of the body. Excessively high blood glucose levels over a long period of time can result in disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels, kidneys, eyes, nerves and teeth. Further, diabetes complications makes a patient prone to various infections as a result of weakened immune system.
Let’s take a look at the various diabetes complications in detail:
#1. Cardiovascular Disease
Heart and blood vessels of a diabetic patient may get affected and cause serious complications like coronary heart disease and stroke. In fact, cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in diabetic patients. Other ailments associated with heart include high cholesterol and high blood pressure.
#2. Eye Problems
Most diabetic patients develop some form of eye ailment (diabetic retinopathy) that may cause reduced vision or even blindness. These may result from continuous high levels of blood glucose and blood pressure. It can be prevented by keeping tab on glucose level and getting eyes examined routinely.
#3. Kidney Disease
Kidneys can lose their efficiency or fail to function (diabetic nephropathy) as a result of damage to the blood vessels in the kidneys caused by diabetes.
#4. Nerve Disease
Diabetic neuropathy refers to the damage to nerves throughout the body. This results when blood pressure and blood glucose levels are extremely high in the body. Most commonly affected regions are the body’s extremities, like the feet. Other problems associated with nerve damage from diabetes include problems with digestion, erectile dysfunction, etc.
Patients may also lose sensation in a part of the body, which further makes it difficult to identify injuries, leading to serious infections. Diabetic patients become susceptible to amputation in case injuries are not identified and treated in time.
#5. Pregnancy Complications
Women with diabetes need to carefully monitor and manage their blood glucose levels. Ideally, a woman must achieve normal range of glucose level before conception to avoid any kind of organ damage to the fetus. High levels of blood glucose levels during pregnancy can cause the fetus to gain excess weight, and lead to overweight babies. This situation can cause problems during delivery, and a sudden drop in blood glucose levels for the baby after birth. Children who are exposed to high blood glucose levels of their mothers are at higher risk of developing diabetes in later years.
Diabetes can increase the risk to various health problems. However, following the treatment regimen and including positive lifestyle changes can go a long way in preventing or delaying the onset of complications associated with the disorder.
This write-up was contributed by Credihealth content team:
Credihealth is a medical assistance company that gives guidance to a patient from the first consultation through the entire hospitalization process. A team of in-house Credihealth doctors helps the patient find the right doctor, book appointment, request cost estimate for procedures and manage admission & discharge processes.
Share your comments and queries below and we will be happy to guide you through. | https://www.credihealth.com/blog/5-diabetes-complications/ |
Aminu Mohammed is a pediatric gastroenterologist at GI Care for Kids, where he leads the efforts on pancreatic disorders.
by Aminu Mohammed and Jessica Hutchins
High blood glucose levels can cause serious damage to the body's tissues and and organs. That's why it is so important for those with diabetes to keep their blood glucose under tight control, so these complications don't develop.
Complications of diabetes
- Heart disease including narrowing of arteries of the heart that can lead to decrease in blood flow to the heart and cause a heart attack.
- Strokes may occur due to damage of the blood vessels in the brain.
- Kidney damage (nephropathy)- This can lead to the need for dialysis or kidney transplant.
- Eye damage (retinopathy)- This can lead to blindness, cataracts or glaucoma.
- Nerve damage (neuropathy) – Aching, stabbing, cramping pain, tingling or numbness can be signs of nerve damage of the legs and feet, interfering with their ability to walk and increasing their risk of injury. The nerves of the bladder and intestines can also be affected, decreasing their function.
- Sores and poor healing: Damage to the immune system and blood vessels results in sores that have difficulty healing, especially on the legs.
- Infection: People with diabetes are at increased risk for a number of infections from bacteria and yeast, due to elevated glucose levels and immune system damage.
- Skin infection with bacteria and fungi especially on feet and lower legs which can lead to amputation.
- Blindness: Damage to the tiny blood vessels in the retina of the eye may result in permanent blindness. Hearing impairment
- Depression from being different, having to take medicines, following a strict diet and worrying about possible complications
All of these are enough reasons to keep sugar levels under control and to prevent diabetes and obesity when possible. | https://nutrition4kids.com/articles/complications-of-diabetes/ |
Diabetic neuropathy is nerve damage due to diabetes. Over time, high blood sugar (glucose) can damage the blood vessels and nerves. This can cause problems and symptoms. It can happen most often in the legs and feet. But it can also affect organs in your body.
Nerves send signals to and from your brain about pain, temperature, and touch. They tell your muscles when and how to move. They also control the systems in the body that digest food and pass urine.
If you have diabetes, you can have nerve problems at any time. Nerve problems can start in the first 10 years after being diagnosed with diabetes. The risk goes up the longer you have diabetes. About half of people with diabetes have some form of nerve damage.
Researchers are still learning what causes it. Several things may lead to it. They include:
High blood sugar.High blood sugar (glucose) causes chemical changes in nerves. This makes it harder for the nerves to send signals. It can also harm blood vessels that send oxygen and nutrients to the nerves.
Your genes. Some genes can raise the risk for nerve disease. Autoantibodies to nerve tissue may cause other damage.
The common symptoms include:
Numbness in the hands or feet, often on both sides
Tingling ("pins and needles") in the feet
Pain in the hands, feet, or legs
Foot problems, such as calluses, dry skin, cracked skin, claw toes, and ankle weakness
Neuropathy can also cause problems with other parts of your body. It may harm your digestive tract, heart, sex organs, or eyes. This can lead to symptoms such as:
Indigestion
Diarrhea, constipation, or uncontrolled loss of poop (feces)
Dizziness, especially when standing up
Bladder infections
Erectile dysfunction
Vaginal dryness
Weakness
Weight loss
Depression and sleep problems
Visual changes, including inability to see or drive in the dark
Increased sweating
The symptoms of diabetic neuropathy may be like other health conditions. See your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.
To diagnose diabetic neuropathy, you will need a physical exam and tests. During the physical exam, your healthcare provider may check your muscle strength and reflexes. Your provider may also check how your nerves respond to:
Position
Vibration
Temperature
Light touch
You may also have tests, such as:
Ultrasound to check for problems with the bladder
X-rays and other tests to check for stomach problems
Electrocardiogram (ECG) to look for changes in your heart's rhythm
Nerve conduction studies to check flow of electrical current through a nerve
Electromyography (EMG) to see how muscles respond to electrical impulses
Nerve biopsy to remove a sample of nerve for testing
Treatment will depend on your symptoms, your age, and your general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is.
The main goal of treatment is to ease pain and discomfort. It can also help prevent more tissue damage. Treatment may include:
Pain medicines
Antidepressants that act on the nervous system to ease pain and discomfort
Creams you put on your skin
Transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulation (TENS) therapy
Hypnosis
Relaxation training
Biofeedback
Acupuncture
Special shoes to protect your feet from injuries
You may also have treatment for complications of diabetic neuropathy. This may include digestive problems, dizziness, weakness, eye problems, or urinary or sexual problems.
Possible complications include:
Bladder problems. In some cases, the nerves of the bladder become damaged. They no longer respond normally as the bladder fills with urine. This causes the bladder to not be able to release urine completely. As a result, urine remains in the bladder or is released without warning. This can lead to urinary tract infections.
Erectile dysfunction (ED). Neuropathy may cause ED if it affects the nerves that control erections. This means you may have trouble having or keeping an erection. This problem does not usually affect the desire for sex.
Diarrhea or constipation. You may have diarrhea if the nerves that control your small intestine are damaged. The diarrhea is most common at night. You may also have constipation as a result of damage to nerves in the intestines.
Slow digestion in your stomach (gastroparesis). In some cases, the stomach is affected. It may lose the ability to move food easily down into the small intestine. It can cause bloating and vomiting. It changes how fast the body absorbs food. It can make it harder to match insulin doses to food portions.
Dizziness when standing. In some cases, the nerves to the heart are affected. They may not work normally to help your heart keep normal blood pressure when you stand up. You may feel dizzy or even faint when you stand.
Changes in vision. Vision can also be affected. You may develop retinopathy. This begins with changes in blood vessels of the retina. The retina is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. In some cases, the blood vessels can swell or leak fluid. In other cases, new blood vessels may grow on the surface of the retina. Over time, this can lead to vision loss. Your eye care provider may treat retinopathy by using a laser to make tiny burns. These burns seal the blood vessels. This stops them from growing and leaking. Other times, 1 or more of the nerves that move your eyes in a coordinated way may have a loss of blood supply, such as during a stroke. That can cause double vision. Also, injury to the nerves that control the diameter of your pupils can lead to trouble seeing in low light.
Loss of low blood sugar symptoms. You may lose the warning signals of low blood sugar, such as feeling shaky or dizzy. This means you may have low blood sugar and not know it.
Foot and leg injuries. Nerve injuries, especially in the feet, can lead to amputation of limbs.
Diabetic neuropathy is nerve damage due to diabetes. It happens most often in the legs and feet. But it can also affect organs in your body.
Nerve problems can happen in the first 10 years after being diagnosed with diabetes. The risk increases the longer you have diabetes. About half of people with diabetes have some form of nerve damage.
Common symptoms include numbness in the hands or feet, and pain in the hands, feet, or legs. You may also have problems with your digestive tract, heart, sex organs, or your eyes.
Diabetic neuropathy can impair your ability to feel the symptoms of low blood sugar.
Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider:
Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen.
Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember what your provider tells you.
At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you.
Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed and how it will help you. Also know what the side effects are.
Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways.
Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.
Know how you can contact your provider if you have questions.
Stay Informed.
Connect with us. | https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/Conditions/Diabetes/85,P00347 |
So what if diabetics do surgery?
In the medical world, one of the main conditions for patients who want to perform surgery is blood sugar levels should be normal. The reason is, spikes in blood sugar will make surgical incision difficult to heal quickly. This is the obstacle for diabetics.
Diabetic sufferers often experience complications of diabetic ulcers, i.e. the conditions of wounds difficult to heal that make the surface deep enough, swollen and rotten. Generally, this wound is in the legs. If left untreated, it will end up with a leg amputation.
Why diabetic wounds are hard to heal?
1. Inhibition of blood circulation
In diabetic patients, blockage of blood vessels and nerve damage is caused by high, uncontrolled sugar levels. The impact is a decrease in touch sensation on the surface of the skin, especially the foot.
Lack of blood circulation in diabetic feet occurs due to blockage of arteries caused by peripheral artery disease, so that the wound healing process is bad. This is why diabetics whose blood sugar levels are uncontrolled sometimes don't feel any blisters or trauma to the legs due to scratches, stomping on sharp objects, tripping and other traumatic things.
In addition, damage to blood vessels in the feet due to high sugar, oxygen and white blood cells are difficult to reach the tissues. As a result, the infection of the wound is difficult to heal and can further result in decay, and the leg has to be amputated.
2. Damage to peripheral nerve
One of diabetic complications is neuropathy. Neuropathy is a condition when diabetics are numb and cannot feel pain or sore in the wound. This is because the nerves in the body are damaged by high blood sugar levels.
As a result, the nerves are unable to transmit pain signals to the brain. Not sensing any pain in the wounded area, diabetics are often unaware when the injury gets worse, and the infections are handled too late.
3. Artery narrowing
Rising blood sugar levels can lead to various complications. One is the narrowed, hardening walls of arterial vessels. Therefore, the flow of blood from the heart to all parts of the body of diabetics is so obstructed.
In fact, when there are injured parts of the body, the wound is in need of oxygen and nutrients contained in the blood to heal. Because the injured part doesn't get enough oxygen and nutrient intake, the body's cells become more and more difficult to repair tissue and nerve damages. The wound doesn't heal or get worse.
4. Weak immunity
High levels of sugar in the blood of diabetics make the cells in charge of keeping the immune weakened. That is why a slight injury can be a severe infection that is difficult to treat. When the wound becomes an ulcer, immune cells still cannot repair the damage quickly.
It is important for diabetics to pay attention to the following steps to avoid wound ulcer or amputation.
1. Don't underestimate the wound
Immediately clean the slightest wound and treat it before it gets worse.
2. Clean the wound
To prevent infection, immediately wash the wound with running water. Apply antibiotic ointment to treat wounds. Then, cover with gauze or sterile bandages.
3. Check the wound, replace the bandage
Clean the wound daily. Apply the antiseptic ointment and replace the bandage with the new one. While doing so, check whether the wound is improving or getting worse.
4. Avoid high sugar intake
High blood sugar will only slow the healing process of the wound and can cause various adverse complications.
5. See a doctor
Call your doctor immediately if the wound gets worse and symptoms of infection such as swelling, pus or fever occurs, including if you find a sore ulcer on the skin.
The following tips are to prevent the occurrence of diabetic ulcers in diabetics.
1. Control blood sugar regularly.
2. Always use footwear wherever you go.
3. Choose loose and comfortable footwear.
4. When wearing shoes, wear socks to prevent friction injuries.
As much as possible, check the condition of your feet every day, yes? When you find a wound, quickly check your doctor, so you understand the best treatment steps you should take. Don't let yourself be bothered by minor injuries that are already severe just because you underestimate them. | https://www.mildreports.com/2018/05/diabetic-wound.html |
• Frequent urination — One of the hallmark symptoms of Type 2 diabetes is increased frequency of urination. To help process excess glucose, your body dumps it into the blood and then later ejects it as urine. As a result, more urine needs to be removed to keep things functioning.
• Increased thirst — Increased thirst often goes hand in hand with frequent urination. Since you’re ejecting urine more than usual, you will have to drink more water as well to keep you from becoming dehydrated.
• Unexplained weight loss — Type 2 diabetes prevents your cells from getting enough glucose, which can result in weight loss. Furthermore, frequent urination causes you to lose calories and dump large amounts of water from your body.
• Increased hunger — Insulin resistance prevents your cells from absorbing the sugars from the foods that you eat. This effect leaves high insulin levels in your body, which your body interprets as hunger.
• Foot pain — Pain in the extremities is common among people who have diabetes. This is because the excess sugar in the blood damages the nerves, leading to tingling, pain and numbness.
• Frequent illnesses or infections — The presence of sugar in the blood acts as food for microbes such as bacteria and fungi. This can overwhelm your immune system and may predispose you to various diseases over time.
Wounds may take longer to heal due to damage in your nerves and blood vessels.3
• Blurred vision — Type 2 diabetes causes blurred vision by impeding your lens’ ability to bend. This action is required to help you focus, but your eyes cannot do it because their muscles are working harder than before.
It’s well-known that Type 2 diabetes can worsen and lead to various complications. As your body continues to have problems processing insulin, it can slowly damage your organs in several ways. In more severe cases when the disease is improperly managed, a doctor may even require an amputation of an affected limb.
Here are common complications you need to watch out for, alongside the signs and symptoms of Type 2 diabetes:4
• Heart and blood vessel disease — Diabetes often results in peripheral artery disease (PAD), a condition that causes your blood vessels to narrow and reduce the delivery of blood to your legs and feet. As a result, wound healing slows down and infection can set in.
In 2010 alone, 73,000 Americans who have diabetes and are over the age of 20 had to undergo an amputation to prevent spreading infections to other parts of their body.5
• Nerve damage — High blood sugar levels can damage the walls in your capillaries that supply blood to your nerves.
This can result in nerve pain (neuropathy), causing symptoms such as tingling, numbness or a burning pain on the extremities of your fingers and legs that can gradually spread upward.
If the nerves in your digestive system are affected, it may lead to diarrhea, constipation or vomiting. In short, diabetes can cause various nervous system problems depending on the area it affects.
• Kidney damage — The kidneys filter out waste from your blood by using millions of blood vessel clusters. Similar to neuropathy, Type 2 diabetes can damage these vessels, causing diabetic nephropathy.
When this occurs, you may notice an increased need to urinate, persistent itching, swelling of feet, ankles, hands and eyes, worsening blood pressure control and fatigue.6
• Eye damage — Blood vessels in your eyes can become damaged, leading to a condition known as diabetic retinopathy. The disease doesn’t present symptoms at first, but eventually you will notice spots or floaters in your vision.
Blurriness, difficulty seeing at night and having a dark or empty spot in the center of your vision are other hallmark symptoms of diabetic retinopathy.
Type 2 diabetes can cause permanent damage to your body, especially on your limbs. If you experience any indicators mentioned above, visit a doctor immediately for a clear diagnosis, so you can determine which lifestyle factors need to be changed for better health.
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Diabetes And Itching: What Are The Causes Of Itching In Diabetics And How To Treat Them?
World Diabetes Day is celebrated every year on 14 November to mark the birth anniversary of Sir Frederick Banting who had discovered insulin along with his assistant Charles Best in 1922. The day is meant to raise awareness on this chronic global health issue for its early prevention, as well as, support people with diabetes to manage the condition and prevent complications.
Diabetes is a chronic condition that can lead to many serious complications, including skin manifestations such as itching or pruritis. According to a study, around 30-70 per cent of diabetics (both type 1 and type 2) may develop cutaneous or skin-related diabetes complications at some point in their lifetime.
Photo Credit: Medical photo created by wayhomestudio - www.freepik.com
Diabetes can be linked to itching in many ways and may affect areas such as hands, feet, ankles, genitalia, arms, back, scalp and trunk. Studies say that itching mainly occurs in diabetics who have diabetic neuropathy or dry skin problems.
In this article, we will discuss some of the main causes of itching in diabetes, along with how to treat the condition. Take a look.
Causes Of Itching In Diabetes
Some of the causes of itching in diabetes may include:
1. Necrobiosis Lipoidica
It is a rare chronic skin condition frequently found in diabetics. Necrobiosis Lipoidica affects less than one per cent of diabetics and is more prevalent in women compared to men. The condition often occurs at late stages of diabetes, such as during the third (for type 1) or fourth (for type 2) decade of life. Necrobiosis Lipoidica is mainly represented by papules and lesions, and itching can appear in the affected areas in some diabetics.
2. Diabetic neuropathy and polyneuropathy
These conditions refer to damage to the nerves (neuropathy) or many nerves (polyneuropathy) due to uncontrolled diabetes. Increased glucose levels in the body often weaken the walls of the small blood vessels, damage them and cause problems in the passage of signals, oxygen and nutrients. Damage to these nerves can cause pruritis or itching.
3. Xerosis
This skin manifestation has been reported in around 40 per cent of diabetics. Xerosis is characterised by abnormally dry skin along with scaling, roughness and cracks on the skin. Damage to the small blood vessels due to high glucose are among the main causes of xerosis. The condition mostly appears in the foot. The dry skin in xerosis is the most common cause of itching.
4. Acquired Perforating Dermatosis
It is a group of skin disorders that is mainly chronic and is linked to conditions such as diabetes or people with renal failure. Studies say that among those diagnosed with acquired perforating dermatosis, around 15 per cent are diabetics. The condition is presented with nodules, papules and lesions, which are highly itchy.
5. Eruptive Xanthomas
The condition is characterised by small yellow-red bumps on the skin mainly due to increased levels of cholesterol in the body. In diabetics, even smaller levels of cholesterols can cause the condition. Eruptive xanthomas are present in around one per cent of type 1 diabetics while present in two per cent of type 2 diabetics. It is also among the first symptom of diabetes. The lesions in eruptive xanthomas are found mainly in the outer body surfaces, accompanied by itching.
6. Allergic reactions
A study has shown that some diabetic medications such as sitagliptin, which is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, can induce allergic reactions in diabetics and lead them to symptoms like itching soon after its start. The photosensitive mechanism of the drug is considered to be responsible for itchiness. However, the symptoms often disappear soon after discontinuing the medications.
7. Infections
Diabetics are more prone to infections, especially fungal infections. The immunocompromised state and poor blood glucose management in diabetics are among the main causes of the infections. The infections associated with diabetes are mainly itchy and is accompanied by pain.
Other Skin Conditions
- Generalised Granuloma Annulare: Raised lesions or bumps in a ring pattern.
- Psoriasis: Red, raised and scaly patches on the skin.
- Pigmented Purpuric Dermatoses: Group of chronic and progressive skin conditions ranging from benign to chronic purpuric skin eruptions.
- Disseminated granuloma annulare: Skin-coloured, pinkish or slightly mauve-coloured patches on the skin.
How To Treat Diabetes-Related Itchiness?
- If the itchiness is due to dry skin, apply moisturiser 3-4 times a day, especially after the bath.
- Avoid taking baths with hot water.
- Avoid products that contain harsh chemicals.
- Avoid products such as deodorants or soaps that may cause allergies to your skin.
- Use clothes that are soft and won't irritate the skin.
- Avoid scratching the affected skin areas.
- After bathing, make sure to dry the skin properly, even between the toes.
- Avoid any kind of injury to the skin.
- Consult a medical expert for topical creams and gels to prevent the spread.
Round Ligament Pain During Pregnancy: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis And Treatments
To Conclude
Itching in diabetics can get severe and life-threatening if not managed at an early stage. If you are a diabetic or prediabetic and notice excess or prolonged itching in certain body areas, consult a medical expert for early treatment.
Yes, diabetes may cause itching all over the body due to damage to the small blood vessels and nerves. The damage may obstruct the passage of blood and oxygen to various body parts, including the skin, thus leading to dry skin and infections, which in turn, may lead to itchy skin.
Controlling high glucose levels in the body can reduce itching to a great extent. This could be done by changing lifestyle habits and taking measures to ease skin itchiness. It includes avoiding hot water baths and cloth materials which is soft to the skin.
Yes, too much sugar in the body can cause itching. This could easily be improved by controlling blood glucose in the body.
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Chronic renal impairment is a condition of kidney damage characterized by decreased kidney’s ability to perform its function. The kidneys are located beneath the ribs. The shape resembles a pair of nuts on both sides of the body.
What is CKD in medical terms?
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) or chronic renal failure (CRF) is a condition when kidney function decreases gradually due to kidney damage. Medically, chronic renal failure is defined as a decrease in the rate of filtration or renal filtration for 3 months or more.
Kidney function filters the waste and excess fluid from the blood before it is discharged through urine fluid. Every day, both kidneys filter about 120-150 liters of blood, and produce about 1-2 liters of urine.
In each kidney, there are a filter unit or a nephrons consisting of the glomerulus and tubules. Glomerulus filter fluids and waste to be removed, and prevents the release of blood cells and large molecules in the form of proteins.
Chronic kidney disease stages
Here are the stages of CKD according to guidelines:
Based on the guidelines, kidney disease can be classified as chronic if the eGFR decline has been occurring for at least 3 months. Whatever the cause, when there has been an eGFR has been on the figure ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, then the damage occurring to the nephron has also been severe and reached the stage.
If this is the case, the kidneys will have permanent sclerosis, which can lead to progressive deterioration of kidney function.
Chronic kidney disease causes
CKD can be caused by diseases that exist in the kidneys as well as from other body organs or outside the kidneys. For causes originating from the kidneys can be
- Glomerular disease,
- Polycystic kidney disease,
- Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones), or obstruction of kidney and
- Urinary tract.
- Infections of the kidneys.
Read also:
How long does it take to pass a kidney stone
Meanwhile, for causes of outside the kidneys can be in the form of
- Diabetic kidney disease
- Hypertension nephropathy.
- High blood pressure, as time passes, it can add weight to the kidneys and inhibit the normal functioning of the kidneys.
- Diabetes, because the amount of sugar that exceeds the normal limit in the blood can cause damage to existing filters in the kidneys.
- High cholesterol, which can lead to the accumulation of fat deposits in the blood vessels that provide the blood supply to the kidneys.
- The use of certain medications in the long term.
Diagnosis of chronic kidney disease
But if chronic kidney disease can be recognized early, then the treatment can start immediately, thus the complications of this disease can be prevented. Similarly, the introduction and treatment of hypertension and Diabetes mellitus in the early and continuous can prevent chronic kidney disease
Important renal function screening is performed to identify the presence of kidney disease as early as possible for effective management to be administered
To determine the deterioration of kidney function early on can be done by blood and urine test.
- Blood screening with a view of creatinine levels, ureum, glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
- Urine screening by viewing albumin or protein levels
Prevention
A person’s risk factor can suffer from chronic renal impairment, among others:
- Have uncontrolled diabetes and/or have uncontrolled high blood pressure, resulting in complications of kidney damage,
- Having a family history of kidney failure,
- Old age,
- In a population group that has a diabetic or high blood pressure incidence rate.
Lifestyle changes such as healthy eating, regular exercise, avoiding the consumption of drugs that can damage the kidneys and avoid excess consumption of alco**hol will help prevent the occurrence of chronic renal failure. | https://markethealthbeauty.com/chronic-kidney-disease/ |
Peripheral neuropathy is a disorder that occurs when your peripheral nerves malfunction because they’re damaged. The peripheral nervous system connects the nerves from your brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral neuropathy is common among people with diabetes, causing loss of sensitivity in the hands and feet, and in organs such as the kidneys, heart, and eyes.
If you wondering, diabetic neuropathy is progressive pain, loss of sensation (primarily in the feet), weakness.
alcohol and people undergoing chemotherapy also develop neuropathy symptoms. The usua.
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy—DPN for short—is diabetes-related damage to nerves that sit near the surface of your skin. DPN usually affects the feet and the.
Jul 7, 2017.
Studies suggest that one in three people in the US have diabetes. In fact, it is possible that these figures are higher as people living in rural.
The first sign of diabetic neuropathy is usually numbness, tingling or pain in the feet, legs or hands. Over a period of several years, the neuropathy may lead to muscle weakness in the feet and a loss of reflexes, especially around the ankle.
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic.
Diabetic neuropathy: This is a family of nerve disorders caused by diabetes. While some individuals with nerve damage may have no symptoms, others may experience pain, tingling, or numbness in the fee.
Often, the cause of diabetes-related itching is diabetic polyneuropathy or peripheral neuropathy.This condition occurs when high blood glucose levels damage nerve fibers, particularly those in the.
24 natural home remedies for neuropathy is a newly updated article which shows readers 24 natural ways to treat neuropathy at home.
Natural Healing Diabetic Neuropathy 2018 Nov 7, 2008. Nerves take time to heal, so natural remedies need to be taken for. The nutrients lipoic acid (see Lipoic Acid for Diabetic Neuropathy) and. Diabetic neuropathy is a nerve damage disorder seen in diabetic patients. High blood sugar injures the nerve fibers throughout the body. Patients suffering diabetic neuropathy generally experience nerve
Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms Often Occur in the Feet. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy, which affects between 12 and 50 percent of people with diabetes, is the most common form of neuropathy.Often.
Femoral Neuropathy Diabetic Amyotrophy Key words: Diabetes, Insulin, Amyotrophy, Neuropathy, Muscles. diabetic neuropathy, diabetic lumbosacral radiculoplexus. the thigh, hip, and buttocks. Diabetic femoral neuropathy is an uncommon, unpleasant and sometimes. on account of both pain and muscular atrophy, whose long-term prognosis has not. Diabetic amyotrophy (DA)(diabetic proximal neuropathy, Bruns-Garland syndrome) is an. conduction velocity (MCV)in the bilateral femoral nerves,
Care guide for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy.
Burning, tingling, cramping, or pain in your feet or hands; Not able to feel hot, cold, or pressure due to loss of.
If you have diabetes you may have been told to take special care of your feet, but perhaps you don't know why. Learn how and why foot problems develop here.
Nerve damage is also sometimes called neuropathy. When it affects your feet it.
Diabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by diabetes. Approximately two- thirds of all diabetics will experience neuropathy to some degree. This type of nerve damage usually occurs in the arms, hands, legs and feet, and therefore is sometimes referred to as diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Chronically high sugar levels associated with uncontrolled diabetes can cause nerve damage that interferes with the ability to sense pain and temperature. This so-called "sensory diabetic neuropathy" increases the risk a person with diabetes will not notice problems with his or her feet.
Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is vital to your health because it’s an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. It’s also your brain’s main source of fuel. The underlying cause of.
Diabetic neuropathy is a condition that happens in the more advanced stages of diabetes. Neuropathy just means that there are problems with your nerves. This can present as a variety of nerve-related symptoms like tingling, numbness, pain or much more serious problems.
Foot ulcers are also a common occurrence among those.
Neuracel is the pioneer drug that promises not only relief from all symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, but also guarantees the reversa.
Dear Dr. Donohue • I have had diabetes for 20 years. I haven’t been all that careful about checking my blood sugar and watching my diet. My doctor tells me I now have diabetic neuropathy, which causes.
Neuropathy, or nerve damage, can result from a wide range of conditions such as diabetes and even treatments like chemotherapy. In fact, neuropathy, which is sometimes referred to as peripheral.
Approximately thirty percent of all neuropathies are the result of diabetes. The rest are due to injury, other illnesses, poor nutrition, infections, or in some cases the cause is unknown. It most commonly affects the hands and the feet, however symptoms vary greatly from person to person.
Many people experience cramping of the feet and calves after exercising.
kill free radicals and improve symptoms of autonomic neuropathy (damage to the nerves of the heart associated with diabetes).
The most common form of peripheral neuropathy is due to diabetes.
These areas, if not properly cared for by a foot specialist, will often break down and cause.
Diabetic peripheral.
the quality of life in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. A patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy was defined as the patient who showed positive patients medical.
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One of the most common long-term repercussions of high blood glucose levels is diabetic neuropathy, or nerve damage. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), about two-thirds of those with diabetes have some form of this complication.
The Symptoms
Neuropathy may not produce any obvious symptoms in its beginning stages, but eventually most people find that they experience numbness, tingling or pain in their feet. Other symptoms include:
- Numbness in the legs, hands, arms and fingers, and a weakening of the muscles of the feet or hands
-
Indigestion, nausea or vomiting and/or diarrhea or constipation
-
Dizziness or faintness due to a drop in blood pressure
-
Sexual dysfunction and/or problems urinating
These symptoms arise when high blood sugar causes damage to nerve converings and to blood vessels that bring essential oxygen to the nerves. The damage may make nerves send messages too slowly or at the wrong times, or it may prevent them from transmitting anything. As neuropathy becomes more severe, it may cause chronic pain, loss of motion and injuries that can lead to amputation.
Though the challenges of nerve damage may seem daunting, progress is being made every day.
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, a major NIH study, found that people who kept their blood glucose levels close to normal could lower their risk of nerve damage by as much as 60 percent.
5 Ways To Help
1. Keep blood sugar levels as close to normal as possible.
2. Limit alcohol intake.
3. Take good care of your feet and have your doctor check them regularly.
4. Tell your doctor about problems you have with your feet, legs, stomach, bowels or bladder.
5. Tell your doctor if you are experiencing sexual dysfunction, cannot tell when your blood sugar is to low or feel dizzy when going from lying down to sitting or standing up.
“Though we can’t always prevent neuropathy, we can reduce the risk”, says Strelitz Diabetes Institutes’ Dr. Vinik. “People with diabetes and their doctors need to work together to use the most effective ways to control blood sugar”. | http://diabetichealthinfo.com/nerve_damage_neuropathy/ |
People with diabetes should see an ophthalmologist every two years
Permanently increased blood sugar levels can damage the fine blood vessels of the retina. Diabetics should therefore go to the ophthalmologist regularly to have their eyes checked.
Diabetes can result in numerous complications
According to experts, around seven million people with diabetes live in Germany. The disease not only has a serious impact on the metabolism, but can also lead to numerous secondary diseases. Diabetes often causes diseases of the cardiovascular system over time. The nervous system is also affected. The supplying nerves of the feet are particularly often damaged, which can lead to the person affected developing a so-called diabetic foot. Eye disorders that can lead to blindness are also typical complications of diabetes. Those affected should therefore have their eyes checked regularly.
Immediately after diagnosis to an ophthalmologist
People with type 2 diabetes should make an appointment with an ophthalmologist immediately after diagnosis, the magazine "Diabetes Ratgeber" recommends in its current edition (8/2018).
Because too high blood sugar levels can sometimes cause damage to the retina in the eye.
According to the experts, the eyes must then be checked at least every two years. Other experts advise intervals of only one year.
For type 1 diabetics, it is recommended to see an ophthalmologist at least every two years from the fifth year of illness.
Take care of appointments in time
It is advised to make an appointment in good time. Patients should call the practice about three months before the due date.
In urgent cases, the family doctor can sometimes help to get an appointment with the ophthalmologist more quickly. | https://jm.j2gmn.com/7054-impending-retinal-damage-diabetics-should-have-an-ey.html |
Diabetic neuropathy is the most common complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM), affecting as many as 50% of patients with type 1 and type 2 DM. Diabetes increases the risk of foot ulceration and amputation more than 23-fold and neuropathy is the major contributory factor to this increased risk. Neuropathies are characterized by a progressive loss of nerve fiber function.
Overview
Diabetic neuropathy is a type of nerve damage that can occur if you have diabetes. High blood sugar (glucose) can injure nerve fibers throughout your body, but diabetic neuropathy most often damages nerves in your legs and feet.
Depending on the affected nerves, symptoms of diabetic neuropathy can range from pain and numbness in your extremities to problems with your digestive system, urinary tract, blood vessels and heart. For some people, these symptoms are mild; for others, diabetic neuropathy can be painful, disabling and even fatal.
Diabetic neuropathy is a common serious complication of diabetes. Yet you can often prevent diabetic neuropathy or slow its progress with tight blood sugar control and a healthy lifestyle.
Symptoms
There are four main types of diabetic neuropathy. You may have just one type or symptoms of several types. Most develop gradually, and you may not notice problems until considerable damage has occurred.
The signs and symptoms of diabetic neuropathy vary, depending on the type of neuropathy and which nerves are affected.
Peripheral neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy is the most common form of diabetic neuropathy. Your feet and legs are often affected first, followed by your hands and arms. Signs and symptoms of peripheral neuropathy are often worse at night, and may include:
- Numbness or reduced ability to feel pain or temperature changes
- A tingling or burning sensation
- Sharp pains or cramps
- Increased sensitivity to touch — for some people, even the weight of a bed sheet can be agonizing
- Muscle weakness
- Loss of reflexes, especially in the ankle
- Loss of balance and coordination
- Serious foot problems, such as ulcers, infections, deformities, and bone and joint pain
Autonomic neuropathy
The autonomic nervous system controls your heart, bladder, lungs, stomach, intestines, sex organs and eyes. Diabetes can affect the nerves in any of these areas, possibly causing:
- A lack of awareness that blood sugar levels are low (hypoglycemia unawareness)
- Bladder problems, including urinary tract infections or urinary retention or incontinence
- Constipation, uncontrolled diarrhea or a combination of the two
- Slow stomach emptying (gastroparesis), leading to nausea, vomiting, bloating and loss of appetite
- Difficulty swallowing
- Erectile dysfunction in men
- Vaginal dryness and other sexual difficulties in women
- Increased or decreased sweating
- Inability of your body to adjust blood pressure and heart rate, leading to sharp drops in blood pressure after sitting or standing that may cause you to faint or feel lightheaded
- Problems regulating your body temperature
- Changes in the way your eyes adjust from light to dark
- Increased heart rate when you’re at rest
Radiculoplexus neuropathy (diabetic amyotrophy)
Radiculoplexus neuropathy affects nerves in the thighs, hips, buttocks or legs. Also called diabetic amyotrophy, femoral neuropathy or proximal neuropathy, this condition is more common in people with type 2 diabetes and older adults.
Symptoms are usually on one side of the body, though in some cases symptoms may spread to the other side. Most people improve at least partially over time, though symptoms may worsen before they get better. This condition is often marked by:
- Sudden, severe pain in your hip and thigh or buttock
- Eventual weak and atrophied thigh muscles
- Difficulty rising from a sitting position
- Abdominal swelling, if the abdomen is affected
- Weight loss
Mononeuropathy
Mononeuropathy involves damage to a specific nerve. The nerve may be in the face, torso or leg. Mononeuropathy, also called focal neuropathy, often comes on suddenly. It’s most common in older adults.
Although mononeuropathy can cause severe pain, it usually doesn’t cause any long-term problems. Symptoms usually diminish and disappear on their own over a few weeks or months. Signs and symptoms depend on which nerve is involved and may include:
- Difficulty focusing your eyes, double vision or aching behind one eye
- Paralysis on one side of your face (Bell’s palsy)
- Pain in your shin or foot
- Pain in your lower back or pelvis
- Pain in the front of your thigh
- Pain in your chest or abdomen
Sometimes mononeuropathy occurs when a nerve is compressed. Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common type of compression neuropathy in people with diabetes.
Signs and symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include:
- Numbness or tingling in your fingers or hand, especially in your thumb, index finger, middle finger and ring finger
- A sense of weakness in your hand and a tendency to drop things
When to see a doctor
Seek medical care if you notice:
- A cut or sore on your foot that doesn’t seem to be healing, is infected or is getting worse
- Burning, tingling, weakness or pain in your hands or feet that interferes with your daily routine or your sleep
- Dizziness
- Changes in your digestion, urination or sexual function
These signs and symptoms don’t always indicate nerve damage, but they may signal other problems that require medical care. Early diagnosis and treatment offer the best chance for controlling symptoms and preventing more-severe problems.
Even minor sores on the feet that don’t heal can turn into ulcers. In the most severe cases, untreated foot ulcers may become gangrenous — a condition in which the tissue dies — and require surgery or even amputation of your foot. Early treatment can help prevent this from happening.
Causes
Damage to nerves and blood vessels
Prolonged exposure to high blood sugar can damage delicate nerve fibers, causing diabetic neuropathy. Why this happens isn’t completely clear, but a combination of factors likely plays a role, including the complex interaction between nerves and blood vessels.
High blood sugar interferes with the ability of the nerves to transmit signals. It also weakens the walls of the small blood vessels (capillaries) that supply the nerves with oxygen and nutrients.
Other factors
Other factors that may contribute to diabetic neuropathy include:
- Inflammation in the nervescaused by an autoimmune response. This occurs when your immune system mistakenly attacks part of your body as if it were a foreign organism.
- Genetic factorsunrelated to diabetes that make some people more susceptible to nerve damage.
- Smoking and alcohol abuse,which damage both nerves and blood vessels and significantly increase the risk of infections.
Risk factors
Anyone who has diabetes can develop neuropathy, but these factors make you more susceptible to nerve damage:
- Poor blood sugar control.This is the greatest risk factor for every complication of diabetes, including nerve damage. Keeping blood sugar consistently within your target range is the best way to protect the health of your nerves and blood vessels.
- Length of time you have diabetes.Your risk of diabetic neuropathy increases the longer you have diabetes, especially if your blood sugar isn’t well-controlled.
- Kidney disease.Diabetes can cause damage to the kidneys, which may increase the toxins in the blood and contribute to nerve damage.
- Being overweight.Having a body mass index greater than 24 may increase your risk of developing diabetic neuropathy.
- Smoking narrows and hardens your arteries, reducing blood flow to your legs and feet. This makes it more difficult for wounds to heal and damages the integrity of the peripheral nerves.
Complications
Diabetic neuropathy can cause a number of serious complications, including:
- Loss of a limb.Because nerve damage can cause a lack of feeling in your feet, cuts and sores may go unnoticed and eventually become severely infected or ulcerated — a condition in which the skin and soft tissues break down. The risk of infection is high because diabetes reduces blood flow to your feet. Infections that spread to the bone and cause tissue death (gangrene) may be impossible to treat and require amputation of a toe, foot or even the lower leg.
- Charcot joint.This occurs when a joint, usually in the foot, deteriorates because of nerve damage. Charcot joint is marked by loss of sensation, as well as swelling, instability and sometimes deformity in the joint itself. Early treatment can promote healing and prevent further damage.
- Urinary tract infections and urinary incontinence.Damage to the nerves that control your bladder can prevent it from emptying completely. This allows bacteria to multiply in your bladder and kidneys, leading to urinary tract infections. Nerve damage can also affect your ability to feel when you need to urinate or to control the muscles that release urine.
- Hypoglycemia unawareness.Normally, when your blood sugar drops too low — below 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 3.9 millimoles per liter (mmol/L) — you develop symptoms such as shakiness, sweating and a fast heartbeat. Autonomic neuropathy can interfere with your ability to notice these symptoms.
- Low blood pressure.Damage to the nerves that control circulation can affect your body’s ability to adjust blood pressure. This can cause a sharp drop in pressure when you stand after sitting (orthostatic hypotension), which may lead to dizziness and fainting.
- Digestive problems.Nerve damage in the digestive system can cause constipation or diarrhea — or alternating bouts of constipation and diarrhea — as well as nausea, vomiting, bloating and loss of appetite. It can also cause gastroparesis, a condition in which the stomach empties too slowly or not at all. This can interfere with digestion and cause nausea, vomiting and bloating, and severely affect blood sugar levels and nutrition.
- Sexual dysfunction.Autonomic neuropathy often damages the nerves that affect the sex organs, leading to erectile dysfunction in men and problems with lubrication and arousal in women.
- Increased or decreased sweating.When the sweat glands don’t function normally, your body isn’t able to regulate its temperature properly. A reduced or complete lack of perspiration (anhidrosis) can be life-threatening. Autonomic neuropathy may also cause excessive sweating, particularly at night or while eating.
Prevention
You can help prevent or delay diabetic neuropathy and its complications by keeping your blood sugar consistently well-controlled, taking good care of your feet and following a healthy lifestyle.
Blood sugar control
Keeping your blood sugar tightly controlled requires continuous monitoring and, if you take insulin, frequent doses of medication. But keeping your blood sugar consistently within your target range is the best way to help prevent neuropathy and other complications of diabetes. Consistency is important because shifts in blood sugar levels can accelerate nerve damage.
The American Diabetes Association recommends that people with diabetes have a blood test called the A1C test at least twice a year to find out your average blood sugar level for the past two to three months. If your blood sugar isn’t well-controlled or you change medications, you may need to get tested more often.
Foot care
Foot problems, including sores that don’t heal, ulcers and even amputation, are a common complication of diabetic neuropathy. But you can prevent many of these problems by having a comprehensive foot exam at least once a year, having your doctor check your feet at each office visit and taking good care of your feet at home.
To protect the health of your feet:
- Check your feet every day.Look for blisters, cuts, bruises, cracked and peeling skin, redness and swelling. Use a mirror or ask a friend or family member to help examine parts of your feet that are hard to see.
- Keep your feet clean and dry.Wash your feet every day with lukewarm water and mild soap. Avoid soaking your feet. Dry your feet and between your toes carefully by blotting or patting with a soft towel.
Moisturize your feet thoroughly to prevent cracking. Avoid getting lotion between your toes, however, as this can encourage fungal growth.
- Trim your toenails carefully.Cut your toenails straight across, and file the edges carefully so there are no sharp edges.
- Wear clean, dry socks.Look for socks made of cotton or moisture-wicking fibers that don’t have tight bands or thick seams.
- Wear cushioned shoes that fit well.Always wear shoes or slippers to protect your feet from injury. Make sure that your shoes fit properly and allow your toes to move. A podiatrist can teach you how to buy properly fitted shoes and to prevent problems such as corns and calluses.
If problems do occur, your doctor can help treat them to prevent more-serious conditions. Even small sores can quickly turn into severe infections if left untreated.
If you qualify for Medicare, your plan may cover the cost of at least one pair of shoes each year. Talk to your doctor or diabetes educator for more information.
Physiotherapeutic Management of Pain in Diabetic Neuropathy
Evidence has been provided for:
- Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
- Static magnetic field therapy
- Low-intensive laser therapy
- Monochromatic infrared light
Physiotherapy: a Treatment for Diabetic Neuropathy
Do you have diabetic neuropathy? If so, you are painfully aware of the limitations this condition causes. Diabetic neuropathy occurs when nerves become damaged from high blood sugar levels. There are many symptoms of diabetic neuropathy, but the most common is a feeling of burning/tingling/loss of feeling in the feet and hands.
Pain, hypo/hypersensitivity to touch, bone degeneration, lack of balance, impaired gait, weakness, and muscle loss can also be caused by this condition.
As life altering as this health complication can be, there is hope for those who have diabetic neuropathy. Several treatments exist that can improve this condition; one of them is physiotherapy.
There is not much awareness that physiotherapy is a treatment option for individuals with diabetic neuropathy. However, the article Physical Therapy for Diabetic Neuropathy states, “(Physiotherapy) is an effective treatment that can help restore balance and sensation that has been lost…(physiotherapy) will help you regain motions that you may have lost or improve your balance when walking.”
Ready to discover how physiotherapy helps those with diabetic neuropathy feel better? Read on!
How Physiotherapy Improves Diabetic Neuropathy
Physiotherapy may help resolve your diabetic neuropathy. How? First, you and your physiotherapist will discuss your goals and what you hope to get out of therapy. Obviously, an improvement in symptoms will be the primary goal. Next, your physiotherapist will design a program that will be aimed at strengthening your muscles and improving your range of motion. Finally, you will meet regularly with your therapist as he or she leads you through your physiotherapy
sessions.
Sessions are likely to include exercises that help you learn to maneuver surfaces, stand without getting dizzy and maintain your balance. “Regaining sensation in the hands and feet can also be treated with various exercises during (physiotherapy),” states ptandme.com.
Exercise Guards Diabetics Against Peripheral Neuropathy
Aerobic exercise alone has the power to guard diabetics against peripheral neuropathy (PN). A study conducted in 2006 revealed that taking regular, brisk walks “improved nerve conduction velocity and decreased incidence of motor and sensory peripheral neuropathy” in diabetics without PN. This tells us that diabetics who want to avoid developing diabetic neuropathy should walk or do some other type of aerobic activity regularly. Exercising is a free, easy method of preventing this aggravating health condition.
Physiotherapy Can Improve Your Quality of Life
Diabetic neuropathy decreases your quality of life. The good news is that physiotherapy, as well as other types of therapies, can help you regain your health. Contact a physiotherapist today to discuss treatment options for diabetic neuropathy. | https://www.progressivecare.in/diabetic-neuropathy-causes-symptoms-treatment/ |
It is essential that patients with diabetes are made aware of the complications that can occur as a result of having the condition.
Diabetes complications may occur over many different timescales, from the date of diagnosis, or many years after diabetes has developed.
The majority of diabetes complications occur due to fluctuations in blood glucose levels, particularly elevated blood sugar over a long period of time.
The long term complications of diabetes involve many different systems in the body. These may be found at time of diagnosis of diabetes, or many years after the onset of diabetes. Many of the long term complications of diabetes are thought to be due to persistently elevated levels of blood glucose and it has been shown, that controlling blood glucose levels and blood pressure may minimize or prevent the onset of these complications.
The complications of diabetes may be categorised as;
- ‘Macro-vascular’ (involving large blood vessels) resulting in increased risk of Strokes, Heart attacks and Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
- ‘Micro-vascular’ (involving small blood vessels) resulting in increased risk of eye problems (diabetic retinopathy), disruption to nerves (neuropathy) and kidney problems (diabetic nephropathy)
It is difficult to predict who is likely to develop chronic complications of diabetes which may sometimes occur regardless of the level of control. Not everyone who has diabetes will develop complications. There is good evidence that good control of blood sugar, blood pressure, cholesterol lowering, a healthy lifestyle with plenty of exercise and not smoking will prevent complications in a lot of people.
You have reached the end of this section. What do you want to do next? | https://www.diabetesframe.org/nhs-england/01-overview-of-diabetes-nhs-england/complications-of-diabetes/ |
|Jupiter as seen by Hubble telescope, courtesy of NASA|
NASA, however does mind blowing math. August 5, 2011 they launched a satellite at Jupiter. On July 4 of this year, while Addison and I were both celebrating independence with friends, him on the West Coast and me in the east, the geeks at NASA couldn't take the day off.
Mind Blowing Math Level I
Launching a satellite on a rocket isn't quite like shooting a gun.
If you shoot a rifle, most of us could hit the target after half a dozen practice shots.
A pistol is much more challenging because your barrel is shorter and fractions of a degree mean missing the target.
Archery is even more difficult. In archery you have to aim high because the pull of gravity makes the path of the arrow arch slightly. Every 10 feet of distance makes this shot dramatically harder.
Not only did NASA hit the target, but it was a bull's-eye and they only got one shot.
Mind Blowing Math Level II
So why did NASA land on July 4? If they're so good at math, wouldn't they have realized it's a holiday? Seriously, Addison and I would've both been happy to have a couple NASA dudes at our cookouts, assuming they brought Doritos or something.
Well you see, they wanted to land when Jupiter was in the neighborhood, only 345 million miles from Earth. Remember, every 10 feet or so makes a difference in archery, so if they could take a shot when Jupiter was close, as opposed to when it's 610 million miles away, it'd be much easier.
Remember, planets don't travel in circles. They travel in ovals, at different speeds. They are shooting at a moving target that gets closer and further away.
|Juno satellite on its path to Jupiter - courtesy National Geographic|
Mind Blowing Math Level III
Arrows fly much slower than bullets. Because of this, gravity has a much bigger influence. The more time it takes the arrow to hit the target, the more gravity comes into play.
Imagine shooting an arrow that will not land for five years. The effect of gravity will be huge.
NASA knew this, and took it mind blowingly further.
Satellites fly pretty fast, thousands of miles per hour. If you're going to shoot something at a target 345 million miles away, you definitely want the fastest possible spacecraft.
NASA said, "What if we could get extra speed from gravity? Gravity could help us instead of making it more difficult." So they shot this rocket at the path that the gravity of Earth would come into play more than two years later!
They were using the gravity of where the earth would be two years from now to influence the speed. They had to get close, but definitely not hit the target, because shooting yourself is a bad thing.
Back to the archery… You fire an arrow, and before the arrow reaches the halfway mark, you chase it down and stand in front of it. It's going to whizzz by your head, so close that your 1980s hairstyle will influence the path of the arrow.
In this case, the satellite increased in speed by 16,330 mph.
To get a better understanding, National Geographic created a pretty amazing picture. The satellite was shot so it would make a complete orbit around the sun traveling slower than Earth. Earth makes more than two orbits. When the earth and the satellite pass each other again, the gravity speeds things up similar to a car coming over the crest of the hill.
After all, when you are taking a 350 million mile road trip, you want to save on gas wherever you can.
Mind Blowing Math Level IV
Remember we are shooting a moving target, Jupiter.
The next level is even crazier. We aren't going to hit Jupiter. We are going to miss, on purpose.
You see, crashing into Jupiter is impressive enough, but if you're going to travel all that distance, you want to make sure to see the sights. Imagine driving to Arizona without bothering to check out the Grand Canyon.
We missed Jupiter, but we missed so close that the satellite got grabbed by Jupiter's gravity, and now it's orbiting the planet probably with a couple GoPros.
We want to drive by taking pictures, but we don't want to land. You see, the giant red spot is some pretty harsh weather. Imagine a hurricane. A big one can cover the lower half of Florida. This one is bigger. Bigger than Florida, bigger than the United States, bigger than the entire earth; it's actually about three times the size of Earth. Plus, this hurricane seems to never end.
It's a little dangerous to orbit Jupiter. If you use a telescope, you can see four moons. If you use a gigantic telescope, you'll realize that there are actually 67 of them orbiting Jupiter. Just saying, in this traffic make sure to use turn signals before merging.
Mind Blowing Math BOSS LEVEL
Pretty impressive so far… But wait…
The sun is a ball, orbited by a bunch of little balls. Those orbits aren't like the circles in our high school science books. In reality, the orbits are more like eggs, wobbling because each of the little balls influences the others slightly.
Keep waiting…
But the sun isn't stationary. Plus the orbits aren't necessarily flat.
The sun is streaking through space at tens of thousands of miles per hour. The planets are being dragged, not in circles or egg shapes, but in a spiral pattern.
If you actually drew orbits in three dimensional space, they would look like a corkscrew.
What this means is that, while the earth rotates once every 365 days, in that period of time the sun has traveled millions of miles. When we rotate back to the beginning, in three dimensional space we are millions of miles away. In fact, in the past 13 billion years, since the Big Bang, the earth has never been in exactly the same place twice, and never will be.
The satellite's name is Juno. It sounds like the capital of Alaska, but it is spelled like that movie about the teenage angst of a pregnant girl who's actually a lesbian in real life. Whatever.
So, Juno traveled 345 million miles, which took five years and two laps around the sun, to fly by earth so close it messed up our hair, toward Jupiter. When it arrived, it missed by just enough to become the 68th satellite, and the first man-made device in orbit. The entire time, we are all flying through space on a spinning ball, corkscrewing around another spinning ball.
I guess the guys at NASA had a pretty good reason to miss my July 4 pool party. By the way, boss level math nerds are welcome to the party next year, and you don't even have to bring Doritos. | http://www.sunfyre.com/2016/07/juno-to-jupiter-mind-blowing-math-of.html |
It has been 50 years since the launch of the first satellite orbited by Japan, OHSUMI, in 1970. On this occasion, we're taking a look back at the achievement of launching OHSUMI with INOUE Kozaburo, who was involved as an engineer at the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, University of Tokyo (forerunner to Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of JAXA).
Japan's space exploration began in 1955. The country's attempts to reach space accelerated after Professor ITOKAWA Hideo, "the father of Japanese rocketry," led his study team from the Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, in conducting Pencil rocket experiments.
In 1958, Japan attempted observations of the atmosphere with a Kappa rocket, which had evolved from the Pencil rocket, and succeeded in observations of the upper atmosphere at a height of 50 km. After that, the development of large rockets capable of reaching greater heights made progress. In 1962, Japan set the goal of launching a 30 kg satellite within five years, and began work on creating a detailed satellite launch plan.
However, Japan had been pursuing higher launches of sounding rockets up to that point. Developing a rocket equipped with a satellite and launching it into orbit presented a high hurdle to clear. As part of the terms of the country's surrender after World War 2, Japan was not allowed to have rocket control technology that could be repurposed for military use, and also had less funds to sink into development than larger countries such as Russia or the United States. Despite the conditions being less than favorable, it was the strong will and determination of Japan's scientists that kept up the pace of the development.
In 1962, the launch site was moved to Ohsumi Peninsula, Kagoshima Prefecture, for experiments with the Lambda rocket, which has an increased capability to be equipped with a satellite. Then in 1964, the University of Tokyo's Aeronautical Research Institute and part of its Institute of Industrial Science merged to establish the Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science, University of Tokyo. Rocket performance grew year by year amidst the height of the country's rapid economic growth. Looking back at that time, Mr. INOUE comments, "It really was a time just overflowing with energy. We were conducting rocket experiments with great excitement, sometimes making new discoveries, sometimes failing, and always sharing our joy when we succeeded at observations."
The first launch of the L(Lambda)-4S Rocket in September of 1966 was a failure. Following that, the Lambda plan would go on to fail four consecutive times. The media reported widely on the repeated failures, and the public strongly criticized the program.
In the midst of such adversity, the launch team made their fifth attempt. At 1:25 p.m. on February 11, 1970, L-4S Rocket No. 5 was launched. The rocket flew successfully, and launched the satellite safely into orbit, finally giving birth to Japan's first satellite. The satellite was named OHSUMI because of its connection to the launch site on the Ohsumi Peninsula.
After the rocket left sight, the tension remained at the launch site. The experiment could not be deemed a success until it was confirmed that OHSUMI had circled Earth once and returned over Japanese skies. The telemeter team, of which Mr. INOUE was a member, was receiving the information transmitted from the rocket and satellite for that purpose. Mr. INOUE was in charge of monitoring the received signals and reporting hourly on the flight status of the rocket by dispatch phone. It was an important role that carried the responsibility of confirming the success or failure of the project.
Each successive tracking station of NASA, which was cooperating with tracking the satellite, reported on receiving the signal after launch─Guam, Hawaii, Quito (Ecuador), Santiago (Chile), Johannesburg (South Africa). Finally, at the Uchinoura Space Center in Japan, at 3:56:10 p.m. approximately two and a half hours after the launch, OHSUMI's signal was successfully received.
"The signal beam from OHSUMI arrived two and a half minutes later than predicted, coming from the direction of the western mountains. When the tracking antenna first received the radio wave, the 18 meter antenna was also immediately able to pick up the signal. The signal lasted approximately 10 minutes, but the equipment loaded onto the satellite was working properly. At that moment, I realized that the satellite had really circled the world," says Mr. INOUE.
"All the members of the experiment team felt instantly relieved, and leapt from the lowest depths of worry to the highest heights of joy. As for myself, I felt a wave of happiness gradually come over me. Professor NOMURA had been extremely restless since the launch, waiting for this moment in a corner of the telemeter center. I can still remember shaking hands with him and congratulating each other."
The Professor NOMURA that he refers to is NOMURA Tamiya, who was the head of experiments for L-4S-5. He supported the electricity department during the time when Japan's rockets were growing in size from the Pencil rocket to the L-4S rocket, and would go on to be instrumental figure in the establishment of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science.
The OHSUMI signal was interrupted 14 to 15 hours after launch. However, OHSUMI would continue circling Earth for the next 33 years. On August 2, 2003, it broke up in the atmosphere over North Africa. By coincidence, 2003 would be the year in which Mr. INOUE would reach retirement age.
The success with OHSUMI has become a guide for pioneering Japan's space exploration. The satellite technology developed through using L-4S rockets included the "gravity turn maneuver," which uses the gravity of the earth to launch a satellite into orbit by launching it horizontally and controlling the attitude only during the final stage. This method would later give birth to the launch of a full-scale scientific satellite with a Mu rocket. Also, the many failed experiments provided a wealth of data used for assessing possible risks, and this is considered one of the main factors that made possible the subsequent rapid growth of ensuing developments. From the HAKUCHO, which long ago contributed to studying X-ray-emitting celestial bodies including black holes, to the Hayabusa, which succeeded in returning to Earth with the world's first asteroid sample--Japan has launched many space probes and scientific satellites since OHSUMI, and has continued producing numerous valuable results.
Now a veteran at 81 years of age, Mr. INOUE speaks of his hopes for the next generation of space exploration: "I want engineers and researchers to think with freedom, and conduct a mission that is also their dream." The "mission that is also a dream" which Mr. INOUE speaks of refers to a project like OHSUMI; one in which scientists take on a challenge amidst adversity and find worth in their work. And Mr. INOUE says that to take hold of that dream, it's more important than anything to have the desire to "understand the mysteries of space" in one's heart.
A video that commemorates the 50-year launch of OHSUMI can be accessed here:
https://youtu.be/CdG8c4M-XIg(Full Length Feature)
https://youtu.be/rlUdlK7Zwds (Feature Digest)
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All the images are copyrighted ©JAXA unless otherwise noticed. | https://global.jaxa.jp/activity/pr/jaxas/no082/02.html |
Engineers are developing the crucial hardware needed for a series of daring space missions that will be carried out in the coming decade.
Testing has already begun on what would be the most sophisticated endeavor ever attempted at the Red Planet: bringing rock and sediment samples from Mars to Earth for closer study.
The multi-mission Mars Sample Return campaign began when NASA’s Perseverance rover landed on Mars this past February to collect Martian rock samples in search of ancient microscopic life. Out of Perseverance’s 43 sample tubes, four have been filled with rock cores and one with Martian atmosphere. Mars Sample Return seeks to bring select tubes back to Earth, where generations of scientists will be able to study them with powerful lab equipment far too large to send to Mars.
Getting those samples into terrestrial labs would take a decade and involve European partners and multiple NASA centers. ESA (the European Space Agency) is developing a rover for the effort, with engineers at NASA’s Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio, designing its wheels. The rover would transfer samples to a lander, being developed at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, that would use a robotic arm (developed by ESA) to pack the samples into a small rocket, called a Mars Ascent Vehicle, being designed by NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.
The rocket would launch from the lander to deliver the sample capsule to an ESA spacecraft orbiting Mars. Inside the orbiter, the capsule would be prepared for delivery to Earth by hardware that a team led by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, is developing. This preparation would include sealing the sample capsule within a clean container to trap any Martian material inside, sterilizing the seal, and placing the sealed container into an Earth-entry capsule before the return trip to Earth.
Teams across multiple NASA centers and the European Space Agency are working together to prepare a set of missions that would return the samples being collected by the Mars Perseverance rover safely back to Earth. This video features some of that prototype testing underway for the proposed Sample Retrieval Lander, Mars Ascent Vehicle launch systems, and the Earth Entry System. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
The Lander
To develop the lander, as well as the system that would help launch the sample-laden rocket from it, engineers at NASA’s JPL are drawing from a long history of Mars exploration: JPL has led nine successful Mars landings, including rovers and stationary landers. But the Sample Retrieval Lander would be the largest, heaviest spacecraft of its type to ever go to Mars, and the Mars Ascent Vehicle launching from it would be the first rocket ever fired off another planet.
This is where the testing comes in.
To carry and launch the Mars Ascent Vehicle, the lander needs to be a sturdy platform, weighing about 5,291 pounds (2,400 kilograms) – almost twice as heavy as Perseverance, which was lowered to the Martian surface with cables from a rocket-powered jet pack. The Sample Retriever Lander wouldn’t have a jet pack; its legs would have to absorb the impact of touchdown, relying on retrorockets to slow its descent, similar to recent Mars lander missions like InSight and Phoenix.
That’s why Pavlina Karafillis has been dropping a prototype lander – repeatedly – in a warehouse-like space at JPL. As test engineer for the Sample Retrieval Lander’s legs, she and her colleagues have been using high-speed cameras to observe this prototype’s legs slam onto a base. QR-code-like marks on each of the prototype’s “feet” help the cameras track the legs’ motion. The team uses slow-motion video to continually update their computer models, which help them understand how energy would be dispersed throughout the lander.
“The last step of the journey is really important,” Karafillis said. “There’s all kinds of landing conditions you have to take into account, like rocks, or really soft sand, or coming in at an angle. This is why we have to do all this testing.”
Karafillis and her colleagues have started with a prototype roughly one-third the size of what the actual spacecraft would be; a lighter prototype is one way to learn how the final lander design would move in Mars’ low gravity. Later in the program, they will drop a full-scale lander, as well.
The Rocket
Surviving landing is just part of the challenge: Safely launching the nine-foot-long (2.8-meter-long) two-stage rocket that will sit atop the lander’s deck adds another level of difficulty. Mars’ gravity is one-third that of Earth’s, and the rocket’s weight, combined with its exhaust, could cause the lander to slip or tilt.
So engineers have conceived of a system to toss the rocket into the air just before it ignites. The whole process happens in a finger-snap, tossing the rocket at a rate of 16 feet (5 meters) per second.
During testing, a cradle equipped with gas-powered pistons flung an 881-pound (400-kilogram) mock rocket 11 feet (3.3 meters) in the air; cables suspended from a tower 44 feet (13 meters) high offloaded more than half of the test article’s weight to simulate Martian gravity.
“It’s kind of like being on a really fast roller coaster when someone hits the breaks,” said Chris Chatellier, the system’s lead engineer at JPL. “There are a lot of safety aspects to consider. Testing happens in a very controlled sequence of events with everyone outside of the building.”
This system, known as Vertically Ejected Controlled Tip-off Release (VECTOR) system, also adds a slight rotation during launch, which pitches the rocket up and away from the Martian surface.
“Launching with VECTOR means the lander could be oriented the wrong way on a slope, and we could still pull this off,” Chatellier said.
Chatellier and his team have conducted 23 tests this year, changing the rocket’s mass and center of gravity along the way. They also added springs to the bottom of their lander stand-in, watching how much “bounce” the launch system created. Next year, they’ll toss a heavier rocket even higher.
“We’re on the right path,” Chatellier said. “Our analysis and predicted models were very close to what we saw in the tests.”
More About Mars Sample Return
NASA’s Mars Sample Return (MSR) will revolutionize our understanding of Mars by returning scientifically-selected samples for study using the most sophisticated instruments around the world. The mission will fulfill a solar system exploration goal, a high priority since 1980 and the last two National Academy of Sciences Planetary Decadal Surveys.
This strategic partnership of NASA and ESA (European Space Agency) will be the first mission to return samples from another planet, including the first launch and return from the surface of another planet. These samples collected by Perseverance during its exploration of an ancient river-delta are thought to be the best opportunity to reveal the early evolution of Mars, including the potential for life. | https://astrobiology.com/2021/12/nasa-begins-testing-robotics-to-bring-first-samples-back-from-mars.html |
Federal Space Transportation: Time for Reform
For Stoa debaters who have wished for a space exploration topic, one proposed resolution offers the next best thing, a space transportation topic area:
Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially reform its transportation policy.
During the Eisenhower Administration, officials debated the next steps for U.S. space transportation. NASA has always been a research organization focused on developing new aeronautic and space technologies. But scientists, researchers, and engineers aren’t at their best commercializing existing technologies, nor running a day-to-day business operations. So advisors recommended space transportation–the delivery of payloads from Earth to orbit–be turned over to private companies.
NASA administrators objected, and politicians representing districts where NASA employed thousands, lobbied for a continued monopoly of space transportation. Then Lynden Johnson, a former debate coach from Houston, became President.
NASA enjoyed many early space technology successes including landing men on the moon. But space transportation costs stayed high, and rose even higher when the space shuttle replaced the Saturn V rockets for launching payloads out of Earth’s deep gravity well.
Affirmative debaters can call for the federal government to end funding of government rockets like the Space Launch System (SLS). Parts of NASA have become a kind of jobs programs for engineers, with congressmen and NASA military contractors lobbying for more and bigger government-funded rockets.
“The downhill slide of NASA’s “rocket to nowhere,” (The Space Review, August 25, 2014) begins:
As predicted years ago, it appears the beginning of the end has begun for the gigantic rocket and Congressional boondoggle called the Space Launch System (SLS). This launcher is also known by its detractors as the “Rocket to Nowhere” because there are no payloads in development that are large enough to justify a rocket of its size.
Also critical is: “Why NASA Is Building An $18 Billion Rocket To Nowhere,” (BuzzFeed News, August 30, 2016)
The futuristic space rocket, called the Space Launch System (SLS), won’t send any astronauts into space until at least 2023, and it doesn’t even have a destination. But that doesn’t seem to matter to lawmakers. Since the moon landings ended, NASA is and has always been a jobs program, more about dollars spent on the ground than discoveries made among the stars, with the SLS bonanza just the latest example.
“It is more the politics of pork than the politics of progress,” former NASA deputy administrator Lori Garver told BuzzFeed News. “There’s a long-time pattern at NASA where money aimed at science and research ends up with builders and contractors instead.”
Debaters will also find articles defending and advocating NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS), though many or most by people employed by companies and government agencies eager to design and build the SLS.
In addition, debaters now have an amazing array of private space launch companies (most receiving NASA funding) who have restarted the space race with much less expensive reusable rockets. SpaceX returned and landed another booster this week, “You’ve never seen a SpaceX rocket fall to Earth quite like this before,” (The Verge, May 1, 2017) (article and video).
This post from March and the China topic, “China and U.S. Companies Head to the Moon,” (Economic Thinking, March 4, 2017) links to recent SpaceX and Blue Origin stories, with link to excellent government vs. private space transportation overview by Jeff Greason:
So, the debate over private vs. government space exploration tilts now toward private firms. This TEDx presentation by Jeff Greason, “Making Space Pay and Having Fun Doing It,” then of XCOR, outlines how commercial space development brings costs down.
Other companies are launching payloads into space for even less money, some via balloons!
• “Bloostar—launching satellites via balloon,” (Phys.org, September 12, 2016), and
• “High-Altitude Balloon Company Wants to Open a New Market at the Edge of Space,” (Space.com, February 24, 2017)
Below are some movies on technology, most on aeronautics and space transportation. The Right Stuff is the classic upbeat fictionalized history of the accomplishment and politics of the U.S. space program. Astronaut Farmer is an engaging story of a retired astronaut tired of waiting for America’s return to space. | http://economicthinking.org/2017/05/02/federal-space-transportation-time-for-reform/ |
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is nearing its final destination. But where is the observatory right now, and when will it finally come?
A joint collaboration between NASA, the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency, JWST is the largest and most powerful space observatory ever built, and promises to revolutionize our understanding of the universe.
Unlike the groundbreaking Hubble Space Telescope, JWST will insert itself into an orbit around the sun at a special location known as the second Lagrange point or L2.
This point is located approximately 930,000 miles away from Earth in the exact opposite direction from the sun.
There are five solar-Earth Lagrange points - areas where the gravity of the sun and the earth balances the orbital motion of a given satellite.
By placing a spacecraft at any of these points, it can remain in a fixed position relative to the Earth and the sun, while using a minimal amount of energy - in the form of rocket shocks - to help it stay in place. . In essence, Webb will be locked in almost perfect harmony with the Earth's orbit around the sun.
The journey from Earth to L2 will take a total of 29 days. The telescope is currently 23 days inside this trip, after launching on December 24, 2021 from Europe's spaceport in the South American area of French Guiana.
According to NASA's James Webb tracker, the observatory has completed just over 91 percent of the distance to L2 at the time of writing, meaning it is currently located more than 821,000 miles from Earth in the direction of the second Lagrange point. The telescope is scheduled to arrive at L2 on January 23rd.
JWST covered most of this distance early in its journey, as it traveled at much higher speeds - since the observatory was separated from its launch vehicle, it began to slow down rapidly.
After the rocket that propelled Webb into space used up all of its fuel, the spacecraft essentially kissed L2 while being slowed down by the gravity of the Earth and the sun.
"As it no longer pushes (accelerates) away from the sun, gravity, as Webb feels, is the greatest force affecting its velocity," said Eric Smith, Webb program scientist at NASA's headquarters in Washington, DC. Newsweek.
"We've given Webb just enough launch speed to reach L2 but not shoot beyond it. Once it arrives at L2, its speed around the sun will balance the inward pull of the sun's gravity, putting us in a cycle of the sun. " | https://1dimedeals.com/2022/01/18/where-is-the-james-webb-telescope-right-now-and-when-will-it-reach-its-destination-2/ |
The problem with rockets is that they are expensive, mostly single use and occasionally have been known to explode. That’s why for over a century scientists and sci-fi writers alike have dreamed of creating a space elevator to ferry astronauts and payloads between the Earth and low orbit. Building this “celestial castle,” as Russian scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky first envisioned back in 1895, has so far proven beyond the grasp of existing technologies. But that hasn’t stopped people from trying. Now, as Agence France-Presse reports, researchers at Japan’s Shizuoka University will test elevator motion in space next week in a first-of-its-kind experiment in hopes of advancing the concept.
Tsiolkovsky originally came up with the idea of a space elevator after seeing the newly constructed Eiffel Tower. The space pioneer realized that a similar tower could be built to extend all the way to the stars. But it would take more than half a century until another Russian, engineer Yuri Artsutanov, began to look into the real-world challenges of building a permalink between the Earth and space in the 1960s.
Theoretically, a "space elevator" would be composed of a cable tethered to the Earth, likely somewhere near the equator where hurricanes and tornadoes are scarce. David Smitherman of NASA/Marshall's Advanced Projects Office, explained that such a system “requires the center of mass be in geostationary orbit,” roughly 22,236 miles above Earth’s equator. The cable itself would need to be tethered to a stationary mass beyond geostationary orbit that would keep it taut. But the result would allow for electromagnetic vehicles to ride up and down the cable taking workers, equipment and tourists into orbit for a fraction of the cost of a rocket ride.
Of course, there are hurdles in the way of executing that idea. Currently, no material has proven strong enough to survive the stresses placed on the elevator cable by the tug of gravity and wind in the upper atmosphere. Even carbon nanotubes, the strongest material we’ve devised so far, would shred under the stress. Then there are problems like developing electromagnetic vehicles to ride the cable and finding a suitable counterweight, like a small asteroid, that could be moved into place to tether the cable. Nor is it clear how an elevator would work in zero Gs.
That's where the Japanese study comes in. AFP reports that the researchers are launching two tiny cubic satellites aboard an H-2B rocket next week bound for the International Space Station. The roughly 4-inch cubic satellites will be deployed from Kibo, a Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency-owned module, with a 33-foot steel cable between them. An even smaller motorized cube will function as its elevator car, moving along the cable between the satellites. The researchers will monitor the action via camera to study how the systems works in orbit. “It’s going to be the world's first experiment to test elevator movement in space,” a university spokesman tells the news agency.
While the challenges to creating a space elevator are massive, that hasn’t deterred Japan from continuing to invest in the idea. “In Japan, the space elevator is practically a part of the national psyche due in part to a deep expertise by Japanese researchers in the fields of robotics and carbon nanotube technology, starting with the 1991 discovery of carbon nanotubes by Japanese researcher Sumio Iijima,” as Michelle Z. Donahue explained for Smithsonian.com in 2016.
According to Japan’s national daily the Mainichi, the Obayashi Corporation, which built that nation’s largest tower, has already put together a space elevator proposal. In its concept, six oval-shaped elevator cars would move between a platform in the sea and space station orbiting Earth. A trip from the sea to the sky would take an estimated eight days. The idea relies on carbon nanotubes or an as-yet-undeveloped material and require almost 60,000 miles of cable. The price tag for the concept is estimated to be around $90 billion (10 trillion yen).
Yoji Inshikawa, leader of the Shizuoka team, tells the Mainichi that he doesn’t think the concept is completely pie-in-the-sky. “In theory, a space elevator is highly plausible,” he says. “Space travel may become something popular in the future.”
Putting aside the technological problems for a moment, there remains another hurdle engineers have yet to address: how are we going to print an “Out of Order” sign big enough to read from space? | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/researchers-take-tiny-first-step-toward-space-elevator-180970212/ |
Part of a SpaceX rocket stuck in a “chaotic” orbit for seven years is now on course to collide with the moon, experts have warned.
The Falcon 9 was launched from Florida in 2015 by Elon Musk’s company SpaceX and sent the Deep Space Climate Observatory – a US satellite which monitors the solar wind – into position.
But the second stage of the rocket eventually ran out of enough fuel to return to Earth – while also lacking the energy to “escape the gravity of the Earth-Moon system”, according to meteorologist Eric Berger.
“It has been following a somewhat chaotic orbit since February 2015,” he said. Now, observers think that the rocket, which weighs about four metric tonnes, is on track to collide with the moon at a velocity of around 2.58km/s. The event could happen in a matter of weeks.
Bill Gray, who works in the tracking of objects in outer space, suggested that the Falcon 9 would hit the far side of the moon, close to the equator, on 4 March.
“I have a fairly complete mathematical model of what the earth, moon, sun, and planets are doing and how their gravity is affecting the object,” he wrote in a blog post. “I have a rough idea of how much sunlight is pushing outward on the object, gently pushing it away from the sun. This usually enables me to make predictions with a good bit of confidence.”
He said this was the first unintentional case of “space junk” hitting the moon.
According to Mr Gray, the Falcon 9 won’t be visible from Earth until around 7 February, when it will be able to be seen for one or two days. He said it would be “bright, close and moving fast”.
“After that early February perigee, it goes out very high, to a point almost twice as far away as the moon; then pauses; then comes back and crashes into the far side of the moon.”
He added: “I think (but don’t know) that the impact itself will have to go unobserved. Certainly from Earth, since the bulk of the moon is in the way.”
While a collision might sound alarming, Harvard astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell reassured space-watchers.
“For those asking: yes, an old Falcon 9 second stage left in high orbit in 2015 is going to hit the moon on March 4,” he tweeted. “It’s interesting, but not a big deal.”
Experts also hope the collision will enable them to learn more about the geology of that part of the moon, with hopes that satellites currently orbiting the moon will be able to collect observations about the impact crater.
Space X is in the midst of a billionaire space race, with Jeff Bezos’s Blue Origin and Richard Branson’s Virgin Galactic also competing to make advances in space travel.
In July, Mr Branson pipped Mr Bezos in travelling to space by just nine days.
Two months before that, a rocket ship which Mr Musk hopes will one day send humans to Mars completed its first successful test flight after four failed attempts. The previous tests all ended in a fiery explosion either before, during or after touchdown at the southeastern tip of Texas.
The Deep Space Climate Observatory, or DSCOVR, was launched by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Its monitoring of the solar wind is vital,as space weather events such as geomagnetic storms can disrupt nearly infrastructure systems on Earth, including power grids, telecommunications, aviation and GPS. | https://inews.co.uk/news/spacex-rocket-crash-moon-falcon-9-elon-musk-chaotic-orbit-satellite-1425095 |
Even If Aliens Live on Super-Earths, Science Says They May Be Stuck There
One of the major assumptions scientists and sci-fi fans have made about alien civilizations is that their journey into space is probably going to look like ours—they'll probably have their own rocket age, their own missions to explore their solar system, and maybe even interstellar spacecraft and probes, depending on how advanced they are. However, that may not be true for aliens living on a super-Earth, a planet similar in climate and composition to our, but several times our size.
A new study shows that on these massive planets, conventional rocketry (and space exploration as we know it) runs into some major problems.
The biggest issue is escape velocity, the speed something has to travel in order to escape the gravity of its planet.
For Earth, escape velocity is 11.2 kilometers per second, meaning that rockets need to go about 25,000 miles per hour (almost Mach 33) to escape Earth's gravity.
To go that fast, however, rockets need to carry a lot of powerful rocket fuel, which adds to their weight...which means they need even more fuel to lift that weight.
Eventually, the thrust-to-weight ratio balances out, and a rocket can carry enough fuel and create enough thrust to make it off the planet.
On a super-Earth like Kepler-20b, however, the escape velocity is about 2.4 times greater than here on Earth, meaning rockets would need to be several times larger, more powerful, and more expensive.
According to Michael Hippke, the author of a new study exploring the issue of spaceflight on super-Earths: "On more-massive planets, spaceflight would be exponentially more expensive. Such civilizations would not have satellite TV, a moon mission or a Hubble Space Telescope."
According to Hippke's estimations, rockets would need to have a mass of about 440,000 tons on a super-Earth. For comparison, the Apollo 11 rocket weighed just 3,050 tons fully loaded.
The only thing for an alien civilization to do would be to invest in exponentially more expensive rockets...or go for the nuclear option.
A nuclear pulse propulsion system, where a series of atomic bombs propel a rocket instead of normal engines, could overcome the strong gravity of a super-Earth, but it would be a huge risk, according to Hippke:
"A launch failure, which typically happens with a 1 percent risk, could cause dramatic effects on the environment...I could only imagine that a society takes these risks in a flagship project where no other options are available, but the desire is strong - for example, one single mission to leave their planet and visit a moon."
Chalk up another possible reason we haven't found aliens: Space travel is hard. | https://www.outerplaces.com/science/item/18329-aliens-super-earth-gravity |
Which country has the most satellites in space 2021?the United States Of the 3,372 active artificial satellites orbiting the Earth as of January 1, 2021, 1,897 belong to the United States. This is by far the largest number of any single country, with their nearest competitor, China, accounting for only 412.
How many satellites are in the sky?The Union of Concerned Scientists, which keeps a record of operational satellites, said that – as of January 2021 – there were 6,542 satellites in Earth orbit. Of that total, 3,372 are active and 3,170 are inactive. See also what advantages did the confederacy have over the union
What is the most expensive satellite?With a total cost estimated at US$1.5 billion, NISAR is likely to be the world’s most expensive Earth-imaging satellite.
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NISAR (satellite) Names NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar NISAR Mission type Radar imaging Operator NASA / ISRO Website nisar.jpl.nasa.gov www.sac.gov.in/nisar/ Spacecraft properties
Can you see satellites from Earth?A: Yes, you can see satellites in particular orbits as they pass overhead at night. Viewing is best away from city lights and in cloud-free skies. The satellite will look like a star steadily moving across the sky for a few minutes. … It orbits Earth at an altitude of about 215 miles traveling at a speed of 17,200 mph. See also what country has the most bordering countries
What country has the most satellites?the United States In terms of countries with the most satellites, the United States has the most with 1,897 satellites, China is second with 412, and Russia third with 176.
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Launch-capable countries. Order 1 Country Soviet Union Date of first launch 4 October 1957 Rocket Sputnik-PS Satellite(s) Sputnik 1
How are satellites launched and stay in orbit?Satellites are sent into space by a rocket launched from the ground with enough energy (at least 25,039 mph!) to get outside our atmosphere. … A satellite maintains its orbit by balancing two factors: its velocity (the speed it takes to travel in a straight line) and the gravitational pull that Earth has on it.
How Satellites Are Launched?
All satellites are launched to space and into their orbit by hitching a ride on a rocket or on the Space Shuttle, where they are placed inside the cargo bay. … In order for a satellite to be launched successfully, the launch rocket must be placed in a vertical position initially.
NASA – Moon, Mars, and Beyond
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Does anyone own the moon?
Several individuals and private organizations claimed ownership of the moon and other extraterrestrial bodies, but no such claims have yet been recognized.
How do you launch a satellite?
How are satellites sent into space?
The Short Answer: We launch things into space by putting them on rockets with enough fuel — called propellant — to boost them above most of Earth’s atmosphere. Once a rocket reaches the right distance from Earth, it releases the satellite or spacecraft.
How long is 1 second in space?It is defined as the distance that light travels in free space in one second, and is equal to exactly 299,792,458 metres (983,571,056 ft).
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Use in astronomy. Unit light-hour Definition 60 light-minutes = 3600 light-seconds Equivalent distance in m 1079252848800 m km 1.079×109 km
Do satellites crash into each other?
Despite the concerns, only three confirmed orbital collisions have happened so far. … The worst known space collision in history took place in February 2009 when the U.S. telecommunication satellite Iridium 33 and Russia’s defunct military satellite Kosmos-2251 crashed at the altitude of 490 miles (789 kilometres).
How long is 1 hour in space?
Answer: That number times 1 hour is 0.0026 seconds. So a person at that deep space location would have a clock that would run for one hour, while that person calculated that our clock ran for 59 minutes, 59.9974 seconds.
How expensive is it to launch a satellite?
It is estimated that a single satellite launch can range in cost from a low of about $50 million to a high of about $400 million. Launching a space shuttle mission can easily cost $500 million dollars, although one mission is capable of carrying multiple satellites and send them into orbit.
Is it possible to launch your own satellite?
You can send your own satellite into space with the help of NASA’s Cubesat Launch Initiative. This CSLI program makes space research more accessible than ever before in history! A cubesat is a miniaturized satellite for space research and commercial use. … This low cost is part of NASA’s mission with the CSLI program.
How many satellites are launched in space?By 2020, 114 launches carried around 1,300 satellites to space, surpassing the 1,000 new satellites per year mark for the first time. But no year in the past compares to 2021. As of Sept. 16, roughly 1,400 new satellites have already begun circling the Earth, and that will only increase as the year goes on.
Do satellites flash?Many satellites do not have a constant brightness, they give off flashes at (usually) regular times. This flashing behavior is caused by the rotation of the satellite around its rotation axis. The satellite’s metallic surfaces act as mirrors for the sun (specular reflection).
Do satellites twinkle?
The stars which appear to not twinkle are actually things like satellites, the International Space Station and planets in our own solar system. These are a lot closer to us and therefore a lot brighter in the sky which means that we don’t quite see the twinkling quite as much.
How much cheaper is SpaceX than NASA?
SpaceX now handles about two-thirds of NASA’s launches, including many research payloads, with flights as cheap as $62 million, roughly two-thirds the price of a rocket from United Launch Alliance, a competitor.
Perhaps you might also interested with this topic. How did astronomers study the stars?
Why do satellites not fall?
Satellites don’t fall from the sky because they are orbiting Earth. Even when satellites are thousands of miles away, Earth’s gravity still tugs on them. Gravity–combined with the satellite’s momentum from its launch into space–cause the satellite go into orbit above Earth, instead of falling back down to the ground.
Can I launch my own satellite in India?
Antrix is the commercial arm of the ISRO. If a foreign entity wishes to launch out of India, they have to form a contract with Antrix in order to obtain launch services. Contracts with Antrix form the launch agreement. The details of such contracts are only available to the involved parties.
Who owns NASA?United States NASA Agency overview Owner United States Employees 17,373 (2020) Annual budget US$22.629 billion (2020) Website NASA.gov
How Do We Launch Things into Space?
Where is ISRO located?
Bangalore
The Secretariat of DOS and ISRO Headquarters are located at Antariksh Bhavan in Bangalore.
Can a satellite stay in orbit forever?
A satellite has a useful lifetime of between 5 and 15 years depending on the satellite. It’s hard to design them to last much longer than that, either because the solar arrays stop working or because they run out of fuel to allow them to maintain the orbit that they’re supposed to be in.
What direction do satellites travel?
Satellites may move north to south, or south to north, or west to east, but never from east to west. When satellites are launched, they always head eastward to take advantage of the Earth’s rotation, going more than 1,000 miles per hour near the equator.
Can the Earth fall out of orbit?The escape velocity of the Earth is about 11 km/s. In other words, anything on the Earth’s leading side would fly off into space, continuing along the Earth’s orbital path around the sun. Anything on the trailing side would be pulverized against the Earth. It would be a horrible, gooey mess.
Which is best ISRO or NASA?
While considering the success rate of any mission, ISRO tops the list. PSLV launched by ISRO has a success rate about of 93%. ISRO’s Mangalyaan mission/ Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) had a total expenditure of around $74 million while the MAVEN mission by NASA for Mars had a total expenditure of $672 million.
Where is Sriharikota?Sriharikota is a barrier island off the Bay of Bengal coast located in the Shar Project settlement of Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh, India.
How Satellite Works (Animation)
What happens if a satellite is launched?
1. What happens if a satellite is launched vertically and released at its design altitude? Explanation: If a satellite were launched vertically from the earth and then released, it would fall back to earth because of gravity. For the satellite to go into orbit around the earth, it must have some forward motion.
Do satellites move in a straight line?
A satellite orbits Earth when its speed is balanced by the pull of Earth’s gravity. Without this balance, the satellite would fly in a straight line off into space or fall back to Earth. … It moves in the same direction and at the same rate Earth is spinning.
Can I buy satellite?To put it simply, if you have enough money you can buy a satellite straight off the shelf. … The sad part is, while it’s a lot cheaper than traditional satellites, CubeSats can still cost as much as $50,000 (INR32 lakh) and nearly $100,000 (INR64 lakh) when you include the cost involved in launching it.
How fast do satellites travel?
They complete an orbit in about 90 minutes because they are close to the Earth and gravity causes them to move very quickly at around 17,000 miles per hour. Many satellites need to be used for communication relay because the area they cover on Earth’s surface is small and they are moving so quickly.
What stops satellites from hitting each other?
The aerodynamic drag on small satellites in Low Earth orbit can be used to change orbits slightly to avoid debris collisions by changing the surface area exposed to atmospheric drag, alternating between low-drag and high-drag configurations to control deceleration.
Do you need permission to put a satellite in space?
Any American citizen who wants to launch a rocket or other kind of spacecraft into orbit must obtain authorization from the FAA, as would any foreigner who launches within U.S. territory. The FAA regulates the commercial sector’s space activities by requiring parties to obtain launch and re-entry licenses.
This topic is also an interested one. Here is the link. How are plants adapted?
What would happen if 2 satellites collide?
Objects in orbit are moving very fast — many times the speed of a bullet — and even a small piece of debris hitting a critical weather satellite or spacecraft could be catastrophic. The long-term risk, according to NASA, is that as debris accumulates in orbit, collisions that produce more debris become more likely. | https://911closeup.com/what-happens-if-a-satellite-is-launched/ |
India has created history today by successfully launching 104 satellites on a single mission, overtaking the previous record for most spacecraft launched at a single attempt, which currently stands at the thirty-eight orbited by a Dnepr in June 2014, of which thirty-two were deployed from the rocket itself while a thirty-third failed to separate. Four of the Dnepr’s remaining five satellites were deployed later from one of the larger payloads and one of the mission’s CubeSats also released a sub-satellite. Salute to ISRO scientists!
Russia’s Dnepr mission held the record of 33 satellites launched in 2014, trailed by NASA’s 29 the year before. India put 20 in orbit in 2016, until now its biggest ever single launch. There were 208 satellites launched in 2014, almost double the amount the year before.
The workhorse Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C37) today lifted 104 satellites into space as part of an Earth observation initiative when it took off at 9:28 a.m. Indian Standard Time (03:58 UTC) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota, a tiny barrier island in south-eastern India.
These 104 satellites will be used to map the Earth, track ships to monitor illegal fishing and piracy, as well as conduct microgravity experiments without making an expensive trip out to the International Space Station. The heaviest of them — India’s CartoSat-2D — weighs 714 kilograms and the lightest — the Nayif — just 1.1 kilograms.
These small satellites — weighing a total of 664 kilograms — include 88 from San Francisco-based Planet Labs Inc. as well as others built by companies and universities in Israel, Kazakhstan, Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates. Of the 101 foreign satellites launched today, 96 were from the United States of America. Since launching satellites requires a lot of fuel, which increases the cost significantly, these lightweight nanosatellites have become increasingly popular. Nanosatellites are small satellites that have a mass between one and 10 kilograms.
Cartosat-2 is a series of panchromatic Earth imaging satellites, deriving from the original Cartosat-2 spacecraft which was launched in January 2007. A successor to the earlier Cartosat-1 mission and part of the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) program, Cartosat-2 was a high-resolution imaging spacecraft operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). In addition to its panchromatic imager, Cartosat-2D is also equipped with a multispectral imaging payload which was introduced to the series with the previous mission, Cartosat-2C.
India’s Space Programme started in 1962 from Mary’s Magdalene Church, which was used as the office and the laboratory of Thumba Equatorial rocket launch station. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was formed in 1969. ISRO built India’s first satellite, Aryabhata, which was launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1975. It was named after the Mathematician Aryabhata. In 1980, Rohini was to become the first satellite to be placed in orbit by an Indian-made launch vehicle, SLV-3.
ISRO sent one lunar orbiter, Chandrayaan-1, on 22 October 2008 and one Mars orbiter, Mars Orbiter Mission, which successfully entered Mars orbit on 24 September 2014, making India the first nation to succeed on its first attempt, and ISRO the fourth space agency in the world as well as the first space agency in Asia to successfully reach Mars orbit.
India’s Mangalyaan probe forced the world to take note of India’s space program, which was set up in 1962. The probe was famously sent to the Red Planet in 2014 for $74 million — less than the $100 million than Hollywood spent making space thriller “Gravity.” The Mangalyaan now has pride of place on India’s new 2,000 rupee note.
Many private companies are developing satellites that they need for their operations, but most cannot afford to launch these independently. India’s ability to launch multiple satellites in a single mission has also put it on firm footing in the global market. So far India has only been launching small and light foreign satellites, using the PSLV, which has become its most reliable launch vehicle, with 36 consecutive successful launches so far. But launching heavier satellites is where the big money is, which is why many players are even reducing the price of their rocket launches to bag more deals. India has been launching heavy satellites on its Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) but so far it has only been used for domestic satellites.
If India can successfully start taking more heavy satellites to space, it could really fire up its position in a market that’s worth billions of dollars. Until yesterday, India has launched 79 satellites from 21 countries, including satellites from big companies like Google and Airbus, earning India at least $157 million, according to government figures. | https://indroyc.com/2017/02/15/104-satellites-in-single-mission/ |
What role has Florida played in the space industry?
The state’s aerospace industry is strong because of the development of rockets, space technology, and advanced helicopter systems. The spaceport at Cape Canaveral is home to rocket launches and landings. In Orlando, there is the manufacturing of rocket engines and advanced helicopter systems. West Palm Beach is home to the manufacturing of rocket engines and helicopter systems.
How does space industry impact Florida?
The Space Age changed the face of Florida forever. New science and math programs and existing programs were strengthened by the influx of money into education. Space became an integral part to the state’s culture.
How is Florida’s successful role in the space industry related to its geography?
The first reason why Cape Canaveral is located on the east coast of Florida is that it is closer to the equator than other launch sites. Launching over water makes launches safer since there are fewer things to go wrong. The second reason why Cape Canaveral is close to the equator is that the spin of Earth is stronger there, making launches easier and more efficient.
How does NASA affect Florida’s economy?
NASA brought $59 billion dollars into the state of Florida. That’s nearly $1 million per resident.
Why is NASA important to Florida?
The launch site for the Apollo moon missions was located at Cape Canaveral, Florida. The speed at which the earth spins there is about 914 miles per hour, giving rockets some extra speed to get to the moon.
How many employees work at Kennedy Space Center?
The number of employees at the Kennedy Space Center visitor complex is 180.
How has Florida contributed to America’s space race?
In 1962, Cape Canaveral was the site of the launch of the first American satellite into orbit. The military base at Cape Canaveral was located near the Atlantic Ocean. This location allowed NASA scientists free access to test rockets.
What positive effect has space exploration had on Florida’s economy?
In the same time frame, Space Florida also attracted more than $7 billion in capital investment to the state.
How long is it from Orlando to NASA?
It takes approximately 2 hours and 36 minutes to get from Orlando to KSC, including transfers.
Where is NASA’s main launch site?
In order to get into space, you need a rocket. At KSC, rockets are assembled before being launched into orbit.
How does Kennedy Space Center help the economy in Florida?
For FY 2006, KSC and other NASA centers injected $168 billion into Florida’s economy and $160 billion in Brevard County’s economy to support space program launches and landings at KSC. These amounts represent a 12 percent decline for the state and a 10 percent decline for Brevard County.
How has the space Coast had an effect on the economy and culture of Florida?
In the 1960s, the Space Age changed the economy and culture of Florida factories making crucial products for the space program. These industries pumped billions of dollars into Florida’s economy.
How has space exploration affected Florida’s tourism?
Tourism is increased by the number of visitors to Florida. These visitors spend money at local businesses. The more tourists that come to Florida, the more revenue is generated.
Is there an Enterprise Florida?
Enterprise Florida is a public/private partnership between Florida’s business leaders and government officials. It is the principal economic development agency for the state.
Can you visit SpaceX?
SpaceX has announced plans to begin testing the first stage of the Starship rocket in early 2019. The company hopes to start launching test flights by mid-2020. There are no public tours of the facility, but if you’re in South Padre Island or Boca Chica Beach during the next few months, you might get a chance to see the next test flight.
Why are rockets white?
The Saturn V was designed to be launched into space, but it also had to withstand the heat of the Florida sun. To protect the rocket from overheating, engineers painted it mostly white. This helped reduce the amount of fuel that boiled off during launch, improving safety.
Does Cape Canaveral have less gravity?
In reality, the force of gravity is 97773 m / s² in Colombo compared with 97979 m / s² in Cape Canaveral, FL. Going the other way, gravity acting on a rocket is 0.0215% less, meaning lower fuel costs theoretically.
Where is NASA located in Florida?
KSC is located on Florida’s Central Atlantic Coast. It covers 56,568 hectares of land and water. It is NASA’s primary launch site. It is located on the adjacent coastal strand, the Indian River, and the Banana River. Surrounded by the Indian and Banana rivers and Mosquito lagoon, the KSC is located on the east side of Merritt Island.
Why don t Rockets go straight up?
Rockets have to tilt sideways to reach orbit, or circle Earth in a “gravity turn” to save fuel and reduce stress and strain on the craft.
How many people work for NASA in Florida?
In the year 2000, the number of employees working at Kennedy Space Center was 11,170. These individuals were responsible for the construction of the space shuttle Discovery, which launched into orbit on July 8, 2001.
Who owns Kennedy Space Center?
NASA Kennedy Space Centre Visitor Complex The entrance seals on NASA parkway Theme, NASA and space exploration, and owner, NASA operated by Delaware North Companies opened August 1, 1967.
Who owns Cape Canaveral?
United States Space Force Cape Canaveral Space Force Station is located in Florida. It covers 5 square kilometers. It belongs to the US military. The US Space Force operates it.
Which location in Florida became vital to the space race?
In the 1960s, NASA was developing rockets capable of carrying astronauts into space. In order to test them, they needed to know how much thrust they could generate. To do this, they used a rocket engine called “Saturn V” (named after the fifth stage of the Saturn V rocket).
How does tourism affect Florida’s economy?
In Florida’s economy, tourism is one of the largest industries contributing to Florida’s GDP growth according to a report from Rockport Analytics, Florida tourism activity generates $133 billion in federal taxes and $114 billion in State and Local Tax Revenue.
Questions related to : What role has Florida played in the space industry?
What is the national yearly budget for NASA?
NASA’s annual budget for FY2020 is $226 billion, or about 0.048% of the total U.S. public debt. In FY2019, the agency had a budget of $21.9 billion, representing 0.049% of the total U S public debt.
What is the closest beach to Orlando Florida?
Cocoa Beach is the most popular place in Florida for tourists. It is also a great place for families to relax and enjoy themselves. There are many activities available for visitors including eco-tours, deep sea fishing, and other recreational activities.
What age is best for Kennedy Space Center?
Kids 7 and up should enjoy visiting Kennedy Space Center. It offers many things for them to do and experience.
Is it worth going to Kennedy Space Center?
In 1957, President Eisenhower signed legislation creating NASA. He also established what was known as the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). NACA became the forerunner of today’s National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958. During the 1950s, NASA was primarily responsible for developing America’s first manned spacecraft.
Can you see the ISS from Florida?
You can see the space station flying overhead tonight as it passes over Miami. The International Space Station orbits at about 220 miles high and travels at an average of 17,227 miles an hour, according to NASA.
How many employees does NASA have?
NASA headquarters is in Washington, D.C. The agency has nine centers and seven test and research locations spread across the United States. More than 17,000 employees work for NASA.
How does the Kennedy Space Station affect Florida?
In 2017, NASA reported that the space center had a total economic impact on Florida of nearly $4 billion. For every 10 direct jobs at KSC, there were an additional 13 indirect jobs created within the state.
What are some products that were developed for the space program but are now in common use?
Space exploration was invented by Neil Armstrong. Artificial limbs were invented for astronauts. Scratch-resistant lenses were invented for astronauts. Insulin pumps were invented for astronauts. Firefighting equipment was invented for astronauts.
DustBusters were invented for astronauts. Lasik eye surgery was invented for astronauts. Shock absorbers for buildings were invented for astronauts. Solar cells were invented for astronauts. More items •
What is outer space exploration?
Space exploration is the process of exploring the universe beyond Earth. It has always been a major goal of humanity. In modern times, it has become a major driver of technological innovation and economic growth.
How does Florida’s geography help the space program?
The first reason why Cape Canaveral is located on the east coast of Florida is that it’s close to the equator. This makes it easier to launch spacecraft over open water than if they were launched over land. The second reason is that it’ll give them a slight boost as they leave the atmosphere.
When did space age come to Florida?
The Soviet Union was a communist country that existed from 1922 to 1990. It consisted of Russia and 14 other countries.
Why is the space program at Cape Canaveral important for Florida?
In 1962, the Cape Canaveral space program brought jobs and business opportunities to Florida, and started a boom in the local economy. By 1965, Pan American World Airways, RCA, Trans World Airlines, GE, and Martin Marietta had established offices in the area.
How has NASA impacted Florida’s economy?
The report says that NASA brought $59 billion to the state of Florida. That’s about 1 percent of the total state economy.
Why is NASA located in Florida?
In order to launch a rocket into orbit, it must be given enough velocity to escape Earth’s gravity. To do this, NASA launches rockets from Cape Canaveral, Florida, which is located near the equator. Because the Earth spins around once every 24 hours, the launch site is always facing westward. As a result, rockets launched from there travel faster than those launched from other locations because the Earth’s rotation helps them gain more speed. | https://quizzes.pro/how-many-floridians-are-employed-in-the-space-industry/ |
The Cislunar Autonomous Positioning System Technology Operations and Navigation Experiment (CAPSTONE), a small CubeSat, roughly the size of a microwave oven and weighing only 55 pounds, has evacuated the low-Earth orbit and initiated its solo journey to the Moon.
After its launch on June 28th, CAPSTONE revolved around the Earth and was connected to Rocket Lab’s Photon upper stage, which maneuvered CAPSTONE into position for its journey to the Moon. Photon’s engines flamed up seven times over the past six days at crucial moments to raise the orbit’s highest point to approximately 810,000 miles from Earth before launching the CAPSTONE CubeSat on its ballistic lunar transfer trajectory towards the Moon. The spacecraft is presently being flown by the teams at Advanced Space and Terran Orbital
Now, CAPSTONE will utilize its propulsion and the Sun’s gravity to steer the rest of the way to the Moon, a four-month mission with CAPSTONE inserting into its near rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO) around the Moon on November 13th, 2022. The gravity-driven route will significantly curtail the amount of fuel the CubeSat needs to get to its target orbit around the Moon.
NRHO is a considerably elongated orbit, found at a specific balance point in the gravitational pulls of Earth and the Moon. It provides stability towards long-term missions like Gateway and needs minimal energy to maintain. CAPSTONE’s orbit also specifies a location that is a suitable staging area for missions to the Moon and other planets. The orbit is going to bring CAPSTONE within 1,000 miles of one lunar pole on its near pass and 43,500 miles from the other pole at its top every seven days, needing less propulsion capability for spacecraft flying to and from the Moon’s surface than further circular orbits. | https://galaxyreporters.com/nasas-capstone-satellite-leaves-earths-orbit-and-initiates-its-solo-journey-to-the-moon/ |
NASA reported that the SLS moon rocket with Orion has been successfully tested to establish a precise date for the next step, the beginning of the missile's deployment to the launch site. The launch from the assembly workshop is scheduled to take place on 18 August. The launch of the rocket into space will take place in 11 days, 29 August.
The Orion spacecraft will be equipped with four Lego astronauts, Snoopy's teddy dog and Barashek Sean. For the Orion, it will be the second space flight. The first test flight without a crew, the partial multiple Orion capsule, was carried out on December 5, 2014 on the Delta IV Heavy launch vehicle. For the Orion, the SLS would be the second unmanned mission in space. Only this time, the ship will fly to the Moon, spend a few weeks there, and enter the Earth's atmosphere at a very different speed from the normal orbital flight.
The Artemis I mission will test both the SLS launcher, which has not yet flown into space, and the Orion ship's strength test. At the end of the mission, the ship will sail into the Pacific Ocean, where it will be picked up by the United States Navy.
According to the flight plan, the launch vehicle has to reach orbit in 8.5 minutes. About 80 to 90 minutes after launch, the rocket booster will have to take the ship to the moon's flight trajectory. The Gravity Manoeuvre will take the Orion to the so-called Luna's long-range retrograde orbit. The ship will move in the direction of the opposite movement of the Moon around the Earth. The gravity manoeuvre will also be performed to return to Earth.
Orion is equipped with high-resolution high-speed and high-resolution cameras, and NASA is counting on many high-quality video broadcasts of Moon and Earth species from this corner of space. Many selfies of the ship will also be one of the goals of the Artemis I mission.
The extra days for launching the moon missile are September 2 and September 5 and if the missile is not launched these days, it will have to be taken back to the hangar and partially restored. The next windows will open in October. Let's hope the missile will be successfully launched on the first scheduled days. | https://skilfulseo.com/article/4413/the-nasa-sls-launch-site-will-be-launched-on-august-18-with-a-launch-to-the-moon-scheduled-for-augus/ |
China will launch an unmanned spacecraft in early November to test its ability of docking with an experimental space module, a necessary step to push forward its manned space station plan.
Technicians have completed testing on the assembling of Shenzhou-8 and the rocket after they were delivered to the launch center at Jiuquan on the edge of the Gobi desert in Northwest China’s Gansu Province.
China has been pursuing a decade-long effort to place a manned permanent space station in orbit that will display the country’s scientific and technological strength and prowess.
In space, the Shenzhou-8 is expected to carry out maneuvers to couple with the Tiangong-1 module now in orbit.
The Shenzhou-8 space ship and the modified Long March-2F rocket that will sling it into space were transferred early Wednesday to the launch pad at the Jiuquan space base.
The 8.5-ton, box car-sized Tiangong-1 module launched last month has moved into orbit 350 kilometers above the Earth and is surveying Chinese farmland using special cameras.
It is also conducting experiments involving growing crystals in zero gravity, said the launch center's chief engineer, Lu Jinrong.
Following Shenzhou-8, two more missions, at least one of them manned, are to meet up with the module next year for further practice, with astronauts staying for up to one month.
Plans call for launching two other experimental modules for more tests before the actual station is launched in three sections between 2020 and 2022.
At about 60 tons when completed, the Chinese station will be smaller than the International Space Station, which is expected to continue operating through 2028. | http://en.people.cn/202936/7627561.html |
Going up?
- It will be used to test the viability of a full-sized space elevator.
- Questions still remain about what materials could be used to build the elevator.
- If successful, a space elevator would be a cheaper way of reaching space.
On September 22nd — after waiting out a delay imposed by Typhoon Mangkhut — a satellite launched containing a miniature space elevator designed by researchers at Shizuoka University. It intends to serve as a test model of a future space elevator that the Obayashi Corp. hopes to construct in the next 30 years.
The idea of a space elevator was first inspired by a Russian recluse scientist named Konstantin Tsiolkovsky who, in observing the Eiffel Tower, imagined a "celestial castle" attached to it in geosynchronous Earth orbit.
Though there is a practical draw to consider here — a space elevator is an appealing project because it would, in theory, cost less to send something up a space elevator than via a rocket — there are other hard practical realities to consider as well. As Jason Daley notes in Smithsonian, there is currently no material strong enough to work as the elevator's cables are supposed to work. "Even carbon nanotubes," he writes, "the strongest material we've devised so far, would shred under the stress."
How should a space elevator work, anyway? Well — the further we get from the earth, the greater the likelihood that whatever is escaping earth will encounter centrifugal force. There is a point between earth and space where the gravitational tug and centrifugal force are perfectly balanced against each other. That's called the 'geosynchronous equatorial orbit.' It's here that Obayashi imagines a space station of some kind. Beyond the floating structure occupying this point — at the other end of the line — would be a weight. The combination of this weight and the centrifugal force of the weight pulling on the other end of this line would keep the 'elevator' line in place.
Though this isn't explicitly stated, one would imagine that one benefit of testing a mini-space elevator would be in testing how well this machine in miniature works at a certain level of gravity.
What else would need to be tested? What sort of elevator cable material could withstand space debris, be strong enough to hold weights going up and down the line, and also potentially change size the further it gets away from the reach of the gravity of the planet, for one. Perhaps there can be a collaboration with the British RemoveDebris Mission, where a net is fired out into space to wrap itself web-like around any potential passing debris.
The full extent of Obayashi's plans are ambitious. It isn't just the elevator they're building; if the video on their landing page is any indication, they're planning to build a slew of things. From a structure at the Mars Gravity Center — a point above the earth where the gravity is the same as it is on Mars — to a "Low Earth Orbit" gate from which one can deploy satellites back to earth.
The goal is to have the elevator completed, up and running, by 2050.
- Elevator to the Stars - Video | Big Think ›
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- Japan Takes Tiny First Step Toward Space Elevator | Smart News ... ›
The world and workforce need wisdom. Why don’t universities teach it?
Universities claim to prepare students for the world. How many actually do it?
- Many university mission statements do not live up to their promise, writes Ben Nelson, founder of Minerva, a university designed to develop intellect over content memorization.
- The core competencies that students need for success—critical thinking, communication, problem solving, and cross-cultural understanding, for example—should be intentionally taught, not left to chance.
- These competencies can be summed up with one word: wisdom. True wisdom is the ability to apply one's knowledge appropriately when faced with novel situations.
What the world will look like in the year 250,002,018
This is what the world will look like, 250 million years from now
To us humans, the shape and location of oceans and continents seems fixed. But that's only because our lives are so short.
Six-month-olds recognize (and like) when they’re being imitated
A new study may help us better understand how children build social cognition through caregiver interaction.
New study connects cardiovascular exercise with improved memory
Researchers at UT Southwestern noted a 47 percent increase in blood flow to regions associated with memory.
- Researchers at UT Southwestern observed a stark improvement in memory after cardiovascular exercise.
- The year-long study included 30 seniors who all had some form of memory impairment.
- The group of seniors that only stretched for a year did not fair as well in memory tests.
Learn a new language—super fast. Here’s how.
According to a man that knows more than 20 languages, the key is to start in the middle. | https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/japan-launches-mini-space-elevator?rebelltpage=2 |
by Ron Ayers, Chief Aerodynamicist
The last major redesign of Bloodhound occurred when we swapped the position of the jet engine and the rocket engine. You may recall that, when we commenced the project, the rocket was mounted above the jet engine. This had the advantage that the heavy jet engine was situated low down so that the centre of gravity was as low as possible.
However, it had the disadvantage that the high thrust line of the rocket resulted in a strong nose-down pitching moment which would cause the vehicle to suffer from over-steer. Putting the rocket under the jet certainly reduced that problem as the nose down pitching moment from the jet engine was much less than that from the rocket. (see pictures right: BLOODHOUND SSC's original 'Rocket over Jet' configuration (above) and 'Jet over Rocket' configuration (below)).
As frequently happens in engineering, the solution to one problem aggravates another one. The new ‘jet on top’ configuration suffered from higher drag, and vertical forces that were very Mach number dependent, particularly on the rear wheels. A sophisticated analysis technique (called the ‘Design of Experiments’) assisted us in arriving at a configuration which appears to resolve all these problems (See Config 10 - the Holy Grail) so things were going well.
But things never go smoothly in the realms of Land Speed Records. A more recent weight analysis showed that the predicted centre of gravity position has moved significantly aft. To make matters worse, recent small changes in external geometry had combined to move the yaw centre of pressure in a forward direction. The combined effect of these two changes is that the predicted yaw stability has now reached unacceptably low levels. We are still working on the solution to this, but you can expect future layouts to include a yaw fin that is significantly larger than the one in configuration 10 illustrated above - it may look something like the one below, but work is still in progress, so watch this space!
Disappointing? A little.
Surprising? Not at all.
During a long career designing high speed vehicles, I cannot recall a single project where we were not struggling to satisfy stability criteria.
Why does it happen? Well, jet and rocket engines must obviously be situated near the back of the vehicle so that they can function. Thus, we start with heavy components near the back of the vehicle. This pulls the centre of gravity towards the back but for a stable vehicle, the centre of gravity should be well forward. Naturally, we put as many heavy components as possible near the front, but this aspect of design is always a struggle. | http://bloodhound1.efar.co.uk/news/aerodynamics-update-march-2011 |
Back in December of 2017, President Trump signed a directive which essentially told NASA to focus more on getting back to the Moon rather than focusing on going to Mars. Now, it has been revealed that NASA will soon reveal their plan to go back to the moon.
What purpose will the Moon serve, and what can we expect for the future of Mars exploration? Check out this guide to find out.
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you will still be among the stars. – Les Brown
The Last Mission to the Moon: Apollo 17
The last time an American stepped foot on the moon was the Apollo 17 mission back in 1972. The goal of Apollo 17 was to collect lunar rocks that were both younger and older from those already studied on previous Apollo missions, as well as taking pictures and conducting experiments while in flight. The crew consisted of three people; Commander Eugene Cernan, Command Module Pilot Ronald Evans, and Lunar Module Pilot Harrison “Jack” Schmitt (the first and only scientist-astronaut to ever land on the Moon). Apollo 17 launched from Kennedy Space Center, in Merritt Island, Florida at night on December 7, 1972. They landed on the moon on December 11 and departed the Moon on the 14th. The Apollo 17 crew landed in the Pacific Ocean on December 19, 1972, and was recovered by the USS Ticonderoga.
Apollo 17 actually broke quite a few records. It was the longest Moon landing, had the longest lunar orbit, it collected the most amount of samples, and had the most spacewalks. Not only was this our most recent trip to the Moon, it is also the most recent point that humans have gone beyond Earth’s orbit. Now, almost 46 years later, NASA is planning on returning to the Moon.
Why Go Back to the Moon?
President Trump signed a directive into effect for NASA to set its sights towards the Moon, instead of focusing on Mars for the moment. In a way. In December of 2017, President Trump signed the Space Policy Directive 1 for the hopes of Mars travel easier by using the Moon as a place to launch to Mars. Vice President Pence has spoken before about focusing efforts on space exploration, so this directive isn’t a huge surprise. Among the people there when the President signed the directive were astronauts Harrison Schmitt, Peggy Whitson, and Buzz Aldrin.
This idea of establishing the Moon of a launch point was actually an idea of President Bush back in 2004 when he said that we should focus on space exploration by means of the Moon. That ended up failing because the budget was not feasible to allow for it.
How Will the Moon Help Us Get To Mars?
Getting to Mars is a pretty big priority for not only NASA but to Elon Musk’s company SpaceX. SpaceX was created in 2002 for the sole purpose of getting to Mars, and eventually Mars colonization. Elon Musk has spoken about the fact that humans should be colonizing more than one planet, and that humans should also have a base on the Moon. He teased the rendering above but has not said much about a lunar base, but the picture is very telling.
The ship in the photo is a rocket that Musk calls the “BFR” which has the words “big” and “rocket” in it. You can probably guess what that F stand for. Its actual name is the Interplanetary Transport System (or ITS for short). Musk believes that rocket will be able to fly at a whopping 16,777 miles per hour and can carry large groups of people to Mars (as well as super fast Earth travel). This rocket will be reusable, making it cheaper to operate than the other ships Musk has planned. This picture is important because that rocket will be going to Mars primarily, so if there is a plan for some sort of Moon base that can hold the BFG then it means SpaceX is looking at the Moon as a viable launch pad.
So why would a lunar base mean getting to Mars? Well, there are a few reasons. One reason is that astronauts and crews would become accustomed to life outside of Earth and would be a good stepping stone to learning how to manage some sort of extraterrestrial base in preparation for Mars. Living and colonizing Mars will be a massive change for humans, so getting “practice” on a lunar base would help that challenge out a bit. Another reason is to become a multi-planetary species.
While Mars is the primary goal of NASA and many scientists, placing a base on the Moon would be the first step towards humans being on more than one planet. Thirdly, having a base on the Moon will help researchers see first hand how the human body will adapt to life in space. Yes, we already study astronauts who stay on the International Space Station, but the Moon would have different gravity and environment than the ISS. A big aspect of a lunar base is launching rockets from the Moon as opposed to Earth. There are quite a few challenges to that and differential equations in it that NASA would have to figure out, but it is feasible.
Opposition To a Lunar Base
As with just about anything in existence, there are oppositions to a base on the Moon. Some say it is a waste of time, others think it won’t work, and some think it will cost way too much money. Many of those who oppose it have very valid concerns and it is definitely something that NASA and other space agencies have to take into effect when deciding how to go about building a lunar base.
We really won’t know anything until NASA reveals its plans to the public about their ideas and plans. Until then, we eagerly await to see what the plan is to return humanity back to the Moon. | https://sciencetrends.com/nasa-finally-going-back-moon-46-years/ |
Now I wonder if such a function can in any way describe the trajectory of a physical object where $t$ is time and $f(t)$ is its position. The reason why I am not sure is as follows: If I throw a ball in the air, its velocity becomes zero at the highest point. Naively I could reason that it must stay there, because it cannot move anymore once the velocity is zero. But we all know that this reasoning is flawed, because the 2n derivative, acceleration, is not zero at this point, which is why the ball starts picking up speed again and comes down to earth.
But what if the 2nd derivative, acceleration, would vanish too, and the third, and so on infinitely. Would this mean that the ball comes to a halt at this point. And, by generalizing from the ball to any particle, that the $f(t)$ shown above cannot be the trajectory of a physical object? Rather the function would have to be constant at least on one side of the flat point? | https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/190564/can-a-flat-function-be-a-particle-trajectory |
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Is your life a wild exploration, or does it feel mundane and lack excitement? Is the life you are living based on logical reason and society’s expectations, or are you doing exactly what makes your heart beat a little faster with passion and enthusiasm? If you listened more intently to what your heart wants, what would you be doing? What are your dreams, and why aren’t you living them at the moment?
These are the questions that author Kori Hahn poses in the introduction to Rituals of the Soul: Using the 8 Ancient Principles of Yoga to Create a Modern & Meaningful Life. She dedicates the rest of the book to showing readers how the eight ancient steps of yoga can help them answer them. We hope you’ll enjoy this Q & A with Kori about the book.
Tell us about your book Rituals of the Soul and what inspired you to write it.
I spent many years doing a regular asana and meditation practice, which of course made me feel a little better each day, but I eventually realized I had no idea how to use yoga as a whole, comprehensive, spiritual system, even after twenty years of practicing and teaching.
When I started creating and practicing specific rituals to more fully integrate my yoga practice, the results and benefits started coming with more ease. Instead of being militaristic about my practice, I started tuning into my soul. The intention of my yoga process was to listen for what my soul wanted and to use its techniques to walk towards those goals a little bit each day. When I started manifesting big bold dreams, I realized I was really onto something special.
In Rituals of the Soul, I explain each of the 8 yogic principles and explore how the big picture of yoga and small, personalized rituals can help us to integrate those principles in our daily lives. While yoga is ultimately about showing us how to manifest freedom from mental anguish and soul-liberation (the yogis call this Samadhi), I have also discovered that I can use the system to manifest earthly dreams as well — like world class surf trips, building and growing my own business, and living a an unorthodox life being spiritual and surfy in Sri Lanka!
You say in the book that intuition is our way of perceiving the world through the lens of our soul. Tell us more about that please.
I believe intuitive messages are subtle whispers sent from the deepest part of our subconscious. These ethereal messages emanate from your soul and are directly guiding you to realize and live your soul’s purpose for you.
When we rely less on the logical, societal norm voice of the thinking mind that tells us what we “should do” and learn how to listen to the calm voice of our soul, we empower ourselves to make the choices we need to heal, find our worth, and to eventually connect to our own God/dess (our soul) living within. Unfortunately, many of us get lost in our pains, discomforts and insecurities and are unable to discern our soul’s chosen path as a result. It is our intuition that brings us closer to ourselves and what we want need for our unique human experience.
You say in the introduction that your book will teach readers how to use yoga to connect with and start acting on their intuition. How so?
Rituals of the Soul teaches readers how to live more intuitively. I teach the reader how to first use yoga to listen to their intuition and then to start acting on it. Yoga is intended to be used as a way of tapping into the God within you. It helps you hear “the words of God” (aka your intuition). Our intuition is how our internal guidance ultimately takes us to the passions and projects, which will ultimately give our lives purpose and meaning.
Your book empowers readers to create their own personalized set of rituals. Why is this important?
Yoga is not meant to only be practiced on a yoga mat. It is meant to help us with the real struggles in our everyday lives! When I stopped practicing yoga so hyper-vigilantly on the mat, I learned to move my yoga practices into my daily life off the mat more often — while cleaning my toilets, sitting in traffic, etc. I started meditating (counting my breath) when I had a spare moment throughout my day and not always as a super structured item on my to do list. As a single mom and an entrepreneur, who is always passionate and excited about some sort of new creative project, I needed yoga to fit into my life not just from 7-9 am, but in all the in-between moments as well.
That is why rituals work so well. They train us to habitually do things differently and are ultimately a reminder of the intention we are working towards. It's not really about the practice, but about the purpose behind them, or our reason for doing them. Rituals keep us motivated and inspired and moving in the right direction. When your rituals are frequently repeated, that consistency can be even more powerful than doing one long practice each day.
What is the most important thing that someone who wants to create a set of rituals needs to know?
Start small so you can do them consistently with ease. Let one small ritual come and see for yourself how it starts saturating all of your life. Then add one or two as your capacity for them grows. If you want to learn to meditate, start by taking ten breaths at a time here and there. You don't need to sit for one hour in the beginning, although you can. Let it be easy and be compassionate with yourself. Do ten breaths when you first wake up in the morning, and then again when waiting in the carpool line, and ten more while taking a shower, and you will have started a new habit of checking in mindfully into the present moment and not just while sitting in a quintessential yogi posture.
Kori Hahn is the author of Rituals of the Soul and founder of a community gathering place called the Santosha Society, which is dedicated to travel, surfing, and the soulful. She hosts numerous trips around the world for hundreds of women who study Ayurveda, yoga, meditation, and all things related to soul growth, knowledge, and fulfillment. Visit her online at www.SantoshaSociety.com.
Excerpted from the book from Rituals of the Soul. Copyright ©2021 by Kori Hahn. Printed with permission from New World Library. | https://kajama.com/qa-kori-hahn-author-of-rituals-of-the-soul/ |
Mesopotamian Magic: Ancient Tablets Reveal a World of Witches, Sorcerers and Exorcists
Ancient Mesopotamia was a vast region in Western Asia which has become known as the ‘cradle of civilization’ due to the huge number of feats the culture achieved. Agriculture, animal herding, and domestication had developed there by 8000 years ago. By 3000 BC they had created the world’s oldest known cities and invented the wheel. And along with their advanced solutions to the practical needs of a society, ran sophisticated traditions of occult rituals and witchcraft, which is clearly documented in the Maqlú tablets.
A Rich Record
A deep insight into the Mesopotamian civilization has been gained from the hundreds of thousands of clay tablets inscribed with cuneiform, one of the earliest forms of writing, that they left. When cuneiform was deciphered by archaeologists in the middle of the 19th century it meant that texts like the Epic of Gilgamesh could be finally be accessed and appreciated.
The Gula incantation. The writing on this tablet asks Gula and Marduk (identified by his Sumerian name, Asalluhi) to help cure a patient who is thought to have been attacked by a ghost. ( The Metropolitan Museum of Art )
The Mesopotamians were prolific in the scope of their writing, and along with the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Library of Ashurbanipal also contains tablets detailing military campaigns, treaties, detailed accounts of a monarch’s reign, the Enûma Eliš (Babylonian creation myth), and astronomical observations. Tablets found elsewhere discuss codes of laws, maps, medical manuals, trade, domestic disputes, and diplomatic correspondence.
- Marduk: Babylonian King of Gods and Reportedly Liberator of the Jews
- Mesopotamian Ghostbusters: The Evil Acts of Assyrian Ghosts and How They Were Vanquished
- Secrets of Magic in Modern Paganism Revealed
The texts help to understand Mesopotamian culture and society, but among thousands of relatively mundane inscriptions, there are some which stand out and highlight the more unusual aspects of life in Ancient Mesopotamia.
What is the Maqlú?
Maqlú, which means ‘burning’, is a work composed around 700 BC spanning nine tablets. It details a ceremony which was supposed to thwart and drive away evil magic, protect the intended target from the bad magic, and weaken the person who was responsible for casting the malevolent spell or curse. The first eight tablets feature almost 100 incantations, and the ninth gives directions for the ritual. It is a work intended to aide an exorcist and his patient.
Assyrian Cylinder depicting an exorcism. (Wellcome Images/ CC BY 4.0 )
The Maqlú tablets give detailed instructions to burn a figurine representing the witch in order to dispel the effects of their magic, and this ritual is what gives the inscription its name.
For a text like Maqlú to have been created, there has to have been some need in Mesopotamian society for a guide like this. What can Maqlú tell us about witchcraft in Ancient Mesopotamia?
The Practice of Mesopotamian Witchcraft
One of the main aspects of witchcraft that Maqlú highlights is the anonymity of the witch. It is interesting to note the ceremony is not fixated on discovering who has been practicing witchcraft and wronged the patient, it chooses instead to replace the witch with a nameless effigy and trusts that the Gods will know who the intended target is.
We can also learn a lot from the fact that to counteract evil magic, a magical ceremony was undertaken by an exorcist. Maqlú, along with several other Mesopotamian texts, paint a picture of a society where magic was practiced both legitimately and openly, and illegitimately and maliciously.
Fragment of talisman used to exorcise the sick, Assyrian era. (Rama/ CC BY SA 2.0 )
It is implied that evil magic worked as the practitioners tricked the Gods into believing they were assisting a genuine need. The ritual in Maqlú was supposed to work by revealing the deception to the Gods so they would reverse what they had done to help the evil doer. But we can also build up a picture of a society in which ‘good’ magic was an everyday part of life for many people.
Mesopotamian Omens
Akkadian was the language of Ancient Mesopotamia, and although cuneiform was used over several millennia by a number of different ancient cultures, it is estimated that 30% of the surviving Akkadian cuneiform inscriptions are about witchcraft and the supernatural. A lot of these are not witchcraft in the way we may think of it today in the form of magic spells and rituals, but things surrounding the unknown.
Cuneiform tablet: fragment of a liver omen. ( Metropolitan Museum of Art )
Although Mesopotamia was remarkably advanced in many respects, things such as celestial bodies and unpredictable natural phenomena were not fully understood. These things were often looked to as a way of trying to predict and avoid negative events and a lot of the surviving inscriptions are very detailed attempts to list omens and help evade disaster.
One notable mystical text was the Enuma Anu Enlil, which is details around 7000 celestial omens relating specifically to the king and state. The king was sent regular updates and reports from the predictions by his personal scholars, who were tasked with deciphering the premonitions.
Ceramic incantation bowl from the Sasanian Period, 6-7th century AD. ( Signposts to Eden )
Another set of omens is the Šumma ālu ina mēlê šakin, which consists of 120 clay tablets and over ten thousand ill omens linked to there being too many of one kind of person at any given time. Perhaps today these particular omens would be seen as common sense more than esoteric.
One of the more unusual set of omens is the Šumma izbu. These are omens which are connected to deformed human births and bizarre animal births such as conjoined animals. They were not always negative and they were often linked to the side of the body the deformity related to – a deformity on the right hand side was bad, but on the left it may have been seen as lucky.
Professional Magicians
Although many people believed in or even practiced rudimentary magic, there were also professional magicians in ancient Mesopotamia. These professional magicians would have been specialists in a particular field of magic. Some would have been specialists in divination, while others would have been professional exorcists. As with some other ancient societies, many of those who worked in a field that was not fully understood were considered to be magicians; so scientists, doctors, and astronomers were placed alongside mystics and exorcists.
Apkallu figure male with a fish-skin hood. During the Neo-Assyrian period, practitioners of magic protected interior spaces of buildings by depositing an assemblage of figurines beneath the room’s floor. This artifact probably served that function. ( Metropolitan Museum of Art )
It was also possible to specialize within these fields. One set of mystics who specialized in a particular form of divination were the bārû, who made predictions based on reading the livers of sacrificial animals.
Evidence of Magic in Day to Day Life
There is one tablet which provides evidence of everyday witchcraft, listing types of stones and their magical associations so the user would know what kind of stone to carry to attract or dispel particular Gods and Goddesses.
Cuneiform tablet with a list of magical stones. ( Metropolitan Museum of Art )
Further evidence of the everyday belief in and practice of witchcraft is visible in a plethora of surviving artifacts. Clay figurines representing gods, animals, and mystical creatures have been found at homes across Mesopotamia and they were often kept hidden in areas of the house that could have been seen as prone to access by spirits and demons.
And just as a representation of an evil witch could be used to repel their magic in an exorcism, there is evidence that pregnant women wore pendants with representations of the demoness Lamashtu, who was known to attack pregnant women and infants, in an attempt to ward off her spirit and provide a wearable form of protection against her.
- Say the Magic Word: The Origins of Abracadabra and Other Magical Mutterings
- The Magic of Heka: Ancient Egyptian Rituals That Have Crossed Cultures and Time
- Mathematical Genius or Mesmerizing Magician? The Psychomagic of Scotland's Ancient Lost Wizard
Amulet with a Lamashtu demon. ( Metropolitan Museum of Art )
When cuneiform was first decoded in the mid-19th century it made it possible to access hundreds of thousands of texts for the first time. It must have been surprising to learn people in ancient Mesopotamia were so advanced and made so many significant discoveries. It must also have been a major juxtaposition that a society which made so many logical and intellectual leaps would also believe so widely in magic, which is perceived by many today as irrational.
But perhaps the Mesopotamian belief in magic should be seen instead as further evidence of their rationality and intelligence. The ritual exorcism described in Maqlú might be easy to scoff at today, but it provided comfort and reassurance to the victim. Perhaps more importantly it dispelled and punished the witch anonymously, which avoided any need for a public witch hunt – something that would have ended in violence and confrontation.
Top Image: Sorcerer in hood standing in front of an ancient destructed Babylon tower with flood, fire & hurricane illustration ( breakermaximus / Adobe Stock)
References
Abush, T. 2016. The Magical Ceremony ‘Maql ú’: A Critical Edition. Available at: https://books.google.no/books?id=mae8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PR8&lpg=PR8&dq=Maql%C3%BB&source=bl&ots=FQ00U-S8EK&sig=ACfU3U0co9LFW0gxbOJVP9oG-BtGZJ_8hw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2zN79m7LgAhWtwcQBHcX6Agw4ChDoATAEegQIBRAB#v=onepage&q=Maql%C3%BB&f=false
Boardman, J et al. 1991. The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC. Cambridge University Press
British Museum. Date Unknown. K.2950. Available at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=310494&partId=1&images=true
Ciraolo, L and Seidel, J. 2002. Magic and Divination in the Ancient World. Brill Publishing
Farber, W in Sasson, J. 1983. Witchcraft, Magic, Divination in Ancient Mesopotamia. Available at: https://educatoroutreach.uchicago.edu/sites/k12outreach.uchicago.edu/fil...
Hunger, H. 2017. State Archives of Assyria, Astrological reports to Assyrian kings, vol 8. Eisenbrauns (reprint of 1992 edition
King, L. 1896. Babylonian Magic and Sorcery. Luzac and Co. | https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-ancient-traditions/mesopotamian-witchcraft-0011494 |
The first volume of Beholding Beauty begins in the Horn of Africa, the cradle of mankind, showcasing and documenting the history and significance behind the Horn’s ancient beautification and adornment rituals. With spectacular photographs, this historic volume provides insightful portraits of the Horn’s women, guardians of ancient wisdom, and captures every intricate detail and fine nuance of their arts of beauty and wellbeing, set against a vivid backdrop of some of the region’s most archaic and pristine landscapes.
Beholding Beauty will release a series of books that takes readers on a treasure hunt to seek the origins and secrets of beauty and wellbeing. Peter Schoenborn descends into the realm of myths and legends to unravel the deeper meaning and functions behind these beauty rituals and the plants intrinsic to their use.
The second volume to the series sets out to discover the ancient traditions of body adornment and beautification of Central Asia, where the ‘East’ and ‘West’ have converged, and where great civilisations of the past have fused to create the societies and cultures today. | http://www.beholdingbeauty.com/books/ |
For Jack West and his team, unlocking the secrets of the `Seven Ancient Wonders' has proved only the beginning. The world is still in mortal danger.
The challenge now is to set six legendary diamonds known as the `Pillars' in their appointed places before the deadline when global destruction is predicted. But first Jack and his team must locate the exact positions of placement all around the world, at sites known as `the Six Sacred Stones'.
What follows is a terrifying chase on a mountaintop railway in remotest China . . . A midnight expedition to unlock the prehistoric secrets of Stonehenge . . . Belly-crawling through subterranean tunnels infested with giant Nile crocodiles . . . Surviving the gruesome rituals of a cannibal tribe in forgotten jungle valleys of the Congo . . . A race-against-time submarine journey to an abandoned city hidden under the Cape of Good Hope . . .
With only the riddles of ancient philosophers to guide them, they must find their way through complex networks of traps and labyrinths and ambushes - and all the while warding off hostile interference from some very powerful and determined enemies. | https://shop.evernewbookstore.com/products/the-six-sacred-stones-matthew-reilly |
Celebrating the Summer Solstice – the longest day of the year
The Summer Solstice is always a major seasonal milestone in the year as it marks the longest day. In 2021 it occurs on Wednesday 22 December in the Southern Hemisphere at 2.59am (AEDT) and on that day there will be around 14 hours and 24 minutes of daylight.
Some things you may not know
- It’s the day when the sun reaches its highest point in the sky.
- Sunrise and sunset on the day are not the earliest or latest times as you would expect. The earliest sunrise is before the solstice and the latest sunset occurs after the solstice.
- The date and time of the solstice is different every year.
- The word ‘solstice’ means ‘sun stands still’ as the sun reaches the highest or lowest point in the sky depending on the time of year.
- In the norther hemisphere the winter solstice will be occurring, marking the start of winter.
The Solstice and the Celts
The early Celtic people, including the Druids, lived in Ancient Britain, Ireland and France (Gaul) around 1,000 BC and have long been associated with rituals relating to the Summer and Winter Solstices. The meaning of Druid is thought to relate to the Celtic word meaning ‘knowledge or wisdom of the oak’.
Both the Summer and Winter Solstices are believed to have been significant events that the Druids celebrated due to their affinity with, and reverence for, nature. Think Stonehenge or Glastonbury in England which are considered sacred sites by the Druids. Modern day Druids may celebrate in formal rituals or informal gatherings to mark the occasion as a time to take stock and connect with nature and each other.
How to celebrate the Solstice
For some people the Summer Solstice is the observation of a naturally occurring astronomical event. For the Celts and the Druids, it’s a time of magic and mystery, whilst for others, it will be just another day in the calendar.
No matter what camp you are in here are a few ideas to celebrate regardless.
- Go for a picnic with family or friends
- Take a walk for some fresh air and re-connect with nature
- Spend some time meditating to de-stress and unwind
- Listen to your favourite music
- Go for a swim – it’s summer!
- Watch the sunrise and reflect on a new day
- Create a list of summer resolutions
NobleOak and the Summer Solstice
The United Ancient Order of Druids Friendly Society of NSW became a mutual in 1877 and was one of the earliest insurance providers and friendly societies in Australia before demutualising in 2011 to become NobleOak Life Limited.
With NobleOak’s early links to the Druids going back 144 years, the Summer Solstice is a timely reminder of their guiding principles which still underpin our name and values. Our company logo is also based on what the Druids held most sacred – the oak tree, a symbol that was honored for its strength, endurance and noble presence.
Today our focus continues to remain on looking after our customers first and foremost, holding true to the ethos of the Ancient Order of Druids which is closely aligned to the desire to help protect Australians and their families.
Find out more about NobleOak’s values and history and how we can help protect you and your family.
Sources: | https://www.nobleoak.com.au/insights/celebrating-the-summer-solstice-the-longest-day-of-the-year/ |
Oprah Winfrey, sharing stories from her own past, and a renowned brain development and trauma expert discuss the impact of trauma and adversity and how healing must begin with a shift to asking, "What happened to you?" rather than "What's wrong with you?" Oprah Winfrey and renowned brain development and trauma expert Dr. Bruce Perry discuss the impact of trauma and adversity and how healing must begin with a shift to asking "What happened to you?"...
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"Draws on history, psychology, and anthropology to discuss how the tribal connection--the instinct to belong to small groups with a clear purpose and common understanding--can satisfy the human quest for meaning and belonging, "--NoveList. Decades before the American Revolution, Benjamin Franklin lamented that English settlers were constantly fleeing over to the Indians -- but Indians almost never did the same. Tribal society has been exerting an...
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"This novel provides an examination of contemporary America through the prism of a family tragedy: when a powerful parent dies, each of his adult children reacts in startling and unexpected ways, and his grieving widow in the most surprising way of all. Stark and penetrating, it's an exploration of psychological trauma, class warfare, grief, and eventual healing."--Publisher.
4) The ultimate guide to crystals & stones: a practical path to personal power, self-development, and healing
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Skyhorse Publishing
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2016.
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English
For centuries, ancient cultures referred to crystals as the veins of the earth, frozen liquid, and frozen light. Uma Silbey unlocks the secrets of these remarkable storehouses for earth's energy to reveal their remarkable effects on personal power, self-enhancement, and healing. In this ultimate guide, she describes how you can channel the subtle forces within a crystal to empower your meditations, direct your thoughts, energize your body, and unleash...
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Roig-Debellis is the first-grade teacher at Sandy Hook Elementary School who saved her entire class of fifteen six- and-seven-year-olds from the tragic events that took place on December 14, 2012, by piling them into a single-occupancy bathroom within her classroom, mere feet from the brutal and indiscriminate massacre taking place outside the door. Despite the unimaginably painful experiences she endured, she has chosen to share her experience with...
6) Crystal RX: daily rituals for cultivating calm, achieving your goals, and rocking your inner gem boss
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Dey Street Books, an imprint of William Morrow
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English
"Tap into your "Soul GPS" with this essential guide to the healing power of crystals, from their ancient origins to their modern-day applications. Since the dawn of time, people have been drawn to gemstones, using them in burial rites, divination practices, healing rituals, spiritual attunement, and as adornment reflecting wealth, power, beliefs or societal roles. For millennia, crystals have been believed to restore and enhance physical, mental,...
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Riverhead Books
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Quadrille Publishing
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2017.
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English
From choosing and using to programming, charging and cleansing, Crystals is a modern guide to enhancing your life with these enchanting stones. Often referred to as 'wisdom keepers', crystals hold millions of years of the Earth's history within them. Through emitting steady vibrations, they will help you to become more centered and balanced, creating spaces of Zen around you and your home. Featuring 51 of the most common and interesting crystals,...
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Mango Media Inc
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Did you know that wearing an amulet of green jade on an interview will help get the job? Have you heard that an amethyst ring can help break bad habits and even encourage sobriety? Anyone looking for love can place two pink quartz crystals in the bedroom; you'll not be alone for long! These are just a few of the hundreds of secrets shared here in this definitive guide to the enchanted world of crystals. Semi-precious stones and gems have long been...
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Llewellyn Publications
Pub. Date
2004.
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English
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Fair Winds
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2017.
Language
English
This comprehensive sourcebook of 100 essential crystals for spiritual healing and all-round protection is packed with practical advice and fascinating information. Not only will you find out about the crystal's attributes, legendary power, and holistic benefits, but also about each crystal's specific energy to enhance, heal, or protect you. Crystals are the most natural, empowering force we can work with to promote spiritual balance and protect us...
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2013
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English
The psychiatrist author of Thoughts Without a Thinker reveals the transformational potential of trauma to reveal how it can be used for positive mental development, challenging mainstream beliefs about healing and moving past trauma to explain how pain can provide learning opportunities and fundamentally connect people to the world.
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Frog Books
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English
Would you like to understand the deeper spiritual meaning of physical illness, parenting handicapped children, drug addiction, alcoholism, the death of a loved one, accidents, deafness, and blindness?
Your Soul’s Plan (which was originally published under the title Courageous Souls: Do We Plan Our Life Challenges Before Birth?) explores the premise that we are all eternal souls who plan our lives, including our greatest...
Your Soul’s Plan (which was originally published under the title Courageous Souls: Do We Plan Our Life Challenges Before Birth?) explores the premise that we are all eternal souls who plan our lives, including our greatest...
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North Star Way
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2017.
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"In [this book] ... author Robyn Openshaw reveals the difference between low vibration emotions (fear, anger, inertia) and high vibration emotions (love, inner peace, gratitude) and helps readers dramatically impact their physical and mental well-being by raising their vibrational frequencies. [This book] explores the foods, natural substances, and lifestyle practices that can raise our vibrations. Robyn Openshaw reveals evidence that shows how...
15) The illustrated directory of healing crystals: a comprehensive guide to 150 crystals and gemstones
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Collins & Brown
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A.R.E. Press
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The psychic readings of Edgar Cayce contained insightful information about the properties and value of a variety of gems, stones, minerals, and other elements. Author Shelley Kaehr, Ph.D., whose own background included the study of gemstones, examines this material by delving into the history and makeup of these magical substances so often mentioned by Cayce. In her book, Kaehr shares the wonders of the mineral kingdom, and how and why each stone...
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Quest Books
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1996.
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The telephone rings. It is a grammar school friend you have not heard from in 30 years, but just now, while going through a box of old photographs, you came across his picture. Is this coincidence, or do such events have deeper significance? This engaging and penetrating book opens readers to the world of meaningful coincidences. Weaving ancient insights with contemporary teachings on sacred psychology, astrology, and subtle energy. Grasse shows readers...
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Fair Winds Press
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New Page Books
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Spiritual Protection: A Safety Manual for Energy Workers, Psychics, and Healers is a training handbook for anyone interested in deepening their psychic abilities, training gifts already in evidence, or simply developing a greater sensitivity to energy. This no-nonsense book, with its special emphasis on safety, protection, and energetic awareness, takes readers step by step through a thorough system of exercises designed to increase competence, confidence,...
Didn't find it? | https://catalogbeta.swanlibraries.net/Search/Results?lookfor=%22Psychic%20aspects%22&searchIndex=Subject |
On this episode of Conscious Living, we embrace the greatest love of all, Self Love. We start with a lesson on making your own vegan chocolate bars from one of the nation’s top rising stars in chocolate, then visit a heart opening yoga retreat on an Ashram just a stone’s throw from NYC. Then we’re off to Hawaii where Bianca learns how to make a Lei from fresh local flowers and the beautiful Spirit behind this ancient ritual. Speaking of ancient rituals, we visit one of Palm Spring’s best kept secrets – the earth warmed healing hot springs of Two Bunch Palms Resort and Spa for a bit of romance and some serious relaxation. Finally, Michael brings us home with a raw, vegan banana chocolate mousse pie that’s to die for, or actually to love for.
Sit back, relax and enjoy this episode of Conscious Living! | http://www.pegmedia.org/index.php?q=msvr/ep/25340/detail&destination=msvr%2Fshowall%2F1096%2Fdetail |
Rare Molière French Books
Collecting antique French books by Molière and other authors is a fun hobby for those interested in French literature, theater or comedy. Although only Francophiles may know that this playwright's real name is Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, everyone has surely heard of Tartuffe, one of his most famous plays.
Molière: Jean-Baptiste Poquelin
Born Jean-Baptiste Poquelin in Paris in 1622, for many years Molière traveled around France as head of an acting troupe. Besides being a writer, Molière was an actor, stage manager and director, allowing him a broader understanding of drama and its devices than his playwright contemporaries. When Molière returned to Paris he found an enthusiastic audience with Louis XIV, which became the key to his success as a writer.
Molière's genre of choice was the satire. Because of this choice in genre, he drew criticism from many groups, including the church, and other dramatists. Louis XIV, whose royal family was his audience, often intervened to defend Molière's work.
In 1673 Molière became ill while acting on stage in one of his own plays and died a short time later.
Editions of Collected Works
Because Molière was a playwright and not a novelist, his works first came out on the stage, and not at the printing press. Rare editions of his complete works date from early in the 18th century, although some 19th century editions are also coveted antiques.
Search for the following titles if you are out antiquing, looking for old books of Molière's plays:
- Les œuvres de Monsieur de Molière. This was published by Michel Clousier and consists of eight separate volumes.
- Œuvres complètes de Molière, avec les notes des toutes les commentateurs. This was published by L.-Aimé-Martin and consists of eight separate volumes.
In English, the most valuable would be:
- The Works of Monsieur de Molière. This was published by Bernard Lintot and translated by John Ozell. This set is six volumes.
Molière's Plays
In the collected works, you will find the plays that Molière's audiences loved and hated, and loved to hate. Students of French read a number of his plays, the most common ones being:
- The School for Husbands - L'Ecole des maris (1661)
- The School for Wives - L'Ecole des femmes (1662)
- Tartuffe, or The Imposter - Le Tartuffe, ou l'imposteur (1664)
- The Misanthrope - Le Misanthrope (1666)
- The Miser - L'Avare (1668)
Whether you purchase these books as brand new paperbacks or old hardcovers, these titles are easy to come by. You can even read them online at Project Gutenberg.
Rare Molière Plays
The following titles are more rare. Fewer people read these plays:
- The Doctor in Love - Le Docteur amoureux (1658)
- The Rehearsal at Versailles - L'Impromptu de Versailles (1663)
- Don Juan, or The Libertine - Don Juan, ou le festin de Pierre (1665)
- The Doctor in Spite of Himself - Le Médecin malgré lui (1666)
- The Bourgeois Gentleman - Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (1670)
- The Learned Ladies - Les Femmes savantes (1672)
- The Imaginary Invalid - Le Malade imaginaire (1673)
Collecting Molière in English or French
For Molière, the first American or British editions are collectible in addition to the early editions published in France. Whether the text is in French or English, an old first edition, with its leather binding, weathered pages, and quintessential smell, is irreplaceable to many antique collectors. The 18th century editions of Molière's complete works in multiple volumes sell for between one and four thousand dollars, depending on quality.
Collecting Newer Editions
There are also newer, out-of-print, leather-bound collections of Molière's plays available at used bookstores for collectors who do not have thousands of dollars to purchase first editions of Molière's plays.
In 1980 The Easton Press published an edition of Tartuffe and The Would-Be Gentleman. It was translated by H. Baker and J. Miller with an introduction by Henri Peyre.
The Franklin Library published Comedies in 1985, illustrated by Tony Johannot and translated by Donald M. Frame. This was previously published by the same company in 1980 as Seven Plays and contains:
- The Imaginary Invalid
- The Misanthrope
- The Miser
- The School for Husbands
- The School for Wives
- Tartuffe or, The Imposter
- The Would-Be Gentleman
Buying Rare Books Online
Although there are many bookstores in the United States where Molière's books can be purchased, there are also plenty of online outlets where rare French books are offered:
- Bauman Rare Books - This seller offers a six-book collection of Molière's work.
- Antiqbook - This site originates in the Netherlands and focuses on European used and rare books.
- ABE Books France - Although you can call up a list of French book dealers at their North American site, ABE Books also has a French site.
Of course, buying an antique book online means you won't get to evaluate the quality of the book before purchasing it, which for many antique enthusiasts is a deal breaker.
Priceless Pleasure
Regardless of how you come by your rare Molière finds, owning one of these masterpieces brings timeless and priceless joy. Take some time to savor reading a play or two, and be amused. | https://antiques.lovetoknow.com/Rare_Moli%C3%A8re_French_Books |
By Leah Dobrinska. Sep 28, 2017. 9:00 AM.
Gary Ackerman is the current President of the Book Club of Washington. A self-proclaimed fan of used bookstores, Gary's collecting interests are varied: his personal collections range from art and architecture to golf to Ludwig Bemelmans. With the Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair right around the corner (October 14-15), Gary generously shared his collecting insight and gave us a great look at the Book Club of Washington in the following interview.
Books Tell You Why: For those who aren't familiar, can you tell us about the Book Club of Washington? How does your Club work?
Gary Ackerman: The Book Club of Washington (BCW) is not a book club in the usual sense. It is a bibliophilic organization, one of a number of organizations who are members of the Fellowship of American Bibliophilic Societies (FABS). BCW has around 100 members. They include book collectors, book dealers, librarians and book artists. While most of our members are from the State of Washington, we have a number (approximately 10%) from outside the state. We are a nonprofit organization run by a board of directors, currently ten. We have no staff which means ours is a working board.
Books Tell You Why: What are the origins of the Book Club of Washington?
Gary: It was founded in 1982 by a group of serious collectors, rare book dealers, and special collection librarians and was patterned loosely after the Book Club of California.
Books Tell You Why: What is the current Club’s mission? What is the Book Club looking to achieve?
Gary: BCW is dedicated to “promoting, preserving, and appreciating fine books.” We want to enrich our members experience with fine books and collections. We like to provide opportunities for our members to get together and share their collections and collecting interests. We provide a vehicle for our members to support book appreciation and collecting in our area. We do this by celebrating book-related accomplishments with our awards for collegiate book collecting and book arts. We have recently created the Emory Award, which is given to an individual who has made an outstanding contribution to culture of the Book in our state.
We host tours of private collections and organize tours of libraries as well as book-related tours to other cities. We do our best to support regional libraries and special collections. The BCW publishes our periodical The Journal twice a year. We periodically publish books, broadsides, and chapbooks with a particular focus on making rare, Pacific Northwest-related works more accessible. We provide the FABS Journal to our members twice a year. And each year, we host a table at the Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair. We often co-host events with other organizations, such as the Northwest Chapter of the Antiquarian Booksellers Association of America and Historic Seattle.
Books Tell You Why: Who can apply? Who is a typical member of the club?
Gary: More for collectors than readers (although I am confident all of our members are readers). BCW is a club for book collectors, book dealers, special collections librarians, book artists, letterpress printers, and just lovers of books. Anyone can apply. Membership is subject to Board approval, freely given.
Other than dealers and librarians, our members are from no particular profession. In fact, there is often no connection whatsoever between a member’s profession and his or her book collecting interests. While certainly having means can be useful in collecting some areas, many of our members are not wealthy.
Books Tell You Why: What resources are available to Book Club members?
Gary: We have a website which apprises our members of our events and a Book News section which brings other events and book-related news to our members. We have an office in the historic Dearborn House, where we have past issues of our publications and plan to establish a library. We have our board and member meetings and some of our events at the Dearborn House.
Books Tell You Why: What does a typical month look like in the Book Club of Washington? What can book club members do?
Gary: We try to have at least one event per month. Types of events vary and include tours, workshops, dinners...many of the opportunities I discussed earlier.
Books Tell You Why: Can you tell us about some interesting collections your members have established?
Books Tell You Why: Is there a special or favorite moment in the history of the Book Club?
Gary: No one moment comes to my mind but the highlight of each year is our annual holiday dinner and (silent) auction.
Books Tell You Why: How do you see the future of book collecting and the book club with "everything turning electronic"? The Book Club of Washington seems to thrive "despite" being in High Tech Seattle.
Gary: We see the future of book collecting and the book club as strong. The death of the book has, in the words of Samuel Clemens, been greatly exaggerated. While bricks and mortar used and rare book stores seem to be disappearing and depriving book collectors of many happy hours of browsing, the online sale of collectible books has grown dramatically and can provide endless hours of interesting browsing. Of course, these two trends are directly related. I would point out that one of our most noted high tech persons, Bill Gates, is an avid collector of books and manuscripts. In fact, the internet has made it easier than ever to find items of interest, compare quality and cost, and develop interesting collections on any subject one can imagine.
Books Tell You Why: What is your advice for aspiring book collectors, not located near Seattle or not in a location with a thriving book collector community?
Gary: When traveling, check ahead and visit good book shops. Of course, browsing online can be done anywhere. Many dealers regularly publish catalogues and gladly distribute them by email to those who request them. Subscribe to those who tend to offer books in your area or areas of interest. Some still produce beautiful printed catalogues which are a delight to read. Aspiring book collectors should go to antiquarian book fairs, such as the one in Seattle in October of each year. They can join BCW, meet other collectors and find out what is going on in our area and around the country. We have a number of our members who do not live in the Seattle area and find membership rewarding. Seattle is a fine place to visit and many members travel to our Holiday Dinner and other events. Visiting fine libraries around the world can be quite inspiring.
Many thanks to Gary Ackerman for taking the time to talk with us about the Book Club of Washington and book collecting in general. We encourage you to check out the BCW website for more information. | https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/an-interview-with-gary-ackerman-president-of-the-book-club-of-washington |
Rare books are the surviving relics of humankind’s very first steps into the world of portable information storage and mass communication – a field of study that’s meant a great deal to me personally over the past two decades as an early architect of the web. My goal is to bridge the two worlds by building a living web directory to index and connect all the collectors who preserve this valuable history for the rest of us. I work on location from various bookstores, libraries, and private collectors’ homes each week, and document the development process here on the blog as I continue to learn and build. If you’re a serious collector, I’d like to hear from you about how I can help you with this project, by focusing on more efficient communication and connection between you and other collectors like you.
If you’re a book collector, you can register in the directory to help expand our knowledge for all.
Just a guy who connects people online, jumping into the rare book community. | http://valuableandrare.com/ |
# AbeBooks
AbeBooks (/ˈeɪb.bʊks/ AYB-buuks) is an e-commerce global online marketplace with seven websites that offer books, fine art, and collectables from sellers in over 50 countries. Launched in 1996, it specialises in used, rare and out-of-print books. AbeBooks has been a subsidiary of Amazon since 2008.
## History
In 1995, AbeBooks was founded by Rick and Vivian Pura, and Keith and Cathy Waters. It was incorporated in 1995 and launched its websites in 1996, initially including listings for only four bookstores. The company name "Abebooks" is derived from their original name, "Advanced Book Exchange". From the late 1990s to 2005, AbeBooks had reseller agreements with eBay, Half.com, Barnes & Noble.com, BibliOZ.com and Amazon.com, allowing AbeBooks to market and sell booksellers' books through those channels; these agreements were dissolved in 2005. AbeBooks currently has a reseller agreement only with Amazon.com.
In 2001, AbeBooks acquired Germany's JustBooks GmbH online book marketplace, which helped the company expand into the German, French and British online bookselling markets. In 2002, the founding partners were bought out by German media company Hubert Burda Media. In 2004, the company expanded its model to include new books, and acquired the Spanish company IberLibro, to better serve Spanish language markets. In 2005, it acquired BookFinder.com, an American book price comparison service. In 2006, the company acquired Fillz, a book-inventory and order-management company, and purchased a 40% stake in LibraryThing in May, a social networking and book cataloging website for bibliophiles.
In June 2008, AbeBooks was awarded the British Columbia Technology Industry Association Impact Award for Leadership in Social Responsibility for its charitable activities, literacy initiatives, and commitment to environmental friendliness in its business practices. In December that year, the company was sold to Amazon. In May 2010, it launched the AbeBooks Channel Program to provide its booksellers with the opportunity to list their books for sale on Amazon.com. The Channel Program was permanently closed on June 16, 2014.
In 2016, Arkady Vitrouk was appointed CEO. He was previously the director of Kindle Content in Amazon's European headquarters in Luxembourg. Prior to joining Amazon, he was the CEO of the Azbooka-Atticus Publishing Group in Russia. In 2018, the company announced it would no longer fully support sellers from a number of countries, including South Korea, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. Several hundred other sellers pulled their inventories from the AbeBooks site in protest.
In 2020, Kerry Wright was appointed GM/CEO. He was previously the CTO of Abe Books from 2017 to 2020, and before that was a software development manager there from 2010 to 2017.
AbeBooks is headquartered in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, with its European office in Düsseldorf, Germany. The company manages regional websites for North America, France, Germany, Italy, the UK and Spain. Most of its inventory consists of used books, including rare, signed, first editions or out of print books. It has been named one of British Columbia's Top Employers every year since 2008.
## Most expensive sales
AbeBooks is known as an online marketplace where high-end rare and collectible items change hands. In February 2015, it recorded the most expensive sales ever at the time: a rare illustrated ornithology book was sold online for $191,000. The website periodically reports their recent high value sales.
## Searchable inventory
AbeBooks' users can search across the listings of many independent bookstores, thereby allowing small, independent players to compete with bookselling superstores. Some of the member bookstores offer their books online only, while others also maintain a regular storefront.
Booksellers upload their inventory data to the AbeBooks database, specifying information about each book including condition and price. Prices are fixed (with US$1 being the minimum) and there are no auctions. Items available range from the extremely common, where there might be hundreds of copies listed, to first editions and signed books worth thousands of dollars. In addition to books, the marketplace also offers periodicals and journals, fine art such as prints and posters, vintage photographs, maps, sheet music and paper ephemera such as postcards, letters and other documents.
## Sellers
Sellers pay a monthly subscription to list their books on the site, ranging from $25 to $500, depending on how many books they list. This subscription fee has been in place since at least April 2008. In addition, sellers pay a percentage fee for each book sold via the websites.
AbeBooks initially offered its services for a flat listings fee, based on the number of titles listed for sale. The model was changed in the early 2000s to include a commission on sales. In April 2006, AbeBooks started mandatory processing of MasterCard and Visa credit card transactions on behalf of its sellers and added a 5.5% charge for the provision of this service: previously this service had been optional. In 2008, AbeBooks started charging a commission of 13.5% on the cost of postage as well as the book price. Currently (2013) the commission charge is set at 8% of postage and book price.
Sellers can, within limits, set their own standard postage rates to various countries or by different carriers. Booksellers can upload their inventory using their own spreadsheet software or via the site's interface. Items that sell are mailed directly from the individual bookseller's location. Some booksellers have new books directly mailed from wholesalers or publishers. Most booksellers who list on AbeBooks also list their books on similar marketplaces such as Amazon.com.
## Websites
AbeBooks's localized storefronts, which differ in language and currency, are differentiated by top-level domain and country code:
Similar websites include BookFinder.com and LibraryThing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abebooks.com |
1 edition of What about the art? found in the catalog.
What about the art?
Guoqiang Cai
Published
2016
.
Written in English
Edition Notes
Published on the occasion of an exhibition held at the Qatar Museums Al Riwaq Gallery, Doha, Qatar, March 14-July 16, 2016.
|Statement||edited by Cai Guo-Qiang|
|Contributions||AlRiwaq Doha (Exhibition space : Dawḥah, Qatar)|
|Classifications|
|LC Classifications||N7345.6 .W523 2017|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||255 pages|
|Number of Pages||255|
|ID Numbers|
|Open Library||OL26967863M|
|ISBN 10||8416714495, 9927108346|
|ISBN 10||9788416714490, 9789927108341|
|OCLC/WorldCa||972385557|
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The much-debated term, attributed to curator Diane Vanderlip in her exhibition “Artists’ Books” at the Moore College of Art in Philadelphia, emerged in a climate of social and political.A publisher of art books, Taschen was created by Benedikt Taschen in in Cologne, Germany.
It was originally centered on comics only, when the thenyear-old Taschen found himself with an enormous collection of new, rare and collectible comics, and decided to set up a shop to display and sell them. | https://lugywelynesekuty.awordathought.com/what-about-the-art-book-1259av.php |
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