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This significant other brings jointly a crew of best figures in modern philosophy to supply an in-depth exposition and research of Quine’s vast effect throughout philosophy’s many subfields, highlighting the breadth of his paintings, and revealing his persevered importance today.
- Provides an in-depth account and research of W.V.O. Quine’s contribution to American Philosophy, and his place as one of many past due twentieth-century’s so much influential analytic philosophers
- Brings jointly newly-commissioned essays by means of top figures inside modern philosophy
- Covers Quine’s paintings throughout philosophy of common sense, philosophy of language, ontology and metaphysics, epistemology, and more
- Explores his paintings in terms of the origins of analytic philosophy in the United States, and to the historical past of philosophy extra broadly
- Highlights the breadth of Quine’s paintings around the self-discipline, and demonstrates the ongoing impression of his paintings in the philosophical community
Read Online or Download A Companion to W. V. O. Quine (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy) PDF
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Lectures on Hume
I: “Of the unique Contract”
II: application, Justice, and the really appropriate Spectator
Lectures on Rousseau
I: The Social agreement: Its Problem
II: The Social agreement: Assumptions and the final Will (I)
III: the overall Will (II) and the query of Stability
Lectures on Mill
I: His belief of Utility
II: His Account of Justice
III: the primary of Liberty
IV: His Doctrine as a Whole
Appendix: comments on Mill’s Social Theory
Lectures on Marx
I: His View of Capitalism as a Social System
II: His belief of correct and Justice
III: His excellent: A Society of Freely linked Producers
Appendixes
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II: Sidgwick on Justice and at the Classical precept of Utility
III: Sidgwick’s Utilitarianism
IV: precis of Utilitarianism
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I: the ethical structure of Human Nature
II: the character and Authority of Conscience
III: The economic climate of the Passions
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V: meant clash among judgment of right and wrong and Self-Love
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Extra info for Athenian Democracy: A Sourcebook (Bloomsbury Sources in Ancient History)
Sample text
Aristophanes plays the role of the leading member of the chorus of Clouds (515–85), and he can be seen on stage publicly admonishing Socrates for his arrogance, life of self-denial, imprudence, and lack of self-knowledge (360, 1460–1510). 2 Perhaps this is Aristophanes’ way of presenting a contest of wisdom between Socrates and himself. One could read the Clouds and conclude that Aristophanes is an esoteric Socratic; that is, Aristophanes is a wise poet who, while viewing nature as indifferent to human flourishing, has (unlike his Socrates) the good grace and prudence to keep quiet about it.
But if it is so resolved, let’s cover ourselves up and snore. But I can’t sleep, wretched me, I’m being bitten— By expenses and stables and my debts because of this son of mine. He with his long hair rides horses and drives a chariot, and dreams of horses, while I am ruined as I see the moon bringing on the twenties: the interest mounts up. (1–20, emphasis added) It is a striking feature of the Clouds that Aristophanes’ only play devoted to an investigation of Socrates begins in a tone of despair and the haunting specter of death (“boundless night”) and the longing for daylight (life).
The world of justice and injustice thus disappears. Only the art of rhetoric exists, persuading, through its powers over the imagination, of the existence of justice. Rhetoric becomes the sole means by which to establish justice or a common good in a world where only disparate bodies exist. And if there is no foundation for justice in nature, then justice becomes a matter of rhetorical formulations that can be twisted however one wishes. Socrates’ teaching on justice is, therefore, informed by his understanding of nature. | https://mining.tcgc.ru/kindle/athenian-democracy-a-sourcebook-bloomsbury-sources-in-ancient-history |
Interview by Richard Marshall.
Karl Ameriksis the McMahon-Hank Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. He is a leading Kantian expert. Here he talks about the distinction between the 'Historical Turn' and 'Historicism', Kant as catalyst for the former, Kant as a metaphysician and Enlightenment journalist, Reinhold's significance, how Kant differed from his immediate predecessors, whether Kant was a Hegelian subjectivist, the importance of Jena, how Rousseau revolutionised Kant's life and thought, Nietzsche's 'tragic turn', Kantian autonomy and whether Kantian ethics are still a live option in the light of recent developments in philosophy of mind and neuroscience. Yes he Kant...
3:AM:What made you become a philosopher?
Karl Ameriks:No doubt I'm not the only one who might, in part, blame sources such as Job and Will Durant. In high school, at the latest, I was very perplexed by the basic (broadly 'Augustinian') issues, but also concerned with math, literature, and theology, especially in a German context (although my parents were not German, they were educated in Riga--where most of Kant's works were published). Going into Yale as a freshman I selected an Early Concentration double course in philosophy, and after studying Plato, Descartes, Kant, and Sartre I was pretty much hooked--it was a very popular major then and there in the late 60s.
3:AM:You’ve argued that Kantwas the figure who changed philosophy in a way that separated it from the arts and from the sciences. You argue that historicism was a key factor in this. So can you say what you mean by historicist and how the notion of the ‘spirit of the age’ is important when considering Kant.
KA:I distinguish between the Historical Turn, which takes an historical approach to be central to philosophical writing, and "historicism," which I use as a term that implies a relativist position. I see Kant as a major catalyst in the rise of the Historical Turn. Kant started as mostly a philosopher of science, but even his first main writing, the Universal Natural History, contains literary flourishes and a significant historical narrative along with metaphysical and theological themes. But although already in his early days there was huge interest in development and history, Kant's work on the whole remained largely controlled by the thought that philosophy can clearly establish significant and permanent underlying structures. It is thus still more like exact science than art even though, somewhat like art, it has to appeal, at key points, to deep intuitions and "facts" of human experience (e.g., our primitive spatial, moral, or aesthetic orientation).
Shortly after the revolution in thought generated especially by Newton and Rousseau (the main influences on Kant), later modern writers were very struck by the rapidly changing perceptions of Kant's Critical work, the rise of new non-mechanistic sciences, and the events of the French Revolution. In a variety of ways, they began to move beyond the paradigm of presenting philosophy in a fully abstract and supposedly timeless form. They sensed that they would be more honest and effective if, in their style of argumentation, they tried above all to show how their philosophies amounted just to a specific improvement nested in a detailed narrative of recent philosophical positions. This kind of broadly rhetorical and dialectical approach might seem similar to what other thinkers (such as even Aristotle and the Medievals) had tried before. What made the later modern attitude unique was a complex recognition--impossible in previous eras--that there now finally was a definitive objective procedure for progress in the exact physical sciences and that philosophy could no longer present itself as a most certain science in that sense. Hence it needed to articulate itself much more reflexively, modestly, and concretely. The challenge of post-Kantian thought ever since, I believe, is to productively concede that at its best it is usually doing little more than most articulately expressing the "spirit of the age," or "comprehending its era in thought," as Hegel said. And yet it is doing so in a style that contrasts with historicism and displays a kind of intuitively convincing progress, even if not in ways that clearly converge and rely on steps that it can be presumed all rational respondents will agree upon. The notion of progress here is something like the thought that there are recognizable advances in legal understanding, even though this also is not literally a matter of what we call science or art.
3:AM:This seems to run against the idea that a defining contrast between Kant and the post-Kantians such as Hegel is that Kant presented an a-historical system and the post-Kantians an historicist, even teleological or at least Whiggish system. So is this a wrong way to differentiate these strands of philosophy based really on the style with which Kant presented his mature work? Kant seems difficult to pin down doesn’t he – some like Heidegger take him to be a metaphysician, others like PF Strawson a hard-case analytic anti-metaphysician and others still a different Enlightenment-orientated thinker – so what do you think he was trying to do?
KA:I believe Kant was always a metaphysician (someone with a global account of what there is), but this is consistent with his sharp criticism of many earlier styles of metaphysics that relied too naively on merely psychological, or supposedly analytic, or naturally teleological claims. Kant's basic system of categorial principles is uncompromisingly ahistorical, but this is compatible with his also being an activist Enlightenment journalist. He believed that the defense of eternal moral principles in his particular context could help usher in a new era, an era that would benefit from the rhetorical shove of his 'popular' essays on peace, history, liberal religion, etc. At the same time, there were also, because of various 'Cartesian' confusions, several ahistorical philosophical features in many of the metaphysical writings of Kant's successors: Reinhold, Fichte, Hegel, and Schelling. These (allegedly 'scientific') features amounted to what I take to be a temporary retrograde movement in German thought. Nonetheless, other features of the work of these same Enlightenment writers, and especially their Early Romantic kin, also helped to generate the Historical (or 'Interpretive') Turnin humanistic thought--a Turn that fortunately has remained very powerful up to our time despite recurring waves of what Habermas has called the tendencies of "scientistic misunderstanding."
3:AM:Rheinhold – who may not be as well known as Herder – is an important figure in this story isn’t he? Why do you say that he was the key figure – not Herder - in the historical turn in philosophy and that Hegel, for example, was largely working in reaction to him (and Fichte) as well as Kant?
KA:Reinhold'ssignificance came as a surprise to me when I at first was simply trying to make sense of the very odd way that (it seemed to me) Fichte, Hegel, and many others were reading Kant. Once I learned exactly what Reinhold wrote (and lectured) and how influential it was, right at the time that Kant was becoming popular, a lot fell into place--e.g., the sudden interest in an absolutely certain system, the constant concern with presenting a new Critical systemas a correction of a sequence of misunderstandings of Critical thought, and then just the general idea of presenting a philosophy that is historically effective and amounts to more than just another redundant reconstruction of natural science. It is noteworthy that at first Reinhold wrote in favor of Herder (who was an early student of Kant's and, upon moving on to Riga, for at least a while surpassed his teacher in popularity) against Kant but, once he saw the relativist implications of Herder's thought, he did a remarkable about-face. He become the most popular champion of Kant and yet, for the most part, not in a way that fell back into the opposite error of pretending to be altogether ahistorical in content and form.
3:AM:What are the key features of this historical turn and how different is Kant from his immediate predecessors such as Berkeley, Hume, Descartes and the rest of the gang?
KA:In procedure or form, he remains systematic in a way that is very much like the other main philosophers after Descartes. In content, however, Kant has a more sophisticated non-'Cartesian' starting point, one beginning not with the "myth of the given," in private, subjective, psychological terms, but from core features of common public experience. He also (despite his sympathy with some Leibnizian metaphysical beliefs) takes the Newtonian system much more seriously than the others, and is constantly working with the problem of how nonetheless--without relapsing into dogmatic rationalism--to defend a realm of deep personal value once something like a broadly mechanistic worldview seems to account for everything.
3:AM:How far do you agree with Beiser’sthought that Kant and the Idealists were developing a programme of anti-subjectivism?
KA:I much admire Beiser's writings on this and other topics, but sometimes they may seem to buy too much into the broadly Hegelian presumption that either Kant himself was a subjectivist, in a bad sense, or that, even if he was not a subjectivist, he was especially concerned with responding to subjectivist positions. My view is that it is significant that the famous short section of the first Critique, called "Refutation of Idealism," was introduced only in the second edition by Kant, and then simply because of the provocation of some serious misreadings and tendencies that had developed elsewhere independently of what he was thinking in composing the Critique. The big issue for Kant, in my view, was never the subject/object contrast but the contingent/necessary contrast, and the need to properly understand and defend substantive necessary truths.
3:AM:And how relevant is the ‘Jena project’ for the current practice of philosophy – and for understanding key figures that followed him like Marx, Kierkegaard and Hegel?
KA:In German scholarship, the microscopic focus by Henrich, Frank et al, on all the thinkers who were teaching and thinking in Jena during the Reinhold/Fichte/Schelling/Hegel period has been invaluable. Its greatest value may lie in the extra light that it has shed on supposedly marginal thinkers such as Hölderlin, Novalis, Schlegel, Niethammer, etc. This development has general ramifications that remind me of the Cambridge "ideas in context" approach. Both approaches emphasize that to understand the most famous philosophers we always should try to look at their sentences not in isolation but in view of their full development as well as the whole environment that they were living in and responding to, which is often quite unknown or forgotten.
Marx and Hegel would encourage this approach to all other thinkers, and the approach can be profitably used on their own work. Kierkegaard's complex context has also been studied in this way, but it always seems to me that, although he was a psychological genius and very historically informed, he tended--perhaps in reaction to Hegelianism--to want to lift individuals out of their social setting in a way that contrasts with the Jena Project.
3:AM:How important was Kant’s contrasting Rousseau’s thinking with Newton’s for the way his own thoughts developed, especially his thinking about autonomy?
KA:Reading Rousseau amounted to a revolution in Kant's life and thought, and yet in a way that involved synthesis rather than mere change. In his early work, Kant was obsessed with how we, and our purposes, fit into the strict laws of the natural world. After Rousseau, Kant felt that this approach, by itself, leads to an overly intellectual and determinist view of human beings, one incompatible with the freedom and equal dignity of all persons. Nonetheless, in his doctrine of autonomy, Kant did not mean to encourage subjectivism or license but remained fascinated by the notion of necessary law. He took the moral law to be even more necessary (because not dependent on the existence of nature) than the theoretical laws of nature that are rooted in the categories of his theoretical philosophy. The culmination of Kant's philosophy was his claim that theoretical and practical law are not to be merely juxtaposed but need to be believed to exist in an interlocking harmony--what he called a new doctrine of nature and grace, but one supposedly based on grounds less dogmatic than what Leibnizor Rousseau held.
3:AM: How do you understand the relationship between Kant and Nietzsche’s thinking when you call it the ‘tragic turn’?
KA:Nietzsche believed that late modern philosophy, and especially Kant, taught that philosophy, and even natural science, does not leave us with a certain grasp of the inner reality of things; in this sense we are "tragically" alienated from success in our traditional theoretical ambitions. One could at this point become relativist or deny there is any truth, but on my reading Nietzsche's point was that this tragic insight is ultimately not a bad thing because it can lead us beyond naiveté and toward appreciating the natural truth of appearances in art and in an artistic culture. Kant also honored the truth of appearances and the significance of art but, unlike Nietzsche, he believed that this is not incompatible with accepting pure moral truths and something like a traditional pure metaphysics--even if this leaves the inner nature of things in themselves beyond our theoretical determination.
3:AM:Post-Kantians and Pure-Kantians disagree over the value of Kant’s notion of autonomy. Is it because they disagree about what constitutes Kantian autonomy, or is it because they disagree over whether it is still intellectually respectable? Could you sketch out the dividing lines in this battle, and say what happened to this notion after Kant?
KA:This question would require several more books, so my sketch will be especially sketchy. One main oddity in many post-Kantian and Anglophone discussions of Kantian autonomy has been that they understand it basically as just a matter of an individual acting rationally on principles of its own choosing. But Kant's own notion of autonomy is not captured by the notions of individuality, choice, and rationality, for he stresses that people make individual rational choices that generally are immoral, e.g., merely prudent rather than respectful of the necessary equal value in the dignity of persons as such. Hence, common liberal endorsements as well as conservative or radical criticisms of Kant--for a stress merely on individual rational choice as such--are all fundamentally misguided. Another oddity, and one that is more understandable, is the tendency to try to explain Kantian autonomy without reference to a metaphysical basis for absolute freedom. Kant is not the only philosopher to be committed to absolute human freedom, but the idea admittedly does involve considerable difficulties. There may well be a way to accept many of the same value principles that Kant endorses without thinking about freedom as such, but if one is trying to understand what Kanthimself was committed to, one cannot avoid his metaphysics of freedom--and it should not be dismissed out of hand.
3:AM:Do we have to commit to metaphysics if we want to grasp Kantian thinking or can it be bowdlerized without too much damage? And if it can’t – because it goes against the Copernican turn against metaphysics that Kant is thought to have made - is the metaphysical commitment fatally damaging for any contemporary thinker in the light of hard-core naturalist materialists like David Armstrong, theistic materialists like Peter van Inwagen, and others and the naturalistic challenges put forward by Nietzsche and Marx? I guess I’m asking whether a specifically Kantian notion of autonomy requires an immoderate metaphysical system or can it be read as requiring a little metaphysics but not so much as to put it out of the reach of contemporary thought?
KA:Here I will elaborate just a bit on my previous response. The content of many issues of value (e.g., that pleasure is generally better than pain, etc.) can no doubt be separated from issues of the metaphysics of agency. Ultimately, however, one must consider, as Sellars did in his excellent APA presidential address on Kant, whether persons are ultimate ontological units or not. There might now be materialist ways to preserve a special status for persons (as specially organized beings) that would be worthwhile for a Kantian to explore, especially if, as for van Inwagen, they involve freedom. Kant's own notion of "materialism" was, after all, quite narrow, and he also was willing to suggest that, in some way that we do not know, there may be a sense in which persons in their inner nature are like what the things that appear to us as material are in their inner nature (note, however, that this thought is also compatible with a monadology).
I think the best version of a contemporary Kantianposition here is one that is relatively agnostic and apologetic. That is, one starts with the thought that it Seems to one that being a person in a full moral sense requires some kind of genuine independence, and then one adds the thought that the ultimate nature of matter, or what underlies it, is hardly settled by modern science, and so one concludes that one still has a right to continue holding on to orthodox Kantian libertarian beliefs. But if someone, such as Rawls, works out a complex social theory that seems broadly Kantian in spirit and does not bracket or reject a completely determinist or materialist metaphysics, I don't see that I or Kant has a knock-down defeater for that view--although I am sure that Kant himself would vigorously reject such a view, as he did in his Review of Schulz in the 1780s,
3:AM:What is Kantian autonomy according to you? Do you think it is still a live option for contemporary ethics, especially in the light of the many challenges to the notion of freewill, not least those emerging from scientific studies of the brain and psychologists finding evolved mechanical biases built in the our minds, as well as the social and cultural forces that also are pointed at as eroding any sense of free will?
KA:I confess that I do not see how anything that we have learned about brains or culture has changed the basic philosophical issue since Kant's time. Kant himself draws attention to statistical studies that personal choices such as marriage fall under general natural laws, and he also has a firm belief in the worldwide scope of Newtonian forces. Quite apart from developments in recent physics, which have added all sorts of indeterminacies, complexities, and dimensions to the world, undreamt of in Newtonian times, there is the simple fact that philosophers still have legitimate deep disagreements as to what the ultimate constituents of reality are. It seems to me that, "for all we know," free and moral law-abiding ultimate individuals could operate in a world that, at the observational level, always seems lawfully organized--especially if one believes, as Kant did, that there can be a free creative agent underlying everything.
3:AM:He links up arguments about freedom with considerations about apperception (which in some ways makes his thinking about the mind seem like a prototype of some contemporary philosophy of mind positions) – is there a conflict between his notions of autonomy and spontaneity on the one hand and his theory of mind on the other?
KA:There is a complex story about how Kant's formulations concerning practical autonomy and theoretical spontaneity changed numerous times. When I wrote my first bookthe most remarkable fact that struck me was that although Kant devoted a whole section of his first Critique, namely the Paralogisms, to challenging traditional arguments for the soul's substantiality, simplicity, immortality, etc., he did Not set out an explicit challenge to the claim of the soul's absolute spontaneity--even though this was a feature that he had affirmed in the same way as the others (as based on the representation of the 'I'). And yet in the Critique he also did not directly affirm, let alone present a detailed argument for, such absolute spontaneity either--and for good reason, since this would obviously go against the whole point of his Critical restriction of our determinate knowledge of individuals to mere phenomena. Here rather than speaking of a conflict, I would just say that Kant went through a complex zigzag path in trying to figure out how best to phrase his position, until he settled on the crucial footnote remark near the beginning of the second Critique, which now makes very clear that moral grounds are the Sole "ratio cognoscendi" for our claim of absolute freedom.
3:AM:And apart from your own books, are there five you could recommend to the readers here at 3:AM that will take us further into your philosophical world?
KA:So many great books, so little time (to reread). Five for now:
What Philosophers Know, by Gary Gutting
The View from Nowhere, by Thomas Nagel
Das Wunderjahr in Jena, by Theodore Ziolkowski
Constructions of Reason, by Onora O'Neill
The Philosophical Foundations of Early German Romanticism, by Manfred Frank
ABOUT THE INTERVIEWER
Richard Marshallis still biding his time.
Buy his book hereto keep him biding! | https://www.3-16am.co.uk/articles/kant-s-historical-turn?c=end-times-archive |
Examines the history of speculative thought by focusing on such dominant personalities as Plato, Bacon, Spinoza, Kant, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche.
Product Details
|ISBN-13:||9780808577690|
|Publisher:||Turtleback Books|
|Publication date:||01/01/1991|
|Edition description:||THIS EDITION IS INTENDED FOR USE IN SCHOOLS AND LIBRARIES ONLY|
|Pages:||528|
|Sales rank:||539,702|
|Product dimensions:||4.12(w) x 6.75(h) x 1.19(d)|
|Age Range:||12 - 17 Years|
Read an Excerpt
Chapter 1
Plato
I. THE CONTEXT OF PLATO
If you look at a map of Europe you will observe that Greece is a skeleton-like hand stretching its crooked fingers out into the Mediterranean Sea. South of it lies the great island of Crete, from which those grasping fingers captured, in the second millennium before Christ, the beginnings of civilization and culture. To the east, across the Ægean Sea, lies Asia Minor, quiet and apathetic now, but throbbing, in pre-Platonic days, with industry, commerce and speculation. To the west, across the Ionian, Italy stands, like a leaning tower in the sea, and Sicily and Spain, each in those days with thriving Greek colonies; and at the end, the "Pillars of Hercules" (which we call Gibraltar), that sombre portal through which not many an ancient mariner dared to pass. And on the north those still untamed and half-barbaric regions, then named Thessaly and Epirus and Macedonia, from which or through which the vigorous bands had come which fathered the geniuses of Homeric and Periclean Greece.
Look again at the map, and you see countless indentations of coast and elevations of land; everywhere gulfs and bays and the intrusive sea; and all the earth tumbled and tossed into mountains and hills. Greece was broken into isolated fragments by these natural barriers of sea and soil; travel and communication were far more difficult and dangerous then than now; every valley therefore developed its own self-sufficient economic life, its own sovereign government, its own institutions and dialect and religion and culture. In each case one or two cities, and around them, stretching up the mountainslopes, an agricultural hinterland: such werethe "city-states" of Euba, and Locris, and tolia, and Phocis, and Botia, and Achæa, and Argolis, and Elis, and Arcadia, and Messenia, and Laconia -- with its Sparta, and Attica -- with its Athens.
Look at the map a last time, and observe the position of Athens: it is the farthest east of the larger cities of Greece. It was favorably placed to be the door through which the Greeks passed out to the busy cities of Asia Minor, and through which those elder cities sent their luxuries and their culture to adolescent Greece. It had an admirable port, Piræus, where countless vessels might find a haven from the rough waters of the sea. And it had a great maritime fleet.
In 490-470 B. C. Sparta and Athens, forgetting their jealousies and joining their forces, fought off the effort of the Persians under Darius and Xerxes to turn Greece into a colony of an Asiatic empire. In this struggle of youthful Europe against the senile East, Sparta provided the army and Athens the navy. The war over, Sparta demobilized her troops, and suffered the economic disturbances natural to that process; while Athens turned her navy into a merchant fleet, and became one of the greatest trading cities of the ancient world. Sparta relapsed into agricultural seclusion and stagnation, while Athens became a busy mart and port, the meeting place of many races of men and of diverse cults and customs, whose contact and rivalry begot comparison, analysis and thought.
Traditions and dogmas rub one another down to a minimum in such centers of varied intercourse; where there are a thousand faiths we are apt to become sceptical of them all. Probably the traders were the first sceptics; they had seen too much to believe too much; and the general disposition of merchants to classify all men as either fools or knaves inclined them to question every creed. Gradually, too, they were developing science; mathematics grew with the increasing complexity of exchange, astronomy with the increasing audacity of navigation. The growth of wealth brought the leisure and security which are the prerequisite of research and speculation; men now asked the stars not only for guidance on the seas but as well for an answer to the riddles of the universe; the first Greek philosophers were astronomers. "Proud of their achievements," says Aristotle, "men pushed farther afield after the Persian wars; they took all knowledge for their province, and sought ever wider studies." Men grew bold enough to attempt natural explanations of processes and events before attributed to supernatural agencies and powers; magic and ritual slowly gave way to science and control; and philosophy began.
At first this philosophy was physical; it looked out upon the material world and asked what was the final and irreducible constituent of things. The natural termination of this line of thought was the materialism of Democritus (460-360 B. C.) -- "in reality there is nothing but atoms and space." This was one of the main streams of Greek speculation; it passed underground for a time in Plato's day, but emerged in Epicurus (342-270), and became a torrent of eloquence in Lucretius (98-55 B. C.). But the most characteristic and fertile developments of Greek philosophy took form with the Sophists, travelling teachers of wisdom, who looked within upon their own thought and nature, rather than out upon the world of things. They were all clever men (Gorgias and Hippias, for example), and many of them were profound (Protagoras, Prodicus); there is hardly a problem or a solution in our current philosophy of mind and conduct which they did not realize and discuss. They asked questions about anything; they stood unafraid in the presence of religious or political taboos; and boldly subpoenaed every creed and institution to appear before the judgment-seat of reason. In politics they divided into two schools. One, like Rousseau, argued that nature is good, and civilization bad; that by nature all men are equal, becoming unequal only by class-made institutions: and that law is an invention of the strong to chain and rule the weak. Another school, like Nietzsche, claimed that nature is beyond good and evil; that by nature all men are unequal; that morality is an invention of the weak to limit and deter the strong; that power is the supreme virtue and the supreme desire of man; and that of all forms of government the wisest and most natural is aristocracy.
No doubt this attack on democracy reflected the rise of a wealthy minority at Athens which called itself the Oligarchical Party, and denounced democracy as an incompetent sham. In a sense there was not much democracy to denounce; for of the 400,000 inhabitants of Athens 250,000 were slaves, without political rights of any kind; and of the 150,000 freemen or citizens only a small number presented themselves at the Ecclesia, or general assembly, where the policies of the state were discussed and determined. Yet what democracy they had was as thorough as never since; the general assembly was the supreme power; and tho highest official body, the Dikasteria, or supreme court, consisted of over a thousand members (to make bribery expensive), selected by alphabetical rote from the roll of all the citizens. No institution could have been more democratic, nor, said its opponents, more absurd.
During the great generation-long Peloponnesian war (430-400 B. C.), in which the military power of Sparta fought and at last defeated the naval power of Athens, the Athenian oligarchic party, led by Critias, advocated the abandonment of democracy on the score of its inefficiency in war, and secretly lauded the aristocratic government of Sparta. Many of the oligarchic leaders were exiled; but when at last Athens surrendered, one of the peace conditions imposed by Sparta was the recall of these exiled aristocrats. They had hardly returned when, with Critias at their head, they declared a rich man's revolution against the "democratic" party that had ruled during the disastrous war. The revolution failed, and Critias was killed on the field of battle.
Now Critias was a pupil of Socrates, and an uncle of Plato.
II. SOCRATES
If we may judge from the bust
Table of ContentsPREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
INTRODUCTION: ON THE USES OF PHILOSOPHY
CHAPTER I
PLATO
I. The Context of Plato
II. Socrates
III. The Preparation of Plato
IV. The Ethical Problem
V. The Political Problem
VI. The Psychological Problem
VII. The Psychological Solution
VIII. The Political Solution
IX. The Ethical Solution
X. Criticism
CHAPTER II
ARISTOTLE AND GREEK SCIENCE
I. The Historical Background
II. The Work of Aristotle
III. The Foundation of Logic
IV. The Organization of Science
1. Greek Science before Aristotle
2. Aristotle as a Naturalist
3. The Foundation of Biology
V. Metaphysics and the Nature of God
VI. Psychology and the Nature of Art
VII. Ethics and the Nature of Happiness
VIII. Politics
1. Communism and Conservatism
2. Marriage and Education
3. Democracy and Aristocracy
IX. Criticism
X. Later Life and Death
CHAPTER III
FRANCIS BACON
I. From Aristotle to the Renaissance
II. The Political Career of Francis Bacon
III. The Essays
IV. The Great Reconstruction
1. The Advancement of Learning
2. The New Organon
3. The Utopia of Science
V. Criticism
VI. Epilogue
CHAPTER IV
SPINOZA
Historical and Biographical
1. The Odyssey of the Jews
2. The Education of Spinoza
3. Excommunication
4. Retirement and Death
II. The Treatise on Religion and the State
III. The Improvement of the Intellect
IV. The Ethics
1. Nature and God
2. Matter and Mind
3. Intelligence and Morals
4. Religion and Immortality
V. The Political Treatise
VI. The Influence of Spinoza
CHAPTER V
VOLTAIRE AND THE FRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT
I. Paris:dipe
II. London: Letters on the English
III. Cirey: The Romances
IV. Potsdam and Frederick
V. Les Délices: The Essay on Morals
VI. Ferney: Candide
VII. The Encyclopedia and the Philosophic Dictionary
VIII. Ecrasez l'Infame
IX. Voltaire and Rousseau
X. Dénouement
CHAPTER VI
IMMANUEL KANT AND GERMAN IDEALISM
Roads to Kant
1. From Voltaire to Kant
2. From Locke to Kant
3. From Rousseau to Kant
II. Kant Himself
III. The Critique of Pure Reason
1. Transcendental Esthetic
2. Transcendental Analytic
3. Transcendental Dialectic
IV. The Critique of Practical Reason
V. On Religion and Reason
VI. On Politics and Eternal Peace
VII. Criticism and Estimate
VIII. A Note on Hegel
CHAPTER VII
SCHOPENHAUER
I. The Age
II. The Man
III. The World as Idea
IV. The World as Will
1. The Will to Live
2. The Will to Reproduce
V. The World as Evil
VI. The Wisdom of Life
1. Philosophy
2. Genius
3. Art
4. Religion
VII. The Wisdom of Death
VIII. Criticism
CHAPTER VIII
HERBERT SPENCER
I. Comte and Darwin
II. The Development of Spencer
III. First Principles
1. The Unknowable
2. Evolution
IV. Biology: The Evolution of Life
V. Psychology: The Evolution of Mind
VI. Sociology: The Evolution of Society
VII. Ethics: The Evolution of Morals
VIII. Criticism
1. First Principles
2. Biology and Psychology
3. Sociology and Ethics
IX. Conclusion
CHAPTER IX
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
I. The Lineage of Nietzsche
II. Youth
III. Nietzsche and Wagner
IV. The Song of Zarathustra
V. Hero-morality
VI. The Superman
VII. Decadence
VIII. Aristocracy
IX. Criticism
X. Finale
CHAPTER X
CONTEMPORARY EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHERS
Henri Bergson
1. The Revolt Against Materialism
2. Mind and Brain
3. Creative Evolution
4. Criticism
II. Benedetto Croce
1. The Man
2. The Philosophy of the Spirit
3. What Is Beauty? | https://prerelease.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-story-of-philosophy-will-durant/1111717897?ean=9780808577690 |
Bruces' Philospher's Song
Bruces' Philospher's Song is a Monty Python song written by Eric Idle and originally released as track 5 on the album The Monty Python Matching Tie and Handkerchief, although it plays off on an earlier sketch "Bruces" from Monty Python's Flying Circus. The setup of the song is that there are four men, all named Bruce, who teach in the philosophy department at the University of Woolloomooloo, a fictitious Australian University. Despite having an unsophisticated demeanor, and a penchant for heavy drinking, the four Burces are quite skilled at philosophy. Idle shows off his education of various philosophers, as well as his ability to write catchy drinking songs. This is one of those songs that I actively tried to, and enjoyed, memorizing.
Lyrics
Immanuel Kant was a real pissant who was very rarely stable. Heidegger, Heidegger was a boozy beggar who could think you under the table. David Hume could out-consume Wilhelm Freidrich Hegel. And Wittgenstein was a beery swine who was just as schloshed as Schlegel. There's nothing Nietzsche couldn't teach ya 'bout the raising of the wrist, Socrates, himself, was permanently pissed. John Stuart Mill, of his own free will, On half a pint of shandy was particularly ill. Plato, they say, could stick it away, Half a crate of whiskey every day. Aristotle, Aristotle was a bugger for the bottle, And Hobbes was fond of his dram. And Rene Descartes was a drunken fart, "I drink, therefore I am." Yes, Socrates himself is particularly missed, A lovely little thinker, but a bugger when he's pissed.
Videos
- youtube.com/watch?v=8mgE5gSvrzk - Audio of Eric Idle performing the song live. | http://www.thealmightyguru.com/Wiki/index.php?title=Bruces%27_Philospher%27s_Song |
Regular price: $14.95
Hegel is regarded as one of the most influential figures on modern political and intellectual development....
Foucault is one of those rare philosophers who has become a cult figure....
Kant is arguably the most influential modern philosopher, but also one of the most difficult. Roger Scruton tackles his exceptionally complex subject with a strong hand....
With his well-known idiosyncrasies and aphoristic style, Friedrich Nietzsche is always bracing and provocative, and temptingly easy to dip into....
Martin Heidegger is probably the most divisive philosopher of the twentieth century: Viewed by some as a charlatan and by others as a leader and central figure of modern philosophy....
This Very Short Introduction sheds light on the cluster of concepts and themes that set critical theory apart from its more traditional philosophical competitors....
Today, most people think of socialism as an outdated ideology....
Postmodernism has been a buzzword in contemporary society for the last decade. But how can it be defined?...
Schopenhauer is the easiest to listen to of German philosophers....
This lively and accessible introduction to Plato focuses on the philosophy and argument of his writings, drawing the listener into Plato's way of doing philosophy....
Sigmund Freud revolutionized the way in which we think about ourselves....
Simon Critchley's Very Short Introduction shows that Continental philosophy encompasses a distinct set of philosophical traditions and practices....
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) was an extraordinarily original thinker, whose influence on twentieth-century thinking far outside the bounds of philosophy alone....
The influence of Aristotle, the prince of philosophers, on the intellectual history of the West is second to none....
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What is science? Is there a real difference between science and myth? Is science objective? Can science explain everything....
Capitalism deals with the issues that have preoccupied thinkers from Marx and Weber through to Cuddens and Soros....
What is literary theory? Is there a relationship between literature and culture? These are some of questions addressed by Jonathan Culler in his highly popular Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction....
In Marx: A Very Short Introduction, Peter Singer identifies the central vision that unifies Marx's thought, enabling us to grasp Marx's views as a whole. He sees him as a philosopher primarily concerned with human freedom, rather than as an economist or a social scientist. In plain English, he explains alienation, historical materialism, the economic theory of Capital, and Marx's ideas of communism, and concludes with an assessment of Marx's legacy.
There are a number of "A Short Introduction " books read by this reader, which is unfortunate. This is certainly not well read. Peter Singer's book is excellent, however.
The writer's own opinions liven the retelling and actually add to the excitement of Marx's philosophy.
The information is there, but this guy obviously has a bone to pick with Marx. Maybe not the best choice for a simple introduction.
1 of 2 people found this review helpful
Information is presented by a droning narrator. Conclusions are no longer persuasive -- much has changed since this book was written.
1 of 9 people found this review helpful
For a short introduction, this book has described the main points of Marxism properly but it's evaluations, especially regarding the economic teachings of Marxism, are outdated and some are obviously wrong which are due to the short-sidedness of the last decades of 20th century.
For example, it can now be clearly observed that the capitalist system can't sustain high rates of profit (as we are in zero or negative interest rates era), and that the wealth gap hasn't been reduced due to rise in real wages. The situation in the latter decades of the 20th century which caused such illusions, those that the author has been also susceptible to, were more due to the massive destruction of wealth during the world wars than to any capabilities of capitalism in solving such conflicts. | https://www.audible.com/pd/Nonfiction/Marx-A-Very-Short-Introduction-Audiobook/B00GMPV736 |
E-bog.
Villa's book, however, is much more than a mere correction of misinterpretations of a major thinker's work. Rather, he makes a persuasive case for Arendt as the postmodern or postmetaphysical political theorist, the first political theorist to think through the nature of political action after Nietzsche's exposition of the death of God (i.e., the collapse of objective correlates to our ideals, ends, and purposes). After giving an account of Arendt's theory of action and Heidegger's influence on it, Villa shows how Arendt did justice to the Heideggerian and Nietzschean criticism of the metaphysical tradition while avoiding the political conclusions they drew from their critiques. The result is a wide-ranging discussion not only of Arendt and Heidegger, but of Aristotle, Kant, Nietzsche, Habermas, and the entire question of politics after metaphysics. | https://mofibo.com/dk/da/books/1800498-Arendt-and-Heidegger-The-Fate-of-the-Political |
By Pavel Florensky
Past imaginative and prescient is the 1st English-language selection of essays on artwork via the Russian polymath Pavel Florensky (1882_1937), with introductory essays via the editor and an intensive bibliography. Florensky_s recognition as a theologian and thinker is already demonstrated within the English-speaking international. this primary assortment in English of his artwork essays should be a revelation to these within the field.Pavel Florensky, a super author, mathematician, theologian, scientist, and artwork historian used to be condemned to a Siberian hard work camp in 1933, and finished 4 years later. Nicoletta Misler is Professor within the division of jap ecu experiences on the Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples. Wendy Salmond is head of the artwork background application at Chapman collage, Orange, California.
Read or Download Beyond Vision: Essays on the Perception of Art PDF
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Additional resources for Beyond Vision: Essays on the Perception of Art
Sample text
What I'm saying is evangelical and not just Orthodox. 28 39 In 'The Church Ritual as a Synthesis of the Arts' Florensky reinforced his preference for the humble, awkward, but sincere participation in the liturgy (both by the faithful and the clergy), affirming that there was an undeniable difference between the liturgical style of the simple 'black' or celibate monks, even 'bad monks' , and that of the more suave 'white' or married priesthood. While we should take account of the special context, Florensky's declaration would seem to be in striking contradiction to the general aestheticism that, nonetheless, pervades 'The Church Ritual as a Synthesis of the Arts'.
An extraordinary knowledge of diverse arguments notwithstanding, Florensky was a cultivated dilettante rather than a professional art historian a status shared by other intellectuals of Russia's cultural renaissance just before and after the October Revolution, including close friends such as the poet Andrei Bely, the semiotician Aleksandr Larionov,3 the icon specialist Yurii Olsuf'ev (illus. 14),4 the biologist Pavel Kapterev (illus. 15),5 and the art and military historian Pavel Muratov. 6 Of course, the word 'dilettante' is being used here in the sense that Florensky intended it, for in applying a wide array of professional instruments to investigate a specific art-historical subject he did not hesitate to transcend the immediate boundaries of a discipline in order to reach a thematic intersection of broader resonance.
Y. Ef[imova] there is a love of Russia, of the land, of the baby 51 [peasant women], and of nature. It is a love that is free of any tendentious imposition of concepts from outside (as with the peredvizhniki [nineteenth-century Realist painters]), an understanding of the Russian man and woman not as ethnographical material for scientific study and not as material for social experiments, but [as material] of their very own life itself. Y. E[fimova] elicits not sorrow for our people, but rather recognition ofour people as it is. | https://illustratedfirstworldwar.com/books/beyond-vision-essays-on-the-perception-of-art |
[The Table of Contents is listed below.]
In 1950 Walter Kaufmann, who did much to rehabilitate the serious study of Nietzsche, remarked upon the importance of Plato’s works and his depiction of Socrates for the self-proclaimed Antichrist: “Nietzsche’s attitude towards Socrates is a focal point of his thought and reflects his views of reason and morality as well as the image of man he envisaged.”1 Since the publication of Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist, a number of studies have been devoted to various aspects of the complicated philosophical relationship between Plato and Nietzsche.2 Few, however, have been as ambitious and bold as Monique Dixsaut’s recent monograph, Plato-Nietzsche: Philosophy the Other Way.
No stranger to either Plato or Nietzsche, Dixsaut has previously authored or edited an impressive ten volumes on Plato and one on Nietzsche. Originally published in 2015 under the French title, Platon-Nietzsche. L’autre manière de philosopher, her most recent book has been translated into English by Kenneth Quandt. In it, Dixsaut argues that despite the historical gulf separating them, Plato and Nietzsche share a way of thinking that distinguishes them from other figures in the history of philosophy. As she puts it, her guiding hypothesis is “that there is a profound kinship, some kind of consanguinity between the two of them” (p. xi). Both thinkers, she claims, deny that there is “such a thing as philosophy itself or in general” (p. xi). Neither conceive of their own project as a search for answers to determinate questions, but they both engage in similar modes of thinking. By focusing on “the meanderings of a way of thinking that eludes as soon as one confines it in a doctrinal framework,” Dixsaut offers an interpretation of Plato and Nietzsche that undermines their purported adherence to the theses for which each of them is most famous (p. xii). One notable consequence of this interpretation is that Plato and Nietzsche disagree on less than is commonly thought.
This interpretation unfolds in a piecemeal fashion. Over the course of eight chapters and five additional sections, Dixsaut adopts a method of what she calls rigorous counterpoint—“the superimposition of two melodic lines that tolerate dissonance”—to exhibit Plato and Nietzsche’s intellectual kinship (p. xii). Each chapter is relatively self-contained and tackles a different topic or theme, such as the nature of thinking, the opposition between being and becoming, and the ethical virtues. Because the central claim of the book depends on the cumulative effect of all the chapters, each should be evaluated on its own merits.
The quality of the chapters varies considerably: some advance novel and plausible interpretations, others are entirely unconvincing. Among the more interesting and successful are the fourth and final chapters, dedicated to a discussion of methods versus systems and tragedy respectively, only the latter of which I shall comment on here. Nietzsche and Plato both disagree with Aristotle’s famous analysis of tragedy, the closing chapter argues, and this disagreement stems from a shared understanding of the insidious power that drama and music have to strengthen certain emotional responses. Dixsaut demonstrates diligent research and a subtle eye for nuanced considerations in this chapter. To make her case, she draws on early, hand-written notes made by Nietzsche, which explicitly mention and criticize Aristotle’s Poetics. In addition, she shows her classical training by deftly citing from ancient poets in order to illustrate the claims made by Plato in Book X of his Republic. The closing sections of the book transition to a discussion of the purpose of Nietzsche’s tragic philosophy, which, though speculative, is nonetheless provocative and plausible. No other chapter does a better job at demonstrating the philosophical kinship between these two philosophers.
Before turning to the less successful chapters, I want to briefly mention two isolated discussions that are, in my opinion, the best parts of the book. The first is a small section (p. 87-93) that hones in on the Greek term ‘ dunamis ’ and highlights its prominence in Plato’s corpus: “The term dunamis will be found throughout Plato’s work, it runs through it like a main thread, though it is rarely noticed.” (p. 88). Dixsaut is correct to note that this term has been relatively neglected by scholars, and she goes on to raise and succinctly state a serious puzzle about Platonic metaphysics: If powers essentially do things, and are therefore part of the world of becoming and change, why does Plato imply that being is nothing other than a power in his later dialogues, such as the Phaedrus (270c-d) and Sophist (247d-e)? No concrete answer is given to the question, but the author deserves praise for raising it so forcefully. The second is the insightful discussion treating the relationship between Nietzsche’s philological training and his philosophical—and particularly genealogical—aptitude (p. 146-53 and 161-7). Though this topic has received a fair bit of attention in French and German literature, it is often overlooked by English-speaking scholars.3 Dixsaut’s remarks are very stimulating, and North-American readers should be glad that her work has been made accessible through Quandt’s translation.
Unfortunately, many of the other chapters fail to demonstrate any “profound kinship” between the two thinkers. The chapters on truth and ethics are particularly disappointing, though I will only discuss the latter here. In making her case, Dixsaut draws a crucial distinction between (what she calls) true and false Platonic virtues (p. 232). It is not totally clear how this distinction is supposed to operate, but the idea seems to be that thought lies at the basis of all the true virtues, while the false virtues are grounded in correct opinion or good habits. I have some reservations about how this distinction is drawn, but a far more pressing issue is that, as far as I can see, only Plato’s account of the false virtues is substantially similar to any of Nietzsche’s treatment of the virtues. Because Dixsaut assumes that both true and false Platonic virtues are genuine virtues—albeit two different species of virtue (p. 239)—this does not seem to phase her; but in my view, this assumption is false. Consequently, many the similarities that she purports to find between Plato and Nietzsche seem to me illusory.4 In truth, the two philosophers subscribed to profoundly different ethical ideals. Plato holds that there are a relatively small number of real ethical virtues, which he believes that every maximally good agent must possess. Nietzsche was viscerally repulsed by this possibility, since he privileged the creation of new values and thought that previous philosophers who posited a singular ideal for all stunted the growth of newer virtues and ways of life. It is for this reason that he castigates Plato’s legacy of dogmatism in the Preface to Beyond Good and Evil and later states that his philosopher would reject dogmatism and the notion of a shared or common good.5
The way Dixsaut presents her evidence also gives rise to serious worries. In general (though not always), quotations from primary texts are offered without a discussion of their argumentative context or even an explicit indication of the work they come from. At one point she appears to cite a text from Nietzsche’s unpublished manuscripts, the contents of which are often thought to be of significantly less interpretive weight than those of the published works, just before quoting a section of The Gay Science. Yet rather than alerting the reader to this switch, Dixsaut actively blurs the lines between the two texts by introducing the second quotation “But Nietzsche concludes…” (p. 231). A similar practice is employed in the sections on Plato. Quotations from one dialogue are introduced as support for Plato’s position in another dialogue without so much as alerting the reader to the fact that the evidence adduced comes from a different philosophical work addressing a different set of questions. For those who care about the context in which a claim is made, this methodological practice will have the general effect of destabilizing some of the author’s arguments.
A number of additional infelicities mar the work, although many are surely due to oversights in translation or editing and not the responsibility of the author herself. References to Plato’s Greek are often inexact; occasionally they are entirely absent.6 On its own, this is not a serious problem but it is exacerbated by the fact that I was unable to find any information about the Greek editions used, which makes it difficult to evaluate certain claims or to check certain translations. The book also contains a number of surprising typographical errors, sometimes even in the chapter titles, other times in close proximity to one another.7
One topic almost entirely unaddressed is the relationship between Plato and Socrates, conceived of either as the character in the dialogues or as a historical figure. It would seem that Dixsaut’s own view is that Plato’s Socrates is a character in a philosophical text and does not represent any historical figure.8 Be this as it may, at various points in his career, Nietzsche thought that he could distinguish between the historical Socrates and Plato, and he had very different attitudes towards each of them. Indeed, as the quote from Kaufmann that begins this review suggests, certain parts of Nietzsche’s work imply that he had more in common with Socrates than with Plato.9 Any full reckoning of Nietzsche’s kinship with Plato must grapple with the question of how Nietzsche himself conceived of Socrates and his place in Plato’s philosophy. It is a significant failing of the present book that the author does not do this. This failure, coupled with the unsatisfactory argumentation in some crucial chapters, leaves the central claim of the book in jeopardy. More needs to be done to establish the profound kinship between Plato and Nietzsche, if, indeed, such a kinship exists in the first place.
Table of Contents
Preface to the American edition, p. ix
Preface, p. xi
Preamble: How to Dialogue with the Dead, p.1
Unavoidable Supplement : Heidegger and Nietzsche’s Reversal of Platonism, p. 21
Chapter One: What the Two of them Call Thinking, p. 33
Enlightening Consequence : On Reading and Writing, p. 61
Chapter Two: Being and Power, p. 77
Chapter Three: Two Cases of “Experimental” Thinking, p. 99
Chapter Four: Methods Versus System, p. 125
Chapter Five: Interpreting, p. 161
Chapter Six: Truths and Truth, p. 185
Interlude : Two Parodies, p. 211
Chapter Seven: From a Noble Ethics to an Aristocratic Politics, p. 225
An Affecting Annex: On the Future of Our Educational Institutions, p. 261
Chapter Eight: The Shift of the Tragic, or from a Philosophical Tragedy to a Tragic Philosophy, p. 271
Bibliography, p. 301
Index of Passages Cited, p. 305
Index of Authors Cited, p. 313
List of Abbreviations, p. 315
Notes
1. Kaufmann, Walter. Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist (3rd ed). Princeton University Press, 1974: 391.
2. Most notably, the excellent studies produced by Alexander Nehamas. Nietzsche: Life as Literature. Harvard University Press, 1985 and The Art of Living: Socrates Reflections from Plato to Foucault. University of California Press, 2000.
3. Benne, Christian. Nietzsche und die historisch-kritische Philologie. Walter de Gruyter, 2005.
4. Consider the following claim made by Dixsaut: “‘Virtue’ has for Nietzsche the same axiologically neutral sense it has for Plato…Virtues are therefore not good as such, they can pursue evils goals and they can have harmful consequences” (p. 232). That this cannot be true is indicated by the fact that, across a large number of dialogues, Plato is consistent in maintaining that the genuine virtues are responsible only for good effects. Indeed, in some dialogues, Socrates even treats the uncontestable goodness of these virtues as an Archimedean point for his own investigations (eg., Rep. 335b-e and 348d-e).
5. BGE 43.
6. For example, the section “From free men to free spirits” begins: “In the Theaetetus Socrates faces off ‘all those who were educated the way one educates slaves’ with a man ‘whose education was carried out in true freedom and leisure, whom you rightly call a philosopher,’ as he says to the mathematician Theodorus” (p. 102). There is no indication, either in the text or in the footnotes, about the source of these citations. (For the interested reader, the text is Theaet.175d-e).
7. For example, a passage of Plato’s Phaedrus is translated as follows: “Then, if it is simple, investigate its power: on what things doe it have a natural power of acting? by what things can its nature be acted upon? If, in the other hand, it has many forms, we must list them all…” (p. 89, my emphasis).
8. Dixsaut does not say this in so many words, but a number of passages suggest that this is her view. Consider: “The so-called protagonists of [Plato’s] dialogues, those who lead the discussion, are dead, imaginary or anonymous, sometimes two or three of these, and are thrown out of any historical localization” (p. 6).
9. On this topic, one should consult the excellent discussion in the fifth chapter of Nehamas, 2000: 128-56. | https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2018/2018.10.05 |
They carried it in or lowered it in. Sometimes, the sarcophagus would even be made inside the pyramid and the body brought to it.
In a pyramid but, it is in a tomb or crypt which is in the pyramid.
Sarcophagus
Egyptians
a sarcophagus it what egyptians called a coffin
A sarcophagus
pyramid, sarcophagus
It is a pyramid or sarcophagus.
so they can put the body in it
sarcophagus
it is calles a sarcophagus
many egyptians, Abraham Lincoln, and the swedish
A sarcophagus
The Egyptians sarcophagus often contained a coffin and an inner coffin known as a mummy board. Both the sarcophagus and the coffin could be very plain or extremely ornate.
sarcophagus
The Egyptians built the great pyramid.
The pyramid was invented by the Egyptians in Egypt.
Depending on wealth, a series of coffins, then a sarcophagus, then a tomb.
Over 8,000 years ago. Greeks and Egyptians had them.
Khufu was the great pharaoh that was entombed in the magnificent great pyramid. He wasn't buried in the pyramid, but he was kept, mummified, in his sarcophagus in the King's Chamber.
Pyramid
They built them..
The Egyptians invented the structure that was known as the pyramid
A large coffin called a Sarcophagus, that was then placed inside a tomb or a Pyramid. | https://www.answers.com/Q/How_did_the_Egyptians_get_the_sarcophagus_into_the_pyramid |
Egyptian sarcophagus lid made of wood and meticulously painted, depicting the deceased luxuriously adorned with a pectoral necklace and adorned with two heads of Horus over the men. The body is occupied by several scenes of great interest to understand the funerary rituals of Ancient Egypt and their beliefs about the passage of the soul to the Beyond. There are three registers with descriptive scenes, on which appears the image of the goddess Isis, with the Sun on her head (for being the daughter of Ra, the solar god) and big wings of milano, opening her arms to bless her devotees and children. Below we can see a double scene: the trial before Osiris with the beast Ammyt and the weighing of souls.
On the left side of sarcophagus is Osiris, with the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt, holding before him the staff, and in front of him, on the other side of a table with offerings, the beast Ammyt. Osiris’ judgment was the most transcendental event for the deceased, since it determined the fate of his soul after death. The “duat” or spirit was led by the god Anubis before Osiris, who magically extracted the “ib” (heart, symbol of conscience and morals) and placed it on a scale, with the feather of Maat (symbol of Truth and Universal Justice) on the opposite side. While his “ib” was heavy, a jury composed of different gods questioned the deceased with questions about his past behavior, and depending on his answers the heart decreased or gained weight. At the end of the trial, Osiris passed sentence. If this was positive, his “ka” (vital force) and his “ba” (psychic force) could meet with the mummy to conform in “aj” (to be beneficial), that is, to incarnate again, and to be able to live eternally in the fields of Yaru, the Egyptian paradise.
However, if the verdict was negative, the “ib” of the deceased was thrown to Ammyt, the devourer of the dead, putting an end to the immortal life of the deceased. Here we see Ammyt in the center of the composition, on a pedestal, with his mouth stained with blood, with his characteristic hybrid body with crocodile head, lion torso, and hippopotamus hindquarters. The right side of the composition depicts the weighing of the “ib”, with the balance guarded by Anubis and Horus. In the middle register, immediately below the one we have just mentioned, Anubis is represented carrying out the mummification of the deceased. Anubis was the Egyptian funerary god, master of the necropolis and protector of the embalmers. He was depicted with the head of a jackal, probably in relation to the habit of this animal of digging up the corpses to feed itself. Anubis was the god of the Duat, the Egyptian underworld, and therefore was related not only to death, but also to the resurrection in the Hereafter.
However, when Osiris became god of the world of the dead, Anubis took the place of embalmer, taking over the task of mummifying the bodies of the pharaohs. It is precisely this scene that is depicted here in great detail. We see the deceased in a feline-shaped bed (similar to the one found in Tutankamon’s tomb), and behind him the god holding a canopic vase. The scene is flanked by two figures of Isis, with the headdress in the form of a throne on his head and the Maat feather in his hands. Finally, in the lower register appears Ra’s boat, with the deceased accompanying this god on his journey through the sky, helping him in his fight against Apep, incarnation of the evil forces that inhabit the Duat.
In Ancient Egypt, the sarcophagus was related to the rituals of embalming and mummification, designed for the deceased to reach eternal life. During the Middle Empire, the custom arose of placing masks made of linen and a paste similar to cardboard on the face and shoulders of the deceased. From this fact gives rise to the appearance of the first anthropomorphic sarcophagi, coffins themselves, in human form, almost always made of wood. They will be ornamented pieces with painted scenes and texts of funerary symbolism. However, in general, the sarcophagus of the New Empire, mainly the royal sarcophagus, will be characterised by its rectangular shape, imitating the most ancient examples of the New Empire. However, the type of anthropomorphic coffin will extend throughout the centuries until the end of the Pharaonic world. Finally, on the sides of the lid of the sarcophagus, we can see different gods, shelves and profile. | https://ifergangallery.com/piece/egyptian-wooden-sarcophagus-lid-late-period-664-323-b-c/ |
Stunning leopard face reconstructed from ancient Egyptian sarcophagus
Archaeologists released a gorgeous image showing a digital reconstruction of a colorful leopard’s face that once adorned an ancient Egyptian sarcophagus.
The leopard’s head would have aligned with mummy’s head inside the sarcophagus, researchers from the University of Milan explained in a statement.
That position was likely chosen to offer the deceased the strength necessary to complete their overseas journey and to regenerate.
“We made the discovery at the end of January 2019, but just finished the ‘virtual’ restoration of the fragment,” Patrizia Piacentini, director of the excavation for the Egyptian-Italian Mission at West Aswan, told Live Science.
DINOSAUR-AGE COCKROACHES FOUND PRESERVED IN AMBER
The animal itself represented power and determination in ancient Egypt, according to the researchers.
A tomb nearby held something else rather unique: pine nuts.
“We like to imagine that the people buried in the tomb of Aswan loved this rare seed — so much so that their relatives placed a bowl next to the deceased that contained them, so that they could feed on them for eternity,” Piacentini said in a statement. | http://www.timedailynews.com/stunning-leopard-face-reconstructed-from-ancient-egyptian-sarcophagus/ |
Stunning images showing the insides of ancient Egypt pharaoh Tutankhamun’s sarcophagus have emerged as it undergoes restoration for the first time ever.
Newly released pictures give an unprecedented view of the 3,000-year-old relic, which was removed from its Egyptian tomb for the first time in July so it could be renovated at the Giza’s new Grand Egyptian Museum.
Intricate designs featuring what appear to be ancient Egyptian gods can be seen engraved at the foot of the coffin, which is made of wood and gilded with gold.
Antiquities Minister Khaled el-Anany told reporters today that the restoration of the casket will take at least eight months.
He said the gold coffin is in a fragile state having ‘never been restored’ since it was first discovered by British archaeologist Howard Carter in 1922.
The coffin, which measures 7.3ft long, was removed from the tomb in a tight operation and fumigated for seven days. Non-invasive work will now be done to repair the cracks in the golden wood.
Tutankhamun ascended to power aged nine and stayed as ruler until his death at the age of 18.
His body was mummified and placed in the tomb, which contained three different coffins built one into the other.
While the outer one was transferred for restoration, the other two have remained at the Grand Egyptian Museum. The innermost one is made of solid gold while the middle coffin is made of gilded wood and in-built with multi-coloured glass.
Once the gilded casket has been restored, it will be exhibited at the museum, making it the first time the three are showcased together.
It is expected the public will be able to admire the coffins, along with other artifacts belonging to the king, by the time the museum opens in 2020.
Got a story for Metro.co.uk?
Get in touch with our news team by emailing us at [email protected]. For more stories like this, check our news page. | https://metro.co.uk/2019/09/22/pictures-show-tutankhamun-sarchophagus-after-being-taken-out-of-tomb-for-first-time-10786447/ |
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That is to say, the deceased addresses each figure and says, "O usltabtiu figures, if the Osiris," that is, the deceased, " is decreed to do any work whatsoever in the underworld, may all obstacles be cast down in front of him!" The figure answers and says, "Here am I ready whenever thou callest." The deceased next says, "O ye figures, be ye ever watchful to work, to plough and sow the fields, to water the canals, and to carry sand from the east to the west." The figures reply, " Here am I ready when thou callest."
The 6th chapter of the Book of the Dead, which also forms a part of the 151st chapter, is part text and part a representation of the chamber in which the deceased in his coffin is laid. In the representation of the funereal chamber which accompanies the 151st chapter of the Book of the Dead, two ushabtiu figures only are shown, and the same text is written by the side of each of them. See Naville, Das Todtcnbuck, Bl. clxxiii, Eitileitung, p. 180.
Usluibtiu figures were placed in tombs in large numbers; Ushabtiu in the tomb of Seti I. nearly seven hundred were found. The ^xvith figure was inscribed, in the later times, after the XXVIth and dynasty, and laid in the model of a coffin or sarcophagus d°'n^"f, made of wood, terra-cotta, or stone. On the coffins were painted figures of the four genii of the underworld, Anubis and other principal sepulchral deities, with appropriate inscriptions, and these models bear a striking resemblance to the coffins made in Egypt from B.C. 500-300. The inscriptions on figures of this period are frequently written in a very cursive and almost illegible hieratic, and in demotic; sometimes, however, they have the form and brevity of those inscribed on the ushabtiu figures of the XHIth dynasty.
Ptah-seker-ausar Figures.
This name is given to a large class of wooden figures, standing on pedestals, made in the shape of the god Osiris as a mummy. The god wears on his head horns, the disk and
plumes J^i_, his hands are crossed over his breast, and in
them he holds the flail ,/\ and crook \. The figures are Descripsometimes hollowed out, and contain papyri inscribed with ||onr°* prayers and chapters from a late recension of the Book of the Dead. Frequently the papyri are found in hollows in the pedestals, above which stand small models of funereal chests, surmounted by a hawk; in the hollows portions of the body, mummified, were often placed. Many figures are quite black, having been covered by bitumen; others are painted in the most vivid colours, with blue head-dress with yellow stripes, green, red and yellow collar, face gilded, and body covered with wings of a blue and green colour.
The god Ptah-Seker-Ausar ° ^ <^> appears
on stelas in company with Osiris, Anubis and other gods of the dead, and he is addressed on figures made in his honour, because he was supposed to be specially connected with the resurrection. He is sometimes represented in the form of Osiris (Lanzone, Dizionario, pi. xcvii), and with all the attributes of this god ; the other forms in which he appears Forms of
Ptah
Seker
Ausar.
Contents of inscriptions.
are:—i. As a little squat boy, with a beetle on his head; and
2. As a hawk wearing a crown and feathers *£^> standing on
a throne before which is a table of offerings in a shrine. In this form he is often painted on the outsides of coffins. Behind him is a winged uraeus wearing a disk, and ut'ats ^f^« The inscriptions upon Ptah-Seker-Ausar figures vary greatly in length; at times they are written in perpendicular lines down the front and back of the figure, and continue round each of the four sides of the pedestal; at others they consist of a very few words. Be the inscription long or short, the deceased prays that Ptah-Seker and Ausar (Osiris) will give sepulchral meals of oxen, ducks, wine, beer, oil, and wax, and bandages, and every good, pure, and sweet thing to his ka. The formulae of these figures greatly resemble those found on stelae of a late period. The British Museum possesses a remarkably fine collection of these figures, and as they come from several distinct places, and have many varieties, they are most instructive.
Sepulchral Boxes.
In addition to the chests placed in tombs to hold Canopic vases, the Egyptians made use of a smaller class of wooden boxes to hold ushabtiu figures, papyri, articles of dress and other things. They vary in size from six or eight inches to two feet square. Some are made perfectly square, with sides that slant slightly inwards like the pylon of a temple, being higher than they are wide: others are oblong in shape, and each end rises above the level of the cover. Some have two Orna- and others four divisions. The outsides are usually ornaoTse'pul"11 mented with scenes in which the deceased is represented adoring Ra, or Anubis, or one of the principal gods of the dead, and with figures of Mestha, Hapi, Tuamautef and Qebhsennuf, painted in bright colours upon a black or white ground. The boxes from Thebes are decorated in the same style as the coffins from that place. Frequently the ornamentation consists of j|, j, ||, J J J) etc> etc-> arranged in symmetrical rows, above them being figures of Osiris, Isis, | https://books.google.mk/books?id=ZuYqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA214-IA3&vq=four&dq=editions:ISBN081960139X&output=html_text&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4 |
Excavation of an ancient city of the dead in Aswan, Egypt, recently uncovered pieces of a sarcophagus lid that had been decorated with the colorful face of a leopard. Now, archaeologists have released the first image showing a digital reconstruction of the artwork fragment, found in a necropolis containing 300 tombs and dating to the seventh century B.C.
In the image, most of the big cat's wide-eyed face is visible. When the lid rested on the sarcophagus, the head of the leopard would have aligned with the head of the mummy inside, representatives of the University of Milan said in a statement.
In ancient Egyptian society, leopards represented determination and power; the animal's representation in the tomb was likely intended to strengthen the spirit of the recently deceased for the journey to the land of the dead, according to the statement.
Related: The 25 most mysterious archaeological finds on Earth
The necropolis that housed the leopard sarcophagus was in use for approximately 1,000 years — until the fourth century A.D. — and the excavation was carried out by an international team of experts with the Egyptian-Italian Mission at West Aswan, according to a statement published in April 2019.
Other tombs held a total of 35 mummies and a number of funerary objects, such as pots of bitumen for mummification, linen and papyrus funeral masks, and food offerings for the trip to the afterlife.
"We made the discovery at the end of January 2019, but just finished the 'virtual' restoration of the fragment," Patrizia Piacentini, director of the excavation for the Egyptian-Italian Mission at West Aswan, told Live Science in an email.(opens in new tab)
A nearby tomb held another extraordinary find: a bowl holding plant material that turned out to be pine nuts. Though the nuts were not native to the region, they were known to have been used by chefs in Alexandria, according to a Roman cookbook called "Apicius" that was compiled in the first century A.D., university representatives said in the February statement.
One recipe described soft-boiled eggs in a sauce made with pine nuts, ground pepper, honey and anchovy paste, according to a translation that appeared in the book "Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome" (The University of Chicago Press Books, 2005).
As for why the pine nuts were left in the necropolis, "We like to imagine that the people buried in the tomb of Aswan loved this rare seed — so much so that their relatives placed a bowl next to the deceased that contained them, so that they could feed on them for eternity," Piacentini said in the February statement.
- Photos: The amazing mummies of Peru and Egypt
- Photos: 4,400-year-old tomb complex in Egypt
- Photos: Discoveries at Wadi el-Hudi, an ancient Egyptian settlement
Originally published on Live Science.
OFFER: Save at least 53% with our latest magazine deal! (opens in new tab)
With impressive cutaway illustrations that show how things function, and mindblowing photography of the world’s most inspiring spectacles, How It Works (opens in new tab) represents the pinnacle of engaging, factual fun for a mainstream audience keen to keep up with the latest tech and the most impressive phenomena on the planet and beyond. Written and presented in a style that makes even the most complex subjects interesting and easy to understand, How It Works (opens in new tab) is enjoyed by readers of all ages. | https://www.livescience.com/egyptian-leopard-sarcophagus.html |
What were Egyptian coffins made of?
What were Egyptian coffins made of?
Coffins were generally made of wood, metal, stone or pottery. Gold and silver was used on some coffins, but this was generally reserved for kings or royalty. Some Egyptians were also buried with funerary objects.
What is the difference between coffin and sarcophagus?
A sarcophagus is a stone coffin or a container to hold a coffin. Although early sarcophagi were made to hold coffins within, the term has come to refer to any stone coffin that is placed above ground. ... Sarcophagi might hold more than one coffin. They often had pitched roofs.
How long does it take for a body to fully decompose in a coffin?
By 50 years in, your tissues will have liquefied and disappeared, leaving behind mummified skin and tendons. Eventually these too will disintegrate, and after 80 years in that coffin, your bones will crack as the soft collagen inside them deteriorates, leaving nothing but the brittle mineral frame behind.
Why are graves dug 6 feet deep?
To Prevent Disturbing the Corpse While cemeteries resorted to many elaborate techniques to thwart grave robbing—including the use of heavy stone slabs, stone boxes, locked above-ground vaults, and mortsafes—it's possible that burying a body at a depth of 6 feet was viewed as a theft deterrent.
Are coffins really airtight?
Some coffins/caskets are airtight, some are not. ... Some metal caskets are sealed. When they are sealed, the intention though is that they be sealed against water entering the casket. Gasses also cannot enter, but the casket is made so that gasses can escape.
Why don't they put shoes on coffins?
First is that the bottom half of a coffin is typically closed at a viewing. Therefore, the deceased is really only visible from the waist up. ... Putting shoes on a dead person can also be very difficult. After death, the shape of the feet can become distorted.
How long will a coffin last underground?
When buried naturally - with no coffin or embalming - decomposition takes 8 to 12 years. Adding a coffin and/or embalming fluid can tack on additional years to the process, depending on the type of funerary box.
Do exhumed bodies smell?
Originally Answered: Do exhumed bodies smell? No, exhumed bodies don't smell. In fact, neither do they hear, see, taste, or feel with their skinny little dried up finger tips.
Can you escape a coffin if buried alive?
A recently interred coffin will be covered with loose earth that is relatively easy to dig through. Escaping from a coffin interred during a rainstorm will be difficult. The compacted weight of the wet earth will make digging almost impossible.
Is being buried alive painful?
On the feeling of being buried alive To start off with, it's painful. There's no coffin there, there's no casket — nothing there to protect your body. I remember the first bucket of soil hit me — it was a bit of a shock.
Has anyone ever dug themselves out of a grave?
A person buried in a coffin 6 feet (1.
Why did they put bells on coffins?
If an individual had been buried alive they could draw attention to themself by ringing the bells. ... A small chamber, equipped with a bell for signalling and a window for viewing the body, was constructed over an empty grave. Watchmen would check each day for signs of life or decomposition in each of the chambers.
Can a corpse cry?
After death, there may still be a few shudders or movements of the arms or legs. There could even be an uncontrolled cry because of muscle movement in the voice box. Sometimes there will be a release of urine or stool, but usually only a small amount since so little has probably been eaten in the last days of life.
How long before a body becomes a skeleton?
three weeks
What happens to a body in a coffin?
If the coffin is sealed in a very wet, heavy clay ground, the body tends to last longer because the air is not getting to the deceased. If the ground is light, dry soil, decomposition is quicker. ... As those coffins decompose, the remains will gradually sink to the bottom of the grave and merge.
Can a dead man get hard?
A death erection, angel lust, or terminal erection is a post-mortem erection, technically a priapism, observed in the corpses of men who have been executed, particularly by hanging.
What is it called when a body moves after death?
Cadaveric spasm, also known as postmortem spasm, instantaneous rigor, cataleptic rigidity, or instantaneous rigidity, is a rare form of muscular stiffening that occurs at the moment of death and persists into the period of rigor mortis.
Why do they cross the arms of the dead?
The reflex causes the dead to sit up, briefly raise their arms and drop them, crossed, onto their chests. It happens because while most reflexes are mediated by the brain, some are overseen by “reflex arcs”, which travel through the spine instead.
What is Lazarus reflex?
The Lazarus sign or Lazarus reflex is a reflex movement in brain-dead or brainstem failure patients, which causes them to briefly raise their arms and drop them crossed on their chests (in a position similar to some Egyptian mummies).
How long does the brain stay alive after death?
Bone, tendon, and skin can survive as long as 8 to 12 hours. The brain, however, appears to accumulate ischemic injury faster than any other organ. Without special treatment after circulation is restarted, full recovery of the brain after more than 3 minutes of clinical death at normal body temperature is rare.
How do they sew a dead person's mouth shut?
A: The mouth can be closed by suture or by using a device that involves placing two small tacks (one anchored in the mandible and the other in the maxilla) in the jaw. The tacks have wires that are then twisted together to hold the mouth closed. This is almost always done because, when relaxed, the mouth stays open.
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- How much does a custom cut mirror cost?
- Does copper contain arsenic?
- Is it OK to put a mirror above a fireplace?
- When was the bull-leaping fresco discovered?
- Why did the Minoans do bull-leaping? | https://notes-of-history.com/library/details/read/12174-what-were-egyptian-coffins-made-of |
Warning: some of the images in this story are disturbing.
If you love history, mysteries, or spooky stories, you might remember the massive black tomb that was unearthed in Egypt a few weeks ago.
The huge and mysterious coffin set off rumors and speculation around the world, as people guessed who the casket could possibly belong to.
Now, the tomb has been cracked open, and it's safe to say no one predicted what archaeologists found inside.
Tall, Dark, And Spooky
Any sarcophagus - or coffin used to bury a mummy - is a valurable and interesting discovery.
But the black tomb found by construction workers in Alexandria, Egypt stood out for a few reasons.
First and foremost, the coffin is massive, measuring over eight feet long and five feet wide, making it the biggest sarcophagus ever discovered in Alexandria.
It's also made of solid granite, giving the tomb an eerie jet black look that stands out compared to bright and colorful royal coffins.
Finally, while most ancient coffins have been cracked open by looters, this tomb was still sealed with mortar, meaning it hadn't been opened in at least 2,000 years.
With such a unique discovery, plenty of interesting theories sprouted up to explain who could be inside the coffin.
The only clue was a ruined white alabaster bust buried alongside the tomb.
But that didn't stop people from speculating that Alexander the Great, the Greek conqueror who gave Alexandria his name, might be buried inside the tomb.
Now that experts have opened the coffin, we know that's not the case. But what was inside is just as surprising.
"The sarcophagus has been opened, but we have not been hit by a curse."
The frightening look of the coffin, and the many jokes that it could contain a "mummy's curse," made archaeologists take extra precautions.
Mostafa Waziri, of Egypt's Surprise Council of Antiquities, says a ritual was performed on the sealed coffin to banish evil spirits.
Still, when the coffin was cracked open just a few centimeters, researchers were blasted with a scent so horrible they fled the dig site.
A look inside the coffin revealed the cause of the stink: sewer water.
A crack in one side of the coffin seems to have let putrid sewage leak inside, ruining the three mummies in the tomb.
"We found the bones of three people, in what looks like a family burial," Waziri said.
"Unfortunately the mummies inside were not in the best condition and only the bones remain."
Despite the bad news, Waziri couldn't help joking about surviving the "curse," even after researchers left the dig site fearing it could contain toxic fumes.
"We've opened it and, thank God, the world has not fallen into darkness," he said.
"I was the first to put my whole head inside the sarcophagus... and here I stand before you ... I am fine."
A New Mystery
Now, archaeologists are hard at work studying the three mummies found inside the coffin.
Who they were and why they were buried together in the enormous tomb is still a mystery.
Researchers already guessed that the tomb was from Egypt's Ptolemaic period, between 305 B.C. and 30 B.C.
A possible arrow wound to one of the skulls in the coffin could mean the three mummies were soldiers or government officials.
The one thing experts have ruled out is that any of the mummies buried inside were Roman or Egyptian royalty.
No amulets, statues, inscriptions, precious metals or valuable funeral masks have been discovered inside the tomb.
Still, no matter who the mummies were, we can't wait to learn more about them!
Were you surprised by what they found inside the tomb?
Here are more viral stories:
- Figure skating world reacts after Olympic medalist stabbed to death.
- He's just 11, but they're already calling him the next Michelangelo.
- Strangers overhear teacher talking about her struggles and step up in a big way. | https://staging.shared.com/egypt-mystery-tomb/ |
A 2,700-year-old mummy of the most widely regarded Egyptian 'god' Amun Ra has been discovered.
The historic find was announced yesterday and experts said it was made of wood included ceremonial decoration and hieroglyphic markings.
Ankh-f-n-khonsu's sarcophagus was found in Luxor, Egypt , in the tomb of Amenhotep-Huy, who was viceroy and vizier of Eygpt during the reign of Pharaoh Amenhotep III which lasted from 1391BC to 1353BC.
Upper Egypt antiquities department director Sultan Eid, said: "The sarcophagus is made of wood and covered with a layer of plaster.
"It represents the deceased wearing a wig and crown with flowers and colourful ribbons along with ceremonial beard and a necklace adorning his chest."
Antiquities Ministry boss Mahmoud Afifi said the artefact was "well preserved" and said it was clear the tomb had been reused more than 500 years after it was completed.
Read more:Tutankhamun's penis was fully ERECT when he was mummified so he would look like a god in afterlife
The tomb was discovered in 1978 and a team of archaeologists have been studying and renovating it since 2009.
Scenes in the tomb depict farming, hunting and fishing together with Huy himself with family members, officials and entertainers, reports The Cairo Post . | https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/mummy-2700-year-old-egyptian-6910153 |
# Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln
After Abraham Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865, a three-week series of events was held to mourn the death and memorialize the life of the 16th president of the United States. Funeral services, a procession, and a lying in state were first held in Washington, D.C., then a funeral train transported Lincoln's remains 1,654 miles (2,662 km) through seven states for burial in Springfield, Illinois. Never exceeding 20 mph, the train made several stops in principal cities and state capitals for processions, orations, and additional lyings in state. Millions of Americans viewed the train along the route and participated in associated ceremonies.
The train left Washington, on April 21 at 12:30 pm. It bore Lincoln's eldest son Robert Todd and the remains of Lincoln's younger son, William Wallace Lincoln (1850–1862), but not Lincoln's wife Mary Todd Lincoln, who was too distraught to make the trip. The train largely retraced the route Lincoln had traveled to Washington as the president-elect on his way to his first inauguration, more than four years earlier. The train arrived at Springfield on May 3. Lincoln was interred on May 4, at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield. Every town the train passed or stopped in there was always a crowd to pay their respects to one of the greatest men in history.
By 1874, several features had been added to the Lincoln Tomb, including a 117-foot (36 m)-tall granite obelisk surrounded with several bronze statues of Lincoln and soldiers and sailors. Mary Todd Lincoln and three of their four sons—Willie, Eddie, and Tad—are also buried there. Today, it is owned and managed as a state historic site.
## Washington, D.C.
After the assassination of Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth, Lincoln's body was carried by an honor guard to the White House on Saturday April 15, 1865. He lay in state in the East Room of the White House which was open to the public on Tuesday, April 18. On April 19, a funeral service was held and then the coffin, attended by large crowds, was transported in a procession down Pennsylvania Avenue to the Capitol Rotunda, where a ceremonial burial service was held. The body again lay in state on the 20th and on the early morning of the following day a prayer service was held for the Lincoln cabinet officials.
## Funeral train to Springfield, Illinois
At 7 a.m. on Friday, April 21, the Lincoln coffin was taken by honor guard to the depot. Cabinet secretaries Edwin M. Stanton, Gideon Welles, Hugh McCulloch, and John Palmer Usher, as well as, generals Ulysses S. Grant, and Montgomery C. Meigs left the escort at the depot, and at 8 a.m. the train departed. At least 10,000 people witnessed the train's departure from Washington.
The funeral train had nine cars, including a baggage car, hearse car, and the President's car, built for use by the president and other officials and containing a parlor, sitting room, and sleeping apartment. The President's car was draped in mourning and carried the coffins of Lincoln and his son. New locomotives were substituted at several points.
The Department of War designated the route and declared the railroads used as military roads. Only persons authorized by the State Department were allowed to travel on the train, which was limited to 20 miles (32 km) an hour for safety. A pilot train preceded it to ensure the track was clear.
Five relatives and family friends were appointed to accompany the funeral train: David Davis, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States; Lincoln's brothers-in-law, Ninian Wirt Edwards and C. M. Smith; Brigadier General John Blair Smith Todd, a cousin of Mary Todd Lincoln; and Charles Alexander Smith, the brother of C. M. Smith. An honor guard accompanied the train; this consisted of Union Army Major General David Hunter; brevet Major General John G. Barnard; Brigadier Generals Edward D. Townsend, Charles Thomas Campbell, Amos Beebe Eaton, John C. Caldwell, Alfred Terry, George D. Ramsey, and Daniel McCallum; Union Navy Rear Admiral Charles Henry Davis and Captain William Rogers Taylor; and Marine Corps Major Thomas H. Field.
Four accompanied the train in a logistics capacity: Captain Charles Penrose, as quartermaster and commissary of subsistence; Ward Hill Lamon, Lincoln's longtime bodyguard and friend and U.S. Marshal for the District of Columbia; and Dr. Charles B. Brown and Frank T. Sands, embalmer and undertaker, respectively.
Governor Oliver P. Morton of Indiana; Governor John Brough of Ohio; and Governor William M. Stone of Iowa accompanied the train with their aides.
Lincoln's funeral train was the first national commemoration of a president's death by rail. Lincoln was observed, mourned, and honored by the citizens and visitors of Washington, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois in the following cities:
The train passed 444 communities in 7 states (Lincoln was not viewed in state in New Jersey). Two future presidents viewed the train, Theodore Roosevelt in New York and Grover Cleveland in Buffalo.
Remark #1: April 15–19, 1865: body of the deceased president in the White House; shortly after 9 o'clock Saturday morning (April 15, 1865) the remains were placed in a temporary coffin, under the direction of undertaker Frank T. Sands, and removed to the White House, six young men of the quartermaster's department carrying the body. An escort of cavalry Union Light Guard, under the command of Lieutenant James B. Jameson, accompanied the remains, which were followed by Generals Augur, commanding Department of Washington; Rucker, depot quartermaster, Colonel Pelouze, of the War Department, Captain Finley Anderson, A.A.G. Hancock's corps, Captain D.G. Thomas, clothing depot, Captain J.H. Crowell and Captain C. Baker, all walking bareheaded. The hearse moved slowly up 10th street to G, and thence to the White House (east gate). The martyred president's autopsy was performed in a second floor guest room by army pathologist J. Janvier Woodward and his assistant Edward Curtis; also present: Surgeon General Dr. Joseph K. Barnes, Dr. Robert King Stone, Dr. Charles Sabin Taft, General Dr. Charles H. Crane, assistant surgeon William Morrow Notson, General Rucker and Lincoln's friend Orville H. Browning. After the autopsy Lincoln's body was brought (Monday evening, April 17) to the great East Room; the room was draped with crape and black cloth, relieved only here and there by white flowers and green leaves. The catafalque upon which the casket lay was about fifteen feet high, and consisted of an elevated platform resting on a dais and covered with a domed canopy of black cloth which was supported by four pillars, and was lined beneath with fluted white silk... From the time the body had been made ready for burial until the last services in the house, it was watched night and day by a guard of honor, the members of which were one major-general, one brigadier-general, two field officers, and four line officers of the army and four of the navy. The room was darkened — a sort of chapelle ardente. April 19: a short service was held in the Green Room
Remark #2: April 19–21, 1865: lying in state in the U.S. Capitol rotunda. Arrival: April 19, 1865, 3 p.m. The procession started from the White House at 2 p.m. and proceeded up Pennsylvania Avenue to the Capitol amidst the tolling of bells and the firing of minute-guns. The funeral car was large. The lower base was fourteen feet long and seven feet wide, and eight feet from the ground. The upper base, upon which the coffin rested, was eleven feet long and five feet below the top of the canopy. The canopy was surmounted by a gilt eagle, covered with crape. The hearse was entirely covered with cloth, velvet, crape and alpaca. The seat was covered with cloth, and on each side was a splendid lamp. The car was fifteen feet high, and the coffin was so placed as to afford a full view to all spectators. It was drawn by six gray horses, each attended by a groom. The avenue was cleared the whole length... The sound of muffled drums was heard, and the procession, with a slow and measured tread, moved from the home of mourning on its mission with the remains of the illustrious dead. Despite the enormous crowd the silence was profound. The funeral car was carried up the steps of the Capitol, beneath the spot where, six weeks before, the president had delivered his second Inaugural, and into the rotunda, where the body was removed from the car to another catafalque, where a service was read. Here the procession dispersed, leaving the remains of the president in the rotunda, where they were open to view the next day—The public viewing started April 20, 1865 (early morning)-- Depart from U.S. Capitol: April 21, 1865, 7 a.m.; coffin moved to Washington's Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Depot Remark #3: Michigan City, Ind. was a 35 min. stop; Lincoln's funeral train was forced to wait here for a committee of more than one hundred important men from Chicago, who were coming out to escort the train into their city; citizens of Michigan City held an impromptu funeral (patriotic organizations conducted memorial services and 16 young women were permitted to enter the funeral car; flowers were placed on the coffin) –
### Commemoration
There is an immersive laying in state exhibit in the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in Springfield, IL. The exhibit is a full scale recreation of the Representative's Hall in the Old State Capital Building in Springfield. It is based on period photographs and etchings, as well as reporter's descriptions. The hall depicts the moment Lincoln was laid in state there, with lavish, elaborate, and sometimes odd decorations, including a replica black casket.
## Burial site selection
Shortly after Lincoln's death, a delegation of Illinois citizens (later forming the National Lincoln Monument Association) asked Mrs. Lincoln to return her husband's remains to Springfield for burial. She agreed, and the group then researched various sites in and around Springfield, selecting a centrally located, hilltop site known as Mather Block, and a temporary receiving vault was built there. However, Mrs. Lincoln selected Oak Ridge Cemetery for her husband's burial. Despite repeated attempts by the association to change the location of the burial to Mather Block, she remained firm in her decision.
### Springfield's choice: The Mather Vault
A large number of Illinois politicians were in Washington when Lincoln was assassinated, including the Governor, Richard J. Oglesby, a close friend of Lincoln. A few hours after Lincoln's death they met in Sen. Richard Yates' room at the National Hotel, to arrange a burial in Springfield, Illinois. Governor Oglesby was selected to confer with the Lincoln family on a burial place. Informal conferences were held on April 16. Mary Lincoln was not receiving visitors, but she preferred Chicago or the empty crypt in the U.S. Capitol that had been prepared for George Washington. She finally relented when her son Robert Todd Lincoln was able to persuade her to allow a Springfield burial, by promising to take Willie Lincoln's body along.
Springfield wanted a prominent burial location, a location that would draw visitors into downtown Springfield. A 6-acre (24,000 m2) block, owned by the family of Col. Thomas Mather, was selected, a plot that could be seen from the major railroad line (Chicago and Alton Railroad), a plot in the center of Springfield on a hill. Fifty thousand dollars were donated for the purchase and the work of constructing a temporary vault started immediately. The vault was designed to be a resting place for the remains until a grand monument could be erected. By men working night and day, through sunshine and rain, it was ready for use on May 24 (the day of the burial), although the work was not quite completed on the outside.
The Mather Block of land was later used as the site of the Illinois State Capitol building.
### Mary Lincoln's choice: Oak Ridge Cemetery
Mary Lincoln however recalled that Lincoln once had said that he wanted a quiet place for his burial at Oak Ridge (said to her on May 24, 1860, when Lincoln, then running for president, and Mary attended the dedication of Oak Ridge, a rural quiet cemetery, two miles (3.2 km) from the heart of Springfield). On April 28 Mary sent a message to Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, in which she stated that her decision was final and that Lincoln's remains must be placed in the Oak Ridge Cemetery. On April 29 another message followed: "arrangements for using the Mather vault must be changed." And on May 1 the message was: "the remains of the president should be placed in the vault of Oak Ridge and nowhere else." The Oak Ridge vault was readied, but work on the Mather vault continued as a "contingency."
Even after the burial, the debate was not over. The National Lincoln Monument Association began again to stoke the fires of creating the grand tomb for Lincoln at the Mather Block. Mary Lincoln threatened to have her husband's remains taken to Chicago or Washington for permanent burial. "My determination is unalterable," she wrote on June 10 and demanded a formal promise that "the immortal Savior and Martyr for Freedom" would be at Oak Ridge, and imposed a deadline of June 15 before she would make good on her threat. The association voted, on the evening before the deadline, by the narrowest of margins, 8–7, to accept her demands. Oak Ridge Cemetery became the site of the Lincoln Tomb.
## Attempted theft and movement of remains
### Attempted theft
When the tomb was completed in 1874, Lincoln's coffin was placed in a white marble sarcophagus in a burial room behind a steel gate locked with a padlock. In November 1876, Chicago counterfeiter James "Big Jim" Kennally planned to steal Lincoln's body and hold it in exchange for a pardon for his engraver (who was serving a ten-year sentence at Illinois State Penitentiary) and $200,000 (approximately $5,089,000 today). The plot failed when two men recruited to assist turned out to be paid government informants, and the men sent to get the body did not plan for how to remove the quarter-ton cedar-and-lead coffin from the grounds.
On November 13, 1876, tomb custodian John Carroll Power and a group of trusted confidants moved the coffin from its room to a secret location in the basement of the tomb. Finding the ground waterlogged, they temporarily set the coffin on the ground and disguised it under a wood pile. Moving the coffin proved difficult; it weighed some 400–500 pounds (180–230 kilograms) and Power and the members of the Monument Association were mostly in their 60s (the youngest was 56). They were relieved to find that the seals on the coffin were intact and that Lincoln's remains had not been disturbed.
The following July, Kennally or some other member of the conspiracy asked Power to bury the coffin. He said that the unventilated basement was almost impossible to enter in the summer weather and also moving the heavy coffin had been brutally hard on himself and the other aging Monument Association members. Power, who had recently celebrated his 70th birthday, said that he suffered from crippling pain for months afterward and had no desire to do it again. The coffin therefore sat in the basement for another year.
Finally, a group of men in their 30s were hired to move the coffin and on November 18, 1878, the coffin was moved and reburied in a shallow grave on the far end of the labyrinth. After receiving anonymous threats in the mail, the coffin was dug up two days later to make sure it was still there.
In 1880, Power and his associates formed the "Lincoln Guard of Honor" to serve as the custodians of Lincoln's remains. Other than its members, only Robert Todd Lincoln knew of this organization. In 1882, after Mary Todd Lincoln died, Robert instructed the Guard of Honor to bury his mother's coffin wherever they kept his father's. Both coffins remained in the basement until 1887, when they were encased in a brick vault, at which time Lincoln's coffin was opened to verify his remains were still there.
### Tomb reconstruction and exhumation
The original tomb, built on unsuitable soil, was in constant need of repair. In 1900, a complete reconstruction was undertaken, Lincoln's remains were exhumed, and the coffin was placed back in the white marble sarcophagus. On April 25, 1901, upon completion of the reconstruction, Robert Todd Lincoln visited the tomb. He was unhappy with the disposition of his father's remains and decided that it was necessary to build a permanent crypt for his father. Lincoln's coffin would be placed in a steel cage 10 feet (3.0 m) deep and encased in concrete in the floor of the tomb. On September 26, 1901, Lincoln's body was exhumed so that it could be re-interred in the newly built crypt. However, several of the 23 people present feared that his body might have been stolen in the intervening years, so they decided to open the coffin and check.
A harsh choking smell arose when the casket was opened. Lincoln was perfectly recognizable, more than thirty years after his death. His face was a gold color from unhealed bruises, a result of contrecoup (injury on the opposite side of the head from point of impact) caused by the gunshot wound, which shattered the bones in his face and damaged the tissue. His hair, beard and mole were all perfectly preserved although his eyebrows were gone. His suit was covered with a yellow mold and his gloves had rotted on his hands. On his chest, they could see some bits of red fabric—remnants of the American flag with which he was buried, which had by then disintegrated.
One of the last living persons to see the body, a youth of 14 at the time, was Fleetwood Lindley (1887–1963), who died on February 1, 1963. Three days before he died, Lindley was interviewed and confirmed his observations. Another man, George Cashman, claimed to be the last living person to have viewed the remains of Abraham Lincoln. In the last years of his life, Cashman was the curator of the National Landmark in Springfield called "Lincoln's Tomb." He particularly enjoyed relating his story to the more than one million visitors to the site each year. Cashman died in 1983. His claim concerning the viewing of Abraham Lincoln's remains was later refuted when his wife, Dorothy M. Cashman, wrote a pamphlet titled "The Lincoln Tomb." On page 14, Mrs. Cashman wrote, "At the time of his death in 1963 Fleetwood Lindley was the last living person to have looked upon Mr. Lincoln's face."
### Second tomb reconstruction
A second, major reconstruction of the tomb was undertaken in 1930–31. Much deterioration had occurred due to poor construction during the 1900–1901 reconstruction. During the second reconstruction, the entrance to the tomb was reconfigured to better accommodate visitors and the original, white marble sarcophagus was replaced with the red granite marker in front of the place where Lincoln is interred. Souvenir hunters destroyed the original sarcophagus, which was placed outside the tomb during reconstruction. The tomb was rededicated with President Herbert Hoover as the main speaker on June 17, 1931.
### Other movements
Lincoln's coffin has been moved 17 times and the coffin opened 5 times. The semi-circular Catacomb (or Burial Chamber) is at the north side of the base of the Lincoln Monument; on the south side (entrance) is Memorial Hall (or the Rotunda). Since the second reconstruction (1930–31) connecting corridors lead into the Burial Chamber.
## Movements of remains of other family members
On May 4, 1865, (Lincoln's arrival at Oak Ridge Cemetery, nineteen days after his death) another coffin, containing the body of Lincoln's son Willie (1850–1862) was placed with Lincoln's in the Receiving Vault. Willie had been initially interred in the Carroll family tomb at the Oak Hill Cemetery in Georgetown. His remains accompanied those of his father on the funeral train to Springfield.
On December 21, 1865, the two caskets were moved to the temporary vault, halfway up the hillside, where the Lincoln Tomb was in construction at the top of the hill. The body of Lincoln's son Edward "Eddie" Baker Lincoln (three years, ten months) was already placed there on December 13, 1865. Eddie, born March 10, 1846, died February 1, 1850, and was first buried at the Hutchinson Cemetery in Springfield. The three bodies rested in the temporary vault while the Lincoln tomb was being built. The three bodies were moved to the catacomb of the tomb on September 19, 1871. They were not the first. Two months earlier (on July 17, 1871) it was Lincoln's son Thomas ("Tad") Lincoln, born April 4, 1853, who was the first Lincoln placed into a crypt in the Lincoln Tomb. Tad died on July 15, 1871, in Chicago, Illinois, aged eighteen.
Lincoln's wife, Mary Todd Lincoln (December 13, 1818 – July 16, 1882). She was buried July 19, 1882, in one of the family crypts in the Lincoln Tomb. In the night of July 21, 1882, Mary Todd's casket was secretly taken from the crypt and at Robert Todd Lincoln's (her eldest son) request, buried alongside the President. On April 14, 1887, both caskets were moved to Memorial Hall.
Lincoln's teenage grandson and namesake, Abraham Lincoln II ("Jack"), born August 14, 1873, died March 5, 1890, in London and was temporarily buried in Kensal Green Cemetery, London, until his father returned to the U.S. with his body and on November 8, 1890, was placed in one of the crypts in the Lincoln Tomb. His body remained in the tomb until May 27, 1930, when he was re-interred at the family plot of his father, Robert Todd Lincoln (August 1, 1843, to July 25, 1926), at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.
During the first Lincoln Tomb reconstruction (1900–1901), the Lincoln family was disinterred and moved to the temporary vault northeast of the tomb. On April 24, 1901, the Lincoln family was removed from the temporary vault and placed back into the Lincoln Tomb.
While President Lincoln was finally at rest, the remainder of the Lincoln family was moved two more times. The coffins containing the bodies of Mary, Eddie, Willie, and Tad Lincoln were removed during the second tomb reconstruction (1930–1931) from their crypts and transported to the Oak Ridge mausoleum, located near the south gate of the cemetery. After the second reconstruction was completed, the bodies were returned to their crypts in June 1931. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_Burial_and_Exhumation |
Is your open-plan office hurting your health?
Set aside the hand sanitizer for a moment: though prevailing office etiquette suggests sniffly coworkers are the greatest germ-carrying risk, a recent study out of Sweden finds that office design and layout has an unexpected
relationship to employee sick time. As EHS Today reports, the study, titled “Office Design’s Impact on Sick Leave Rates,” considered almost 2,000 employees working in a variety of environments, and was carried out by a team of four Stockholm University scientists.
The study analyzed data from employees in seven different office environments, including: “single-room office; shared-room office (2-3 workers in the room); small, open-plan office (4-9 workers); medium-sized, open-plan office (10-24 workers); large, open-plan office (more than 24 workers); flex-office (no individual workspaces); and combi-office (less than 20 percent of the workforce is not at individual workstations, team-based work structure).”
The study also accounted for the number of employee short-term and long-term illnesses, and employee total sick day counts per year. It found that there was a “significant excess risk” of short-term employee sick absences in three kinds of open-plan offices. The rate was especially high among women. Additionally, it found that in flex-offices — those open-plan offices that have some conference rooms but no individual work stations — there was a higher likelihood of short-term sick absences and a larger figure of sick days among men.
“Traditional, open-plan offices” are less beneficial to employee health, according to the study. But why? Open-plan offices don’t simply encourage the spread of germs. They also contribute to environmental stresses, such as exposure to “irrelevant sound,” a lack of “visual privacy,” and “a reduced ability to control personal space.”
Plus, the kind of work performed in open-plan offices, as well as group dynamics, can also affect the number of sick days. Group dynamics, reports EHS Today, especially impact sick leave in smaller offices, such as via “presenteesim,” a term describing the act of coming to work despite illness.
As for the healthiest office designs and layouts, the study found that flex-offices and single offices were ideal. “Differences in health status between employees in various office types have been found, with the best health among those in flex-offices and [single] offices, and the worst in medium-sized, open-plan offices,” according to the researchers. “The explanation for the equally good health in the former two – very different – office types could be that they both enable personal control, albeit through different means.”
Office environment, layout and design are significant to employee health for a variety of reasons, according to the researchers. The top reasons: 1) Personal control over one’s own environment is a “fundamental” human desire; 2) Privacy is important to employees; 3) Noise and other distractions can contribute to absenteeism.
Yet there is much left to be studied. While there is already a significant amount of research on the effects of work absenteeism, the study’s researchers noted a lack of analysis on white-collar worker absenteeism, though this group comprises the majority of the Western workforce. | https://www.mydoorsign.com/blog/open-plan-office-hurting-health/ |
There is a time and a place to work of course. And there is also a time to rest and recuperate (Covey 1989).
We have discussed trends, fads and pseudo solutions in office layouts and design before. It is easy to think that changing layout will make people more productive.
However this solution addresses something quite different – a time and a place to work. The workplace is removed, so work time stops. This places the expectation on people to go away and recuperate.
For this company the ‘ritual’ of shutting away the desks sets the norm. It makes people get into the habit of switching off. And for a creative company that is important, letting the bran organise the day’s thinking without distractions of actually having to go back to work.
I wonder what the impact is on productivity…
Covey, S. (1989) 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, Simon & Shuster, New York, NY.
See the office furniture solution on this video: | https://blogs.kent.ac.uk/change-academy/tag/positive-behaviours/ |
The very first step in deciding on the ideal strategy is always to have a clear understanding of what the topic of this article is about, and that starts with specifying the term”Cognitive Reflection”
It’s hard and even possible to define the notions of reflection, evaluation, as well as association.
I can supply the next definitions, dependent on my experience as a practicing architect and cognitive architecture design. All these definitions have been developed in my experiences and investigation I have finished in both of these fields by architects and designers.
Reflective -perspectives will cause consciousness, even though representing the design and viewpoints of others will contribute into learning and reflecting using one’s particular layouts. This information can be used in a way that is effective. At the architectural profession, it is ordinarily used to refer to a process, where an architect demonstrates up on the current layout and its implications that were possible, allowing for shift. A good example is a design which incorporates far more”versatility” in construction designs, permitting a larger range of choices to both architects and customers, and in addition allows for the admission essay help client to achieve their particular decisions, rather than just carrying the architect’s sentence.
Evaluative -that the architect or design professional considers choices including the prospective benefits and impacts of the alternatives and evaluates the present design. A excellent illustration of evaluative considered could be found in the pattern of the construction, where the landscape could be considered by the builder and the way it could affect the plan, and the historical and cultural context of the site. Quite simply, the builder must develop exactly the alternative that is best . Evaluative believing is utilised to discover what exactly the solution scope will be .
Association – that a person who has an institution with all the design’s topic is a member of that group. As an example, a customer might be associated with an architect, whereas client might be associated with a style pro.
Operational Definition -”Operational definition” clarifies the structure of this research. While perhaps it does be impossible to determine what a person means in the general circumstance, by this word , it refers to your pair of customs and beliefs that help in the formulation and implementation of a undertaking. The term”operational” is also usually related to business, economics, administration, and accounting, and lots different fields.
This definition has been invented in the adventures of educating architects and designing specialists, in addition to research findings whom I have done. This is not to mention these definitions really are particular to this particular specific context, but rather, that there is some consistency between men and women’s perspectives.
An cognitive architecture professional http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/emergency-medicine/ is a person that is skilled from designs for today, but also the formulation of layouts to buy essay net tomorrow’s creation. Is somebody who produces layouts that have a upcoming perspective, even though a person who operates in an office is additionally included in a future-oriented enterprise.
A designer is somebody who, even throughout using a kind of techniques, transforms an eyesight into a form. The builder’s vision is expressed in a exact similar manner: a goal that’s projected in the future in the type of the structure that helps achieve that objective.
A layout expert is someone who creates patterns with an even far more direct impact on the public. A professional may be involved in the implementation of also a construction project and design, or even a number of different facets of the plan process. Many layout professionals become specialized in the construction procedure develop their skills.
An architect’s design and style is the one that will function as the only used later on, if it is necessary but it is also a style that may be put into place from the present. This is not the same thing as the design procedure and architectural and design practitioners participate in the plan process simultaneously with the completion of a layout undertaking.
Sothere you’ve got it. I expect you may begin to see the value of owning a snowball style and design psych definition at your hands, as a way to keep your mind’s running. | http://www.spacetrade.co.jp/%E6%9C%AA%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E/202854.html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=cognitive-re-design-psychology-definition |
In 1993, the CCA invited Peter Eisenman to design an installation for the exhibition 'Cities of Artificial Excavation: The Work of Peter Eisenman, 1978-1988'. The exhibition was presented at the CCA from 2 March to 29 May 1994. The drawings and models of this group document the development of Eisenman's installation design from late 1993 through March 1994, as well as the various processes used by the architect in his investigation of the 'Cities of Artificial Excavation'. Material in this file was produced between 1993 and 1994.
File contains conceptual drawings, design development drawings, installation drawings, measured drawings, presentation drawings, publication drawings, record drawings, textual records, and models. Documents by Eisenman's office include material for schemes A and B, the first and second proposals for the installation, as well as material for the exhibition installation. Material for scheme A includes conceptual drawings (DR1994:0030:001-005), hardline design development drawings (DR1994:0030:006-011), design development computer-aided drawings (DR1994:0030:012-027), and fully developed drawings (DR1994:0030:028-034). Material for scheme B, a design which is closer to the final project, includes hardline drawings (DR1994:0030:035-044) and computer-aided drawings (DR1994:0030:045-069). Material for the exhibition installation includes: computer-aided drawings (DR1994:0030:070-196), which were generated to construct models for the installation, notably a preliminary model (DR1994:0035) and the final model (DR1994:0036), which was used for planning the exhibition layout; hardline drawings which are the final drawings for the installation (DR1994:0030:262-265); a preliminary exhibition layout (DR1994:0030:280); and Iris colour prints of computer-aided conceptual axonometrics (DR1994:0030:281-282). Three working models show different stages of the design development (DR1994:0031 - DR1994:0034).
File contains photographs of the completed installation by Richard Pare (DR1994:0037:001-028), fragments of the installation preserved after its demolition (DR1994:0038:001-0028) and paint samples (DR1994:0038:035-037).
File contains Cities of Artificial Excavation exhibition Catalogue Cover Design layouts and trial proofs. This group of material by Eisenman's office includes freehand drawings and collages for early proposals for the cover (DR1994:0029:001-003), ink drawings on Mylar of the floor plans of the four principal projects presented in the exhibition traced from diazotypes (diazotypes: DR1994:0029:014-019; ink drawings: DR1994:0029:004-010), and Iris colour prints of computer-aided drawings which Eisenman's staff used to test different colour schemes (DR1994:0029:020-030). Offset prints for the cover proposing different colour schemes were used to select the cover design used for publication (DR1994:0029:036-039).
Some material in this file has been processed at a preliminary level. Consult curator for further information.
Note that some of the reprographic copies include annotations or sketches.
Note that some of the reprographic copies include annotations.
Fragment from the installation "Cities of Artificial Excavation"
Title: Study model for the installation "Cities of Artificial Excavation" | https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/archives/380476/peter-eisenman-fonds/387751/projects/400068/cities-of-artificial-excavation-the-work-of-peter-eisenman-1978-1988-1994 |
House Design With Attic
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Other Images Like This! | http://noordinaryhome.com/House-Design-With-Attic.html |
ASU Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This collection includes most of the ASU Theses and Dissertations from 2011 to present. ASU Theses and Dissertations are available in downloadable PDF format; however, a small percentage of items are under embargo. Information about the dissertations/theses includes degree information, committee members, an abstract, supporting data or media.
In addition to the electronic theses found in the ASU Digital Repository, ASU Theses and Dissertations can be found in the ASU Library Catalog.
Dissertations and Theses granted by Arizona State University are archived and made available through a joint effort of the ASU Graduate College and the ASU Libraries. For more information or questions about this collection contact or visit the Digital Repository ETD Library Guide or contact the ASU Graduate College at [email protected].
- Brunner, Lori
- 6 Arizona State University
- 2 Bernardi, Jose
- 1 Alaboudi, Noof
- 1 Alaithan, Hana
- 1 Bender, Diane
- 1 Bochart, Sonja
- more
- 1 Brooks, Kenneth
- 1 Fischman, Gustavo
- 1 Frederick, Laura
- 1 Liu, Chaofan
- 1 Mizukami Schoettker, Miho
- 1 Naseef, Rawan
- 1 Pijem, Maria
- 1 Takamura, John
- 1 Trinh, Mai
- 1 Trinh, Mai P.
- 1 Zingoni Phielipp, Milagros
- 1 Zingoni, Milagros
- 1 alotibi, arig
- 6 English
- 6 Public
- 6 Design
- 1 Architecture
- 1 Biophilia
- 1 Biophilic design
- 1 China
- 1 Interior Design
- 1 Interior Design Influences
- more
- 1 Organizational Behavior
- 1 Organizational behavior
- 1 Satisfaction with education
- 1 Students
- 1 The United States
- 1 Workers well-being
- 1 Workplace Design
- 1 courtyard
- 1 employee wellbeing
- 1 interior design
- 1 open-office
- 1 students' experience
- 1 studio-based learning
- 1 workplace behaviors
- 1 workplace stressors
- Language in Trauma: A Pilot Study of Pause Frequency as a Predictor of Cognitive Change Due to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Subvert City: The Interventions of an Anarchist in Occupy Phoenix, 2011-2012
- Exploring the Impact of Augmented Reality on Collaborative Decision-Making in Small Teams
- Towards a National Cinema: An Analysis of Caliwood Films by Luis Ospina and Carlos Mayolo and Their Fundamental Contribution to Colombian Film
- 国家集中采购试点政策对制药企业和制药产业的影响评估
The artificial lighting plays crucial role in the human life in the contemporary, globalized and highly complex world. Its influence on the physical and psychological health of the humans was studied by numerous reputable scholars from across the globe, however this study focuses on the impact of light on the college students living in the dormitories. The study seeks to find whether there is a correlation between light and health of the student, his/her performance, productivity, mood and feelings. The paper uses a relatively new housing near Arizona State University Tempe-campus as a case study as an attempt to substantiate …
- Contributors
- Alaboudi, Noof, Brunner, Lori, Bernardi, Jose, et al.
- Created Date
- 2019
The main aim of this thesis is to study the Saudi Arabia designers level of awareness about sustainable interior materials and to what extent are Saudi Arabia designers specifying sustainable interior materials in their interior designs? The problem statement relies on understanding how does this may impact the Saudi Arabia environment. In order to comply with these objectives, a telephone interviews were built, to test the designer’s knowledge about sustainable interior materials. The results showed that the Saudi Arabia interior designers are not fully aware of sustainable interior materials and there is a lack of interest in applying sustainable interior …
- Contributors
- alotibi, arig, Bender, Diane, Takamura, John, et al.
- Created Date
- 2019
Workplaces are the place where people spend mostly half of their life there. It is not exclusive to office buildings and companies; indeed, in each department in every building there are individuals working behind the scenes in an attempt to better the society. The workplace environment must accomplish workers’ requirements that vary between physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual needs. Thus, the employees can provide high performance and be more productive, which leads to a successful group, corporations, society, and world generally. The aims for this study were to explore the different strategies that big companies used to attract new employees …
- Contributors
- Alaithan, Hana, Bernardi, Jose, Brunner, Lori, et al.
- Created Date
- 2019
This research aims to investigate the effect of campus courtyards on students’ satisfaction with education. It will look into two different types of courtyard within the Arizona State University. One courtyard space has more elements and attributes of biophilic design and the other has less. In addition, this paper will provide guidelines for designing courtyards that would improve student’s satisfaction with education. The Methodology used is survey handouts to students after the researcher selects the two types of courtyards by observation. The participant in this study are randomly picked young adult college students (n=60). The results indicate a positive effect …
- Contributors
- Naseef, Rawan, Brunner, Lori, Brooks, Kenneth, et al.
- Created Date
- 2019
Students’ learning experience in studio are an essential part in studio-based learning mode and design education. Studio-based learning is defined as an active pedagogy in which the student learns multimodal by solving cases or problems. Students work with personal assignments or group assignments that are critiqued on the basis of formal and informal presentations. Studio-based Learning (SBL) is unlike other learning modes, not only because the pedagogy is different but also because of its distinctive learning spaces. SBL is carried out in the studio, a type of classroom within the university that supports this pedagogy. The studio is more like …
- Contributors
- Liu, Chaofan, Zingoni, Milagros, Fischman, Gustavo, et al.
- Created Date
- 2020
Employee wellbeing is a top concern for many organizations as its been linked to job performance and organizational commitment (Colquit, LePine, & Wesson, 2019). Research suggests that overall wellbeing is important to employees as well. Organizations are significantly investing into upgrading workplace environments, and there is a need for a clear understanding of how those improvements truly impact employee wellbeing. Current workplace research reveals that the open-office floorplan accounts for more than 70% of office layouts in the United States and is most commonly used for the benefits of collaboration and efficiency (Gallup, 2017). However, the open office layout ranks …
- Contributors
- Frederick, Laura, Zingoni Phielipp, Milagros, Brunner, Lori, et al. | https://repository.asu.edu/collections/7?sort=md_created_sort+asc&per_page=100&cont=Brunner%2C+Lori |
A highly ingenious engineer, Le Corbusier was influential fit the appearance of modern architecture. Many of the architects he employed later on came to be prominent figures in the area. Yet his impact surpasses the realm of modernist style as well as reaches into various other locations such as urban planning, theoretical thinking, and item style. This article checks out the tradition of the French engineer and also his work. You’ll find why his job was so significant:
A Swiss architect and philosopher, Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, researched art as well as style in Europe. He studied classic proportions in Renaissance design and researched enhanced concrete in France under Auguste Perret. After the battle, he rebranded himself Le Corbusier and started to establish his own design in earnest. His designs consisted of the famous Pilotis grid, which replaced bearing walls.
Mies van der Rohe tested traditionally ordered strategies
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe is one of the most prominent designers of modern times. He was birthed in 1886 in Aachen, Germany as well as was the last significant Bauhaus architect to practice in Germany. Mies was significantly affected by the Bauhaus activity as well as later on emigrated to the USA where he came to be the head of the Division of Style at the Illinois Institute of Technology. His design viewpoint emphasized visibility as well as asymmetrical layouts that tested conventionally ordered plans.
The Core Residence was Mies van der Rohe’s individual research job and never ever received any financing from a customer. It was made in his own office with the help of his pupil and also teacher Myron Goldsmith. His layout incorporated various facets of modern living as well as a very little quantity of visual challenge. It expanded organically from his concepts and also the trainees of the IIT.
Mies van der Rohe
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a German-American designer best understood for his work on high-rise buildings and also the Barcelona chair. Birthed in 1886, Mies got no formal building training, instead operating in his daddy’s stone-carving store. He additionally apprenticed under Bruno Paul and Peter Behrens. Mies began his very own organization in 1913. After examining design at the Bauhaus, he ended up being a supervisor of a building organization and also created numerous modernist buildings.
In addition to developing renowned buildings, Mies had an active job as a teacher. He firmly believed that a building language could be discovered and could be applied to any kind of modern-day structure. He helped establish a brand-new instructional system at the Illinois Institute of Modern Technology (IIT) in Chicago. His training began with the crafts of structure, advancing to planning abilities as well as theory. In the mid-1960s, numerous docudramas on the life and job of Mies aided bring his layouts to the public’s attention. | http://midstate-airport.com/2022/04/06/the-fact-concerning-interior-decoration-is-about-to-be-disclosed/ |
Charming Home Office Layout Planner. Home Office Layout Planner Plans And My Plan Idea Littleplanet.
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Small Home Office Layout Home Office Layouts And Designs Design Home Office Layout Small Home Office . | http://www.lean-engine.com/home-office-layouts-and-designs.html |
I had the opportunity to view work by Mike Byrne recently while selecting pieces for SO Fine Art Editions Gallery. I had first encountered his most recent series of vessels in 2014 at Culture of Clay; an exhibition of contemporary ceramics by graduates of Limerick School of Art & Design. These large-scale works offer a delightfully different narrative on traditional jug and vessel forms as they explore both the divisions and connections between design, function, craft and art. They reminded me of a talk I delivered recently to students of the art and design departments at Coláiste Stiofáin Naofa in Cork.
In considering their future careers in the creative industries, I suggested they explore the many different paths on which they might travel, working in different disciplines and materials, with different audiences and routes to market. Today there are numerous examples of artists and designers who have ‘crossed over’ into different areas of work. Thankfully people no longer respect the boundaries between art, craft and design, which is why a jug can be a work of art…. | https://www.francesmmcdonald.com/blog/2017/10/1/divisions-and-connections |
Between now and November, artist Heather Ujiie welcomes all who enter the Rowan University Art Gallery into a world of her own creation. Vibrant textiles on the walls sing with color and life; images of green-skinned women are adorned with rhinestones and yarn. Three sculptures seem to erupt from the center of the tiled floor, each with characteristics of a different, predatory animal. Meanwhile, water bubbles into a pool in the center of the floor, harmonizing with the lilting melodies of 19th-century Portuguese folk songs, each characterized by a sense of irreparable loss. The effect is immediately immersive to the senses and the mind. This is unexplored territory – this is Ujiie’s “Terra Incognita.”
For Ujiie’s journey through the landscape of “Terra Incognita,” there has been no space better-suited to this vision than that which has been provided by Rowan University. For about a year, Ujiie has worked collaboratively with gallery staff to bring her vision to its final and current realization. As it is, the exhibit couldn’t have existed anywhere else.
“Every single two-dimensional piece – the wallpaper, the quilt, the hangings, the textile work – was designed to be site-specific,” Ujiie explained. “I got measurements of the entire gallery, and everything in this gallery was designed to fit in this space.”
Inspired heavily by Hieronymus Bosch’s 1490 painting “The Garden of Earthly Delights,” Ujiie sought to combine chaos with nature as a statement on human-caused biodiversity loss. Each sculpture, meanwhile, is to represent a different archetype of femininity: the fountain-dwelling white-winged Angel resembling a seahorse; the sharp-tendrilled Demon with the head of a zebra; and the colorful, sprawling Warrior in the likeness of a lion. Each is constructed using materials such as yarn, zip ties and plastic circles. Such a process has been a new experience to Ujiie, but one she’s found to be ultimately rewarding.
“This is the first show where I’ve really pushed the boundaries between a lot of different media,” Ujiie said. “I have a very broad background in fashion, costume design, textile design and fine art, but it’s only recently that I’ve started building more sculptures that are kind of using fashion design as a point of departure. This is also the first time that I built a fountain, which I was nervous about since I didn’t have any experience with the engineering part of that.”
According to Ujiie, the exhibit and its funding were all made possible by the work of Gallery and Exhibitions Program Director/Curator Mary Salvante.
“Mary Salvante has been instrumental in helping to push me to explore different materials and giving me the space,” Ujiie said. “All of those factors really combine to me pushing the boundaries of my artwork.”
Salvante agrees that the process has been innovative from the gallery’s end, as well.
“It’s a way that’s more collaborative,” Salvante explained. “And while she presented a kind of fully realized concept, over time some of those things had to be modified. We’ve been working together from the beginning from what has now been a year.”
The time spent together between Salvante and Ujiie is a reflection of the dedication required to give the exhibit unique appeal.
“When we work with an artist who is doing site-specific work, [it] does take a lot more time because the works are designed to fit the space,” Salvante said. “Other exhibitions that we curate are with artists that already have work ready to go, and so those are more traditional-looking. You see them all the time at museums and galleries.”
Salvante has been following Ujiee’s work over a long period of time.
“I’ve seen it many times exhibited in Philadelphia and as I’ve been starting to think about what I wanted to focus on this year, which blended fine art, design, and technologies, I saw those disciplines in her practice,” Salvante added.
Distinct artistic voice is one reason why Ujiie’s body of work appealed to Salvante. Between large loops of fluorescent pink yarn spouting out of nature scenes like blood and the feminine figures featured within the textile work, Ujiie’s latest exhibit speaks to a powerful female experience of beauty, loss and resiliency.
The Art Gallery will be hosting a public gallery opening on September 13 from 6:00 PM to 8:00 PM, with free admission.
For questions/comments about this story, email [email protected] or tweet @thewhitonline. | https://www.thewhitonline.com/2018/09/arts-entertainment/artist-heather-ujiie-welcomes-rowan-community-into-vibrant-world-of-terra-incognita/ |
We run three residency programs at the most important performing arts institutions in the United States at different times of the year, aimed at artists and theatrical researchers.
New York Theater Workshop
Signed in 2015, this agreement guarantees the participation of a Chilean artist in the summer residency program at Dartmouth College (Hanover, New Hampshire) sometime between August 1-21 each year. NYTW invites artists to a week-long residency, where they work on a project, collaborate with the artistic community at NYTW’s Dartmouth Theater, watch rehearsals by other companies and make presentations about the theater and culture of their country. Applications are welcomed from contemporary theater creators.
In 2015, the Chilean playwright and director Ítalo Gallardo was chosen. In 2016, it was the turn of playwright and director Camila Le-Bert. In 2017, director Ernesto Orellana was chosen and, in 2018, director Ana Luz Ormazábal.
Founded in 1979, New York Theater Workshop is dedicated to ensuring the presence of the artist in our society. This mission is manifested in two equally important focuses of activity: first, through producing an annual season of productions in its theater in Manhattan’s East Village and second, by inviting theater-makers at all stages of their careers to participate in training and residencies, offering the theatrical community a home for cooperation, growth and exploration. Dartmouth College, founded in 1769, offers undergraduate programs in the Liberal Arts and has prestigious post-graduate schools for medicine, engineering and business administration, as well as 19 post-graduate programs in the arts, humanities and sciences.
The Watermill Center
This agreement was signed in December 2015 to include at least one Chilean company per year in the summer, autumn and/or spring residencies at the Watermill Center.
Located in Long Island, New York, the Watermill Center welcomes creators from all over the world, especially those who combine different disciplines and types of art in their work with a view to breaking the boundaries of contemporary culture. The center was founded by renowned North American playwright and theater director, Robert Wilson.
Baryshnikov Arts Center
BAC is the manifestation of artistic director Mikhail Baryshnikov’s long-held vision to build an arts center in the city of New York as a place for artists of all disciplines to come together. In 2016, director Manuela Infante was chosen for this residency, during which she dedicated herself to theatrical research for Estado Vegetal, a project premiered during the Teatro Hoy season. In 2017, the Bonobo Theater Company, directed by Pablo Manzi and Andreína Olivarí, was chosen. The whole company’s team of actors and designers travelled to New York in November to work on their new premiere, Tú amarás. This play was premiered in 2018 and was also part of the latest edition of the Teatro Hoy season. | https://fundacionteatroamil.cl/en/que-hacemos/formacion/residencias/ |
SokoTech space, host a new lab. p²LAB an experimental design platform and laboratory created by – Petra Sochůrková a Petra Garajová combine architecture, fashion and design thinking and focuses on material research combined with passion for using new technologies. The laboratory brings together and presents the work of international designers at the borders of different artistic disciplines.
p²LAB is a project started by two designers sharing the same name and interest in answering questions through design.
At SokoTech, this FashionTech Lab is leaded by Petra, A Slovak experimental designer and material researcher.
Over the past years of her architectural studies in Prague, she has encountered different perspectives of “architectural” thinking. The main focus of her research is to rethink the textile industry and the environmental impact of architectural materials through biomaterials. At the same time, she observes the close connection between nature, technology and new spatial forms.
In addition to individual projects, the design platform also seeks to establish collaborations with local and foreign designers, artists and other researchers. Design experimentation thus spans different mindsets, creating new specific projects. | https://www.soko.tech/fashiontech-lab/ |
Across design disciplines, drawing by hand has largely become a lost art. With digital tools at their disposal, the majority of designers create while sitting at their computer screens. Attitudes are changing, however. Eager to push the boundaries of their creative processes and spurred by a sense of being disconnected from their briefs, today’s designers seek a greater and more immediate connection with their projects. There is no better way to stimulate the imagination than by learning to draw what one sees, and in the fluid, living world of landscape architecture, it is particularly important.
This essential publication reintroduces the importance of learning to “see by hand,” to visualize large-scale design schemes and explain them through drawing, before using the digital tools that are time- and cost-efficient building solutions. Combining traditional drawing techniques with those from CAD rendering, Drawing for Landscape Architecture guides practitioners from their very first impression. This expanded edition includes a new chapter on the relationship between landscape design and architecture, along with a selection of updated images.
Contributors
Edward Hutchison
Author
Edward Hutchison is principal of his own successful landscape design practice in London. He was previously an associate of Foster + Partners. His drawings have been included in major exhibitions. | https://www.thamesandhudsonusa.com/books/drawing-for-landscape-architecture-sketch-to-screen-to-site-softcover-1 |
Smart textiles are becoming more integrated with service ecosystems that go beyond the current horizontal textile value chain. This will extend the material and tangible properties of smart textiles to intangible properties from services, such as the ability to measure and store data and change the functionality of a material over time. It is thus becoming more urgent for textile developers and service providers to work closer together to develop these types of smart textile services (STSs). This opens up a vast field of opportunities for textile developers, product designers, and service designers to combine their disciplines to develop close-to-the-body applications in the area of well-being.The role of the body, the degree of personalisation, and the prototyping process provide opportunities for ultra-personalisation within these new types of embodied STSs. We present an overview of commercially available STSs based on these three elements. We then analyse three STSs that we have developed in the context of well-being.We advocate that within the exemplified STSs the service interface is strongly connected to the bodily senses of the people using the service. This connection is further specified with three notions of ultra-personalisation: personalisation through the material properties, the design of the garment, and the programming of the interactions with the wearer. | https://research.nottingham.edu.cn:443/en/publications/designing-ultra-personalised-embodied-smart-textile-services-for- |
One of our most prolific children's book writers, Anushka Ravishankar has slowly but surely been securing her status as one of the best children's writers of her generation. Her expansive talent shines most brilliantly in her works of nonsense verse - jubilant and artful adaptations of this difficult genre to the cadences of Indian English. Said to be the pioneer of this form, she has earned national and international acclaim for her nine verse books released over the last decade. Rights to her books have been snapped up around the world and she has over 12 awards to her name. Her books owe their success not only to her fabulous verse, but to her willingness to collaborate and experiment with many different artists and designers - whether working with Swiss textile artists or veteran Indian illustrators, the best aspect of Anushka's work is the cohesion she creates between the text, typography and artwork of each scene. Orijit Sen studied graphic design at the National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad, India and has since worked on diverse graphic and textile design projects that have exhibited in Japan, Europe and India. Orijit is also a well known illustrator; his comic book River of Stories - based on the social and environmental issues in the Narmada Valley - won critical acclaim. Gita Wolf has written more than 14 books for children and adults. Considered one of the most original and creative voices in contemporary Indian publishing, she has pursued her interest in exploring and experimenting with the form of the book and its status as a revered cultural object. Several of her children's books have won major international awards. | https://www.fishpond.com.au/Books/Trash-Anushka-Ravishankar-Gita-Wolf/9788186211694 |
Australia — Government authorities and rural fire brigades insist they are doing enough to curb bushfire threats in the Moreton Bay region, noting that apathetic residents are most at risk from natural disasters.
In the wake of the horrific bushfires that devastated communities in rural Victoria, claimed at least 210 lives and left a damage bill in the billions has been the questioning of bushfire prevention strategies and emergency response methods.
State Member for Kurwongbah Linda Lavarch believes information about bushfire preparedness available to local residents is adequate. She said the Queensland Fire and Rescue Services Bushfire Prepared Communities program, which offers practical fire prevention advice to residents, was set to resume ahead of Queenslands bushfire season in August.
“No doubt there will be a number of lessons learnt coming from the Victorian bushfires and these will be incorporated where appropriate into any educative programs we deliver,” she said.
Ms Lavarch added that fire crews around Brisbanes iZone, where residential areas meet bushland, have already developed local action plans for bushfires that are updated when necessary.
Moreton Bay Region councillor Bob Millar (Division 11) said there wasnt much more authorities could do to inform residents about bushfire risks “short of running around the streets with a megaphone”.
“Whilst many people undertake measures to minimise the risk of bushfire to their property in the lead-up to fire season, the irregularity and relatively low occurrence of serious bushfires in our own part of the world does contribute to a level of apathy by many of the residents,” Cr Millar said.
Bellthorpe Rural Fire Brigade First Officer Gary Uhlmann said residents had taken on board bushfire advice “to a degree”.
Mr Uhlmann said people were generally “pretty blasé” about fire threats and his brigades information programs.
“Nobody turns up because theyre not interested until something happens,” he said. “What more can you do? You cant go and stick a rope around their neck and drag them (residents) along.
“You cant force them to do it, youve just got to be prepared for when fire happens.”
Mt Mee resident Ian Wells, who lives in a heavily forested area, said rural fire brigades did a good job providing information to residents.
“Theyre forever at us and saying we should do this, we should do that … and the level of publicity is good and they even put on little demonstrations,” he said.
“I dont think the Victorian bushfires have changed my view very much except that I dont think Id ever consider staying and defending (my property). If it looked nasty Id get out and run like hell.”
Gary McCormack from the Rural Fire Service Queensland said the option to evacuate or stay and defend a home, which has been heavily scrutinised following the heavy loss of life in the Victorian disaster, remains at the discretion of residents.
“Currently, yes we do endorse the prepare, stay and defend or go early policy but it will be revised, Im sure, as we wait to see the responses from the Royal Commission enquiry into the Victorian disaster,” he said.
Early last year an Early Warning System, designed to advise residents about possible natural disaster threats, was constructed at Mt Nebo, one of the highest bushfire risk areas in Queensland.
The device, the only one of its kind in the state, issues a three-phase warning siren that can be heard 3km away. The system, which indicates the risk posed by danger and whether residents have enough time to evacuate the area, also sends alerts to phones warning of impending danger.
Mt Nebo resident Jessica Bradford said the mountain community had welcomed the system, which was recently used in a bushfire simulation activity and will be fully tested in July.
“You dont want to be left in the dark until the last minute when a fire is on your doorstep,” she said.
“I do feel more secure up here knowing that theres a warning system in place letting us know about any danger before it arrives.”
In the wake of the Victorian bushfire disaster, it is expected similar systems could be introduced in bushfire hotspots around the nation.
Ms Lavarch said the Queensland Government had taken a keen interest in the development of a “nationally consistent community emergency warning system”.
Mr McCormack said community awareness of bushfire prevention had been heightened by the Victorian tragedy.
“Weve definitely had an increase in the number of enquiries about if the risk exists in our own backyards,” he said.
“Here we have different vegetation types, different landscapes and climatic conditions, and while the risk is still present its a different risk to what they have in Victoria and New South Wales.
“Having said that, we do have some high risk areas here and our bushfire mitigation measures need to be continued to address that risk.”
Mr Uhlmann said that local residents could ill afford to be nonchalant about their safety.
“If you get the conditions right and the temperature right, where we are, on the top of a hill, fire travels pretty quick up hills and it can come up pretty bad,” he said. | https://gfmc.online/media/2009/03-2009/news_20090311_au4.html |
Overview:
This webinar will build on the Public Health System Affinity Group’s Emergency Preparedness and Response Bootcamp held in 2019 and the Novel Coronavirus Legal Preparedness Webinar held in February 2020 and will provide hospital and health system counsel with an overview of new considerations and potentially necessary modifications to emergency preparedness and response plans when they are to be activated against the backdrop of the COVID pandemic and public health emergency. As the COVID-19 emergency continues, U.S. hospitals and health systems face an increasing probability of experiencing hurricanes, wildfires, tornadoes and other natural and man-made disasters while still facing stresses from COVID-19, including ongoing community social distancing and quarantine requirements and financial and health issues. Counsel and operators may have to reconsider their usual emergency operations plans, including:
- Translation of the 2016 emergency preparedness requirements for Medicare and Medicaid providers and suppliers to workable pandemic-appropriate plans;
- How, where, and with which staff to establish disaster command center;
- Unanticipated legal considerations and implications of decisions to shelter in place, evacuate, and repopulate;
- Policies and decisions regarding emergency and post-disaster workforce and patient housing, hygiene, work schedules, working conditions, and pay;
- Unique force majeure and supply chain considerations that counsel may be asked to navigate when a major disaster occurs in the context of an ongoing public health emergency; and
- Counsel’s role in post-disaster financial stabilization and recovery, including navigating the Stafford Act to secure government assistance.
The webinar will include special considerations for academic medical centers and safety net hospitals that host residents, medical students and tertiary care facilities and may be subject to accreditation requirements of the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. | https://educate.americanhealthlaw.org/local/catalog/view/product.php?productid=55 |
DURING THE PAST TWO WEEKS, we’ve watched as the nation’s 35th largest city—New Orleans—and a metropolitan area encompassing more than 1 million people has literally ceased to exist. Today this region is effectively a ghost town and former residents are scattered throughout the United States.
This event is unparalleled in American history. The closest natural disaster I can relate to this event is the San Francisco earthquake of April 1906. The earthquake, and the fires which followed, destroyed three-quarters of the city and left 300,000 people homeless. Thus, the impact of Hurricane Katrina on Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama is without precedent. It also is a warning for all laboratories and pathology group practices. Emergency planning and disaster response scenarios should receive more attention and resources.
I offer, as an example of good emergency planning, the experience of Tulane University Hospital and Clinic (TUHC), owned by for-profit HCA Inc. Last fall, HCA had a “hurricane lessons learned” meeting in Orlando, Florida. This was to develop emergency plans using the experience of the three hurricanes which hit Florida that year. With Hurricane Katrina approaching, HCA executives created a crisis-management team at corporate offices in Nashville to identify needs, model scenarios, and provide resources to its hospital, located not far from the New Orleans Superdome.
When the hospital began to flood, “we were unable to get any governmental help in evacuating,” declared Norman McSwain, M.D, who is a Professor of Surgery at Tulane and Trauma Director at Charity Hospital, located across the street from Tulane and operated by the state of Louisiana. HCA’s response was to charter 20 helicopters from various sources. Knowing that communications would be a problem, they flew ham-radio operators into New Orleans to coordinate the airlift! In the next few days, HCA airlifted 200 patients and 1,200 staff and family members from TUHC. HCA also used the helicopters to evacuate patients and staff from Charity Hospital.
I make two observations about the tale of these two hospitals. First, it is a heartwarming example of American initiative and ingenuity at its best. Second, it’s a sad comment about the failings of bureaucratic government agencies. Despite access to immense resources, these agencies cannot make bold decisions and act expeditiously, as did HCA in this disaster. | https://www.darkintelligencegroup.com/the-dark-report/commentary-and-opinion-by-r-lewis-dark/a-tale-of-two-hospitals/ |
EIGHT years after a 7.2 magnitude earthquake hit Bohol and Cebu on Oct. 15, 2013, disaster offices in Cebu still need more personnel, training and better coordination with other government units to better respond to another earthquake.
In Mandaue City, the earthquake damaged two big structures, the Cebu International Convention Center and the Mandaue public market. A vendor died in the market after debris struck her head.
The Mandaue City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (CDRRMO) admitted that the city still needs evacuation centers and more personnel today.
Karlo Cabahug, research and planning head of the MCDRRMO, told SunStar Cebu that the city still lacks more evacuation sites or a permanent evacuation site as it is one of the main items that they still have to give priority to in disaster preparedness and management.
But they are thankful to the Department of Education and local barangay officials for always opening their doors and lending their facilities for use as temporary evacuation centers during calamities.
The distance learning situation of the city today amid the Covid-19 pandemic, Cabahug said, keeps the children from any school ground disasters such as a large earthquake.
The 2013 earthquake struck during a public holiday, so children were also not in school when the ground started shaking violently then.
Cabahug said Mandaue City has 115 personnel in its operations division and 46 for the other divisions who could respond to the threat, but they would not be enough considering that the active Central Cebu Fault line is an impending threat to Cebu province.
This is why Cabahug said they are pushing the local barangay officials down to the purok levels to establish their own Emergency Response Teams through training, discussions and drills.
“We need to instill the mindset that disaster preparedness is not just the responsibility of the CDRRMO but also of the community people. Unlike typhoons, earthquakes do not have warning signs. That is why it takes a greater deal of preparation,” said Cabahug.
With the measures and the implementation of the City’s Systematic Approach Towards Resiliency (Star) and Purok-based Disaster Resiliency, Cabahug said they are certain that the establishments and the community will be properly prepared and resilient if disasters such as large earthquakes strike.
To assess the risk in building structures in Mandaue City, Cabahug said the Office of the Building Official is strict in its enforcement of the Department of Public Works and Highways memorandum on earthquake recording instruments to be installed on buildings.
Buildings at least 50 meters in height are required to install ERI or Accelerograph to record seismic activity. This instrument will provide data for their engineers to assess whenever there is an incident of ground shaking, said Cabahug.
Mandaue City Mayor Jonas Cortes told SunStar Cebu that he envisions the city to be resilient like Japan in handling disasters. This is why the acquisitions of the city have been more directed to the CDRRMO.
He said one reason for purchasing the mobile command center was to have one command that directs all units in times of disaster to ensure proper coordination.
In Cebu City, there is also equipment to respond to disasters, but disaster response personnel could benefit from more training in different rescue situations.
Ramil Ayuman, head of the Cebu City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (CCDRRMO), said it has 300 personnel divided into the quick response team and the emergency medical service and another 800 trained personnel based in 80 barangays in the city ready to save lives.
The CCDRRMO has 21 active ambulances, not counting the ambulances based in different barangays, two rescue vehicles with life-saving equipment, three water tankers, a fire engine, dump truck, payloader and other equipment.
Ayuman said the City Government no longer has buildings vulnerable to earthquakes of moderate intensity since the ones that were destroyed in 2013 were all demolished such as the old Cebu City Medical Center and the former Pasil Fish Market.
In the event of an earthquake, the CCDRRMO head encouraged residents to make sure to evacuate to vacant spaces so as not to be struck by debris and stay calm.
He said their personnel did not yet have enough capacity to conduct rescues in collapsed buildings.
But he said there are government agencies such as the Armed Forces of the Philippines, Office of Civil Defense, Bureau of Fire Protection and other branches that will help save lives.
The CCDRRMO is now profiling residents in the barangays so they can be easily monitored during a disaster. | https://seatickers.com/people/cebu-mandaue-brace-for-quakes/ |
Protecting loved ones from injury is the top priority when a disaster strikes. A major event such as a storm or a fire generally brings a high degree of confusion and chaos along with it. It’s also common for items to be in short supply in the wake of a disaster. Stores often close because they run out of goods. Emergency responders may be overwhelmed and unable to reach people who need help. By planning in advance, before a disaster response is needed, you can have supplies in place. Emergency preparedness and home modifications can help provide security to a family.
Federal Emergency Management Agency Preparation Guidelines
The American Red Cross and other agencies can assist families with creating a disaster plan. Citizens can contact local officials to become informed about the typical issues that may affect people in a specific area.
- Community Hazards: Communities tend to have specific man-made and natural hazards that occur more frequently. These hazards may include earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, and events associated with power plants and refineries.
- Community Disaster Plans: Residents can inquire about local community response plans, emergency shelters, and evacuation plans. Ask about plans in place for specific areas where family members spend time, such as places of work, schools, and day-care centers. Anyone without access to private transportation needs to find out about community transportation available.
- Community Warning Systems: Local authorities will have a means of warning residents about an impending disaster. Residents should find out how they will get information before, during, and after a disaster. Local emergency stations on the radio and television are one option so is a NOAA weather radio.
Make a Disaster Plan
Schedule a family meeting to explain potential disaster dangers and to prepare the family to respond as a team. This meeting should also include any caregivers. A disaster plan should include the following components:
- Designate an Out-of-Town Contact Person: Choose a friend or relative who lives out of town to be a contact person. Everyone should contact this person to let them know their status and location after a disaster. Make sure every family member has this person’s phone number. Give the contact person information such as insurance policy numbers and copies of important papers.
- Choose a Meeting Location: If family members separate, they should meet at a specific location after a disaster.
- Make a Communication Plan: Give important phone numbers to every family member so everyone can contact each other after a disaster. Teach children how to make emergency phone calls.
- Designate Escape Routes: Create several escape routes in case of fire, and make sure everyone knows them. Instruct everyone to go to the lowest level of the home and away from windows if a tornado occurs.
- Make a Floor Plan: Create a floor plan of every level of a home that includes windows, doors, stairways, large furniture, disaster supplies, fire extinguishers, utility shut-off points, and collapsible ladders.
- Make an Alternative Plan for Special Needs: If family members have special needs, make a plan to ensure that these people have assistance.
- Plan for Pets: Make a plan to evacuate with pets, if necessary. If shelters don’t allow pets, animals may need to be boarded elsewhere.
Disaster Planning Actions
Families can take care of specific issues prior to a disaster to ensure that they are ready to respond accordingly. Some actions involve the purchase of and installation of tools or detectors that will enhance safety or enable a proactive response. Some actions involve gathering information. Other actions involve gathering supplies.
- Utilities: Learn about when and how to turn off utilities such as water, electricity, and gas. If you need tools to turn off gas and water, keep these at the shut-off valves. Turn off utilities if you suspect damage.
- Fire Extinguishers: Purchase fire extinguishers for every level of a home and ensure that all family members know how to use them.
- Smoke and Carbon Monoxide Alarms: Purchase and install these detectors on every level of a home, including near bedrooms.
- Insurance Policies: Purchase policies to cover against property loss. Check coverage to ensure that it will cover all potential damage.
- First Aid and CPR: Take classes to learn first aid and CPR.
- Home Inventory: Take inventory of possessions to enable an insurance claim after a disaster. Store home inventory information in a secure location such as a safe-deposit box.
- Vital Records: Store family records such as marriage and birth certificates, passports, wills, deeds, Social Security cards, and financial records in a safe-deposit box.
- Home Hazards: Reduce common home hazards by repairing defective electrical wiring or fixing a leaky gas connection. Repair cracks in home foundations and ceilings to prevent them from further damage in the case of a disaster. Schedule professional chimney maintenance to prevent heat and smoke damage to your home. Store chemicals such as pesticides, weed killers, and flammable items away from heat sources. Install furniture straps and hooks to keep bookshelves, cabinets, and appliances in place against wall studs.
- If a disaster happens, know that disaster restoration services are available to help and can report and work directly with your insurance company while you get your day-to-day life back to normal.
Create a Disaster Supply Kit
Assemble a kit of supplies and items to take along if an evacuation. A supply kit eliminates the need to search for supplies in a crisis. Store the kit in a portable container near the door and review the contents regularly. Assemble the following supplies:
- Three-day supply of nonperishable food for every family member
- Three-day supply of water for every family member
- Manual can opener
- Battery-powered radio or television with extra batteries
- Flashlight and extra batteries
- First aid kit with instruction booklet
- Hygiene items: moist towelettes, toilet paper, hand sanitizer
- Waterproof matches
- Extra clothing and blankets
- Kitchen tools and utensils
- Whistle
- Photocopies of credit cards and identification
- Cash: small-denomination bills and coins
- Special needs items: glasses, contact lens solution, hearing aid batteries, medications
- Infant supplies: diapers, bottles, formula
- Tools and a map of the area
- Pet supplies
- Cold-weather gear: jackets, hats, mittens, scarves, sleeping bags, extra blankets, sturdy shoes, pants and long-sleeved shirts
- Vehicle supplies: maps, white distress flag, windshield scraper, tire repair kit, flares, jumper cables, tire pump, shovel, tire chains, sand
- Warm-weather supplies: sunscreen, shade items
Maintain the Plan and Kit
Review the disaster plan every six months to ensure that it remains up to date. Quiz family members periodically to ensure that everyone knows what to do in an emergency. Conduct regular escape and evacuation drills with family members, having everyone meet at a designated spot outside. Restock food and medical supplies in the disaster kit to keep items fresh. Discard expired items. Test smoke and carbon monoxide detectors twice each year, replacing batteries as necessary. Test fire extinguishers, following manufacturer recommendations for recharging them. Replace smoke and carbon monoxide detectors every 10 years.
Additional Resources
- Make a Plan: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend making a family communication plan that includes sharing full contact information with every family member.
- Severe Weather: Severe weather might happen suddenly at any time, making it important to have a plan and supplies on hand to ensure that a family can respond safely.
- Important Things to Know Before a Disaster (video): Knowing about utility services and where the shut-off valves are is one example of information a family should know before a disaster occurs.
- Winter Weather: Winter weather may involve storms with snow and ice, which could lead to power disruptions.
- Fires and Food Safety: After a home fire, a family will need to assess any food items left in the kitchen to ensure that they are safe to consume.
- Don’t Be Left in the Dark: Weathering Floods, Storms, and Power Outages: If a power outage occurs, people will be without running water, refrigeration, and heat. Preparation will help families deal with these inconveniences.
- Severe Storm Safety: High winds accompany tornadoes, which can lead to significant structure damage. Knowing where to go to be safe during a tornado is important.
- Disaster Preparedness: Families with pets can place a sticker on a window to let emergency responders know that animals live inside a home.
- Hurricane Preparedness: Be Ready: People who live in areas where hurricanes are a frequent threat need to have a supply kit ready and packed so that they can evacuate if necessary.
- Disaster Preparedness Kit Supply List (PDF): The most important supplies to pack include food, water, first-aid items, tools, clothing and bedding, and emergency supplies.
- Family Disaster Plan (PDF): Use this printable sheet to create a family disaster plan with details about family members, pets, and planned actions.
- Building a Kit: An emergency kit should be extensive enough to last a family between seven and ten days.
- Disaster Preparedness: Part of disaster preparedness is learning about risks and issues that can occur in a specific geographic location.
- Disaster Supplies Kit: Experts recommend that families have two first-aid kits: one in the home and another in the car.
- Your Kit, Your Plan: Staying informed means understanding the warning signals used in a local community.
- Prepare a Kit (video): Preparing a kit in advance gives a family self-sufficiency if a disaster occurs.
- Disaster Preparedness: Personalizing a disaster kit involves stocking it with items that family members may need, such as medicines and even comfort foods.
- Gather Supplies: Having a go-bag for every family member gives everyone their own supplies, which is helpful in case a family becomes separated.
- Get a Kit: Packing an extensive disaster kit is beneficial, but families might also pack lighter versions of a evacuation kit to have on hand.
- Disaster Emergency Evacuation Preparedness Kit (PDF): Possible foods to pack in a kit include peanut butter, nuts, crackers, canned juice, dry cereal, and canned fruits.
- Emergency Survival Kit: Additional items to add to a survival kit might include masking tape and quiet games to pass the time.
- Disaster Preparedness for Aging and Disabled People: Any people who need extra help can register for assistance with a local municipality so that first-responders know to extend special help in a disaster.
- Emergency Preparedness Supplies Calculator: Use this calculator to help determine the amount of supplies to pack in a disaster kit for a family.
- Plan and Prepare: Preparing for at least three days of self-sufficiency in the event of a disaster is a good rule of thumb.
- Suggested Emergency Kit Checklist (PDF): Have a cell phone and charger in a emergency kit to enable communication. | https://homeadvisor.com/r/emergency-preparedness-checklist-for-your-home/ |
Whether a natural disaster arrives in the form of an earthquake, tsunami, tornado, or hurricane, it is almost guaranteed that the poor will suffer from the aftereffects of the incident much more than wealthier individuals. This is due in part to the fact that individuals living in poverty often lack the resources that would help them effectively prepare for natural disasters. The aftermath of these incidents also has a greater effect on the poor, and many are left financially unable to cope with the situation.
Many Fail to Receive Weather Warnings
Although the poor in industrialized countries certainly cannot be considered lucky, they do have a slight advantage over individuals in less technologically progressed areas. If a natural disaster is on the way, people in industrialized areas are notified of that fact ahead of time and often given instructions to either evacuate the area or instructions on how to weather the storm.
Families living in the so called “third-world”, however, often have no knowledge that a natural disaster is on its way until the storm actually arrives. If they are notified, they are notified far too late to leave the area or adequately prepare themselves and their homes for nature’s onslaught.
Unfortunately, what little advantage the industrialized world’s poor have by early notification of natural disasters is frequently negated by their inability to do anything to protect themselves and their families. It seems confusing to some why people in the path of an impending disaster do not evacuate, but for those without personal transportation or access to public transportation, evacuation is not an option.
The Poor Are More Likely to Live in Areas That Lack Fortification
Most buildings constructed today are built with potential natural disasters in mind. Skyscrapers have flexible beams that allow them to sway with an earthquake while many states require all newly built public structures to comply with strict building codes. Unfortunately, the poor are far more likely to live in older structures that were built before state building codes became mandatory.
When a natural disaster strikes, therefore, the poor suffer much greater consequences than wealthy and middle-class citizens. Their homes are simply not able to withstand gale-force winds and earthquakes. This can result in the poorer district of a city being leveled while the newer districts remain relatively unaffected.
Living conditions in many areas of the world are even worse and contribute directly to high fatalities as a result of natural disasters. For example, in 1999 over 30,000 people were killed by mudslides in Caracas, Venezuela. These same people might have been safe had they not been forced to live in small dugouts in the sides of mountains. Heavy rainfall flooded the surrounding areas and the mountainside villages were subsequently buried by the mudslides that followed. This incident would not have occurred had more residents of Caracas had access to adequate housing.
Being Cash-Strapped with Bad Credit Makes Disaster Recovery a Challenge
When a middle-class individual loses his home or belongings to a natural disaster, he may suffer extreme hardship, but he often has the option of filing a claim with his insurance company. Although he may not recover the full value of the items that were lost, he is guaranteed financial assistance provided he has paid his necessary premiums on time every month. The poor can often not afford to pay monthly insurance premiums and thus have nothing to fall back on when disaster strikes.
Low income and credit scores seem to be directly proportional for obvious reasons. Many people in this group have insufficient credit and lack disposable cash. This makes the aftermath of a natural disaster dire and highly stressful. Not only can they not afford to replace their belongings, they cannot afford to feed and clothe themselves and their children until they can find a semi-permanent place to stay.
Federal loan programs, however flawed they may be, do provide a measure of relief to families left financially bereft by natural disasters. For those in poverty-ridden areas of the world that do not receive federal aid in times of crisis, a natural disaster can leave a previously struggling family desperate for necessities.
A 2008 report from the United Nations illustrates just how much of a challenge natural disasters present to developing countries. Of the 262 million individuals affected in 2007 and 2008 by natural disasters, 98% of those people resided in developing nations. If a country does not have an aid program in place, disaster victims may be forced to wait for extended periods for more developed nations to organize a disaster relief effort.
Early warning systems are vital to preserving life, but it often takes a disaster before an early warning system is put into practice. For example, the deadly earthquake that killed over 200,000 people in Indonesia, India, Thailand, and other surrounding countries, on December 26, 2004, was the precursor for the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System. Some natural disasters, such as tornadoes, can appear suddenly and leave little time to adequately warn citizens of the danger. While anyone can fall victim to a natural disaster, the poor are more likely to feel the negative effects of the disaster for years after the event is over due to their lack of physical and financial resources. | https://www.iweathernet.com/financial/weather-disasters-hit-poor-hardest |
Ōpōtiki District Council and Whakatāne District Council has put forward a joint application to the Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management for additional fire sirens to work as a tsunami warning system.
The proposed system would see the conversion of existing New Zealand Fire Service sirens to enable a tsunami alerting system and the installation of a further three sirens.
The Bay of Plenty Civil Defence Emergency Management Coordinating Executive Group received and endorsed the application to the Ministry’s resilience fund today. In May 2011 the decision was made by the region’s Civil Defence Emergency Management Group Joint Committee to adopt a suite of public alerting systems and to further investigate fixed siren systems for the region.
Ōpōtiki District Councillor Shona Browne says existing New Zealand Fire Service (NZFS) sirens would be used to provide an additional warning system at a minimal cost in other areas of the country.
“This method of alerting the public is currently available in Thames Coromandel and in the Western Bay of Plenty District, as well as other areas of New Zealand. By adopting this system in the Opotiki and Whakatane districts, we’ll be aligning our tsunami warning system along the majority of the Bay of Plenty coastline,” Councillor Browne says.
The proposal is to convert existing NZFS sirens to produce a continuous rise siren for a period of 10 minutes, which can be activated via a pager number. Gaps in coverage will require additional sirens to be installed at sites near Waiotahi, Ōhiwa and Ōhope West End.
Whakatāne District Council Mayor Tony Bonne says the Eastern Bay of Plenty coastline presents many challenges for alerting communities to the threat of a tsunami.
“The proposed system presents us with an opportunity to provide a consistent and affordable approach to warning the public along a large section of the Bay of Plenty coastline.
“This will not only increase our ability to alert the community in areas with poor coverage, but also in the more built up areas of the Eastern Bay of Plenty.
“During the summer many of the Eastern Bay towns have a vastly increased population which results in difficulty alerting people. Our visitors are not aware of local systems, so an audible siren is a distinctive and simple way to ensure that residents and visitors can be alerted” Mayor Bonne says.
Sirens are one part of a suite of measures being introduced to help prepare communities in the Eastern Bay for the possibility of a tsunami. Readynet, a web-based application which stores and shares emergency management information, uses an electronic and SMS text message alerting system to send emergency information.
In areas with poor coverage where this might not be possible, VHF radios have been installed to communicate messages to the local community.
Sirens, Readynet text messaging and VHF radios will not be used to evacuate residents and visitors, but to alert people that they should turn on their radio to receive information about what further action they need to take.
Evacuations plans are being developed to identify where residents should evacuate to, and how they should evacuate, according to the amount of time available to do so.
If the proposal is successful, it will be backed by a public education campaign to ensure that residents know what action they should take when the continuous rise siren sounds. | http://community.scoop.co.nz/2012/02/tsunami-sirens-step-closer-for-eastern-bay/ |
Today, we live in a world rife with natural disaster. Several times a year we hear about devastating hurricanes, monsoons, tornadoes, and flooding that wipe out entire communities. While those who are most likely to encounter such disasters often have a plan in place for evacuation, a recent study found that people who live with disabilities often do not.
According to the worldwide survey of people with disabilities, only 30 percent of respondents have a personal plan to evacuate their home in an emergency situation. Just over 33 percent of respondents have a caretaker or someone else who could help them evacuate at any time of day. Only one-fifth of those surveyed said they would have no difficulty evacuating during an emergency, and 6 percent would have no way to escape a disaster situation.
While it was known already that more people with disabilities become injured or die in disaster scenarios than others, this study revealed concerning information about why that happens. Simply stated, many people with disabilities have been left to fend for themselves in emergency situations. Unfortunately, many cannot.
Imagine being blind and having to find your way to safety, or being deaf and therefore unable to hear warning sirens alerting citizens to impending disaster. Other disabilities like limited mobility and intellectual disabilities can impede a person’s ability to find safety in an emergency situation.
While this study has revealed alarming information, fortunately, the U.N. Office for Disaster Risk Reduction plans to use it to find better ways to ensure that people who live with disabilities are able to get to safety when need be. Hopefully, they make it a priority. | https://www.terrykatzandassociates.com/blog/in-emergency-situations-study-shows-disabled-are-unprepared/ |
The Steelton Borough Emergency Management Agency (SEMA) is responsible for providing a comprehensive emergency management system in Borough of Steelton.
This means that SEMA coordinates activities through the four phases of emergency management: preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation.
By employing the “all-hazards” principle in these phases, SEMA ensures that there are clear roles, standardization, and high levels of coordination among response agencies involved in the protection of life, property, and the environment of the Steelton Borough.
Emergency Information for Residents
Know the warning signs and what to do in a disaster emergency. Depending upon the type of disaster, there may be a requirement to evacuate or shelter-in-place. Being prepared for both situations is essential in ensuring your and your family’s safety and comfort during an emergency. Preparedness activities take place BEFORE a disaster occurs. Have your Ready Kit available at all times, with updated seasonal-appropriate supplies. A checklist of items to include in your Ready Kit can be found at Ready PA
When Disaster Strikes
- Emergency instructions will be relayed via radio and TV.
- Keep your phone lines open; don’t make unnecessary calls.
- Shelter-in-place – close all doors and windows and shut off any systems that draw in outside air, such as furnaces, fireplaces and air conditioners. Stay indoors and keep listening to the radio or TV for updates.
- If instructed to evacuate – go to the local reception center and register. You may stay at the center if needed, or stay with friends or relatives outside the evacuation zone. Do not try to pick up children or other loved ones at schools, nursing homes, hospitals, or campgrounds as they will follow their own evacuation plan. Listen to the radio or TV to find out where these places have evacuated to.
- Plan to be away for three days, locking up and turning off appliances as you would if you were going away for the weekend. Pack all necessary items and follow the evacuation route specified.
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Being prepared will help you respond calmly and quickly in an emergency, when minutes matter.
Being prepared will help you respond calmly and quickly in an emergency, when minutes matter.
Media Stations
Have a battery-powered radio (and extra batteries) in case the power is out. Up-to-date emergency alerts and public safety information will be available on local TV and radio stations.
Hotlines
Phone numbers to be used only in case of emergency conditions: | https://www.steeltonpa.com/public-safety/emergency-management-agency/ |
This training course covers a wide range of topics, all designed to provide the information and skills necessary to protect your residents and yourself in the event of a fire. Some of the main learning points are Understanding the nature of fire, recognizing fire hazards, learning about early warning systems, Understand the use of a fire extinguisher, Focus on the evacuation needs of residents, Follow the CBRF emergency and disaster plan, and Respond well in an emergency..
This training course covers a wide range of topics, all designed to provide the information and skills necessary to protect your residents and yourself in the event of a fire. Some of the main learning points are Understanding the nature of fire, recognizing fire hazards, learning about early warning systems, Understand the use of a fire extinguisher, Focus on the evacuation needs of residents, Follow the CBRF emergency and disaster plan, and respond well in an emergency. | https://www.castlewi.com/product/fire-safety/ |
D.C. area takes its turn with Hurricane Irene
As Hurricane Irene's surge reached the mouth of Chesapeake Bay on Saturday afternoon, coastal Maryland and Virginia began feeling the strength of the storm.
In Ocean City, Md., police stopped patrolling at about 7 p.m. as winds picked up and streets became flooded.
The city had been effectively evacuated since midnight Thursday, with only 200 or so people remaining, according to city communications officer Donna Abbott. Speaking from the town’s emergency center, Abbott said police were still responding to emergency calls Saturday evening, but that those could be halted if sustained winds over 50 mph continued for 10 minutes or more.
PHOTOS: In the path of Hurricane Irene
Police in tidewater Virginia communities imposed a curfew, asking that no one travel during evening hours within the city limits of Portsmouth and Hampton, Va. Officials in Virginia Beach opened shelters and ordered residents to evacuate several low-lying areas.
As of 7 p.m. Eastern, a storm surge of at least 4 feet had occurred at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, and the National Hurricane Center was predicting the surge could go as high as 8 feet.
Washington and its suburbs were drenched but not badly disabled Saturday afternoon and early evening as bands of rain and wind started to hit the region. Anxiety and anticipation took the biggest toll during the day.
Checkstands at a grocery store in Washington's northwest quadrant were backed up as residents stocked up on food and emergency supplies.
Traffic became gridlocked around Washington’s Robert F. Kennedy stadium, where the city was distributing free sandbags. Residents waited hours in line only to be told in the late afternoon that the supply was exhausted.
Frustrated residents then learned that buying sandbags also was not an option. The Strosnider’s Hardware chain sold out of all sandbags at its three suburban Maryland locations early in the day. Power outages were reported sporadically in Maryland and Virginia as the sun set.
The district was under a flash-flood warning Saturday night, as city officials warned of winds up to 65 mph and 4 to 8 inches of rainfall.
The storm also forced officials to accelerate transfer of the last remaining inpatients at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The facility's Red Cross flag was lowered a day early on Saturday afternoon, after original plans to close the medical center were moved up due to the impending storm.
The northwest Washington facility, which has accumulated a devoted following in its 102 years of service, had been slated for closure for years. On Saturday morning, supporters stood outside Walter Reed's gates with signs -– “Thank you for your service. We love you!” –- as an ambulance carrying the last patient turned down Georgia Avenue.
Area airports began curtailing flights. Washington’s Reagan National Airport was open, but with no flights arriving or departing Saturday evening. United Airlines said it hoped to operate most of its flights out of Dulles airport in suburban Virginia. But United Express announced it would cease operations.
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Octogenarian couple won't leave North Carolina home
Hurricane Irene: 600 elderly residents refuse to evacuate Atlantic City high-rises
-- Tom Hamburger and Kim Geiger in Silver Spring, Md., and Washington, D.C. | https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/nationnow/2011/08/washington-area-braces-for-hurricane-irene.html |
Residents in coastal British Columbia experienced an unusual occurrence yesterday: a tsunami warning. A large earthquake struck about 250km off the coast of Alaska around 1:30am Pacific Time on Tuesday, January 23. Alaskan and B.C. residents were warned to move to higher ground in preparation of the wave that was feared to be on its way. Full CBC coverage of the event can be found here.
Fortunately, by lunchtime the same day the warning was cancelled as emergency teams determined that no wave was forming and residents were safe and free to return to their homes. While some coastal areas experience the devastation of tsunamis more often, B.C. is not usually among those affected.
This serves as a reminder of the importance of risk assessment and preparedness, even for unlikely events. A tsunami would have a severe impact on any organization; so, we put together this list of strategies for both tsunami preparedness and recovery.
How to Prepare for a Tsunami
1. Have an evacuation plan
Organizations should have emergency response plans in place for all natural disasters, even those that seem unlikely. A plan will reduce injury to employees and customers as well as damage to property, and will cut down on response time.
To prepare for tsunamis, be aware of nearby evacuation sites and shelters. It is recommended that you choose an evacuation point that is at least 100 feet above sea level or 3 kilometres inland and can be reached by foot in 15 minutes. Plan a route to get there, and discuss and practice evacuation with employees. Post all emergency response plans in public areas around the building.
2. Have a disaster supply kit on hand
Key components of this kit include water (allow 1 gallon per person per day), non-perishable food items, flashlights, radios and batteries, a first aid kit, and emergency contact numbers.
3. Determine the primary risk in the event of a tsunami
This step will allow you to understand the key precautions and mitigation strategies you must take:
- For service organizations, preventing injury and loss of life of employees and customers is priority. Focus on preparing an evacuation plan that is easy to communicate and fast to implement.
- For many retailers and other types of merchandise-based organizations, saving irreplaceable inventory is the most important. Determine the most critical and valuable items and a establish a prioritization system for removing them from the site if there is time. But remember, no physical object is worth the safety and wellbeing of you or your employees. If a tsunami appears suddenly, all products may have to be left behind. Regularly update your inventory and stock lists, so assessing damages will be easier once the tsunami has passed.
- For private service organizations such as offices, saving important paperwork may be a crucial task. Ensure that you regularly backup your data and that original documents are copied, scanned, and kept in a separate area.
4. Consult with a contractor yearly to discuss your organization’s property
They may be able to make improvements or suggest changes that will reduce the damage from a natural disaster, including high tides and flooding.
5. Create a recovery plan
A recovery plan will describe how to return an organization to fully functional following a natural disaster. This will make the process much faster and easier. If there’s time before the tsunami, it can be helpful to contact your insurance provider to discuss your options, although unfortunately, many do not cover damages from tsunamis.
How to Recover from a Tsunami
1. Be prepared to wait
Tsunamis can be absolutely devastating, and it can take officials days or weeks to clean up enough damage to make it safe for the public to return. Make sure you receive an all-clear from an official source before trying to enter the area, and stay up-to-date on public announcements and warnings.
2. Don’t enter your building until you know it's safe
American Red Cross provides some excellent resources on checking a building’s structural elements and its utilities to get an idea of when it’s ok to enter: check the outside for visible structural damage, such as cracked walls or broken foundations; ensure there are no downed wires, electrical systems, or a smell of gas; and avoid areas with sagging ceilings or floors. In most situations, simply use common sense and consult with a professional if you’re uncertain if an area is safe.
3. Take pictures of all damages to the property
Once you know your building is safe to enter, you should take pictures of any damage done to the building. These will be valuable when communicating with your insurance provider.
4. Evaluate the damage to inventory, supplies, equipment, and so on
Determine what will need to be repaired or replaced. Estimating costs at this stage will give a better understanding of when the organization will be fully functional again.
5. Make temporary repairs
Only if it is safe and you are qualified to do so. For example, clear mud and water out of the building and leave windows open to allow the area to dry up.
6. Provide support for your employees
Many of them may have lost valuable items, their homes, or even a loved one. Provide time off as needed, offer emotional support systems, or set up a way to help these families financially if possible.
While the earthquake luckily didn’t result in a tsunami for British Columbia this time, organizations should learn from this warning, as in the future there may be a real threat. Organizations in any coastal area, whether these types of disasters are typical or not, should have tsunami and other emergency plans in place to limit injury and damage to their property. For more information, including a preparation checklist, the Pacific Tsunami Museum has prepared this excellent guidebook on preparing your business for the next tsunami.
ClearRisk's Claims, Incident, and Risk Management System can also help you prepare for natural disasters and other emergencies. Want more information?
If you found this article helpful, you may be interested in: | https://www.clearrisk.com/risk-management-blog/tsunami-preparation-tips |
When a researcher designs a study and gathers data to answer the specific research questions and hypotheses posited within that investigation, that [Page 1221]type of research is called primary data analysis. In primary data analysis, the researcher generates new or original data that are intended to be gathered in such a way that they allow the researcher to answer specific research questions or test specific hypotheses.
When researchers analyze a dataset that they did not generate themselves, and that dataset has been analyzed by one or more previous researchers, that is called secondary data analysis. When researchers conduct secondary data analysis they are often repurposing or reusing data—but they typically analyze the data in a new or different way. Examples of secondary data analysis abound. Economists ...
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We intend to set up a new globalized perspective to tackle water and food security in the 21st century. This issue is intrinsically global as the international trade of massive amounts of food makes societies less reliant on locally available water, and entails large-scale transfers of virtual water (defined as the water needed to produce a given amount of a food commodity). The network of virtual water trade connects a large portion of the global population, with 2800 km3 of virtual water moved around the globe in a year. We provide here definitive indications on the effects of the globalization of (virtual) water on the vulnerability to a water crisis of the global water system. More specifically, we formulate the following research hypotheses:
1) The globalization of (virtual) water resources is a short-term solution to malnourishment, famine, and conflicts, but it also has relevant negative implications for human societies.
2) The virtual water dynamics provide the suitable framework in order to quantitatively relate water-crises occurrence to environmental and socio-economic factors.
3) The risk of catastrophic, global-scale, water crises will increase in the next decades.
To test these hypotheses, we will capitalize on the tremendous amount of information embedded in nearly 50 years of available food and virtual water trade data. We will adopt an innovative research approach based on the use of: advanced statistical tools for data verification and uncertainty modeling; methods borrowed from the complex network theory, aimed at analyzing the propagation of failures through the network; multivariate nonlinear analyses, to reproduce the dependence of virtual water on time and on external drivers; multi-state stochastic modeling, to study the effect on the global water system of random fluctuations of the external drivers; and scenario analysis, to predict the future probability of occurrence of water crises. | https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/647473 |
A few weeks ago Roger Ehrenberg of IA Ventures wrote a great post on data driven planning and execution, called Plan Well, Execute The Plan. In that post Roger outlines the benefits of “keeping one’s head down” and the process of executing off of a well formulated, data-driven, plan. His post is great, and so I won’t repeat it, but the process is essentially to formulate a hypothesis and associated tests, run the tests, analyze the data, implement changes, formulate a new hypothesis, and repeat. He also outlines the benefits of a hypothesis-driven process, which I believe boil-down to focus and smart decision making. Since reading Roger’s post, I’ve been thinking quite a bit about, and am writing this post to expand upon, why this process really works: Why does hypothesis- and data-driven development really help drive focus and smart decision making?
Focus
Much like a sprint-cycle deters distraction for a development team, a hypothesis-driven model helps to manage and deter distractions for the group that utilizes it. Sprint-cycles help developers to focus on the critical features as determined in the beginning of the sprint, while deferring other initiatives to the backlog. Upon completion of the sprint, options for the next sprint are reviewed and the sprint is set based upon the current priority. Often, backlog items that once seemed like high priority, or that otherwise would have served as a distraction, are no longer relevant and are either leap-frogged in the queue or pushed out entirely. Sometimes these features remain high-priority, but if pushed out often it is because the feature is no longer requested, because the team’s focus has shifted, or because an alternative has been discovered with additional time for thought.
In much the same way, a hypothesis-driven culture helps to avoid having (as Roger puts it in his post) “good people and companies knocked off kilter by glamorous, shiny stuff happening in their external environment.” The reality is that these are the types of things that can kill a company by a thousand tiny cuts. I discussed some of this in my post on Parallel-Process Product Development, but focus is important because that “shiny stuff” can continually distract from core product development. The problem is, that “shiny stuff” can also be so difficult to ignore; a competitor releases a press-grabbing feature, a major customer makes demands ahead of a contract, or a strategic brainstorming session yields lots of exiting new ideas. These distractions can often take the company away from its focus, and just as a sprint-cycle maintains focus, a hypothesis-driven culture keeps the focus of the organization on the key hypothesis and the related tests. If after completion of the test, the feature/product/direction is still deemed relevant, then it can be tackled in the next set of hypotheses and tests.
Smart Decision Making
When a company is first founded, its generally done on the back of a hypothesis or a set of hypotheses. Its not always referred to as such, but it usually is just that – an idea that you think will work, in a specific marketplace. However, as the great Steve Blank says, “No plan survives the first contact with customers.” Inevitably, as you go to market, things change and your original set of hypotheses are either proven or dis-proven. The more formal your processes around these hypotheses and the data generated, the smarter your decision-making going forward will likely be. Each successive “test” brings about a set of data that you can use to formulate the next test, ensuring that you are utilizing the “focus” discussed above to your best advantage.
Without hypotheses, testing and data, the only way to determine your direction is by gut and instinct. Sometimes your gut will lead you in the wrong direction, sometimes in a tangential direction, and at the least, if you do head in the right direction, sometimes you’ll zig-zag you way there. Data has the wonderful characteristic of never having opinions and if you extract the right data for your test, it’ll direct you accordingly (it could, of course, have biases, and the individual reviewing the data has opinions but lets assume perfect data and unbiased analysis for now). When you test multiple elements, either simultaneously or over time, often some of your hypotheses prove true, while others are dis-proven. As a result, the data will often dictate a scenario where some of your forward direction remains rooted in what you’ve proved, and where other elements are shifted – the classic pivot. The definition of a pivot point is “a point upon and about which something rotates,” and a proper data-driven, hypothesis-based process helps to determine which elements to pin, and which to shift about that pin. Once you rotate, you can reset, and determine the next set of hypotheses and tests, moving forward with focus from there.
There are likely additional benefits to a hypothesis-driven process, but these are the ones I’ve personally experienced. Additionally, while most easily relatable to product development, hypothesis-driven processes are useful in a number of business areas. Sales and marketing are great examples and its applicable in many additional ways. I’d love to hear about other people’s experience utilizing hypothesis-driven processes and welcome related stories both positive and negative. | https://drillin.gs/hypothesis-thesis/ |
This paper tried to use cross-sectional models based on model developed by Hou, van Dijk and Zhang (2012) to forecast earnings of listed companies in the UK market. This paper has eight sections. The introduction mainly introduced the meaning of forecasting and methods to forecast. The literature review section introduced the research achievements and contributions made by researchers in forecasting area and how each forecasting methods used by scholars. In the research question and development of hypotheses section, I illustrated every hypotheses and how to test these hypotheses. The next section is data and empirical methodology, I explained how to choose and get data and how to select holdout sample and test sample. Besides, I introduced how to test and solve heteroscedasticity and how to test performs of model. The next section is analysis part. In this part I explained details of the summary of data (samples) and regression results firstly. Then I introduced test and solution about heteroscedasticity comprehensive, including White test and FGLS (Feasible Generalised Least Squares). Thirdly, I interpreted how to use several indictors to conduct errors analysis. After the errors analysis, I tried to use a new cross-sectional model to fit UK market better. The third last part is supplementary test. I used a deflated model to test if this model is better than the previous models. In the conclusion, I summarized this paper and introduced the limitation and directions for further researches. The last section is references. | http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/36510/ |
Political Science and Public Administration: Research Master (Leiden)
The Leiden Research Master’s Programme in Political Science and Public Administration aims at providing students with a thorough grounding in the literature on political institutions and a rigorous training in the methodological skills that are necessary to conduct research in this field. Students acquire this knowledge and these skills not only by being taught, but also by gaining hands-on experience. This way they learn how a broad research interest is transformed into a theoretically informed puzzle with concrete hypotheses, how a research method is chosen that is appropriate for the hypotheses that are to be tested, what problems can be encountered in data collection and analysis, how the data can be interpreted to test the hypotheses, and how the results can be presented effectively.
As of the academic year 2018-2019, registration for this program is not longer possible. | https://studiegids.universiteitleiden.nl/en/studies/7947/political-science-and-public-administration-research-master-leiden |
An ethicist's commentary on anthropomorphism.
An ethicist's commentary on avoiding impropriety in corporate sponsorship of conferences and journals.
An ethicist's commentary on bad becoming normal in agriculture.
An ethicist's commentary on balancing conflicting obligations in antibiotic use.
An ethicist's commentary on characterizing of convenience euthanasia in ethical terms.
An ethicist's commentary on science, ethics, and sow stalls.
An ethicist's commentary on the client who wants a placebo.
An ethicist’s commentary on the sale of a veterinary practice to an associate.
An ethicist's commentary on when a veterinarian can render medical assistance to people. | https://arctichealth.org/en/list?q=name%3A%22+Bernard+E+Rollin%22&p=1&ps=&sort=title_sort+asc |
‘Quality’ is a curiously amorphous word that has, nevertheless, become a major policy driver, particularly in regards healthcare where we find a ubiquitous concern for the ‘quality of care.’ Akin to ‘choice,’ quality is held to be a self-evident good yet, at the same time, as there is little that is not in fact ‘a quality’ and the word offers very little specification. In fact its significance lies not in naming any particular quality or qualities of (health)care but in suggesting first, that there are some aspects, properties or qualities of healthcare that are good (whilst others are not so good or downright bad) and second, that those qualities that are good can be improved. This being the case then the idea of the quality of care must be unpacked and its specific meanings explored. Obviously ‘quality of care’ might mean different things in different contexts and to different people – particularly to professionals and patients. Obviously the care required and, therefore, the qualities that constitute such care differs in A&E, primary care, care of the elderly in a hospital setting compared to a community setting may well be differ in specific instances of care. The specifics of ‘care’ and the particular qualities on which its overall quality are to be judged can be variable. Given a particular case a clinical team might foreground particular aspects, the management some other (measurable) aspects, the patient some other aspects, and the patients family still others.
In all this it remains unclear whether explicit attempts to increase ‘quality’ in fact do so. For example, consider ethical decision-making, an intrinsic aspect or property of contemporary healthcare practices. At the same time this quality can be done in better or worse ways. We might think that unreflective judgments on cases that present troubling ethical concerns are of significantly less quality that a judgment formed through reflection, discussion with colleagues or, where appropriate, through a deeper engagement with an clinical ethics committee. In both cases the actual decision made may well be the same, however one is said to have a greater sense of quality that the other. The supposition might be that because they exhibit a greater degree of ‘quality’ decisions made through a process of reflection will lead to healthcare practice being more ethical over all. Some intuitions may remain unreformed (or ‘confirmed’) by the process of reflection whilst others will be reconstructed and lead to different decisions or approaches. One could also claim that what it is to do ethics is to come to a decision through a process of reflection. Thus actions undertaken in the absence of such reflection are not properly or ‘ethically’ undertaken.
This concern will take us into deep philosophical waters and the distinctions between moral cognitivism, non-cognitivism and emotivism. However we might simply point to the fact that the ethical concerns that arise in medical practice are rarely idiosyncratic. As such, common ethical dilemmas that have been previously experienced by individual clinicians or clinical teams may not require extensive formal reflection in every case. Rather it may be that individuals are capable of giving reasons for their actions but it is not always necessary for them to be explicit considered. In such cases we might suppose that clinicians have their reasons ‘at hand’ if not actually ‘in hand.’ In this more expansive diachronic view of ethics in professional practice the concerns for the quality of decision-making become concerns for ensuring that clinicians know when further ethical reflection might be required. The concern then becomes ‘second-order’ and focused on whether professionals are aware when a case is such that they rightly consider themselves to have reasons ‘at hand’ and when it is such that those reasons need to be taken ‘in hand’ and subject to further scrutiny.
Such activity implies a process of self-monitoring achieved through what we might consider as a set of second-order dispositions that facilitate self-monitoring. Increasingly ‘the (professional) self’ is an object of professional reflection. Many have claimed that modernity itself is marked by an increase in ‘reflexivity’ and this claim extends not only to ‘the self’ but to our institutions. Concern for the quality of care is one example of such reflexive practices. The result of this concern is an increase in the monitoring of contemporary healthcare practices, most obviously expressed in the setting of targets. Concern for quality of care becomes translated into a focus on particular facets of healthcare practice that can by quantified, monitored and audited. Indeed contemporary healthcare is a prime example of what has been called the ‘audit society.’ In such a view we might characterize the demands placed on professionals for ethical reflection to be a demand for professionals to ‘audit’ their own thinking and, when required, to justify their actions and render themselves audit-able. The creation of targets, monitoring and audit structures does not leave the original task untouched. The practices of audit result in reflexive changes to the practices audited and there is no guarantee that those changes will be positive.
One obvious example is the way in which target monitoring in A&E has created imperatives that have been seen to provoke disingenuous responses. In the case of ethical reflection the consequences are a. less obvious and b. less obviously negative. Certainly, from a particular point of view, to be ethically aware is to be self-aware and to engage in self-reflection. However one can see how easily a contemplative practice such as ethical reflection can become rote or perfunctory in the face of repeated experience of comparable cases. We can also appreciate that, as an aspect of professional practice, ethical reflection must, in some sense, become routine or rote. Therefore we come to rely on second-order self-monitoring to ensure that whilst our ethical reflections might become rote they do not become perfunctory. In this view the ethical commitments of professional medicine cease to be, simply, the responsibility of particular individuals or clinical teams and more obviously an aspect of the field. As such we might concern ourselves with how ‘ethics’ and ‘ethical governance’ is institutionalized across the organizations of modern healthcare from primary institutions like hospitals to ‘secondary’ institutions like the GMC, the BMA, the RCN and the royal colleges. It is often the case that the ethical justification individual professionals have ‘at hand’ are, in no small part, the guidelines issued by such institutions.
In the last few paragraphs we have, already, come a long way from a focused concern with ‘quality’ and ‘quality of care.’ It is clear that beneath such terms lies an incredible degree of complexity not just in specifying what they might mean but also concerning how we might assess and monitor such specifications and what impact doing so will have. Concern for ‘quality’ often results in quantitative monitoring however, as the very term implies, it may well be that it is only through qualitative assessment that we can truly grasp what it is that concerns us. Nevertheless, as is the case in our discussion of the practice of ethical reflection, it may be that practical concerns over-ride the necessity of consistently engaging in practices of the highest quality as, if we concern ourselves with the configuration of the field, the quality of individual practices can be given structural support. We must recognize the limitations of an ‘audit culture’ to produce and maintain quality of care as, of necessity, it must focus on some specific qualities of practice whilst neglecting others. Such practices cannot be accomplished in a manner that will allow them to remain neutral from the qualities of (health)care that are subject to audit. Whilst we might legitimately design healthcare in such a way as to include the practice of ‘audits’ we should not rely on them over and above the (re)construction the system itself.
I use reflexivity here in something close to its most basic sense. There is a strong sense in which virtually everything human beings do is ‘reflexive.’ Playing a game of tennis involves exercising our ability to play tennis and so will affect – possibly positively, possibly negatively – our subsequent tennis playing. Considering modernity to be ‘marked by reflexivity’ is to make a further claim involving the conscious self reflecting on our own practices and thus impacting on our future actions - the difference is, one might say, between the reflexivity of simply playing tennis and that engendered by being coached in tennis. This should not be taken as the reintroduction of the rational subject. There is no expectation that engaging in reflexivity will result in the ‘rational actor’ of rational action theory (and so often assumed in the philosophical analysis of 'applied (bio)ethics). Indeed if one places this idea of the reflexive subject into the feedback processes described by cybernetic theory there is every justification to see it as an inherently complex and non-linear.
Strathern, M. (Ed). Audit Cultures: Anthropological Studies in Accountability, Ethics and the Academy. Routledge. 2000. This is a brilliant book and if you have any inclination to read it, you should. | http://nathanemmerich.org.uk/blog/quality-quality-of-care-and.html |
The Royal College of Physicians (RCP) is seeking a non-clinical medical ethics expert, specifically relating to health and healthcare in the UK, to join the Committee on Ethical Issues in Medicine (CEIM) for a term of 4 years. Your expertise can be demonstrated through academic work or as a practicing ethicist or role/job experience. Applications close January 27th 2023. See specific criteria below.
The Committee on Ethical Issues in Medicine advises and reports to Council and is accountable to the Board of Trustees. Its areas of work include, responding to requests for advice on issues related to clinical practice or procedural matters and providing Council and/or trustees with detailed advice on the ethical aspects of RCP policy and strategy development.
Membership includes fellows, college officers and external members, including RCP’s Patient and Carer Network. CEIM is chaired by Dr Alexis Paton, Director of the Centre for Health and Society at Aston University.
Issues discussed by the CEIM over the past few years have included:
COVID-19
reproductive technologies
resource allocation
professional roles
end-of-life concerns
AI in medicine
How to apply
If you are interested in applying, please send a short CV and a cover letter demonstrating your expertise in medical ethics in the health and healthcare arena. This should be sent to the committee manager [email protected] by January 27th 2023. Applications will then be considered by the RCP’s Nominations Committee.
Eligibility
Applicants for committee roles must:
Hold credentials in medical ethics (e.g. PhD, MA/MSc or post-graduate certificate in or relevant to medical ethics)
Show evidence of expertise in medical ethics through posts held and/or peer-reviewed publications
Have experience providing medical ethics advice in the medical/healthcare context
Possess a skillset relevant to the remit of the individual committee (at times this may include ongoing expertise related to the NHS in the United Kingdom)
The RCP positively encourages applications from suitably qualified and eligible candidates regardless of sex, race, disability, age, sexual orientation, transgender status, religion or belief, marital status, or pregnancy and maternity.
The RCP is all about our people – our members, our staff, our volunteers and leaders. We educate, influence and collaborate to improve health and healthcare for everyone and know we can only do this by being inclusive, encouraging and celebrating diverse perspectives. That’s why welcoming and having people who represent the 21st-century medical workforce and the diverse population of patients we serve is so important to us. | https://ime-uk.org/events-and-news/news/bioethics-medical-ethics-post-available-at-the-royal-college-of-physicians/ |
Ethical reasoning is an integral part of the work of a clinical ethics consultant. Ethical reasoning has a close relationship with an individual’s beliefs and values, which, for religious adherents, are likely to be tightly connected with their spiritual perspectives. As a result, for individuals who identify with a religious tradition, the process of thinking through ethical questions is likely to be influenced by their religious worldview. The connection between ethical reasoning and one’s spiritual perspective raises questions about the role that CECs’ personal religious worldviews should play in their professional lives and their consultative work. This paper offers numerous arguments critiquing the inclusion of a consultant’s own spiritual perspective in her work and has identified only limited circumstances under which such inclusion might be permissible. In particular, these arguments lead to the conclusion that a CEC’s personal beliefs should never influence her ethical analysis or development of a recommendation. Further, religious appeals should not be used in communication during decision-making conversations other than to describe the patient or surrogate’s stated perspective. There may be limited cases in which a CEC may share her spiritual worldview with a patient with the intent of building a collaborative relationship, but such situations should be approached with extreme caution.
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References found in this work BETA
The Virtues in Medical Practice.Edmund D. Pellegrino - 1993 - Oxford University Press.
What is Conscience and Why is Respect for It so Important?Daniel P. Sulmasy - 2008 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 29 (3):135-149.
Conscientious Objection in Medicine.Mark R. Wicclair - 2000 - Bioethics 14 (3):205–227.
Clash of Definitions: Controversies About Conscience in Medicine.Ryan E. Lawrence & Farr A. Curlin - 2007 - American Journal of Bioethics 7 (12):10 – 14.
What Are the Goals of Ethics Consultation? A Consensus Statement.John C. Fletcher & Mark Siegler - 1996 - Journal of Clinical Ethics 7 (2):122.
View all 8 references / Add more references
Citations of this work BETA
Responding to Religious Patients: Why Physicians Have No Business Doing Theology.Jake Greenblum & Ryan K. Hubbard - 2019 - Journal of Medical Ethics 45 (11):705-710.
Secular Clinical Ethicists Should Not Be Neutral Toward All Religious Beliefs: An Argument for a Moral-Metaphysical Proceduralism.Abram L. Brummett - 2020 - American Journal of Bioethics 21 (6):5-16.
The Place for Religious Content in Clinical Ethics Consultations: A Reply to Janet Malek.Nicholas Colgrove & Kelly Kate Evans - 2019 - HEC Forum 31 (4):305-323.
The Quasi-Religious Nature of Clinical Ethics Consultation.Abram Brummett - 2020 - HEC Forum 32 (3):199-209.
The Clinical Ethics Consultant: What Role is There for Religious Beliefs?J. Clint Parker - 2019 - HEC Forum 31 (2):85-89.
View all 11 citations / Add more citations
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Theological schools, especially Baptist seminaries, should be living ethical communities. Not only should all Baptist seminaries have required courses in Christian ethics, but seminaries should give evidence at every level of practicing ethical behavior.
What exactly does it mean to be a practicing ethical community? One can take a cue from the school of character ethics. Certain traits are valued and undergird all decisions and behavior.
These include: equality of persons; freedom of conscience; voluntary assent to confessional statements; democratic decision-making; shared governance; healthy collegial interaction; transparency in administration; pastoral concern within the community; protection of human rights; the practice of grace and civility; and an overall allegiance to the lordship of Christ. The Christian ethicist understands that all of these characteristics have their root in Scripture.
The ethical dimension asks different questions than the classic disciplines in seminary curricula. Biblical scholars probe with analytical tools the content and meaning of texts; theologians and historians synthesize ideas into propositions and interpretations.
Ethics is different even from pastoral care methodologically: these colleagues seek to understand behaviors and prescribe therapies and means of achieving wholeness. In contrast, the Christian ethicist is asking, “As a Christian, informed by Scripture, endowed by the spirit of Christ, how do I conduct myself? What is the right pathway?”
If the seminary is a model community in which students observe, critique and imitate ethical behavior for ministry in the churches, and some degree of social transformation, it is imperative that the theological school be a beacon of ethical praxis. Moral behavior is observed and critiqued constantly in the larger community and is often out of sync with ethical expectations, that is, with well-thought principles or systems of action that portray biblical norms or Christ-like images. Often, Baptists, being a “people of the Book,” fall back into strict rule-ethics and this produces not-so-subtle examples of insensitive ethical coercion.
Many Baptist seminaries forego teaching Christian ethics in the basic degree programs, for fear of being accused of taking controversial positions that might be unpopular with the constituency. Or they are unfamiliar with how a Christian ethicist works.
This denies the seminary student – and the faculty – the opportunity to practice making decisions or to cultivate an “uneasy conscience,” to use Roger Crook’s phrase. An uneasy conscience is not moral relativism, but a continual revisiting of data and issues to make certain one’s positions are valid. It’s a dynamic process, a continual learning experience.
Baptists provide a unique blend of factors in their ethical quest, many assets of which pertain to trust, freedom, partnership, human rights and the lordship of Christ. Ironically, some Baptist theological educators and boards of trustees seem more inclined toward an episcopal style of administration, a presbyterial form of governance and an exclusively rule-based ethics. If this is the character of the theological seminary, there is little wonder what kind of leadership devolves to the congregations.
Rightly understood, Baptist-sensitive ethics derives from Scripture, a personal relationship with Christ, a sense of acting within a community (that is, congregation) and within an evangelical tradition. In understanding the application of the teachings of Jesus to ethics, one finds a blend of rules (the Commandments), principles (“Love your neighbor”) and character formation (“Let this mind be in you which was also in Christ Jesus”).
Baptists, as believer-priests, must enjoy the liberty of the Spirit’s working in individual lives. This leads inevitably to freedom of conscience, toleration of other’s positions and collegiality in working together.
The theological school community, like the monastery of old, can provide a unique laboratory to create a Christian community. In this community those responsible for teaching ethics have an important role to play. He or she continually raises questions and possible alternatives. An ethicist reflects on texts and offers comments from his or her expertise. By the nature of the task, ethicists bring to bear a wide range of evidence and learning to inform teaching and praxis. An ethicist works hand in glove with biblical scholars, theologians and historians. Hopefully, those in other disciplines have a high regard for the integrative discipline of ethics.
In an era characterized by an information explosion, new questions, new and daunting technologies, a proliferation of possible moral alternatives and throngs of second-career students with “life experience,” theological educators would do well to reinforce the role of ethics in their learning communities. Baptists in particular.
William H. Brackney is the Millard R. Cherry Distinguished Professor of Christian Theology and Ethics at Acadia University and Acadia Divinity College in Nova Scotia. | https://goodfaithmedia.org/do-theological-schools-serve-as-ethical-communities-cms-15292/ |
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The JCB Voice
December 2018 / Vol. 24 / No. 4
In this month's issue:
JCB Seminars
In the News
Announcements
Fellowship Opportunities
Publications
UofT Bioethics Society
Café Bioethics
Events
Call for Submissions
In the News
Ontario Family's Legal Fight to Keep Daughter on Life Support Could Change How Death is Defined Across Canada
Though at least five examining physicians have declared Taquisha Deseree McKitty brain dead, her family's refusal to discontinue life support kicked off a labyrinthine legal dilemma, which they're taking to the Ontario Court of Appeal this week.
»
Read more
'Can You Get the Patient to Consent?' Ethics Role Misunderstood
A decisionally capable patient is diagnosed with a curable form of cancer, but refuses the recommended surgery. In frustration, the clinical team calls in ethics — to convince the patient to consent.
»
Read more
The CRISPR Baby Scandal Gets Worse by the Day
The alleged creation of the world's first gene-edited infants was full of technical errors and ethical blunders.
»
Read more
Have We Lost the Art of Dying?
In an era when there's often a new procedure or clinical trial to offer, perhaps we do too much and talk too little.
»
Read more
To Achieve Ethical AI, We Need Better Training and Boundaries
Imagine for a moment your plane suddenly doesn't land where it should, makes a U-turn, and starts re-routing from one airport to another one, trying to land in three different cities.
»
Read more
Publications
JCB members' publications for the month of
December 2018
.
»
Read more
If you have a publication you would like to add to next month's list, please email
[email protected]
.
Café Bioethics
Café Bioethics is a safe space where individuals, who do not necessarily have a background in bioethics, medicine, or law, may participate in deliberative democracy and develop their own opinions regarding various topics. Monthly events are a place where anyone is welcome to attend and either share ideas and participate within the discussion, or sit back and listen to further educate themselves about the topic of interest.
»
Read more
Call for Submissions
Abstracts:
MAiD2019 Conference
The Canadian Association of MAiD Assessors and Providers (CAMAP) is thrilled to announce our next conference, MAiD2019, will be proudly hosted in Vancouver, BC on May 31-June 1. At the 2019 Research Day we will have oral presentations of research abstracts.
Submission deadine:
March 15, 2019
»
Read more
Collaborative Research:
Collaborative Research in Palliative and End-Of-Life Care
GIPPEC in collaboration with the University of Toronto Division of Palliative Medicine (DPM), and the Dalla Lana School of Public Health (DLSPH) at the University of Toronto are offering opportunities in support of collaborative and interdisciplinary research that addresses the medical, psychological, social, legal, ethical, cultural and religious challenges related to advanced and terminal disease.
Submission deadine:
January 31, 2019
»
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Nominations:
Ontario Cancer Research Ethics Board (OCREB) Chair
Are you, or is someone you know, interested in a unique leadership challenge in the area of cancer research ethics? The Ontario Cancer Research Ethics Board (OCREB) Advisory Committee, on behalf of the Board of Directors of the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (OICR), is calling for nominations for the Chair of OCREB. The position is part-time (up to two days per week) and would take effect September 1, 2019.
Nomination deadine:
December 10, 2018
»
Read more
Papers:
Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice - Philosophy Thematic Issue (2019): Special Issue on Shared Decision Making
The Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice is an international health sciences journal that focuses on the evaluation and development of clinical practice in medicine, nursing and the allied health professions.
Submission deadine:
March 1, 2019
»
Read more
JCB Seminars
December 5
"You Don’t Say(-So): Looking for and Worrying About Expert Ethics Testimony in All the Wrong Places"
Giles Scofield
, JD, MA (Religion), Former Clinical Ethicist and Co-Director of the Fellowship program, Centre for Clinical Ethics
»
Read more
»
Watch video
Note:
There is only one seminar in December. The Bioethics Seminar Series will begin again on January 9, 2019. To see the full schedule please
visit our website
.
Announcements
Ayodele Jegede
has been awarded The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize in Social Sciences for 2019. The prize is awarded to individual scientists from developing countries in recognition of an outstanding contribution to scientific knowledge in the field of social sciences and/or to the application of science and technology to sustainable development.
Fellowship Opportunities
Fellowships at Auschwitz for the Study of Professional Ethics (FASPE)
June 15-28, 2019
Germany and Poland
FASPE Medical is a cost-free, two-week fellowship program in professional ethics and ethical leadership that begins by examining the actions and choices of German physicians in enabling Nazi policies. It then draws on this historical example to help Medical Fellows both grasp their role as influencers in their field and in their communities as well as identify and confront the ethical issues currently facing physicians and the healthcare system.
Application deadline:
December 28, 2018
»
Read more
Bioethics Postdoctoral Research Fellow
University of Michigan
Active projects in bioethics at CBSSM currently include the ethical, legal, and social implications of genomic medicine, human subjects research ethics, empirical research with relevance to clinical ethics, global bioethics, gender equity, reproductive justice, deliberative democratic methods in bioethics, resource allocation, ethical issues associated with learning health systems, and the sociology of medical ethics/bioethics, among others.
Application deadline:
January 10, 2019
»
Read more
UofT Bioethics Society
The U of T Bioethics Society is a forum to increase awareness and interest in the field of bioethics by advancing the current discussion and creating new methods for discourse amongst all members and through various means. The primary goal of this organization is to build a bioethics community across the university for a variety of students (i.e. undergraduate, graduate, medical, law, etc.) and faculty from diverse disciplines. If you would like to become a member, send us an email (
[email protected]
) or complete our membership form at the link below.
»
Membership Form
Events
14th World Congress of Bioethics and 7th National Bioethics Conference
Bangalore, India
December 5-7, 2018
The Congress theme is 'Health for All in an Unequal World: Obligations of Global Bioethics'. The inequity in access to healthcare continues as much in the global North as the global South. In this context, the global bioethics community needs to engage with and strengthen the scholarship in the field of enquiries such as 'justice' and 'solidarity' in the coming times.
»
Read more
Lecture Series on Ethics and Governance of AI for Health
Toronto, ON
December 13, 2018
"Policy Solutions for Big Data and AI Innovation in Health"
Catherine Stinson of the Mowat Centre will be presenting, followed by responses from a reactor panel. The event will take place 4:00-5:30pm at Women's College Hospital.
»
Read more
Medical Grand Rounds hosted by UHN Bioethics
Toronto, ON
December 19, 2018
"Living & Dying on the Streets: A Matter of Social Justice"
Speakers: Dr. Naheed Dosani and Dr. Sandy Buchman
12:00 to 1:00 p.m. Toronto Western Hospital, Main Auditorium, 2 West Wing, Room 401. There is also an
OTN link
(#87869403) or call 1-855-654-0888.
Bioethics Grand Rounds
Toronto, ON
December 20, 2018
"Important Bioethics News Stories from 2018: Looking Back to Move Forward"
Moderator: Becky Greenberg, Bioethicist, Bioethics Department
Presenters: James Anderson - Bioethicist, Bioethics Department; Emma Cory - Staff Physician, Paediatric Medicine; Anna Goldenberg - Scientist, Genetics and Genome Biology; Becky Greenberg - Bioethicist, Bioethics Department; Cathy Maser - Nurse Practitioner, Adolescent Medicine; Kevin Weingarten - Staff Physician, Paediatric Medicine; Randi Zlotnik Shaul - Director, Bioethics Department
12:00 to 1:00 p.m. Room 1527, Hill Wing, The Hospital for Sick Children. All welcome!
Copyright © 2018 University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics, All rights reserved. | https://us6.campaign-archive.com/?u=a4d1aecf483416d056d41aa42&id=32b06f99e5 |
How we say things communicates as much or more than what our words say. Deep point of view takes show-don’t-tell to new extremes, and I’ve found it helpful to pause and take things in from new angles and perspectives because there are a great many things we overlook or take for granted.
When we communicate in real life, we use quite a lot of non-verbal cues to convey emotion. We parse the meaning in speech from body language (gestures, expressions, etc.), from content, and voice.
Tone of voice is incredibly powerful and often overlooked in fiction. We’re tempted to shortcut things – he exclaimed, she whispered, she said anxiously. Sometimes our voices change unconsciously, but the change can be heard, and sometimes it’s intentional. When intentional, we can affect our voice to convey emotion or attempt to invoke it in another person.
Ever seen a young girl try and wheedle something from her father? This lilting, half-pleading, higher pitched voice is affected. “Daddy… Can I have…”
Think about the phrase “get out.” Said with a loud assertive voice – Get Out! You know the speaker wants those with them to leave. Get out said in a playful light tone might indicate surprise or incredulity.
How a voice sounds is about more than volume, but also consider speed, pauses, cadence, pitch, etc. Punctuation can also play a role in this by hinting at pauses, words trailing off, etc.
Try listening to this clip – just listen. Can you pick out the voice changes? The emotion in the both Ethan Hawke’s and Robin Williams’ voices?
Let’s have a deeper look at some aspects you can play with when adding voice details. Remember, you can mix and match these. Surprise readers with emotions they don’t see coming but that also give a greater depth to your characters.
Shaky Voice – This can affect both the pitch and volume. It can tattle on nervousness, overstimulation, exhaustion. It could also be described as a tremble where it might show being cold or afraid. There’s a rhythmic wobble to the voice, and it can affect the neck, jaw, tongue and face as well.
Change in Pitch – There are lots of emotions that might cause us to change the pitch of our voice. When there’s romantic interest, our pitch can change dramatically to show interest, deference, or vulnerability. A sudden higher pitch can signal nervousness or anxiety. Suddenly lowering the pitch can indicate vulnerability, a desire to hide.
Her lithe body pressed against his chest, her every curve flattened against his torso.
“Everything OK?” His voice cracked on the last word.
Can you guess at what this character ↑ is feeling? Just tone of voice.
Cadence – It’s when you choose to go louder or softer, faster or slower, etc. Monotone voices can show boredom, nervousness, lack of enthusiasm. Choosing to use a rising inflection at the end of every phrase, whether it’s actually a question, or not — is pretty annoying.
Volume – We get really quiet for a variety of reasons including feeling vulnerable or overwhelmed, nervous, anxious, tired, fearful, etc. We similarly get loud for good reason too, sometimes just to be heard over another noise, to clarify ourselves, frustration, nervous, angry, etc. Ever expected someone to be really mad at you and instead they go quiet? That’s super unnerving isn’t it. This is often paired with cadence, we get quiet and our speech speeds up, or our voice gets low and very quiet, etc.
Watch this clip from The Fresh Prince. Soooo many raw emotions. So many small signals of one emotion blending into another. Powerful!
Dry Throat/Loss of Voice/Hoarse Voice – These can be symptoms for a variety of things from innocuous allergies to very serious illnesses. However, when used to convey emotion, having a suddenly dry throat or hoarse voice conveys nervousness, anxiety, panic, fear, stress, etc. A common cause for a dry throat is constant swallowing from being anxious or nervous. Those characters who carry tension in the throat or jaw may struggle with this.
Articulation – How well a person can express themselves, or they express themselves differently can show lots of emotion. We typically skip over or omit in fiction the ums and ahs, however, those stumbles can show nervousness, anxiety, fear, vulnerability, excitement, surprise, overwhelmed, etc. Showing someone search for a word, or go around in circles trying to say something that’s simple – it all shows emotion.
Effective use of pauses, incorrect words, forget words, backtrack and reword things repeatedly, can show emotion. Combine this with a higher or lower pitch, with a sped up or slowed down speech, or even volume – have the voice get progressively quieter or louder. Mix and match these things for greater effect.
Stuttering/Mumbling – We stumble and mumble when we’re nervous, tired, apprehensive, afraid, etc. There’s a number of emotions this could show. We can trip over our words unsure of how exactly to express ourselves or become hyper aware of body language and self-correct endlessly when we sense our words are having a negative or undesired affect.
Listen to how Matt Damon’s voice gets lower, quieter, when he talks about the wrench and why he chose the wrench. Can you hear the vulnerability there? Hear the contrast in the lighter, almost playful-dismissive tone Damon uses juxtaposed against Williams’ even, radio-FM DJ voice. It carries conviction without being confrontational. Just listen to the changes in Damon’s voice near the end when it’s repeated – it’s not your fault. He goes from joking, defiant, angry, and then vulnerable and it’s all through his voice.
Intensity – You can use an assertive tone, a playful tone, an authoritative tone, a declarative tone. I follow two actors on social media who both like to post inspirational/motivational videos. One punctuates his speech with various noises, laughs, varied cadence, and comical expressions to get his point across. Always on point and way deeper than you expect. The other actor taps into an intensity that includes being loud, that includes faster speech, lots of cadence, and is punctuated by sharp movements and clipped words. You can show passion, excitement, frustration, redemptive anger, stress, sadness, joy, fear — all kinds of things by varying the intensity.
An Exercise
Next time you’re in a group or public place, listen for the changes in voices that signal emotions. Or do the same with a movie or TV scene. How does their voice change? How does the pitch, cadence, tone, tempo, articulation, etc. change to affect meaning in the speaker or those they’re speaking to.
Do you incorporate a character’s voice into your story to add emotional depth? | https://lisahallwilson.com/8-ways-voice-can-show-emotional-depth/ |
What is a hoarse voice?
What is a hoarse voice?
What is a hoarse voice?
Hoarseness (dysphonia) is when your voice sounds raspy, strained or breathy. The volume (how loud or soft you speak) may be different and so may the pitch (how high or low your voice sounds). There are many causes of hoarseness but, fortunately, most are not serious and tend to go away after a short time.
What is the treatment for hoarseness?
Self-care measures, such as voice rest, drinking fluids and humidifying your air, also can help improve symptoms. Chronic laryngitis treatments are aimed at treating the underlying causes, such as heartburn, smoking or excessive use of alcohol. Medications used in some cases include: Antibiotics.
What’s a husky voice?
(of the voice) having a semiwhispered vocal tone; somewhat hoarse, as when speaking with a cold or from grief or passion.
What illness causes hoarse voice?
Laryngitis is one of the most common causes of hoarseness. It can be due to temporary swelling of the vocal folds from a cold, an upper respiratory infection, or allergies. Your doctor will treat laryngitis according to its cause.
Can thyroid cause hoarse voice?
Trouble With Your Thyroid When your thyroid doesn’t make enough of it, one symptom you might have is a hoarse voice. If you have a goiter — when your thyroid gets larger — you may cough a lot and have problems with your speech. A growth on the thyroid, or a nodule, can also affect the way you speak.
Why is my voice husky?
Hoarseness or a change in your voice But many other things can cause a hoarse voice. One of the most common causes is acute laryngitis (inflammation of the larynx). This usually happens due to a cold, a chest infection or over use of the voice, such as shouting or screaming.
How long does it take to recover from hoarseness?
Laryngitis is when your voice box or vocal cords in the throat become irritated or swollen. It usually goes away by itself within 1 to 2 weeks.
Can heart problems cause hoarse voice?
Hoarseness of voice caused by the damage of the recurrent laryngeal nerve as a result of cardiac causes is known as Ortner’s or cardio-vocal syndrome.
What does it mean when you have hoarseness in Your Voice?
If your voice is hoarse, you may have a raspy, weak, or airy quality to your voice that prevents you from making smooth vocal sounds. This symptom commonly stems from an issue with the vocal cords and may involve an inflamed larynx (voice box). This is known as laryngitis. If you have persistent hoarseness lasting for more than 10 days.
What causes a hoarse voice at a football game?
Some causes are primarily a nuisance, such as shouting too loud at a football game. Others can be very serious, alerting people to underlying conditions such as cancer or a stroke.
Can a vocal fold hemorrhage cause hoarse voice?
Sometimes a vocal fold hemorrhage will cause hoarseness to develop quickly over a short amount of time and only affect your singing but not your speaking voice. Vocal fold hemorrhage must be treated immediately with total voice rest and a trip to the doctor.
Can a hoarse voice be a symptom of Gerd?
If a person has GERD, they may notice a hoarse voice that is worse in the morning. People with LPR may feel as if they have to clear their throat constantly. Treatments include dietary changes and medications. The indicators of a hoarse voice include a low, raspy voice. It can occur with other symptoms, depending on the underlying cause.
What helps hoarseness go away?
Warm water is one of the most ideal remedies for hoarseness. Also, gargling with hot water is recommended. Ad a pinch of salt to the hot water and use to gargle. It quickly restores voice quality.
What can cause hoarseness?
Some possible causes of hoarseness include: Laryngitis: Laryngitis is the most common cause of hoarseness and can be caused by several things, ranging from the common cold to cheering a bit too loudly or long at a ball game, to singing your heart out at a concert.
What does a hoarse voice sound like?
A hoarse voice, also known as dysphonia , is when the voice involuntarily sounds breathy, raspy, or strained, or is softer in volume or lower in pitch. A hoarse voice, can be associated with a feeling of unease or scratchiness in the throat.
What to take for hoarseness?
Honey is considered to be an essential home remedy for curing hoarseness. You need to mix a spoon of honey to the basil leaves juice and try to lick it slowly. You can take a spoonful of this remedy every day to restore your voice. | https://www.onteenstoday.com/topic-ideas/what-is-a-hoarse-voice/ |
Have you ever had a pleasant interaction with a coworker that suddenly went awry?
Perhaps you made a slightly off-color joke that didn't quite land, or you were in the midst of yukking it up with a colleague when he suddenly excused himself to answer a suspiciously silent phone call.
The fact of the matter is that 60-90 percent of our communication with others is non-verbal.
With that in mind, it's incredibly important to pay attention not only to what your coworkers are saying, but also to how they're saying it. It's equally important, of course, to monitor how you're coming across.
Here are 16 easily missed social cues to look out for in the workplace, and how you should respond to them:
1. Personal space
If your coworker is inching away from you when you talk, you might be invading their personal bubble.
Standing too close (or far) from someone can be awkward. For interactions with most Americans and Western Europeans, try to maintain a distance of about three feet, depending on how familiar you are with the other person.
Personal space and physical contact norms vary by culture, so brush up on your business destination before you travel.
2. Tone of voice
Don't just listen to what your coworkers are saying--pay attention to the inflection, pitch, articulation and volume of their speech. It's equally essential, as any great speaker could tell you, to regulate your own tone.
You don't want listeners to misconstrue your meaning based on nonverbal associations. Vocal intonation and inflection are highly important in both meetings and presentations.
3. Tone of text
While tone of voice is usually fairly simple to discern, parsing emails can be a little more complicated.
Be wary of shorter statements--a terse "Please advise?" might mean, "Why are you dropping the ball on this?" Be sure to proofread your own messages to ensure you're sending effective emails that accomplish what you need them to.
4. Vocal register
Whether you're asking a question or listening to a presentation, be aware of the pitch of the speaker's voice. Higher registers tend to suggest excitement, whereas lower registers are usually reserved for more serious matters.
5. Eye contact
Darting eyes may be a symptom of anxiety or insecurity. If someone's looking you straight in the eyes, they're either extremely confident or very comfortable in the conversation. Both are impressions that you should aim to convey.
6. Fidgeting
Speaking of anxiety, fidgeting is a universal sign of discomfort. If you're talking to someone and they begin to play with their hair or shift from one foot to the other, they may either be uneasy or uninterested in the conversation.
Be aware of your own fidgeting, and attempt to cut out any nervous habits that might signal disinterest.
7. Crossed arms
If, on the other hand, your co-workers are standing with their arms crossed, they might be taking a defensive stance. If someone's closed off physically, chances are they're also closed off to the conversation.
8. Wardrobe choices
Dress for the job you want, not the job you have. Those who dress well project more confidence than those who don't. So if a coworker isn't dressing their best, chances are they're not feeling their best either.
9. Facial expressions
Your facial expression is often (consciously or unconsciously) tied to emotion. So if a coworker is scowling, no matter what they say, chances are they're not in a good mood. If you're trying to convey an upbeat outlook, make sure your face is sending the same message.
10. Smile style
It's fairly easy to tell a fake smile from a genuine one. A real smile involves more facial muscles and more crinkles around your eyes, so it's easy to differentiate between a genuine grin and a forced smirk.
11. Attentive stance
The next time you're speaking with someone, observe whether they've pointed their toes and squared their shoulders towards you. If so, it means you have their full attention.
12. Mirroring
Is the person you're talking to mirroring your physical stance or tone of voice? If so, chances are they're making a genuine effort to engage with you--whether the mirroring is purposeful or subconscious.
13. Checking the tech
If a co-worker is constantly checking their phone (or smartwatch) during a conversation or presentation, the message they're sending is very clear--they're not interested in what the other person has to say.
To convey respect, be sure to keep your phone in your pocket while others are speaking.
14. Poor posture
While many of us have poor posture from hunching over our computers, notably droopy shoulders are often a sign of exhaustion. If you notice a coworker slouching, it might be best to give them some space.
15. Sudden silence
If you walk into a conversation and everything gets quiet, make a subtle exit--chances are you've interrupted a private moment.
16. Chiming in
If you do join a conversation, make sure your coworkers are as engaged as you are.
If you find yourself monologuing while your coworkers are giving terse, one-word responses, then it might be best to gracefully walk away, or at least cede control of the chat. | https://www.inc.com/ken-sterling/16-social-cues-youre-not-picking-up-on-at-work.html |
Not too fast, not too slow. The speed at which you should speak is often based on the audience and you need to judge for yourself in each situation. When you are giving a presentation, it's a good idea to vary your speed. This is something we do naturally depending on what we are talking about and how we feel about it. It is part of what gives speech vitality and interest.
Volume
Speaking too loud or too softly can be irritating to your listener and get in the way of communicating your ideas effectively. Judge the right volume for your situation. Take care when giving a presentation. The person sitting at the back of the room should be able to hear you without straining.
Pitch level
Varying your pitch level (that is, how high or low your voice is) can be an effective way of signalling a new topic when giving a presentation. In general, we jump up to a higher pitch level to signal something new or to signal that we are presenting important or major information. We tend to move to a lower pitch to indicate minor or additional information.
Voice quality
The 'sound' of a person's voice, for example, 'smooth', 'harsh', 'abrupt', 'warm', 'cold' or 'tense'. Often called tone of voice, we are all sensitive to it. For example, we can often guess how someone is feeling when we speak to them on the phone, even if they only say the single word 'hello'. There may be something in that person's voice quality that makes you ask, 'What's wrong?' Your listeners are more likely to share your interest in what you are saying if your voice expresses your own interest. | https://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/pronunciation/vocal-features |
A nasally voice is a voice production wherein there is too much nasality in your tone that is more often evident on high notes. In effect, the singer may sing with a real strong twang, or may sound whiny. This voice is typical with country singers who possess a southern twang, and also with singers of the hip-hop and R&B genres who usually employ a nasally voice to be able to sing the improvisations and embellishments that are distinctive of those genres.
Sometimes referred to as nasalance, hypernasality may be appreciated by some audiences. Some singers may intentionally sing that way, too, but generally speaking, this is not a desirable or pleasurable tone. Nasality is, whether we like it or not, considered an official nuance in singing. According to plenty of voice coaches and music experts, a nasally tone is a technically incorrect vocal element, because it allows and urges singers to use poor singing techniques. Fact is, it harshly sets limits to the voice, is unhealthy, and therefore is unacceptable.
Nasality is more often a product of several problematic factors, such as forward jaw position, a lowered soft palate, and a raised back of the tongue. It is a combination of many vocal issues that work together to alter true vocal resonance. Examples of singers with nasally voice are lead singer of Puddle of Mudd, Rascal Flatts and also the popular Vanessa Hudgens.
To see how nasality works in singing, and find out if you have one, I suggest you try these steps at home.
1. At your comfortable pitch, sing the vowel ‘a’.
2. While singing the note, pinch your nose as gentle as possible, and then close the nostrils off entirely.
3. The tone should change slightly, just as when you sing a non-nasal vowel and your nose is pinched.
4. Then try humming, while pinching your nostrils again. Notice that the voice ceases to produce sound. When you sing nasal consonants such as ‘m’, air coming from your body is wiped out through your nose. When you close the nose, it brings a stop to the stream of air and to the tone as well.
Some singers, though, don’t have the intention of singing with a nasally voice. This may be an after-effect of a chronic or severe nasal allergies or congestion. To get rid of such funny singing style though, treating the allergy and congestion attacks is the only solution. For singers with long-term nose problems, this can be a bit annoying and would require further voice training since most likely they have developed compensatory vocal habits. But there’s always a chance to improve your singing voice, despite all these health conditions.
Nasally voice can be a boon or bane for some singers, depending on the genre they’re working on. But as we’ve said, while singing through your nose maybe applicable to a couple of musical genres, that still doesn’t make it entirely an acceptable singing technique, especially in the eyes of professional judges and musical directors.
You may want to try enrolling in singing classes where proper singing techniques are offered under professional voice coaches. From there, you’ll learn how to overcome a nasally voice, and even more. | https://www.fans.starl.ink/vanessa-hudgens/ |
Do voices get deeper with age?Men's voices often deepen up to an octave, while women's voices usually move about three tones lower. After puberty and well into older adulthood, some people's voices may change, but not everyone's. Men's voices tend to go up in pitch. Women's voices tend to go down.
What age does your voice get the deepest?During Puberty - Voice gets deeper and Larynx drops. 20s - Somewhat youthful but getting deeper. 30s - Most people go into a complete adult voice somewhere here.
Why is my voice getting deeper as I get older?As adults age, the vocal cords become thinner, and the cartilage of the larynx becomes harder and less flexible, altering the voice. Aging often changes the pitch of the voice, causing it to become higher in older men and lower in older women.
Does Men voice get deeper as they age?Men's voices deepen in the teenage years, but a different kind of change can happen later in life. Doctors call that change presbyphonia, meaning "aging voice." Over time, the vocal cords become drier and have less ability to vibrate at high speeds, which provides the tone in your voice.
Does your voice get deeper in your 20s?Different people mature at different rates, and this applies to your voice too. But generally speaking, singers usually see their singing voice start to really come on between the age of 20 – 30. Voices that have a deeper, heavier tone typically take longer to fully develop.
Why does your voice change as you get older? - Shaylin A. Schundler
At what age is your voice fully developed?Between the ages of 18 and 21, your voice stabilizes because the vocal folds and larynx have reached their full growth. While there can be some changes into your 30s, most people's voices are finished with physical changes due to hormones by the age of 21 or so.
Do guys with deep voices have big?Puts' Scientific Reports study found that men with lower formant frequencies—a deeper resonance in their voices—tended to be taller, larger, and stronger. (That's partly because longer vocal tracts and larger vocal folds generate lower, more resonant voices.)
Why did my voice get deeper all of a sudden?If you're sick with a cold or flu—or just kicking one—you can likely blame acute laryngitis for your temporary hoarseness. The bugs can migrate to your vocal cords, causing swelling that alters the way they vibrate, making you sound deeper and huskier, Dr. Johns says.
Why are some men's voices not deep?Apparently, it has to do with testosterone levels. Generally speaking, men with lower voices have more testosterone than men with squeakier voices. The researchers said: “Testosterone and the characteristics dependent on testosterone can be reliable indicators of quality-dependent conditions or behaviours.”
Can a man train his voice to be deeper?It's possible to get a deep nasal voice, but it sounds more masculine if you speak through your mouth. To deepen your voice, you'll want to try and lower your pitch. To do this, relax your throat as much as possible, to avoid tightening your vocal cords. Moisten your mouth and throat, and hold your chin up.
Do guys voices get deeper when they like someone?Results showed that men instinctively change their pitch. Men first speak in a sing-song type of voice and then adjust it to a lower tone when they are talking to someone they find attractive.
Why is my voice getting deeper and raspy?If you talk too long, cheer too loudly, sing too much or speak in a pitch that's higher or lower than usual, you may experience hoarseness. Also, your vocal cords naturally get thin and limp with age. It's perfectly common for your voice to get raspier as you get older.
Does smoking deepen your voice?Smoking can be a cause of voice change, specifically deepening and hoarseness. Voice change may indicate a need to follow up with your doctor. Two common causes of voice changes as a result of smoking include Reinke's edema and cancer of the vocal cords.
What age is your voice the strongest?As we age, our voices change. The most dramatic voice changes are those during childhood and adolescence. The larynx (or voice box) and vocal cord tissues do not fully mature until late teenage years.
What age does your voice sound the best?Usually, by age 17, the voice fully stabilizes. If a teen's voice hasn't changed by that time and other secondary sexual characteristics have not developed, hormonal issues may be at play.
Does your voice deepen after 18?The biggest changes to your voice will happen during puberty and will usually end by the age of 18. Your adult pitch is then reached 2 or 3 years later. But your voice won't completely stabilise until early adulthood. Your voice can carry on changing through your 20's, and even into your 30's.
Does a deep voice mean big balls?It used to be thought that voice pitch in mammals relates to body size, but that is no longer believed top be the case. McElligott pointed out that you can have big men with higher-pitched voices, or smaller men with lower-pitched voices, so pitch is not always an indication of body size.
What kind of voice is attractive?Their study revealed that males find female voices that indicate a smaller body size—high-pitched, breathy voices with wide formant spacing—most attractive. Females, on the other hand, prefer to hear a low-pitched voice with narrow formant spacing, reflecting a larger body size.
What does deep voice in men indicate?Men with low-pitched voices had lower levels of cortisol and higher levels of testosterone, they found. “It tells something about their condition, their health, their formidability,” Puts said.
Can stress make your voice deeper?Stress causes muscles in the body to tighten, which can include those in the chest, throat, neck, jaw, vocal folds (chords), etc., which can affect our vocal quality and performance. An active stress response can cause immediate changes in the voice due to the many changes the stress response brings about.
Why is my voice deeper overnight?The inability to drain fluids while we are lying down could also contribute to another symptom of morning voice. Often, our voices feel and sound a little hoarse, making us perceive our voice as lower. This could be down to thickened excess mucus that has settled on the vocal cords overnight.
What causes husky voice?It can be due to temporary swelling of the vocal folds from a cold, an upper respiratory infection, or allergies. Your doctor will treat laryngitis according to its cause. If it's due to a cold or upper respiratory infection, your doctor might recommend rest, fluids, and nonprescription pain relievers.
Does deep voice mean high testosterone?"However," he says, "evidence suggests men evolved deeper voices mainly for intimidating other men rather than attracting women." Studies show that men with deeper voices tend to have higher testosterone levels (an indicator of dominance) and a more athletic body type.
What is a man's deep voice called?A baritone singing voice is the most common one for a man, falling in between the higher tenor and lower bass registers. Baritone comes from the Italian baritono, with its Greek root word barytonos, "deep-voiced," combining barys, "heavy or deep" and tonos, "tone."
Who has the deepest voice?Tim Storms (born August 28, 1972) is an American singer and composer. He holds the Guinness World Record for both the "lowest note produced by a human" and the "widest vocal range".
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Does a weighted blanket go on top or bottom? | https://www.thehealthyjournal.com/faq/do-voices-get-deeper-with-age |
Analysis: A soft, light, and airy voice that has become synonymous with an entire style of singing. As Eilish has risen to incredible career heights, she has likewise inspired many aspiring musicians and singers to mimic her artistry. She is well-known for her sensitive and emotive deliveries on songs like “When The Party’s Over,” she has also committed to colorful character deliveries like on her signature hit “Bad Guy.” While she has come under criticism for her “whispery” vocals, Eilish demonstrates considerable control of her instrument.
When Eilish sings low notes below G3 at a soft volume, she’ll drop her breath support to phonate, but when singing at a louder or medium volume, she can carry a fuller tone down to E3. This shows that while Eilish has the capability to sing with “better” technique, she may purposefully opt not to in order to further her emotional deliveries.
This raises the point that as Eilish often sings at very soft volumes, it has led some to take digs at her vocals for being simply “whispers,” with a converse preference for louder vocalists. Eilish proves, however, that singing softly can be every bit as valuable as singing loudly, as she demonstrates not only exceptional phrasing and musicianship in these passages but also great technical control to articulate words and phrases with the sound rarely cutting out. Even when exceptionally soft, she can relax her body enough to allow her natural, wispy vibrato to shine through.
Her head voice is perhaps the highlight of her voice, being incredibly bright, clear, and piercing, most notably on her early single “Ocean Eyes.” Her head voice is quite nimble and is where Eilish sounds most comfortable; in live performances, she will execute simple descending runs in this register with great accuracy. One potential criticism is that she will choose to sing long, flowing legato passages while eschewing staccato ones.
Overall, while her currently displayed vocal range is relatively small at just over two octaves, what she does within these two octaves is enough to create moving pieces of music. Additionally, she knows how to create suspense in her songs that makes her higher notes sound like they belong higher on the staff than they actually are. The way she’ll slowly ascend to a D5 or E5 shows that she knows how to make every note count.
What do you think of Billie Eilish’s voice? Would you add anything to our analysis? Let us know by commenting below!
Billie Eilish’s vocal range spans from D3 – B4 – A5, approximately 2 octaves and a perfect fifth.
Billie Eilish is undoubtedly a soprano, either a Light Lyric Soprano or a Soubrette. | https://thepopsmarts.com/vocal-range-and-profile-billie-eilish/ |
Flashcards in 2B: The Structure, growth, physiology and genetics of prokaryotes & viruses Deck (95)
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1
What are the 4 tenets of Cell Theory?
1. All living things are composed of cells
2. The cell is the basic functional unit of life
3. All cells arise ONLY from preexisting cells
4. Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA
2
How do viruses violate cell theory?
They do not arise from preexisting cells and they do not carry genetic information the form of DNA
3
List the 7 organelles in eukaryotic cells:
N M R
L P S
G
Nucleus, Mitochondria, Lysosome, Rough E.R., Smooth E.R., Golgi Apparatus, Peroxisome
4
What surrounds the nucleus and what is that structures function?
Nuclear envelope, it has nuclear pores that allow selective 2 way exchange of material
5
What does the nucleus contain and what is that structures function?
Nucleolus, synthesizes ribosomal RNA
6
What is the function of the nucleus? What processes occur here?
To contain and protect DNA; DNA replication, transcription and partial RNA assembly
7
What is the function of mitochondria?
Produce ATP via Krebs Cycle & Oxidative Phosphorylation
8
List the structures of the mitochondria.
Outer Membrane
Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane
Matrix
9
What is the function of cristae?
Increase surface area available for electron transport chain
10
What enzymes are contained in the mitochondrial matrix?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Citric Acid Cycle enzymes
11
What lines the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Electron Transport Chain & ATP Synthase
12
Describe the DNA in Mitochondria.
Single circular DNA molecule that encodes rRNA, tRNA and several mitochondrial proteins
13
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
That mitochondria originated as independent unicellular organisms living within larger cell
14
What is special about the DNA of Mitochondria?
It's inherited only from the mother because the ovum supplies the organelles
15
How do mitochondria replicate?
Binary Fission
16
What process can mitochondria participate in?
Apoptosis
17
What is the function of the lysosome?
Degrades biomolecules through hydrolysis
18
What do lysosomes use to degrade molecules? When are they active?
Hydrolytic enzymes; active in only low pH environments
19
What is autophagy?
Lysosome degrades non-functional or damaged self-organelles
20
What is the Rough E.R.? What is it responsible for?
The part of the ER that contains ribosomes; it synthesizes proteins that are secreted extracellularly or plasma membrane proteins
21
What is the Smooth E.R.? What is it responsible for?
The part of the ER that lack ribosomes; responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification of certain compounds
22
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
It receives cellular products (proteins) and modifies them; sort and sends those proteins to their cellular destination; performs exocytosis
23
How does the golgi apparatus modify proteins?
Glycosylation, Phosphorylation, Sulfonation
24
What is the cis vs. trans face of the golgi?
Cis face is closer to the ER and Trans face is farthest from the ER
25
What is the function of peroxisomes?
They contain hydrogen peroxide which aid in metabolizing lipids and toxins (in the liver); phospholipid synthesis
26
What enzyme do peroxisomes contain? What does that enzyme do?
Catalase; converts H2O2 into H2O and O2
27
What is the function of the cytoskeleton? What is it composed of?
Provide structure to the cells and helps maintain cell shape; it's composed of microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments
28
What are microfilaments composed of? Are they thick or thin?
Polymerized rods of actin; thin
29
What is the function of microfilaments? | https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/2b-the-structure-growth-physiology-and-g-3641866/packs/5519322 |
Most coral reefs could die by the end of the century
Between pollution, disease, and habitat destruction, coral reefs have it rough. But greenhouse gas emissions may be the ecosystems’ deadliest stressor yet. While scientists have worried about sea temperature rise for some time, only recently have they focused on another consequence of excess carbon dioxide: ocean acidification. The process may lead to the death of most coral reefs by the end of this century, according to a study published in the January issue of Science.
Often called the rainforests of the sea, coral reefs are the ocean’s most biologically diverse ecosystems, supporting roughly 25 percent of marine life and more than 4,000 species of fish. The United Nations Environment Programme estimates that one square kilometer of coral reef holds a value of up to $600,000 per year by drawing tourists, supporting fisheries, and helping mitigate beach erosion by breaking waves. Coral reef destruction represents a huge economic and biodiversity loss.
“Coral reefs are always in a balance,” says Mark Eakin, a coauthor of the study and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reef expert. “Acidification makes it harder for the building forces to build and easier for the eroding forces to erode.”
The ocean naturally absorbs about one-third the total amount of CO2 pumped into the atmosphere; as concentrations of the gas increase in the air, so does the amount taken up by the sea. When CO2 dissolves in water, carbonic acid forms—the same mild acid found in your Blue Sky soda. The compound naturally releases hydrogen protons, making the ocean more acidic, or lowering its pH (see illustration on next page). The sea’s pH has dropped by 0.1 units over the past century.
Carbonic acid dissolves the shells of mollusks and other animals, and also inhibits shells from forming. Additionally, the excess hydrogen protons draw calcium carbonate, or chalk, from the ocean, harming organisms as small as plankton and as vast as coral reefs, which absorb the compound and turn it into shell.
“There’s actually less of the material needed to build, so it slows or leads to malformed shells,” says Scott Doney, a geochemist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Climate change is also turning up the temperature of our oceans. It has risen 0.74°C in the last 100 years. For reefs, warmer water stresses coral polyps, causing them to kick out the algae that live in their tissue and give them color—a process called“coral bleaching.” Scientists began reporting bleaching events around the world in the early 1980s. The most severe took place a decade ago in the western Indian Ocean when 46 percent of the region’s coral was impacted, igniting a decline of the whole ecosystem.
To draw the world’s attention to these threats, the International Coral Reef Initiative—a partnership among governments, nonprofits, and NGOs—declared 2008 the International Year of the Reef. The group aims to promote the importance of reefs, emphasizing that these diverse ecosystems are already on the brink of extinction. Ocean acidification is literally like pouring acid on the wound.
“Even if we stop all CO2 emissions tomorrow, it will still impact coral reefs,” Eakin says. “The best we can do both for bleaching and ocean acidification is improve the resilience of coral reef communities by getting rid of other local stresses—make the reefs healthier so they can best survive while the warming takes place.”
Victoria Schlesinger, Plenty, 8 July 2008. Article. | https://news-oceanacidification-icc.org/2008/07/17/increasingly-acidic-ocean-waters-are-causing-coral-demise-beach-erosion-and-biodiversity-loss/ |
The most comprehensive mapping yet of the "rainforests of the oceans", prepared by the United Nations Environment Programme, showed the world's reefs covered between a half and one-tenth of the area of previous studies.
The study showed coral reefs covered just 284,300 square km (110,000 square miles), or less than one-tenth of a percent of the world's seabed.
UNEP Executive Director Klaus Toepfer said UNEP's "Coral Atlas" showed that the fragile beauty and precious ecosystems of the reefs were in retreat right across the planet.
"They are rapidly being degraded by human activities. They are over-fished, bombed and poisoned," he said in a statement accompanying publication of the atlas.
"They are damaged by irresponsible tourism and are being severely stressed by the warming of the world's oceans. Each of these pressures is bad enough in itself, but together, the cocktail is proving lethal."
Scattered under the waters of 101 countries and territories, corals are vital for fisheries, coastal protection, tourism and wildlife, hosting up to two million marine plants and animals.
Often compared to the equally endangered tropical rainforests as a source of biodiversity, some of their compounds are used in drugs such as AZT, a treatment for the HIV virus.
Damage was being inflicted on coral around the world, but some regions were suffering disproportionately.
In Indonesia, the world's largest coral nation, it found that 82 percent of corals were "at risk" from illegal blast fishing in which explosives are thrown at the reef.
Some parts of the Indian Ocean had lost 90 percent of their coral reefs - or five percent of the total world reef area - as a result of the 1998 El Nino weather phenomenon, an unusual warming in the waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean.
In the Caribbean, entire coral reefs had been decimated by disease, the report said.
Many of the world's 660 marine protected areas failed to defend corals from the ravages of pollution, it added.
"Often remote from reefs, deforestation, urban development and intensive agriculture are now producing vast quantities of sediments and pollutants which are pouring into the sea and rapidly degrading coral reefs in close proximity to many shores," Toepfer said.
The report said there was a powerful economic as well environmental case for saving the coral. Hundreds of millions of people had no other source of animal protein, and well-managed diving programmes could provide major tourism revenue.
"One of the saddest facts about the demise of reefs is that it is utterly nonsensical," said Mark Spalding, lead author of the study.
"Protecting and managing reefs is not just for the good of the fishes, in every case it also leads to economic and social benefits for local communities." | http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?ID=3779&Method=Full&PageCall=&Title=Coral%20Reefs%20Shrinking%20At%20Alarming%20Rate&Cache=False |
The Ethiopian wolf is an endemic canid species found only in a few small pockets of the Ethiopian mountains. The species has been in rapid decline for decades, but new modelling projections have predicted almost definite extinction within the next two decades if climate change-induced threats are not abated.
The lion’s share: West African lions need larger habitat areas and greater protection
Environment | Grasslands, December 17th, 2022
The African savannah lion is a well-known and iconic symbol of the grasslands of Africa. However, the Panthera leo leo, a subspecies present in the west of the continent receives much less attention. With less than 500 individuals remaining, the West African lion is on the brink of dying out.
Bigger fish to fry: heat waves cook shellfish on Canada’s Pacific coast
Environment | Ocean, November 5th, 2022
The heat waves experienced across the North American continent in 2021 created a ‘heat dome’ which has killed over a billion marine organisms along the west coast of Canada. Experts warn that this is only the beginning of a series of major wildlife eliminations due to climate change, highlighting that conservation efforts are futile if warming is not significantly slowed.
The human footprint of overhunting in Cameroon's forests
Environment | Forests, October 14th, 2022
In the Dja Biosphere Reserve of Cameroon, human activity on the diversity and abundance of local native mammal species have had a significant impact. Targeted hunting of certain-sized mammals has reduced the area’s species richness, with smaller mammals dominating and upsetting the natural balance.
A rainforest no more: deforestation for cattle ranching is drying out the Amazon
Environment | Forests, September 10th, 2022
Once a luscious, vibrant green forest bursting with life is now a desolate grassland where dry brown grass wilts in the dusty heat. Rain is becoming rarer, and the formerly rich soils are parched. The steaming jungle is a thing of the past here.
Dugongs deemed functionally extinct in Chinese waters
Environment | Oceans, September 7th, 2022
Dugongs are gentle, herbivorous sea mammals related to the manatee and the elephant, similarly mild and serene mammals. Sadly, no sightings of dugongs have been recorded by scientists in Chinese waters since 2008, making the species the first declared functionally extinct mammal in the region.
Scottish wading birds: a misty future
Environment | Grasslands, September 5th, 2022
Scotland is known worldwide for its dramatic cliff-lined coast, ancient Caledonian pine forests and wild, windswept moorlands dotted with red deer and capercaillie. However, the country is also an important stop for many species of wading birds on their migration routes.
The elephant in the room: global warming-induced droughts threaten the future of Earth’s largest land mammal
Environment | Grasslands, August 20th, 2022
The African elephant is emblematic of the savannah and an animal many feel a strong admiration for. However, as global warming intensifies, recent droughts in East Africa are adding to pressures threatening the future of this iconic species.
Feeding turtles in Argostoli Bay could be changing their natural behaviour
Environment | Oceans, June 21st, 2022
Argostoli Bay is a picturesque bay and harbour on the western coast of Kefalonia, Greece. Tourists flock here to enjoy the crystal turquoise waters, sun-drenched beaches and Mediterranean food, but another attraction has become a highlight of the island: turtles. However, recent feeding habits are having damaging effects on the behaviour of this usually docile species.
The largest predation event of our time: the sinking of the blue whale
Environment | Oceans, May 31st, 2022
Blue whales are the largest animals on earth, which made them a magnet for whalers in historical times. Since the international whaling ban in 1986, previously-decimated blue whale populations have been steadily increasing, but they now face a new threat: orcas.
Protecting Tropical Coastlines: The Mangrove–Seagrass–Coral Trio
Environment | Ocean, May 19th, 2022
Tropical coastlines across the globe are protected by a dynamic relationship between three different ecosystemsㅡmangrove forests, seagrass beds and shallow-water coral reefs. Without these defences, shorelines are susceptible to coastal erosion, and biodiversity loss, and often face expensive reconstruction efforts. Ultimately, a holistic approach to conserving all three ecosystems yields the most long-lived results, both for people and coastlines.
The Decline of the Coconut Crab: protection methods used in the Seychelles could conserve the species
Environment | Oceans, May 12th, 2022
Coconut crabs have seen a huge decrease in population due to overharvesting and increasing demand from tourist restaurants. Strict regulations on fishing, pollution, disturbance and the implementation of marine protected areas could save the species if measures are taken soon.
Problems down under: The 6th mass bleaching event of The Great Barrier Reef is happening now
Environment | Oceans, April 3rd, 2022
Known as one of the Seven Natural Wonders Of the World, the Great Barrier Reef attracts over three million tourists to the Queensland coast every year. If the average global temperature warms by 2°C above current levels, it is predicted that global coral cover will decrease by 95%—a staggering figure which will have catastrophic impacts on ecological processes and the economies of many countries.
The importance of coral reef connectivity under climate change
Environment | Oceans, March 3rd, 2022
Evidence suggests that rising ocean temperatures are limiting the ability of coral larvae to migrate between reefs, with the associated biodiversity losses reducing coral resilience to disease, overfishing, and the impacts of climate change.
Acoustic enrichment is aiding coral reef recovery
Environment | Oceans, February 23rd, 2022
Coral reefs are often referred to as the ‘rainforests of the ocean’ due to the richness of biodiversity they harbour and the vital role they play in the functioning of marine ecosystems. Globally, reefs support over 500 million people through tourism and fishing, providing a livelihood and an essential source of protein, whilst also producing multiple medicinal compounds used to treat cancer, HIV, and cardiovascular diseases. | https://www.the-kingfisher.org/author/sophie_coxon.html |
The Philippines is situated within the Coral Triangle marine biodiversity hotspot and supports highly diverse coral reef communities. However, Philippine reefs are exposed to many natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Consequently, mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) have drawn increasing interest because of their potential significance as refugia for many reef species. MCEs in the Philippines occur in a variety of settings, reflecting the wide diversity of reef habitats within the archipelago. MCEs remain poorly studied compared to shallow reefs, but preliminary investigations show that MCE sites support diverse ecological communities. Here, we describe the physical features, biodiversity, and current condition of three MCE sites in the Philippines that occur in different environmental settings: surge exposed fringing reefs at Patnanungan, turbid fringing reefs at Abra de Ilog, and the oceanic atolls of Apo Reef. Patnanungan is dominated by rubble fields with high macroalgae cover, an indication of destructive fishing and overexploitation of herbivorous fishes and invertebrates. Abra de Ilog is exposed to turbid waters due to two nearby rivers, and as a result, hard corals are not found below 30 m. Apo Reef, an oceanic atoll located within a marine park, supported higher abundance and diversity of benthic and mobile megafauna at mesophotic depths than the other two sites. MCEs are probably common throughout the Philippines, and future research should investigate additional sites, include long-term monitoring of factors driving spatial and temporal patterns of biodiversity, and investigate the potential importance of Philippine MCEs as refugia. | http://www.mesophotic.org/publications/875 |
Another book in my upcoming picture book science series explores Earth’s largest biome: water. Approximately 71 percent of the planet covered in it. And of all the water on Earth, over 96 percent is in the oceans.
In Aquatic Adventures: Biome Explorers, we start on the freshwater of the Mississippi River, fed by a huge basin that covers 32 US states and 2 Canadian provinces. Floating downstream we can watch for hundreds of different species of birds. The reason for this is that the Mississippi flyway is an important migration route. In fact, one third of all North American birds migrate along the Mississippi River!
Once our journey reaches the delta, where the river meets the ocean, we head out to the Caribbean where it’s flip-flop season all year round. In the shallow coastal waters we might see Atlantic spotted dolphin, Bahama sea star, stingrays, Nassau grouper, spiny lobster, queen conch, and so much more. As we snorkel with the sea turtles we can explore the coral reefs, which support so much biodiversity they are often called the rainforests of the sea. Of all marine creatures, 90 percent live in these coastal waters.
Afterwards we head further out to sea where there is less biodiversity but still, beneath the surface there might be piglet squid, sea angels, northern comb jellyfish, or spoonarm octopus. And if we are lucky, we might see migrating whales.
For this adventure you’ll need a swimsuit, life jacket, and that sunscreen. Ahoy! | https://lauraperdew.com/2022/07/ |
Index. ▫Jain Agam (Canonical) Literature ƒ Definition ƒ Classification ƒ Listings of Sutras ƒ Summary of Agams by Jainsects ƒ History of Preservation ƒ Agam. The Agama scriptures have been composed by Lord Tirthankaras by way of their meanings, whereas by ‘Sutra’ they have been composed by Lord Gandharas. Phone:: +91 22 1. ĀGAMA – AN INTRODUCTION (English): This booklet provides a brief summary of each Āgama with a few key sutras highlighted.
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Agamas are texts of Jainism based on the discourses of the tirthankara. They relate to the conduct and behavior of monks and nuns. It provides the rule of conduct, punishment, and repentance for ascetics.
It also explains how they can repent for their sins and mistakes.
These texts are the holy scriptures of the Jain religion. Agam or Canonical Literature Agam Sutras Agam literature consists of many texts, which are the sacred books of the Jain religion.
This agam describes the Sun, the planets and the associated mathematics regarding their motion. These scriptures are said to have contained the most comprehensive and accurate description of every branch of learning that one needs to know.
Jain Agama Literature
Hence, the Jain religion does not have one sacred book like the Bible or Koran, but it has many books compiled by Gandharas and Srut-kevalis during years after Lord Mahavir’s nirvan death. This agam contains prayers to the four benevolent beings: The Jains have used several languages at different times and in different regions of India. Differences also exist among all three Swetambar Jain sects in their acceptance of the validity of the documented Jain scriptures Agam Sutras and literature.
They are autras in the Ardha-magadhi Prakrit language. They consist of 12 texts that were originally compiled by immediate sutrax of Lord Mahavir known as Ganadhars, who possessed absolute knowledge of the soul or keval-jnan.
Appendix – Summary of Swetambar Jain Agams: It explains the magnitude of pain one has to suffer if he or she breaks the fourth vow chastity. Under such circumstances they could not preserve the entire canonical literature. Monk Keshi was the Ganadhara of Lord Parshvanath. This agam describes the method of concentrated meditation Dhyana that one should observe through the description of Radhavedha.
This anuyoga consists of the following texts which contain principles of observances, conduct, behavior, and like literature. The description which is found in the other Jain Sutras relating to Drashtivada indicates that this Ang-agam was the largest of all Agam Sutras.
It also defines the acceptable conduct of monks and nuns. The scriptures which are essential for monks and nuns to study in the early stages of their ascetic life are called Mool-sutras. Part of a series on. The Digambar Jain sect also believes that the remaining eleven Ang-agams were gradually lost.
Jain Agamas
These scriptures are known as Jain Agam or Agam Sutras. This agam describes the names, positions, and residences of Devas angels that live in heaven. It explains the magnitude of pain one has to suffer if he or she breaks the fourth vow chastity.
This text is very useful in understanding the mode of Lord Mahavir’s religious preaching. Upasaka Dashanga Sutra Uvasagdasao: Among Ang-agams, Purvas were the oldest sacred texts. After his death, the king was born as a deva in heaven. These scriptures were written by great Acharyas scholars from to AD.
The subject matter described in the Chhed-sutras is for ascetics and not for lay people. In fact, a significant number of Agam sutras were already forgotten and lost after the famine.
It also provides information on ancient kings. It consists of the following texts which contain geography, mathematics, astronomy, astrology, and like literature. Also, during the course of time many learned acharyas elder monks compiled commentaries on the various subjects of the Agam literature.
They concluded that after the famine, the entire Jain canonical literature Ang and Angbayha Agam Sutras became extinct. Diwali Mahavir Jayanti Paryushana Samvatsari. Prolegomena to Prakritica et Jainica. During the course of time, it became extremely difficult to keep memorizing the entire Jain literature Agam sutras and Commentary literature compiled by the many scholars of the past and present.
Ethics of Jainism Sallekhana. This agam explains the code of conduct of the ten lay followers Shravaks of Lord Mahavir.
Jain literature – Wikipedia
This agam has the same place in Jain literature as the Dhammapada in Buddhism and the Geeta in the Hindu religion. Agama is a Sanskrit word which signifies the ‘coming’ of a body of doctrine by means of transmission through a lineage of authoritative teachers.
It is the largest of the eleven Ang-agams. Later, when the Jain congregation relaxed the vow of non-possession with regards to religious scriptures for ascetics, they had already forgotten much of the oldest canonical literature such as fourteen Purva Agams and the rest were polluted with modifications and errors. | https://programmist.info/agam-sutras-51/ |
The 12 Vows of Jainism For Monks and Lay Persons
The five great vows (Maha-vratas) can be adopted by monks who are very keen about the uplift of their souls and ready to sacrifice all worldly enjoyments and family ties.
For those who want to remain in family life and for whom complete avoidance of five principle sins are difficult, Jain ethics specifies the following twelve vows to be carried out by the householder.
f this twelve vows, the first five are main vows of limited nature (Anuvratas). They are somewhat easier in comparison with great vows (Maha-vratas). The great vows are for the monks.
The next three vows are known as merit vows (Guna-vratas), so called because they enhance and purify the effect of the five main vows and raise their value manifold. It also governs the external conduct of an individual.
The last four are called disciplinary vows (Shikhsa-vratas). They are intended to encourage the person in the performance of their religious duties. They reflect the purity of one's heart. They govern one's internal life and are expressed in a life that is marked by charity. They are preparatory to the discipline of an ascetic's life.
Three merit vows (Gunavrats) and four disciplinary vows (Shikhsa-vratas) together are known as Seven vows of virtuous conduct (Shilas).
A person may adopt these vows, according to his individual capacity and circumstances with the intent to adopt ultimately as a great vows.
The layperson should be very careful while observing and following these limited vows. These vows being limited or restricted vows may still leave great scope for the commitment of sins and possession of property.
The twelve vows are described as follows:
Five Main Vows of Limited Nature (Anuvratas):
- Non-violence Anuvrat - Ahimsa Anuvrat (Sthula Pranatipat Viraman)
- Truthfulness Anuvrat - Satya Anuvrat (Sthula Mrisavada Viraman)
- Non-stealing Anuvrat - Achaurya Anuvrat (Sthula Adattadana Viraman)
- Chastity Anuvrat - Bhramacharya Anuvrat (Sthula Maithuna Viraman)
- Non-attachment Anuvrat- Aparigraha Anuvrat (Sthula Parigraha Viraman)
Three Merit Vows (Guna-vrats):
- Dik Vrata - Limited area of activity vow
- Bhoga-Upbhoga Vrata - Limited use of consumable and non-consumable items vow
- Anartha-danda Vrata - Avoidance of purposeless sins vow
Four Disciplinary Vows (Siksha-vratas):
- Samayik Vrata - Meditation vow of limited duration
- Desavakasika Vrata - Activity vow of limiting space
- Pausadha Vrata - Ascetic's life Vow of limited duration
- Atithi Samvibhaga Vrata - Limited charity vow
1. Non-violence Anuvrat (Ahimsa Anuvrat): In this vow, a person must not intentionally hurt any living being (plants,animals,humans etc.) or their feeling either by thought, word or deed, himself, or through others, or by approving such an act committed by somebody else.
Intention in this case applies selfish motive, sheer pleasure and even avoidable negligence.
He may use force, if necessary, in the defense of his country, society, family, life, property, religious institute.
His agricultural, industrial, occupational living activities do also involve injury to life, but it should be as minimum as possible, through carefulness and due precaution.
Four stages of violence are described:
- Premeditated Violence to attack someone knowingly
- Defensive Violence to commit intentional violence in defense of one's own life
- Vocational Violence to incur violence in the execution of one's means of livelihood
- Common Violence to commit violence in the performance of daily activities
Premeditated violence is prohibited for all. A householder is permitted to incur violence defensively and vocationally provided he maintains complete detachment. Common violence is accepted for survival, but even here, one should be careful in preparing food, cleaning house, etc. This explains the Jain's practices of filtering drinking water, vegetarianism, not eating meals at night, and abstinence from alcohol.
Nonviolence is the foundation of Jain ethics. Lord Mahavir says: `one should not injure, subjugate, enslave, torture or kill any living being including animals, insects, plants, and vegetables.' This is the essence of religion. It embraces the welfare of all animals. It is the basis of all stages of knowledge and the source of all rules of conduct. The scriptures analyze the spiritual and practical aspects of nonviolence and discuss the subject negatively and positively.
2. Truthfulness Anuvrat (Satya Anuvrat): The second of the five limited vows is Truth. It is more than abstaining from falsehood. It is seeing the world in its real form and adapting to that reality. The vow of truth puts a person in touch with his inner strength and inner capacities.
In this vow, a person avoids lies, such as giving false evidence, denying the property of others entrusted to him, avoid cheating others etc. The vow is to be followed in thought, action, and speech, and by doing it himself or by getting it done through others.
He should not speak the truth, if it harms others or hurts their feelings. He should, under these circumstances, keep silence.
3. Non-stealing (Achaurya / Asteya) Anuvrat: In this vow, a person must not steal, rob, or misappropriate others goods and property. He also must not cheat and use illegal means in acquiring worldly things, nor through others or by approving such an act committed by others.
4. Chastity (Bhramacharya) Anuvrat: The basic intent of this vow is to conquer passion and to prevent the waste of energy. Positively stated, the vow is meant to impart the sense of serenity to the soul.
In this vow, the house holder must not have a sensual relationship with anybody but one's own lawfully wedded spouse. Even with one's own spouse, excessive indulgence of all kinds of sensual pleasure need be avoided.
5. Non-possession / Non-attachment (Aparigraha) Anuvrat: Non-possession is the fifth limited vow. As long as a person does not know the richness of joy and peace that comes from within, he tries to fill his empty and insecure existence with the clutter of material acquisitions.
Lord Mahavir said, security born of material things is a delusion. To remove this delusion, one takes the vow of non-possession and realizes the perfection of the soul.
One must impose a limit on one's needs, acquisitions, and possessions such as land, real estate, goods, other valuables, animals, money, etc. The surplus should be used for the common good. One must also limit the every day usage of number of food items, or articles and their quantity.
This Jain principle of limited possession for householders helps in equitable distribution of wealth, comforts, etc., in the society. Thus Jainism helps in establishing socialism, economic stability, and welfare in the world.
Non-possession, like non-violence, affirms the oneness of all life and is beneficial to an individual in his spiritual growth and to the society for the redistribution of wealth.
6. Dik Vrata - Limited Area of Activity Vow: This vow limits one's worldly activities to certain area in all the ten directions; north, south, east, west, north-east, north-west, south-east, south-west, above and below. He gives up committing sins in any place outside the limited areas. This vow provides a space limit to the commitments of sins not restricted by the limited vows of non-violence. Thus outside the limited area, the limited vows assumes the status of full vow (Maha-vratas).
7. Bhoga-Upbhoga Vrata - Limited use of Consumable/ Non-consumable items vow Generally one commits the sin by one's use or enjoyment of consumable (Bhoga) and non-consumable (Upbhoga) things.
Consumable (Bhoga) means enjoyment of an object which can only be used once, such as food, drink, fruits and flowers.
Non-consumable (Upabhoga) means enjoyment of an object which can be used several times, such as furniture, cloths, ornaments, buildings etc.
One should, therefore, limit the use of these two items in accordance with his own need and capacity by taking this vows.
This vow provides the time limit to the commitments of sins not restricted by Aparigraha Anuvrata.
8. Anartha-danda Vrata - Avoidance of Purposeless Sins Vow One must not commit unnecessary or purposeless sin or moral offense as defined below.
Thinking, talking, or preaching evil or ill of others.
Doing inconsiderate or useless acts such as walking on the grass unnecessarily.
Manufacturing or supplying arms for attack.
Reading or listening, improper literature, or carelessness in ordinary behavior.
Thus this vow is of great practical importance. It makes life more vigilant and sin-proof.
9. Samayik Vrata - Limited Meditation Vow Meditation of the soul and its relationship with nature is known as Samayik.
By giving up affection and aversion (Rag and Dvesha), observing equanimity in all objects, thinking evil of no one, and being at peace with the world, one should practice this vow of meditation (Samayik).
This vow consists in sitting down at one place for at least 48 minutes concentrating one's mind on religious activities like reading religious books, praying, or meditating. This vow may be repeated many times in a day. It is to be observed by mind, body, and speech.
The meditation of 48 minutes makes a person realize the importance of a life long vow to avoid all sinful activities and is a stepping stone to a life of full renunciation.
10. Desavakasika Vrata - Limited Duration of Activity Vow This vow sets the new limit within the limitations already set by Dik Vrata and Bhoga-Upbhoga Vrata. The general life long limitation of doing business in certain areas and the use of articles are further restricted for a particular days time of the week.
This means that one shall not, during a certain period of time, do any activity, business, or travel beyond a certain city, street, house or have anything to do with the enjoyment of objects beyond that limit.
11. Pausadha Vrata - Limited Ascetic's Life Vow This vow requires to live the life of a monk for a day. During this time one should retire to a secluded place, renounce all sinful activities, abstain in seeking pleasure from all objects of the senses, observe due restraint of body, speech and mind. A person follows five great vows (Maha-vratas) completely during this time. He passes his time in spiritual contemplation, perform meditation (Samayik), engage in self study, and worship Gods (Arihants and Siddhas).
This vow promotes and nourishes one's religious life and provides training for ascetic life.
12. Atithi Samvibhaga Vrata - Limited Charity Vow One should give food, clothes, medicine, and other articles of its own possession to monks, nuns, and a pious person. The food offered should be pure and with reverence.
One should not prepare any foods specially for monks because monks are not allowed to have such foods. Donating of one's own food and articles to monks and others, provides an inner satisfaction and raises one's consciousness to higher level. It also saves him from acquiring of more sins if he would have used the same for his nourishment, comfort and pleasure.
Peaceful Death: In the final days of life, a householder observes peaceful death. The house-holder can attain a peaceful death (Sallekhana) if he truly follows the above twelve vows. The peaceful death is characterized by non-attachment to the worldly objects and by a suppression of the passions at the time of death. The last thought should be of a calm renunciation of the body, and this thought should ever be present long before death supervenes.
Conclusion: By performing these twelve vows, a lay follower may live a righteous life and advance towards a fuller and more perfect life, and conquer desire.
While earning wealth, supporting family, and taking up arms to protect himself, his family, his country, etc. against intruder, he is taught self restraint, love and enmity.
On one hand, he is debarred from doing any harm to himself, to his family, to his country, or to humanity by his reckless conduct. On the other hand, by giving up attachments he gradually prepares himself for the life of ascetics.
If one goes deeper into the rules laid down, he will find that practice of limiting the number of things to be kept or enjoyed by himself eliminates the danger of concentration of wealth at one point, which will help to minimize poverty and crime in the society. Thus limiting the desires of individuals, results in a ideal society. | https://www.hinduwebsite.com/sacredscripts/jainscripts/12vows.asp |
Jain religion is a religion profounded by the Tirthankaras. They are in a way free from all worldly worries, sorrows, and cares. Right from the first tirthankara (Shri Rushabhdev) to twenty fourth tirthankara Shri Mahavir Swami, all the tirthankaras have shown the right path to the entire world. They have attained the complete and ultimate knowledge – Kevalgyana – and they have walked on the path of absolute Truth.
Religions Saints
Mahavir was the 24th Tirthankara in Jainism. The sovereign, main sacred person in Jainism is known as Tirthankara. Lord Mahavir had 11 main disciples. They were known as Gandharas. The Jain preceptors saint follow the great vows (Mahavratas) and observe total renunciation, penance and ‘no love no hatred’ doctrine very strictly. They give the sermons to the Jain Community for living a noble human life.
Scriptures
Jain scriptures are known as Aagams. They are 45 in numbers. They contain the Knowledge and information about total consideration about all the substances, the master-key of all round development of the life, Geography, Astrology, Biology, Philosophy, Karma, Religion, Spiritualism, and the religious avenues of the total conditions of human beings.
Canons
Jain religion lays special emphasis on Non-violence,non-possession and many dimensionalism i.e. Syadvad (Anekantvad).
Four main institutions of Jainism
There are four divisions of Jain Sangh (Community). The monks, The nuns, The Shravakas, and The shravikas. (House hold people- male and female). The first two have totally renunciated the world, where the remaining two belong to their regular house-hold functions, but follow the rules and regulations of Jainism.
Jain Religion Places
The holy places of Jainism are the places of Pilgrims, the Jain Temples, Upashray (The places of abode for monks and nuns) etc. The places of pilgrim are situated either on the peaks of the Mountains or on other best Locations. The Jain temples are the holy places of worship for the Jain Tirthankaras / Gods. Where one does the Darshan, Vandan, Pooja and Namaskars. The Upashray are the places of abode for the religions priests, the monks and the nuns. The followers of Jainism also use them for their own religious rituals.
The Religious Achars (code of conduct)
Even the scientists today confirm the Jain achars, Jain way of life, Particularly of those of their principles of food. For Jain monks and nuns the prescribed achÄ?rs include 5 great vows,6 Obligatory duties, 10 duties of monks etc. for the lay followers, prescribed achars include: Annuvrat, Gunevrat, Shikshavrat, (Different patterns of rows which can be practiced by house holders). The giving up on non-eatables (lkshya) the giving up of Anantkay (a body inhibited by infinite beings) like Potatoes and onions etc., giving up of taking foods at night (after sunset) not taking of the food kept over night, giving up of honey and line. All these, compasitively are smaller and easier rules and also benefits the body, mind and life. Jain religion does not propagate enjoyment it propagates the yoga (controls) and giving up of things. It shows the simple but sure system for simplification of life and for getting free from karmas.
Festivals
The festivals of Jain religion, like those of other religion, have distinguished characteristics. The main Jai festivals include Paryusaja, Oli (Signifying nine Ayambills, twice in year), Gyan Panchami, Moun (Silent) Ekadashi (eleventh day of month Magshirsh) etc.
Sects
There are main 2 sects in Jainism (1) Swetamber and (2) Digambars. There are some sub-sets like Sthanakwasi, Terapanthi etc.
Legacy
Jain Religion has its own very ancient legacy of Jain scriptures being produced by the learned religious leaders. Besides, it has its great spiritual legacy too. There is a rich cultural legacy in form of Agam Scriptures, sculptures paintings, arts etc.,
This Jain Religion is not originated by Lord Mahavir, nor even by the first tirthankara Lord Rishabhdev; but it has in roots since time immemorial. | http://www.jainminority.com/pages?text=aWQ9MjY |
Contributed by M. Whitney Kelting
Candanbālā, also known as Candanā, was the head nun under Mahāvīra and is one of the 16 satīs – soḷ satī. Her story is especially well known because she appears at a key moment in Mahavira's progress to becoming a Jina. For both Digambara and Śvetāmbara Jains, Candanbālā is one of the many Jain satīs whose lives are examples of the ideal path for women. She also demonstrates virtues that should be imitated by both men and women. Her story features the quintessential gift to the worthy recipient – supatra dāna – offering food, clothes and medicine to a Jain mendicant as alms.
Among Śvetāmbaras, Candanbālā's story is re-enacted as part of the fast-breaking ritual associated with the Candanbālā Fast. The three-day fast is completed when the faster feeds a Jain mendicant before breaking her own fast. In addition to reducing karma, the Candanbālā Fast is believed to improve the faster's beauty and marriage prospects.
Princess Vasumatī is born in the city of Campa. When Campa is sacked in a war, a camel trader grabs the princess and her mother, who dies immediately. He offers Vasumatī as a slave in the market, where a Jain merchant named Dhana sees Vasumatī and realises that she must be a kidnapped princess. He buys her and decides to raise her as his own daughter until her family finds her. He and his family call her 'Candanbālā', which means 'Hair like Sandalwood', because of her beauty.
As Candanbālā grows more beautiful, the merchant's wife, Mulā, becomes jealous of her. She orders the servants to shave off Candanbālā's hair, bind her with chains and lock her in a distant corner of the house. For three days, whenever the merchant asks after Candanbālā, his wife lies to him that she is outside or asleep.
When Dhana finally convinces the servants to tell him where Candanbālā is, he finds her shaven-headed and chained, with tears in her eyes. She has not eaten or drunk for three days. He searches for something for her to eat but there is only a winnowing basket full of lentils. Candanbālā vows that she will eat only after first giving food to a guest.
At this very moment the 24th Jina Mahāvīra comes seeking alms. He has been fasting for five months and 25 days, awaiting a suitable donor. He has vowed to accept food only from a princess who is now a slave, standing on the threshold with her head shaved, dressed in white, crying while sorting lentils in a winnowing basket.
Candanbālā stands in the doorway of her room with the winnowing basket full of lentils and calls to Mahāvīra that he should take alms. He refuses because she is not crying. She begins to weep. Because Candanbālā then meets all the conditions of his vow, he returns to take alms.
At the fulfilment of Mahāvīra's vow, the gods shower them both with gold, Candanbālā's chains break off, her long beautiful hair miraculously returns and she is known instantly to be Princess Vasumatī.
Food, money, medicine, clothing or anything else given to another person as a religious or charitable act. Asking for and giving alms is a significant part of Jainism, as it forms a daily point of contact between lay people and mendicants. Seeking, donating and receiving alms are highly ritualised ceremonies in the Jain tradition, and spiritual purity is essential for both giver and recipient. Giving alms is a way for lay Jains to gain merit – puṇya.
Someone who withdraws from ordinary life to meditate and practise physical hardships in order to advance spiritually. Jain ascetics or mendicants beg for food from devout lay followers and wander the land.
Also used as an adjective to describe the practice of rigorous, even extreme, physical hardships in the belief that it leads to a higher spiritual condition.
Favourable or lucky. Auspicious objects bring good fortune and may predict good events or a bright future.
An essay explaining a text. Commentaries on the scriptures are common in the Jain tradition and there are various types, including the:
Giving, specifically alms-giving to mendicants.
An active follower of a religion, especially one who passes on teachings to others.
A donor gives freely. He or she may give alms to a mendicant or money to an institution. This donation may be for specific items or purposes, such as the creation of art. A donor, sponsor or patron may be named or pictured in the artwork.
Giving up or limiting food or specified foods for a period of time, usually as part of a religious practice. Fasting is a key part of Jainism, chiefly because it is believed to:
The terms stavan, stavana, stava, stotra and stuti are all used for a prayer, song, chant or hymn to a Jina, a god or any other holy figure. Religious songs are always hymns of praise in Jainism. These devotional songs may be performed during daily rites or on special occasions, such as completion of a fast or a wedding. The hymns may be performed:
Follower of the 24 Jinas or an adjective describing Jain teachings or practices. The term 'Jaina' is also used although 'Jain' is more common.
The Book of Ritual attributed to Bhadrabāhu. It has three sections:
A significant sacred text for Śvetāmbara Jains, the Kalpa-sūtra has a central role in the annual Paryuṣaṇ festival.
Omniscience, enlightenment or perfect knowledge – the highest of the five types of knowledge, where one knows everything wherever and whenever it is. It is extremely difficult to attain, equivalent to the 13th stage of spiritual purity in the guṇa-sthāna. Digambaras believe only men can achieve it whereas Śvetāmbaras believe that both men and women can become enlightened.
The 24th Jina of the present age. His symbolic colour is yellow and his emblem the lion. Mahāvīra or 'the great hero' is his title. His birth name was Vardhamāna, meaning 'ever increasing'. His existence is historically documented but the two main sects of Digambara and Śvetāmbara Jains have slight differences in their accounts of his life.
A woman who has taken a public vow to withdraw from ordinary life to enter religious life and advance spiritually. Frequently, nuns perform physical austerities or undergo physical hardships in order to progress spiritually.
The ritual in which a faster ends his or or her fast.
Sanskrit for a 'right or good action'. Similar to a merit in Buddhism, it helps to reduce karma.
Giving up something. A lay person who becomes an ascetic renounces the life of a householder within society, instead choosing the physical hardships of being a monk or nun. The formal renunciation ceremony in Jainism is dīkṣā.
Sanskrit term meaning 'with a home’ – that is, a ‘householder’ or lay Jain. A synonym for a lay person, emphasising that he or she is a member of a household, with responsibilities to the family, community and society that a Jain mendicant does not have.
A fragrant wood from trees in the Santalum genus, which is often made into oil, paste, powder or incense. Widely used in religious ceremonies across Asia, sandalwood paste and powder are used to mark or decorate religious equipment, statues or images, priests and worshippers. Also used for carvings, sandalwood produces a highly prized oil used in cosmetics and perfumes.
'Virtuous woman', who is worshipped for her admirable qualities. Satīs demonstrate religious devotion and loyalty to husbands and family, especially in difficult times. Some satīs renounce to become nuns while others remain householders. There are many satīs but there is a group of Sol Satī or 16 satī who are particularly venerated by Śvetāmbara Jains.
A speech on a religious topic, usually delivered by a member of the clergy. Frequently a sermon has a moral lesson or is based on a sacred text.
'White-clad’ in Sanskrit, the title of one of the two main divisions of Jainism, in which both male and female mendicants wear white robes. There are some differences of doctrine or belief between these two sects and to some extent their followers consider themselves as belonging to distinct branches. Divisions can be fierce in practical matters, for example, over the ownership of pilgrimage places, but all sects see themselves as Jains.
A Western academic term used for the largely medieval texts that hold the Jain legendary history of the world. Recounting the life stories of the '63 Great or Illustrious Men', the writings are intended to provide role-models for later Jains. The main texts of Jain Universal History are the:
The highest of the three worlds in Jain cosmology, the home of the various types of gods.
Vows are extremely important in Jain religious life. Mendicants take the compulsory Five Great Vows – mahā-vratas – as part of their initiation – dīkṣā.
Lay people can choose to take 12 vows, which are divided into:
All of these vows are lifelong and cannot be taken back. The sallekhana-vrata is a supplementary vow to fast to death, open to both ascetics and householders. | http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/people/women-in-the-jain-tradition/candanbala.html |
Modern Times. The guidelines set in the Khandhaka are used to discourage vanity. Most Buddhist monks and nuns follow these rules today. There is variation between schools, but the monastic ordination of Buddhism always includes a head shave.
Are monks naturally bald?
Buddhist monks always completely shave their head and beard, showing their commitment to the Holy Life (Brahmacariya) of one gone forth into the homeless life. (In India some ascetics tear out their hair, while others never touch it so that it becomes a tangled mass.)
Do you have to be bald to be a Buddhist?
Not at all. Only Buddhist monks and nuns are supposed to shave their heads. Shaving of heads is required for those who want to renounce worldly comforts and enter the priesthood. Lay-Buddhists do not have such restrictions in their personal lives as long as they conduct themselves in accordance with Buddha’s teaching.
Can monks have girlfriends?
The Five Precepts are considered an important source of authority in Buddhism. … ‘Do not engage in sexual misconduct’, instructs Buddhists to be content within marriage and not to commit adultery as this will cause suffering. Buddhist monks choose not to marry and remain celibate while living in the monastic community.
Why can’t monks touch females?
Monks are forbidden from touching or coming close to women’s bodies, because it is believed that a woman’s body is contrary to a monk’s vows. Thus, most temples in Thailand put an announcement which restricts women from entering.
Do monks get paid?
Because of the whole vow of poverty thing, though, the nuns and monks don’t actually get to keep whatever they earn. Their salaries go straight to their religious order. In return, the order often gives each nun or monk a small living stipend.
Does going bald help with hair growth?
Shaving Does Not Affect the Thickness or Rate of Hair Growth. Despite common belief, shaving your hair does not make it grow back thicker or at a faster rate. In fact, this misconception was debunked by clinical studies in 1928. Still, the myth lives on, even almost 100 years later. | https://womaninthejungle.com/hairloss/are-female-monks-bald.html |
Jainism is an Indian faith. This faith has its historical beginnings in the same part of northern India as Buddhism. Jina or Victor who is the leader of the motion was a & # 8220 ; coeval of the Buddha & # 8221 ; ( Smart 277 ) . The instructions of Jainism were transmitted orally. The Jain faith split into two religious orders one being the Digamabaras and the other being the Svetambaras. The Digambaras religious order is besides known as the & # 8216 ; Sky Clad & # 8217 ; the monastics in this sect pattern nakedness as a mark of complete rejection of ownerships. The other religious order Svetambaras besides known as the & # 8216 ; White Clad & # 8217 ; and they think that the transmittal of unwritten instructions has become corrupt. Jainism besides developed a philosophical literature. Harmonizing to the Jain theory they believe that they need to hang on to the memories and patterns of the yesteryear. There philosophical philosophy is & # 8220 ; rich and elusive & # 8221 ; and there are two chief facets of this faith ( 277 ) . The first is a strong accent on non-injury to all life animals and the 2nd would be the great vows that they undertake.
There are a few cardinal thoughts to Jainism. The first 1 is the being of many psyches. Second there is the world of the universe. Following there is the operation of karma. Finally there is a demand to take duty for your actions and there is besides a possibility of release ( 283 ) . There is a short supplication that is used by laic individuals to show their devotedness to give up everything and come in the province of being a monastic or a nun. The supplication provinces: & # 8221 ; Ceasing of illfare, ceasing of karmic effects, decease in brooding enchantment, deriving enlightenment: Let these be mine, friend of the whole existence, vanquisher for I have come for safety in your path. & # 8221 ; ( 284 ) . Jain temples are typical in two ways. First the innermost shrine is an image of Tirthankara. The temple is besides marked with a cardinal Jain symbol, which is a Hakenkreuz. This Hakenkreuz is surmounted by three points and half a Moon. All of these have significance. The four weaponries of the swastika represent the four degrees of life. First there are those who are born in one of the seven snake pits, so there are those born as workss, animate beings, or insects. Next there are those who are born as worlds, and eventually there are those who are born as godly existences. The three points represent the three gems and the half Moon represents release ( Smith 545 ) . Their community is focused on signifiers of cloistered life, which is supported by laymans. Monks an
vitamin D nuns take five vows and pattern three gems. The first is the right of belief, second the right cognition, and eventually right behavior. Monks adopt a mobile manner of life and the lone clip of the twelvemonth that they retire is during the rainy season. The ground that they retire during this clip of the twelvemonth is to avoid wounding any of the little animals that swarm in the clay. Every twelvemonth the monastics and the nuns of this faith spend portion of their lives in a retreat together. This retreat is normally during the rainy season and during this clip they are given many different regulations to populate by. First they are non to talk any rough words after they arrive at the retreat and if they fail to make this they will be excluded from the retreat. They are besides non allowed to go engaged in a difference and if one occurs they are required to inquire for forgiveness from the superior. Finally they are non allowed to go for more than four or five conferences before they have to return to the retreat site ( Smart 285 ) .
The faith of Jainism besides believes in higher speculation. This high or pure speculation is said to be the accomplishment of a individual who has become a liberated one. In this speculation the first thing that must be done is to halt of the full head so the organic structure and so eventually they must halt external respiration. During the needed clip of this pure speculation they destroy the four leftovers of karma & # 8211 ; & # 8221 ; finding hurting and pleasance, life span, fate and environment & # 8221 ; ( 286 ) . After this the psyche takes the signifier of a consecutive line.
One of the chief ethical values to Jainism is the belief no injury should be done to any life being. They are non to kill anything and this leads to Nirvana, which consists in peace. They are besides non supposed to make injury to anyone by word Acts of the Apostless or ideas ( 287 ) .
Finally there are five vows that they are said to be the footing for an ideal life for the ballad individual to draw a bead on to and for the monastics and nuns to populate by. The first vow being to abdicate all killing to all living existences. The 2nd is to abdicate all ideas of address that contains any choler or greed and ne’er speak prevarications. The 3rd is to non take anything that is non given. They are non to take anything whether they are in a small town or in the forests. The Forth being to give up all sexual pleasances with either Gods work forces or animate beings. Finally the fifth vow is to abdicate all fond regards whether they be large or little ( 289 ) . These are the chief vows for the monastics and nuns to populate by in the faith of Jainism. | https://newyorkessays.com/essay-the-religion-of-jainism-essay-research-paper-essay/ |
Before I begin, I would like to bow down humbly to the lotus feet of Lord Mahavira.
I would also like to pay my respects to the founding father of Jain Terapanth Sect. Acharya Bhikshu.
I pay my respects to the one who has been relentlessly carrying the message of peace and nonviolence throughout the world, the 11th Anushasta of Jain Terapanth Dharam Sangh Acharya Mahashraman jee in whose pious presence we are organising this conference.
Most Respected Sadhvi Pramukha jee,
Respected Mantri Muni Shree Sumermal jee
Respected Monks, Nuns & Samani jee.
Respected Delegate from various parts of the world.
Convenor - Mr. Surendra Borad (Patawari),
Organising Convenor - Mr. K L Jain
Brothers & Sisters
I am indeed priviledged to welcome you all in this Anuvrat International Conference organized on this historic occasion of Acharya Tulsi Birth Centenary year.
This conference is being held under the dynamic convenor ship of Shri Surendra Borad Patawari, who is a person with rare abilities and his team who have been working devotedly for the last many months to make this conference a truly international and successful event.
Friends - In the glorious tradition of Indian culture and history, a number of living legends have left their mark and messages on the life of mankind.
Among them we had a great personality of 20th century - Acharya Tulsi
Acharya Tulsi inspired and transformed the lives of millions of individuals by his teachings and preachings.
His tremendous and invaluable contribution to the field of literature specially the master work of editing the Jain Agamas will be remembered for ages.
He was a man of vision who initiated Saman Shreni - A new category of Jain Preachers.
He also started Naya Mod movement for women's empowerment. (It means a turning point to move away from and discard the old and outdated customs like women wearing PURDA and staying confined to one corner of the house after death of her husband and similar other customs.) After India got independence and after realising that people lack moral values & proper ethics,
Acharya Tulsi initiated a revolution for moral upliftment called ANUVRAT MOVEMENT with the aim of re-establishing a strong system of moral values and building a healthy society and peaceful world.
Anuvrat means small vows which are based on human values.
A distinct code of conduct was devised so that a man may be man in true sense.
It comprises mainly eleven rules focusing on non -violence, human equality, Religious harmony, morality etc.
These vows can be easily accepted by followers of any faith and people from any part of the world without any difficulty.
To spread the said message of Anuvrat he undertook long sojourns on foot and travelled more than 1,00,000 kms by foot to cover the entire country.
I am reminded of the dream of the great Indian Saint, who articulated several decades ago:
If an individual is morally flawless
There is beauty in his character
When there is moral flawless & beauty in the character
Then the society itself becomes harmonic
When the society becomes harmonic
Then there is order in the nation
When there is order in the nation
Then the world bestowed with peace
On this auspicious occasion of his birth centenary we have taken a vow to spread his teachings and preaching of peace, non-violence and Anuvrat and also put forward his inspirational and adventurous life before entire world.
To pay respectful homage on the occasion of Birth Centenary of Acharya Tulsi Acharya Mahashraman jee has taken a pledge to initiate 100 monks and nuns during Acharya Tulsi Birth Centenary year and has designated the year as Personality Development year (Vyaktitva Vikas Varsh)
Acharya Mahashraman jee alongwith his force of monks & nuns is making every effort to spread the message of Anuvrat throughout the world
Currently in spiritual guidance of Acharya Shree Mahashraman jee we are celebrating the birth centenary year of Acharya Tulsi on national level and at some overseas places also.
I would like to share with you some of the main highlights of activities undertaken by us in this direction:
- The Birth Centenary logo of Acharya Tulsi Janam Shatabdi Samaroh Samiti was unveiled by the president of India H.H. Shri Pranab Mookerjee.
- Anuvrat Sankalp Rath Yatra by Samaniji by Four Dharam Raths (dedicated and specially designed vehicles) which were moving around for last nine months and covering the entire India to spread the message of Anuvrat through rallies/conferences/seminars/ workshops and organising lectures in various universities, schools, colleges and prisons thousands and thousands of students,teachers,businssmen,workers and people from all walks of life participated and took vows of ANUVRAT,
- As a gesture and tribute to Acharya Tulsi various state governments and local bodies have renamed some paths/roads/streets/public parks in his memory.
- Govt. of India had launched two commemorative coins in the memory of Acharya Tulsi. Mr. P. Chidambaram, the then Finance Minister of Govt. of India, offered his tributes by attending the launch programme personally on behalf of the Central Govt.
- Our Society is also releasing a souvenir coin with a booklet about Acharya Tulsi's life scope which will be made available to more than 50 thousand people at large.
- On this great occasion In addition to our existing 526 centres throughout world, our plan is to open 100 more branches of Jain Swetambar Terapanthi Mahasabha the supreme body of Terapanthi Samaj all over world for spreading the message of peace and nonviolence, and running of Spiritual Centres.
- We have planed and already started working on to construct about 100 new buildings in different locations in India to carry out regular social & spiritual activities.
- More than one lac Anuvrat vows Boards depicting the code of conduct are being installed and displayed throughout the country in public places specially in schools and colleges.
- More than one lac Anuvrat Businessman vows Boards are also being distributed for putting the same in various trade and business establishment, and practice ethics and honesty in business.
- More than 44 Lakh students of Indian school from all walks of life have accepted and taken out the vows of Anuvrat and will not consume any alcoholic or intoxicant elements, and practice peace and nonviolence in their lives.
- Publication of a set of 108 books of Acharya Tulsi literature in a proper planned manner is in progress.
- We have also setup an exhibition of historic photographs depicting the life of Acharya Tulsi
- and also launched an Animation Film on Acharya Tulsi.
- A CD has been recorded containing songs written by & about Acharya Tulsi by India's top 11 singers
- A literary collection in the process of being written which will contain thoughts, view, opinions, Summary of interactions with Acharya Tulsi from the who's who of Indian as well as the rest of the world
- In addition to what I have just mentioned, we have several different activities, which are being conducted to spread the Teaching of the Anuvrat Movement.
Friends - This conference is a major event in the same direction and has been organised to spread the message of peace & nonviolence. we are indeed happy that distinguished & eminent personalities from academic and spiritual fields from all parts of the world are present here.
As an educationist Acharya Tulsi realised the importance of the part played in the dissemination of Jain philosophy of ahimsa by western thinkers and motivators through dialogue and interaction among peace loving and creative intellectuals. Today's event is another important and tangible step toward realisation of Acharya Tulsi's dream of a peaceful, healthy and balanced society with moral values.
Acharya Tulsi Birth Centenary Celebration Committee & Terapanthi Mahasabha is thankful to each one of you, who have travelled a great distance to take part in this conference and contribute in the deliberations.
We are indeed honoured that you have taken out your valuable time and energy and came to India at our invitation.you are the people who have made a mark in your chosen Filed of operation and are contributing to the betterment of society and the mankind at large.
Today when the entire world is passing through a tough time, adopting the vows of Anuvrat seems to be a ultimate ray of hope.
Let the wings of Anuvrat spread globally.
We hope to make the voice of peace brotherhood and non violence as preached by Acharya Tulsi to reach all parts of the world to 7000 million brothers and sisters.
Ladies & Gentleman, I shall call upon you to rededicate yourself to attain the mission of Anuvrat to live & let live in peace, harmony, love following path of righteousness protecting the environment to build a universe with happiness, peace, harmony, austerity, simplicity, prosperity and good health for all. | http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=101555 |
This study focused on the assessment of flooding problems in makoko area of Lagos state. The aim and objective was to identify and asses the drainage channel in the study area, the effects of flooding in the study area, to examine the causes of flooding in the study area and to examine past efforts of curbing flooding problems in the study area.
Both primary and secondary sources of data were employed with focus on the residents of the study area in order to capture their views on the effects of flooding on their environment.The research looks Makoko through the view point of the inhabitants, with the aim of finding out what the inhabitants want, need and would want to have, in order to improve their drainage conditions. The research solely focuses on Makoko community and the assessment of its flooding problems. The research revealed that 44(55.0) of the respondent were below 25 years, 20 of the respondent were between 25 – 35, 12 of the respondent were between 36 – 35, 4 of the respondent were above 46 years. The majority of the respondents were under 25 year. The characteristics of the drainage channel in this research work revealed that most of the drainage were open drainage while few were closed.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Titles pages
Title page
Certification i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table of Content iv
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
Abstracts
CHAPTER ONE; BACKGROUND OF STUDY
1.1 Introduction ……………………………………………… 1 - 4
1.2 Statement of research problem …………………………… 4 - 5
1.3 Aim and objective………………………………………… 5
1.4 Research questions………………………………………… 5
1.5 Study Area………………………………………………… 6
1.6 Justification of study……………………………………… 8 - 9
1.7 Scope of study…………………………………………… 8
1.8 Contribution to Knowledge……………………………… 8
CHAPTER TWO; LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Literature Review…………………………………………………………… 10
2.2 Types and causes of flooding………………………………………… 11 - 15
2.3 Impacts of flooding on livelihood systems …………………… 15 - 16
2.4 Governance of flooding and disaster risk……………………… 16 - 20
2.5 Conceptual framework……………………………………….. 20 -23
CHAPTER THREE; RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1introduction …………………………………………………………24
3.1.1Research Design ………………………………………………… 24
3.2 Nature of Data………………………………………………………24
3.2.1 Quantitative Data…………………………………………… ……24 - 25
3.3 Sample frame and size………………………………………… 25
3..4 Research instrument for Data Analysis ……………………………26
3.4.1 Descriptive Tools……………………………………………………… 26 - 27
CHAPTER FOUR; DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS
4.1 Socio Economic Characteristics of respondents ………………... 28 - 31
4.2 Neighborhood /Environmental data…………………….. 31 - 33
4.3 Causes of flooding in the study area ……………………….. 33 - 38
4.4 Number Of Flooding Occurrence in the study area…………. 38 - 42
CHAPTER FIVE; RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary of Findings…………………………………………… 43
5.2 Recommendations and Conclusion ………………………………. 43 - 44
References …………………………………………………………… 45 - 48
List of Tables
Table 4.1 Age of Respondents
Table 4.2 Gender of Respondents
Table 4.3 Occupational Status of Respondents
Table 4.4 Educational Status of Respondents
Table 4.5 Estimated annual income of Respondents
Table 4.6 Waste Disposal Method
Table 4.7 Transportation Network
Table 4.8 Sewage Disposal System
Table 4.9 Causes of Flooding Problem
Table 4.10 Eviction of Household Due to Flooding
Table 4.11 Part of Property Flooded
Table 4.12 Homes Affected by Flood Water
Table 4.13 Length of recovery to normal daily routine
Table 4.14 Eviction of Household Due to Flooding
Table4.15 Taking of prevention Methods Before the Flood
Table 4.16 Number of times of Flooding Occurrence
Table 4 .17 Worst Flooding Experienced On Properties
Table 4.18 Reasons for Still Staying In The Study Area
Table 4.19 Health Implication In The study Area
Table 4.20 Health Related Water/Vector Borne Disease Caused By Flooding
Table 4.21 Affected Activities In The Area
List of Figures
Fig 1.1 Map of Nigeria
Fig 1.2 Map of Lagos State
Fig 1.3 Aerial Maps Showing the Study Area
Fig 1.4 Showing The Poor Sanitary Condition of Makoko
Fig 2.1 Integrated vulnerability framework
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
.A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land Floods are among the most devastating natural disasters in the world, claiming more lives and causing more property damage than any other natural phenomena. In Lagos metropolis, though not leading in terms of claiming lives, flood affects and displaces more people than any other disaster it also causes more damage to properties. At least 20 per cent of the population is at risk from one form of flooding or another (Etuonovbe, 2011).
Iwena (2005) described flooding to be the accumulation of an abnormal large volume of water in an area which has refused to percolate or flow away, it usually occurs when there is heavy rainfall in an area and all the water refuses to sink into the soil but flows on the earth`s surface as floods. When such floods occur in the cities it is referred to as Urban Flooding.
Etuonovbe (2011) stated that flooding may occur when water in the river overflows its banks, or sometimes results from a torrential rainfall due to climate change. It happens without warning but with a surprise package that always delivers to unprepared community like the ones in the Lagos metropolis i.e Makoko, Ikorodu, Victoria Island, Ajegunle, Bariga and so on. In Makoko, flood disaster has been perilous to people and communities. Recently and other parts of lagos state have been affected by flooding, chasing the inhabitants away and retarding commercial activities. It has shattered both the built-environment and underdeveloped areas. It has claimed lives, and thousands of properties got lost or destroyed due to its occurrences. One prominent feature about it is that flooding does not discriminate, but marginalizes whosoever refuses to prepare for its occurrence (UNHabitat, 2008).There are factors of flooding depending on locality
McGranahan et al. (2007) noted that while economic activity and urban Development often increase the environmental pressures that lead to flooding, it is the low Income settlements and poor groups within all settlements that tend to be the most vulnerable. Coastal towns are by far the most developed of Africa’s urban areas and by implication, have a high concentration of residential, industrial, commercial, educational and military facilities which are vulnerable to this environmental hazard (UNHabitat, 2008).
Whereas flooding itself is a situation that results when land that is usually dry is covered with water of a river overflowing or heavy rain, flooding occurs naturally on the flood plains which are prone to disaster.
Generally, Flood is caused by two major factors which involves the human and man-made factors, these factors obviously are responsible for the generation and continuous occurrence of flooding in the environment, and at any point negatively effects the environment at large.
The impact of flooding may be a worldwide phenomenon, but the effects are more devastating in African cities stated (Niasse, 2004). Also Makoko in Lagos state is not an exception given their prevailing socio-economic problems in the area of housing in the urban areas. Urban areas will be faced with increases in the frequency and intensity of heavy rainstorms, ocean surges and other extreme weather events. The urban centers that will be more at risk are those where these events are already widespread.
Floods of 2010 have created huge problems for the people of affected areas of the country. The World Bank estimated some 17.6 million have been affected by this disaster (Independent Evaluation Group, 2010). Damage of crops, roads, housings and other infrastructure is estimated more than $6.5 billion. Health problems including the spread of water-borne diseases have made the life challenge for the people of affected areas.
Floods and storms may have considerable adverse impacts depending on location, intensity and duration. In 2003, floods accounted for 3,723 fatalities around the world, exceeded only by heat waves (about 22,000 due to the very extreme summer heat wave in Southern Europe) and earthquakes (about 48,000, mostly due to the Bam Iran disaster) (Munich Re 2003). The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies reports that weather-related disasters from a global perspective have been on the rise since 1996 and increasing from an annual average of 200 (1993–97) to 331 (1998–2002) (International Federation 2001 and 2003). The number of disasters attributed to floods is on the rise, while on average the number of people killed due to floods remains steady (Munich Re 2003). The economic costs of flood disasters have been increasing globally. Pielke et al. (2002) found that flood losses were falling to a proportion of GDP although the gross loss is on the rise. The increase in flood disasters is possibly due to more heavy rainfall events, increased economic activity, and efficiency of the use of a catchment (Green 1999; Mirza et al. 2001).
Defra (2004) evaluated health impacts on flood affected people of England and Wales and found the existence of stress and other psychological difficulties among them. Floods can affect health directly, for example, by causing injuries and deaths due to drowning. These can occur during or in the aftermath of a flood disaster when the residents return to their dwellings to clean up the damage and debris. Floodwaters also can affect health indirectly, through changes in other systems (for example, waterborne infections, acute or chronic effects of exposure to chemical pollutants released into floodwaters, vector borne diseases, food shortage, and others). Floods also can increase the risk of cholera, diarrhoea, schistosomiasis, dengue, yellow fever, malaria, Hantavirus, and other diseases.
Oni (2003) stated that Floods make an enormous impact on the environment and society. Floods destroy drainage systems in cities, causing raw sewage to spill out into bodies of water. Also, in cases of severe floods, buildings can be significantly damaged and even destroyed. This can lead to catastrophic effects on the environment as many toxic materials such as paint, pesticide and gasoline can be released into the Drainage channels like: rivers, lakes, bays, and ocean, killing maritime life (library.thinkquest.org).
Floods may also cause millions worth of damage to a city, both evicting people from their homes and ruining businesses. Floods cause significant amounts of erosion to coasts, leading to more frequent flooding if not repaired. The attendant loss of life and properties leaves a bitter taste in the mouth of its victims and no one is left out. Extreme climatic events have significant economic and social impacts, especially where infrastructure is damaged – for example domestic and commercial buildings, transport, energy and water supply to trade, transport and services. Irrespective of whether urban floods are part of larger riverine floods or result from inadequate drainage capacities, the damage potential of floods in cities is extraordinarily high. Given the high spatial concentration of people and values in cities, even small scale floods may lead to considerable damages. In extreme cases urban floods can result in disasters that set back urban development by years or even decades. Recent statistics clearly indicate that economic damages caused by urban floods are rising (MunichRe, 2005). On one hand, the continuing urbanization process in combination with an over-proportional growth of values in cities is responsible for this trend, while on the other hand floods are indeed increasing, both in terms of frequency and magnitude.
Therefore, from the above observation, the vulnerability of Lagos Metropolis to this threats from Flooding are very extensive and numerous, the fact that Lagos is an urban metropolis, in fact the Largest urban agglomeration in Africa and Africa’s most populated city with 18 million people and a Population growth rate of 6% per annum Projected at 25million people by 2015 (Odjogu, 2008). Lagos being the industrial and commercial nerve of Nigeria and the most populous nation in Africa contributes to the phenomena which makes it pertinent for all the stakeholders to bring to the fore the issue of Flooding and various mitigating and adaptive measures to cushion its effects on socio-economic activities in the Lagos Metropolis.
1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
The assessment of flooding problems in the Makoko area of Lagos as earlier observed initiates devastating consequences for the economy of the state and consequently housing and infrastructural developments. Flooding has had adverse effect on the economy of the metropolis, creating large scale underdevelopment in some very economic vital areas, hence, increasing population density in less vulnerable communities and towns in the metropolis which leads to overpopulation and congestion. Sea-level rise will have significant impacts on coastal areas of Africa, especially on its coastal megacities; because of the concentration of poor populations in potentially hazardous areas those are more vulnerable to such changes (Klein et al., 2002; Nicholls, 2004).
Traditionally, studies have shown that flooding occur naturally through excessive rainfall etc. Also this flooding could be as a result of human activities such as blockage of drainage, excessive pavement of land, deforestation due to overconsumption and felling of forest trees, neglect of nature and the environment which leads humans to build and construct infrastructures on any available land not regarding its characteristics etc.
Adebajo (2010) noted that the water level in Lagos is high and it is to a large extent, surrounded by water and that the topography of the city is relatively flat and flat terrains do not give much room for the design and construction of proper functional self cleaning drains in terms of minimum allowable slopes etc. Nigerians are permanently accustomed to dirt. This Evidence of this can be seen every day by way of indiscriminate discharge of garbage into drains and at times on the highway. In urban areas, Nigerian cities have been described as some of the dirtiest, most unsanitary and the least aesthetically pleasing in the world (Mabogunje 1996).Waste disposal habit of the people, Ignorance coupled with poverty may be adduced to the habit of most people in Lagos metropolis especially in the densely populated states. It beats one hollow to see a man defecating in broad daylight on the side of the high way or a woman with her wrapper pulled up urinating on the sidewalk or gutter in full glare of the public. Or where a man parks his/her car and throws waste on the street, then one begins to wonder the reason or reasons for those dirty habits of our people.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
To access flooding problems in makoko area ofLagos state and proffer sustainable solution
- What are the causes of flooding in makoko community
- What are the effects of flooding in the makoko community
- What are the appropriate ways to reduce flooding and better the drainage channels in the area.
- Are those effects caused by natural or man made factors.
1.4AIM AND OBJECTIVE
To accessflooding problems in Makoko area of Lagos state and proffer sustainable solution
i. Identify and evaluate the drainage channels in the study area
ii. Examine the effects of flooding in the study area
iii. To examine the causes of flooding in the study area
iv. Examine past efforts of curbing the problem.
1.5 STUDY AREA
According to Squattercity (2007), Makoko settlement is primarily known as a fishing community whose inhabitant have lived and fished and lived on the local waters of Lagos lagoon for almost a hundred years with an estimated population of 85,165 the settlement is based partly on the lagoon and party on land bordering the lagoon. Some of the inhabitants of Makoko are notably immigrant fishermen. Inhabitants on the lagoon are said to be mainly the Ijaw and Egun people in Nigeria and from other neighbouring countries like Benin Republic, Cameroun, Ghana and Togo.There is a network of wooden planks that connects the settlement to the main land, which is also used by canoe makers and allows access to the outside world to buy the canoes.
The inhabitants on land are said to be mainly Nigerians from different parts of the
country. The community based on the land regularly suffers from heavy flooding that is knee deep. The average monthly income is said to be between 10,773 Naira (US $92) and 15,000 Naira (US$ 127) monthly. There are various occupations found in Makoko, but the major occupation found in the settlement are fishing and trading (LMDP Report 2002)
Maps of Research Location
Figure 1.1: Map of Nigeria
Fig 1.2: Map of Lagos state
Fig 1.3: Aerial Map Of Makoko
1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY
The project research is pertinent as it attempts to asses the flooding problems in Makoko area of Lagos state. It presents a dynamic challenge to professionals in the built environment in terms of innovations in construction and development of infrastructures that can withstand the test of change, securing life and properties and at the same time maintaining the aesthetic, strength, comfort, compatibility and cost effectiveness of the environment without compromising quality.This research is of paramount importance to the government and their agencies especially planners either political or professionals as it brings to the fore the need for not only reactive but also pro-active measures by creating the necessary framework and enacting appropriate policies necessary to mitigate and adapt to the changes that may be ushered in by the adverse effect of flooding.
Fig 1.4: Showing The Poor Sanitary Condition of Makoko
Flooding has been identified as one of the major factors that prevents Africa’s growing Population of city dwellers from escaping poverty and stands in the way of United Nations 2020 Goal of achieving significant improvement in the lives of urban slum dwellers(Action Aid, 2006). Social relations, structures and processes can influence the vulnerability of households and communities to floods through several pathways. On the other hand, social, economic, political, cultural and historical processes influence how flood hazards affect people in varying degrees and differing intensities.
This paper attempts to contribute to a better understanding of the drainage pattern and flooding problems and the vulnerability of communities in makoko, with particular reference to growth of the slum and risks from climate change. The impacts on and vulnerabilities of residents of the selected area of makoko community to the increasing risks of floods arising from inadequate drainage patterns
1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY
This study attempts to asses the flooding problems in the Makoko area of Lagos State. This project emphasizes more on flooding problems with the major aim of assessing the flooding problems in the study area.This area (Makoko) was selected as it represents an area of recent activities in terms of the incidence of flood, this project would carefully assess the flooding problems in the Makoko area..
1.8 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE
Many flooding mitigating measures have been taken on local level mainly by state agencies, Local Government, private companies and even local organizations and institutional bodies. This paper contributes intensively to identifying the problems of flooding on the activities of selected vulnerable community in Lagos state.
This project would contain data on, characteristics of a flood vulnerable community in Lagos state (Makoko) ; it would also evaluate the problems of flooding on human activities in the selected area, Furthermore, recommendations on plausible solutions in terms of mitigating and adaptation measures in light of flooding effects and the implementing strategies would be made as well as the structural analysis of both the positive and negative impacts of flooding. | https://www.projectshelve.com/topics/preview/the-assesment-of-flooding-problems-in-makoko-area-of-lagos-state |
This study is focused on the private security companies and crime prevention in Niger State. The study identified methods of providing security needs of Nigerlites during the traditional era and through this, factors that necessitate the establishment of PSCs in Nigeria. This study also evaluate the effectiveness of PSCs in their security functions, it also highlight major constraints of the PSCs in carrying out their functions and project strategies for overcoming their constraints for efficient service delivery especially as it affects PSCs and the police. The hypotheses were tested using chi-square (x2). Hypothesis I revealed that the presence of guards/PSCs has reduced crime in the society which further corroborates hypothesis II that both the guards and subscribers feel satisfied with the services provided by these companies. And Hypothesis III which revealed that trained guards are more effective than those not trained emphasized the need for adequate training of PSCs/guards for the purpose of securing the society.
₦3,000.00
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PREVALENCE AND PATTERNS OF PSYCHO ACTIVE SUBSTANCE USE AMONG SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN DALA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KANO STATE, NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
The study was designed to determine prevalence and patterns of Psychoactive Substance use among Senior Secondary School Students in Dala Local Government Area (LGA), Kano State Nigeria. The study adopted a cross sectional descriptive survey design. Simple random sampling procedure was used to select two Secondary Schools out of the ten Government Senior Secondary School in Dala LGA, of Kano State. Both Schools have a combined population of 2293 students made up 1202 boys and 1096 girls. The two Schools sample were Government Secondary School Kurna Asabe for boys and Government Senior Secondary School Kuka bulukiya for girls. The instrument for Data collection was a WHO Youth Drug Survey (WHOYDSQ) adapted questionnaire. The reliability of the instrument was established using a test re-test and computed using Pearson Moment Correlation. Coefficient of 0.82 was obtained. Data generated was subjected to descriptive statistics and analysed using Chi-square. The prevalence of psychoactive substance use among Government Senior Secondary School in Dala LGA, of Kano State shows that majority (91.1%) of the respondents have been using psychoactive substances. The commonest substances used were kola nut (87.4%), tobacco (15%) and cannabis (5.5%). more than half of the users of each of the substances take it occasionally, using them on one to five days in a month except kolanut taken on twenty or more days in a month. They include male (52.9%), female (47.1%). Majority (68.1%) of the respondents were between 18-20 years. Most of the respondents who use psychoactive substances were introduced by their friends (60.6%), family (27.6%) and by nobody (5.7%). Most (27.9%) first use kolanut at the age less than 10 years, alcoholic beverages at the age of 11-12years (25.6%) while others like tobacco, cannabis at 19-and above years (38.3%). Major reasons for using psychoactive substance include to be sociable (25.4%) and for enjoyment (24.4%). There was significant difference (p < 0.05) between Males and females in psychoactive substance use. The pattern of use is dependent on the type of psychoactive substances (p < 0.05). Also the psychoactive substances use based on lifetime use is dependent on the age at first use (p < 0.05). In conclusion the prevalence of substance abuse among Senior Secondary School students is high as such Government, Parents and Teachers needs to joint hands and address the problems.
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PORT SECURITY-Threats and VulnerabilitSies
Abstract
The main objective of this thesis is to identify the threats and the vulnerabilities concerning Nigeria port, and finally recommend measure to overcome the identified threats and vulÂnerabilities. Various categories of potential threats and vulnerabilities have been studied throughout the literature review. However, because each port presents a unique sets of threats and vulnerabilities, there was a need to look critically into how Nigeria port operaÂtions are being conducted in other to identity the potential threats and vulnerabilities perÂtaining to the said port. This study applied Case Study Approach as a research strategy by using Qualitative research method as a means of exploring and understanding how individual or group ascribe to social or human problem, and also identify new theoretical propositions or managerial actions is needed. The empirical data for this study was collected through primary and secondary sources. With primary source, questionnaire, observation as well as informal discussion were used. Whereas with secondary source, raw data and publish summaries that have been colÂlected by organizations and individual, excluding researchers were used.
The results of the study revealed the strength and the vulnerabilities within security system at the port of Nigeria. Apart from the strength and weaknesses, potential threats that conÂfront the security systems, were also identified through the result. This thesis provides the recommendation needed to tackle the identified vulnerabilities and threats that are likely to disturb the effectiveness and efficient operating of the security systems.
In the future, it is important to identify how human factor impact the successful implementaÂtion of port security measures. Further research in this particular area will help reduce the threat that human factor poses to the successful implementation of Port security measures
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NIGERIA CIVIL WAR EFFECT ON ABOH MBAISE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA IMO STATE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The period 1967-1970 is a very remarkable period in the history of Nigeria. During this period, the country witnessed a devastating civil war characterized by unwanted destruction of lives and property.
The Nigeria Civil War is so significant that the history if this country would be incomplete without a survey of the circumstances that led to the war and the effects it had on the people that fought the war and the neighboring communities. Although Nigeria as a whole witnessed the impact of the war, the people of the Eastern region suffered most because the war was fought in their territory.
This study is designed to investigate the effects of the Nigerian Civil War on Aboh-Mbaise L.G.A of Imo State, which was torn apart by the cruel war. This prosperous community was ravaged of her progressive and population. While the war lasted, it influenced both men and women by bringing them face to face with the ghastly realities of battle in a town where the sound of gun and other weapons of war were never heard before, it exposed children to hunger and death. The happy days of men and women at work on their own occasion and for their own profit disappeared from millions of people.
War is always a terrible things, it most often connotes deaths, injury, hunger and suffering. however courteous the soldier may be, by their nature, by their training and orders, they must seek to destroy their enemies. The very events of the recent conflict in Nigeria have inevitably made matters worse than might have been the case.
The effect of the war on Aboh-Mbaise is a turning point in the history of Nigeria and the then Eastern region and Aboh-Mbaise in particular. It marked a new dispensation in the government of the communities in Aboh-Mbaise.
Statement of the Problem
The Nigerian Civil War has come and gone but the stigma has remained. This is because of the negative effects of the war on the economic, social and political life of the people of Aboh mbaise. forty two years after the Civil War, people from other ethnic groups in Nigeria regarded the Igbos as enemies when in actual fact, it should not be so, Instead of looking at the war as a unifying factor, some people still approach it from a secessionist point of view.
This pre-conserved notion should be changed in order to ensure peace, unity and progress of the country.
It should be stated here that having officially declared an end to the war on the 10th of January 1970, the Federal Government adopted the slogan ÒNo Victor, No vanquishedÓ. In line with the above slogan, one would have expected the government of the federal Republic of Nigeria to integrate the Igbos as was the case in the United States of America. After the Nigeria Civil War however, certain policies of federal government were deliberatly aimed at discriminating and marginalizing the Igbos.
This research work by acting as a catalyst would explore areas through which the country would remain together and forge ahead based on equitable distribution of resources, equal participation in governance and equality before the law. It is therefore believed that at the end of this study, peoplesÕ attitude to the war will be inclined towards the appreciation of itÕs positive consequences.
Purpose of Study
This study is aimed at investigating the following.
1. The impact of the Nigerian Civil War on the Socio economic Development of Aboh-Mbaise Local Government Area.
2. The impact of the Nigerian Civil War on the Political Development of Aboh-Mbaise Local Government Area.
3. The Impact of the Nigerian Civil War on the Educational Development of Aboh-Mbaise Local Government Area.
Significance of Study
This research work would be of immense benefit to the people of Aboh-Mbaise Local Government Area as it will help to rediscover their socio-economic, political and educational background.
Furthermore, the Ministry of Education would benefit from this research work since it offers an opportunity on educational planning and policy making.
The Federal Government would benefit immensely from this research work as it would provide solutions to the lingering ethnic rivalry and political imbalance plaguing the Nigerian Political System.
Research Questions
This research work is focusing on the effect of Nigerian Civil War on Aboh-Mbaise Local Government Area of Imo State. In order to achieve the set objectives, the underlisted research questions were formulated to guide the study.
They are as follows:
1. To what extent did the Nigerian Civil War affect the Socio economic Development of Aboh-Mbaise Local Government Area of Imo State?
2. To what extent did the Nigerian Civil War affect the Political development of Aboh-Mbaise Local Government Area?
3. To what extent did the Nigerian Civil War affected the educational development of Aboh-Mbaise Local Government Area?
?
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NIGER DELTA CRISIS ON SOCIO-POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF OHAJI/EGBEMA LOCAL GOVERNMENT)
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to know the factors that influence the Niger Delta crisis and its implication on Socio-political development of Nigeria. The study continued to evaluate the extent of damages the Niger Delta Crisis lure on political development of the nation. The crisis are a threat to both local and foreign investors. The researcher after various investigation and the researcherÕs findings about the Niger Delta crisis, the researcher concluded that the crisis is as a result of high degree of neglect of the oil exploration areas. The researcher still makes some recommendation of how the problems of Niger Delta crisis can be solved.
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CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF INSECURITY IN NIGERIA: THE CHALLENGES AND RELEVANCE OF THE NIGERIAN POLICE FORCE AS A PANACEA
ABSTRACT
This research work seeks to reveal the Causes and effects of insecurity in Nigeria and the challenges and relevance of the Nigerian police force as a panacea. It is on this premise that the study bases its emphasis on the Nigerian police force to appraise and ascertain efforts and limitation encountered in providing adequate security to Nigerians. The subject matter is both timely and pivotal in this era when NigeriaÕs image and freedom internationally and locally is deteriorating due to the pervasive insecurity being experienced today. This has bedeviled the Nations march towards socio-economic growth and development. The study however, focuses on the causes and effect of insecurity in Nigeria, factors that have inhibited the Nigerian police force in performing its statutory functions and steps to be made to enhance greater security in Nigeria and to make the Nigeria police force more responsive to her duties. This work also gave a chronological historical antecedent of insecurity in Nigeria. It also delves into the purview of the history, structure, mission and vision of the Nigerian police force. Moreover, the study revealed that the relevance of the Nigerian police force in relation to the security of the country is incapacitated by the inability of the government to address root causes of insecurity and proffer solution to these root causes. This is manifested in the inequality and high rate of poverty currently experienced in the country even in the midst of plenty. The chapters in the study address various aspect of the problem. The revelation and recommendation made in this work will be invaluable and important to the Nigerian police, government, private and corporate organization, as well as, researchers in proffering solution that will boost security in Nigeria.
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LAW CONCEPT AND IMPLICATIONS (A CASE STUDY OF FIRST BANK NIGERIA PLC. OKPARA AVENUE, ENUGU STATE)
ABSTRACT
This research project is designed to bring out the importance of audit to the effective working of the organization using First Bank Nigeria Plc Okpara Avenue, Enugu state.
In pursuant to this, data were collected by personal interview, questionnaires and through researcherÕs observation. Secondary data were collected from journals, publications and related works.
Also, findings showed that all the strategies for effective working operations are applicable in the case study. It was revealed that because of the laws guiding auditors, the attitude and perception of auditors to effective working operation in my case study was adequate.
Finally, based on these findings, various recommendations were made amongst which include, that for auditorÕs work to be relied upon by other or for the work of auditors not to be subjected to any loss or damage, they should not accept gifts or packages, have personal relationship with clients and should carry out their duties in compliance with statutory requirements.
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KIDNAPPING IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF PUBLIC PERCEPTION IN ENUGU EAST SENATORIAL DISTRICT
Abstract
The crime of kidnapping in Nigeria is becoming so alarming to an extent that no body knows who next to be affected by it. This study looked at the perceived effects, causes, reasons and solution to the problem of kidnapping in Nigeria particularly in Enugu East Senatorial District. It used questionnaire and in-depth interview in its data collection and found that the causative factors of kidnapping are payment of ransom, non cooperation with the police, lack of instruction on moral and too much emphasis on material gains. Therefore it recommends the introduction of youth empowerment programmes by the NGOSÕ and government as the key instrument to its solution. It also recommends that more sophisticated and computerised equipments and ammunitions should be distributed to all state headquarters and area commands in order to detect the hoodlums and combat the advancement of the crime.
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A SOCIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE DETERMINANT FACTORS AND THE EFFECTS OF CHILD STREET HAWKING IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Man, nations, regions and the world would be severely limited in development without transportation, which is a key factor for physical and economic growth (Oyesiku, 2002). Transportation systems and land use are interdependent. Indeed findings of earlier studies indicate compelling and consistent connections amongst them (Ewing and Cervero, 2001; Polzin, 2004). According to Bailey, Mokhtarian, and Littlel (2008), transportation route is part of distinct development pattern or road network and mostly described by regular street patterns as an indispensable factor of human existence, development and civilization. The route network coupled with increased transport investment result in changed levels of accessibility reflected through Cost Benefit Analysis, savings in travel time, and other benefits. These benefits are noticeable in increased catchment areas for services and facilities like shops, schools, offices, banks, and leisure activities.
Road networks are observed in terms of its components of accessibility, connectivity, traffic density, level of service, compactness, and density of particular roads. Level of service is a measure by which the quality of service on transportation devices or infrastructure is determined, and it is a holistic approach considering several factors regarded as measures of traffic density and congestion rather than overall speed of the journey (Mannering, Walter, and Scott, 2004).
Access to major roads provides relative advantages consequent upon which commercial users locate to enjoy the advantages. Modern businesses, industries, trades and general activities depend on transport and transport infrastructure, with movement of goods and services from place to place becoming vital and inseparable aspects of global and urban economic survival. Developments of various transportation modes have become pivotal to physical and economic developments. Such modes include human porterage, railways, ropeways and cableways, pipelines, inland waterways, sea, air, and roads (Said and Shah, 2008).
According to Oyesiku (2002), urbanization in Nigeria has a long history in its growth and development. Extensive development being a feature of the 19th and 20th centuries, with concentration of economic and administrative decision-making in Lagos, Ibadan, Kaduna, Jos, and Enugu, and high degree of specialization and larger population associated with greater specialization of goods and services. Wyatt (1997) states that urban areas have tendency to develop at nodal points in transport network and places with good road network will possess relative advantage over locations having poor network. Urban locations with such relative advantage are found where different transport routes converge with high degree of compactness, connectivity, density, length and accessibility exhibited within the intra- and inter- urban road networks.
Ikeja is a typical example in the history of growth and development of cities in Nigeria. The city became capital of Lagos State in 1976 with improved road networks developed to cater for increase in concentration of pedestrian and vehicular movements. Similarly, commercial activities like banking, retail/wholesale businesses, and professional services congregated to take advantage of nearness to seat of governance. Concentration of activities attracted consumers and ancillary service providers. This partly caused increase in demand for commercial space and its concomitant effects on commercial property values along arterial roads in the metropolis.
The present position concerning commercial properties in Ikeja is that majority are located along arterial roads that deliver much of the vehicular and pedestrian movements. There have been increases in rental values along the individual arterial roads although not at equal rates. It is against this background that this research analyzed the arterial roads, determined the levels of accessibility, connectivity, traffic density of the individual arterial roads, examined the pattern of commercial property values and the relationship between the explanatory variables of the road network in Ikej a Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
The relationship between transportation and urban property values has been the focus of many studies (for example, Dewees, 1976; Damm et al, 1980; Wolf, 1992; Singh, 2005). Some of the earlier studies returned positive relationship between transport and property values while others showed negative relationship. For instance, in a study on the relationship between rail travel cost and residential property values, a replacement of streetcar with subway increased site rent at a location that is perpendicular to the facility within a one-third mile walk to the station (Dewees, 1976); and there was positive influence of permanent transportation improvements on land values (Wolf, 1992). It was established that there was statistically significant relationship between distance of a parcel of land to the nearest Metro station and land price (Damm, Lerner-Lam, and Young, 1980), while there was evidence that residential property prices decrease immediately around the transport investment or station value uplift through changes in land values (Singh, 2005).
The urban areas all over the world offer a number of advantages in terms of concentration of people followed by demand for commercial properties and transportation. Ikeja is a classical example of a city that has developed rapidly since 1976 when it became the Lagos State capital. Construction of roads increased substantially with the opening up of residential precincts that also benefitted from increasing demand for lettable spaces in commercial properties. Many private companies, retail stores, commercial banks aggregate in the metropolis to take advantage of opportunities afforded by locations near the seat of governance thus attracting complimentary services. This led to high concentration of vehicular and pedestrian movements especially along the access roads.
The roads exhibit a number of nodes and linkages to form networks of both arterial and minor routes along which commercial properties locate. Commercial users displaced residential users, causing sites to be at highest and best uses with concomitant increases in the values of commercial properties. Accessibility within the road network is affected by the compact nature of various routes that sometimes impede volume of traffic. The road network is made up of nodal points and links that determine the degree of connectivity and accessibility in the network.
A number of factors affect values of properties. These factors may be intrinsic or extrinsic. The extrinsic factors include increase in demand for lettable space, location, condition of adjoining properties, nearness to park and leisure, local and national economic conditions. External factors are due to natural characteristics of the property which affect the city where the property is located. Intrinsic factors arise from within the nature of the property itself and relate to the physical attributes, including size of room, state of repair, decoration, and facilities. Other attributes that increase or decrease the amount that users are willing and able to pay in an open market transaction include physical characteristics of the structure, change in taste and demand, effect of adjacent activities, economic activities, inflation, and changes in legislation. The demand for commercial properties itself is affected by changes in population, planning and development schemes, legislation, and availability of good road networks (Hendon, 1971; William, Davies, and Johnson, 1980; Richmond, 1982; Millington, 1982; Olayiwola, Adeleye and Oduwaye, 2006).
Earlier theorists (Burgess, 1925; Hoyt, 1939; Harris and Ullman, 1951; Lean and Goodall, 1977) generally believe that sites adjacent to main transport routes have relative advantages over those located some distance away, and other sites located at route intersections possess relative advantage with greater advantages belonging to sites located at focus of transport system. These advantages are determined in relation to accessibility, which has different characteristics in relation to individual sites thus differentiating between sites in terms of accessibility advantages.
Many of the aforementioned studies emphasized the effects of the factors on values of properties generally with little consideration given to road network pattern and its effects on values of commercial properties. Possible relationships between road networks, location attribute, demand and supply, and accessibility and commercial property values have therefore elicited the interest of the researcher in this direction. The relationship cannot be determined without due consideration given to the explanatory variables on one hand and commercial property values on the other. The use of roads leads to a study of urban areas in relation to land uses, especially commercial properties. It is against this background that this study was conceived.
1.3 Research Questions
1. What are the relationships between commercial property values and arterial road network in the presence or absence of other explanatory variables?
2. What are the individual contributions of the explanatory variables to variability in commercial property values?
3. What are the models to explain and predict the relationship between the explanatory variables and commercial property values?
1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Research
a. Determine the relationships between commercial property values and road network, in the presence or absence of other variables, in the study area;
b. Determine the contributions of individual explanatory variables to variability in commercial property values in the study area;
c. Derive models for predicting variability in commercial property values in relation to the explanatory variables.
1.5 Scope of the Study
Preliminary study revealed that there are five types of commercial properties in the study area. These are retail shop premises, banking spaces, office properties, warehouses, and non-specific commercial properties. In respect of this research, focus was on offices, shops, banking spaces and other types of commercial users along the arterial routes to the exclusion of residential, industrial, and non-specific type of commercial properties.
Due to the magnitude, terrain and complex nature of Lagos State roads, the study was limited to Ikeja intra-city roads. Ikeja is the predominant component of Ikeja Local Government, which itself is one of four zones identified within the larger Lagos metropolis. The four zones (Lagos Island, Apapa, Lagos Mainland, and Ikeja) represent commercial hubs of Lagos metropolis, which as revealed by preliminary observation, shows activity areas where employment, commercial, transportation terminals, and other businesses are concentrated (Oni, 2008).
Road network analysis was carried out to determine the levels of accessibility and connectivity of nodal points as well as road and traffic densities in the hope of predicting commercial property values along each arterial road. In doing so, only the arterial roads identified as commercial axes in the study area were the focus of the research to the exclusion of secondary connector roads, while the relationship between arterial roads and commercial properties in the study area were examined.
Many factors have dictated the choice of Ikeja. First, it is the capital of Lagos State of Nigeria and a socially heterogeneous city with variety of local, state and federal government roads. Second, the property market in the study area is well developed and it is possible to identify and analyze variations. Comprehensive data are available on commercial property values in Ikeja, which is one of the few cities in Nigeria offering opportunity for comprehensive survey of its commercial properties, with enlightened occupiers of commercial premises thereby making data collection possible. Third, a number of property magazines are in circulation in the city where professional Estate Surveyors and Valuers advertise commercial properties available for sale or letting. This makes the property market very active and up-to-date with stakeholders, prospective tenants, property owners, and investors versatile and knowledgeable about the goings-on in the market. Fourth, judging from what is applicable in Nigeria, the Ikeja road network is one of the most complex in terms of linkages, human and vehicular movements with availability of computerized and up- to-date data and satellite images of the road network.
1.6 Limitations of the Study
The study focused on analysis of arterial roads and commercial property values in Ikeja. It did not attempt to investigate the structural stability of the arterial road network or assess the methods and accuracy of methods adopted by respondents in fixing the values of commercial properties in the study area. It simply analyzed accessibility, connectivity, arterial road network, distance to most central place in the study area, demand and supply of commercial properties in relation to commercial property values in the study area. Graph theoretic technique was used to analyze the arterial road network while opinions of Estate Surveyors and Valuers practicing in the study area were relied upon. The accuracy, or otherwise, of such opinions although not in doubt was not investigated.
Some challenges were encountered during the study. By virtue of the busy nature of Estate Surveying and Valuation practitioners and ÒcarefulnessÓ of occupiers of the sampled commercial properties, there was considerable reluctance on their parts to volunteer information. Some of the respondents, especially Estate Surveyors and Valuers, delayed in completing the questionnaires and it took personal influence of the researcher (as their colleague) and assistance of the Lagos State Branch Chairman of the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers to obtain their eventual impressive responses. In addition, the researcher took time to allay the fears of Occupiers by educating them about the essence of the research, that it would in no way expose them to imposition of levies or charges or any liability to the Lagos State Government.
The populations of commercial properties and occupiers in the study area were indeterminate. The study population was too large and there was no census available to ascertain them thereby making determination of their number somewhat tasking. The researcher however found a way out of the challenge by using a form of sampling based on estimated population of occupiers and adopting direct observation of the sampled properties to determine the average number of occupiers. These limitations however neither affected the quality of data collected nor the conclusions drawn from it.
The various opinions of Estate Surveyors and Valuers were relied upon, in some cases, to the exclusion of those of occupiers especially in respect of questions that required a form of professional opinion. This was consequent upon the findings from the pilot tests earlier conducted which showed that the occupiers found such questions too technical. Hence, questions like rating of the roads in the study area in terms of accessibility, supply and demand of commercial properties were subsequently limited to the Estate Surveyors and Valuers.
1.7 The Study Area
Ikeja city is a large component of the Lagos metropolis. Lagos itself is the largest city in Nigeria, located at 6¡34’60”N, 3¡19’59”E along the West African coast and was the capital city of the country before it was replaced with Abuja on 12th December, 1991. However, Lagos remains the commercial nerve centre of Nigeria. The city is a typical example in the history of growth and development of urban areas in Nigeria. The Western Region administered the city along with Agege, Mushin, Ikorodu, Epe, and Badagry until Lagos State took off as an administrative entity, and in 1976 Ikeja replaced Lagos Island as the capital of Lagos State; consequently, more roads were constructed.
In the general context, Lagos State is made up of twenty local government council areas out of which sixteen form the metropolitan Lagos and Ikeja Local Government area is one of them. Ikeja is both the administrative capital and Headquarters of Ikeja Local Government Council Area of Lagos State. Ikeja Local Government Council Area is located in the north-central part sharing boundaries with Ifako-Ijaiye, Agege, and Alimosho Local Government Council Areas in the western perimeter; Kosofe, and Mushin Local Government Council Areas in the eastern side, while Oshodi-Isolo Local Government Council Area forms the boundary in the southern part and Ogun State in the north as shown in Fig. 1.1
Sources: Map – Bohr (2006)
Described in terms of its operational structures, Ikeja is divided into seven sectors. Sector One lies in the north-central part of the metropolis and consists mainly of residential neighbourhoods with occasional commercial users of banks and service offices, and Isheri-Agege Road is the only arterial road traversing the Sector. Sector Two is of predominantly industrial concerns around WEMPCO, ACME and Lateef Jakande Roads; Sector Three is almost centrally located in the study area and consists of Oba Akran Avenue, Adeniyi Jones, Aromire Avenue, and Obafemi Awolowo Way that serve as demarcation between Sectors Three and Five. The sector is predominantly residential interspersed by few industrial concerns and commercial outfits that over the years have displaced residential users along the arterial roads.
Sector Four lies in the eastern part of the study area served by Secretariat Road, Ikosi Road, Oregun Road, 7-up Road and bounded by Lagos/Ibadan Expressway and Ikorodu Road. Sector Five, which is bounded, by Sectors Three, Four and Six consists of Allen Avenue, Opebi Road, Ola Ayeni Street, Toyin Street, Olowu Street, Kodesho Street, Simbiat Abiola Road, Otigba Street and Opebi Link-Road. The sector is characterized by concentration of commercial properties and represents the main commercial sector of the study area (Fig. 1.2).
Also from Fig. 1.2, Sector Six occupies the southern part of the study area and consists of Government Residential Area (G.R.A), and institutional properties (Army Barracks, Police Barracks, High and Magistrate Courts, Lagos State Administrative Centre, Passport Office and Nigeria Telecommunication Limited). Properties along the major roads in the Sector have undergone a change from residential to commercial use. Roads within the Sector include Mobolaji Bank-Anthony Way, Adekunle Fajuyi Way, Isaac John Street, Oba Akinjobi Street; while Sector Seven which lies at the western part consists of Murtala Muhammed International Airport.
Source: Lagos State Planning Information Centre, Ikeja
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
In this Chapter, available literature was reviewed along subject matter of the research project, which are arterial road network and commercial property values; the central theme being road transport, accessibility and commercial property values. To address the theme, this Chapter undertakes a review of literature on individual components of the central theme and combinations of such individual components, as basis for developing the researcherÕs ideas on the general concept of the study. The review of literature, in addition, aims at providing detailed account of earlier studies in order to identify the gap that exists in the literature, which the thesis attempted to fill. Literature from extant disciplines such as land economics, transportation management, and regional planning, amongst others found useful for addressing the central themes were studied. Specifically, emphasis was on previous writings on transportation, road network pattern and analysis, intra-urban accessibility, centrality and urban land value, and commercial property value.
2.2 Road Network Pattern and Analysis
Road network consists of large number of interwoven roads exhibiting many patterns ranging from star-like to grid-like with irregular patterns becoming recognized (Zang and Lund University, 2004). It consists of large amounts of roads that interweave with each other to exhibit a pattern. Patterns are defined as characteristics and properties found in repeated and regular manner within one object, or between a number of objects with such repetition in the form of shape, density, distribution, linkages, connection or orientation. These occur among the same kind of objects or different kinds of objects or within an object, or between objects repeated with sufficient regularity. Such repeated properties may be shape, orientation, connectedness, density or distribution. The frequency of such patterns enables development of prototypical views of geographical processes (Mackaness and Edwards, 2002).
The route network is a set of nodes representing spatial locations and displays topological and geometric variations, while topology itself refers to the arrangement and connectivity of nodes and links of a network (Wyatt, 1997). The route network consists of primary and secondary roads known as arterial and minor roads respectively. Arterial roads are moderate or high-capacity roads that are below highway level of service, carrying large volumes of traffic between areas in urban centres and designed for traffic between neighbourhoods. They have intersections with collector and local streets, and commercial areas such as shopping centres, petrol stations and other businesses are located along such roads. In addition, arterial roads link up to expressways and freeways with inter-changes (Wikipedia contributors, 2008).
According to Aderamo (2003), road network constitutes an important element in urban development as roads provide accessibility required by different land uses and the proper functioning of such urban areas depends on efficient transport network, which is a backbone to their very existence. The analysis of the road network involves the recognition of the patterns and qualities of the roads. Zacks and Tversky (2001) examined the idea of events as objects and argued that patterns themselves are objects bounded in space, organized hierarchically, and recognizable by a set of distinctive qualities. The qualities can be emphasized through the process of abstraction and symbolization, by which pattern is viewed as complexes of primitive objects and relationship between the primitives. This gives the shape, extent, orientation, density, topology and configuration as their intrinsic properties. Topology, according to Xie and Levinson (2006), is an arrangement and connectivity of nodes and links of measuring the spatial structure while configuration refers to collection of objects that comprise the pattern of road networks.
In computing density, the network indicator approach was used to partition road network into different parts in reasonable way before the roads inside each part were extracted and the density calculated using indirectly related parameters. This results in number of connections to describe density differences in road networks. The parameter records how many roads connect to each road in a network. For two roads with the same length, the ones in the dense area will connect to more roads than that in a sparse area, and the connection differences will indicate the density differences to some extent; this is by number of connections to show the differences in density among a network (Zhang, 2004). According to Inforain online (2008), road density can also be calculated as the total length of all known roads divided by the total land area in a road network.
Many techniques had earliier been used in analyzing road network patterns (Mackaness and Beard, 1993; Mackaness, 1995; Thomson and Richardson, 1995; Mackaness and Edwards, 2002; Jiang and Claramunt, 2004; and, Jiang and Harrie, 2004) namely, connectivity, shortest path spanning tree, and minimum cost spanning tree from graph theory to facilitate structural analysis and road selection in the road networks. Another approach based on perceptual grouping was equally used to group road segments according to continuation principle by ordering and selecting strokes into which the roads are segmented (Thomson and Richardson, 1995).
Modern techniques introduced for the explanation of the effects of accessibility on property values range from geographically weighted regression technique, multinomial logit models, to geo-spatial analysis adopting the Geographical Information Systems (GIS). For instance, a study on office rents in Berlin between 1991 and 1997 adopted a regression model to derive residual figure for rent not explained by non-location factors. The residuals were plotted based on the use of GIS and found that the street system is modeled as a network and calculated as accessibility values based on the relationship between individual streets and configuration of the system as a whole (Desyllas, 1998).
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investigation into the rate of hospitality growth in Nigeria
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Hospitality growth in Nigeria have become a strand part of many economies of many countries of the world, serving as a backbone upon which service sectors thrive with a backward and forward interconnectivity; wherewith different counties of the world interrelate along same tide (Ayeni and Ebohon, 2012). Wherewith the benefits of hospitality growth are a matter of controversy, it cannot be undermine that hospitality growth provides higher returns on invested capitals; effects to increase agriculture production, and employment; generates foreign exchange, government revenue; finance for infrastructure development, and generally increases citizens welfare, helps capitals flights esp. when associated with overseas trips for holiday and proper overall economic growth (Bankole, 2002:77). The term hospitality growth has been defined differently and some authors choose to define the term with somewhat similarities. It is serious and yet difficult for analysts in the hospitality growth to come to a compromise with regards to a universal definition of hospitality growth. Again, the vague nature of the growth makes it a herculean task in evaluating the investigation into the rate of hospitality growth on the economy when compared to other sectors of the economy (Lickorish and Jenkins, 1999: 1-2). The hospitality subsector ensured the provision of services for individuals, family, group of people, organizations etc., that were away from their homes for a particular period. However, it must be noted that the patterns of rendering services either by restaurants or hospitalitys often vary in the context of specific needs and desires of the guests regardless of the operatorsÕ rendering activities and services. Hospitality was among the oldest of the human professions, which entailed ensuring a guest, client etc., to feel welcome and comfortable. It was further affirmed that it had been in practice before many professions. Well, such statement is debatable. Hospitality goes beyond hospitalitys and restaurants, but could also mean other legalized institutions that specialize in either providing shelter or food, or better still, both services to people as long as it is away from their respective homes. Nigeria have benefited immensely as a result of mutual understanding between the hospitality growth and the financial sector (i.e. banks) to increase revenue to central purse of the governments via their collaborations for economic development. It was apparent that food and shelter remained significant to the livelihood of people and sustenance to the larger society to reduce poverty. For instance, Banks during seminars and conferences make use of hospitalitys, restaurants, resorts etc., during break time, food and drinks were often served by food department of the hospitalitys that is, either directly or indirectly there were more to an existing association between the sectors of interest ( hospitality), which is, funds availability. Despite the increasing trends of globalization, the investigation into the rate of hospitality growth in Nigeria particularly in ebonyi state, has been worrisome even before global financial crunch in the first quarter of 2008 the recent continuous decline in the global crude oil prices; thereby affecting the liquidity performance of the economy, and becoming difficult to channel funds to the hospitality growth, The present recession period being experienced by Nigerian economy has affected all sectors leading to the reduction of the expected profitability trends of hospitality sectors and drastically reducing number of guests visiting the hospitalitys and customers. To have considered some of the functions of hospitality which include; to accumulate surplus funds and make it available to
deficit sectors of the economy, thereby making profits via strong lending
and borrowing patterns. Therefore, the smaller the size of the financial institutions, the smaller is the returns and expenditure vice versa. Severally, were always directed to ensure a stable capital in order to absorb operational exposures or unexpected shocks, to achieve profit and consequently minimize risks and losses so as to achieve national economic growth. However, with the help of provision of finance / funds in Nigeria (financial intermediation roles) in ebonyi state, a simple hospitality business could become a conglomerate where it could specialize in the provision of food service operations in different areas such as recreation centers, sports stadiums, primary and secondary schools (e.g. free meal for primary
school pupils by federal government), university campuses, either individual or group home services, convention centers etc., with liberality and good will.
1.2 Statement of Problems
Hospitality account for a large proportion of individual (quest in this country and are faced with numerous problem. These problems under the growth and development of hospitality in Nigeria. Thereby limiting their potential contributions to the growth of nigeria economy. However, the hospitality industries have many roles the play in the economic growth of less development country like Nigeria of course they remain important in the economyÕs the problems of hospitality growth are lack of fund by the proprietors and the difficulty the encounter in raising funds. Due to limited capital at their disposal and high interest rate f banks, they find it less attractive going to the banks for loan the level of education of most hospitality proprietors implses difficulty in managerial in capacity many even go hospitality business without easy training in the area lack of technology and operation problems confronting hospitality growth makes it difficult for them to grow:
1. The researcher should take the problems facing investigation into the rate of hospitality growth in Nigeria, in the area of maintaining good management.
2. How can hospitality are encouraged to improve their activities in Nigeria
3. To investigate in what ways Nigeria could overcome the obstacles of political and economic isolation, institutional governance and personalized political structures in relation to its investigation into the rate of ospitality growth.
A good management of Nigerian hospitalities can enormously result in the improved rate of hospitality growth in nigeria.
Objective of the study
The main objective is to examine the investigation into the rate of hospitality growth in Nigeria: issues and challenges. The specific objectives include;
¥ To determine the contribution of banking sector to the growth of hospitality in Nigeria.
¥ To identify the challenges facing the investigation into the rate of hospitality growth in Nigeria.
¥ To examine the challenges facing the hospitality growth Nigeria.
¥ To determine the contemporary issues in hospitality growth in Nigeria.
Research Question
The under listed questions required answers in the course of the study;
¥ Can the banking sector contribute to the development of hospitality growth in Nigeria?
¥ What are the challenges faced by hospitality growth in Nigeria?
¥ What are the challenges faced by hospitality growth in Nigeria
¥ What are the contemporary issues in the hospitality growth?
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INSECURITY IN NORTHERN NIGERIA: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND RESOLUTIONS
Abstract
Since Nigeria got her independence from Britain in 1960, the countryÕs political structural arrangement has been under one central government called Federal Government (via a Federal Republic) and was blessed with unquantifiable natural, human and material resources. In spite of that, the average NigerianÕs income per capita does not give the real picture due to the high income inequalities in the country. As majority of Nigerians are living in abject poverty, particularly in the Northeastern area. However, under the Federal system arrangement, instead of having a smooth level of interaction among individual ethnic groups, cultures, traditions and religions, there thrives a persistent lack of trust among Nigerians due to fear of domination, marginalization, control and intolerance. This ugly development led to the acquisition of fire arms among ethnic, political, religious and social militia groups. Similarly, with the return of the country to democratic rule, the situation has worsened with the politicians prosecuting their political ambitions. Furthermore, the situation also became more terrible when these groups started fighting government and its agencies. As a result, many people were killed while millions of people were displaced and properties worth millions of naira were also destroyed more especially in the North-east and north central areas. The insecurity situation in the country was alleged to have been attributed to some factors. Among this include poor government policies, corruption, poverty, unemployment, poor leadership, weak judiciary system etc. Consequently, this affected the region economically, socially, politically etc. Finally, recommendations were made and that Government should improve standard of living of the people through the creation of more entrepreneurship centers across the country more especially in the North and North-east in particular. Also, government should intensify more effort in fighting against corruption and this can be done through good legislation and stiff penalties for those found wanting.
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INSECURITY AND KIDNAPPINGIN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF PUBLIC PERCEPTION IN ENUGU EAST SENATORIAL DISTRICT
CHAPTER ONE :
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
In the early traditional Nigeria society, human sacrifice perpetuated kidnapping. Ugwuoke (2010: 197) rightly asserts that individuals were kidnapped for ritual or social reasons. The African traditional worshipers solely believed in sacrificing to appease the gods. The sacrifice may transcend animal sacrifice, and the priest could be inspired by the gods to order for human beings; to accomplish this kind of sacrifice, the required person could be kidnapped and killed in a sacrificial procedure. Ugwuoke explained that insecurity and kidnappingwas mainly for the purpose of sacrifice either to appease the gods or for the burial of a prominent chief or warrior. Precisely, to carry out a successful burial of important citizen like chiefs and prominent warriors required human head. Hence, warriors engaged themselves in search of victims to be kidnapped. Besides Nwadiorah and Nkwocha (2011: 3) observed that the act of insecurity and kidnappingincreased in Nigeria after the Nigerian civil was in 1970 which exposed many youths with military experience to some criminality. The above account reveals that insecurity and kidnappingis very old in the history of man as it is also recorded in section 364 of the Nigeria Criminal Code.
Though insecurity and kidnappingis not new, and has been in Nigeria criminal statues, ransom insecurity and kidnappingis a new trend and was not known in Nigeria until recently. Moreover it was obvious in 2006 when it was announced that foreign oil workers were kidnapped (Inyang, 2009). However, those expatriates were released after paying huge ransom in millions of naira. Since then, insecurity and kidnappingfor ransom has spread to most parts of Nigerian states and Imo state Senatorial District is also affected by it. Many people have been kidnapped and only released after the payment of ransom while in some cases dead bodies were recovered. Igwe Uche Nwaechime, the proprietor of Mac Royale Hotels ltd, from Nkanu West Local Government , Enugu State was kidnapped and slaughtered by the kidnappers. His body was found by a search party at a refuse dump site on the Enugu Port Harcourt express way (Ugwulebo, 2011). Dr. Paul Edemobi, the proprietor Paul and Grace Foundation and brother to Prof. Dora Akuyili, was kidnapped in Enugu on Monday 1st December 2008 from his 10B Savage Cresent GRA Enugu (Ojukwu, 2011). The wife of Sam Ngene, the then Chairman of Enugu South Local Government Area was kidnapped on March 2009. Also, Nkem Owoh, the popular Nollywood actor was kidnapped along Enugu-Port Harcourt express way (Ugwulebo, 2011). Payment of ransom, tragic recovery of dead bodies and other facts and events as a result of insecurity and kidnappingshapes peoples perception of the crime. Furthermore, Anosike (2009) stated that the incidence of insecurity and kidnappingis a common occurrence in the eastern states. Anosike also noted that states ranging from Abia to Anambra and Enugu were greatly alarmed by the wave of kidnapping.
However, in 2009, rebranding project was frantically directed towards redeeming the image of Nigeria due to the fact that most countries of the world and Nigerians themselves perceive Nigerians negatively (Dieye and Iwele, 2011: 78). Incidentally, in that same 2009 there was rise in insecurity and kidnappingas available statistics shows that there was 512 incidence of insecurity and kidnappingin 2009 against 353 in 2008 (Ojukwu, 2011: 380). Ojukwu also noted that the ambassador of the rebranding Nigeria project, Pete Edochie was kidnapped in Onitsha on his way to his home town- Nteje. Since then, insecurity and kidnappinghas drastically affected the countryÕs image and major businesses in the country.
Furthermore, insecurity and kidnappingfor ransom posses serious threat to the well ordering and functioning of the society and many factors were perceived as its causes. In Nigeria, such factors include corruption among the Nigeria Police Force (Adibe, 2009), unemployment, poverty and leadership failure (Diara, 2010), failure of the government to provide basic amenities and the use of cult gangs and militants by politicians in electoral processes (Okengwu, 2011: 1), access to large quantities of small arms and light weapons (International
Crisis Group, 2006 as cited in Iduh, 2011: 126). This study will lay emphasis on the perception of people in Imo state Senatorial District concerning insecurity and kidnappingin Nigeria. There is no doubt that insecurity and kidnappingin Nigeria is in part, a syndrome from many parts of the world- Iraq, the Philippines, Afghanistan, India, Russia, Palestinian Territory, Mexico, Nepal and American (Abati, 2009). Episodes of ransom insecurity and kidnappingin the annals of American history include the case of four year old Charlie Ross in 1874 (Cyntrax, Wilson and Wilson as cited in Ugwuoke, 2010 :197) and Lindbergh case in 1932 ( Allison, 2000: 110). In the LindberghÕs case, LindberghÕs child was the centre of a plot, the suffering of the childÕs parents, and the difficulties of the police enquiry, were exacerbated by widespread speculation, misinformation and serial random notes (Alexander and Klein 2009: 16). Alexander and Klein further noted that in the 17th century, children were stolen from their families and exported to North American colonies as servants and labourers, hence, ÔkidÕ meaning ÔchildÕ and ÔnapÕ or ÔnabÕ meaning Ôto snatchÕ. Insecurity and kidnappingwas therefore connected to the staling of children but the word has come to be used interchangeably with both children and adults. Nevertheless, past account of insecurity and kidnappingrevealed that death penalty was ordered as a punishment for insecurity and kidnappingin ancient Rome when the Emperor Constantine (AD 315) became so alarmed by the incidence of the crime (Akpan, 2010: 33).
However, the early African societies were marked with the incidence of slave trade. In this vein, Ugwu (2010 : 2)., asserted that the weak and the poor were captured and sold into slavery. Ugwulebo (2011: 26) noted that during the colonial era, the colonialists came to some parts of the world, such as Africa, took their able bodied men and women and sold them to far away nations who needed human labour for their plantation and other services. (Onimode as cited in Ugwulebo, 2011: 26-27) had noted that gun powder, gin, mm and other materials were offered by the Europeans to the Africans in exchange for slaves shipped
annually from ports in Nigeria. Therefore, slavery and insecurity and kidnappingwere like two sides of a coin.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Meanwhile in order to ameliorate the problem of kidnapping, the Nigerian government granted amnesty and an unconditional pardon to militants in the Niger Delta (Ogege, 2009: 148). Despite governmentsÕ efforts, insecurity and kidnappingfor ransom increased in its spread to most Nigerian states. In response to massive challenges to security, Anosike (2009) noted that the executive councils of most Nigerian states convened at the state government houses countless number of times to devise means of solving the problem. However, at one of the meetings, governors of Abia, Anambra and Akwa Ibom, insisted that modern security equipments should be deployed in high crime areas, in order to combat insecurity and kidnapping(Guardian, July 25, 2010 p 16). At a meeting of the South East governors in Enugu, they resolved to tackle the trend by seizing the property of people that allow it to be used as operation base by kidnappers (Guardian, July 27, 2010 p 51). The House of Representatives
Insecurity and kidnappingin Nigeria is a very serious contemporary social problem which was noted by Iduh (2011: 125) as the outcome of decades of peaceful protests in the Niger – Delta region. Insecurity and kidnappingfirst attracted national attention on 20th February 2006 when Niger – Delta militants kidnapped foreign oil workers to press their demand (Nwadiorah and Nkwocha, 2011). Since then, many Nigerians have been kidnapped and only released on huge ransom whose re-payment they may not be able to make for the rest of their lives (Oshio, 2009: 13). The statistics of insecurity and kidnappingby the Distress Call Base (DBC, Anti-Insecurity and kidnappingSquad Enugu, 2012) show that from January to December 2009, there were nine reported cases of kidnapping, eight victims of kidnapping, five victims of insecurity and kidnappingrescued, one victim killed and twenty two arrested kidnappers. Furthermore in 2010, there were twenty six reported cases against nine cases in 2009, twelve kidnapped victims against eight in 2009, eleven rescued victims against five in 2009 and thirty eight arrested kidnappers against twenty-two in 2009. Also in 2011 the data reveal rise in insecurity and kidnappingas there were forty six reported cases of kidnapping, fifty eight kidnap victims, fifty five rescued victims, one victim killed and one hundred and thirty six kidnappers arrested. In three months from January to March 2012, there were five reported cases of kidnapping, six kidnap victims, five rescued victims and six kidnappers arrested.
in addition, proposed death penalty for kidnappers (Guardian, September 22, 2010 p 3). In spite of all these efforts, the crime of insecurity and kidnappinghas remained unabated.
However, seeking to know shy insecurity and kidnappingbecame a serious problem in Nigeria at the time authorities were talking about rebranding the county positively is essential. Contries like Singapore, Malaysia and Ghana have rebranded without even altering a word; but rebranding of Nigeria with all the seminars and Symposia held in London, New York and other western capitals failed (Guardian, July 17, 2010 p46). Nwora (2006:17) argued that Nigeria should focus on socio economic reforms and putting her house in order, after which she could then open her door to the rest of the world. It is also noted by Dieye and Iwele (2011 : 78) that the relative decay and fast degradation of the standard of values and moral character formation that has defamed the Nigerian image demands an urgent attention. It had also been noted that perceptional management would have been a useful tool in rebranding project if it was effectively managed (Guardian, July 17, 2010 p46). Therefore the problem of insecurity and kidnappinghas not been solved because there is the need for perceptional management (i.e, finding peoplesÕ attitude viewpoint and approach towards the causes, reasons and methods of tackling a problem with the aim of using it to control the rise of such of problem) in Nigeria. Meanwhile in order to realize public perception by getting the negative as well as positive answers from the public with questions directed towards such answers and manage it effectively a study of public perception on insecurity and kidnappingis important. The above necessitates the interest in this study. This study will therefore examine peoplesÕ perception on issues of insecurity and kidnappingin Imo state Senatorial District.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following questions will guide this study;
1. What is the relationship between gender and perception on insecurity and kidnappingamong the people in Imo state Senatorial District?
2. Does place of residence influence the perception on insecurity and kidnappingamong the people in Imo state Senatorial District?
3. Does age influence the perception on insecurity and kidnappingamong the people in Imo state Senatorial District?
4. What is the relationship between occupation and perception on insecurity and kidnappingamong the people in Imo state Senatorial District?
5. Does the level of education of people in Imo state Senatorial District influence their perception about kidnapping?
6. What are the probable strategies that can help to reduce the incidence of insecurity and kidnappingin Imo state Senatorial District?
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to ascertain the perceptions of the people in Imo state Senatorial District on insecurity and kidnappingin Nigeria, from which the following specific objectives were drawn.
1. Senatorial District concerning kidnapping.
2. To find out the relationship between occupation and perception on insecurity and kidnappingin Imo state Senatorial District.
3. To ascertain if the perception of the people in Imo state Senatorial District concerning insecurity and kidnappingis influenced by their level of education.
4. To suggest probable strategies that can help to reduce the incidence of insecurity and kidnappingImo state Senatorial District.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study has also practical significance especially with reference to policy making. It will multivalve policy makers to make policies that will discourage insecurity and kidnappingand improve the well being of citizens. It will also enlighten the general public about the causes and trend of insecurity and kidnappingin Imo state Senatorial District in particular and Nigeria at large. This study is also expected to be beneficial to law makers, law enforcement agents and government officials. It will also necessitate decision making for improvement of the standard of living of the citizens. The findings of this study will be useful to other agencies and organizations interested in the issue of insecurity and kidnappingin Nigeria.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Adulthood – This is the number of years for single and married male and female, based on young and old age, which is from eighteen to sixty years. In this study, it is divided into younger and older adults.
Educated – This is high standard of educational qualification in terms of degree and above. Those who are educated are seen as graduates with or without other qualifications. Insecurity and kidnapping- This is a violent crime that is often perpetuated by taking the victim away by force and for the purpose of gaining ransom.
Little education – This is educational qualification in terms of junior secondary
school which is JSS3, primary school and no formal education.
Older adults – These are people that are aged, who may as well be classified as more
mature in reasoning, aged 40 years and above.
Place of residence – In this study place of residence is seen as housing areas in the
rural and urban region.
Public perception – In this study, public perception is seen as the views of people
concerning the incidence of kidnapping. That is the interpretation given to the incidence of insecurity and kidnappingby different individuals.
Urbanization – Urbanization in this study is a process whereby young adults migrate
from the rural to the urban areas in search of greener pasture.
Younger adults – These are the people whose ages fall within the range of
eighteen years to thirty nine years. They are as well within the youthful ages. | https://projectslib.com/product-brand/criminology-project-topics-and-materials/ |
Population Data Definition
Population is the most fundamental aspect of our existence is defined as a set of individuals that share a characteristic or a set of these. A population is mainly defined by geography, like all humans on Earth, all people in California or all people in the United States. Demographers (people who study human populations) categorize this as natural population. A collection of any type of living beings is considered a population, but in this blog, we will focus only on human populations.
Geography is one of the many ways in which population is defined and analyzed. The era, political inclinations, religious beliefs or physical characteristics are ways of dividing people into different populations. The study of populations is achieved by examining these different populations and observing where they coincide. For example, if you know the population of Americans who are Republicans and know the population that lives in Texas, you can study where those populations are intertwined and learn something about Republicans and Texans.
Critical decisions for a nation, organization or a family are made on the basis of population data. Population data contains various influential details such as birth, death, demographic details such as age, sex, annual income, occupation, language etc. The overall socio-economic, economic, political, cultural progress of a country is dependent on population data to a large extent.
Answers to questions such as “How many of us are there in the country?”, “On what basis are we divided?”, “Do we possess enough food, land and other such resources?” are obtained by evaluating population data.
Learn more: Psychographic Segmentation
Characteristics of the Population
The amount of people in the populations is not all that can be known about these. There are also data such as:
Age: The age of a population can tell us a lot about what that population is doing, as well as what it is going to do in the future.
Location: Finding out where people live is one of the main reasons why various countries conduct their census. Many government programs also base their funds on demographic patterns. The location data also inform us about the movement of people.
Socio-economic Data: They help us to know the type of concentrations of people in certain urban areas or for example the high concentrations of people with cancer near certain industrial zones.
Race: The demographic study of the breed is very controversial. Scientifically, there are no different “races” of human beings. The difference between Asians and blacks is the same as the difference between people with brown eyes and people with blue eyes. However, the idea of race continues to play an important role in our societies. Many of us identify ourselves as part of a certain race for cultural reasons.
Learn more: Demographic Survey Questions
Human Population Data Classification and Estimation
There are two basic classifications of population data:
- Primary Population Data Collection Sources: Data collected directly by a researcher or statistician or a government body via sources such as census, sample survey, etc. are called primary population data collection.
- Secondary Population Data Collection Sources: Data obtained from existing sources such as journals, newspapers, magazines, annual research reports etc. and not directly by a government or a research organization is called secondary population data collection.
Learn more: Primary Research
The below-mentioned resources are the most used for human population data classification.
- Census:
The simplest, yet not the most accurate or effective way to evaluate population is merely to count everyone. This is known as a census and is usually done by governments. In the past, religious organizations carried out censuses, but generally at a local or regional level. The Roman Empire carried out censuses to estimate the group of men of military age and for tax purposes, but these were limited since the Romans had to report with the government officials in their hometown to be counted. Poor people or those who could not travel were almost never counted.
A census is sometimes referred to as a complete enumeration, each person is counted by personal interviews, surveys or any other type of interview. There are no estimates.
Even a complete census has limits. In countries with very remote areas, it may be impossible for census takers to count everyone. And is that many times the pollsters are afraid to enter some neighborhoods or neighborhoods that are far apart.
There are two ways of conducting census:
- De facto method: When the census is conducted at an individual’s current place of residence, it is known as de facto method. Generally, this census is carried out at night and thus, it is also known as ‘one- night enumeration’. It is conducted in urban regions in a country with high income.
- De jure method: When the census is conducted at a person’s permanent place of residence, it is known as de jure method. In comparison as de facto, it is more practical and scientific and is also called ‘period enumeration’. Nepal is one of the very few countries which follow this method.
Learn more: Secondary Research
Census has a list of the following attributes:
- Geographic segmentation attributes such as current residence, permanent residence, place of birth, workplace information, etc.
- Individual and demographic details such as age, sex, marital status, literacy, language spoken at home, the number of people residing at home currently etc.
- Details about an individual’s economic background such as occupation, the current status of employment, primary source of income, etc.
- Sample Surveys:
An alternative to a full enumeration census is sampling. You might be familiar with this as the method that market research companies and political analysts use to conduct their research. Statisticians use a mathematical formula to know the minimum number of people needed to constitute a representative sample of the population. For example, if the total population is 1,000 people, researchers could directly survey 150 of them. Then, they can take the data from the sample and extrapolate it to the entire population. If 10% of the people in the sample are left-handed, it can be assumed that 100 of a population of 1,000 are left-handed.
Sampling can yield more accurate results than full enumeration, but there are some caveats. All the samples have a margin of error, since there is always the possibility that the sample selected for the survey differs in some way from the total population.
This is expressed in terms of variation of error percentage, such as +/- 4% The larger the sample size, the smaller the margin of error. In addition, samples must be chosen in the most random way possible. This can be more difficult than it sounds.
Let’s say you want to survey a sample of all people in Chicago. A method used in the past was to select random names from the phone book. However, this eliminates the possibility of certain classes of people being selected for the sample: low-income people who do not have a telephone; people who use the cell phone and therefore do not appear in the phone book; people with unpublished numbers; and most of the university students.
- Administrative Records:
The collection of population data from places that do not carry out censuses, or from historical periods where censuses were not common, is achieved by gathering all available demographic information in administrative records. There could be partial censuses, data from the local population or information collected by religious or civic groups. Examining birth and death records provides other clues.
Learn more: Survey Research
Importance of Population Data
Collecting and analyzing population data is integral as there is constant change in it with each passing day, month and year. Here are three main reasons why population data is important:
- Collect data on population growth and decline:
The human population has increased practically non-stop throughout history. In 1,000 BC, there were between 1 and 10 million human beings. For 1,000 BC there were 50 million. In 600 AD, the world population had reached 200 million. At the beginning of the 20th century, 1,500 million human beings lived on the planet.
Our population seems to increase with greater speed as the centuries pass. The main reason for this is simple, every increase in population creates more people able to reproduce. The population grows exponentially.
According to the Malthus Growth Model, in case a million individuals have enough children to double the population (considering mortality rates), then the next generation will be twice in number that what we are today. Doubling the population gives rise to four million people.
Learn more: Research Design
- Understand the problems that arise due to population increase:
As the population grows, it is put under pressure. This pressure may come from a lack of resources to feed, house and provide services; an illness; a war; or lack of space. The pressure can be relieved with migration. Wars, diseases and famine also relieve pressure as they kill part of the population.
Malthus’s theory is known as ” The Population Explosion ” (The Population Bomb), and gained popularity with the environmental movement in the 70s fears of global overpopulation are based on several factors:
- We will not be able to produce enough food to feed everyone.
- There is not enough space for everyone to live.
- Humans harm the environment. Too many humans will practically destroy the ecosystem, further reducing our ability to produce food.
- We can not provide the social infrastructure to care for all people.
Our vulnerability to these factors is based on population density, the number of people per unit area. Since the Industrial Revolution, urbanization has caused a large increase in population density in cities.
The highest population density may have occurred in the walled city of Kowloon in Hong Kong. At some point, about 50,000 people lived in a megablock that averages about 150 by 200 meters. The practically anarchic district was evacuated and demolished to build a park. Nowadays, the areas of greatest demographic density are found in the main urban areas. India and China have large areas of high population density.
As population density increases in a given area, it approaches what is known as carrying capacity. This is the maximum number of people an area is able to support in terms of available resources.
For animals, this is easy to calculate. For example, a goat might need 50 square yards of grass to survive. Therefore, an area of 200 yards has the capacity to load four goats. Calculating the carrying capacity for humans is much more complex. We can use technology to optimize our production of resources. We can transport resources from other areas. We can create sanitation systems and other infrastructures to support a higher density.
Control of the population
What happens when we reach the load capacity in an area? There are several options:
- People move to another area.
- People are less healthy, therefore, less able to reproduce.
- The pressure of the population leads to war.
- Unsanitary conditions and proximity cause outbreaks of disease.
- We optimize the generation of resources and infrastructure, increasing the load capacity.
- Humans are also able to voluntarily control their populations. This can occur on a large scale, such as a program or government law or individual level. People have had greater access to birth control since the 1960s.
Governments, for example, Chinese government, controlled increase in population by imposing penalties for having too many children. This way having fewer children seems more convenient which leads to more people sterilizing themselves. Unfortunately, some governments in the past have adopted genocide, i.e., have tried to reduce or eliminate certain populations that they consider undesirable by killing them in masses. | https://www.questionpro.com/blog/population-data/ |
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Over the last four decades, the world has experienced a phenomenal growth in the rate of urbanization both in developed and developing countries. The United Nations (1993) estimates showed that by mid-1990, 43 percent (2.3 billion) of the world's population lived in urban areas. In addition, the United Nations projections further showed that by 2025, more than three-fifth of the world's population would live in urban areas, 77 percent of which would be in developing countries.
Similarly, Jenks (2000) estimates show that for every one person now living in cities in developed countries, there are two in the cities of the developing countries, and by projection, it is expected that in the next 30 years this ratio will rise to I in 4, indicating that 90% of the growth in urban population will be taking place in developing countries.
In the African context, Nigeria is remarkable for its high percentage of urbanization. For the periods that figures are available, the annual rates of urbanization in Nigeria were 4.9%, 5.13%, and 6% in 1965-1970, 1970-1975 and 1975-1980 respectively. Today, Imo is becoming known as one of the fastest growing city in Nigeria. One of the consequences of the unprecedented increase of urban population is an exceptionally high demand for housing which puts a great pressure on land. A United Nations study on land use in urban areas of developing countries underscored this problem when it observed that:
The demand for urban land is growing, yet the supply is both genuinely and artificially limited. This situation radically increases land costs and, in turn, consumes scarce investment capital better used elsewhere. It also irrationally distorts patterns of urban growth and development. This latter fact leads directly to a third round of undesirable consequences; as the urban infrastructure becomes more costly and inefficient, and institutions and facilities fail to provide adequate services to their populations, urban social and economic imbalances and injustices are intensified, the quality of the total urban environment erodes and it becomes difficult to harmonize man's activities with the components of the natural environment (United Nations, 1975: 4).
Thus, the pressure on urban land arising from rapid urban population growth in a situation where there is limited supply of serviced land, poses many problems, especially when there are competing uses for the land. Where the supply of serviced land for urban uses cannot meet increasing demand, the tendency is often the indiscriminate conversion of lands meant for other uses, especially for agriculture and environmental protection at the periphery of the city's built-up area to uses that are at variance with the conceptual plans of such towns and cities. The implication of the reality of limited supply of serviced lands for urban uses in the face of ever-increasing demand for such land is the emergence of land speculation at the peri-urban locations which drives up land prices in these locations.
Furthermore, the high cost of land in urban centres plus the imposition of regulatory standards make it difficult for the poor who are in the majority to afford even the conventional types of dwelling units. The efforts of the poor to provide shelter for themselves results in the phenomenon of squalid squatter settlements which have become a distinctive feature of the margins of cities in developing countries.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Housing need, one of the three basic human needs is considered in this project as a social problem. Like many other major social problems such as poverty, crime, population growth in relation to natural resources and housing problem has five major characteristics, namely; social causation, evaluation as a problem, citizen concern, people affected, that is the sufferer and actions taken so far to alleviate or reduce housing problem. Social policy may be define as the guidelines, decision, programme or plans and positions of government and public authorities intended to resolve or reduce the problem of housing. Social policy precedes social action which is largely interpreted through the social service. Social service depends upon financial and other resources. Besides looking at social policy on housing, an attempt will be made to examine actions taken by government to influence housing situation. In any area of social policy a major problem is the definition and interpretation of need. This is more difficult in the area of housing because of the wide range of objective and factors that must be taken into account by those responsible for the formulation, and implementing policy as well as the varied needs of the sufferer of housing problem and professionals in the housing industry. It is however useful to make a distinction between housing need and effective demands.
Housing need for government officials and planners is essentially the extent to which existing housing accommodation fails to meet in standard. This is regardless of the ability to pay or any peculiar preferences. In the Marxian term, housing need is determined by the absolute requirement
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The aim of the study is to examine urban growth and housing problems in Nigeria, the effects of urban residential housing demand in Owerri municipal area on rural lands and livelihood activities of the people in the rural areas of the city with a view to generating a data base for developing informed and appropriate policies for coping with the changes being induced in the region.
This aim will be achieved through the following specific objectives:
(i) To examine the general land use plan for the whole of imo with a view to identify and quantify which area have been set aside for urban development, agriculture and environmental protection (green belt)
(ii) To identity the trend in residential housing demand and supply situations in owerri
(iii) To identify the areas in the Owerri into which people are moving to find affordable land and housing in Imo
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In specific terms, this study seeks answers to the following questions:
(i) What is the general land use plan for the whole of the Owerri, in other words, which areas have been set aside for urban development and which areas are to remain rural and largely agricultural, and what is the sequence in the master plan for their development?
(ii) What is the demand and supply situation of housing in Imo, especially residential housing?
(iii) Which areas of the Owerri is providing vent for the pressure of housing in Imo?
1.5 THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Housing is a broad concept encompassing the structures that comprise the living and working habitats of people. Thus, housing as a concept covers building artefacts for residential, industrial, commercial, recreational, educational, health, administrative and other uses. This study however, focuses on the residential dimension of housing, especially for medium and low income people, because it appears to be the one most in demand in Imo right now. In terms of spatial scope, the study covers Owerri where the intensity of housing demand is very high. What effects does the invasion of rural areas of the Imo by those seeking more affordable land for housing have on the use of land and livelihood activities in these rural areas?
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is focused on examining the effect of urban growth and housing problems in Imo in general and in the capital, Owerri, in particular. This is a departure from most previous studies that have focused on such aspects as resettlement, housing problems, population growth, etc. within specific settlement without specifically considering the effects of these variables on the hinterlands of the urban centres concerned.
The present study intends to extend our understanding of rural-urban relationships in a developing society like Nigeria. The findings of the study would be of importance to urban policy makers both in the public and private sectors. Administrators in charge of development control and regulation of land in the rural urban fringe would find the information generated in this study useful in the process of planning, development and management of land in the owerri in particular and other new towns located within a prosperous agricultural territory in general. | https://codemint.net/environmental-science/assessment-of-the-problems-in-the-management-of-urban-housing/index.html |
We are aware that our A&E departments are busy environments and they have to deal with every sort of medical condition and emergency situations. However, despite A&E departments being high-pressure environments, patients should still receive the appropriate standard of care. When the level of care falls below the expected standard and it can be shown that this has resulted in additional injury then you are entitled to compensation.
When a patient attends an A&E department it is important that they are assessed correctly to enable the correct diagnosis to be made. Medical negligence can occur when there are failures, delays or errors in making the right diagnosis. Crucial mistakes can occur when the medical professionals in A&E are taking details of the patient’s medical history which includes enquiring about your family medical history. Also, errors in diagnosis can occur when a full examination is not performed.
Further, the incorrect diagnosis can be made by the medical professionals if the appropriate investigations are not performed, such as x-rays, blood tests or scans. However, in some instances even when the correct investigations are performed negligence can occur when there is a failure to interpret the test results correctly such as when fractures are missed on x-rays. Also, for some patients, the error in the medical professionals reaching the correct diagnosis can lead to them being sent home, which for some patients can lead to serious complications including death.
For some patients when they attend A&E the medical professionals identify the correct diagnosis as to the cause of their symptoms. However, there is a failure to treat this condition appropriately. Some examples of how this can occur are when a patient is given the incorrect treatment plan, such as the incorrect medication is prescribed for their condition, which may lead to their condition deteriorating, further, they may also experience side effects from the medication that has been prescribed in error. When a patient is in A&E the medical professionals should ensure that the patient’s vital signs are monitored such as blood pressure, temperature, etc.
If such observations are either missed, or there is a failure to identify a change in the vital signs, this can lead to the patient not receiving prompt treatment. In some situations, the patient may require surgery to treat their condition, but this is not recognised, which can lead to the patient experiencing prolonged pain and suffering and in some situations, their condition can deteriorate meaning they require more invasive treatment than they would have required had the correct treatment been instigated sooner.
We appreciate that everyone has to learn and that in order for medical professionals to train they have to gain hands-on practical experience. However, such training must not come at the cost of the patient receiving appropriate treatment. Junior medical professionals should be supervised appropriately to ensure the treatment and care they are providing to patients is of an appropriate standard. Further junior staff should not be given responsibilities which they do not have appropriate knowledge or experience to undertake, especially in the highly pressurised environment of an A&E department.
We are all aware that A&E departments are usually very busy especially if there has been a major incident. However, for some patients the delays in receiving prompt treatment can have devastating consequences. For many conditions receiving prompt treatment is essential. Injuries and illnesses must be diagnosed and treated reasonably quickly in order to give the best chance of recovery.
Delays in diagnosis or treatment are often causes of injuries or illnesses becoming worse and in some cases have caused preventable deaths. If the delays in your diagnosis or treatment were negligent you may be able to recover compensation for the pain, suffering and other loss caused to you as a result.
If you or a loved one believe you have experienced medical negligence whilst receiving treatment at A&E department, please contact us today for a free no obligation chat with our medical negligence solicitors. | https://www.markreynoldssolicitors.co.uk/medical-negligence/ae/ |
The main aim of this 2-day workshop is to equip participants with the knowledge and skills to operate safely as first responders to medical situations in remote, challenging and hostile environments. The course focuses on stabilization of the casualties, through to the skills required for prolonged field care until evacuation or the arrival of professional medical care.
The first day of the course is based on the Emergency First Aid at Work EFAW. This part of the workshop will show you how to deal with everyday emergencies and basic trauma injuries such as those encountered in a road traffic collision. On the second day, we integrate scenarios that participants may be likely to encounter when travelling to remote areas. Our training is tailored to suit organisations or persons travelling to or operating in challenging, remote environments where access to medical facilities is limited. It goes beyond the usual basic first aid course by integrating medical emergency scenarios that may occur when in environments where medical facilities are not readily accessible. The course is ideal for participants with little or no first aid training or those wishing to enhance their existing knowledge. All our Remote First Aid workshops are delivered by professionals with experience of providing medical care in a hostile and/or remote environment.
Course Content
- Basic Incident Management and reporting
- Casualty Management
- Trauma and First Aid Kit content awareness
- Wounds, Bleeding and Shock management
- Musculoskeletal injuries management
- Vehicle Safety & Extrication Techniques
- Weapons Familiarization and Mechanism of Injury
- Triage
- Poisoning Management
- Coping with Stress
Participants
- Persons travelling to hostile environments and remote parts of the world with limited emergency services and difficult access to medical care.
- All persons who undergo the Executive Protection Officer Advanced Workshop.
- Depending on your industry or employment sector, you may wish to contact us to design a tailored workshop for you.
Certification
After successful completion, a recognized certificate will be awarded. | https://excelsecuritytraining.ch/hefat/ |
VR study on evacuation and human behavior
Emergency situations in tunnels due to collisions, fire, emissions of dangerous substances may be demanding for human to handle. In the survey, the researchers want to investigate how the subjects handle this type of incidents in a road tunnel.
Тhe stereoscopic 3D and motion-tracking capabilities of virtual reality equipment create an immersive and interactive 360° environment, where different safety features and scenarios can be easily tested and human behaviour can be monitored. VR experiment like this can be used to assess and understand human behaviour in a simulated environment, but also test how effective safety measures are.
Recently, a case study from Lund University on the analysis of evacuation travel paths in virtual reality (VR) tunnel fire experiments was conducted and presented to increase the understanding on evacuation behaviour (published in Fire Safety Journal 71, 2015). And in 2016, a virtual reality experiment on flashing lights at emergency exit portals for road tunnel evacuation. This report gave specific recommendations for how to design flashing lights at emergency exit portals for road tunnel emergency evacuation (published in Fire Technology, May 2016, Volume 52, Issue 3).
Håkan Frantzich and Daniel Nilsson from Lund University are the official contacts (study on human behaviour in 2018). | https://tunntech.com/index.php/industry-news/research-standards/vr-study-on-evacuation-and-human-behavior |
SHOTPROS hosts a webinar on 1st June 2021, 13:00-16:00 PM in collaboration with the H2020 project eNOTICE.
Experts from both projects will shed light into the topic CBRN and Virtual Reality training. The goal of this webinar is to examine how VR can be used to train for CBRN incidents. The speakers will look at the requirements for VR training, possible gaps that can exist in real life CBRN exercises, how VR could fill those gaps and how VR is currently being used for CBRN training.
- Participation: The webinar is open to the public and everyone is encouraged to participate and forward the invitation to their network.
- Technical aspects: The webinar will take place on Microsoft Teams and the link will be provided to all participants in advance.
- Agenda: SHOTPROS_eNOTICE_JointWebinar_Agenda_v1.1
Discover more News & Events
SHOTPROS at the Conference for New Technology for Law Enforcement
The SHOTPROS project and VR solution were presented at the Behörden Spiegel Conference for new technology to leaders in law enforcement
Scientific Results: European Framework for Training and Assessment (using VR) of DMA-SR Behaviour of Professionals
SHOTPROS has developed a European framework on how to train decision making and acting in high risk situations within a VR environment.
Scientific Model: Decision-Making and Acting under Stress and in High-Risk Situations
The project has developed a conceptual DMA model that builds the basis of the SHOTPROS research and consequently of the VR solution. | https://shotpros.eu/2021/05/17/webinar-cbrn-and-vr-training/ |
Picture this: It’s a normal day at the steel mill. Dave is up in the cab of the mill's overhead bridge crane. His task is to lift a vat of hot molten steel and set it down on a pedestal on the other side of the mill. While he is doing so, he accidentally bumps his load into an unseen object, spilling the contents. Now, hot molten steel is spilling all over the ground and people are running for their lives...
Dave's vision goes red as sirens are blaring. A message flashes before his eyes: Scenario Failed. A voice comes over his intercom and says, “I don’t have words for how devastating that could have been in the real world. You didn't pay attention to your signalperson...” Dripping in sweat, Dave takes off his headset. he may have been in a training session via virtual reality (VR) simulation, but the stress was real.
For years, trainers in heavy industry have faced this difficult trade-off: How can you adequately prepare employees to handle extremely dangerous and sensitive tasks without putting them and others at risk? One can provide their employees with learning opportunities in the form of reference books and hands-on classes, but these traditional options are not always ideal for unique environments and can put employees in highly complex situations without the proper context they need to be successful. The employer also has the option to introduce their new employees to these situations in live training, but this can be extremely costly and potentially hazardous to the environment, equipment, and other employees sharing the space. For many jobs and situations, training has offered an unappealing choice between easy but ineffective, or effective but expensive and risky.
VR can offer employers a third option: a training strategy that breaks through the traditional training trade-off, and provides effective training in a safe, cost-effective and controlled environment. VR offers measurable improvement in a wide array of immersive learning situations applicable across the heavy industry spectrum; from knocking a building down with a wrecking ball, to transferring pipe from one side of the job site to another, to handling dangerous chemicals.
Still not convinced that VR would be a giant leap in the right direction for your team's training program? Here are five costly slip-ups that can be avoided with a training plan that includes VR simulator training:
-
Practice emergency/hazard simulations safely
-
Don’t waste valuable time with course/situational set up
-
Avoid damage to production equipment
-
The opportunity to learn from mistakes, without injury or monetary setbacks
-
Allow your operators to gain valuable experience and practice before executing
Convinced yet? Click here to build and price the perfect VR Training Station for your team! | https://www.iti.com/blog/5-costly-slip-ups-you-can-avoid-with-vr-simulator-training?utm_campaign=ITI%20Weekly&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&_hsenc=p2ANqtz--hYCFQ9m1jGmZXIDKfGzqPKoaUukLD4tWIz3x259fqh7IwZmK-A7aBMbiNiMvM4J99omz3 |
Inside an unassuming room on Stanford’s campus, a man wearing a VR headset gazes at a mountain-studded horizon that’s fading from pink to blue under a starry nighttime sky. The serene view melts away, and suddenly he’s teetering on a narrow plank of wood above a dark abyss. His heart pounds and he spreads his arms wide, trying to keep his balance.
Instructions are given: Don’t look down — because whichever way you look, you’ll fall. The viewer peers over his right shoulder before abruptly plunging into virtual space. His body jolts and he lands in a crouch, rising slowly to try again.
This demonstration is part of a sampling of the VR experiences designed by researchers at Stanford’s Virtual Human Interaction Lab (VHIL). Founded by director Jeremy Bailenson in 2003, the lab uses VR to study human behavior and how it can shift users’ attitudes and positively impact that behavior.
Bailenson and his researchers study how groups form and change over time in VR; how nonverbal behavior and social interaction unfold; and how VR can be used to desensitize people’s phobias, like the fear of heights. They’re also exploring how VR can help people develop empathy for those of different races, ethnicities, and backgrounds; grasp the consequences of the climate emergency; and practice high-pressure decision-making. Recently, the lab began using VR as an educational tool, as well as providing its teaching software for other institutions. | https://garage.hp.com/us/en/innovation/hp-vr-vhil-behavior-change.html |
Product model:
TRAUMA VR
Product origin:
Israel
Applicable department:
emergency department, respiratory department
Product description
[产品参数, 参数]
Place of Origin: Israel
Applicable departments: emergency department, respiratory department
The comprehensive trauma simulation training system realizes the immersive experience of emergency situations in airway management, intubation and ventilator operation. The unique VR system is designed to flexibly train clinical airway trauma treatment management and optimize teamwork in emergency and general situations. Equipped with a real simulator, virtual and reality are combined to quickly master the relevant skills of airway management.
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Davis Applied Technology College recently received a DATC Obstectrics Health Professions Grant from Carl Perkins of Special Project Funding. The grant, in the amount of $40,840, will provide funds for the purchase a SimMom mannequin. The SimMom will train students to care for mothers through pregnancy and childbirth.
The mannequin will be used by the Nurse Assistant, Medical Assistant, and Practical Nurse programs. Its advanced, full-body birthing simulator will improve training in obstetrics, including maternal and pre-, post-, and neo-natal care.
The mannequin can be programmed with several different scenarios to help students recognize emergency situations, make good decisions, and communicate problems to other team members. Some of these scenarios include normal birth, birth complications, emergency incidents, and postpartum complications. The SimMom will be adopted into the curriculum so that students can be trained in a wide variety of birth outcomes. | http://datc.net/article?blogid=73 |
The Economic Survey 2020-21 has called for enhancing government spending on health from the current 1 per cent to 2.5 to 3 percent of GDP saying the shift would decrease out of pocket expenditures from 65 percent to 30 percent of the overall healthcare spend.
In another radical suggestion the Survey bats for the regulation of private healthcare sector noting that an unregulated market was leading to suboptimal outcomes for patients who often don’t know anything about the quality of the service they are buying.
Citing a series of global examples from the UK, US, Australia where federal governments has passed legislations to create government or quasi government bodies to regulate the health sector, the Survey said: “A sectoral regulator to undertake regulation and supervision of the healthcare sector must be considered given the market failures stemming from information asymmetry; WHO also highlights the growing importance of the same. The mitigation of information asymmetry would also help lower insurance premiums, enable the offering of better products and help increase the insurance penetration in the country.”
The Survey suggests the UK’s Quality and Outcomes Framework introduced by the National Health Service in 2004 as an example of quality assessment practices worth emulating.
“In addition to providing healthcare services and financing healthcare, a key role for the government is to actively shape the structure of the healthcare market,” said the survey encouraging regulation of private general practitioners as in the UK which pays doctors to perform well.
Private sector dominates in total healthcare provision in India.
Around 74 per cent of outpatient care and 65 per cent of hospitalisations is provided through the private sector in urban India—an unregulated sector with no guarantee of standard quality care to patients.
It also warns the government against overinvestment in communicable diseases with the mind on the pandemic advocating a balance between addressing communicable and non-communicable diseases burden.
COVID-19 may not repeat in an identical fashion in the future, the survey suggests.
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In this opinion article, Manufacturing Circle executive director Philippa Rodseth outlines the organisation’s concerns with the Amended Competition Act, which she argues could create a number of unintended inefficiencies and consequences.
Tackling the structure of the economy has been a long-standing policy position of the current Government. The latest policy tool applied to challenge industry is the newly signed Amended Competition Act18/2018.
The Act’s stated intention is premised on multiple pillars to ensure broad-based economic transformation. Participation of previously disadvantaged persons and black-owned SMMEs, as well improvement of institutional alignment between government departments and policies, is worthy of support.
What is not helpful is the provision which aims to regulate the behaviour of firms by breaking up concentrated business in South Africa. This legislation is informed by a structuralist view that market concentration is to blame for the lack of economic transformation. Some believe that this has led to artificial barriers for SMMEs which could provide cheaper, diversified and innovative products and services to consumers.
Such reasoning presupposes that new market entrants are inherently competitive and able to achieve allocative efficiencies. In practice, this has not always been found to be the case. Furthermore, the notion that concentration is bad, has been contested and found wanting in various economic camps. In fact, the global trend has been towards large scale manufacturing to achieve economies of scale that are beneficial to consumers and to achieving competitive advantages for the country in which the industry is based.
The Manufacturing Circle supports the notion of large-scale manufacturing particularly in the context of a relatively small and isolated economy such as South Africa. Significant scale is needed in order for local companies to be globally competitive. Bulk exports are vital where local demand is limited.
Even though the amended Competition Act policy aims to address the interests of consumers by increasing purchasing power and product diversity, we are concerned that it will create a number of unintended inefficiencies and consequences as it makes a trade-off between market efficiency and addressing the ‘public interest’.
We believe that the dearth of broad-based economic transformation in the economy has less to do with market concentration than with a lack of a focused industrial policy. Essentially, we see the Amended Competition Act as a zero-sum policy favouring political objectives at the expense of South Africa’s manufacturing sector.
History has shown that the most successful nations in terms of economic growth and development are those that have pro-actively supported and contributed to growing the industrial base of their economies. Today, many of the thriving developed economies have strong industrial sectors.
Furthermore, developing countries that have grown dramatically over the past few decades have focused on building their industrial base – highlighting the link between growth in manufacturing output and growth in GDP. The strategies adopted to attract, develop, support and grow the manufacturing sector, form the basis for industrial policy and provide significant support for economic development, including job creation.
The German Wirtschaftswunder in the 1950s was largely SMME driven, relying on a deconcentrated base of small family owned businesses with access to a high skills base. South Africa does not have this infrastructure, and therefore will struggle to create investment at a scale sufficient to drive large scale job creation. In the absence of such a base, the Far Eastern model of large enterprise-led growth is apposite: the chaebol in Korea and the keiretsu in Japan led to the creation of large, globally competitive enterprises that in turn created a supplier base of SMMEs.
Given South Africa’s current established industrial base, the Manufacturing Circle believes that industrial policy should be focused on leveraging off manufacturing at large scale. This will arrest de-industrialisation and job losses, and act as the engine for the growth of a vibrant SMME sector.
Herein lies significant opportunity. Starting with the demand-pull established by existing large companies operating at scale, we need to identify the means to open up supply chains and identify opportunities for new entrants.
The most common frustration voiced by an SMME is difficulty in accessing markets and finance (which are intrinsically linked). The importance of working with existing large business should not be ignored. This offers the chance to identify and integrate opportunities for new entrants across value chains.
Such activity is already evident in the automotive sector, with commitments by the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to open up supply chains enabling diversity and transformation, in exchange for government incentive benefits offered under the Automotive Production and Development Programme (APDP).
The Manufacturing Circle’s Map to a Million paper released in November 2017, elaborates on what is required to stimulate meaningful transformation of the economy. We have proposed demand-side interventions, including boosting demand for goods manufactured in SA, calling for commitment by business and government to visibly support procurement of locally manufactured goods, provided their cost and quality are competitive. SA should actively pursue import replacement where commercially viable and investigate options to invest in catalytic projects, using products produced domestically. Export-led growth opportunities need to be pursued.
The Manufacturing Circle wants to be realistic and constructive in identifying real actionable steps that can create an environment in which manufacturing can thrive and jobs can be created, facilitating inclusive economic growth for the benefit of all. It is only new demand that will create new factories and more jobs, and it is only through more competitive supply of input costs, better skills and more coordinated policy interventions that manufacturing in turn can be competitive.
While domestic demand is not sufficient to sustain industry, it is a good base from which to build a dynamic export industry. Stimulating domestic demand will boost investor confidence, particularly when coupled with policy certainty, supportive regulation and competitive incentives, but to be effective would need to be accompanied by appropriate supply-side policies that build the skills base and support technological upgrading. A strong industrial base is a prerequisite to effectively capture a higher share in international trade. But, participation in global value chains requires economies-of-scale to specialise in value-added tasks. Destroying larger companies is detrimental rather than beneficial.
Our concern is that we are seeing continual introduction of new legislation to address perceived failures, which seems to exacerbate negative outcomes and create ever greater obstacles to desperately needed new investment.
New legislation, which threatens to negatively impact our existing industrial base and the economies of scale needed to be globally competitive, is not helpful in growing our economy, particularly in promoting opportunities for SMME development on our home front.
Rodseth is executive director of The Manufacturing Circle, which promotes the interests of manufacturers to enable job-rich growth in the South African economy. Members of the Manufacturing Circle have announced their commitment to local procurement and job creation. | https://www.bee.co.za/post/2019/06/03/opinion-new-competition-legislation-could-undermine-manufacturing-competitiveness |
This study explores the link between environmental policy stringency and spending and the growth of environmental GDP and productivity. Using the Pooled Mean Group Autoregressive Distributed Lag model, we examine the short- and long-term effectiveness of environmental policy stringency and environmental spending on pollution-adjusted GDP and productivity growth for a sample of OECD nations. Although these policies and their outcomes differ considerably from country to country, our findings reveal that governments’ expenditure on environmental protection emerges as a significantly stimulatory factor of national output in the short-term. Our long-run results show that both tighter environmental policies and environmental expenditure can slow down ‘green’ GDP and productivity growth over time with policy stringencies having a weaker impact. Overall, our findings do not support the Porter Hypothesis, but rather confirm the widely held view that these policies may hinder economic activity and growth. | https://ro.uow.edu.au/test2021/5886/ |
In recent decades, individuals involved in economic development have propounded the virtues of poverty alleviation through development of micro-enterprises. Increasing the access to credit of micro-entrepreneurs has been prominent in this "micro-enterprise revolution." Economists have generally focused on the market failures, like asymmetric information, that produce rationing of micro-entrepreneurs in credit markets and inhibit micro-enterprise growth (e.g., Stiglitz and Weiss 1981; Carter 1988). They have also analyzed how various non-market credit institutions alleviate the rationing arising from market failures (Besley 1995; Mushinski 1999).
The credit-group structure developed by the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh has been a popular non-market institutional form because of its high repayment rates. In light of its apparent success, it has been replicated throughout the world (Thomas 1995). The economics literature has generally sought to explain the success of the structure by analyzing how the various economic incentives created by it ease the market failures which produce credit rationing (e.g., Varian 1990; Stiglitz 1990; Besley and Coate 1995; and Conlin 1999). The early theoretical analyses seeking to explain the success of the structure have changed to a more critical analysis of its efficacy (e.g., Morduch 1999; Conning 1999). Concerns are also being raised that these loan funds do not result in any long-term change and that they do not work in the context of advanced industrialized nations (Singh and Wysham 1997).
The impact of the social and cultural environment into which the credit groups are introduced on the success of the groups has not generally been considered by economists. The writings of J. R. Stanfield (1986) and Anne Mayhew (1987), among others, on the impact of culture on economic outcomes suggest that culture is important to whether these groups succeed. Timothy W. Guinnane (1994) noted the importance of social factors when analyzing a credit co-operative institutional transplant. Further, the focus of Alexandra Bernasek and James Ronald Stanfield (1997) on the credit-group structure as a vehicle of social change suggests that these groups may have broader impacts than simply access to credit.
The Lakota Fund on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota is an example of an adoption of the Grameen Bank credit group structure that produced mixed results. The Lakota Fund hoped to foster micro-enterprises on Pine Ridge with Grameen Bank credit groups. Initially, a number of credit groups formed and the economic incentives created by the structure appeared to be working (Mushinski and Pickering 1996). However, the Lakota Fund ultimately decided to terminate its credit-group program in favor of small, collateralized individual loans.
This paper analyzes the causes of the failure of the Grameen Bank credit-group structure to take hold in Pine Ridge. The Lakota Fund experience suggests that a focus on the incentives created by an institutional form alone is not sufficient in determining whether an institutional transplant will be successful. While those incentives may work, the social and cultural environment into which an institution is introduced must also be considered. In the case of Pine Ridge, the impact of Lakota family ties, rules of behavior, and social organization generally posed serious challenges to credit groups deliberately structured to cross family lines. | https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-77151343/cultural-aspects-of-credit-institutions-transplanting |
This week’s announcement by the National Bureau of Economic Research that the U.S. officially entered recession territory in March was no surprise. March was when the shutdowns began, unemployment claims skyrocketed, and subsequent economic readings started to fall dramatically.
While it is obvious that recessions are unwelcome, by the time they are officially chronicled, we are often close to their end. The current recession is predicted to be shorter than usual due to its artificial nature and the government’s massive fiscal and monetary support. This perhaps explains why the markets have been in rally mode. As of last week, the S&P 500 had clocked the strongest rebound over a 50-trading day period in history. Even with yesterday’s decline, the S&P 500 is still up over 34% from its most recent low on March 23.
The rally in equities over the past few months may seem like a disconnect from the economy, but as I mentioned in last month’s Market Insights, stock prices reflect future expectations. Both the Federal Reserve and the Wall Street analysts, who forecast the expected growth rates in corporate earnings, predict the second quarter, which ends this month, will confirm the worst results we will see from the shutdowns. Although the economic statistics for May have been grim, overall, they have been better than the figures from April. Unemployment remains very high, but the jobs report from May was a surprising improvement over April. The same is true for our purchasing managers index, which measures the economic activity of a country’s manufacturing and services sectors. Markets tend to put more emphasis on the trend rather than the absolute number, and the trend is currently heading in the right direction.
Even so, the rate of growth in the next economic expansion will likely be modest, and there are numerous risks that could hinder a turnaround. A second wave of the coronavirus could raise fears of another round of closures. This is the reason given for Thursday’s pullback, following reports of rising cases in several states. Likewise, disappointments from vaccine trials could delay the lifting of remaining restrictions. Rising tensions between the U.S. and China could derail the previous progress made with the trade deal. There could also be policy missteps or delays with the additional relief needing approval from Congress.
Despite the long list of concerns, I would disagree with those who warn we are heading towards the next Great Depression. While inflation is below the Federal Reserve’s target, it is still positive and nowhere near the negative, deflationary levels of that era. In addition, there was no Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation back then, so bank failures wiped out the savings for a large portion of the population. Unlike today, the U.S. Government avoided deficit spending during that time. Lessons learned from the Great Recession in 2008 have provided a valuable playbook for limiting the length and depth of the current economic slowdown.
Linda S. Parenti, CFA
Chief Investment Strategist
RISKS AND IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS
Views and opinions expressed here are for informational and educational purposes only and may change at any time based on market or other conditions or may not come to pass. This material is not a solicitation to buy or sell securities and should not be considered specific legal, investment, or tax advice. The information provided does not consider the objectives, financial situation, or needs of any specific individual. All investments carry a degree of risk and there is no certainty that an investment will provide positive performance over any stated period. Equity investments are subject to company specific and market risks. Equities may decline in response to adverse company news, industry developments, or economic data. Fixed income securities are subject to market, credit, and interest rate risks. As interest rates rise, bond prices may fall. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. | https://mybuckingham.com/insights/june-2020-market-insights |
Finland’s economic growth has strengthened and expanded to export, which can be seen in the forest industry. However, the importance of competitiveness is highlighted by the increased cost pressure and the persisting declining trend in the demand for paper.
Although economic growth picked up earlier this year, in terms of the economy in Finland, the past decade can be considered as lost time. Finland caught up with the rest of the euro area much too late. The growth we are currently witnessing does not allow for a more lax economic policy, as economic forecasts predict that the growth will begin to slow down towards a slower medium-term pace in the upcoming years.
“Right now, the recovery of Finnish export is supported by factors such as the end of the sharp decline of the Russian economy and the improvements in Chinese and US export. However, international economic developments are overshadowed by the uncertainty related to economic relations and trade policy. The rise of protectionism may hinder global trade more than anticipated,” says Timo Jaatinen, Director General of Finnish Forest Industries.
“Especially the UK decision to withdraw from the EU increases political risks in Europe. The British market is very significant for forest industry companies, which is why the needs of companies and the ease of international trade must be carefully considered in the Brexit negotiations,” Jaatinen continues.
The forest industry production figures for the second quarter indicate a moderate economic situation and demand for forestry company products in Europe and Asia. New investments are visible in paperboard production, which amounted to 0.9 million tonnes, or 9 per cent more than in the same period in 2016. Among the factors increasing demand for packaging materials is the rise of online trade.
The production of sawn softwood in the second quarter of 2017 was 3.2 million cubic metres. This is an increase of 3 per cent over the same period last year, thanks to construction. Plywood production remained at the same level as in 2016, amounting to 0.3 million cubic metres. Pulp production was 1.8 million tonnes, which is in line with the result of the April–June period of the previous year. Paper production fell by one per cent to 1.6 million tonnes.
“Finland’s cost competitiveness must be improved. Reforms to improve productivity need to be implemented especially during autumn’s round of labour market negotiations in order to enable companies to respond to the increasing competition and allow them more agility in the challenging market environment,” Jaatinen says.
“Finland is in dire need of high-productivity industrial jobs that would strengthen sustainable economic growth and secure well-being. Therefore, decision-makers must ensure that the operating environment of companies promotes competitiveness. The Government must keep its promises to not increase industrial costs in the autumn budget session,” Jaatinen states.
The forest industry utilises renewable raw materials to develop and produce global, customer-oriented products. In addition, the industry has an essential role in achieving targets related to renewable energy.
“This is why the EU’s energy and climate policy must be made more consistent. EU must not hinder the growth of bio and circular economy by limiting Finland’s possibilities for sustainable felling,” Jaatinen emphasises. | https://www.forestindustries.fi/releases/packaging-increases-paperboard-production-by-nearly-10-per-cent-cost-pressures-bring-out-the-importance-of-competitiveness/ |
The world has changed in ways that affect families, work, and skills. In advanced economies in the early postwar years, most people got married and stayed married. The wife was the caregiver and the husband the breadwinner, generally in a steady job for many years, possibly a lifetime, usually with an unchanging set of skills.
Merely describing that world makes it clear how much has changed. Today, lifetime employment is no longer the norm. Labor markets are increasingly fluid. Rapid technological change requires workers to update their skills. And many more women are in paid work, more marriages end in divorce, and parenthood is less closely tied to marriage.
Over the decades, the welfare state has evolved in response to these changes in economic, demographic, and social circumstances. Those circumstances continue to change in ways that require changes in design while making a welfare state, if anything, more fundamental.
Why a welfare state?
Before addressing specific issues, we should ask the basic question: What is the purpose of a welfare state? One well-known reason is to assist the poor. A second fundamental, but less well understood, reason is to address market failures. Markets can be inefficient for many reasons, which have been addressed by powerful literature on the economics of information, behavioral economics, incomplete markets, incomplete contracts, and optimal taxation.
These problems both explain and justify the existence of welfare states. Imperfect consumer information makes it necessary to regulate health care and pension funds. Imperfect information by insurance companies about the riskiness of different applicants explains why the state or parastatal institutions provide insurance against health risks or unemployment. Behavior that diverges from strict economic rationality is an argument for making pension saving mandatory.
For these reasons, even if all poverty could magically be eliminated, a welfare state would still be necessary to provide insurance and to assist people in planning for their life course by redistributing from their younger to their older selves.
Third, the welfare state is an element in policies to support economic growth (Ostry, Berg, and Tsangarides 2014). Investing in skills is increasingly important for growth and for sharing the fruits of that growth. Income transfers also assist growth; for example, the ability to afford a healthy diet improves educational outcomes.
Encompassing all three reasons, the welfare state can be thought of as a device for optimal risk sharing:
Seen as insurance at birth against unknowable future outcomes, it helps relieve poverty.
Seen as a response to market failures, it addresses technical problems in private insurance, particularly relating to unemployment, medical risks, and social care.
In sharing risks in these ways, it contributes to economic growth. Without a safety net, people are less likely to risk a new start-up. On the other hand, too little risk is also suboptimal: the communist system protected people against almost all risk and thus stifled effort and initiative.
A more detailed look at the welfare state’s role as a device for risk sharing uncovers the starting point as the distinction between risk and uncertainty. The point is central: with risk, the probability distribution of outcomes is known well enough that the actuarial mechanism (that is, insurance premiums related to individual risk) works reasonably well. For example, the data on auto accidents by drivers of different ages and of different types of cars are good enough that insurers can calculate premiums for automobile insurance. But the actuarial model does not cope well with uncertainty, such as about rates of inflation well into the future. In contrast, social insurance can address both risk and uncertainty because a government can require everyone to be in a single risk pool and can adjust contributions over time.
What do these changes to risks and uncertainties for families, work, and skills imply for social policy?
When marriages were mostly stable, the main risk for a family was the death of the breadwinner. Today, more women are highly educated and take on paid work, and family structures are more diverse. These changes point to policies to widen choices between paid work and family obligations, including affordable childcare, and policies such as equal pay legislation to improve gender equity.
In labor markets, the main risk was once short-term unemployment. Today, people connect with labor markets in more diverse ways. They switch jobs more frequently, often with spells of part-time or self-employment, unemployment, or time outside the formal labor force. Employment is more precarious. In the future, technological change, including the spread of artificial intelligence, may make employment even more precarious. With that greater diversity of labor market relations, fewer workers in advanced economies have a record of continuous employment, and so organizing contributions to social security and private pensions through a worker’s employer have become less effective in providing good coverage.
Postwar social welfare systems assumed that a set of skills would serve most workers for life. Today, rapidly evolving technology creates the need for a more highly skilled workforce with a greater diversity of skills, and the speed of change means that skills have a shorter shelf life. These trends require fundamental changes to education and training. There will have to be more of it; it will have to be more diverse in content and methods of delivery, including a larger role for firms; and it will have to be repeated. These activities will have to be financed on a large scale.
As well as addressing these specific risks, social welfare systems also guard against systemic risk, including the risk of a trade war or economic crisis; political instability; environmental damage caused by climate change or nuclear accidents; and a changing age structure.
Not all these issues are new; the economic and political instability of the 1930s was an important driver of postwar reform. Other risks, notably those associated with damage to the environment and technological change, have become more prominent. Critically, not only are these systemic risks, but they are also mostly uncertainties. Both aspects reinforce the centrality of the welfare state.
Policy responses
What policies should we adopt to address these changing risks, and how will we pay for them?
Addressing income risks during working life includes providing income to the jobless and restoring and expanding earning opportunities, for example, through training and childcare. In this context, there has been renewed discussion of some variant of a universal basic income. Its feasibility depends both on the level of benefit and on the distribution of income. Since the distribution is skewed toward lower incomes, net beneficiaries will outnumber net contributors. As a result, the high average tax rate necessary to finance a large benefit would create major work disincentives. On the other hand, if machines guided by artificial intelligence raised growth rates and thus expanded the tax base, fiscal constraints might ease. A benefit of this type might become important for social as well as economic stability.
Addressing income risks in retirement means moving away from reliance on contributions based on employment status. Part of the solution is a flat-rate, noncontributory pension plan financed from taxation and awarded on the basis of an age and residence test, without a contribution requirement. Such plans are spreading in more advanced economies, including Canada, Chile, the Netherlands, and New Zealand, and in developing economies. Noncontributory pensions have twin advantages: they relieve poverty and reduce the gap in retirement income between men and women. A parallel change is to increase the minimum retirement age over time as people live longer. Choices about the level of noncontributory pension and retirement age should be made to relieve poverty without discouraging work and saving.
There is no single best pension system for all countries (Barr and Diamond
2009). Earnings-related plans that work well come in a variety of guises.
One example is the notional defined-
contribution plan pioneered by Sweden in the 1990s. The arrangement is pay-as-you-go (meaning that this year’s contributions pay for this year’s benefits), but—unlike conventional pay-as-you-go plans—this one provides benefits that are closely related to a worker’s cumulative contributions. This design also has been adopted in Latvia, Norway, and Poland. Individual accounts, if part of the broader pension system, should be organized through simple, cheaply administered savings plans (mandatory or with automatic enrollment) that offer limited choice and a good default for people who make no choice (Barr and Diamond 2017). In the future, electronic payments open the possibility of basing pension contributions on consumption spending rather than earnings.
Addressing health risks, it is almost universally accepted among advanced economies that intractable market failures make private actuarial insurance a bad fit for medical risks, the United States being unique among advanced economies in its reliance on this approach. A key finding (Barr 2012) is that intervention on the scale necessary to address the slew of technical problems faced by actuarial medical insurance based on individual risk leads to an arrangement that is de facto social insurance, with everyone in a single risk pool.
Addressing the risk of skills mismatch must recognize the increasing complexity of providing appropriate education and training. The range of skills required in the job market is growing, as are ways of acquiring them; given the speed of technological change, workers will have to retrain, sometimes several times, over the course of an increasingly long working life.
Thus, what is needed is a system with at least three strategic attributes:
Emphasis on early childhood development, given powerful research findings that early gaps in cognitive and social development are hard to make up
Flexible choices for individuals over subject, method, and speed of skills acquisition and over pathways through vocational and academic training
A system of financing to support such delivery methods, including a mix of taxpayer money and, where possible, a well-designed system of student loans, as in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom
What is the role for individual contributions in these new welfare systems? Earnings-related benefits clearly must be contributory. However, where the primary purpose of benefits is insurance (health care) or poverty relief (basic pensions), contributions organized through a worker’s employment are not only less effective than in the past but can also discourage employment in the formal sector. So health care and similar benefits may be better financed from broadly based taxation (Levy 2008) or from a dedicated source of revenue that is unrelated to employment status; for example, from a portion of the proceeds of a consumption tax.
In all these areas, it is important to distinguish between the structure of an activity and how it is financed. Is an activity delivered more effectively by the market or the state? If there are no substantial market failures, market allocation complemented by income transfers is generally superior. How should the activity be financed? If public financing is involved, the answer will depend on a country’s fiscal situation and political economy. For example, Scandinavian countries vote for higher taxes to finance more and better public services in a way that is politically not possible in the United Kingdom or the United States.
Why state involvement?
Finally, why should the state be involved? Good social policy requires that market and state activity be mutually reinforcing, and that policy design go with the grain of economic theory. There are many solutions that respect market failures, recognize changed labor market conditions and family structures, and draw on the findings of behavioral economics—for example, "nudging" people to save more by automatically enrolling them in a pension plan.
All pension designs involve significant state involvement in financing and regulation, and in varying degrees also in delivery. The delivery of health care can be private, as in Canada; public, as in Scandinavia; or a mix of the two, as in France and Germany. Financing of health care can be organized at a national or subnational level or by nonprofits. In all cases, however, systems that work well are based on social insurance or tax financing, not private actuarial insurance.
Much of the debate about social policy is ideological. In the United States, public involvement in health care is often attacked as "socialism"; in the United Kingdom, private involvement is widely abhorred as "privatization." These arguments are not helpful because they locate ideology in the wrong place. The proper (and vital) place for ideology is in setting objectives, the "what." The "how"—or the respective roles of the market and state—should be treated mainly as a technical matter related to the extent of market failure in the face of major risks and uncertainties.
ART: ISTOCK/ERHUI1979
Opinions expressed in articles and other materials are those of the authors; they do not necessarily reflect IMF policy.
References:
Barr, Nicholas. 2012. The Economics of the Welfare State, 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 254–57.
———, and Peter Diamond. 2009. "Reforming Pensions: Principles, Analytical Errors and Policy Directions." International Social Security Review 62 (2): 5–29.
———. 2017. "Designing a Default Structure: Submission to the Inquiry into Superannuation: Assessing Efficiency and Competitiveness." Australia Productivity Commission.
Levy, Santiago. 2008. Good Intentions, Bad Outcomes: Social Policy, Informality, and Economic Growth in Mexico . Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Ostry, Jonathan D., Andrew Berg, and Charalambos G. Tsangarides. 2014."Redistribution, Inequality, and Growth." IMF Staff Discussion Note 14/02, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. | https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2018/12/redesigning-the-welfare-state-barr |
Return Expectations for Active Fixed Income
Bond yields across the major fixed income markets are currently at low levels relative to history. This has caused many investors to question whether the asset class can continue to deliver an attractive return.
Our response to this question is that return expectations should indeed be lowered, but by no more than would be expected given broader economic conditions, and the current point in the cycle.
Market yields are low simply because economic growth is low, and yields are no lower than would be expected for current levels of growth. To expect that the same returns can be achieved from fixed income as were delivered in earlier years and decades would be optimistic. Preparing for a lower range of returns over coming years may therefore be prudent.
While the market beta on offer from fixed income has clearly declined, at the same time the impact of financial regulation and sizeable investor flows is creating a richer set of inefficiencies for active management. These can be used to supplement, and partly offset, the lower returns from market yields alone.
We are therefore recommending that investors lower their guidance for return expectations on fixed income for the coming one to two years. We do not however believe that returns going forward have fallen by as much as the decline in yields: we believe return expectations upwards of 2% above inflation are still attainable.
The role for active, yet defensive, management of fixed income also remains crucial, as the market continues to be in a state of transition, both cyclically and in terms of market dynamics.
Low yields reflect low GDP growth
Earlier swings in yields as part of the business cycle did not alter investor perceptions around the attractiveness of fixed income as a stable, defensive component of a diversified portfolio. We don’t believe the response to this one should be any different.
The starting point for return expectations on any asset class must naturally begin with economic growth. In recent years, global GDP growth has remained subdued after what initially seemed like a promising recovery from the global recession. This experience has been accompanied by low yields on government bonds as well. While yields are indeed low compared to historical levels, the chart below illustrates that this is not inconsistent with the prevailing low levels of overall global growth. Nominal yields below nominal growth rates are not unusual, and were the case through the first half of the 2000s as well.
So while the current level of yields may indeed seem unattractive based on historical comparison, current yields do represent fair compensation for the amount of growth being generated in the economy. Looking for higher-yielding alternatives to fixed income may well be fruitless, as the level of broad economic growth needed to support higher investment returns is simply not present. Should the global economy experience higher growth rates in future, then yields would likely increase accordingly, and crucially these higher returns would be underpinned by stronger economic growth.
Tail risk and scenario returns
Heightened volatility across financial markets, and the increasingly binary nature of the outlook, also creates additional benefits for strategies which perform strongly in certain scenarios. Our approach of being long the risks that hurt investors – in particular volatility and inflation – provides a much more diversified exposure than a vanilla allocation alone. The added benefit is extremely strong upside in tail risk scenarios that are damaging for most other asset classes. | https://www.ardea.com.au/return-expectations-for-active-fixed-income/ |
How have markets reacted?
As expected, financial markets initially fell sharply given the raised levels of uncertainty. However, most have since recovered some ground.
The swings seen on the day of the result illustrate the higher levels of volatility and we expect this to persist while financial markets wait for indications of what a Trump presidency has in store.
How has our outlook changed?
At this stage, it is hard to predict the effect of this result on global growth. Any impact will be very dependent on the policies that Trump implements. His pro-business policies and plans for huge infrastructure spending are expected to be positive. However, his determination to protect US businesses from cheap imports raises the risk of a trade war which would likely be negative for overall global growth.
In the short term, the path of the US economy is now less certain and there is a higher chance of unfavourable economic outcomes (such as a recession or inflationary environment). Emerging Market growth may also suffer if Trump seeks to implement protectionist policies such as trade tariffs.
Nevertheless, our central expectation is that overall global growth will remain positive over the next 12 months, primarily driven by continued US growth. The robustness of the US economy means that we expect it to continue to grow for the time being, despite the increased uncertainty.
Read our Brexit contingency planning guide for trustees
Stefan asks: although quick thinking is celebrated, can the speed of decision-making create dangerous consequences? | https://www.cardano.com/en-gb/industry-insights/the-impact-of-the-us-election-result |
October 2018 clearly reminded equity investors of the risks in stock markets. After a prolonged period of abundant positive returns and low volatility, macro and political risks are again forefront of investors’ minds:
- US interest rates are higher and rising – negative outcomes are likely for bond investors. It’s not too surprising that 2018 has been one of the worst years for bond markets, in aggregate, since the mid 1970s.
- Higher US rates have had a strengthening effect for the US dollar, creating concerns for emerging market countries and companies with a large amount of dollar-denominated debt. This looks set to continue in 2019.
- The US anti-trade agenda and higher tariffs is now a firm fixture for markets. It has been, and will likely continue to be, a continual background noise nagging at investor sentiment. The hope is that, on balance, tensions are unlikely to escalate significantly, as both the US and China have threatened.
- Italy’s weak economy, problems for the country’s banks (surging "Target 2" balances particularly), Italian deficit “negotiation” tactics and a powerless “retaliation” by Brussels once again highlight the flaws with the current design of the euro single-currency system. On the other hand, neither ground-breaking reforms including Eurobonds or the mutualisation of debt, nor a break-up of the euro should be on the cards for 2019. It will likely prove to be another reason for further volatility though.
- An overall slowing down of economic growth led by fear of slower growth in emerging markets.
All these risk have one thing in common: they are known – and in fact have been around for months if not years.
What is going to change in 2019?
2018 marked a special occasion: the US equity market saw two set-backs of 10% losses for the first time since 1960. While history tells us this is unlikely to repeat next year, the easy part of any outlook for 2019 is to state that volatility will remain high.
Central banks are moving away from quantitative easing to a process of gradual tightening. The US Federal Reserve (Fed) has hiked eight times since late-2015. The likelihood is this will weigh on demand for bond investments. In addition, US companies will slow down their stock buyback programmes. In 2018 US businesses moved a vast amount of money back to the US due to incentives under the tax reform. This will slow down in 2019. Together these shifts could result in a buyers’ strike for bonds and equities and a serious shift in the demand and supply ratio.
Amid this changing backdrop, we see scope for convertible bonds to continue to assert the following core characteristics:
- Protection against sudden and volatile equity market set-backs. 2018 demonstrated the relative stability of convertibles once more. The overall level of volatility on the global equity markets rose to 10%, compared to 5% for convertible bonds, based on monthly observations of the MSCI World equity index and the Thomson Reuters Global Focus convertible bond index. Similar protection was seen in peak-to-trough downside participation where convertibles protected 57% of the equity losses in February, and 59% of the equity losses in October. The characteristics of the asset class suggest it can continue to provide a similar level of protection in 2019.
- Protection against credit blow-outs and possible jump in defaults. It will become more apparent that long-term ultra-low/zero interest rates have resulted in market inefficiencies, artificially low default rates, and zombification, allowing weak companies to survive. The default risks have been increased by large investment flows into exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and a potentially crowded trade in lower investment grade (IG) companies. Once companies face higher refinancing costs, they may be downgraded, triggering a vicious cycle of selling pressure and illiquidity. Convertible bonds are not immune to default risk, but the investable universe is dominated by strong companies with an implied IG rating.
In general, the degree of possible protection from convertible bonds depends on several factors: the amount of equity exposure, the distance to the bond floor (the safer fixed income element of convertible bonds), the credit risk or estimated risk the company will default and valuation.
The convertible universe currently exhibits notably protective characteristics compared to history. The overall equity exposure sits at a low 36% with a high 88% bond floor, the fixed income value of the convertible bond. Assuming the issuer survives and pays back at maturity, this is the protective element for the capital invested, and theoretically, the lowest market value the security can fall to. The overall credit rating is a stable BBB+ average (Thomson Reuters Global Focus Index) suggesting these companies can weather more difficult conditions.
Crucially, the asset class is fairly-priced. The rich valuation levels in the US and in Europe have come down significantly while Japan and Asia ex Japan continue to offer discounts to fair value.
Valuations of convertible bonds
Finally, the market structure has changed following summer 2018 primary market issuance. Previously lacking interesting disruptive business models, the universe now offers highly balanced names with a dynamic growth tilt. IT remains the dominant sector, particularly cloud businesses, app services, and payment solutions providers. With the October set-back, many of these structures are trading much closer to par value with significant upside.
Given the current fundamentals of convertible bonds, we think the investment question for 2019 may not be whether to have an allocation to the asset class, but how much to allocate.
This article is part of our Outlook 2019 series, please check back for more over the coming days and weeks. The previous 18 in the series can be found by visiting our outlooks hub and / or by clicking the links below: | https://www.schroders.com/id/id/investasi-reksadana/ulasan-berita/outlook-2017/outlook-2019-global-convertibles/ |
The wider impacts of energy policy on the economy are increasingly being recognised in academic and policy discussions about the appropriate use of policy. For example, recent analyses of energy efficiency policies emphasise the stimulus to economic activity that these can generate, and the potentially beneficial impacts they can have on distributional issues.
However, the potential impact of economic policies on energy policy goals have been comparatively neglected. Ignoring such spillovers may lead to inefficiencies and undetected conflicts (or complementarities) among energy and non-energy policy goals, which could be avoided by a more holistic approach.
In our recently published working paper, we considered the potential impacts of a successful UK industrial, business and innovation policy on the UK. In particular, we looked at the system-wide effects of successful export promotion policies on the energy system.
As the energy system impacts of such policies are, in a large part transmitted via their impact on the economic system, it is necessary to adopt an approach that fully captures such interdependence. We therefore use a model of the UK economy to analyse the impact of a successful export stimulus on both the non-energy and energy sub-systems.
At one level, the results of our analysis are re-assuring – the UK export promotion policies significantly stimulated all the major indicators of UK economic activity, including GDP, employment, consumption and investment. The major objectives of UK industrial policy are positively impacted by export promotion.
However, there are significant, and typically negative, spillover effects to the energy system. Most notably, UK exports are, on average, energy intensive, so that export-driven expansion is associated with a greater stimulus to total energy use than to GDP: the energy intensity of economic activity therefore increases as a result.
Furthermore, while not modelled here explicitly, this result could translate into increased CO2 emissions if action is not taken at the same time to decarbonise the economy in line with the Industrial Strategy Challenge on Clean Growth. General, across-the-board, export-driven growth is typically not “green” in nature. However, it may be possible to target such policies at specific sectors to stimulate “green growth”.
Overall, our results suggest that while successful export promotion strategies are likely to have the desired effect on the economy and the stated goals of industrial policy, they could have significant negative spillover effects on the energy system and energy policy goals, unless offsetting policies are pursued.
Neglecting these spillover effects creates a source of inefficiency in the conduct of policy, and a knowledge of their likely scale, could be used to develop a more holistic, coordinated approach to policy formation and implementation.
For example, pursuit of the clean growth strategy could mitigate/ offset an increase in emissions that would otherwise result from an export promotion policy. This would minimise the prospect of conflicts between UK industrial and green growth strategies. | http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/news/the-spillover-effect-of-economic-policies-on-energy-policy-goals.html |
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