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Research and development projects at Adamed involve collaboration among multiple departments: Project Management, Preformulation, Analytics, Technology Formulation, Organic Synthesis, as well as Regulatory & Pharmacovigilance and Clinical Development.
In early 2018, Adamed initiated R&D projects at its new Pilot Plant. Our state-of-the-art research labs employ highly qualified experts, most of whom hold a PhD, with extensive experience and know-how in the fields of chemistry, pharmacy, and biotechnology. Our team is focused on continuous development and improvement, and successfully executes many complex projects creating added value.
The R&D Project Management Department is in charge of tasks relating to all stages of the project life cycle: from executive analysis and project prenomination, to development and achievement of the assumed objective, which is a new product launch. Offering significant added value, the formulations developed at Adamed meet ever-evolving patient needs, which differentiates them from other products on the market.
The Analytics Department is a research unit whose main task is to carry out innovative projects for value-added finished formulations which include the development and validation of new analytical methods for finished dosage forms, semi-finished products, active pharmaceutical ingredients, and starting materials.
The tasks of the Analytics Department support the development of cutting-edge pharmaceutical technologies. The team performs physiochemical measurements and stability studies, develops analytical methods, and defines specification parameters for medicinal products.
The Preformulation Department studies the physical properties of active ingredients, excipients, and finished formulations. These studies are crucial for designing further formulation work based on scientific evidence.
The department uses a variety of research methods: scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy combined with digital image analysis, confocal Raman microscopy, XRPD, DSC, TGA, DVS (dynamic vapour sorption), IR, texture analysis, BET specific surface area analysis, and true density.
The Formulation and Technology Department is the unit responsible for technological development to select optimal compositions and manufacturing techniques for solid dosage forms. Currently, the development of liquid dosage forms is also carried out by F&T. The laboratory zone is a state-of-the-art facility equipped with dedicated lines for mixing, dry, wet, and fluidised bed granulation, extrusion, pelletization, tableting, coating, and encapsulation.
The Organic Synthesis Department participates in key projects supporting Adamed’s operations. An important part of the team’s work is conducting API development projects to identify new and economically attractive synthesis paths. The Organic Synthesis Department is also involved in Adamed’s drug development projects and supports the Analytics and Formulation & Technology Departments by providing the highest quality active ingredients and impurity reference standards for APIs.
Officially opened on 18 April 2018, the R&D Pilot Plant received funding from European Union structural funds. Thanks to the support given by the Ministry of Economic Development, Adamed has been able to implement highly innovative technologies such as Hot Melt Extrusion (HME), bi-layered tablet technology, and fluid bed granulation.
The Regulatory & Pharmacovigilance Department is responsible for obtaining marketing authorisations, ensuring that the approved registration dossiers for all product categories (medicinal products, cosmetics, food supplements, medical devices) are always valid and up-to-date, as well as the functioning of the system for the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse reactions or other issues that may be relevant to medicinal products.
The Clinical Development Department is comprised of the Bioequivalence Studies Team and the Phase Clinical Studies Team. The first one conducts early-phase studies focusing mainly on pharmacokinetic assessment and biological equivalence studies of medicinal products. The Phase Clinical Studies conducts clinical trials for a particular therapeutic indication and non-interventional clinical studies. | https://www.adamed.com/en/development-and-innovation/research/development-of-value-added-medicines |
The Business Model Canvas is a visual tool that entrepreneurs or multidisciplinary teams use to quickly define and communicate a new business idea or concept. It is a one-page strategic document that contains nine different key ‘building blocks’ that should be taken into account when developing a new idea.
This process was created by Alexander Osterwalder and published in his 2010 book, Business Model Generation. Osterwalder’s tool has quickly been adopted by entrepreneurs and innovators as a high impact way to work through new business ideas or improve the performance of existing strategies.
This tool allows innovators to better understand who they are creating value for, the customer, and validate concepts behind new or existing businesses. The process of establishing value for the customer is core to the innovation process.
The Nine Blocks Of A Business Model
The Business Model Canvas is structured in nine main blocks that cover the main components of creating a new product or service. The business model canvas creates a clear process for the development of new businesses and provides structures that lead to innovative new solutions.
The follow are the nine blocks and associated processes used in a Business Model Canvas:
1. Key Partners
Who are our Key Partners? Who are our key suppliers? Which Key Resources are we acquiring from partners? Which Key Activities do partners perform?
motivations for partnerships: Optimization and economy, Reduction of risk and uncertainty, Acquisition of particular resources and activities
2. Key Activities
What Key Activities do our Value Propositions require? Our Distribution Channels? Customer Relationships? Revenue streams?
categories: Production, Problem Solving, Platform/Network
3. Key Resources
What Key Resources do our Value Propositions require? Our Distribution Channels? Customer Relationships? Revenue Streams?
types of resources: Physical, Intellectual (brand patents, copyrights, data), Human, Financial
4. Value Propositions
What value do we deliver to the customer? Which one of our customer’s problems are we helping to solve? What bundles of products and services are we offering to each Customer Segment? Which customer needs are we satisfying?
characteristics: Newness, Performance, Customization, “Getting the Job Done”, Design, Brand/Status, Price, Cost Reduction, Risk Reduction, Accessibility, Convenience/Usability
5. Customer Relationships
What type of relationship does each of our Customer Segments expect us to establish and maintain with them? Which ones have we established? How are they integrated with the rest of our business model? How costly are they?
6. Channels
Through which Channels do our Customer Segments want to be reached? How are we reaching them now? How are our Channels integrated? Which ones work best? Which ones are most cost-efficient? How are we integrating them with customer routines?
7. Customer Segments
For whom are we creating value? Who are our most important customers? Is our customer base a Mass Market, Niche Market, Segmented, Diversified, Multi-sided Platform
8. Cost Structure
What are the most important costs inherent in our business model? Which Key Resources are most expensive? Which Key Activities are most expensive?
is your business more: Cost Driven (leanest cost structure, low price value proposition, maximum automation, extensive outsourcing), Value Driven (focused on value creation, premium value proposition).
sample characteristics: Fixed Costs (salaries, rents, utilities), Variable costs, Economies of scale, Economies of scope
9. Revenue Streams
For what value are our customers really willing to pay? For what do they currently pay? How are they currently paying? How would they prefer to pay? How much does each Revenue Stream contribute to overall revenues?
types: Asset sale, Usage fee, Subscription Fees, Lending/Renting/Leasing, Licensing, Brokerage fees, Advertising
fixed pricing: List Price, Product feature dependent, Customer segment dependent, Volume dependent
dynamic pricing: Negotiation (bargaining), Yield Management, Real-time-Market
Download the Business Model Canvas: https://www.strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas
Each block in the model, was created to exercise creative thinking, encouraging the entrepreneur to push their thinking and create unique solutions. This technique also stimulates ideas and fosters creativity to push past the obvious proposals that many businesses can get stuck in.
While there are nine total blocks, the key to building a successful business model lies with two critical sections of the process. It is establishing the relationship between the key value proposition and customer segments blocks. Understanding the value you are providing to your target market will help a business refine their unique offering and help them understand their customer’s needs. This must be clearly defined before moving on to the rest of the blocks such as delivery, customer relationships, distribution and communication.
The following is an in-depth guide to building a solid value proposition and customer segment blocks.
6 Types Of Value Propositions
When thinking about creating a value for customers there are many ways to achieve that value. The following are six ways to think about the exchange of value between a business and customer or clients.
- Newness: is there a completely new set of needs emerging? It is possible that customers previously did not even realise they had this need until recently.
- Performance: improving the performance of existing products and services.
- Customisation: is it possible to meet the specific needs of customers individually.
- Price: it is possible to create a new or innovate pricing model that lowers costs
- Accessibility: enabling a wide audience to have access to products and services.
- Convenience: products and services that can be made more flexible according to the interests of the customer.
Customer Segments
The ‘customer segments’ block focuses on defining the user or groups of people we want to reach to generate value. The focus here is not a demographic profile, rather understanding the behaviour of this user. Creating deep insight and knowledge of our users is critical to creating a business user-centric user. It is critical to have conversations and conduct research to get insight into what their needs are. It is also important to understand what is most valuable to people as their needs shift?
Designing The Rest Of The Business Model
After undercovering relationship between the value proposition and the customer segments it is time to move forward with the rest of the canvas. At Echos we have a process of evaluation looking for the overlap between being technically feasible, financially viable and what is desirable for a business.
Understanding this relationship opens up the rest of the business canvas to exploring the key activities, resources and key partners blocks. The next most critical step is to create a viable financial structure, a projection of expenses and profits, and how to charge the customer. When going through the rest of the blocks, it is necessary to think exclusively of the user. This process is called a problem-solution fit.
A problem–solution fit occurs through building evidence that customers care about the solution. This means the existence of a problem has been proven and the value proposition addresses your customers’ pain points and produces a desirable effect on their life.
With the state of businesses being in transition all over the world we would like to encourage you to get creative and see if this tool can help uncover hidden value in your business. If you would like to have a conversation regarding our work designing business models please reach out. We are always excited to help and foster creativity in business.
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How Can We Help?
- For training and Innovation Journeys in your company: check out our in-house course offering.
- For upcoming courses in your region: visit our website.
- For upcoming events in your region: look at our event calendar.
- If you have a special project and would like to use Echos’ consultancy services: send us an email. | https://schoolofdesignthinking.echos.cc/blog/2020/11/how-to-use-the-business-model-canvas/ |
In 2006, Judith Silva de López, who was a 57-year-old venezuelan cosmetologist and manualist, specialized in the formulation of cosmetic products, and experienced in the distribution of raw materials for the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, had the concern to create a brand of personal care products of artisanal elaboration...Read our history
Science in the service of the skin: We have a team of specialists dedicated to find and test new assets, new and effective raw materials, and to develop new cosmetic forms and formulations that meet and offer innovative solutions to the needs of our consumers' skin.
Quality as a guide: We apply the quality management system in each of our daily activities; Our production processes are in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), and we are implementing ISO 9001 standards in all areas of the organization.
We minimize our environmental impact: We work with PET containers and flexible packaging, whose impact on the environment is less; in our production processes we reuse the water and treat the effluents before pouring them; and when it comes to qualifying our suppliers, we prefer those that guarantee processes of sustainability and responsibility with the environment.
Innovation made products: For us, innovation is not an ethereal concept; It materializes in our presentations, packaging, cosmetic forms, formulations, choice of active ingredients, production processes and even in our marketing channels. Innovation drives our actions. | https://harmoniacompany.com/About-us/ |
Britest is a leading exponent of whole process design for the chemical, pharma and other process manufacturing industries.
Our suite of proprietary tools help users define, structure, and translate working knowledge into process understanding. Expert facilitation, mentoring and training allow organisations to embed this approach to derive tangible business value. Our members share knowledge and dilute research risk through a unique collaborative ethos,defining and delivering innovative solutions to key process and manufacturing challenges.
RSC Symposium, ChemSpec Europe, Münich, Germany, 31st May – 1st June 2017 The production of fine and speciality chemicals is still heavily reliant on batch processes. There is much technology innovation being developed to enable theREAD MORE
Conductive Organics, is a University of Strathclyde spin-out company, working to produce the next generation of conductive organic materials for use in emerging technologies such as Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED's). A Britest study enabled Conductive Organics to address the challenge of scaling-up the synthesis of the key organic compound at the heart of their innovative formulations, and to gather underpinning information to support their emerging business plan.READ MORE
Process understanding study helps CMAC team build the picture of new rapid prototyping capability The power of the Britest tools to build team communications, deepen understanding of complex systems, and plan forREAD MORE
18 May 2017
24 Apr 2017
17 Mar 2017
At the core of Britest is a dedicated team of Britest support specialists. Experts in Britest tools and study methods, they are also skilled facilitators, communicators, and mentors - in short all the back up your product and process development teams need to maximise the benefits.
An organic chemist by trade, Martin has worked across a number of Britest's innovation projects, and is especially skilled at turning ideas into practical qualitative tools and methodologies, especially in the areas of formulation and physical processing.
A strategic thinker, Mark retains a chemical engineer's enthusiasm for innovative design and practical solutions. He is responsible for developing and delivering Britest’s innovation strategy, addressing challenges in sustainable whole process design.
With a professional lifetime spent in operations and engineering research management roles, Rob knows all about the realities of driving excellence out on the line. He is ideally qualified to help organisations define, structure and translate process knowledge and information into process understanding. | https://www.britest.co.uk/ |
Job descriptionTo develop food products which can be produced safely and legally according to Vital quality standards, in line with the company’s food strategy. An innovative specialist that can work independently, who can assertively initiate, drive and execute New Product Development from concept to launch.
Responsibilities:
- Research, identify and recommend consumer market in conjunction with the business and current product performance
- Developing new products, with a focus on “healthier options” from concept to launch
- Efficient and effective creating and management of new products
- Work with internal cross-functional teams (commercial, procurement, operations, marketing and supply chain)
- Build, identify and develop external relationships (suppliers and 3rd parties)
- Develop the manufacturing processes and recipes and work on existing and new ingredients
- Review existing formulations and costings
- Run trials of new products
- Initiate and recommend changes to improve product performance
- Investigate and resolve customer complaints in-house and at 3rd party manufacturing
- Compile, check and approve product specifications and labelling in conjunction with the regulatory department
- Work closely with Packaging Technologist on new innovations
- Carry out necessary sensory assessment, packing review and costing
- Ensure that stringent hygiene and food safety standards are met.
RequirementsRequirements and skills:
- Relevant Food Science Degree or B-Tech Diploma in Food Technology
- 10 years experience in the food industry
- Five to eight years of extensive experience in product development, initiating formulations in taking it from concept to launch
- Strong technical knowledge of product development, shelf life testing and packaging
- Must be a self-starter with good decision-making skills
- Must be able to take initiative. | https://www.bizcommunity.com/Job/196/365/365408.html |
Overview:
Jazz Pharmaceuticals is an international biopharmaceutical company focused on improving patients’ lives by identifying, developing and commercializing meaningful products that address unmet medical needs. We are continuing to expand our commercial product portfolio and our research and development pipeline in therapeutic areas that can leverage our unique expertise.
Our therapeutic areas of focus include sleep and hematology/oncology – areas in which we have a deep understanding of the patient journey and a suite of products and product candidates to address critical needs.
We are looking for the best and brightest talent to join our team. If you’re looking to be a part of a company with an unwavering commitment to improving patients’ lives and being a great place to work, we hope you’ll explore our career openings and get to know Jazz Pharmaceuticals.
Responsibilities:
Summary: This role will be accountable for building a value demonstration capability and for leading global, cross-functional efforts to develop robust and innovative value propositions for molecules across Jazz’s portfolio.
Key Responsibilities:
- Accountable for embedding the value demonstration operating model across the organization, working cross functionally to develop the value proposition of key assets, and building the value demonstration capability
- Lead and design global stakeholder research to understand primary value drivers and requirements for early access and, post-approval, reimbursement and adoption across all products
- Drive alignment across the global organization on the most impactful value proposition and mobilize each function to deliver the content required from their functions
- Identify data gaps and data requirements necessary for reimbursement submissions and competitive messaging
- Develop innovative and actionable value demonstration plans for each molecule/indication
- Coordinate execution of a plan to address identified gaps through HEOR studies, publications, messaging and influencing
- Work with market research and competitive intelligence to ensure regular updates to inform individual product indications and implications on market access and uptake
- Thoroughly evaluate the anticipated outcomes of key Health Technology Assessment (HTA) body evaluations and their implications for value positioning and evidence requirements. Help shape ongoing evidence generation plans accordingly
- Contribute to protocol design to ensure relevant study design and endpoints in the clinical development plan that will help demonstrate maximal product value.
- Effectively liaise with Medical Affairs and brand team as well as global teams, creating an efficient working style within a diverse organizational matrix
- Identify relevant and commercially attractive assets (including price potential) in the product pipeline in terms of potential value, as well as market need compared to existing or upcoming therapeutic alternatives in the respective indications
Preferred Qualifications:
- At least ten years of pharmaceutical industry experience, including significant experience in reimbursement, market access, outcomes research and/or health economics.
- Experience in US and EU/RoW markets.
- In-depth understanding of payers and their perspectives in key worldwide markets, as well as trends in pricing and reimbursement.
- Preferably has multi-year experience with health authorities, governmental economists and reimbursement agencies, hospital administrators and health care insurance companies’ general management, acquired at pharmaceutical companies, sickness funds, physician associations or health care consultancy companies.
- Solid scientific background, with the ability to interpret and critique clinical study protocols, relevant clinical endpoints, and the impact of these on payers and other key stakeholders.
- Ability to identify early opportunities and threats in the market and create solutions to benefit from opportunities and to disarm threats.
- Ability to identify key product advantages in the context of market requirements and provide ideas for developing individual value stories around the company’s products.
- Strong influencing/negotiation skills and the ability to work at peer-level with experienced technical and commercial experts in other departments.
- Excellent written, verbal and interpersonal communication skills, with the ability to communicate complex or technical content in a convincing way to non-technical audiences.
- Experienced and adept at navigating international, multi-lingual, and cross-functional organizational matrices within a diverse and cross-cultural work environment
- Experienced in managing multiple projects simultaneously and delivering results in a timely manner
Education Requirements
- BS/BA Required, Graduate level (Master or higher) training in economics, business, pharmacy, or another scientific discipline, strongly preferred.
Jazz Pharmaceuticals is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer and all qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability status, protected veteran status, or any characteristic protected by law. | https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/jobs/global-value-lead-oncology-2/ |
The Philippines has a total coastline of 36,289 km, making it fourth with the longest coastline in the world. Its coastal and marine areas have been significant sources of livelihood, from basic fishing to high-end tourism activities. Several policies have been put in place to ensure the protection of the country’s coastal resources. These include, among others: Republic Act Nos. 7160 (The Local Government Code of 1991), 8550 (The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998), and 9275 (Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004); and Executive Order No. 533 (2006) on Integrated Coastal Management (ICM).
Executive Order No. 533, adopting Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) as a national strategy to ensure the sustainable development of the country’s coastal and marine environment and resources and establishing supporting mechanisms for its implementation, was signed by former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on June 6, 2006. The ICM and related approaches, such as coastal resource management or coastal zone management, shall be the national management policy framework to promote the sustainable development of the country’s coastal and marine environment and resources in order to achieve food security, sustainable livelihood, poverty alleviation and reduction of vulnerability to natural hazards, while preserving ecological integrity (Section 1). The ICM covers all coastal and marine areas, addressing the inter-linkages among associated watersheds, estuaries and wetlands, and coastal seas, by all relevant national and local agencies (Section 2).
The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), in consultation with other concerned, sectors, and stakeholders, has been tasked to develop a National ICM Programme to provide direction, support and guidance to the Local Government Units (LGUs) and stakeholders in the development and implementation of their local ICM programmes. The National ICM Programme shall include principles, strategies, and action plans identified after balancing national development priorities with local concerns, define national ICM targets and develop a national ICM coordinating mechanism (Section 3).
g. investment opportunities and sustainable financing mechanisms for environmental protection and improvement and resource conservation.
d. Coastal And Marine Environmental Information Management System. DENR shall oversee the establishment and maintenance of a coastal and marine environmental information management system and network, in collaboration with other concerned national government agencies, institutions and LGUs.
All relevant national government agencies and LGUs shall allocate adequate funds for the development and implementation of ICM programmes from their existing budgets. In subsequent budget proposals, the concerned offices and units shall appropriate budget for ICM programme development and implementation including continuing ICM training and education (Section 10). National government agencies may source local and international grants and donations in support of ICM implementation and in accordance with relevant laws (Section 11).
As mandated by E.O. No. 533, Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) and Municipal Development Fund Office (MDFO) have implemented the Integrated Coastal Resources Management Project (ICRMP) from July 2007 to June 2013. The ICRMP aims to follow the “ridge to reef” approach (addressing threats in the uplands, lowlands and coastal areas in an integrated way) for sustainably managing the coastal resources and to increase income of the fisher folk by providing them greater access to livelihood opportunities. Its implementation is supported by US $33.8M loan proceeds from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and US $9M grant proceeds from the Global Environmental Facility (GEF). The project covers 80 municipalities in the provinces of Cagayan (Region 2), Zambales (Region 3), Romblon (Region 4B), Masbate (Region 5), Cebu (Region 7), Siqiujor (Region 7) and Davao Oriental (Region 11) (ICRMP website).
The Philippines ranks fourth with the longest coastline in the world. Several policies have been laid out to protect and develop the country’s coastline. E.O No. 533 (2006) specified the adoption of ICM to provide sustainable development of the coastal and marine environment and resources. The DENR, together with other concerned agencies, LGUs, and other organizations, has implemented the ICRMP, which covers 80 municipalities. The NICMP proposes to expand its coverage to 832 municipalities. The major challenge for its implementation would be the availability of funding since ICM as a strategy requires a significant amount to cover its components. The cooperation of all the stakeholders is also essential in achieving its goals.
Philippine Point Person to the FFTC Project on Asia-Pacific Information Platform in Agricultural Policy and Director and Science Research Specialist II, respectively, of the Socio-Economics Research Division-Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (SERD-PCAARRD) of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Los Baños, Laguna, the Philippines.
All Sections refer to E.O. No. 533 unless indicated. | http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=282 |
To become a leading professional organization in the development of biomass energy to support energy security and the national economy in a sustainable manner.
- Build human resource capacity and technological innovation in efficient and effective biomass development to achieve energy independence;
- Encouraging the optimization of added value and competitiveness as well as increased accessibility of biomass energy at affordable prices for all people;
- Encouraging the use of biomass in bio-economic development which is oriented towards domestic and export markets for economic growth and social welfare;
- Supporting the development of biomass energy in achieving the target of the national renewable energy mix and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
- Encourage the application of research to optimize the use of biomass as a renewable energy source;
- Bridging stakeholders and serving as a consultative medium in the development of biomass for renewable energy.
- Integrity – Honest with ourselves and others, adhere to high ethical moral standards in doing business, be responsible and accountable;
- Transparent – management openness to the mechanisms of the organization’s system;
- Trustworthy – Trust, respect, and support one another, and always strive to gain the trust of stakeholders;
- Professional – Having reliable competence in accordance with the field of work;
- Innovation – Using skills and intelligence to imagine and create in order to continuously improve the development of biomass and biomass energy;
- Partnership – To be productive, collaborative, trusting and beneficial partners in relationships with stakeholders.
- Optimizing the role of the organization in providing policy considerations and suggestions and handling strategic issues to the government and stakeholders;
- Making alliances with other organizations and / or institutions in the development and utilization of biomass;
- Encouraging increased utilization of biomass in bio-economic development for various needs through the concept of an integrated industry (integrated industry) and empowering the community;
- Provide advice and considerations on various efforts to reduce operational costs as effectively and efficiently as possible (cost effectiveness and cost efficiency) to biomass energy producers to increase added value;
- Continuously encouraging to remain focused on the development and utilization of biomass energy through research and technological innovation in both the upstream and downstream sectors.
- Increasing the professionalism of human resources through education and training, workshops, symposiums, seminars, luncheon-talk, and others, either independently or in collaboration with other agencies engaged in the biomass energy business;
- Developing networks and cooperation among stakeholders in Indonesia and around the world through the connectivity of biomass energy organizations and digital data collection systems from the upstream-downstream sector;
- Optimizing the use of communication media, mass media, and other media for the dissemination of MEBI activities and research results to stakeholders including producers-consumers-government-society at large;
- Provide input to the government in terms of public policies and handling of strategic issues related to the development and utilization of biomass and biomass energy, as well as national energy conservation;
- Encouraging increased added value and competitiveness through increased productivity, efficiency of upstream-downstream production costs, and acceptance of incentives as environmentally friendly green products;
- Encouraging the development of biomass energy as a business unit with good prospects to support increased employment opportunities and absorption of labor;
- Encouraging the development of biomass energy in bioeconomic development (energy, chemical, animal feed, and transportation) for various purposes through cooperation between stakeholders;
- Building coordination, cooperation, and a consultative role in an effort to create coherence between stakeholders through the MEBI forum, as well as assessing biomass experts to be certified accredited. | https://mebi.or.id/vision-mission/ |
Promoting Sustainable Tourism in Europe
Resource Nodes for Knowledge Exchange, Collaboration and Entrepreneurship Training - RN-KCET - aims to enhance a common understanding and commitment for sustainable tourism by SMEs that fosters a profitable tourism industry while minimizing negative social, cultural and environmental impacts. The Knowledge Exchange Platform (KEP) that constitutes the project’s keystone – a community of practice - maps relevant opportunities for tourism sector SMEs to become more sustainable. The project presents a framework for analysing the current capacity in our regions to present a comprehensive picture of the state of sustainable tourism and its trends in order to produce credible data that is key for effective evidence-based management in the industry. This helps localized tourism-related SMEs surmount challenges and capitalize on opportunities for actions that drive economic growth and social development by promoting entrepreneurship that improves tourism management and creates jobs while leading SMEs toward sustainability.
RN-KCET is positioned to support the creation of an ecosystem developed for the project’s target group with capacity building centered in the virtual Knowledge Exchange Platform (KEP) as that needed information base and related activity orchestrated by resource nodes that are assumed within each partner’s operations in areas that are in most need of supporting growth phases and technological change for tourism-related SMEs:
* SMEs can gain 24/7 access to the resources supported by the Knowledge Exchange Platform, to avail themselves of information and resources that include entrepreneurship education and training and best practice that will help them grow with solution-driven services that help them transform innovative ideas into commercial successes. These resource nodes become hubs networked through the KEP as efficient user-centric environments to support tourism-SMEs needs to access information and resources that will help them grow and achieve sustainability. Resource nodes facilitate training that will lead SME operators toward acquiring skills and competences in management and services, and inform policymakers and other stakeholders at local and European levels.
* Via a community of practice for training, collaboration and mobility, networking and mentoring, and a web of knowledge, the KEP serves as the axis of communication for free-flowing interchanges of information. Thus, the ecosystem brings together a host of elements SMEs need to become sustainable:
⮚ Training is centered around a model for building and upgrading competences and skills based on EntreComp, the European Commission’s framework for entrepreneurship, coupled with inquiry-based learning for critical thinking and exercises for acquiring a growth mindset needed for successful entrepreneurship. By engaging in entrepreneurship, SMEs can experiment with carrying out a diversification of products and services that will not only lead toward achieving sustainability but also allows SMEs to surmount challenges and engage in actions that drive economic growth, social development and job creation in their local communities;
⮚ Linkages are created with local stakeholders like entrepreneurship ecosystems and idea centers, public agencies, the investment community and others that create pathways within enabling environments needed for SMEs to access resources such as financing, business acumen and risk management, brand development, marketing and product positioning expertise, as well as technology, complementary entrepreneurship education and training especially for acquiring competences, soft skills and a growth mindset, job fairs, opportunities to collaborate with each other and open new markets, among others.
⮚ SMEs are introduced to the United Nations Global Goals and connected with the global community to spark interest in creating and co-creating products and services that accelerate and/or achieve the Global Goals via a diversification of operations that focus on the SDGs, as every societal issue presents opportunities for new business ventures.
⮚ Resource nodes will define the status of sustainable tourism in their areas with data produced by the resource nodes. By identifying gaps and through the training component of the project, SME operators acquire skills and competences to experiment with carrying out a diversification of products and services that will lead toward achieving sustainability. An open call requests proposals that are analysed against criteria for challenges defined for the sector, open innovation and the SDGs; target groups gain 24/7 access to the resources supported by the KEP to avail themselves of information and resources that help them transform innovative ideas into commercial successes. By sponsoring workshops to teach beneficiaries how to utilize the KEP resources as well as organize peer-to-peer meetings and other events, resource nodes become capacity builders for tourism-related SMEs, bolstering their support by forming liaisons with other stakeholders conducive towards supporting SMEs to complete their journey toward becoming sustainable.
⮚ Meanwhile, the resource nodes reach out to local stakeholders, including policymakers, job market actors, formal and non-formal learning environments and others to disseminate RN-KCET outcomes on local, provincial, national and pan-European levels, and at international levels in the context of addressing the Global Goals. These can include creating policy briefs that demonstrate the myriad benefits sustainable tourism brings to a region including measuring tourism and its contribution to the economy and to trade, investment and the business environments, reference targets for tourism developers at the regional and country levels, good practice for more sustainable ways to manage tourism business, etc.
RN-KCET was submitted to COSME COS-TOURCOOP-2019-3-01: Boosting sustainable tourism development and capacity of tourism SMEs through transnational cooperation and knowledge transfer. RN-KCET is sponsored by a consortium of cross-sectoral stakeholders, led by the Municipality of Corinthion and including the Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Corinth), Global Skills Network (Barcelona), Smart & Lean Hub (Lahti), Czech Center of Science & Society (Záryby), Regional Cluster "North-East" (Varna), Escola de Comercio (Lisbon), Institute IPR (Northern Portugal), Harghita Community Development Association (Miercurea Ciuc) and the Turkish Ministry of Education (Ankara). The RN-KCET consortium activities administrator is EntreComp Entrepreneurship Education & Training. Inquiries on the project can be directed to our email at [email protected]. | https://www.entrecomped.org/2019/10/promoting-sustainable-tourism-in-europe.html?showComment=1618380930842 |
Who We are ?
Due to distant from the district headquarter limited Government resources were reached to the Bakamalang VDC of Palpa district . In the other hand, economic as well as educational status of the people was also poor. Though, some youths of the VDC were enthusiastic to engage in development activities. At the meantime, BES Nepal was established in 1992 aiming to support children for their education. BES Nepal has registered in District Administration Office Palpa (Reg. No. 43) and affiliated to SWC(A.N. 1157) as non-political, non-religious, membership and community based development organization. Currently, 100 plus members are working.
BES-Nepal is operating as per its third five years’ strategic plan (2016-2020). It is affiliated on more than nine National networks and well known as child right promoter organization. It is establishing as a model on organizational development with mobilizing the members and it has its own identity in the sector of self -governance, inclusiveness, volunteerism, social harmony, and Social justice as the protector of human right.
BES Nepal has long experience on social mobilization working on education, health and nutrition sector in Palpa and neighboring districts. It has been practiced time movement, book reading habit and positive thinking and acting culture. In the other hand there are experienced, efficient and highly accountable human resources towards the targeted sectors and the communities are actively working with the organization.
Vision:
- Creation of civilized, self-dependent and equitable society.
Mission:
- Facilitate on meaningful participation and dignity life of community people.
- Support on identification of local resources, mobilization and its management.
- Sustainable development of the organization.
Goal:
- Work to maintain quality of all community programs and make them sustainable.
- Support to end all types of discrimination and establish social harmony and peace
- Support for establishing equal opportunity to all class, tribe for their easier life style.
- Support on economic generation and social security promotion for marginalized and deprived.
- Support and or facilitate on national priorities
- Humanitarian support during disaster
- Promote community practice on leadership development, inclusion, governance and transparency.
- Establish as a successful and self -dependent civil society organization.
Objectives:
- Support on the free and qualitative basic education.
- Improve the hygienic & nutrition status of target group.
- To serve helpless people including blind, disable person and people with physical, mental challenge.
- To initiate the campaign of plantation and work for the environmental protection.
- To support and collaborate on National priorities.
- Support on conservation of appropriate traditions and culture.
- To initiate different programs for exploring creativity and broaden inner capacity.
- Mobilize community for their own development.
- To support on emergency.
Target Groups and Sectors:
|Target Area||Advocacy|
|Children||ECD, Primary Education, Health and Nutrition, Child Protection|
|Women||Safe Motherhood, Social Security, Skill Development and advocacy of rights|
|Youths||Skill Development, Awareness upon drugs, Self Employment, Youth Forum and advocacy on rights.|
|Vulnerable and marginalized Community||Modernization on Agriculture and animal farming, Skill development for income generation, Empowerment|
Areas for Mainstreaming
|Target Area||Advocacy|
|Disable||Skill development, Rehabilitation, Advocacy on disable friendly environment|
|HIV and AIDS||Skill development, Rehabilitation, Income Generation program, Awareness and Advocacy|
|Disaster Management and Emergency response||Awareness, Rescue, Planning on Pre-Plan|
|Public Awareness||Public hearing, discussion, Advocacy on good utilization of resources and Constitutional education|
|Climate Change||Awareness, Local concern on the conservation of forest and environment|
Working modality of BES-Nepal
BES- Nepal has adopted some special bases in its strategy plan while working in the community. These are mentioned as follows;
- Activity based on the organizational norms and values:
BES-Nepal has its strategy plan, policy and clear norms and values. These are the guidelines of the organizational. It has implemented its program guiding by the GESI, right practice of democratic value, social harmony and its development, social justice and good governance , human rights, local culture promotion and local resource mobilization. Staffs of the organization are oriented by this fact and they are monitored for the right implementation. Similarly, BES has mainstreamed to advocacy and impact, organization development, networking and national issues which support to the organization to be recognized.
- Method of participatory planning:
BES adopts the participatory method of planning strategy because these are the guidelines for the proposal of program. The activities of the programs are generated by the strong participation and discussion with the stakeholders. The responsibility of that discussion is taken by the staffs of BES those who are allotted to work in any specific place. When the activities are finalized by the stakeholders are passed by the executive committee. Member and staffs are fully oriented where to work, what to work for the part of participation. Especially, the part of participation is linked with the working modality of donor agency as they work based on complete physical and financial support, complete technical and nominal financial support and technical support only. This type of participatory mechanism has been mentioned in the policy so that it has been easy to complete the activity in time with the interest of stakeholders.
- Phase in and phase out strategy
According to the strategy of BES, at the beginning of the program, it implements phase in program such as district and VDC level interaction program, group formation program. Partnership of program planning, implementation, evaluation and monitoring system, program advisory committee formation has also been formed to the evaluation of the program. . Similarly, BES has implemented the phase out policy too to end the program such as setting indicators. First phase in front of the organization, second phase: community and group discussion, third phase: community and group will be the front and organization will be back.
For phase out of the program there is M & E system, documentation and impact study, field review hand over plan providing knowledge and skill for institutional development and Fund support Material support and Supporting to organization for the linkage with governmental organization.
- Monitoring and Evaluation system:
BES has adopted a special monitoring and evaluation system. According to this system, all of the programs of the organization are guided. For the effective monitoring of the program, local level helping group are also formed who guides the organization with the proper suggestion of local stakeholders. Similarly, there is the trend of conducting semiannual review meeting in the district level and organizational level which also provides the suggestion for further movement. According to the resources of the program, satisfaction of the right holders is also measured to find out the effectiveness of the program..
- Major strategy for the sustainability of Program:
Pre plan is made for the sustainability of Program by BES Nepal which enables the local partnership. The programs are conducted based on the public partnership, local level structure formation, capacity building and social mobilization, mainstreaming of the major issues, advocacy of the issues and local skills.
- Process of supporting to community and social organizations:
BES is aware that there is no possibility of conducting the program without involvement of the local people. So, BES supports for the public awareness, community level planning program, economic and technical support and skill hand over program to the needy people and community.
- Partnership:
BES has its own norms and values of partnership. It supports for the increment of the resources. It prioritizes for for the local resources and skill which guides the mobilization for the private sector. According to the need and its specification, the foreign aid is accepted.
- Base of partnership selection
- Co-ordination of the organizational norms and values with partner org.
- Attitude of Nepalese towards partner organization.
iii. National priority and local need based plan.
- International identity of partner organization.
- Behave of partner organization with other org.
- Equality with VMGO of BES.
vii. Attitude of partner organization for social mobilization and social empowerment.
viii. Ideology partner organization toward human rights.
- Faith of partner organization upon its specified area.
- The following terms are not accepted to BES;
- which do not favor to local resources.
- Which hinder to local group formation.
iii. Which degrade to the sovereignty and freedom.
- Points included after MOU.
- Which dominates the local culture and social values.
- Organizational development
BES wants to be built as the self supportive organization. It has formed its organizational structure to empower the capacity of the organization. The structure has been formed as follow.
- Management Committee( Executive Committee, Senior Management Team)
- Monitoring Team( Account, Procurement, Human Resource Development and Management Committee)
- Organizational Development is must in launching of any program.
- OD plan is made every year with SWOT.
- Human Resource Management:
For the part of the organizational development human resource is essential part. To empower the skill and positive attitude upon the organization, BES provides evaluation and monitoring, good governance, policy making and fund raising skill to board members. Similarly, it provides organizational development and positive attitude skill to all members and staffs too. BES has identified the indicators for every staffs for the evaluation of the performance. According to the performance, there is a system to reward and encourage them. Moreover, well performer is given chances to participate in the training.
- Co-ordination Process:
BES forms different groups in the course of the program implementation. Within that group, dispute among them is solved by them. If any innovative types of activities are done by any groups, other groups are given chances to visit and share the experiences among them. Similarly, monthly program review meeting, board and staffs interaction, bimonthly senior staffs meeting and sharing meeting with board by the head of the program are the examples of BES for the promotion of co-ordination. Annual general assembly and introduction cum review meeting with staffs and members is also conducted. Semi –annual and annual review meeting with stakeholders and right holders are other major examples of co-ordination. BES has practiced to submit annual program report with concern government agencies so that linkage and co-ordination has been strengthened with them.
- Organizational Management:
Management skill has been practiced to implement in the organization. Impact and effects are analyzed before any decision made by the concern committee. The decision which is suitable according to the context of the organization and country is selected and implemented. According to the need of the organization, the necessary administrative working modality, staff mobilization, social mobilization, performance evacuation and management policy has been made in favor of the organization. To empower the board, members, staffs, volunteers, stakeholders and right holders, BES has practiced to deliver the skill t the, whereas they can be sustained by them.
- Governance and management in BES-Nepal:
- Governance:
- Regular and timely conduction of General Assembly as per the Government rule.
- Updated policies/Guidelines related to finance, HR, Admin, Procurement, OD.
- Strongly implemented the Child Safeguarding policy, GESI guideline and Conflict of Interest Policy.
- No dual role of board and staffs. No board members are allowed to be staffs and staffs are not allowed to be a member of executive board.
- Provision of inclusion in structure of membership/staff
- Involvement of board on policy develop and review, project design, monitoring and approval.
- Leadership change/development. (Provision on constituent for no Chairperson regularly more than 2 times)
- Established mechanism of Monitoring Evaluation Accountability and Learning for Quality delivery of program.
- Management:
- Executive Director is directed by executive board and has full responsibility to coordinate, monitor and ensure the quality of all programs implemented by the organization.
- A senior management Team has been formed with the representation of senior staffs from all depart/program. It supports to collaborate among programs.
- Daily office operation and program implementation. Separately management of the office based and field based staff.
- Clear Phase in and out strategy.
- Human Resource:
- 90 over staffs and 100 plus general members are involved.
- Diverse and thematic expert staffs are available.
- Annual PER and reward to staffs after evaluation has been continuously performing.
- Local and cluster based staffs.
- Staffs and members orientation is regular in every year.
- Developed the expertise on education and nutrition, NGO management, monitoring and evaluation, action research.
- Maintain/updated (JD) Personal profile of staffs and board members.
- Clear HR recruiting policy and staff development plan is existed.
- Volunteer provision and practice promoting them.
- Financial Management
- Practicing the standard financial and accounting policy & procedure. – as per the need of funding agencies
- Auditing only by Chartered Accountant since 2009.
- Publicize financial and annual reports for transparency.
- Internal Account control system (Quarterly monitoring by internal finance monitoring committee)
- Half – yearly Auditing and strong implementation of audit recommendation.
- Project Tracking – by Budget Holder (program staff) Sensitive on over expensive and less expensive which is evaluated by program depart.
- Timely reporting/meeting all requirement till date
- Strongly follow the law of Nepal government (tax. Policies…)
- Using the standard Accounting software (FAMAS).
- Capable staffs (Finance Coordinator-1, Admin/finance officer-1,Accountent-1 admin/finance assistant-2)
- Cost consciousness:
- Prioritize for low cost and no cost techniques.
- Joint collaboration with other concern agencies (cost sharing)
- Resource generate at local level (VDC, Users group)
- Monthly cost analysis, tracking and planning.
- Conducts periodical review and planning meeting among District as well as local level stakeholders of all programs.
- Promote Local material and mobilization of Local Resource Person based on availability and need.
- Working Strategies of BES-Nepal;
- Access and Availability: Need Assessment, prioritization, support, and collaborative actions have been carried out.
- Quality Enhance & Assurance: Vendor listing, competitive procurement process, improve service provider capacity, technical support.
- Capacity Building- Knowledge/skill
- Advocacy & Policy – Better national policies/strategies/ increase investment and effective implementation in all level.
- Result based Monitoring & Evaluation with standard check lists.
- Joint Planning/implementation and collaboration with line agencies for better result.
- Strengths of BES-Nepal
- Established organization focusing on children’s issues (Education, Health, Nutrition, Agriculture)
- Strong Cooperation and coordination with line agencies, networks.
- Functional Financial Management system.
- Long and grassroots experience on community mobilization
- Practicing effective monitoring and evaluation system with checklist.
- Program and organizational activities guided on the base of policy and strategic plan of organization.
- Strong documentation and online reporting (OPMIS).
- Good governance and Inclusion
- BES-Nepal is familiar with the different culture, living styles, local languages and geographical condition.
- Effective Communication System (Website, Toll Free, Publication, Annual Report)
- BES-Nepal has its own resources i.e 2 office building in Palpa district, one 4 wheeler, 2 motorbikes and enough office equipments for the program implementation (property of 62 lakhs). | http://besnepal.org.np/organization-profile/ |
XSF-EcoSEED conducts Landscape Stakeholders Dialogue for Mt. Kalatungan - Xavier Science Foundation, Inc.
Xavier Science Foundation Inc., through its Enhancement of Community’s Capacity for Sustainable Ecological Protection and Economic Development (EcoSEED-2) project gathered the various stakeholders from CSOs/NGOs, Government Agencies, Indigenous Peoples Organizations and Local Government Units in a forum titled Mt. Kalatungan Landscape Stakeholders Dialogue: Governance and Collaboration on November 20, 2018 at Hotel De Susana Resorts in Valencia City, Bukidnon.
Mt. Kalatungan as a Key Biodiversity Area is a venue where multi-stakeholders converge and the said forum initiated was a platform to discuss further areas of collaboration among stakeholders and strengthen governance systems within the landscape. The theme, governance and collaboration, follows the Landscape Governance Framework wherein identified key stakeholders within a particular landscape are significantly connected and are responsible to connect with one another in order to fully govern and equally sustain the resources within a landscape.
The forum highlighted XSF’s local partners, seven (7) Indigenous Peoples Organizations, in presenting their respective forest management plans and organizational management systems. This intensified the coordination and synergy among stakeholders by appreciating the common practices and traditions that allows them to better manage their forest resource as well as value the innovations that each stakeholder have in approaching the sustainability plans of the landscape.
The EcoSEED-2 project is supported by the Forest Foundation Philippines, who also works with other CSOs/NGOs implementing projects within the Mt. Kalatungan landscape.
XSF’s Executive Director Roel R Ravanera emphasized Commitment, Collaboration and Connection or 3Cs where all stakeholders within the landscape of Mt. Kalatungan need to support in order to protect our environment and its natural resources. | http://www.xsfoundationinc.org/xsf-ecoseed-conducts-landscape-stakeholders-dialogue-for-mt-kalatungan/ |
Development is rapidly grown in the country in the past decade. Water resources are crucial and act as catalyst or center for livelihood of Lao people in the country whose majority live in the rural areas, near the river, stream, canal and other ecosystem. Most of people works are related to agriculture of about 80 percent of the population with link to water uses. In addition, water is important source of food and has income generated from water resources such as: agriculture-livestock, fishery, aquatic vegetables, bamboo shoot and others.
The impact to natural resources especially water also occurred throughout the country, unsustainable use and multi-sectoral use of water is increasing versus demands. Water resources management is needed to ensure sustainable development and to raise greater awareness and in-depth understanding of the importance of water resources, priority areas in water resource management and development‚ direction and decisions. Mechanisms are needed to coordinate activities implementation on the ground and at grass root level.
37 participants (11 females) from government institution, private sector, NGO, Academy and resource person from Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) and Ministry of Planning and Investment aware of this need and discussed on water resources management strategy contributing to sustainable development agenda of the country in the long run. And start put this understanding into the policy and plans.
Securing the policy and plans are integrated and aligned with new national vision 2030, strategy 2025 and AP 2016-2020 (SDG, Green Growth, Result Based Planning), reduce the water risks, robust water governance, improve water resource facilities for climate change resilience and disaster risk reduction, sustainable use of water with more coordinated plans, etc.
In addition, this workshop was a very good chance and platform to build better partnership among water resource management stakeholders with better understanding and coordination among each other as well as increase cooperation in the future.
All participants agreed of this follow up action, such as:
- · Continue to coordinate with stakeholders who joined the seminar as focal point.
- · Promote and conduct awareness raising activities on water resource management and sustainable development.
- · Government line agencies, private sectors and all related stakeholders in Lao PDR strongly urge to participate and joint implement the national water resources strategy 2025 with support and linkage with national socio-economic development plan, sustainable development goal, green growth.
· Seek the fund for pilot project on integrated water resource management and sustainable development mechanism in practices. | https://gwp.org/en/GWP-South-East-Asia/WE-ACT/keep-updated/News-and-Activities/2016/National-Seminar-on-Water-Resource-Management-and-Sustainable-Development-Agenda-for-Lao-PDR/ |
Proceedings of the regional workshop on forests for poverty reduction: can community forestry make money?
Community forest means an area of state forest subject to an agreement to manage and utilize the forest in a sustainable manner between the cantonment of the Forest Administration and local communities or an organized group of people. Community forestry is initiated and promoted mainly by the various international NGOs and donor agencies, national NGOs, civil society, and later by the Royal Government of Cambodia. The various laws and decrees governing community forestry such as the National Forest Policy Statement (2002), Land Law (2001), Commune Administration Law (2001), Forestry Law (2002), Law on Protected Areas (Draft), Sub-decree on Concession Management Plan (2000), and Community Forestry Sub-decree (Draft), contain conflicting statements. Although the total area managed by community forestry is 55 568 ha, the number of stakeholders and initiatives is 150; thus each covers a relatively small area. With different line agencies involved, the main responsibility is with the Department of Forestry and Wildlife (DFW). Community forestry only exists at the local level in pilot provinces, mainly linked to projects, with very limited capacity (expertise/knowledge), high inputs by NGOs, being not integrated with other sectors (such as agriculture), importance insufficiently reflected in institutional set-up, and limited extension-research linkages. Current emphasis deals with highly degraded forests which are rehabilitation oriented, use of NTFPs for livelihood improvement, commercial use of timber not yet considered, increasing number of integrated approaches such as the community-based natural resources management (CBNRM), limited benefit sharing arrangements, and good integration into local structures.
The Kingdom of Cambodia is one of the smallest countries in Southeast Asia, located in the southwestern part of the Indochina peninsula. The Kingdom lies between 10°-15°N and 102°-108°E. Cambodia shares borders with Thailand, Laos and Vietnam. The area of Cambodia is approximately 181 035 km2. In 1998, the population was approximately 11 million, 85 percent of whom lived in rural areas. The annual growth rate is approximately 2.6 percent. The population is concentrated in the central plain where there is a density of approximately 318 people per km2. On the coastal region, the average population density is 60 persons per km2; in the highlands, the population density is lowest approximately 1 person per km2.
Cambodia is rich in natural resources, especially forest resources. Forest resources are one of the most important natural resources for national socio-economic development. Before 1970, a forest inventory implemented by the Forest Research and Education Institute (FREI) reported that the forest cover was 13 227 100 ha or 73 percent of the total territory (Table 1).
Over the last 30 years, few forest inventories have been conducted in Cambodia. From 1993 to 1998, the rate of deforestation escalated to approximately 2 million ha per year-the highest rate of deforestation ever recorded in Cambodias history. According to the interpretation of LANSAT satellite imagery (1996/97-UNDP/ FAO), the forest cover of Cambodia is now estimated to be approximately 58 percent (Table 2).
The principal direct causes of deforestation in Cambodia are extensive commercial forest exploitation and agriculture expansion. Inappropriate resource use, uncertain resource tenure and rapid population growth also contribute to the destruction of forest resources. Economic, social, and political forces, manifested in policy failures such as poor land-use planning, population pressure and poverty drive these factors.
At present, rural people need forest resources to maintain and improve their living standards and to meet their cultural needs. The Department of Forestry and Wildlife (DFW) has responsibility for forest management and recognizes the importance of working with communities to meet the needs of rural Cambodians and to achieve sustainable management of forest resources.
Traditional/customary uses of forest resources have been practised for decades in Cambodia especially by the hill tribes in the uplands (e.g. Ratanakiri, Mondulkiri and Stung Treng provinces). Community forestry initiatives have been made by international NGOs (Mennonite Central Committee [MCC], Concern Worldwide, FAO) in collaboration with the Department of Forestry and Wildlife (DFW) since 1990 in a few provinces such as Takeo, K Chhnang, Pursat and Siem Reap Provinces.
The Community Forestry Network Meeting was established by the Cambodia Environment Management Project (CEMP) in 1996 and involves government institutions for the purpose of exchange and sharing information and experiences in community forestry practice. Since 1996, the Community Forestry Sub-decree (CFSD) has been drafted by the Department of Forestry and Wildlife and submitted to the Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fishery (MAFF) and Council Minister, but it was rejected to be revised. This was done by a working group, in consultation with all relevant institutions and organizations, and the local communities. This draft CFSD was then resubmitted to the MAFF and Council Minister for approval. The Community Forestry Working Group was initiated by the Sustainable Management of Resources in the Lower Mekong Basin Project (SMRP-MRC/GTZ) in 1998 to facilitate the implementation of various activities, and to assist in the policy and technical development to ensure that CF implementation has legal support in the field and also to exchange information among stakeholders. The National Community Forestry Strategic Plan and Community Forestry Guidelines have been elaborated by the members of the Community Forestry Working Group since 2000 and have received funding from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). An interinstitutional training team, the Cambodia Community Forestry Training Team (CAMCOFTT), was established in 1998, and involved the Ministry of Environment, MAFF, Royal University of Agriculture and Concern Worldwide to train community forestry practitioners and government staff. It ceased operation in 2001. Since 2002, JICA has supported a Capacity Building Forestry Centre, using community forestry concepts as important criteria for building awareness to the key staff at the provincial level. By August, two out of the three courses planned for 2003 have been conducted.
Community forest management planning has been discussed with all relevant stakeholders in a national workshop in 2002 to elaborate the management planning procedures and technical tools. Other legislations under the Community Forestry Sub-Decree are being developed by the Community Forestry Unit involving all stakeholders.
Since 1990, 150 community forestry units have been established in 344 villages, 96 communes and 55 districts in 15 provinces to manage and use the forest resource sustainably. All these cover a forest area about 55 568 ha under the jurisdiction of the DFW/MAFF. The local communities have organized community forestry committees, formulated regulations and developed management plans, but some units have not completed all these processes. Government institutions, NGOs and some international agencies provided technical advice.
Although community forestry initiatives are expanding in the country, only one unit, that of Takeo Province has been recognized and approved by the DFW and MAFF; all the others have only received recognition from the Provincial Forestry Office (Table 3).
Community forestry initiatives are still very much driven by international donor organizations, international and national NGOs, but recently communities are becoming more proactive, using direct approaches to address local problems. However, central level commitment expressed in policy documents has fallen short in practice (slack law enforcement), but commitments set from provincial authorities/governors remains crucial to the success of these initiatives. A comprehensive collection of information is available (e.g. case studies, reports, assessments), but so far there have been no conceptual synopsis that could be used for extension packages based on categories-uplands, lowlands and coastal zones. Community forestry has to take the needs of the resource users into consideration; therefore applied approaches/tools have to be flexible, realistic, practical, simple, independent and participatory.
The government has framed policies such as the Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy and the National Economic Development Plan, where emphasis is given to sustainable management of natural resources for micro- and macrosocio-economic development of the country. More specific policies are the National Forest Sector Policy Statement (2002) and the Strategy of Land Policy Framework (2002).
The legal framework for community forestry is provided by the Constitution (1993), Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management Law (1996), Royal Decree on Creation and Designation of Protected Areas (1993), Forest Concession Sub-decree (2000), Land Law (2001), Commune Administration Law (2001), Forestry Law (2002), and the Community Forestry Sub-decree (Draft). The legal framework recognizes decentralized forest management by communities and their customary rights to use forest resources. Yet it is still fragmented and inconsistent with conflicting statements in different legislatives. Unclear issues are taxation, benefit sharing, co-management, prakas needed for forest management planning, inventory procedures and approaches. The real commitment at the policy-making level is questionable, as the Community Forestry Subdecree elaborated with participation of all major stakeholders and based on common consensus has been revised significantly.
Decentralization efforts of the government related to natural resource management are supported by the SEILA Programme to integrate and mainstream natural resource and environmental management into general decentralized planning framework and to support a balanced socio-economic development process.
Emphasis is given to the strengthening of local structures and planning capacities (commune level) through intersectoral facilitation teams to integrate and address natural resource and environmental issues into their general planning process, based on experiences from CBNRM initiatives (e.g. Ratanakiri). The concept of land-use planning was introduced in 1999. Progress was also seen in the elaboration of a participatory land-use planning manual supported by SMRP/LMP. Support to the DLMUPC in organizing and conducting participatory land-use planning training for trainers has been initiated in ten provinces since 2002, but the implementation of such practices is still limited to two pilot provinces. Participatory land-use planning is essential to facilitate the process of land registration, resolve and avoid land conflicts, and facilitate participatory decisions on land uses as a basis for sustainable NRM. An eight-step approach gives guidance to local authorities, especially commune councils. The Land Management Project (LMP) supports land policy development, systematic land registration according to the Land Law, and development of guidelines and procedures.
"To promote participatory processes among stakeholders in the management of forest resources as a means to contribute to decentralization, poverty reduction and sustainable forest management".
to improve collaboration between community forestry and broader natural resource management initiatives.
provide a forum for gaining consensus in decision-making among all stakeholders.
arrange study tours with a focus on policy-makers, but including other stakeholders, initially within Cambodia, and later within the region.
participate in the development and maintenance of the community forestry/natural resource management database.
provide implementing structures to develop guidelines/manuals for community forestry activities such as mapping, inventory, benefit sharing, agreements, forest management practices (thinning, pruning, harvesting, planting, etc.), forest management planning, monitoring and evaluation.
establish links to regional community forestry networks (such as RECOFTC, AFN, IIRR) and regional country networks.
support the inclusion of CF activities within commune development plans.
The Cambodia Environment Management Project (CEMP) established the Community Forestry Network Meeting in Cambodia (CFNC) in 1993. When the CEMP was closed in 1997, the DFW/MAFF, MoE and Concern Worldwide continued to support and facilitate the CFNC. For some time there have been concerns over the ownership and future direction of the Community Forestry Network Meeting. Concern Worldwide and WWF organized the meeting with a range of stakeholders to discuss networking in CBNRM and map the existing networks and their relationships and several constraints and opportunities were identified. Following this meeting, there was a proposal that the network should have an organizing committee who would also have responsibility for the content of the Community Forestry Newsletter. This idea was presented at the Community Forestry Network Meeting and broad agreement was reached. The organizing committee has since met once and currently includes representatives from CFU/DFW/MAFF, MoE, WWF, Concern Worldwide, Oxfam GB and Mlup Baitong.
Objective of the CFNC: To share information and experiences among community forestry agencies, communities and NGOs regarding community forestry in Cambodia.
Ownership: The CFNC rotates every six months between the two departments, CFU/DFW/MAFF and MoE. These departments will take turns to be the chairman and treasurer.
Since the establishment of community forestry networking at national level, some provinces such as Pursat and Kampong Chhnang have also initiated to organize meetings at the provincial level. The provincial Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fishery plays the role of chairman and all organizations that are interested in community forestry activities (relevant institutions and representatives of community forestry committees in the provinces) are involved. The meetings are for exchanging and sharing information and also announcing new legislations and technical lessons learned from national or international meetings.
In a post-conflict country like Cambodia, the military still plays a major role in forest resource use; the influence of "powerful men" acting beyond the laws weakens the enforcement of law.
Very often, overlapping land uses cause conflicts between land concessionaires and traditional resource users. The concessionaires often deny the people their customary resource use rights.
There is also confusion on land tenure in practice because of very limited implementation still of a systematic land-use planning or land allocation process.
Mistrust between forestry officials and the local communities arises because of past top-down management of resources.
The government has yet to introduce feasible financing mechanisms such as incentives in the forms of tax exemptions, secure ownership, reduction of royalties and benefit -sharing arrangements for community forestry, especially for extension of the rehabilitation/reforestation activities.
villages-villages: overlapping resource use, unclear village territories and encroachments.
Community forestry is initiated and promoted by various international NGOs and donor agencies, national NGOs, local communities and the government. One hundred and fifty community forestry units covering a forest area of about 55 568 ha have been established involving local communities and diverse stakeholders. The incentives from the involvement of the local communities in community forest management plans relate to the commercial use of NTFPs for their livelihood which ensures that the forest is sustainable. The development of community forestry policy has involved multi-stakeholders and community forestry working groups and representatives of local communities. | http://www.fao.org/3/ad511e/ad511e0a.htm |
Cognizant to the prevailing gaps of knowledge on the operation of tourism organizations in Central Ethiopia, this paper attempts to elucidate tourism stakeholders and their operations on Bishoftu – Modjo-Hawassa tourist corridor. The paper deployed qualitative data collection methods and reviews of secondary sources and examines the practices in the study area contextualizing within the framework of stakeholders theory in tourism. It is noted that the Ethiopian tourism sector in general and those operating on the aforementioned route in particular have been witnessing ever flourishing trend. Among others, noteworthy achievements have been recorded on the genesis of service providing institutions such as government offices, hotels, tour operators, micro enterprises and local tour guide associations. However, the superficial nature of coordination and competitive practices that prevail among the tourism stakeholders on the route have created constraints and thus compromised on the delivery of tourism product and service delivery. The paper informs concerned actors to come up with all embracing strategic options that strengthen their collaborations in Central Ethiopia.
Tourism by its nature is a multi-sector activity and it involves a number of stakeholders. For authors such as Gray(1989), stakeholders are characterized as actors with an interest or stake in tourism, which include individuals, groups or organizations impacted by actions of tourism development. Trist (1983) further denoted that tourism organizations and stakeholders need to shift from an intra-organizational goal to maximize the interests of all parties and entities in the area of tourism operations. This would happen through creation of robust systems of collaboration and sympathetic activities across sectors.
Authors such as Gray (1989) proposed several elements as the benefits of inter-organizational and stakeholders’ collaboration in tourism. They emphasized interdependence, dealing constructively with differences, promote joint ownership of decisions, collective responsibility for the ongoing directions, and Collaboration is defined as an emergent process by which tourism organizations collectively deal with growing complexity.
It was in cognition to these acclaimed functions and practical benefits of collaborative operations that this paper aims to explore the cooperation among stakeholders providing tourism products and services in Central Rift Vallye areas in Ethiopia.
The Federal Ministry of Culture and Tourism is envisioned to be one of the five top destinations in Africa by 2020. However, there are series of impediments hindering the attainment of this preset vision. Among these, lack of coordination and cooperation among the stakeholders of tourism can be mentioned as the major fragmentation frontline.
Even if there are lots of efforts being pumped and put in place by Ministry of Culture and Tourism at the Federal level and by all respective regional tourism bureaus as well as other stakeholders, the problem of disintegration continues to surface out and act to obstruct the operation of tourism stakeholders in Central Rift Valley Areas of Ethiopia. Above and beyond, tourism businesses like tour operations, travel agencies, hotels and other firms have not developed interactive partnership which epitomizes their limited collaborations.
There have been research undertakings in Ethiopia that partly deals with the problems related to stakeholders coordination in tourism sector such as Tamirat (2015); Tesfaye (2015); Mulugeta (2010); Mulugeta (2012), Mulugeta (2017), Ayalew (2009), Adem (2008) and Getachew (1999). Nonetheless, coordination problem continues to challenge and undermine the operations of tourism stakeholders. Therefore, this paper aspires to assess the key issues among tourism stakeholders in terms of coordination and competition in central Rift Valley areas of Ethiopia.
This paper has got two objectives: general and specific objectives, both of them are stated herein under.
The overall objective of the paper is to explore the operational practices of the tourism stakeholders in Central Rift Valley areas of Ethiopia, along the Bishoftu- Modjo-Hawassa tourist route.
Identify the bottlenecks to the operation of tourism stakeholders in central Ethiopia.
This sub-section gives the highlights on the research paradigm entailed in fieldwork, analysis and reporting. It also extends to portray the actual methods deployed for data collection a well as keeps in touch readers with the succinct description of the Bishoftu-Modjo-Hawassa tourist route.
This paper adopts an interpretative research paradigm, which concentrates on and helps to interpret the actions of respective stakeholders and re-construction of stakeholders’ positions. For Nuryatano (2003: 32), interpretative research paradigm “involves understanding human behavior through lived experiences.” As a research paradigm, interpretivism defines reality in relation to the contexts of the phenomena under investigation while its epistemological stance also took subjective understanding (Scotland, 2012), which shares much with the constructivist school of thought. Therefore, this paradigm ground to capture the experiences of the major tourism stakeholders on the study route.
This paper entirely relied on a qualitative research design and strategy, involving in-depth interviews, key informant interviews and observations. These methods were employed in exploring the role of each of the stakeholders in light of cooperation and coordination in tourism around the selected tourist sites. The interviewees of the study were managed through purposive sampling based on their experiences, prior knowledge and level of expertise in relation to tourism stakeholders and their operation on the route.
The in-depth interviews were held with the representatives of tour agents, tour guides’ associations at local level, community representatives and private and public higher education institutions. The in-depth interviews also covered the hotel owners, managers, and representatives of the micro-enterprises. Key informant interviews were made with the officials in the respective Offices and Bureaus of Culture and Tourism in the National Regional States of Oromia and Southern Nations Nationalities Peoples Regions. The total numbers of in-depth interviews were 12 [8 males and 4 females] while the key-informants interviews were carried out with 8 experts, out of which there was only a single women.
In addition, field observations were deployed and used as a method to triangulate data collected through in-depth interviews and key informant interviews. In juxtaposition with the primary data sets generated through qualitative fieldwork techniques, the paper also relied on the review of existing documents and theories. Thematic analysis was the main method used to carry out the analysis of the primary data.
The Bishoftu – Modjo - Hawassa tourist route (Figure 1) covers the natural and cultural attractions in the Lake Regions, Hot Springs, and National Park.
The route falls in the administrative boundaries of Oromia National Regional State and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples National Regional State. While Lake Babogaya, Lake Langano are tourism attraction sites in Oromia, Wondo-Genet and Hawassa belong to Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR). There are ample natural and cultural tourism attractions in the two national regional administrative states in the environs of the aforementioned tourist sites.
There have been a number of tourism organizations and stakeholders in each of the respective tourism sites on the route. These include hotels, lodges, resorts, tour operators, tour guides and enterprises.
Conceptually, definitions given to stakeholders vary across disciplines. Freeman (1984) was the one who introduced the concept of stakeholders in management and organizational context as any individual or group who can affect the firm's performance or who is affected by the achievement of the organization's objectives. Moreover, Clarkson (1995) marked stakeholders as entities which become either enthusiastically or reluctantly bare to any doings of the organization which poses a risk to them in some or other way.
Authors such as Macbeth et.al (2002) forwarded their apprehensions of tourism stakeholders basing their explanations on the categories identified by United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) as tourism stakeholders. In their opinion, stakeholders in tourism involve tourism professionals, public authorities, as well as the press and media. In addition, interest groups and individuals and in particular local residents and indigenous groups, also need proper recognition as stakeholders in their own right. Per the contentions of these authors, effective stakeholders’ engagement, therefore, reduces potential conflicts and unwise exploitation of tourism resources as well. Moreover specifically, Swarbrooke(2001) categorized stakeholders in tourism into five main categories: governments, tourists, host communities, tourism business and other sectors. All of them are entitled with different responsibilities and functions.
Stakeholder theory has been widely used in tourism as stakeholders’ interdependency and their ability affect the development of the tourism destination (Jamal and Getz, 1995). Robson and Robson (1996) further stated that one of the key principles of stakeholder theory is that an organization is granted license to operate by virtue of its social contract with other stakeholders. Freeman (1984) also viewed stakeholder theory as any given organization seeks to have a full appreciation of all the persons or groups who have interests in planning, processing, delivery and/or outcomes of the tourism product or service.
The tourism organizations are not able to operate in isolation from one another and the theory emphasizes over the values of coordination among actors. Collaboration of stakeholders in tourism industry appears indispensable forensuring the sustainable development of Tourism. The tourism stakeholders in the study route such as the government institutions (Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Regional tourism bureaus and offices, Ethiopian tourism organization and government educational institutions), private sectors and local level associations need to work together per the claims of stakeholders approach.
Alike the stakeholders approach, tourism systems theoryconsiders the presence of several interrelated tourism parts to operate together to achieve common goals. In essence, the tourism stakeholders themselves constitute one of the major elements in tourism systems (Ahmad et. al,2012).Therefore, tourism itself conceived as a system in order to describe the interrelationships between the various sectors that enable leisure travel to and from a destination (Hall, 2008).
To digest, the forgone discussions hint on the fact that tourism stakeholders need to stand in systemic model to undertake their operations while delivering tourism products and services. Each of the stakeholders is perceived as parts of the system counts towards the healthy and homeostatic operation of the tourism actors in Central Rift Valley Destinations of Ethiopia (Tesfaye 2015).
Decades have elapsed since tourism received an ideological, political and policy concerns due to its socio-cultural, economic and environmental impacts at various scales throughout countries in the globe (Hall, 2008). In a nutshell, it was noted that government ideologies shape the values and principles endorsed in developmentpolicies including tourism development policies, which in turn influence the circumstances pertaining to tourism activities on the ground. This would go into the extent of influencing the operations of tourism stakeholders.
As is known, the main actors in tourism development are government bodies at different levels, the private sector, civil societies directly related to the tourism sector, local communities and the general public as well as visitors. It is essential to coordinate the development activities of these entities, eliminate redundant costs and unnecessary use of resources in order that their efforts can bring enhanced results.
However, numerous factors obstruct the full-scale realization and the visions to create robust coordination among chief actors. Poor institutional functioning and limited structural operations have already caused noticeable bottlenecks. Moreover, loose integrations of the rhetoric with the practice, poor availability of financial resources and limited institutional coordination are still crucial factors that foiled the full-scale realization of the tourism development policy in Ethiopia (Tesfaye, 2015).
As well known,there are two major categories of tourist stakeholders receive due attention: (a) government driven, and (b) privately operating entities,each of them are described below.
The government structures, start from the federal Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Structural linkages go down to local level associations. These lines of structures have made sizeable contributions in the implementations of strategies, legal frameworks and use of tourism resources.
Institutionally, the federal Ministry of Culture and Tourism (MoCT) represented the highest authoritative body that maneuvered tourism development throughout the country. Proclamation No. 471/2005, article 30 provided the legal ground for the establishment of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism with the powers and duties to promote, create and monitor tourism institutions.
The Regional Bureaus of Culture and Tourism, which fall under the MoCT, and the respective Zone Offices of Culture and Tourism discharge their roles in accordance with mandates appropriated to them. At the top, MoCT engages in the “promotion, marketing, standardization, licensing, and management of…resources such as national parks and wildlife. Regional and zonal structures simply decentralize the national permit to localities where there are tourism attractions,” (Mitchell and Coles 2009: 66).
The regional Bureaus of Culture and Tourism facilitates the conservation and development of their respective regional cultural, historical and natural diversities. For example, in SNNPR the Regional Culture and Tourism Bureau, among others, have the duties and responsibilities to (i) protect regional cultural and tourism heritages; (ii) expand the Region’s tourism industry; and (iii) establish the Regional Council of Tourism.
Practicable outputs are more pronounced at the lower district or city level Offices of Culture and Tourism. The district level Offices of Culture and Tourism provide due attention to the promotion of tourism destination, preservation of heritages, coordination among stakeholders and establishment of local level tourism units. In the case of Bishoftu, the lower level offices of culture and tourism have shown their strengths to attain the explicit objectives highlighted above.
The implementation of the council comes as part of the first cycle of the five-year growth and transformation plan of the region. The Tourism Council envisages to attain, as endorsed in its Manual (2002:12), are: (a) giving advisory and technical support to practitioners; (b) making Bishoftu amongst the top tourist destinations in East Africa; and (c) stimulate genuine participation of the community and stakeholders in the practice of tourism. Moreover, the manual envisages to (d) promote tourism resources at local levels; (e) ensure the fair distribution of benefits to local communities; and (e) capitalize on the economic role of tourism in the growth and transformation period.
Hierarchically, the general assembly of the council is the highest authoritative and decision-making organ. The members are individuals drawn from the private sector, heads of government offices, community elders, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and religious institutions, with a total of 150 members. Membership in the Council required relevant experiences in tourism related matters or demonstrable interest on it. The Council discharges its activities through three sub-committees: (i) tourism promotion and marketing committee; (ii) heritage preservation and security promotion committee; and (iii) tourism infrastructure development committee. The establishment of the Council strengthened the activities of other less functional stakeholders like hotel associations, associations of local tour guides and services provided by micro-enterprises in the lake areas (Tourism Council Manual of Bishoftu City, 2002:16).
In recent years, the Office of Culture and Tourism in Wondo-Genet has established heritage clubs in the wider community and the schools in the district with the aims to advance domestic tourism. The actions to stimulate domestic tourism through heritage clubs are the decision taken by the Tourism Council of the Region. Most of the clubs advocate the slogan “know your country; protect your heritages and appropriate use of resources for local development.” Of course, Getachew (1999) traced the commencement and operation of heritage clubs during the Derg regime in Ethiopia although much has not been done on this line since then.
Objective wise, the establishment ofheritage clubs, as depicted in the Manual (2005: 7), in schools and government offices were to (1) encourage domestic tourism through small savings; (2) enhance locals understandings on the natural, cultural and historical tourism resource; and (3) share the knowledge and experiences to preserve tourism resources. Furthermore, heritage clubs aims (4) developing and instigating the custom of mutual understanding and interpersonal relationships; as well as (5) creating a conscious community much concerned about its tourism resources and developments. Comparable to the Tourism Council in Bishoftu, the general assembly in Wondo-Genet remained the most powerful decision making authority in the operation of the clubs. Two sub-committees function in running the clubs, which are (i) the management committee, and (ii) auditing committee.
Heritage clubs also promote awareness creation programs about tourism programs to the community. Some clubs have organized trainings and orientation programs to the community members on the themes of tourism code of conduct. Strategically, the operation of the clubs in schools has created the opportunities to integrate trainings and awareness with the school curricula. Because of the efforts of the clubs, students have begun to internalize the tourism resources in their locality and its relevance to community development.
So far, about six heritage clubs have gone functional in selected schools. Only a single heritage club has become fully functional in the government office i.e. the heritage club of the employees in Wondo-Genet District Office of Culture and Tourism. The formations of other heritage clubs are under progress in government offices in Wondo-Genet. As a whole, the inspiration to establish heritage clubs in some government offices, non-government organizations, with private actors and the wider community has put into effect since 2003 Ethiopian Calendar. The initiatives set underway through heritage clubs in Wondo-Genet.also facilitate to reverse the poor domestic practices reported on the route.
Local tour guide associations are entities specializing in tourism service delivery at lower grassroots levels, under the auspices of district or respective city level administrations.
The Ethiopian Tourism Development Policy (MoCT, 2009) recognized the importance of enterprises in the delivery of tourism services and products. “Tourism makes ... contributions by expanding micro, small-scale and medium-scale enterprises for the production of goods and services, creating ... employment opportunities...” (MoCT, 2009:41). Thus, the policy helps to back up the operation of associations while the expansions of the associations contribute towards the expansion in the delivery of services and goods in the sector.
The interviews held with relevant officials in Hawassa and Bishoftu demonstrated that several MSEs have been under stages of establishment. For example, in Hawassa preliminary assessments have been underway to induce the establishment of 25 new MSEs in the fiscal year 2013/14Gregorian Calendar.
The table below depicts the sample micro-enterprises engaged on the delivery of tourism services and goods on the route.
Office of Culture and Tourism provided induction trainings on matters of internal administration, operations and business management in collaboration with other line Offices. The data from the in-depth interview held with the representative of Fiker Hayiq in Hawassa, showed that strict follow-ups by upper organs, on service trainings or demand-driven trainings that strengthen members’ functional capacity and its management were not common. In cases when such trainings are available, only one or two representatives of the respective enterprises attend invariably. Those representatives, who regularly attend meetings, do not share the skills and experiences acquired through training with the remaining members of the enterprises.
Moreover, the linkages of MSEs with local finical institutions, both with the government and non-government banks, were so poor and calls for strategic interventions. Since MSEs that have transformed to medium levels of operation demand relatively huge budgets and capital for investments, they inevitably seek sufficient loans and support. In the absence of operational linkages with banking institutions, the successes and sustainability of these MSEs appear dubious. Their fragmentation risks double many folds.
Besides, the MSEshave engaged in the delivery of tourism activities that in one way or another strengthened the tourism activities around the respective sites. Among others, the MSEs act and rigorously operate on the areas of provisions of guiding and translation services, conservation and cleaning up of natural-ecological environs of the attraction sites, revival and re-making of cultural artifacts, delivery of boating and other entertainment-servicesand promoting the security of the tourist attraction sites. Above and beyond, the remarkable contributions of MSEs are in the areas of creating job opportunities for local youths.
Local tour guide associations promote the cultural, historical and natural tourism resources of the communities on the route. Their establishments contributed to maximize the services rendered to tourists. Their legalization has also reduced the possible conflicts arising among individual guides. The local guide associations operate within the jurisdictions of the local kebele administration, district or operate within the boundaries of demarcated zones or regional states.
So far, two local tour guide associations operate in Bishoftu: (i) Melat and Dawit Tour and Travel Bishoftu, and (ii) Bishoftu Sky Tour and Travel. Nevertheless, both of these local travel organizations operate in fragmented manners. Local Eco-Tourism Guides Associations render multifarious functions in Langano, Wondo-Genet and Hawassa. Lepis Eco-Tourism Local Guide Association operates in Langano while Mosaic Land Eco-Tourism Local Guide Association has recently emerged in Hawassa. Wondo-Genet Eco-Tourism Local Guide Association is popular in Wondo-Genet. Each of the associations has about 10 members, with disproportionate gender mix.
The hospitality industry has represented among the stakeholders catering services and goods to tourists under the private domain.
The Ethiopian Hotels Association (EHA) is the ultimate governing body of the establishments under the MoCT. The head of the association at Addis Ababa discussed that “the association lacked strong functional structures, capacity and operational grounds in the Regional National States of the country.” Advocacy and networking were the main activities performed so far by the association.
Cognizant of the gaps seen in the operation of Federal Hotels Association at highest level, two associations have emerged in Bishoftu in 2008 G.C. These are the Bishoftu Hotel Owners Association (BHOA) and the Association of Non-Standardized Tourism Service Providing Establishments. Both associations have envisaged to (i) promote Bishoftu as a hospitable tourist destination; (ii) mobilize natural tourism resources to stir local economic developments; and (iii) provide quality and satisfactory services to international and domestic tourists. Moreover, both associations aim at (iv) ensuring the security and safety of tourist attraction sites; (v) expanding tourism amenities in the city; and (vi) promoting professional ethics, networking and the rights of people working in the establishments, as learned from the interviews held with the owner of Babogaya Hotel and the manager of Kuriftu Resort.
As an integral part of its endeavors, BHOA constructed police offices, donated patrol cars and sponsored forums related to tourism management and development in the city. BHOA also sponsored a trip to benchmark optimal experiences from other African and Asian countries. Community representatives, heads of government offices and representatives of the private sectors took part in the trip and then customized the lessons acquired from the countries visited into the local contexts. Ecological conservation surrounding the shores of the lakes in Bishoftu was an elementcaptured and implemented as lessons in the local context. Although analogous associations have begun to operate in Hawassa, they could not become effective and active alike those in Bishoftu.
Both collaboration and competition epitomize the activities of tourism institutions on the route.
We invite the experts from the Tourism and Hotel Management department of Hawassa University whenever there are on job trainings for our staffs. Additionally, on the moments of big events and occasions that demand huge task force, our Resort also invites the students from Tourism and Hotel Management department. Under rare cases, top-ranking students get the opportunity to secure jobs in the local tourism institutions including our resort.
This shows that formally institutionalized and professional operational platforms were non-existent or poorly functioning among the diverse tourism institutions on the route. Pender and Sharpley (2005:9) connected the notion of collaboration with integration and “integration refers to formal linking arrangements between organizations … both across the chain of distribution (horizontal integration) and down the chain of distribution (vertical integration).” When such formal elements of integration do not provide effective arrangements, disintegration and poor linkages emerge as a dominant marker of the operation of tourism institutions in the respective tourism attraction sites.
Recent practices and advancements demonstrate the presence of emerging operational links among tourism institutions like micro-enterprises, local tour guide associations, other establishments and the respective government Offices of Culture and Tourism at the lower levels.
There are also elements of operational networks between the private establishments and the Offices of Culture and Tourism. As the office has the mandate to control and supervise the activities of the former, good operational linkage is normally expected. Horizontally, limited operational networks have existed among the micro-enterprises themselves, except occasional meetings or limited experience-sharing circumstances.
In essence, the establishment of more functional networks and coordination platforms were not optional tradeoffs. Rather it appears binding to have some level of alliance among the institutions on the route. The triangular model (Figure 2) hints on the way to transform the coordination of actors involved in the processes of interaction and exchange on the route.
The above model hints on how best to reverse the prevailing poor networks among the tourism institutions on the route.The model espouses on the importance of coordination at three levels: (i) policy makers; (ii) the community at the destinations areas; and (iii) the private sector. The Ethiopian Tourism Development Policy boldly capitalized on the significancesof connecting all these three components.
The necessities for collaborative actions remain unquestionable among the tourism stakeholders on the route. Without instituting stronger collaboration, the operation of tourism phenomena appears dubious. The prevalence of weaker coordination among the institutions poses a threat to the sustainable use of tourism resources which also undermines the activities of evolving tourism institutions.
The empirical evidences in the respective tourist attraction sites of Central Rift Valley Areas of Ethiopia have demonstrated the prevalence of higher degrees of competitions over the extraction of tourism resources among diverse actors and institutions.
The national level tour operators and agents frequently collide with both the local tour guide associations and to a minor extent, with the lower level Offices of Culture and Tourism. Tour operators and agents were supposed to contact the tourism offices at lower levels and travel or work with local tour guides. Nevertheless, the operators often breach this alleged rule and just travel by accompanying tourists in the locals’ settings. The ultimate outcome has been severe conflicts that distort the image of the locality and that of the community, which also paved grounds for harassments that affect tourists in many ways.
Contradictions have been erupting between the local level tour guides associations and the micro-enterprises. The confrontations mostly emanate in relation to the plot of land apportioned for a working space by the city administration. In Hawassa, for example, the competition for a parcel of land on the lake shores was a major cause for major conflicts.
Competitions occur also on the domains of specialization, particularly with regard to guiding and interpretation services. Recent working regulations subscribe the formal-legal rights of guiding services to the local tour guide associations. Still few experienced members of the micro-enterprises have continued to deliver guiding services violating the existing regulations. These acts have paved the ground for conflicts and unnecessary competitions.
Although the district Office of Culture and Tourism in Wondo-Genet officially certified a single Eco-Tourism Local Tour Guide Association, informally organized associations and youths are competing with the formally established ones. The guideline enacted by the government gives recognition for a single association to provide guiding service in a tourist attraction site. Although minor in intensity, similar violations have been found both in Bishoftu and in Hawassa inviting for conflicts.
The community members used to perceive the lake [Babogaya] as a place to perform ancestral worships and sacrifice animals for religious and cultural practices. The establishment of the hotels and resorts undermined these practices. As a result, few community members still object to the investments in the areas. Even as of today and beyond the cultural values of the lakes, community members in Bishoftu weighed the direct benefits of investments with the opportunity costs of being dislocated from their land, residential quarters and water sources for their livestock.
Parallel disagreements prevailed in Langano between the community and the investors. Investors promised the local community members to construct the social service infrastructures like schools, health posts, and water schemes. The promise also included the creation of employment opportunities for local youth and adults. However, the investors failed to keep most of their promises. As a result, the local community members deliberately initiated conflicts with the hotel owners and other investors in the area.
Numerous factors meshed to halt the normal operation of tourism institutions on the route. Among others, the points highlighted below received due attentions.
The poor enforcement of regulations and rules were common across the operations of Tourism Council, local guide associations and hotel associations, micro-enterprises and other tourism sub-establishments on the route. The government organs lacked the capacity to follow up and supervise the proper implementation of the regulations for tourism resource exploitation, preservations and promotions. Hence, the limited application of the regulations and rules were crucial threats to tourism institutions.
The local tour guide associations, micro-enterprises and the committee at lower levels encountered material and financial constraints. The establishments and the government line offices faced dearth of technically experienced work force. The combined effects of material, technical, financial and human constraints deterred the operations of tourism institutions on the study route.
Poor promotional strategies and limited advocacy efforts characterize the tourism resource on the respective tourist attraction areas. Tourist information centers at the respective tourist attraction areas were absent. The extensive usage of technologies and Medias to advocate the existing tourism resources were less practiced. So far, symposiums, brochures, forums, exhibitions, bazaars, cultural events and conferences, were the main mechanisms used for promotions. The efforts exerted so far appear inadequate to catch the attentions of diverse sectors and nations. As a result, innovative strategies are required to promote the tourism resource in improving the images of the settings.
Mulugeta (2012) stressed the crucial role of interactive awareness creation programs and community tailored trainings to eliminate the challenges that frequently encounter the institutions. Interactive awareness creation plays immense roles in making meaningful contributions towards local, regional and national developments. The local community signified a key stakeholder in tourism interaction. Yet, the communities were out of the contexts. As usually acclaimed, development that fails to recognize the community stalls its success.
However, the awareness created so far in the community about tourism resource and its impact on the local and the national economy remained quite insignificant. Community benefits, participations and awareness should be part of the composite activities directed towards the sustainable development of the sector. Overall, the limited awareness among the community members on tourism resource setback and undermines the effective operation of tourism institutions on the study route.
Absence of systemic ways to record, compile and report tourism related data and statistics was another predicament that deterred the operation and growth of the tourism establishments. The paucities and defects associated with data were region wide. The sources of tourism statistics were contingent on the incomplete reports of hotels, tour operators, tourism sites, and government offices.
Under reporting or disguising the actual income figures were common problems across the sites. The private owners correlate the reporting of the numbers of tourists with the government tax payment-administration systems. Hence, hotels, resorts and other organizations deliberately underreport the numbers of tourists in fear of taxes.
The establishments often lacked the system of recording and as a result failed to assemble genuine tourist-statistics. Moreover, few of the hotels around Langano, Wondo-Genet and Hawassa are structurally accountable to the federal level bureaus. This created accountability problems and duplication of data under diverse contexts. Taken as a whole, the institutions were not in a position to understand the implications of data for planning, and future development of the sector.
As a result of the dynamics evolving in tourism, the stakeholders approach has become an inevitable strategy of managing and developing tourism resources across various destinations in Ethiopia. The realities observed in the Central Rift Valley Tourism destinations have not been exceptional to such prevailing realities. However, the empirical practices on the ground undermined the core thesis of stakeholder’s theory. As a result, the operations of tourism institutions in the Central Rift Valley areas of Ethiopia were found to be loosely connected. The loose connections of stakeholders were further intensified by the competitions over tourism resources among stakeholders. Within this prevailing framework, a numbers of institutions have been delivering services and goods to tourists on the route.
Strengthening and transforming the operational capacity of stakeholders, creation of coordination platforms and networking call for serious intervention strategies by the government, private actors and the wider community. Such interventionswould empower the community and other stakeholders in tourism, which finally contributes into sustainable development of tourism sector in the country. For the successes each organizations and actors in tourism, cooperation among different stakeholders has to be praised as a mandatory principle.
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For instance, in the case of Somali Regional National Sate, and Dire Dewa City Administration, the tourism structures operate only at the regional and administrative tiers, respectively. Both in Tigray and Gambela National Regional States, tourism structures function only at the zonal level alone (MoCT, 2014).
According to the view of the key informant from the district Office of Culture and Tourism, the heritage clubs operates and becomes practical in the selected primary, secondary and preparatory schools of the district. | http://www.moct.gov.et/om/-/tourism-stakeholders-and-their-operations-in-central-rift-valley-areas-of-ethiopia |
The Lagos State Government has called for cooperation among emergency management workers in the state.
The state Commissioner for Special Duties and Inter-governmental Relations, Mr Oluseye Oladejo, said such was important for effectiveness in response to emergencies in the state.
Oladejo spoke at the Lagos State Emergency Management Agency 2018 Quarterly Stakeholders Meeting at Ikeja.
The event, with the theme, ‘Coordination: An Integral Tool in Emergency/Disaster Response,’ was attended by emergency management workers from both the state and federal government agencies.
“Increase in synergy among stakeholders in terms of coordination, collaboration and information sharing through regular meetings will increase effective emergency response and build resilience of communities in the state,” he added.
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The LASEMA General Manager, Adeshina Tiamiyu, said lack of coordination among stakeholders was among challenges hindering the success of emergency management.
He said, “Effective preparedness requires close coordination among stakeholders. Effective coordination itself implies the understanding of stakeholders regarding each other’s roles before an emergency occurs.
“Coordination becomes very essential in achieving effective response as it addresses the elements of command, control, communication, dispatches/deployment and a clear-cut incident command structure. All these give credence to a single-chain of command where roles and responsibilities of stakeholders are clearly defined.”
The Lagos State Sector Commander of the Federal Road Safety Corps, Mr. Hygenus Omege, said all emergency management workers must have the right attitude, adding that all agencies were created to serve the public interest.
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All rights reserved. This material, and other digital content on this website, may not be reproduced, published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or in part without prior express written permission from PUNCH. | https://punchng.com/lasg-seeks-cooperation-among-emergency-workers/ |
To share policy innovations and effective partnerships and cooperation models relating to new learning paradigms in the Southeast region, the Department of Education (DepEd) and various key education stakeholders in SEA region virtually met at the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education (SEAMEO) Congress 2021.
With theme, “Transforming Southeast Asian Education, Science and Culture in the Digital Age,” SEAMEO highlighted the sustainable and social development of education in the region amidst digital transformation during the two-day virtual event on April 28 to 29.
Education Secretary Leonor Briones delivered a message during the ministerial panel on April 29 while Undersecretary Diosdado San Antonio served as a panelist for Parallel Session 2 sub-theme A on Eradicating Barriers of Learning: Coping and Addressing Inequality on April 28.
DepEd-International Cooperation Office (ICO) Director Margarita Ballesteros served as moderator for Session C: Research on Digital Learning during the first day of the Conference.
Ballesteros said that the SEAMEO Congress 2021 aims to “bring together a diverse set of actors from government organizations, educational institutions, development agencies, and industries to discuss perspectives on how to transform education, science, and culture amidst new challenges of the digital age.”
As such, a regional plan of action for transformative education pillars will be defined through extensive discussions among partners, co-organizers, resource persons, experts, and participants during the event.
The regional action plan is expected to contribute to the new decade of the SEAMEO Strategic Plan (2021-2030) to prepare teachers and learners to thrive in the digital era and to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG4) in 2030.
As of April 20, the Congress has more than 15,000 participants, composed of policymakers, presidents/directors of educational institutions, researchers, teachers, and students from 65 countries.
The event was organized by SEAMEO, in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Malaysia, and the Ministry of Education, Thailand. DepEd is a Bronze Partner to the event to support the participation of DepEd personnel in the Congress. | https://mb.com.ph/2021/04/29/education-stakeholders-convene-at-2021-seameo-congress/ |
DENR and ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB) has partnered with Misamis University in advancing for effective protected area management: The MMRNP Protected Area Management Plan 2022-2032
The Mt. Malindang Range Natural Park (MMRNP) is the source of sustaining lives, communities, industries specially agriculture in the province of Misamis Occidental and parts of Zamboanga provinces. Due to its immense importance, MMRNP was declared a national park and watershed reservation in 1971 by virtue of RA 6266, and pursuant to the NIPAS Act, it was resurveyed and formally established as a Protected Area and its peripheral areas as buffer zones in 2000. Further, by virtue of RA 9003, it was declared as Mt. Malindang Range Natural Park. It is a watershed providing support to agriculture, industries, communities and households of the three provinces, and home of varied endemic wild species of flora and fauna, and with vast area of old growth forest that is a major long-term carbon sink.
All these precious and treasured resources that sustain lives also contributed to the declaration of Mt. Malindang Range Natural Park as the 29th ASEAN Heritage Park in 2011. Mt. Malindang as an AHP added to the network of established "protected areas of high conservation importance, preserving in total a complete spectrum of representative ecosystems of the ASEAN region." The inclusion of MMRNP contributes to one of the flagship program of the ASEAN which is the ASEAN Heritage Parks Programme, thereby will help achieve the mission of ACB to "generate greater awareness, pride, appreciation, enjoyment and conservation of ASEAN's rich natural heritage". Moreover, its presence will also lead to further collaborations and partnerships of AHP sites. Along with other protected areas, MMRNP is constantly exposed to different natural and man-made destruction and threats. As mentioned in the Protected Area Management Plan (PAMP) 4 th Edition, these threats that protected areas are facing include climate change effects, introduced species, visitor impacts, vandalism, poaching, pollution events, development and extractive activities, and extreme storms and wildfire. With this, it is imperative for policy makers, governing bodies and other partner stakeholders to be collaboratively responsive and visionary in planning effective strategies.
In June 7, 2021, Misamis University signed a Contract of Agreement with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB) for the revision and updating of the General Management Plan, now called the Protected Area Management Plan (PAMP). The revision of the PAMP was mandated on the issued Technical Bulletin No. 2016-08 “Clarifying the Protected Area Management Planning Process and Providing the Annotated Outline for Protected Area Management Plans” from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)- Biodiversity Management Bureau. Meanwhile, the ACB, whose mission is to facilitate regional cooperation and deliver capacity building services to the ASEAN Member States (AMS) in conserving biodiversity, has generously supported this endeavor by granting additional financial support. The PAMP is a blueprint intended for an effective management of Mt. Malindang and subsequently address the current and future MMRNP management problems and concerns. Through the Misamis University Community Extension Program (MUCEP) led by EnP. Grace V. Villanueva together with MUCEP staff For. Bobby B. Alaman, For. Jersam C. Calago, Goldah Grace D. Sultan, and Hanzen D. Tomatao, organized series of online and face-to-face consultation, updating and planning workshops attended by the Technical Working Group (TWG) members of MMRNP, and later by other stakeholders.
The revisions on the plan were the results of several reviews and workshops by the MMRNP TWG and information from the primary and secondary data from articles, MMRNP studies such as the SEAMS, BAMS 1, and 2, and published researches on MMRNP. Insights and recommendations from other reviewers were also incorporated. Also, other major sources of data in revising the PAMP were the various plans and programs from the provincial government, cities and municipalities such as the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP), Annual Investment Plan (AIP), Provincial Physical Framework Plan (PPFP), Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development Protection Plan (ADSPP), among others. This approach recognized the importance of consultative, iterative, and interactive planning.
The contents of the PAMP are based on the stipulated guidelines in the DENR TB No. 2016-08. The PAMP 4th Edition consisted of Executive Summary, Description of the Protected Area, Bio-Physical Profile, Socio- Cultural and Economic Profile, Current and Proposed Programs and Projects, and Threats, Issues and Concerns. Highlights in the PAMP are the key features or values of the protected area, stakeholders and their roles in the management, maps on biodiversity, values, and threats, and the situational analysis. As stated in the PAMP 4th Edition, it was identified in the situational analysis that there are various interrelated and deep-seated community-based policy, management, governance, and socio- economic issues that caused the emergence of the current core problem which is the "Lack of unified vision, collaborative actions, and resource sharing among stockholders towards protection of Mt. Malindang." To address these concerns and issues confronting MMRNP, the updated PAMP has these holistic and inclusive
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Vision:
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An ecologically-balanced ecosystem in the region with economically stable communities living in a disaster and climate change – resilient environment for all life forms; and
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Mission:
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To protect Mt. Malindang biodiversity and sustain its watershed value through responsible stewardship and partnership to improve the quality of life of all forms therein.
Moreover, it adheres to these Core Values: Respect for all life forms, Integrity, Objectivity and Collaboration. These are specifically defined by these Goals:
1. To protect, conserve and preserve the biodiversity and ecological balance of MMRNP;
2. To actively engage the Subanen to become one of the key players in Mt. Malindang conservation and protection, improve;
3. To strengthen partnership with MMRNP stakeholders; and
4. To generate resources for sustainable development in Mt. Malindang.
The persistent causes of these issues were identified by the TWG despite existing and previous programs and projects of DENR-PAO, PAMB and other partner stakeholders in MMRNP. Specifically, these are due to the lack of a comprehensive and updated MMRNP resource database, a deficiency in implementation of the previously identified provisions, passiveness of other PAMB members and instability of MMRNP PAMO technical staff focused on MMRNP, lack of coordination system and cooperation between LGUs and MMRNP communities, no clear demarcation on PA boundaries and insufficient management zones, scarcity of resources and budget for the implementation, lack of defined protection roles among Subanens and Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development Protection Plan (ADSDPP) for some Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claims (CADC), persistent poverty among growing MMRNP resident population, land speculation and perceived influx of wealthy migrants, and lack of alternative and sustainable livelihood and marketing support to existing livelihood. All of these identified problems and causes resulted to the "Presence of forest destruction, biodiversity loss and widespread poverty in MMRNP".
As quoted in the MMRNP PAMP 4th Edition, "Although the threats and weaknesses were many, strengths and opportunities likewise abound as evidenced by the MMRNP previous laws, plans, programs and projects. These strengths and opportunities included legal documents and administrative orders, dedicated previous and present DENR-PAO and PENRO staff, programs and projects by "some" committed MMRNP PAMB members, LGU, other agencies, and other initiatives by local POs, academe, and CSOs for MMRNP." Thus, updated MMRNP 2022-2031 PAMP contained the unified vision, planned collaborative actions and resource sharing among stockholders towards protection of Mt. Malindang.
These collective efforts in the preparation and revision of the MMRNP PAMP were made possible by the unceasing support and funding of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources – Protected Area Management Office (DENR- PAMO) spearheaded by PENRO Rey Fernandez. Sincere acknowledgement also to the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB) through Dr. Theresa Mundita S. Lim for their generous support and assistance, and Ms. Rhia C. Galsim for the technical assistance.
Acknowledgement is also due to PASu Angel Jumawan and PAMO staff, offices of the Provincial Government of Misamis Occidental, NCIP, and LGUs for their full support and assistance in providing pertinent files. Nonetheless, a heartfelt appreciation to the Misamis University President, Dr. Karen Belina F. De Leon for resource sharing and permitting the MUCEP staff to facilitate and accomplish this partnership endeavor. Also, utmost recognition of the MMRNP TWG and other reviewers for their invaluable efforts, inputs, and contributions to the updating and revision of the MMRNP PAMP.
Some of us may not directly and immediately feel the effects of these issues and problems, but, should we wait for that time when all is too late? Threats that are identified in the MMRNP PAMP call for collaborative and participative response not only from policy makers and governing bodies but also from highland and lowland communities. A comprehensive and effective management of Mount Malindang Range Natural Park, will solve not only environmental protection and conservation issues therein, but also eliminate and mitigate threats to the culture, health and welfare of the people, industries, wellbeing of communities in Misamis Occidental and environs, as well as contribute to Sustainable Development Goals No. 1, 3, 6, 11, 13, 15, and 17 which are no poverty, good health and wellbeing, clean water and sanitation, sustainable cities and communities, climate action, life on land and partnerships for the goals respectively and finally address local impacts of climate change. | https://www.mu.edu.ph/news/campus-news-updates?news/=DENR%20and%20ASEAN%20Centre%20for%20Biodiversity%20(ACB)%20has%20partnered%20with%20Misamis%20University%20in%20advancing%20for%20effective%20protected%20area%20management:%20The%20MMRNP%20Protected%20Area%20Management%20Plan%202022-2032 |
At the World Urban Forum in Katowice Slum Dwellers International (SDI) hosts the session Recovery and Resilience: Community-led strategies to Build Back Better in Informal Settlements.
In 2020, as Covid-19 spread rapidly across the cities where SDI is active, SDI’s urban poor federations recognised the need for both urgent responses to the acute humanitarian crises facing their communities and longer-term strategies to engage with government and other stakeholders to address the prolonged effects of this global crisis. Through a partnership supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and Cities Alliance, SDI affiliates in 17 countries were able to respond effectively to the ongoing acute and chronic crises sparked by the pandemic.
The Covid-19 and pandemic responses such as government lockdowns highlighted and exacerbated the many chronic stresses urban poor communities live with and struggle against daily. As such, the strategies implemented by SDI’s urban poor federations are about more than Covid-19 response and recovery: they are about sustainable, inclusive, and pro-poor urban development that provides communities with meaningful opportunities to work with government and other stakeholders to address issues such as food security, access to livelihood opportunities, skills training, and basic services like water and sanitation, as well as the need for accurate slum data to drive government responses in times of crisis and beyond.
This session will showcase examples of these strategies from across the SDI network. Community members, development partners, and local government representatives will highlight how organised urban poor communities have the information, knowledge, and skills to work with governments and other stakeholders to implement effective and scalable solutions to both chronic and acute urban challenges. The event will also speak to the ongoing work facing cities as they attempt to "build back better" - examining what that means in the context of informal settlements that struggled to access so many basic needs prior to Covid-19.
After an in-depth presentation of the showcases, the panel will discuss the key lessons for development agencies, how grassroots communities can advance their efforts to make a greater impact and how governments can position themselves better to partner with local communities. The event addresses the systemic transformation required for a better urban future. It will showcase the essential role of poor local communities, and their partnerships with local government and other urban stakeholders, to ensure effective planning and implementation of sustainable and inclusive urban interventions.
Moderator: Beth Chitekwe-Biti, Director, SDI Secretariat
Speakers: | https://www.citiesalliance.org/newsroom/events/wuf11-community-led-strategies-build-back-better-informal-settlements |
Since CLCs are community-based, community participation is essential to ensure the success of their activities. But there is low participation of community members in the planning, implementation and management of CLC activities.
Community development is an integral part of national development. Without community development, the goal of national development can hardly be achieved. With this in mind, community learning centers (CLCs) were set up in the country in the 1990s. These CLCs are set up by the Resource Center for Education and Human Development under the Ministry of Education.
At first, the concept of one CLC per constituency emerged, followed by the concept of one CLC per municipality and VDC, resulting in the creation of over 1000 CLCs at a time. There are now 2,151 CLCs nationwide.
CLCs are community organizations managed, managed and controlled by the communities themselves. However, they are often supported, both financially and technically, by government and non-government agencies. UNESCO has been supporting the CLC program since 1998. Their activities are designed to be compatible with the community context in order to meet the demands of the communities.
Basically, the aim of CLCs is to provide education to children deprived of formal education, illiterate or semi-literate youth and adults, especially from disadvantaged communities. CLCs aim not only to enable people to read and write only, but also to equip them with knowledge and skills so that they can stand up and improve their livelihoods.
The scope of CLCs is wide. Its objectives go beyond the bailiwick of basic and functional literacy, post-literacy, continuing education and lifelong education and include various activities such as early childhood education; communication and social interaction; livelihood skills training and income generation support; health aspects such as HIV / AIDS, maternal health, infant mortality, family planning, personal hygiene, sanitation, reproductive health and family nutrition; civic education such as leadership, human rights awareness, democratic governance, conflict management and resolution, and gender education; and environmental management and conservation.
CLCs are an integral part of communities. For effective results, they must be well organized, dignified, transparent and participatory. Collaboration, participation, inclusion, transparency, equality and coexistence are their cherished principles. They are not only part of non-formal education, but can help communities in other ways as well. They can aid community development by mobilizing local resources, preserving the environment, managing solid waste, providing forums for the elderly, and maintaining and promoting traditional knowledge, language, culture and customs. social and manners for posterity, among others.
In the current federal context, the CLCs come under local authorities. In fact, they are treated as a support unit for local organizations. They have powers of approval, control and regulation. It foreshadowed an open and alternative education. Here, CLCs can be helpful in organizing the above programs for out-of-school youth, women and the underprivileged.
Although CLCs are the engine of community development, there are many challenges to overcome to make these organizations effective as in other countries like Bangladesh, Japan and Thailand where these organizations thrive well. There is a lack of resources – human, financial and material – for effective management of CLCs. CLCs have to depend on volunteers, who are often underpaid, thus demotivating them to work for organizations. This is because highly skilled and professional people choose formal educational institutions over CLCs.
The links and coordination between the CLCs and the development agencies engaged at the local level are insufficient, which hinders the proper functioning of the activities of the CLCs. Since CLCs are community-based, community participation is essential to ensure the success of their activities. But there is little participation of community members in the planning, implementation and management of CLC activities. CLCs are unable to meet long-term community needs. CLCs often depend on external funding because they are unable to mobilize resources, both financial and material, internally. There is no well-defined national policy or central agency to guide and coordinate CLCs. In addition, some politicians or leaders may use CLCs for their personal interests, thus hampering their proper development.
CLCs are an important component of community development. Those who work for such organizations should be motivated by various incentives, including a good salary. CLCs can be used as an effective tool to achieve one of the Sustainable Development Goals as they contribute to SDG 4, which includes, among others, literacy, education and skills development. The country also aims to move from a less developed country to a developing one by 2022. It is undeniable that education plays a key role in development. The government should therefore take effective measures to strengthen the CLCs, as well as adequate remuneration for their instructors or facilitators, so that they can build their capacities and operate and manage their activities more effectively and their role in community development can be achieved. be further amplified. | https://wwirr.com/2020/02/ |
The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) supports regional sediment management for watershed and coastal zones to ensure ecosystem preservation and sustainable development. Regional sediment management is critical to restoring hydrogeomorphic processes within a watershed, and reducing ecosystem vulnerability, which is essential to ecosystem vitality, balance, and diversity. ASCE supports:
- Managing sediments effectively to mitigate adverse impacts.
- Managing sediments using regional sediment inventories and sediment budgets that consider long-term sustainable inputs, movements, uses, and outputs throughout the system.
- Identifying solutions to mitigate adverse impacts to hydrogeomorphic processes and affected sediment regimes through collaboration between government entities and stakeholders of projects and activities that affect sediment resources.
- Developing mechanisms to resolve conflicts resulting from multiple competing demands for the same sediment source through the collaboration between government entities and stakeholders.
- Establishing regional sediment management activities that focus on restoring natural sediment transport previously disrupted by unsustainable construction and practices.
- Establishing property rights for sediment and the proper legal mechanisms needed to allocate and transfer sediment resources for varying uses through the collaboration between government entities and stakeholders.
- The partnering of governments, regulatory agencies, and private entities responsible for developing, permitting, and executing projects to manage sediments effectively on a regional scale.
Issue
Regional sediment management (RSM) is project management approach that incorporates the principles of integrated watershed resources management and improved dredged material management. RSM recognizes sediment as a resource, and the need to consider projects and actions affecting sediment in a regional context.
Sediment movement and deposition on a regional scale are integral to the key hydrogeomorphic processes critical to ecosystem health associated with waterways and aquatic habitats. Long-term alterations of sediment regimes can significantly change modify critical habitat, stress ecosystem integrity and vitality, and cause regional-scale ecosystem collapse. Degraded ecosystem health translates into an increased risk to life and property, and as increased costs in addressing related social, economic, and environmental problems. Linking sediment management needs and opportunities can enhance the benefits of multiple projects and activities within a region, both economically and environmentally.
Rationale
RSM is critical for preserving and restoring wetlands and other ecosystems. It is also essential restore and support the chemical, physical, and biological integrity and biodiversity of waters and associated aquatic habitats. RSM is integral in the effective implementation of the watershed approach to managing water resources. RSM integrates actions that affect the erosion, transport, deposition, and sediment removal in a region. Knowledge of the sediment system in a region is essential for making local water resource project decisions and setting up longer-range management strategies. Effective implementation of RSM will restore vital hydrogeomorphic processes with related ecological and social benefits. | https://www.asce.org/advocacy/policy-statements/ps522---regional-sediment-management |
It covered, in particular, experience sharing examples and best practices of existing collaboration between Large Marine Ecosystem programmes, Regional Seas Conventions and Actions Plans, Regional Fisheries Agreements and Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs); exploring how regional institutions and projects are utilising science to support countries in implementing ecosystem approaches as well as how that will support the 2030 Agenda and associated Sustainable Development Goals (targets and indicators); and identifying partnerships at the regional level between all initiatives, including Marine Protected Areas (MPA), Marine Spatial Planning (MSP), Integrated Coastal Management (ICM), fisheries and climate change adaptation initiatives to strengthen regional ocean governance.
The Cape Town meeting will be a direct follow-on and answer to the calls for implementation of commitments, which emanated from the June 2017 Sustainable Development Goals Conference in New York. The Cape Town meeting aims to guide consolidated efforts by countries, with the support of various international organizations, to manage different aspects of shared marine ecosystems.
About 150 participants are expected to attend the conference, including leaders from government ministries, project managers, private sector, civil society, donor agencies and LME: LEARN partner agencies. Please note that, owing to capacity constraints, this Meeting is by invitation only.
Presentations and Meeting Content:
1 - Opening session
Welcome Address - Andrew Hudson, UN Development Programme
Welcome Remarks - Christian Severin, Global Environment Facility
2 – Key institutions responsible for ocean governance
Review of the agenda and objectives of the meeting
Ivica Trumbic, GEF LME: LEARN PCU
Overview of existing instruments and mechanisms for ocean governance and major stakeholders
Gail Lugten, University of Tasmania, Australia
Delivering Adaptive Ocean Management through collaborative Governance
David Vousden, Rhodes University, South Africa
Panel discussion: Opportunities for cooperation between major stakeholders through their institutional perspectives
Panelists
• Vladimir Ryabinin, IOC-UNESCO
• Merete Tandstad, FAO
• Andrew Hudson, UNDP
• Lisa Svensson, UN Environment
• Nick Bax (on behalf of CBD)
3 – Best practices of regionally-based science partnerships supporting ocean and coastal governance
Setting the stage: Regional science partnerships and networks in LMEs, RSs, and RFMOs
Kirsten Isensee, IOC/UNESCO
Panel session: Key aspects and experiences in building effective science cooperation mechanisms (5-6 mins each).
Panelists
1. Regional scientific cooperation on Eastern Boundaries upwelling impacts: Example from the Humboldt and Benguela LME region (Veronique Garçon, CNRS)
2. Science processes within regional fisheries organizations:
Example from the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean – GFCM (Abdellah Srour, GFCM Executive Secretary) - Given by Merete Tandstad, FAO
3. Sustained ocean observation networks and applications to strengthen understanding of ecosystem function and biodiversity changes at regional level (Nick Bax, CSIRO, Australia)
4. Role of regional MPA networks in providing a regional approach for science to support effective MPA management (Lauren Wenzel, NOAA)
5. Setting up collaborative research goals to support EBM implementation: From regional science plan to Action plan - Experience from the Caribbean (Robin Mahon, Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies –CERMES, Barbados)
6. Regional Science Networks: Example of the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (Julius Francis, WIOMSA)
4 - Science-policy interface: How science can inform effective regional ecosystem-based ocean governance
Setting the Stage: Bridging the gap between policy and science in assessing marine ecosystems
Robin Brown, PICES
Panel session: Implementing effective science/policy mechanisms (5-6 minutes each).
Panelists
1. Case of LME Benguela Current (Hashali Hamukuaya, Executive Secretary, BCLME Commission)
2. Science -policy issues in tuna bodies (Chris O’Brien, IOTC Executive Secretary) - Given by Jacqueline Alder, FAO
3. Science-policy processes within Mediterranean Action Plan (Gaetano Leone, Coordinator of the Mediterranean Action Plan-Barcelona Convention Secretariat)
4. Building regional knowledge and technical capacity for Ecosystem Approach to Marine Fisheries: Example of the EAF Nansen Programme (Merete Tandstad, FAO)
5. Ecosystem-related monitoring, assessments and management advice for the Norwegian and Barents Seas (Gro van der Meeren, IMR/ICES, Norway)
6. Strengthening Regional Ocean Governance for the High Seas (Hannah Thomas, UN Environment/WCMC)
5 – Regional partnerships to strengthen ocean governance
Breakout Session 5.1 Latin America and the Caribbean
- Introduction to Discussion
Patrick Debels, GEF-UNDP-UNOPS Caribbean Sea LME Plus Project
- CLME+ Experience
Patrick Debels, GEF-UNDP-UNOPS Caribbean Sea LME Plus Project
- Permanent Commission for the South Pacific
CNRA Julian Reyna M. Permanent Commission for the South Pacific
- Building science policy interfaces: some experiences from the Caribbean
Robin Mahon, Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies (CERMES), University of the West Indies, Barbados
Breakout Session 5.2 Africa
- How is social science integrated in regional ocean governance and what are the opportunities for partnerships and cooperation among science institutions? | https://iwlearn.net/marine/capetown2017/cape-town-2017/27-28-november-2017-building-international-partnerships |
India and Denmark have agreed to an aspiring and results-oriented Green Strategic Partnership. They have also agreed to a five-year joint action plan (2021-2026), which calls for renewed focus on climate and energy and greening of the economies of the two countries.
As per the Joint Statement issued after the bilateral meeting between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and visiting Denmark Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen on Saturday, both sides agreed that strengthening of the Green Strategic Partnership will be important for green growth and will lead to mutually beneficial cooperation.
The two countries also decided to take stock of progress at an appropriate future occasion and to consider ways to further enhance and strengthen the Green Strategic Partnership.
As per Joint Statement, the two Prime Ministers focused on ways to augment and consolidate green and low carbon growth as reflected in the 5 year Action Plan.
This includes the following sectors: water; environment; renewable energy and its integration into the grid; climate action; resource efficiency and circular economy; sustainable and smart cities; business; trade and investments including cooperation on Intellectual Property Rights; maritime cooperation, including maritime security; food and agriculture; science, technology and innovation; health and life science; cooperation in multilateral organizations; as well as cultural and people-to-people relations.
The two Prime Ministers noted the immense potential of developing renewable energy in India and in this context welcomed the new manufacturing and technology investments from Danish companies in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.
They were encouraged by the extensive and broad-based collaboration in the field of energy; including wind power, power modelling and grid integration, which has expanded at an impressive pace since their virtual summit in September 2020.
The two Prime Ministers agreed to enhance the commercial cooperation with new technologies, in particular green hydrogen, E-mobility and storage. The two Prime Ministers noted the active global collaboration on new green energy technologies, including under EU Horizon Programs and Mission Innovation, and emphasized the Indian-Danish collaboration for low emissions as well as in the planned joint call for research and development projects in the area of green fuels, including green hydrogen.
Both Prime Ministers stressed the importance of collaboration in the water sector and welcomed initiatives between the two governments in the field of urban and rural water, wastewater management and river rejuvenation.
The two Prime Ministers noted the possibility of upscaling activities in the fields of water supply, wastewater management and river rejuvenation from city level to state level/basin level and encouraged further exploring this option with the relevant authorities. The two acknowledged that collaboration can improve the sustainable water supply including reducing water loss, water resource management and transition from wastewater handling to resource recovery in India.
Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen referred to the Danish ratification of the International Solar Alliance (ISA), noting the significant potential of this initiative to contribute to the collective universal climate action, including by combining efforts to promote all sources of renewable energy.
As India and Denmark are Members of LeadIT, both Prime Ministers also agreed to pursue cooperation on hard-to-abate sectors in relation to the Leadership Group on Industry Transition.
The two Prime Ministers confirmed the collaboration on initiatives to combat the global challenge of climate change, in accordance with goals set out by the Paris Agreement and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The Prime Ministers stressed that climate change is a global crisis that requires global leadership; Denmark and India agreed that the urgency and global solidarity in achieving a just and fair transition to a greener and sustainable future requires common actions in accordance with national circumstances and the principles of equity, and commitments under the Paris Agreement.
The Prime Ministers agreed that global ambitious action to mitigate and adapt to climate change must be aligned with the best available science and with the findings of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
The Prime Ministers also agreed that global collaboration is essential for ensuring a sustainable post pandemic economic recovery. The Prime Ministers discussed the upcoming COP26 in Glasgow, and agreed on the need for concrete and ambitious results from COP26, and to work closely together in this regard.
Both Prime Ministers stressed the importance of identifying relevant sources of sustainable financing and investments, noting with satisfaction the substantial interest and commitment among private financing institutions.
They confirmed their commitment to promote investments and project development through enhanced dialogue and cooperation on favourable framework conditions. Furthermore, the Prime Ministers agreed that transfer of innovative and affordable technologies is vital for the promotion of low carbon energy and industry transition.
The Prime Ministers expressed a common ambition to expand the commercial cooperation within energy to include e-mobility, offshore wind, fuel-technologies, including green hydrogen and green methanol, among others.
The two Prime Ministers noted that the UNLEASH initiative will be launched in Bengaluru, India, in 2022. This will support the role of the youth in fostering entrepreneurship necessary for reaching the Sustainable Development Goals.
Likewise, the two Prime Ministers welcomed the sustainable water entrepreneurship initiative under the Niti Aayog – Atal Innovation Mission and Innovation Center Denmark ‘Water Challenge’ in 2022 and 2023.
The two Prime Ministers welcomed the steps already taken to implement the Green Strategic Partnership, including the 3-year work plan on sustainable water supply in support of the Jal Jeevan Mission, the Letter of Intent dated July 5, 2021 between the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs and the Government of Denmark in the field of sustainable and smart urban water sector as well as the Memorandum of Understanding between the Centre for Ganga River Basin and Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (cGanga), and Innovation Center Denmark, Government of Denmark, to support the development of technological solutions for a clean Ganga river. | https://bd.indianewsnetwork.com/20211010/india-denmark-agree-to-results-oriented-green-strategic-partnership |
The purpose of this research is to explore how the first-year students of Department of Architecture perceive the differences and understand the architectural design when they are put under either the actual field or the simulated environment in the classroom. Adopted in this research are two design questions, whose common point is that students are required to visit the site to observe its actual environment and then develop their own projects. The difference lies in the operation methods. One is to bring their environmental observations back to the classroom for further processing, while the other is to directly operate the actual construction on the field. This research applies the field survey method and the data analysis method to integrate and analyze so as to understand how the students use different creative methods to interpret the relationship between people and environments. Professional architectural training begins with the creation of a simulated space, including drawings and models. Therefore, students will use their abstract thinking skills, case collection and analysis capabilities to express their own design. Students use imagination to respond to issues in real spaces but may ignore some details when reducing the drawing scale. However, these details are often important architectural issues. In addition, to increase students’ sensitivity to the environmental conditions, the design courses are so designed to push students to look for elements of creation through observation. For the first question, students are required to visit a remote community and divide the environmental records of the site into spatial elements such as line, surface, and volume then return to work out their creation at the studio. For the second question, students need to carry out actual operations in the city. Different from the operation procedures in the first question, students are asked to firstly observe the environment and then discuss their creations with their group of classmates in the classroom. After the case is determined, the students go directly to the field to begin and adjust their construction method to accommodate different issues in the actual situations. After three years of observation and comparison with the research data, I have preliminarily found that when students gave priority to understanding the limitations of the actual environment, they could not only design better works with local characteristics but observe their own shortcomings in understanding the environment. In contrast, those students who first prepared their design project in the studio and then created on the spot could better consider the complex problems in the actual environment and design the building spaces in a more objective manner. At present, we have found in this research that by comparing these two questions, students could learn about design in multiple angles and provide more connections between environments and people in their future creations. In the future, this research also hopes to develop a design training course that balances these two levels so as to feed back to the future teaching content of first-year architectural design course.
|11:05||
The transformation and flexible Design strategies for Future learning environment in China on evidence-based research
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* Jie Ding, South China University of Technology, China
Education is experiencing the transformation from Edu 2.0 to Edu 3.0, including the teaching concept, school curriculum, learning styles, etc., which are gradually influenced by information technology. Architecture and education are entwined. Its design concept and spatial configuration should be changed with the transformation of education over time. However, there are some contradictions between the current situation and the future development trends of school design in China, which are mainly reflected in the following aspects: 1) Changes in the size of school-age population in the next decade may dramatically influence the flexible demand for the supply of educational resources and learning space configuration; 2) At present, the design pattern of learning space is still matched with the typical characteristics of traditional education, which is teacher-centered and instructionist learning, and It cannot adapt to the diversified requirements of teaching space in the new period; 3) the current design standards of K value is in contradiction with some actual teaching needs, and the use efficiency of the building internal space cannot be effectively measured and evaluated; 4) the lack of flexible space design leads to the limitation of students' informal learning and communication. Therefore, for the school architectural design in the new era, the degree of space openness as well as flexibility of configuration still needs to be greatly improved. How to actively respond towards these flexible Challenges by adaptable design will become the focus of future architectural research. This study is divided into two parts: 1) It summarizes the existing problems and future demand of learning space based on the literature review and case studies in the past 20 years. Then it proposes five flexible spatial design strategies from four levels of elements, structure, function and system, which are convertibility, Rearrange-ability, multi-functionality, neutral Functionality and system sharing, so as to answer the question of how to achieve flexible learning space design;2) A large number of typical cases are selected for data analysis and comparison of K value of traditional learning space efficiency index, revealing the evolution principles and numerical change of space pattern. On this basis, a new definition of F value is proposed as the evaluation index of flexible space. The result shows that the space has a high utilization rate when the F value > 0.6, which can be used as an evaluation standard for the adaptive space configuration of school building in the future. In this study, a flexible learning design framework has been initially constructed from the space pattern, design strategies, and evaluation index, so as to provide quantitative and qualitative research reference for future practice and research of school building in china.
|11:35||
Walking to school or being brought by car? - Environmental determinants of children's active school travel
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* Juliane Schicketanz, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Germany
Sigrun Kabisch, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Germany
Tobia Lakes, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
Background: Insufficient physical activity among children appears to be a worldwide trend (Guthold et al. 2019) It is associated with motoric deficits, poor mental health, overweight and type 2 diabetes (WHO 2010). Various determinants play a role for low physical activity rates: genetic disposition, individual lifestyle, family and peers, and socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions. The socio-ecological model from Dahlgren and Whitehead (1991) captures these dimensions and has been used for many empirical studies on physical activity of children. However, what has not been addressed so far in detail are the determinants on active travel to school. Objective: The primary objective of this study is therefore to analyze why active school travel is distributed unequally among children in urban areas? We hypothesize that not only individual and family variables, but also urban environmental characteristics influence active travel. Method: The methodological design of this study consists of three parts. In the first part we focus on quantitative variables. From a cohort study 217 8-year old children and their school travel behavior analyzed. The dataset was extended by several spatial datasets that characterize the neighborhood of the place of residence, such as population density, employment rate and car ownership. In addition, we calculated the routes from place of residence to school and derived variables such as length of route and type of natural and built environment along the route. We applied descriptive statistics to identify the most relevant variables and principal component analysis to group the variables. To identify factors that influence active school travel we used ordered logistic regression. In a next step, we will conduct walking interviews with children at the age of 8 and their parents to receive in-depth information on personal decision-making and perceptions on active school travel. Using a mixed-methods approach allows us to integrate our quantitative and qualitative findings. Preliminary results: Statistical analysis shows route length, road type and social environment to affect active school travel most. Surprisingly, none of the individual and family level factors were significant for active school travel. In this study, active school travel was not related to children’s overweight risk and the other way round. Conclusion: Our initial results show that the modal choice to school varies substantially between the children and that route length, road type and social environment affect the choice most. The longer the routes, the more traffic and the lower the population density the more likely is the choice of using a car. From our initial findings we conclude that particularly the route to school determines the modal choice. This does imply that the demand and supply of schools (including the discussion about private and public schools) and the school district delineation may need consideration. To augment the analysis in more detail by individual perceptions we hope to be able to include this in a next step. | https://www.conferium.com/Clients/204_web/program/ShowSession.lasso?events=204&Dateselect=2020-06-22&Sessionselect=204-CAaU-285&lang=en |
GEO.1 Identify SDA Christian principles and values in correlation with social studies.
|GEO.1.1||Recognize God’s purpose in the dynamics of human history.|
|GEO.1.2||Explore God’s role in the political, social, economic, and spiritual areas of societies.|
|GEO.1.3||Apply Biblical principles of Christian morality, integrity, and ethical behavior to all aspects of life.|
|GEO.1.4||Equip students with a Christian approach toward social issues.|
Course Abilities
GEO.2 Develop abilities in social studies.
|GEO.2.1||Develop critical and creative thinking skills (research, analysis, evaluation, correlation).|
|GEO.2.2||Utilize the principles and methodologies of cooperative learning (benefiting from others’ experiences).|
|GEO.2.3||Develop effective communication skills (speaking, writing, listening, debating, using technology, etc.).|
GEO.3 Be able to apply social studies knowledge and skills.
|GEO.3.1||Read, research, analyze, write, and present using primary, secondary, and technological sources.|
|GEO.3.2||Identify key concepts and themes.|
|GEO.3.3||Demonstrate an appreciation of life through diverse perspectives.|
|GEO.3.4||Correlate relevant concepts from past to present.|
Course Content
GEO.4 Be able to identify and understand key elements of geography.
|GEO.4.1||Acknowledge God as Creator and Sustainer of life and the natural world.|
|GEO.4.2||Identify key terms and locations.|
|GEO.4.3||Apply the themes of geography to various regions (location, movement, place, human-environment interaction, regions).|
|GEO.4.4||Form valid generalizations about physical and human characteristics of geographic regions.|
GEO.5 Be able to utilize various literacy skills for interpreting geographical data.
|GEO.5.1||Exhibit appropriate skills for interpreting maps, charts, graphs, etc.|
|GEO.5.2||Select, validate, and effectively use a variety of sources to formulate a position or course of action on an issue.|
|GEO.5.3||Identify bias in written, oral, or visual material.|
|GEO.5.4||Communicate information logically using basic language arts skills.|
GEO.6 Be able to analyze the relationships between diverse cultures.
|GEO.6.1||Recognize that culture transcends geographic barriers in a global society.|
|GEO.6.2||Analyze how forces of cooperation/conflict influence the division and control of the earth’s surface.|
|GEO.6.3||Evaluate economic interdependence in a global society.|
|GEO.6.4||Differentiate between myths and facts related to prejudicial notions.|
|GEO.6.5||Recognize an individual role in fostering the strength of cultural diversity.|
GEO.7 Be able to analyze the dynamics of human-environment interaction. | https://socialstudies.adventisteducation.org/standards/world-geography/ |
19th century european architecture
What architectural style became popular in the 19th century?
The most common styles of this mid-19 th Century Period are the Greek Revival, the Gothic Revival , and the Italianate. The Greek Revival style (1820-1860) is definitely part of this period, but since it has its roots in the Early Classical Revival style , it is detailed in the Early Federal Period.
What influenced Victorian architecture?
The Classical or Neoclassical style of Victorian architecture , reflected the influences of ancient Greek and Roman architecture . The Gothic Revival style of Victorian architecture had been used before Victoria’s reign, but was very popular from the 1850s to the 1880s in England.
What materials are used in Victorian architecture?
Victorian architecture was primarily constructed with brick and mortar . The roofing material was typically composed of multiple layers of coal and tar over tongue and groove planking. Slate , a more expensive and durable roofing material , was also used for high-class homes.
What are the kinds of architecture?
10 Key Architecture Styles And Their Defining Characteristics Victorian. The Victorian Era (mid to late 19th Century) saw a return of many architectural styles including Gothic Revival, Tudor and Romanesque as well as influences from Asia and the Middle East. Islamic. Romanesque. Baroque. Tudor. Bauhaus. Neo-classical. Renaissance.
What are the characteristics of 19th century architecture?
19th-century architecture was greatly influenced by earlier architectural movements and foreign, exotic styles, which were adapted to the new technologies of the early modern age. The revivals of Greek, Gothic, and Renaissance designs were fused with contemporary engineering methods and materials.
What are 3 types of architecture?
The three orders of architecture—the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian—originated in Greece. To these the Romans added, in practice if not in name, the Tuscan, which they made simpler than Doric, and the Composite, which was more ornamental than the Corinthian.
What are 3 characteristics of Victorian design?
Key Elements Two to three stories. Victorian homes are usually large and imposing. Wood or stone exterior. Complicated, asymmetrical shape. Decorative trim. Textured wall surfaces. Steep, multi-faceted roof or Mansard roof. One-story porch. Towers.
What defines Victorian architecture?
Victorian architecture is a series of architectural revival styles in the mid-to-late 19th century. The styles often included interpretations and eclectic revivals of historic styles. The name represents the British and French custom of naming architectural styles for a reigning monarch.
What’s the difference between Georgian and Victorian house?
Internally, high ceilings and large windows were a feature of Victorian homes , but the rest of the layout became a little bit cramped compared to previous Georgian designs, with a long and thin footprint.
Who invented Victorian architecture?
William Burges
How many stories does a Victorian house have?
Two or three stories : Because these homes were built on narrow plots of land, often in a row, Victorian houses are usually two to three stories high. Embellished millwork: Victorian houses are known for the intricately carved woodwork that typically adorns windows, doorways and eaves.
Where is Victorian architecture most common?
Thanks to the size of the British Empire during that time, Victorian architecture has an incredibly wide reach. Evidence of this style is found across the UK and North America, as well as Australia and New Zealand. Many budding architects of this period would travel to the colonies to start their careers.
Which type of architect earns the most?
Highest Level of Employment
|Industry||Annual Mean Wage|
|Architectural, engineering and related services||$88,970|
|Residential building construction||$85,820|
|Specialized design services||$84,260|
|Federal executive branch (OES designation)||$98,110|
What is the lowest salary for an architect?
Architects made a median salary of $79,380 in 2018. The best-paid 25 percent made $104,510 that year, while the lowest-paid 25 percent made $61,280.
Which field is best for architecture?
Read on for a look at a variety of possible architecture careers, and how to increase your employability in these roles. Architect . Architectural technologist. Interior and spatial designer. Building surveyor. Town planner. Production designer. Historic buildings inspector. Structural engineer. | https://www.aabbarchitectes.com/interesting/19th-century-european-architecture.html |
ARCHITECTURE FORM SPACE AND ORDER D.K.CHING PDF
The Second Edition of this classic introduction to the principles of architecture is everything you would expect from the celebrated architect, author, and illustrator . ARCHITECTURE Form, Space, & Order Third Edition ARCHITECTURE Form, Ching, Frank, Architecture–form, space, & order / Francis D.K. Ching. For more than thirty years, the beautifully illustrated Architecture: Form, Space, and Order has been the classic introduction to the basic.
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Michel, France, 13th century and later. It can serve to: This book focuses, therefore, on broadening and enriching a vocabulary of design through the study of its essential elements and principles and the d.k.xhing of a wide array of solutions to architectural problems developed over the course of human history. Set up My libraries How do I set up “My libraries”?
Taking a critical look at the evolution of spaces, Architecture distills complex concepts of design into a clear focus that inspires, bringing difficult abstractions to life.
To Debra, Emily, and Andrew, whose love of life it is ultimately the role of architecture to house. If fprm line shifts to form a plane, we obtain a two-dimensional element. Added to Your Shopping Cart.
Books by Francis D. Second Edition In his distinctive graphic style, world-re-nowned author and architecture educator Francis D.
Lists with This Book. Language English View all editions Prev Next edition 1 of Form, Space, and Order encourages the reader to look critically at the built environment and promotes a more evocative understanding of architecture.
Ching has once again created a visual reference that illuminates the world of architectural form. While the juxtaposition of styles may appear to be abrupt at times, the diverse range of examples is deliberate.
Architecture: Form, Space, & Order
Plans, Sections and Elevations: Conceptually, a plane has length and width, but no depth. While ajd provide privacy for interior spaces and serve as barriers that limit our movement, doorways and windows reestablish continuity with neighboring spaces and allow the passage of light, heat, and sound.
It is still a reference to which I go back every now and then to refresh my d.k.chint. Each page has been meticulously revised to incorporate contemporary examples of the principles of form, space, and order – the fundamental vocabulary of every designer.
Orser low sloping roof planes and broad overhangs are characteristic of the Zrchitecture School of Architecture. Description The revered architectural reference, updated with contemporary examples and interactive 3D models Architecture: Ching’s signature style, also serves as a guide to architectural drawing.
Primary elements and the principles of space design Form and space, including light, view, openings, and enclosures Organization of space, and the elements and relationships of circulation Proportion and scale, including proportioning systems and anthropometry.
The overall form of a building can be endowed with a distinctly planar quality by carefully introducing openings that expose the edges of vertical and horizontal planes.
Architecture: Form, Space, and Order – Francis D. K. Ching – Google Books
Thanks for telling us about the problem. Architecture is really hard to understand,when it comes to the basics,it might be even more difficult to understand.
Configuration of the Path. Villa Aldobrandini, Italy, —, Giacomo Della Porta House 10,John Hejduk Although architectural space exists in three dimensions, it can be linear in form to accommodate the path of movement through a building and link its spaces to one another.
One of the best design resources still available to architects and designers. In any case, it is assumed that the existing set of conditions—the problem—is less than satisfactory and that a new set of conditions—a solution—would be desirable.
Horizontal Elements Defining Space.
Francis D. K. Ching, Architecture Form, Space And Order 3rd Edition
The form and geometry of its structure is established by the manner in which it spans across space to bear on its supports and slopes to shed rain and melting snow. For someone with no prior knowledge of design, it was nice to have basic concepts explained so clearly.
For more than forty years, the beautifully illustrated Architecture: Second Edition Buy these items together. In brief, Ching was a genius guy! This bestselling visual reference helps both students and professionals understand the vocabulary of architectural design by examining how space and form are ordered in sppace environment. A designer must first document the existing conditions of a problem, define its context, and collect relevant data to be assimilated and analyzed.
Any such columnar element is seen in plan as a point and therefore retains the visual characteristics of a point. Architecturee is a G.
Architecture : Francis D. K. Ching :
Form and space are presented not as ends in themselves but as means to solve a problem in response to conditions of function, purpose, and context—that is, architecturally. By looking at these seminal ideas, Architecture: Want to Read saving…. Each element is first considered as a conceptual element, then as a visual element in the vocabulary of architectural design. Key Buildings of the 20th Century: Among the topics covered are point, line, plane, volume, proportion, scale, circulation, orderr the interdependence of form and space.
A roof plane can extend outward to form overhangs that shield door and window openings from sun or rain, or continue downward further still to relate itself more closely to the ground plane. Formal Collisions of Geometry. | http://editur.info/architecture-form-space-and-order-dkching-47/ |
Students will be able to understand the importance of a customer-focused hospitality establishment in a competitive environment by carrying out research on customers’ requirements and expectations. Students will also gain skills to deliver excellent customer service and evaluate the benefits of exceeding customers’ expectations.
Students will understand the role of the front office department within a hospitality setting. This unit will identify the importance of the front office department and the impact it has on the overall hospitality operation.
Students will understand the principles of costing within hospitality and the contents of key financial statements used, along with the basic accounting techniques used to produce and analyse them.
Students will understand the size and scope of the global tourism and hospitality industry. The unit examines the influences that affect it and the growth of its brands within international markets.
Students will be able to understand the key principles of the marketing concept and relate the role of the marketing mix to the hospitality industry. Students will understand the marketing cycle and be able to devise a promotional campaign.
Students will understand supply chain systems and procedures, and how organisations use these to procure, produce and prepare food and beverages within the hospitality industry, both domestically and globally. This unit demonstrates how supply chain management is essential for efficient operation and for achieving a competitive edge.
Students will be able to understand the concept of quality and quality management and apply it in a hospitality setting. Students will be able to analyse, evaluate and implement a quality management system in a hospitality organisation.
Students will understand the operational issues that underpin successful events and conference management. This unit examines a wide range of events and discusses the processes and considerations involved.
Students will understand the importance of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) to hospitality organisations and recognise the necessary processes to ensure its effectiveness.
Students are able to gain an understanding of the key principles of management behaviour and a range of management styles, roles, responsibilities, characteristics and skills. Students will be able to understand the effectiveness of different organisation structures by studying the design and culture within a hospitality setting.
Students will be able to understand the key principles of Human Resource Management (HRM) and the current issues Human Resource (HR) managers have to consider when carrying out their role and responsibilities. Students will also understand how current legislation has an impact on the HR function in Hotel and Hospitality Management.
Students will be able to understand what the key elements of revenue management are and how this affects the pricing of hotel bedrooms. Students will also be able to implement the practices of yield management in a hotel and set an overbooking policy.
Students will be able to understand key principles of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and sustainable development. Students will learn about the impact hotels have on social, cultural and environmental factors and how the hotel industry can make a difference by implementing practices and procedures to be more sustainable.
Students will understand the nature and impact of current and potential Contemporary issues that affect the hospitality industry. This unit will demonstrate the need for organisations to be flexible and to adapt to rapidly changing environments and customer demands.
Students will understand how to create a business plan for a hotel or hospitality organisation. Students will learn where the business is positioned in the current market, measure the performance and suggest opportunities for growth. | https://www.globalnorthlondonbusinessschool.co.uk/product/hotel-hospitality-degree-1st-and-2nd-year/ |
1. To apply a proper methodology of design for various interior design projects.
2. To use information technology, various communication theories, systems, applications and skills.
3. To generate ideas through thinking process using various approaches in theory and experiment.
4. To create methodology of research as a research oriented designer.
5. To act as human oriented designer in relation to built and natural environment.
6. To demonstrate the philosophy of engineering through design ideas in artistic way.
7. To use comprehensive ideas and various aspects of sustainability for applying it in interior projects.
8. To follow the philosophy of codes and regulations for applying them in interior projects.
9. To employ the multidisciplinary nature of management in their projects.
10. To demonstrate philosophy of professional ethics in their carrier.
11. To interpretthe world and its historical events with an intellectual and critical vision.
12. To comprehend interior spaces as a living phenomena in various scales of macro and micro worlds.
13. To integrate formal/ informal and/or social/personal experiences in their lives.
· To understand: the spatial perception and the principles of design methodology in various scales.
· To participate: in interdisciplinary design project teams as a member of a design team.
· To create: spatial interior design elements respecting natural and built environment characteristics.
· To create: a comprehensive program for an interior project, in respect to users and project stakeholders.
· To demonstrate: clear image of user’s needs and demands; concerning the project feasibility issues.
· To produce: interior space and elements; following local, national and international codes.
· To understand: the visionary world, in the era of information & communication technology (ICT).
· To transfer: ideas and concepts in the trans-disciplinary way.
· To communicate: various aspect of project from aesthetic to economic issues with stakeholders, fluently.
· To transfer: the knowledge of project in sufficient way to other experts.
· To use: various techniques and applications of multimedia communication.
· To use: effective communication skills, instruments and tools denoted to context and content of projects.
· To use: abstract thinking to interpret the situation.
· To demonstrate: analytical mind and skills.
· To create: solutions, by using different reasoning skills from direct to indirect reasoning.
· To employ: various techniques of problem solving.
· To create: proper methodology of research for each subject.
· To be aware of: importance of research in analyzing initial conditions and final products.
· To conduct: research studies independently and critically assess findings.
· To employ: research-based design and evidence-based research methodologies in their projects.
· To use: theories and methods of inquiry for clarifying the relationship between human behavior and built environment.
· To understand: diverse needs, demands, values, behavioral norms, in interior spaces.
· To understand: characteristics of different cultures and individuals and implicate this diversity for the design process.
· To employ: interior design for improving the quality of life.
· Tounderstands: the general philosophy of construction technology and engineering ideas.
· To indentify: principles of micro structural behavior as living phenomena.
· To indentify: appropriate application and performance of materials and assemblies for each interior element.
· To indentify: technical, electrical and mechanical systems and elements.
· To do: the cost and benefit study in domain of interior constructions and materials.
· To use: the high-tech products related to the context of design.
· To understand: general idea of sustainability.
· To study: the essence of main worldwide references on sustainability and their approaches of design process.
· To employ: new technologies in sustainable design and construction for interior design.
· To understand: the principles of sustainability in relation to built and natural environment.
· To understand: the necessity and philosophy of codes and regulations.
· To comprehend: the terminology of codes and regulations.
· To compare: about various resources about the standard identifications in codes and regulations.
· To apply: local, national and international codes in the design process and final products.
· To understand: various theories of managements and methods of decision making/taking.
· To apply: main issues of passive defense and natural diseases management in the interior design.
· To estimate: cost & benefits in their projects.
· To employ: international standards of management qualification.
· To understand: the theoretical and practical features of acting professionally and ethically.
· To recognize: the ethical issues involved in the formation of professional judgment.
· To demonstrate: knowledge of professional codes of ethics in the practice of interior design.
· To understand: intellectual and critical view points of various approaches to historical events.
· To understand: relationship between the history of built environment and other fields of studies.
· To explore: the built environment and its artificial elements to generate the new visions of current world.
· To apply: their visions from historical studies in their theoretical, practical and critical approaches as an interior designer.
· To comprehend: the phenomenon of space from various scales.
· To understand: concepts and principles of design in micro and macro scales.
· To integrate: various multidisciplinary theories to interior design.
· To use: various methods on exploring and perceiving the built environment elements.
· To integrate: their personal experiments and extracurricular activities into their academic studies.
· To develop: their sense of humor, common sense and their intuitions as an effective part of their critical thinking.
· To conduct: self learning by using the various resources.
· To appreciate: new ideas and visions.
İç Mimarlık Bölümünün Giriş Sınavı çizim sınavından oluşan özel yetenek sınavıdır.
İç Mimarlar konut binaları, konaklama tesisleri, ticari binalar, sağlık hizmetleri, sanayi binaları ve kültürel yapılar gibi mevcut veya yeni binalarda iç mekan tasarımı ve uygulama projeleri üzerinde çalışırlar. İç mimarlar, projelerindeişlevsellik, ergonomi, konfor erişebilirlik, sağlık, güvenlik ve estetik konularını dikkate alarak mekan tasarımı yaparlar. İş olanakları kamu kurumlarından özel sektöre kadar çeşitlilik gösteren iç mimarlar, kendi ofislerini de açabilirler.
İç Mimarlık bölümü mezunları ayrıca master ve doktora eğitimlerine devam ederek akademik kurumlarda çalışabilirler.
This course aims at introducing students with basic concepts, philosophy and theory of interior design and establishing a foundation for design practice. Throughout the course, students will become familiar with process of design, language of design, and various presentation techniques and design methodologies employed by architects and interior designers. This will be achieved by several projects and class activities in addition to discovering outstanding architectural and interior design projects from around the world. This course also aims at developing a personal understanding of interior design by integrating extracurricular interests of students into design process. (Prerequisite: INT101).
This course deals with advanced knowledge and skill acquisition of the diverse categories of information delivery required by the design professionals. Architectural abstraction in drawing to communicate ideas on spatial and environmental information through perspective, isometric, oblique and axonometric drawings will be explored. Various media will be covered as means of graphic presentation.(Prerequisite: INT111).
The vocabulary gleaned from basic principles of design; scale, mass, texture, balance, rhythm, unity etc. and shall be applied to the interior spatial design. The result should be actualized through given or a built interior space in significance. It needs to be explored through model making, sketching, collage and color drafting exercises.
The visual and psychological effects of colorare an important tool used by commercial artists, fashion and interior designers. Through knowledge of colorcombinations, of characteristics of colorin design, and of the effects of coloron our lives are explored. This class is devoted to the study of colorprinciples, allowing students to investigate and apply these principles through individual class projects.
In this course as the conclusive course for the series of history of Architecture, it is requested to have a comprehensive vision and knowledge of the philosophies, theories, and the clustering of the various effective masters and thinkers in relation to the built environment down to the product design in the 19th and 20thcentury with a clear understanding of the origins and roots in the previous historical events. So the combination of chronological and analytical approaches is suggested. (Prerequisite: INT141).
This is the first design studio, in which students combine their knowledge, skills and interior design understanding in order to develop a small-scale residential project. This project focuses on application of basic design elements and principles, understanding human anthropometrics and human needs in space, comprehending functional/spatial requirements and developing and applying conceptual design ideas in three dimensional spaces. (Prerequisite: INT102 and INT112).
The second design studio aims at developing a deeper understanding of accessibility and functional appropriateness, structural systems and proper choice of furniture and materials within small-scale and multi-functional working environments. At this level, the project is more based on programming, space planning, and complying with codes and regulations, as well as application of conceptual ideas related to working environments. This studio is also an introduction to evidence-based design approach. (Prerequisite: INT201).
This course provides students with practical hands-on experience in using professional architectural drafting software (e.g., Autocad). The course looks at two-dimensional CAD techniques used by architects to design and create presentations. The course covers the process of creating, manipulating, and communicating through digital drawings. Emphasis will be placed on understanding architectural drawing convention, and generating sophisticated architectural graphics, mappings and analyses using a variety of digital media. Programs taught may include AutoCAD, Illustrator, InDesign, Flash, and Photoshop.(Prerequisite: INT112).
This course provides students with practical hands-on experience in using professional architectural modeling software. The course looks at the principal three-dimensional modeling techniques used by architects to design and represent projects. The course covers the process of creating, manipulating, and communicating through digital architectural models. Emphasis will be placed on the generation of 3D architectural models and their presentation using AutoCad, 3DStudioMax, Maya, Rhino, Grasshopper and/or VRay. (Prerequisite: INT211).
Students focus on working methods, the designer’s approach, materials and techniques, sustainable details, understand the communication between designer and constructor, describing of the materials and the way they can be used as design elements. The course allows each student to solve the problems with appropriate solution to issues and also to express their own personal aesthetic. (Prerequisite: INT112).
The aim of the course is to give the students the instruments and methodology to understand and recognize interior design styles with their philosophy. The course analyses the history of these different fields as a whole, from the industrial revolution to the present time, by studying the influence of society, art, economy, political events and scientific and technological discoveries. (Prerequisite: INT142).
Off campus study gives an opportunity to students to demonstrate the interrelationship between theoretical principles of interior design as a profession and their application in practice. The goal of the first internship is to provide effective professional preparation for students through field experience. The cooperative relationship between the business and academic learning should be enhanced. The student intern is responsible to keep a journal/diary of their daily experience. The internship is usually scheduled in summer for duration of twenty four (24) working days. The purpose of this assignment is to initiate the student into an awareness of professional firms and to provide an overview of on-site learning.
In the third design studio, students work on a small-scale hospitality project. In addition to solving problems of a more complex program, larger square meters and larger number of users compared to previous projects, students will also consider the issues of sustainability and universal design. At this level, they are expected to provide evidence-based solutions related to project topic; develop creative design solutions and use communication media effectively. (Prerequisite: INT202).
The fourth design studio is an advanced studio course in which students will be working on a large scale educational facility. They will be working on a multipurpose area which includes several levels of circulation patterns, different facility areas and furnishing and material requirements. This project focuses on proper site analysis, different user needs, project budgeting, and application of conceptual design ideas properly. (Prerequisite: INT301).
In the fifth design studio, senior students will demonstrate an advanced level of knowledge, skills and creativity through the design of a large scale cultural/sports facility. At this level they are expected to conduct a comprehensive research about project topic and issues covered; generate flexible design ideas, and present development process and final outcomes of the project through various communication media, including hand and digital drawings. (Prerequisite: INT302).
The final studio course of interior design program aims at developing the personal design view of each student through independent study. It is also aimed at developing concepts related to socio-cultural, economic and environmental needs of the society through spatial design. Therefore, the project topic will be proposed by the students, through a research project which they will have conducted in previous semester in Graduate Research & Preparation Course. Students are expected to develop evidence based creative design solutions demonstrating their knowledge and skills that they have learned during their interior design education. The basic issues that need to be considered during the project are accessibility, sustainability, cultural diversity, health and safety, durability and innovation. An essential part of the studio is the project thesis, which should include an advanced research about the above mentioned issues as well as visual and verbal explanation of development process of the project. Presentation techniques used to express design ideas and overall communication skills are also significant aspects of the senior level project. (Prerequisite: INT401 and INT403).
This course deals with the development of an individual general study and research by the student on a specific topic of her/his own choice/interests which goes to the primitive draft and initial issues about the final project. The research encompasses the following stages: subject definition, data gathering and classification, information interpretation relevant case/sample studies, programming and planning (denoting to activities), spatial perceiving, and technical information, site/field analysis and environmental fitting which shall be presented as a research report. (Prerequisite: INT302).
Students will produce an academic portfolio which represents the best examples of their creative and technical skill sets. Preparation of appropriate marketing materials, including a business card and CV, will be explored on a class and on an individual basis.(Prerequisite: INT401).
This course provides students the knowledge of the social, political, economic and legal aspects of interior design practice. This course includes topics on professional laws and regulations such as contracts, bonds and insurances, professional partnerships, human relations in the profession and occupational health and safety issues.
This course gives students a general knowledge about the soft and hard landscape elements in micro scale; and the skills to carry out interior landscape planning and design in relation to larger scale and exterior space.
Student will have the opportunity to work on individual projects, using simple eco friendly materials and methods which do not require a workshop environment. The course will include an introduction to historical and contemporary context and key concepts on architectural model making. Students will develop basic skills to produce models and understand the importance of experiments and practices. | http://architecture.gau.edu.tr/ic_mimarlik_lisans_programi_ingilizce.html |
Two types of compare and contrast essays
Here is some general information about the organization for this type of essay: • a comparison essay notes either similarities • the comparison or contrast should make a point or serve a purpose often such essays do one of the compare and contrast essay structure: point by point method. Comparison and contrast essay is one of the most common assignments in american high schools and universities in this type of essay students have to compare two (in some essays several) things, problems, events or ideas and evaluate their resemblances and differences this type of essay advances and develops your critical thinking as well as. To write a compare/contrast essay, you'll need to make new connections and/or express new differences between two things the key word hereis new. Compare and contrast essay sample compare and contrast essay samples analysis example of compare and contrast essay. Throughout your academic career, you'll be asked to write papers in which you compare and contrast two things: two texts, two theories, two historical figures, two scientific processes, and so on.
Organizational patterns for the comparison/contrast essay essays, such as a comparison of two articles, short stories, or novels the body of such an essay is organized by discussing one point at a time and how it applies to each subject before moving. Transitional words and phrases transitional words and phrases can create powerful links between ideas in your paper and can help your reader understand the logic of your paper. This handout will help you determine if an assignment is asking for comparing and contrasting, generate here are some general questions about different types of things you might have to compare there are many different ways to organize a comparison/contrast essay here are two. In the simplest terms, a compare and contrast essay takes two subjects (ie, objects, events, people, or places)—closely related or vastly different—and focuses on what about them is the same or what's different or focuses on a combination of similarities and differences. The purpose of comparison and contrast in writing comparison in writing discusses elements that are similar, while contrast in writing discusses elements that are different a compare-and-contrast essay, then, analyzes two subjects by comparing them, contrasting them, or both the key to a good compare-and-contrast essay is to choose two or.
Perhaps the most common assignment in a composition course is the comparison and contrast essay what could be easier we've got these two things — movies, books, rock bands, decades, people, fashions, schools, ideas — how are they alike and how are they different. Here you can find the main tips on how to write a winning compare and contrast essay (see top 10 essay types), a compare and contrast essay is used to explore both the and then finish with a crucial paragraph that will use the listed characteristics to compare and contrast the two.
This type of essay can be really confusing, as balancing between comparing and contrasting can be rather difficult check out our compare and contrast essay samples to see how to write essays of this type on your own. Compare & contrast wr441 r tardif and c klassen (fall 2014) 1 learning centre comparison & contrast writing (extended) comparison and contrast focuses on the similarities and differences between two or. Compare essay consuming fresh foods instead of canned foods another difference between these two types of foods is the cost whereas fresh foods are cheap to buy compare&contrast essay name surname: esra tanısal.
The purpose of a compare and contrast essay is to analyze the differences and the first step to writing a successful compare and contrast essay is to pick two subjects that are outline your body paragraphs based on compare then contrast this type of organization works best for when you. The two types of organization used in compare and contras essays are point-by-point and whole-by-whole point-by-point organization first compares and contrast one point between the two subjects and then moves to the next point of comparison or contrast. Compare and contrast is a common form of academic writing, either as an essay type on its own, or as part of a larger essay which includes one or more paragraphs which compare or contrast.
Two types of compare and contrast essays
- This lesson explains what it is to write a compare and contrast essay for the student who needs to describe two subjects, a compare and contrast.
- Free compare contrast papers, essays, and research papers my account search results free essays good essays better essays stronger essays compare and contrast class - there are two main types of class associated with education.
- Apples and oranges all you need do in writing a compare and contrast essay is take two subjects and show their similarities and their differences.
- Know how to write compare and contrast essay papers people can write essays of various kinds employing various styles and modes there are some essays which might be simpler to write while some topics can be written only in one particular style people should have the knowledge about different kinds of essays before they decide.
- A compare and contrast essay is a form of academic writing that is built around an examination of at least two items there are two kinds of compare and contrast essays: one where you focus more on the similarities of chosen items, and one that contrasts.
How to write a compare/contrast essay compare and contrast essays are the other big essay types in academic writing these essays will follow a specific question and are fairly easy to complete. Been given an essay to write our free essay types guide will help you determine what is required in a compare and contrast essay, you examine two things and the ways in which they are similar and different see compare and contrast essays. Any compare and contrast essay compares two things, ideas, or people for the purpose of arriving at a conclusion the thesis statement for this type of essay is the sentence in the introduction that. These compare and contrast essay topics provide teachers and students with great and fun ideas for home and class work. | http://dzpaperkftd.locksmith-bellevue.us/two-types-of-compare-and-contrast-essays.html |
The forms language is a key language that consists of ways of thinking, examples, principles and rules for how interweaving and architectural elements (material) are arranged. It can be viewed as a pattern language based on the vocabulary and characteristics of relevant and available interweaving and architectural elements (material). The forms language provides a repertoire that can be used to interpret, represent, evaluate, design, combine, and build parts of the world.
In organisations we find forms such as feedback loops, life cycles, production logic, common product platforms, organisational arrangements, PDCA loops, routines, work spaces, etc. etc. These forms can be identified and described in a forms language and its catalogues. See examples of forms at the end of the article.
An interweaved or architected artifact, enterprise, or company is largely the result of a deliberate use of a specific forms language chosen by interweavers and architects.
A Forms language can be designed to focus on …
In many cases, a chosen forms language favour accommodation of the interests of either clients, banks and insurances companies, the society, architects or the inhabitants. Here we find significant differences in interests and desired ends. A client, developer, or owner may be motivated by market or brand appeal, costs or revenues, while inhabitants are interested in well-being, meaningful jobs, vocation, professions, rewards, or career opportunities.
A forms language is largely dependent on the characteristics of …
A forms language for the agricultural age is different from forms languages found in industrialisation or the Internet and digital time periods. A forms language is also largely a reflection of specific approaches, styles, kind of architecture, and traditions.
Interweavers and Architects can learn a forms language and apply it in many situations without altering the language or introduce situational and personal changes. In other cases, a forms language can be changed to include new invented forms, to created a brand, such as in the book by “Exponential Organisations” by Salim Ismail.
A forms language depends on the available interweaving and architecture elements (material). In FIA, the elements or material are primarily describes and defined in a set of micro languages. Examples of elements, material include; organisation unit, responsibility, decision, work, guard rail, lightning, ventilation, application, data.
The forms language is accompanied by a complementary Participation Language. The participation language combines social behaviour patterns with forms and elements to accommodate sustainable human life. This language provides ways of thinking, examples, principles and rules for … .
The forms language contains a number of specific kind of forms:
The line-of-sight form is a path from A to B, from an observer to the observed. A line-of sight can be drawn from …
Line-of-sights are important to be aware of and actively work with, otherwise, they become assumed rather than evidence-based or well argumented.
The life cycle form divides the life of some portion of the world into stages. Life cycles are used to manage materials, products, plants, or IT-applications. Life cycles are also used to assess environmental impacts of a product from material extraction to waste (Life Cycle Assessment, ISO 14040).
A common omission to look out for is found at the end of the life cycle. In many cases, a life cycle is designed to end with by retirement. However, some parts of the product may have a life after deliberate retirement, as a residual or waste.
The feedback loop form is a pattern where some results, consequences, effects, outputs, outcomes, impacts of processes or activities are routed back to an earlier stage in a process. Feedback loops are important for both human and organisational learning, governance and control of enterprises and companies, linking strategy with execution and back, and management methods such as plan–do–check–adjust (PDCA).
The Framework of Interweaving and Architecting (FIA) provides a general Forms Language with different kinds of forms documented in catalogues.
Enjoy!
/Anders W. Tell
Anders is a Master Interweaver and Architect with international experiences on all levels, United Nation, EU, global, regional and national (standardisation) organisations, as well as national state agencies. | https://workem.com/index.php/en/blog/introducing-the-forms-language |
On the morning of November 6, the Lhasa Architectural Guidelines, which has been in preparation for two years, was officially released. The guideline aims to carry on historical cultural heritage, elevate the image of Lhasa, and retain the city's unique geographical environment, cultural characteristics, architectural styles, and other elements. It provides style requirements and fundamental regulations for architectural design in the capital city of southwest China's Tibet.
Lhasa was one of the national historical and cultural cities in China. It is an international tourist city with plateau and ethnic characteristics. Questionnaires show that the three most attractive factors in Lhasa are its beautiful urban environment, profound history and culture, and rich ethnic characteristics. However, as of today, there are still some architectures in Lhasa that lack design. In terms of specific architectural design, there are some problems such as deficits of Tibetan elements and errors in Tibetan language use.
Through comprehensive and on-site investigations, the project team systematically analyzed the evolution of architectural styles in Lhasa and formed an overall understanding of Lhasa's historical and cultural features. They widely listened to opinions of people of different backgrounds on current building management and integrated these with the current status and characteristics of Lhasa itself, and then specify the overall orientation of Lhasa's architectural style: a new Tibetan style appeal and landscaped ancient city. | http://en.tibet3.com/news/tibet/2018-11-15/4145.html |
College research paper writers
This significantly reduces the specification burden.
But even assuming that an evolution style is available to an architect, the architect still has to define the evolution space, including the initial architecture, the target architecture, the intermediate architectures, the evolution transitions (and their 157 8 Conclusion decomposition into operators), and the candidate evolution paths. In our initial prototype tools, very little automation was available to support the definition of college research paper writers the evolution space. In subsequent work, we have demonstrated that much of this can be automated, at least in principle. The architect will still need to define the initial and target states, but if the evolution style provides an adequate palette of operators and specifies adequate college research paper writers constraints and evaluation functions to define what constitute a legal and high-quality evolution path, then an automated planner can generate evolution paths by composing these operators automatically, as explained in section 6. However, there are still unanswered questions about how this could be integrated with an architecture evolution tool in practice. Future work might be able to reduce the specification burden further, including the burden of defining evolution styles. For example, instead of requiring operators to be specified in some kind of code, it might be possible to support graphical specification of operators, or to infer operators from examples of architectural transformation.
Similarly, constraints must currently be specified in temporal logic, which may seem a bit arcane to practicing architects. But in the future, an intelligent user interface might allow architects to build constraints from a library of constraint templates capturing common classes of constraints such as ordering constraints, timing constraints, and integration constraints. The approach requires adequate tool support in order to be adopted for practical use, but such tool support does not yet exist.
Without good tools to provide support for constructing and analyzing evolution models, the framework we have defined is of little use. But while demonstrating the implementability of the approach in principle is one goal of this thesis work, actually producing a mature tool that could be readily adopted by practitioners is not. None of the prototype tools we have developed are sufficiently complete, usable, or mature that they could actually be adopted for use in a real, industrial-scale evolution project. This is not a limitation of our approach in principle, but it is a limitation of this thesis. Further tool development would be necessary to make the approach adoptable by practitioners. The empirical work justifying the applicability of this approach consists of just two case studies. I have given particularly careful attention to issues college research paper writers of reliability and validity so as to strengthen this claim. Even so, case studies have their limitations, and in attempting to generalize from the results of investigations of just two organizations, we can go only so far. Future empirical work on this kind of approach to software architecture evolution would be 158 8. A survey-based study (examining a statistical sample of many software organizations) or a multicase study (examining a number of different software organizations in some depth) might be particularly useful in this respect. There may be some kinds of software organizations for which our approach is less suitable. The two case studies featured in this dissertation were conducted at two very different software organizations. But they were similar in at least one important respect: both organizations featured an architecture group of significant size and maturity. The relevance of our approach to organizations where architecture is not formally practiced is unclear.
Reasoning at an architectural level allows us to model high-level concerns such as integration issues and evolution stages. Taking an architectural perspective also grants our approach a kind of generality that is usually not available to code-level approaches, which are frequently programming-language-specific. Code-level approaches tend to operate at a more limited scale. However, an architectural approach also carries with it certain limitations. One important limitation is that an architectural model is not necessarily tied to the reality of the software system.
That is, there can be problems of architecture conformance. In this section, I focus on a few major future areas of work where I believe a number of significant research challenges remain. In my estimation, each of the following veins is sufficiently rich to be potentially worthy of a PhD thesis itself! Formally, an evolution style is simply a collection of operators, constraints, and evaluation college research paper writers functions specialized to some domain. First, they unify the various evolution elements, relating operators and constraints and evaluation functions.
Second, they permit our approach to be specialized to particular domains, which we view as one of the key strengths of the approach. Finally, they help to justify the adoptability of the approach by reducing the burden of specifying evolution elements, since evolution styles provide a systematic way for evolution elements to be defined once but used many times. Flowever, evolution styles have not figured prominently in our empirical work or our tooling work to date. In our case studies and prototype development, we have college research paper writers examined the applicability and implementability of the individual elements of our approach—operators, constraints, and evaluation functions—but we have not specifically examined the usefulness of the evolution style concept for capturing domains of evolution. Aside from the need for further empirical and tooling work, however, there are more fundamental questions about evolution styles that need to be answered— questions which we have skirted by defining an evolution style as simply a collection of operators, constraints, and evaluation functions. How can we make use of multiple evolution styles in a single project? However, there are many good reasons one might want to combine multiple evolution styles. Consider a situation in which there are two evolution styles that are relevant to an evolution scenario. For example, if an evolution incorporates a client-server system evolving to a decentralized peer-to-peer model, as well as a SQL database being migrated to a cloud storage system such as Amazon S3 (so that any of the peers can access the data store), we might want to leverage two evolution styles: one for evolving a client-server system to a peer-to-peer system, and one for data migration. Scenarios analogous to this one arise often in heterogeneous systems in which different subsystems have different architectural styles. Another possibility is the definition of mix-in evolution styles that are designed specifically to supplement conventional evolution styles—for example, mix-in styles to support specialized analyses such as performance analysis. Supporting this sort of style composition intelligently is harder than it seems.
It might also need to enrich the architectural style used to define intermediate states, augmenting architectural element types with properties such as latency and throughput. Defining a system for composing evolution styles ad hoc in this way poses formidable research 160 8. | http://payforessay.site/college-research-paper-writers.html |
This research is to distinguish physical characteristics of Islamic Iranian urban structures compared with contemporary urban structures in medieval Europe. The urban structures were developed in the existing conditions of that time. Architectural and urban spaces are the physical phenomena reflecting many cultural, social, and civilization characteristics of a society. Hence, they can be used to imagine history and culture of a society. Therefore, in different regions with different religions and ideologies, we can observe different morphological structures.
Islamic urban cities and medieval cities were studied by many researchers. However, the researches about the urban morphology have rarely focused on the comparison of the two contemporary urban physical developments in Islamic Iranian and medieval cities in a case study and qualitative analysis. Furthermore, it was not cleared how these differences in cultures, ideology, religion, and governments could lead to physical changes and similarities in urban landscape. In most of the previous studies about urban morphology and classification of the morphology, the categorization is limited to the major elements of street, block, and buildings. In this research, we have analyzed the approaches in the two cities to detect the factors forming organizations and structures. The purpose of this research is to analyze the forming state and organization of the cities in two periods of Islamic Iranian and medieval. For this, we have examined historical background, physical properties, and formative factors of the cities.
Methodology
We have used qualitative variables in this research. The qualitative variables prepared using library studies have been analyzed by diagram and 3 dimensional modeling. Although non-physical factors, addition to physical urban factors, are also considered in this research, but this study has mainly emphasized on English school of Conzen urban morphology. Thus, this study has not considered historical aspects of Italian school and social interactions of French school. Therefore, the physical parameters have been compared with each other in two groups of principal components of urban texture and single structures using evaluation matrix. We have considered the major patterns of the structures in this period, not exceptional cases.
We have examined the urban morphology of Islamic Iranian cities and European medieval cities to extract characteristics of their elements, urban design, analysis system, and morphology types. After categorization of these morphologies, we have analyzed the morphologies in two sample cities of Rey and Siena to obtain similarities and differences and also their characteristics.
In physical component of urban texture, the data, according to Lynch, have been divided into five elements including paths (commercial spaces of market), edges (gates and walls), districts, nodes (square), and landmarks. Then, the results have been analyzed in three levels of macro scale (spatial organization and development), meso scale (structure and arrangement), and micro scale (architecture and performance of components). About the single structures, the data have been analyzed by their landuse types. All urban elements, including mosque and church, houses, bath, school, municipality building, and etc., have been analyzed in their special land-uses. These elements have been assessed in terms of location in city, building material, function, typology, and structure pattern. We have compared the two sample cities of Rey as an Islamic Iranian sample and Siena as a medieval sample.
Results and discussion
The elements of urban morphology have been determined in a literature review to examine the similarities and differences of the two kinds of cities. Rey City was formed before Islamic period and was also developed after that. The Siena is also a sample of medieval city keeping principal characteristics of that time.
Spatial organization of Rey City, as an epitome of Islamic Iranian city, has an organic complex with a compact texture. The houses and private spaces are located around the mosques without disturbance. Spatial arrangement of the neighborhoods and city had an organic growth. Spatial organization of Siena, as a good sample of European medieval city, is also formed in accordance with topography. The city is developed along hills. Most of the urban landscape is formed due to historic events.
In Rey City, the central mosque is functioning as the heart of the city and Baazar (traditional market) is performing as spine around which the neighboring houses are developed. The houses in the city are located from the entrance of the city towards the mosque in center of the space. The Siena is composed of some section connected to each other in the main square as conjunction. Along the main paths with more regular state relative to narrow streets, the stores are located. The paths are elongated from city gate to Central Square and central church as a two section core.
Conclusion
The results of this study have indicated that the urban structure of the Islamic Iranian and medieval cities are mainly similar in spatial organization, development form, spatial structure, and arrangement. The differences of the two types of cities are mainly in micro-scale and single structures and architecture. Similarities and differences in natural, cultural, economic, social, military-political conditions, and government system are among the main causes of physical variability in different geographical regions. This can also form identity of spaces.
The results of this study have also indicated that the formative elements of Islamic Iranian cities and European medieval cities have so regular arrangement that in an integrated system they can meet the requirements of the citizens. The identity of the cities is defined by their preferential special architecture. Therefore, the principles and structures of the old cities and the development appropriate to urban texture and single structures can be useful for today urban development to manage inharmonic development of urban spaces and reinforcement of place identity. Taking these old elements into account and following the principles of the Islamic Iranian and medieval cities can help have a more competent urban planning and better meet the needs of residents in contemporary cities. | https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_64339.html |
Review design styles through the 20th Century. Includes Arts and Crafts, Prairie Style, California Bungalow, Bauhaus, Art Deco, Zig- Zag modernism, New England salt boxes, Ranch style, Mid-Century Modern, Brutalism, Post- Modernism, and others in the US and overseas.
Discuss the significance of changes in style and review key examples of these styles.
Describe the key principles of various styles and how to coordinate watershape design with architecture.
Understanding the architecture of both built structures and the surrounding landscape will enable watershape designers to coordinate details and relate the water elements back to the surrounding environment in an appropriate way. It is easy to find examples of pools that clearly do not reflect the style of the home. They are usually the result of a production-type builder that is only comfortable replicating the same pool they have built many times. However, when the pool is well-designed to match the home’s architecture, the effect can be breathtaking and add real value to the property. This process can only begin after a basic understanding of architectural styles - the palette from which we draw from. These pools not only reflect the home but also the surrounding landscape. | http://genesis3.com/pool-design-271-20th-century-architectural-styles.html |
The music for this album was originally created in interaction with visual artforms, such as dance, pictures, video, and sculpture. Except for some percussion, all of the sounds on this record come from my flutes and saxophone. The central instrument is the unique contrabass flute: the “gentle giant” of the flute family. It has a lyrical, melodic quality, and I also use it to play ambient sounds. By using the percussive possibilities of the instrument, I have produced all the rhythmic grooves heard in the music. With my artistic research at Gothenburg University’s Academy of Music and Drama, I have been looking at what you might call musical states: tonal spaces constructed by musical modes. In particular, I have focused on tone color in melody playing and the role of silence in musical expression. My work on states, sounds, and silences has informed all of the music you hear on this album.
Supported by
Högskolan för Scen & Musik, Prophone/Naxos
Description of project
Se bilaga
Description of work included
Konstnärligt utvecklingsarbete, audio-inspelning, livekonserter
Spotify Album https://open.spotify.com/album/35VX6ujlHzOoyL4nRLkAo4?si=7SbegYEtSlG8vtbjIS4yWw
attached samples mp3: Matusi Expressions ; Care Encore. | https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/58243 |
Tabla is the modern caretaker of an ancient rhythmic tradition that is perhaps 5000 years old. It is the main rythmic instrument in North Indian classical music, but its versatility in all musical styles has enabled it to become the most popular percussion instrument in all of India. Its music involves skillfully composed rhythmic patterns, intriguing compositions, and complex beat structures. The tabla is a highly versatile percussion instrument, which is played solo or in accompaniment with just about any musical instrument. The level of sophistication and tonal beauty it possesses has elevated the instrument to an unmatched status in the world of percussion.
The study of tabla is in the oral tradition and is a continuation of the pakhawaj repertoire, which is thousands of years old, and has developed into a supremely refined style, technique, and literature. The vast oral literature of drumming is divided into two categories, fixed rhythmic compositions and theme and variations. In ancient times, a language was developed using words called bols that were descriptive of the sounds that the drum makes. Some of these words are rooted in Sanskrit and are derived from the vibrations of the universe. Today, there are about sixteen different sounds or bols which are arranged like poetry, first in phrases, then sentences, followed by paragraphs, chapters, and then novels. These literary references are the fixed compositions that have specific names, categories, and meaning to tabla players. A person who studies tabla has to memorize an enormous number of these compositions, and they are preserved in notebooks with only the words and no musical notations. These words or bols are enough information for a tabla player to perform the music. The other technique tabla players use is a theme and variations technique which includes improvisation.
An enormous amount of practice is necessary to be a proficient tabla player. All the professional tabla players today and throughout history have been through intense training, which is why there is a very real common respect and spirituality amongst players who achieve an advanced level of performance. | https://www.raagaschool.com/tabla-classes.html |
An instrument that is made using sonorous materials is what a percussion instrument is, and the vibration brought about by a percussion instrument could either have an indefinite or definite pitch. There are several ways to determine the pitch produced by a percussion instrument, but what we are focused on today is the history of percussion instruments. The size of objects in a pitch instrument is what determines pitch of a percussion instrument.
Percussion instruments are known to produce sound either by shaking, scraping, or hitting them, and one of the oldest members of the percussion instrument is the drum. The drum is also regarded as one of the oldest musical instrument we have today, and some of the old drums discovered by archeologists are as old as eight or nine thousand years. That is a lot of time if you ask for my opinion.
This means that people have dedicated their time in inventing percussion instruments for thousand of years, and a common act around monkeys is the beating of drums using a hollow stick. This tells you that drums have been in existence for so many years, and taking a look around you will let you know that there are several materials around you that can be used for making drums and for drumming.
This is why you will find a drum among every ancient culture present today as drums are used in showing how important an event, place, or person is. Dances, funerals, military initiations, weddings, communications, and even war sounds take effect at the sound of the drum back in the days of old, and the magical drums ruled everything in terms of ancient myths.
Something historians and anthropologists always say is percussion instruments were the first ever musical devices on the surface of the earth, but facts have it that the voice was man’s first ever musical instrument. Percussion instruments were the next evolution step in the world of music as they could be played using the hands and feet, logs, rocks, and even sticks.
When it comes to classifying percussion instruments, your classification of these instruments will depend on function, ethnic origin, and construction relating to orchestration and musical theory. Describing percussion instruments as being un-pitched or pitched isn’t enough when it comes to classifying these instruments, but there are certain criteria that you can follow when it comes to classifying percussion instruments. These criteria are;
- By the way sounds are produced
- By orchestration and musical function
- By prevalence in common knowledge
- By tradition and cultural significance
When talking about the history of percussion instruments, more emphasis is placed on the drum since it is one of the oldest musical instruments present today. There are scholars who are of the opinion that the ancient drum was used for ritual purposes, and this is why people regarded the drums back then as the central way of living. One function of the drum in days of old is it helps in controlling the mind of people listening to it.
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History Of Percussion Instruments
Function Of Percussion Instruments
Referred to as the heartbeat or backbone of music, percussion instruments can serve several functions in the world of music today. A drummer and a bassist are regarded as the rhythm section of every jazz or popular music, and several classical pieces were written with more emphasis placed on brass, woodwinds, and string instruments. Timpani on the other hand can be included in jazz or any popular music for providing extra accents.
The cymbals and triangles started serving other purpose in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and you can also see that the percussion instruments have also turned out to be useful in the twentieth century. Making use of percussion instruments is pivotal in all genres of music today, and you can tell that it is beats from bass drums that serves as motivation for every soldier in the army when marching.
The tune of a regiment is determined by the decisive and crisp air produced when snare drums are played, and the distinctive rhythm drums provide in classic jazz music can also not be over emphasized. Taking a look at modern music, it is quite impossible to say that percussion instruments have not been involved in soul, funk, rap, and hip-hop songs.
Percussion instruments are so diverse which is why it is very easy to find musical ensembles that are made up of percussion instruments. In musical groups nowadays, you are going to find harmony, melody, and rhythm, and you are going to love the sight of this during a live performance. However, examples of percussion instruments are listed below;
- Jingles
- Triangles
- Anvils
- Side drums
- Bass drums
Tuned percussion instruments on the other hand includes;
- Crotals
- Bells
- Glockenspiel
- Marimba
- Xylophone
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Making Your Own Percussion Instruments
In the environment that we live in, there are so many materials that you will get around you if you want to make or create your own percussion sound. Making use of your ears is one of the things that will work for you, and you should consider making use of wooden boxes which produces very rich tone and do not cost an arm and leg. A very nice instrument to start out with is a nice wooden box, but it doesn’t end with using nice wooden boxes.
Other materials you can try out if you want to create good sounds includes;
- Frying pans
- Brake drums
- Hub caps
- Old keys
- Glass jars
- Coffee cans
- PVC pipes
- Pipes
- Dowel
- Copper tubing
The materials is likely going to sound very good if it is made out of plastic, metal, and wood, and an extra benefit is if it comes with a hollow or round shape. Making use of your imagination and ears is one of the important steps to take if you are keen on making your own percussion sounds.
Final Thoughts
It is safe to conclude that percussion instruments are the heartbeat of music today, and you will also agree with the fact that tribal organization relating to crude wars, religion, and work all found their way from these instruments.
My name is Johnson Lewis and I am a music coach, producer and Blogger. I enjoy writing about music, instruments, music equipments and I love helping people become better singers. | https://www.ericsardinas.com/history-of-percussion-instruments/ |
Source: Video originally published by the Mihai Paraschiv Youtube Channel, titled “Playing small darbuka!mini darbuka”.
The instrument is a kind of drum with a membrane made of skin on the upper part. The instrument is small sized, and its cup shaped shell is made of clay. There are painted decorations all over the shell in blue, yellow and white. The sounds produced by the instrument have undetermined pitch. In order to play, the musician places the drum below one of the arms and plays with bare hands, using the fingers. The lower part of the instrument is damaged.
Arab drum with a single membrane and goblet shaped rim, that can be made of clay, wood or metal, although there are Western versions made of fiberglass. There is no rigidity in size regarding the construction of the instrument, which results in different membrane diameters, labeled small, medium and large. At the Delgado de Carvalho Museum there are three specimens: a wooden darabukka and two clay instruments: one small and another one large. It may or may not be tuned by strings.
The authentic darabukka is made of goat or sheep skin. In order to play, the musician places the drum below one of his arms and plays directly with his bare hands, without sticks, using the fingers, resulting in timbre intonations – that form a melodic percussive – which in turn receive the following denominations: loose sound, trapped sound, and pop, and also by pressure of the hands over the membrane, which turns into micro variations of pitch. Hector Berlioz wrote for this instrument in his lyric tragedy “Les Troyens”, from 1858.
Text written by Professor Pedro Sá, percussion professor at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).
BASE MINERVA, 2014.
BETHENCOURT; BORDAS; CANO; CARVAJAL; SOUZA; DIAS; LUENGO; PALACIUS; PIQUER, ROCHA, RODRIGUEZ; RUBIALES; RUIZ, 2012.
BRAGA, 1973.
BRANDÂO, 2013.
CARVALHO, 1905.
MIGUEZ,1890-1895.
MIMO, 2014.
ROLLA, 1974.
PEDRO SÁ, 2014.
SOARES, 1990. | http://www.mvim.com.br/en/instrumento/darabukka-mvim_dc_me_0082-2/ |
Also found in: Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
vi·bra·harp(vī′brə-härp′)
n.
See vibraphone.
vi′bra·harp′ist n.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
vi•bra•phone(ˈvaɪ brəˌfoʊn)
n.
a musical percussion instrument resembling a xylophone and having metal bars struck with mallets and electrically powered resonators to sustain the tone and create a vibrato. Also called vibraharp.
[1925–30; < Latin vibrā(re) to shake + -phone]
vi•bra•phon•ist (ˈvaɪ brəˌfoʊ nɪst, vaɪˈbrɒf ə-) n.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Switch to new thesaurus
|Noun||1.||vibraharp - a percussion instrument similar to a xylophone but having metal bars and rotating disks in the resonators that produce a vibrato sound|
percussion instrument, percussive instrument - a musical instrument in which the sound is produced by one object striking another
Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. | https://www.thefreedictionary.com/vibraharp |
Bhanda vadya seems to have been the ancient Indian word used to denote drums made of clay. They have more or less spherical bodies. Bhand literally means a vessel or a pot. In ancient literature, Ramayana and Jatakas, etc., we get references of bhanda vadyas in abundance which were of various shapes and sizes. We get the details of the earliest pot drums in Natya Shastra in which it is called dardur and constitutes an important part of the ensemble along with the mridang and panav. The instrument can be seen in the sculptures of various temples. Dardur is described as spherical shaped. Its mouth was covered with hide, which was kept intact by means of a jute string. In playing, both the hands were used. Various types of sounds were produced by placing the different parts of the palm and fingers on the mouth of the pot.
Later on, it slowly declined in importance and at the time of another important text of the thirteenth century, it almost lost its independent identity, and the name was also changed from dardur to ghatam, and the mnemonics described were the same as those described for mridang.
With the passage of time the covering of the mouth of the spherical pot was dropped.
Gradually this uncovered ghat became a popular instrument of folk music of various regions in the north, whereas in the south it rose to the status of a concert instrument. It is just a coincidence that in Carnatic music it is again played with mridangam and khanjeera as a part of an- ensemble. All the rhythmic patterns of mridangam can be played upon this instrument. It is for the last 100 or 150 years that ghatam has been honoured for being introduced into the more serious type of music of the Carnatic system.
By the continuous pressing and opening of the ghatam's mouth against the stomach of the player, a wide variety of sound modulations can be produced. The strokes are given on various parts of the pot, the neck, the centre and the bottom with the help of palms, wrists, fingers and nails of both the hands. Ghatam is said to be made of the five elements of nature, i.e. earth, water, fire, air and space.
Ghatams are made of clay with iron fillings. Copper, silver, gold and aluminium particles are also mixed with the clay to give the instrument sweet and resonant tonal quality.
The instrument is made in various types so as to suit the different sruties. Mostly the sruti of the instrument would be the adhara sruti of a performance. By taking precaution with regard to sruti, the quality of the performance is greatly enhanced. When soap or wet clay is applied to the neck of the ghatam, it brings down the sruti by half a note or one note. In winter, if heated, the instrument gives a good tone.
The first man who developed the instrument as an accompaniment was probably Vidwan Chidambara lyer of Polagam. He flourished in the latter half of the nineteenth century.
In recent times the credit for making the instrument famous in international concert halls, fusion concerts, percussion ensembles and other experimental ventures goes to the ghatam maestro Vikku Vinayakram. It is due to him that the ghatam, hitherto only an accompaniment, has finally come to occupy centrestage. | https://www.india-instruments.com/encyclopedia-ghatam.html |
Bhanda vadya seems to have been the ancient Indian word used to denote drums made of clay. They have more or less spherical bodies. Bhand literally means a vessel or a pot. In ancient literature, Ramayana and Jatakas, etc., we get references of bhanda vadyas in abundance which were of various shapes and sizes. We get the details of the earliest pot drums in Natya Shastra in which it is called dardur and constitutes an important part of the ensemble along with the mridang and panav. The instrument can be seen in the sculptures of various temples. Dardur is described as spherical shaped. Its mouth was covered with hide, which was kept intact by means of a jute string. In playing, both the hands were used. Various types of sounds were produced by placing the different parts of the palm and fingers on the mouth of the pot.
Later on, it slowly declined in importance and at the time of another important text of the thirteenth century, it almost lost its independent identity, and the name was also changed from dardur to ghatam, and the mnemonics described were the same as those described for mridang.
With the passage of time the covering of the mouth of the spherical pot was dropped.
Gradually this uncovered ghat became a popular instrument of folk music of various regions in the north, whereas in the south it rose to the status of a concert instrument. It is just a coincidence that in Carnatic music it is again played with mridangam and khanjeera as a part of an- ensemble. All the rhythmic patterns of mridangam can be played upon this instrument. It is for the last 100 or 150 years that ghatam has been honoured for being introduced into the more serious type of music of the Carnatic system.
By the continuous pressing and opening of the ghatam's mouth against the stomach of the player, a wide variety of sound modulations can be produced. The strokes are given on various parts of the pot, the neck, the centre and the bottom with the help of palms, wrists, fingers and nails of both the hands. Ghatam is said to be made of the five elements of nature, i.e. earth, water, fire, air and space.
Ghatams are made of clay with iron fillings. Copper, silver, gold and aluminium particles are also mixed with the clay to give the instrument sweet and resonant tonal quality.
The instrument is made in various types so as to suit the different sruties. Mostly the sruti of the instrument would be the adhara sruti of a performance. By taking precaution with regard to sruti, the quality of the performance is greatly enhanced. When soap or wet clay is applied to the neck of the ghatam, it brings down the sruti by half a note or one note. In winter, if heated, the instrument gives a good tone.
The first man who developed the instrument as an accompaniment was probably Vidwan Chidambara lyer of Polagam. He flourished in the latter half of the nineteenth century.
In recent times the credit for making the instrument famous in international concert halls, fusion concerts, percussion ensembles and other experimental ventures goes to the ghatam maestro Vikku Vinayakram. It is due to him that the ghatam, hitherto only an accompaniment, has finally come to occupy centrestage. | https://www.india-instruments.com/encyclopedia-ghatam.html |
# Egg shaker
An egg shaker or ganzá is a hand percussion instrument, in the idiophone category, that makes a noise when shaken. Functionally it is similar to a maraca. Typically the outer casing or container is ovoidal or egg-shaped. It is partially full of small, loose objects, such as seeds or beads, which create the percussive sounds as they collide, both with each other and with the inside surface of the container. The egg shaker is a Latin American instrument, cheap to buy and relatively simple to play.
## Playing styles
The egg shaker can be played in a number of ways. It can be shaken up and down to create a fast percussion line or from side to side creating a slightly different sound. It is used alongside other instruments like maracas, but also in samba groups and mariachi bands using instruments such as the drumkit, piano, saxophone, bass guitar, violin, the vihuela, guitarrón, trumpet, occasionally acoustic guitar or electric guitar, and the voice.
## Construction
The egg shaker is created with a plastic mould, the main shape created in two halves. One half is filled with metal beads or seeds and then both halves are fitted together. Another sound can be made by holding the shaker in the palm of the hand tightly, then opening it whilst shaking it up and down. This makes a whirling sound not possible with other percussion instruments.
## Availability
Egg shakers are available in a number of colours, and are sold in most music shops at a reasonably low price, due to the use of inexpensive materials like plastic and seeds. They are often sold in packets alongside other similar percussion instruments such as maracas, tambourines, finger cymbals etc. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_shaker |
Dice: instrument composition, origin, playing technique, use
Bones is a percussion folk musical instrument. The class is a percussive idiophone. The English version of the name is bones.
Case length 12-18 cm. Thickness – no more than a centimeter. There are separate long variations with wavy endings. The material of manufacture is the ribs of livestock. The rib of a sheep, cow, goat was usually used. Modern models are carved from hardwoods.
The tool is ancient, originally appeared among the Celts. Came to Spain in the Middle Ages. Brought to South America by colonists. Has gained distribution in the Middle East, Mongolia, Greece.
The instrument has become widespread throughout the world, but the playing technique has remained unchanged. The performer holds a pair of bones in each hand. One pair consists of a fixed bone and a movable one. Keeping the dice from touching in a neutral position is an important element of the Play. During the Play, the musician performs waving actions with his hand. The sound is extracted by striking the moving part against the fixed part from rhythmic swings.
The Irish traditional technique is unique to the island. Irish musicians play exclusively with one hand. Much attention is paid to musical articulation.
In the XNUMXth century, the instrument appeared in popular music. Bones appeared in the genres of blues, bluegrass, zydeco. Popular artists: Brother Bones, Scatman Crothers, The Carolina Chocolate Drops. | https://digital-school.net/dice-instrument-device-origin-playing-technique-use/ |
Musical instrument played by being struck with the hand or a beater, crashed, shaken, or scraped. Percussion instruments can be divided into those that can be tuned to produce a sound of definite pitch, such as the timpani, tubular bells, glockenspiel, xylophone, and piano, and those of indefinite pitch, including the bass drum, tambourine, triangle, cymbals, castanets, and gong.
The timpano is a large hemispherical bowl of metal with a membrane stretched across the rim, affixed and tuned by screwtaps or with a pedal mechanism; tubular or orchestral bells are vertically suspended on a frame and struck at the top end with mallets. These instruments were often used by Witold Lutosławski in his orchestral works; the glockenspiel is a small keyboard of aluminium alloy keys played with small beaters; the xylophone has hardwood, rather than metal, bars, and is played using hard-headed beaters to give a distinctive ‘pop’ to the sound.
The snare drum is a shallow double-sided drum on the underside of which gut coils or metal springs are secured by a clamp, and which rattle against the underside when the drum is beaten, while the bass drum produces the loudest sound (unpitched) in the orchestra; the tambourine has a wooden hoop with a membrane stretched across it, and has metal discs suspended in the rim to make a jangling sound; a triangle is formed from a suspended triangular-shaped steel bar, played by striking it with a separate bar of steel – the sound produced can be clearly perceived even when played against a full orchestra; cymbals are two brass dishes struck together; castanets are two hollow shells of wood struck together; and the gong is a suspended disc of metal struck with a soft hammer. | https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/percussion_instrument |
The xylophone and glockenspiel are both percussion instruments that produce sound by striking metal bars with mallets. While they may look similar, there are some distinct differences between these two instruments. The xylophone has a mellower tone than the glockenspiel, which is brighter and more pronounced. The xylophone also has a larger range of notes, while the glockenspiel is limited to just three octaves. Additionally, the xylophone is typically played with two mallets, while the glockenspiel is played with one.
What is a Xylophone?
- A xylophone is a percussion instrument that consists of a series of wooden bars of different sizes that are struck with mallets. The xylophone is believed to have originated in Southeast Asia, and it has been used in a variety of musical traditions around the world. The instrument’s name comes from the Greek words for “wood” (xylon) and “sound” (phonos). Xylophones typically have a range of two octaves, though larger instruments can extend up to four octaves. The bars of a xylophone are arranged in a chromatic scale, which means that they are tuned to produce a range of notes that ascend or descend in pitch in a regular sequence. Each bar is tuned to a specific pitch, and the pitch of the bar determines its place in the chromatic scale.
- The xylophone is played by holding one or two mallets in each hand and striking the bars with them. The player can produce different sounds by striking the bars in different ways, such as with the hard center of the mallet for a loud sound or near the edge for a softer sound. The xylophone can be played solo or as part of an ensemble.
What is Glockenspiel?
The glockenspiel is a musical instrument that is played by striking a series of tuned keys with mallets. It is usually made of metal, wood, or plastic and has a range of two to four octaves. Glockenspiels are best known for their use in orchestras and marching bands, where they add a bright, ringing sound. They are also popular in school music programs, as they are relatively small and easy to learn to play. Unlike many other orchestral instruments, the glockenspiel does not have a resonating chamber, which gives it a clearer and more concise sound. The name “glockenspiel” comes from the German word for “bells” (Glocken) and the Greek word for “play” (Spielen).
Difference between Xylophone and Glockenspiel
- Xylophone and Glockenspiel both belong to the percussion family of musical instruments. Both instruments produce sound by striking a tuning fork with a mallet. The major difference between the xylophone and glockenspiel is that the xylophone is made of wooden bars whereas the glockenspiel is made of metal bars.
- Xylophone produces softer and mellower sound as compared to glockenspiel due to the difference in the material of construction. Xylophones are usually larger in size than glockenspiels. Xylophones have a range of 4 octaves whereas the range for glockenspiels is 3 octaves.
- A xylophone is a part of almost all the orchestral music whereas glockenspiel has very limited usage in the modern music industry. Glockenspiels were earlier used as a part of tower clockwork or as an automatic player piano.
- Glockenspiels are now mostly used in marching bands and drum corps along with other instruments like tubular bells, cymbals, etc.
Conclusion
The xylophone and glockenspiel are both percussion instruments that produce sound when a mallet is hit against the instrument’s keys. However, there are several differences between these two instruments. The glockenspiel has a brighter tone than the xylophone, and it also has a higher pitch. Glockenspiels are often used in orchestral settings, while xylophones are more commonly found in marching bands or other types of ensembles. | https://differencebetweenz.com/difference-between-xylophone-and-glockenspiel/ |
What are the 4 subdisciplines of anthropology?
Subdisciplines in Anthropology
- Archaeology. Archaeology is the study of past human societies via the analysis of the remains of the materials of everyday life. …
- Physical Anthropology. Physical (or biological) anthropologists study all aspects of present and past human biology. …
- Cultural Anthropology.
What are the four subdisciplines of anthropology quizlet?
Terms in this set (4)
- Social or Cultural. – the study of all aspects of human cultural and social behavior.
- Linguistic. – the study of human language.
- Archeology. – the study of the ways of the past life via material culture (artifacts)
- Biological. – the study of human biology and behavior within an evolutionary framework.
What are sub disciplines of anthropology?
Subdisciplines of Anthropology
- Archaeology.
- Cultural Anthropology.
- Biological Anthropology.
- Museum Studies.
What are the five discipline of anthropology?
Sociocultural anthropology, physical/biological anthropology, archaeological anthropology, linguistic anthro- pology, and applied anthropology are the five subfields of anthropology explored in this book. Sociocultural anthropology studies contemporary cultures, human behavior, societies, and human institu- tions.
What are the 3 branches of anthropology?
Anthropologists specialize in cultural or social anthropology, linguistic anthropology, biological or physical anthropology, and archaeology.
What are the goals of anthropology?
Anthropology is the systematic study of humanity, with the goal of understanding our evolutionary origins, our distinctiveness as a species, and the great diversity in our forms of social existence across the world and through time.
What is the meaning of cultural anthropology?
Cultural anthropologists study how people who share a common cultural system organize and shape the physical and social world around them, and are in turn shaped by those ideas, behaviors, and physical environments. …
How many branches or subdisciplines of anthropology are there?
Anthropology? What are the four branches or sub disciplines of Anthropology? Cultural Anthropology? The study of cultures and societies of human being and their very recent past.
Which of the following things do biological anthropologists study?
Biological anthropologists seek to understand how humans adapt to diverse environments, how biological and cultural processes work together to shape growth, development and behavior, and what causes disease and early death. In addition, they are interested in human biological origins, evolution and variation.
What are the four branches of anthropology?
Anthropology’s four branches
- Archaeology. Archaeology examines peoples and cultures of the past.
- Biological Anthropology. Biological anthropology specializes in evolution, genetics, and health.
- Cultural Anthropology. Cultural anthropology studies human societies and elements of cultural life.
- Linguistic Anthropology.
What is an example of cultural anthropology?
The definition of cultural anthropology is the study of past and present societies and the language, traditions, customs, and behavior that are both similar or different from one to another. An example of cultural anthropology is ethnology.
What are the subfields of physical anthropology?
Physical anthropology is concerned with the origin, evolution, and diversity of people….
- Paleoanthropology. …
- Primatology. …
- Genetics. …
- Human ecology. …
- Bioarchaeology. …
- Growth and development. …
- Anthropometry. …
- Forensics.
What are examples of anthropology?
Social Anthropology includes various sub-disciplines like medical anthropology, psychological anthropology, social institutions, kinship, family and marriage, visual anthropology, theories in social anthropology, fieldwork methodology, ethnography, ethnology, museology, etc.
What are the methods of anthropology?
Four common qualitative anthropological data collection methods are: (1) participant observation, (2) in-depth interviews, (3) focus groups, and (4) textual analysis. Participant Observation. Participant observation is the quintessential fieldwork method in anthropology.
Who is considered to be the father of American anthropology?
1 Expert Answer. Franz Boas is seen as the father of American Anthropology. Boaz believed each culture was separate and unique. In Europe, there were several highly regarded people such as Bronislaw Malinowski. | https://shelbylanderson.com/anthropology/frequent-question-what-are-the-four-subdisciplines-of-anthropology.html |
Six transversal themes (embodying perennial themes in anthropology will be addressed: 1) the questions about the nature of “culture(s)”; 2) the individual and society; 3) ties that bind (on the manifold manifestations of belonging); 4) structure and agency; 5) the body; and 6) language, convictions and emic/etic …
What are the four themes of anthropology?
One reason that anthropology remains a broad, four-field discipline, rather than splitting up, is that all anthropologists recognize the importance of the following concepts: culture, cultural relativism, diversity, change, and holism.
What are the 5 branches of anthropology?
5 Most Branches of Anthropology – Discussed!
- Physical Anthropology: Before understanding the social, cultural and lingual nature of man, it is necessary to understand him as a biological organism. …
- Linguistic Anthropology: …
- Socio-Cultural Anthropology: …
- Ethnology: …
- Archaeological Anthropology:
What is the main concept of anthropology?
Anthropology is the study of what makes us human. Anthropologists take a broad approach to understanding the many different aspects of the human experience, which we call holism. They consider the past, through archaeology, to see how human groups lived hundreds or thousands of years ago and what was important to them.
What are the three basic fields of anthropology?
There are now four major fields of anthropology: biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and archaeology.
What is the importance of anthropology?
Social anthropology plays a central role in an era when global understanding and recognition of diverse ways of seeing the world are of critical social, political and economic importance. Social anthropology uses practical methods to investigate philosophical problems about the nature of human life in society.
What are examples of anthropology?
Social Anthropology includes various sub-disciplines like medical anthropology, psychological anthropology, social institutions, kinship, family and marriage, visual anthropology, theories in social anthropology, fieldwork methodology, ethnography, ethnology, museology, etc.
What are the two main branches of anthropology?
Archaeology examines peoples and cultures of the past. Biological anthropology specializes in evolution, genetics, and health. Cultural anthropology studies human societies and elements of cultural life. Linguistic anthropology is a concentration of cultural anthropology that focuses on language in society.
Who is the father of anthropology?
July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942
Franz Boas is regarded as both the “father of modern anthropology” and the “father of American anthropology.” He was the first to apply the scientific method to anthropology, emphasizing a research- first method of generating theories.
What is an example of physical anthropology?
Practical applications of physical anthropological data include, for example, using estimates of the probabilities that children will inherit certain genes to counsel families about some medical conditions.
What is the unique feature of anthropology?
These include its: cross-cultural or comparative emphasis, its evolutionary/historical emphasis, its ecological emphasis and its holistic emphasis. 1. A cross-cultural or comparative approach is central to anthropological understanding. This emphasis also makes anthropology unique among the social sciences.
What is Anthropology in simple words?
1 : the science of human beings especially : the study of human beings and their ancestors through time and space and in relation to physical character, environmental and social relations, and culture. 2 : theology dealing with the origin, nature, and destiny of human beings.
What makes anthropology unique?
What makes anthropology unique is its commitment to examining claims about human ‘nature’ using a four-field approach. The four major subfields within anthropology are linguistic anthropology, socio-cultural anthropology (sometimes called ethnology), archaeology, and physical anthropology.
What are the branches of physical anthropology?
After reviewing the whole situation, physical anthropology can divided into the following branches.
- Primatology:
- Ethnology:
- Human biology:
- Palaeoanthropology:
- Human Genetic:
- Medical Anthropology:
- Physiological Anthropology:
- Forensic Anthropology:
27.03.2011
What are the 8 branches of anthropology?
Types Of Anthropology
- Social-cultural Anthropology.
- Physical (Biological) Anthropology.
- Archaeological Anthropology.
- Linguistic Anthropology.
- Applied Anthropology. | https://shelbylanderson.com/anthropology/what-are-the-themes-of-anthropology.html |
What are the 2 Division of Anthropology?
Archaeology examines peoples and cultures of the past. Biological anthropology specializes in evolution, genetics, and health. Cultural anthropology studies human societies and elements of cultural life.
What are the divisions of anthropology?
There are now four major fields of anthropology: biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and archaeology. Each focuses on a different set of research interests and generally uses different research techniques.
What are the two major subdivisions of physical anthropology?
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
- Ethnology: It is the study of human diversities. …
- Palaeoanthropology: Palaeoanthropology is branch of physical anthropology which functions in documenting the biological history of mankind. …
- Medical Anthropology: …
- Forensic Anthropology: …
- Anthropometry:
27.03.2011
What are the main subdivisions of anthropology?
The Four Subfields
- Archaeology. Archaeologists study human culture by analyzing the objects people have made. …
- Biological Anthropology. …
- Cultural Anthropology. …
- Linguistic Anthropology.
What is the example of anthropology?
The definition of anthropology is the study of various elements of humans, including biology and culture, in order to understand human origin and the evolution of various beliefs and social customs. An example of someone who studies anthropology is Ruth Benedict.
What are the 5 methods of anthropology?
Some of the more common types of anthropological research methods include (1) immersion in a culture, (2) analysis of how people interact with their environment, (3) linguistic analysis, (4) archaeological analysis, and (5) analysis of human biology.
What are the 3 branches of anthropology?
Anthropologists specialize in cultural or social anthropology, linguistic anthropology, biological or physical anthropology, and archaeology.
What methods are used in anthropology?
Four common qualitative anthropological data collection methods are: (1) participant observation, (2) in-depth interviews, (3) focus groups, and (4) textual analysis. Participant Observation. Participant observation is the quintessential fieldwork method in anthropology.
What are the four types of anthropology?
Because the scholarly and research interests of most students are readily identifiable as centering in one of the four conventionally recognized subfields of anthropology – archaeology, linguistic anthropology, physical anthropology, and sociocultural anthropology – the Department formulates guidelines for study within …
What is an example of physical anthropology?
Practical applications of physical anthropological data include, for example, using estimates of the probabilities that children will inherit certain genes to counsel families about some medical conditions.
Is physical anthropology class hard?
Most of anthropology therefore is not a hard science because its subjects are not hard. People are notoriously flexible and yet surprisingly inflexible, changing and continuous, and the study of people by people makes for some tricky politics.
What are the four subfields of physical anthropology?
The four subfields of anthropology include cultural anthropology, archaeology, biological anthropology, and linguistic anthropology. These four subfields have developed specialized methodological tools for understanding the different aspects of humanity and how it has changed and developed.
What is the importance of anthropology?
Social anthropology plays a central role in an era when global understanding and recognition of diverse ways of seeing the world are of critical social, political and economic importance. Social anthropology uses practical methods to investigate philosophical problems about the nature of human life in society.
What is an example of linguistic anthropology?
In this case, linguistic anthropology closely studies those societies where language defines a culture or society. For example, in New Guinea, there is a tribe of indigenous people who speak one language. … The anthropologist would likely study a society and the way that language is used to socialize its young.
What are the four main subdisciplines of anthropology?
There are four subfields, or subdisciplines, in anthropology:
- cultural anthropology,
- archaeology,
- physical (biological) anthropology, and.
- linguistic anthropology. | https://shelbylanderson.com/anthropology/what-are-the-two-major-divisions-in-anthropology.html |
Each area of expertise is supported by a strong faculty who encourage, challenge, and guide students as they explore their research interests. Anthropology, ‘the science of humanity,’ which studies human beings in aspects ranging from the biology and evolutionary history of Homo sapiens to the features of society and culture that decisively distinguish humans from other animal species. Today, anthropology is a truly global discipline, with practitioners in countries around the world. Biological anthropology or physical anthropology studies specific components of the evolutionary process, human genetics and adaptation, and the human fossil record. A new GIS system was created to help investigator find a dead body. Top Tag’s. How, specifically, do they provide insight into human behavior? make research accessible to different subfields, holism can be difficult, requires collaboration among specialists, epistemological shifts resulted in fractioning of certaini anthropolgoy. Each of the subfields teaches distinctive skills. introductory-courses; 0 Answers. The focus of this textbook is cultural anthropology, the largest of the subfields in the United States as measured by the number of people who graduate with PhDs each year. WHAT IS CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY? However, the subfields also have a number of similarities. Another main division of archaeology distinguishes: Cultural, Biological, Archaeology, Linguistic. Artillery at Manassas Battlefield Site. Scholars learning anthropology face complexities in solving their academic tasks. reflection essay letter from birmingham jail frankenstein synthesis capital punishment concept fahrenheit 451 trust national honors society memoir definition self reflection volunteering importance of family a rose for emily. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Certain civilizations have attracted so much attention that their study has been specifically named. the subfields of biological or physical anthro are: human biology primatology paleoanthropology skeletal biology and osteology paleopathology forensic anthropology American anthropology is generally divided into four subfields. Using an evolutionary perspective, we examine not only the physical form of humans - the bones, muscles, and organs - but also how it … Biological anthropology explores human biological evolution and variation through time and across space. Subfields of Anthropology Biological Anthropology Forensic anthropology is important because it allows people to understand the history and mystery of people's death. The summer before my Anthropology year was remarkably similar to many of my previous six summers. Our graduate coursework enriches students experience through our innovative integrative themes, which connect insights across the traditional subfields of anthropology: Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Major Subfields of Anthropology Introduction Anthropology is the holistic study of humankind. It is anchored in the collection, analysis, and explanation (or interpretation) of the primary data of extended ethnographic field research. Anthropology has traditionally been divided into four subfields: cultural anthropology, archaeology, biological anthropology, and linguistic anthropology. Four subfields of Anthropology. By civilization. Explain, for example, how the study of linguistics answered Apr 22, 2017 by Avannah . Anthropology stands apart because it combines four subfields that bridge the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the humanities. The Four Subfields. Scholars learning anthropology face complexities in solving their academic tasks. Non-cultural refers to all of those biological characteristics that are genetically inherited in contrast to learned. Subfields of Anthropology 1) Biological anthropology a) primatology, is the study of the nonhuman members (primates) b) paleoanthropology, the study of human evolution on the basis of the fossil record c) study of contemporary human biological variation (explain differences in DNA and behavior of contemporary humans) 2) 1) Biological anthropology a) primatology This discipline, both in America and in Europe, has long cast a wide net … For example, each subfield applies theories, employs systematic research methodologies, formulates and tests hypotheses, and develops extensive sets of data. asked Apr 22, 2017 in Anthropology & Archaeology by Whelma. This overview article discusses global variations in the delimitation of the discipline, and its development from a study closely linked historically to the Western expansion into other parts of the world, to the current situation with anthropologists from varied nations studying social and cultural life everywhere. Biological anthropology examines the evolution of the human body, mind, and behavior through the study of fossils and comparisons with other primate species. Biological (or physical) anthropologists carry out systematic studies of the non-cultural aspects of humans and near-humans. Physical or biological anthropology deals with the evolution of humans, their variability, and adaptations to environmental stresses. Cultural anthropologists study the similarities and differences among living societies and cultural groups. Archaeologists dig and search for remains of past cultures such as bones, pottery, and tools. Because the scholarly and research interests of most students are readily identifiable as centering in one of the four conventionally recognized subfields of anthropology – social or cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, biological anthropology, and archaeology – the Department has found it administratively convenient to formulate guidelines for study within each of those subfields. UIC Anthropology offers both undergraduate and graduate students the opportunity to explore and research in three of the four anthropology subfields. subfields of anthropology. Anthropology - Anthropology - The major branches of anthropology: Cultural anthropology is that major division of anthropology that explains culture in its many aspects. My other kids were not yet old enough to be in school, so they were still in daycare at least part time for the summer in order for us to not lose their spots for the coming fall when I would be back in school teaching. These sub-disciplines include Assyriology (Mesopotamia), Classical archaeology (Greece and Rome), Etruscology (), Egyptology (), and Phoenician-Punic archeology (Phoenicia and its colonies).. By historicity. Archaeologists study battlefields of many different centuries, eras, and cultures, to document what historians cannot. What are the subfields of anthropology? What Are the Four Subfields of Anthropology, and What Do They Share in Common? There are four subfields in anthropology: cultural anthropology, biological (or physical) anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology. Archaeological anthropology looks at and interprets the past through written records, oral traditions, material culture, and organic remains. Mr. T in DC Battlefield archaeology is an area of specialization among historical archaeologists. 1.) The Anthropology undergraduate program incorporates three subfields of Anthropology: Anthropological Archaeology, Cultural Anthropology and Physical/Biological Anthropology.Students take courses in all three subfields in order to develop a multifaceted perspective on being human. Note that this is technically separate from archaeology, although both will often find themselves working with remains of the deceased and of extinct cultures. Archaeology is the field of study that allows us to look back six million years, to understand past peoples and cultures. First and foremost, anthropology is what it means to be human. A: There are four main subfields of anthropology. subfields of anthropology Essay Examples. Challenges. My oldest had just finished kindergarten, so he was with me everyday. _____ is the practical application of the subfields of anthropology. The discipline observes the human conditions Get Your Custom Essay on 5 Subfields Of Anthropology Just from $13,9/Page. As you respond, consider and touch on Jane Goodall’s work with chimpanzees, the stone age diet, evidence from the Otter pipe, and the existence of a postpartum sex taboo. Tulane's Anthropology Department offers major concentrations in each of 4 subfields of anthropology: Archaeology Biological Anthropology Cultural Anthropology Applied Anthropology c. Archaeology d. Physical Anthropology e. Cultural Anthropology. Biological anthropologists work with contemporary populations to better understand the ways in which different aspects of culture such as political economy, … The Archaeologists are trying to learn how people lived before us and why they did. Sociocultural Anthropology Sociocultural anthropologists examine social patterns and practices across cultures, with a special interest in how people live in particular places and how they organize, govern, and create meaning. Start studying subfields of anthropology. With the help of forensic investigators and Get Essay The West Africans that are getting treated do not like hospitals at all because they believe that is … These four subfields—biological anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology—constitute a broad approach to the study of humanity the world over, both past and present. 0 votes. Learn more about the history and branches of anthropology in this article. It has four subfields which are: Physical/Biological Anthropology (study of humans as biological entities), Cultural Anthropology (study of contemporary cultures), Linguistic Anthropology (study the relationship between language and culture), and Archaeology (study of past cultures through material remains). Our MA and PhD program in anthropology at the University of Victoria offers a research-intensive experience with exceptional field and lab opportunities. Anthropology is a study of human diversity. a. Linguistics b. Current LINGUIST Subfields The LINGUIST List subfields match those of the OLAC project ... linguistics, anthropology and psychology, which analyzes language use beyond the sentence or clause level. Biological Anthropology. Five Subfields of Anthropology Archaeology: is one of the five subfields of Anthropology. Archaeologist study humanity, what we are, who we are, and how we believe and act on the world, through the things people left behind.
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Anthropologists investigate cultural variation, with particular attention to race, gender, ethnicity, social change, and human evolution. Anthropology is a comprehensive discipline offering students a broad, comparative, and essentially interdisciplinary approach to the study of human life in all its diversity.
Anthropologists are concerned with understanding human universals, on the one hand, and the uniqueness of individual cultures, on the other. At Bates the program includes archeological, biological, and sociocultural perspectives.
Anthropology attempts to make sense, in a nonethnocentric manner, of everyday life in both familiar and distant settings. In this way the discipline enables students to achieve cultural competence in the broadest sense of the term — the ability to function effectively in complex environments, to analyze material from their own and other cultures, and to appreciate the value of the cultural diversity that exists in our world. Some recent graduates have pursued careers in public health and medicine, community organizing, environmental law, international development, teaching, and museum work; some have gone on to graduate work in anthropology and archeology. Anthropology 101, 103, and 104 are designed as introductions to the discipline of anthropology and as preparation for more advanced courses. Other 100- and 200-level courses also admit first-year students, but more closely reflect a specific field within anthropology. The 300- and 400-level courses are open to all upperclass students, but the latter are especially designed for majors. | https://www.bates.edu/anthropology/ |
Anthropology is the study of humankind (see genus Homo). It is holistic in two senses: it is concerned with all humans at all times, and with all dimensions of humanity. Central to anthropology is the concept of culture, and the notion that human nature is culture; that our species has evolved a universal capacity to conceive of the world symbolically, to teach and learn such symbols socially, and to transform the world (and ourselves) based on such symbols.
physical anthropology, which studies primate behavior, human evolution, and population genetics; this field is also sometimes called biological anthropology.
archaeology, which studies the material remains of human societies (and is often treated as a separate field in the United Kingdom).
More recently, some anthropology programs in the U.S. began dividing the field into two, one emphasizing the humanities and critical theory, the other emphasizing the natural sciences and positivism.
2 Anthropology in the U.S.
Contemporary anthropologists claim a number of earlier thinkers as their forebearers and the discipline itself has many sources. However, anthropology can best be understood as an outgrowth of the Age of Enlightenment. It was during this period that Europeans attempted systematically to study human behavior. Traditions of jurisprudence, history, philology and sociology developed during this time and informed the development of the social sciences of which anthropology was a part. At the same time, the romantic reaction to the Enlightenment produced thinkers such as Herder and later Wilhelm Dilthey whose work formed the basis for the culture concept which is central to the discipline.
Institutionally anthropology emerged from natural history (expounded by authors such as Buffon). This was the study of human beings - typically people living in European colonies. Thus studying the language, culture, physiology, and artifacts of European colonies was more or less equivalent to studying the flora and fauna of those places. It was for this reason, for instance, that Lewis Henry Morgan could write monographs on both the The League of the Iroquois and The American Beaver and His Works. This is also why the material culture of 'civilized' nations such as China have historically been displayed in fine arts museums alongside European art while artifacts from African or Native North American cultures were displayed in Natural History Museums with dinosaur bones and nature dioramas. This being said, curatorial practice has changed dramatically in recent years, and it would be wrong to see anthropology as merely an extension of colonial rule and European chauvinism, since its relationship to imperialism was and is complex.
Anthropology grew increasingly distinct from natural history and by the end of the nineteenth century the discipline began to crystallize into its modern form - by 1935, for example, it was possible for T.K. Penniman to write a history of the discipline entitled A Hundred Years of Anthropology. At the time, the field was dominated by 'the comparative method'. It was assumed that all societies passed through a single evolutionary process from the most primitive to most advanced. Non-European societies were thus seen as evolutionary 'living fossils' that could be studied in order to understand the European past. Scholars wrote histories of prehistoric migrations which were sometimes valuable but often also fanciful. It was during this time that Europeans first accurately traced Polynesian migrations across the Pacific Ocean for instance - although some of them believed it originated in Egypt. Finally, the concept of race was actively discussed as a way to classify - and rank - human beings based on inherent biological difference.
Anthropology in the United States was essentially founded by Franz Boas, who used his positions at Columbia University and the American Museum of Natural History to train and develop multiple generations of students. Boasian anthropology was politically active and suspicious of generalizations. Boas studied immigrant children in order to demonstrate that biological race was not immutable and that humans conduct and behavior was the result of nature rather than nurture. Drawing on his German roots, he argued that the world was full of distinct 'cultures' rather than societies whose evolution could be measured by how much or how little 'civilization' they had. Boas felt that each culture has to be studied in its particularity, and argued that cross-cultural generalizations like those made in the natural sciences were not possible. In doing so Boas fought discrimination against immigrants, African Americans, and Native North Americans.
Boas's first generation of students included Alfred Kroeber, Robert Lowie, and Edward Sapir. All of these scholars produced richly detailed studies which were to first to describe Native North America. In doing so they provided a wealth of details used to attack evolutionary theory. Their focus on Native American languages also helped establish linguistics as a truly general science and free it from its historical focus on Indo-European languages.
The publication of Alfred Kroeber's textbook Anthropology marked a turning point in American anthropology. After three decades of amassing material the urge to generalize grew. This was most obvious in the 'Culture and Personality' studies carried out by younger Boasians such as Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict. Influenced by psychologists such as Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, these authors sought to understand that way that individual personalities were shaped by the wider cultural and social forces in which they grew up. While Culture and Personality works such as Coming of Age in Samoa and The Chrysanthemum and the Sword remain popular with the American public, Mead and Benedict never had the impact on the discipline of anthropology that some expected. While Boas had planned that Ruth Benedict succeed him as chair of Columbia's anthropology department, she was sidelined by Ralph Linton, and Mead was limited to her offices at the ANHM.
Whereas Boas picked his opponents to pieces through attention to detail, in Britain modern anthropology was formed by rejecting historical reconstruction in the name of a science of society that focused on analyzing how societies held together in the present.
The two most important names in this tradition were Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown and Bronislaw Malinowski, both of whom released seminal works in 1922. Radcliffe-Brown's initial fieldwork in the Andaman Islands was carried out in the old style, but after reading Emile Durkheim he published an account of his research (entitled simply The Andaman Islanders) which drew heavily on the French sociologist. Over time he developed an approach known as structure-functionalism, which focused on how institutions in societies worked to balance out or create an equilibirum in the social system to keep it functioning harmoniously. Malinowski, on the other hand, advocated an unhyphenated 'functionalism' which examined how society functioned to meet individual needs. Malinowski is best known not for his theory, however, but for his detailed ethnography and advances in methodology. His classic Argonauts of the Western Pacific advocated getting 'the native's point of view' and an approach to field work that became standard in the field.
Malinowksi and Radcliffe-Brown's success stem from the fact that they, like Boas, actively trained students and aggresively built up institutions which furthered their programmatic ambitions. This was particularly the case with Radcliffe-Brown, who spread his agenda for 'Social Anthropology' by teaching at universities across the Commonwealth. From the late 1930s until the post-war period a string of monographs and edited volumes appeared which cemented the paradigm of British Social Anthropology. Famous ethnographies include The Nuer by Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard and The Dynamics of Clanship Among the Tallensi by Meyer Fortes, while well known edited volumes include African Systems of Kinship and Marriage and African Political Systems.
Anthropology in France has a less clear genealogy than the British and American traditions. Most commentators consider Marcel Mauss to be the founder of the French anthropological tradition. Mauss was a member of Durkheim's Annee Sociologique group, and while Durkheim and other examined the state of modern societies, Mauss and his collaborators (such as Henri Hubert and Robert Hertz) drew on ethnography and philology to analyze societies which were not as 'differentiated' as European nation states. In particular, Mauss's Essay on the Gift was to prove of enduring relevance in anthropological studies of exchange and reciprocity.
Throughout the interwar years, French interest in anthropology often dovetailed with wider cultural movements such as surrealism and primitivism which drew on ethnography for inspiration. Marcel Griaule and Michel Leiris are examples of people who combined anthropology with the French avant-garde.
Above all, however, it was Claude Levi-Strauss who helped institutionalize anthropology in France. In addition to the enormous influence his structuralism exerted across multiple disciplines, Levi-Strauss established ties with American and British anthropologists. At the same time he established centers and labratories within France to provide an institutional context within anthropology while training influential students such as Maurice Godelier and Francoise Heritier who would prove influential in the world of French anthropology.
Before WWII British 'social anthropology' and American 'cultural anthropology' were still distinct traditions. It was after the war that the two would blend to create a 'sociocultural' anthropology.
In the 1950s and mid 1960s anthropology tended increasingly to model itself after the natural sciences. Some such as Llyd Fallers and Clifford Geertz focused on processes on modernization by which newly independent states could develop. Others, such as Julian Steward and Leslie White focused on how societies evolve and fit their ecological niche - an approach popularized by Marvin Harris. Economic Anthropology as influenced by Karl Polanyi and practiced by Marshall Sahlins and Greg Dalton focused on how traditional economics ignored cultural and social factors. In England, British Social Anthropology's paradigm began to fragment as Max Gluckman and Peter Worsley experimented with Marxism and authors such as Rodney Needham and Edmund Leach incorporated Levi-Strauss's structuralism into their work.
Structuralism also influenced a number of development in 1960s and 1970s, including cognitive anthropology and componential analysis. Authors such as David Schneider, Clifford Geertz, and Marshall Sahlins developed a more fleshed out concept of culture as a web or meaning or signification which proved very popular. In keeping with the times, much of anthropology became politicized through its opposition to the Vietnam War and the Algerian War of Independence and the authors of volumes such as Reinventing Anthropology worried about its relevance and Marxism became more and more popular in the discipline.
In the 1980s issues of power, such as those examined in Eric Wolf's Europe and the People Without History - were central to the discipline. Books like Anthropology and the Colonial Equality pondered anthropology's ties to colonial inequality, while the immense popularity of authors such as Antonio Gramsci and Michel Foucault moved issues of power and hegemony into the spotlight. Gender and sexuality became a popular topic, as did the relationship between history and anthropology, influenced by Marshall Sahlins (again) who drew on Levi-Strauss and Fernand Braudel to examine the relationship between cultural structure and individual agency.
In the late 1980s and 1990s authors such as George Marcus and James Clifford pondered ethnographic authority and how and why anthropological knowledge was possible and authoritative. This was part of a more general trend of postmodernism that was popular. Currently anthropology focuses on globalization, medicine and biotechnology, indigenous rights, and the anthropology of Europe. | http://www.bioreference.net/encyclopedia/wikipedia/a/an/anthropology.html |
As teachers, we are all storytellers. We incorporate theater, music and the spontaneous sharing of literature throughout the school day. How many times have you related funny stories that take place in your classroom to the delight o f your friends? Yet, many teachers shy away from the “oral tradition” of storytelling, despite these innate skills. In my workshops, I try to dispel the notion that storytelling is for professionals only.
I engage teachers in participatory activities to bolster confidence in “performing” before a live and very captive audience. I incorporate music, theater techniques, hands on craft ideas and improvisation to bring stories to life.
By creating stories and songs, discussing the ways in which storytelling aligns with literacy curriculums, I encourage teachers to make storytelling part of their daily routine. It is my hope to be a part of keeping the “oral tradition” alive. | http://www.kempharris.org/education/ |
As teachers, we are all storytellers. We incorporate theater, music and the spontaneous sharing of literature throughout the school day. How many times have you related funny stories that take place in your classroom to the delight of your friends? Yet, many teachers shy away from the “oral tradition” of storytelling, despite these innate skills. In my workshops, I try to dispel the notion that storytelling is for professionals only.
I engage teachers in participatory activities to bolster confidence in “performing” before a live and very captive audience. I incorporate music, theater techniques, hands on craft ideas and improvisation to bring stories to life.
By creating stories and songs, discussing the ways in which storytelling aligns with literacy curriculums, I encourage teachers to make storytelling part of their daily routine. It is my hope to be a part of keeping the “oral tradition” alive.
Past Educational Workshop Presentations: | http://www.kempharris.org/education/ |
Contemporary Native American literature is grounded in the oral traditions of the various indigenous groups of peoples who have and who do live on the American continent. While the differences among the many different cultural groups are great, there are commonalities as well among these orally based traditions. The following is a general overview of the Native American oral tradition which informs the works of contemporary Indian writers.
A. La Vonne Brown Ruoff's American Indian Literatures: An Introduction, Bibliographic Review, and Selected Bibliography, published by MLA, 1990 is the major source of this information.
Markers of oral tradition
1. Oral literature is a performance. Storytellers, within the specific culture's structure established for myth, song or ceremony, have the freedom to create their own interpretations of the traditional stories; the versions must be acceptable to the entire community, the specific performance appropriate to the situation and the desired result of the performance achieved. Most traditions usually consider there to be one valid version of a story with the inevitable changes adding allusions to recent events. Important to the telling are specific gestures and vocal techniques to dramatize contents or to prompt a response from the audience.
2. The sense of community is integral to the oral tradition. The stories and their context are community centered; they both are products of the community and are told for its sake rather than for the individual telling the stories or for those outside the community.
3. Oral literature is a living tradition. Simon Ortiz, an Acoma Pueblo poet stated in a 1990 interview that for him and those that have grown up in it, "[t]he oral tradition . . . is that whole process . . . of that society in terms of its history, its culture, its language, its values, and subsequently, its literature."
4. A love of language and playing with language marks oral literature; a native audience can note the puns, metaphors, and humor which are integral to an oral tradition's telling of its history, its place in the world and the values important to the community.
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Categories of oral literature
1. Narratives, as in every culture, are employed to entertain and to teach; it is the means of passing on beliefs and history to children and to remind adults about their place in their world. These narratives are of various types, and their categorization varies between tribes as well as between tribes and scholars (up until fairly recently, mostly non-Indian) talking about these stories. Most tribes contrast the sacred from the non-sacred stories; this designation controls who can tell which stories and under what circumstances they can be told. Scholars have tended to divide the stories into myths or tales, the first being those that are said by the tribal group to be true of the prehistoric past and the latter, are seen as either true or fictional in the historic past. This categorization is complicated by the way different groups of people divide their own history; for instance, a number of tribes pose three separate time periods. The first is designated the mythic, that time in which the primal world with animal spirits exist in human form and there are monsters; the second is the age of transformation in which it is said the world as we know it today took its final shape, the animal people turned into animals and other beings transformed into natural geographical landmarks. The final, the historical age, is that in which all events are said to have occurred in human memory.
The plots of these stories are compressed and episodic and the settings are simple. The characters are often one dimensional, rarely expressing thoughts or emotions; their behavior only advances the activity in the story and there are frequently inconsistences in time, logic and detail. Humor is often a central element in these narratives and one that is most often lost in translationsand the frank references to sexual acts and bodily functions that an outsider might find inappropriate are not distasteful to the community listeners. These references along with the inconsistencies noted above are accepted by the audience.
These narratives can be grouped as stories of creation or tribal cultural heroes with a good number that do not seem to fit in the other two categories.
Creation stories relate how the first parents came to be or tell the story of a mythic hero who creates the universe. These stories relate the ways humans got to the earth's surface and then, in some cases, migrated to the home place. While those of the southwest US are the most complex (i.e., Diné bahané of the Navajo), the most common type on the North American continent, the earth diver, tells of a flood after the creation of the earth and the process of recreating the world with the combined efforts of a spiritual entity and animals.
Tribal cultural hero stories includes those of the mythological characters who create the world as we know it now; they usually give to humans the resources and rituals that are needed to survive. This character defeats the enemies of humans and, possesses the power to shape aspects of nature into their final form. This hero (most often male, though not always) is usually of divine birth (i.e., frequently the mother is human while the father can be the sun, wind or stone). One fascinating variety of this hero is that of the trickster figure; this cultural hero relies on tricks and cunning to achieve his goals; they are creatures of extreme with enormous appetites for food or sex, and they are known for breaking taboos. We see trickster most often in animal form, such as Coyote, Raven, Hare, Wolverine or Jay. These narratives teach the results of improper behavior and provide an outlet for this behavior for the audience and can point out problems in the community. They are sources of great entertainment.
Other narratives, which do not categorize easily, include the "Orpheus" tales, so called because they deal with traveling to the land of the dead and the attempt to return to the land of the living and the "star husband" stories, which combine elements found in many creation and cultural-hero myths.
2. Autobiographical stories are not traditionally the "life stories" as in Western European culture, but rather specific incidences of the teller that would benefit the whole group. This element is seen in the relating of courageous deeds by warriors to the community in the coup tales as a means of both boasting of one's individual prowess or courage and of assuring the warrior's place in the community. In this category are also the "as told to" stories from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Black Hawk, Pretty Shield, Black Elk, etc.). Contemporary examples are included in the work of N. Scott Momaday, Leslie Marmon Silko, Wilma Mankiller.
3. Ritual drama is the most complex because it combines song, story and oratory and dance. These ritual dramas are termed chants, chantways, ceremonies or rituals by the Indian people. Specific individuals or societies in the community oversee the rituals (priests, singers or shamans) and serve to order the spiritual and physical worlds. The power of the spoken word is considered the instrument of change, for it is through the appropriate words, properly spoken by the right person in proper circumstances, that harmony is accomplished. Not only is an individual's goal addressed (to mark important occasions, to heal body and mind, or to ensure a good harvest), but also unification of the community as the participants and spectators collaborate in effecting the change
4. Songs are a vital part of the ceremonies and of all aspects of Indian life and constitute the largest part of Indian oral literatures. The basic instrument is the human voice accompanied with drum or flute. What constitutes a "good singer" varies from tribe to tribe. Some songs are thought to have been given by the creator and then passed down through teachers; these are vital elements of the legends and rituals. Some songs originate through contact between a supernatural being and a human and some are received from spiritual entities, as in vision or dreams or originate in religious movements, (i.e.,the Ghost Dance songs from the late nineteenth-century); some are composed by an individual or a specific society within the community. There are as well personal songs telling of loss or of love. An interesting contemporary creation, the "49 songs" had their origin at an Oklahoma carnival sideshow called "Days of 49rs." which portrayed the story of the California gold rush. Because Indians were not allowed in the sideshow, the young people who attended the carnival created their own songs for their own entertainment. Today they can be heard at powwows, usually sung by young people. The importance of singing and the place it occupies is seen in the comments of Lucy Tapahonso, a Navajo writer, that singing is a part of everyday life for everyone, not just for those who have a trained voice (Introduction in Sáanii Dahataal (The Women are Singing, 1993). Ruoff quotes an Inuit who asserts that "It is as important to me to sing as to draw breath." Note also the use of song and ritual elements in Silko's Ceremony and Alexie's Indian Killer.
5. Oratory was very important in Native American societies before non-Indians arrived. Those skilled in oratory were respected and held in high regard by the community. It is a skill that is still admired and respected.
There are always specific customs involved with the telling of stories; etiquette might demand a gift from the audience or the listeners might be obligated to respond with specific phrases at points in the story. Some stories require special languages or terms not used in ordinary life.
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Common themes in oral (and contemporary written) literature
1. It is considered important that human beings live in harmony with physical and spiritual universe; this may be achieved through the power of thought and of words (i.e., rituals can bring rain, keep evil away or heal relationships). Words, the, should be spoken with great care, and there is the deliberate use of silence at times.
2. People must hold a deep reverence for the land. Traditional accounts of a tribe's origin and history can include references to specific places, especially the sacred places in the homeland. In Storyteller, Silko use photos of the landscape, which is explained in terms of the traditional stories, and she makes frequent mention of the places where important and/or remembered events took place and their significance today. Momaday says in The Way to Rainy Mountain:
Once in his life a man ought to concentrate his mind upon the remembered earth, I believe. He ought to give himself up to a particular landscape in his experience, to look at it from as many angles as he can, to wonder about it, dwell upon it. He ought to imagine that he touches it with his hands at every season and listens to the sounds that are made upon it. He ought to imagine the creatures that are there and all the faintest motions of the wind. He ought to recollect the glare of noon and all the colors of dawn and dusk. (83)
3. Directions and the idea of circularity appear and are significant in stories (note the persistent number 4 or the recurring theme of returning home, for instance).
4. The strong sense of community is found ever present in tribal literatures as they stress the need for cooperation and good relations of individuals within and with group. High value is placed on the characteristics of generosity, helpfulness and respect for age and experience. These traits are seen not only as desirable but as essential for survival of the individuals of the group and the culture itself.
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Issues in the study of Native American literatures
There is a great deal of discussion among American Indians about the writing down of traditional stories and rituals. At the heart of the debate about the dissemination of these stories outside the group in which it originated is the question "whom do the stories belong to?" This basic question includes the notion of which stories can be told to those outside the community and who decides what can be translated and published. Some feel that the myths and songs are too sacred to be heard and collected by those outside the community. One aspect of this objection is the strong contention about the literal power of words; if someone does not know about this power nor how to handle it, that person could bring harm to not only himself but also to others. Others fear that the traditional stories will be lost. and agree with Momaday that they should be preserved in written form; often contemporary Indian writers such as Joy Harjo or Leslie Marmon Silko create new stories and rituals in genres that are not a part of the traditional Indian cultures. Since the eighteenth century, Indian authors in their attempts to explain their own cultures to non-Indians have combined the themes and forms of traditional oral literature with European ones. Today, many Indian authors agree with Momaday that the stories, songs, ceremonies need to be preserved in writing because any oral tradition is only "one generation from extinction." Native American authors such as Joy Harjo and Leslie Marmon Silko create new versions of old stories and in so doing, keep the old stories alive for Indians and introduce them to non-Indians.
Interest in and collecting of oral literature in North America was spurred by Henry Schoolcraft's 1839 Algic Researches on the Ojibway, a collection of stories and short pieces. A number of non-Indian (and a few Indian) authors and historians also published examples of the oral literature and explanations of in their writings (non-fiction, fiction and poetry; the many periodicals of the time period played an important role in dissemination of this type of writing to a general audience). The later part of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth saw systematic study of elements of American Indian culture, including its literature. Contemporary Indian and non-Indian scholars note the following problems with these collected stories:
1. The ethnographers often only took down the words without knowledge of the culture and so could not relate the context or significance of the work.
2. The translators used the formal conventions of their own language, such as "thee" or "thou" to indicate solemnity.
3. Some translations are so literal that the beauty of the original is lost (as well as humorous elements).
4. Some translators molded ideas expressed they heard to fit their own beliefs or those prevailing in dominant white culture.
To correct these weaknesses, several scholars have reworked the traditional stories; the 1994 anthology Coming to Light: Contemporary Translations of the Native Literatures of North America, edited by Brian Swann, is an example. | https://english.sxu.edu/boyer/112_336_rdg_qsts/oral_lit_handout.htm |
In opposition to other leading scholars of the Mandaeans, Yamauchi concludes that the Mandaeans could not have originated before the second century CE. He notes their distinguishing characterisitcs from other Gnostic groups.
The texts of the Mandaeans have been used by scholars such as Rudolf Bultmann to support the thesis of a Pre-Christian Gnosticism which influenced the New Testament. In opposition to other leading scholars of the Mandaeans (E. S. Drower, R. Macuch, K. Rudolph), who have assumed a pre-Christian origin of this important Gnostic community, Yamauchi, whose dissertation examined the earliest Mandaic texts (Mandaic Incantation Texts, also available from Gorgias Press), concludes that the Mandaeans could not have originated before the second century CE. He notes that their emphasis upon marriage and procreation distinguishes them from the ethics of other Gnostic groups. He suggests that their Gnostic theology was transmitted by a migration from Transjordan to Mesopotamia, where this was fused with an indigenous cult, from the observation of the many ancient Mesopotamian elements which have been retained in their magic and rites. Indeed, it is probably their strong ritual tradition which has enabled the Mandaean community to become the only Gnostics to survive to this day. | https://www.gorgiaspress.com/gnostic-ethics-and-mandaean-origins |
AbstractIn the normative Slovene tradition, the borrowing of proper names from the Latin and Greek world was treated as exclusionist and often accompanied by contradictory instructions for common language users, who belonged to various levels of social differentiation. By contrast, the fund of common nouns underwent a relatively quick phonetic adaptation. An exception is the individual expressions which are treated in our language community as prestigious, i.e. intellectual, and are thus preserved as direct quotations. It is due to the aforementioned factors in codifying the Latin-Greek lexicon and names that the contemporary standard language norm lacks uniformity. The article presents the existing principles of Slovenisation illustrated by a selected group of words, and the experiences which await us in the future.
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2016-12-28
How to Cite
Dobrovoljc, Helena. 2016. “Slovene Normative Guides and Borrowing of Greek-Latin Elements: From Tradition to Prestige and towards the User”. Keria: Studia Latina Et Graeca 18 (1), 117-35. https://doi.org/10.4312/keria.18.1.117-135.
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Copyright (c) 2017 Helena Dobrovoljc
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2022 Dates tbc
As autumn descends over Edinburgh, the Scottish International Storytelling Festival provides a providing cosy haven from the colder, darker weather outside, while often echoing it through spellbinding tales of darkness and light.
[Image credit: Solen Collet]
About the Scottish International Storytelling Festival
The festival both celebrates and helps preserve the proud tradition of oral storytelling handed down through the generations, a form of entertainment neither literary nor theatrical and yet somehow a wonderful combination of both, with audience involvement and shared experience a key component.
Expert storytellers command the attention of the room as they weave their tales of life and love, magic and mystery in a setting akin to a community gathering. Often accompanied by live musicians, tellers transport their audiences to other times and places through little more than the power of the imagination and their skill with the spoken word.
[Image credit: Peter Dibdin]
The Festival runs for just under two weeks each October and culminates on or close to Halloween and the related Celtic celebration of Samhuinn, marking the end of summer and the start of the year’s darker period. And while not all tales told are of the supernatural, there’s an enticingly dark tenor to much of the programme which will thrill and intrigue those lucky enough to be present.
[Image credit: Solen Collet]
Scottish tradition is just part of what the Storytelling Festival has to offer though, as guests from across the world share stories and legends of their own lands. This internationalism further enriches the Festival, particularly at the many cross-cultural events which offer a platform for the sharing and melding of traditional cultures.
The Festival also goes beyond the experience of live storytelling, with opportunities to take part in workshops, guided tours of Edinburgh’s famously atmospheric old streets, and a range of activities for families to enjoy.
So, if you’re thinking of a city break to Edinburgh, consider visiting in autumn to experience thrilling and mysterious worlds hidden from our view, yet made real by the power of a tale well told.
Scottish International Storytelling Festival further details >
This page was created in collaboration with our friends at Festivals Edinburgh. Have a look at their website for more information on the fantastic festivals our city has to offer.
Forever Edinburgh: Loving every moment of the Scottish International Storytelling Festival. | https://edinburgh.org/discover/edinburgh-festivals/scottish-international-storytelling-festival/ |
Another Christian legend takes a slightly darker tone as La Befana was an ordinary woman with a child whom she greatly loved. However, her child died, and her resulting grief maddened her. Upon hearing news of Jesus being born, she set out to see him, delusional that he was her son. She eventually met Jesus and presented him with gifts to make him happy. The infant Jesus was delighted, and he gave La Befana a gift in return; she would be the mother of every child in Italy.
Popular tradition tells that if one sees La Befana one will receive a thump from her broomstick, as she doesn't wish to be seen. This aspect of the tradition may be designed to keep children in their beds.
Another commonly heard Christian legend of La Befana starts at the time of the birth of baby Jesus. In this telling, Befana spent her days cleaning and sweeping. One day the magi came to her door in search of the baby Jesus. However, Befana turned them away because she was too busy cleaning. Feeling guilty, she eventually decides to find Jesus on her own by following a bright light in the sky which she believes points the way. She brings along a bag filled with baked goods and gifts for Jesus, and a broom to help the new mother clean. Unfortunately despite her best efforts she never finds him. According to this telling, Befana is still searching after all these centuries for the new born messiah. On the eve of the Epiphany, Befana comes to every house where there is a child and leaves a gift. Although she has been unsuccessful in her search, she still leaves gifts for good young children because the Christ Child can be found in all children.
Befana was a widespread tradition among the whole Italian people, having originated in Rome and having become well known and practiced by the rest of the population during the centuries.
Many people believe that the name Befana is derived from the Italians' mispronunciation of the Greek word epifania or epiphaneia (Greek, επιφάνεια = appearance, surface, English: epiphany). Others point to the name being a derivative of Bastrina, the gifts associated with the goddess Strina. In the book Domestic Life in Palestine, by Mary E. Rogers (Poe & Hitchcock, 1865) the author notes:
But an 'Essay on the Fine Arts,' by E. L. Tarbuck, led me to believe that this custom is a relic of pagan worship, and that the word "Bastrina" refers to the offerings which used to be made to the goddess Strenia. We could hardly expect that the pagans who embraced Christianity could altogether abandon their former creeds and customs. Macaulay says, "Christianity conquered paganism, but paganism infected Christianity; the rites of the Pantheon passed into her 'worship, and the subtilties of the Academy into her creed.' Many pagan customs were adopted by the new Church. T. Hope, in his 'Essay on Architecture,' says: 'The Saturnalia were continued in the Carnival, and the festival with offerings to the goddess Strenia was continued in that of the New Year…'
A theory connects the tradition of exchanging gifts to an ancient Roman festivity in honour of Ianus and Strenia (in Italian a Christmas gift used to be called strenna), celebrated at the beginning of the year, when Romans used to give each other presents.
In the book Vestiges of Ancient Manners and Customs, Discoverable in Modern Italy and Sicily (1823), John J. Blunt says:
This Befana appears to be heir at law of a certain heathen goddess called Strenia, who presided over the new-year's gifts, 'Strenae,' from which, indeed, she derived her name. Her presents were of the same description as those of the Befana—figs, dates, and honey. Moreover her solemnities were vigorously opposed by the early Christians on account of their noisy, riotous, and licentious character".
The tradition of Befana appears to incorporate other pre-Christian popular elements as well, adapted to Christian culture and related to the celebration of the New Year. Historian Carlo Ginzburg relates her to Nicnevin. The old lady character should then represent the "old year" just passed, ready to be burned in order to give place to the new one. In many European countries the tradition still exists of burning a puppet of an old lady at the beginning of the New Year, called Giubiana in Northern Italy, with clear Celtic origins. Italian anthropologists Claudia and Luigi Manciocco, in their book Una casa senza porte ("A House without Doors") trace Befana's origins back to Neolithic beliefs and practices. The team of anthropologists also wrote about Befana as a figure that evolved into a goddess associated with fertility and agriculture.
Befana also maintains many similarities with Perchta and her Pre-Christian Alpine traditions.[clarification needed]
The Befana is celebrated throughout all of Italy, and has become a national icon. In the regions of the Marches, Umbria and Latium, her figure is associated with the Papal States, where the Epiphany held the most importance. Urbania is thought to be her official home. Every year there is a big festival held to celebrate the holiday. About 30,000 to 50,000 people attend the festivities. Hundreds of Befanas are present, swinging from the main tower. They juggle, dance and greet all the children.
Traditionally, all Italian children may expect to find a lump of "coal" in their stockings (actually rock candy made black with caramel coloring), as every child has been at least occasionally bad during the year.
Three places in Italy are nowadays associated with the Befana tradition:
In other parts of the world where a vibrant Italian community exists, traditions involving Befana may be observed and shared or celebrated with the wider community. In Toronto, Canada for example, a Befana Choir shows up on Winter Solstice each December to sing in the Kensington Market Festival of Lights parade. Women, men, and children dressed in La Befana costume and nose sing love songs to serenade the sun to beckon its return. The singing hags gather in the street to give candy to children, to cackle and screech to accordion music, and to sing in every key imaginable as delighted parade participants join in the cacophony. Sometimes, the Befanas dance with parade goers and dust down the willing as parade goers walk by.
There are poems about Befana, which are known in slightly different versions throughout Italy. Here is one of the versions:
La Befana vien di notte
Con le scarpe tutte rotte
Col vestito alla romana
Viva, Viva La Befana!
The English translation is:
The Befana comes by night
With her shoes all tattered and torn
She comes dressed in the Roman way
Long live the Befana!
Another version is given in a poem by Giovanni Pascoli:
Viene, viene la Befana
Vien dai monti a notte fonda
Come è stanca! la circonda
Neve e gelo e tramontana!
Viene, viene la Befana
The English translation is:
Here comes, here comes the Befana
She comes from the mountains in the deep of the night
Look how tired she is! All wrapped up
In snow and frost and the north wind!
Here comes, here comes the Befana! | https://db0nus869y26v.cloudfront.net/en/Befana |
Samia Mahbub Ahmad Quartet
For Samia Mahbub Ahmad, Hindustani (North Indian) classical music is as much a tradition cemented in master-apprentice learning exchanges as it is a family inheritance. A current resident of Maryland but born and raised in Bangladesh, Samia began her studies of the richly diverse Hindustani expressions over three decades ago, as an apprentice of versed practitioners from both India and Bangladesh. Her immersed studying, exemplary of guru-shishya parampara learning—meaning an oral tradition passed on through the centuries from one generation of grandmasters to the next generation of apprentices—is typical of Hindustani classical music training, and often encompasses graduating to artistic mastery through live performances.
Hindustani classical music is an ancient Vedic-Hindu-Sanskritic art that originated in the 12th century as a musical practice that told stories of mythological deities as masterful musicians. Through time, it has been enriched by the presence of Buddhist, Islamic, and Jain cultural influences crossing the North Indian geography. The music is characterized by intricate vocal scales based on ragas, the foundation of improvisation in Indian classical music, that incorporate various languages (Hindi, Persian, Sanskrit). Often accompanied by tabla (percussion), tanpura (a long-necked plucked string instrument), and harmonium (a type of keyboard), Hindustani classical music offers melodic interactions with complex vocalizations, creating a beautiful harmony between song and instruments.
A vocalist, musician, and passionate educator, Samia has applied her teachings to a broader community in Maryland and her own family—teaching her children both the instrumental and vocal elements of Hindustani music. She can often be seen performing with them in various venues throughout the state. Samia has become a central figure in Maryland’s Indian-Asian music community, having received several accolades for her work and teachings, including two Maryland State Arts Council Folklife Apprenticeship Awards, where she was able to deepen her teachings to her children.
True to the guru-shishya parampara style, Samia (vocals, tanpura) will be joined by one of her current apprentices, Aditi Sadia Rahman (vocals), with accompaniment on tabla and harmonium. | https://nationalfolkfestival.com/acts/samia-mahbub-ahmad-quartet/ |
Originated in Brooklyn by Tina Roth-Eisenberg, CreativeMornings is a monthly breakfast lecture that focuses on creative individuals in all kinds of fields. The event now spans 223 cities around the world. One Friday a month, the Indianapolis lectures are hosted by Ryan Hunley. The event is free to attend and includes local favorites from Long’s Bakery and Tinker Coffee.
This month, the Indianapolis speaker is Brandon Evans. We got to chat with Evans about what we’ll hear at the lecture on Friday, March 25th at 8:30 am at Kan-Kan Cinema.
Evans is the co-founder of HOPE, a nonprofit that aims to improve Indiana’s voting turnout. He is also a Communications Strategist who is dedicated to helping people understand why their voice needs to be heard. The title of his speech this Friday is “We The People: Give A Shit.”
“For democracy to work for all of us, it needs to include all of us,” Evans says.
CreativeMornings has been hosted in Indianapolis for seven years, and Evans has been attending for about half of that. Over the years, he’s listened to many of his mentors and friends speak at the event. He says he feels privileged to have this opportunity and is excited to speak to a group of people dedicated to celebrating creativity. In his speech, he will focus on how storytelling plays an important role in effective communication. The international theme of CreativeMornings this month is Folklore. Evans recognizes the power of storytelling and that communicating effectively should include using folklore and parables in a way that connects people through their tradition, lineage, and history.
Evans has been working in politics, civic engagement, and advocacy in many different roles. He was the Young Democrats President, he has worked for IndyGo transit, and has experience in tech. Evans uses his social and creative skills to encourage his community to use their voices.
“Our number one enemy is actually apathy,” Evans says. “That’s the framework of the talk.”
Register for the event and sign up for the Indianapolis CreativeMornings newsletter to stay up to date on speakers here. Keep up with Evans on Twitter and Instagram. | https://patternindy.com/creative-mornings-with-brandon-evans/ |
Writing Advice for Storytelling Writers
Storytelling writing belongs to the fiction writing category. The intention of this post is to leave storytelling writers fully informed and knowing how to write such articles.
I am very fond of storytelling. It reminds me of my early childhood. I grew up in a Shona society. In those days many parents including the elderly people tasked with the responsibility to look after children, ould sit around a big fire in the evening narrating folk stories.
Back then storytelling was a valuable instrument for passing tradition from one generation to another generation. Also, storytelling was a tool for informing, educating and entertaining.
Long before writing became institutionalized as it is today, telling stories was an important vacation in traditional societies and very instrumental in teaching various lessons. African traditional societies such as the Shona tribes generally, lived by a word of mouth and storytelling to preserve cultural norms, values and shaming of social vices. Shona society has a rich tradition of storytelling like any other societies in the world.
Quoted from the Journal of Philosophy, Culture and Religion (2017).
Storytelling – Fictional Writing
Definition Storytelling writing falls in the category of fiction writing. Fiction writing is the composition of non-factual prose texts, often produced as a story meant to entertain or convey an author’s point of view. The end result is a short story, novel, novella, screenplay and drama, which are all types of Narrative Writing Styles.
Different types of authors practice fictional writing, including novelists, playwrights, short story writers, dramatists and screenwriters.
Where storytelling originated from?
Storytelling existed long back. In fact well before the invention of writing. The earliest forms of storytelling were different from what we have today. They were mostly oral combined with gestures and expressions.
Modern storytelling has broadened its scope. It still embraces the traditional forms such as fairy tales, folktales, mythology, legends and fables. And also represents history, personal narratives, political commentary and evolving cultural norms.
Emerging new forms of media have contributed a lot to storytelling writing by creating new ways for people to record, express and consume stories.
Is Storytelling Writing Taught?
Contemporary storytelling is also widely used to address educational objectives. In her webinar, Karen Saxby (2017) reveals how story pictures can help to prepare young learners’ story based reading, story-based writing and speaking tests. She also defines a story the way she perceives it.
SAXBY’S DEFINITION OF A STORY
(1) Stories are not just a long text.
There is more to stories than being just the long text we read in books but they can be a Facebook message.
(2) Are stories narratives?
Stories are narratives or accounts of events that we think might be interesting to a reader.
(3) Are stories always detailed?
Stories do not need to be super long and clever detailed text.
Why do Stories Engage Us (Saxby)
(1) Stories occupy the space between reality and imagined the reality.
(2) We enter a world with an interest out of our own choice.
(3) Stories attach readers to specific characters and stories mirror feelings.
(4) Stories cause us to subconsciously visualize things using imaginations to complement the text.
(5) Stories transport self into the scenario.
(6) Cause us to judge behaviours and to learn social norms.
(6) Language is immediate and owned.
Storytelling writing is a genre I am interested to learn more about. To broaden my horizon in this genre, recently I conducted web research. I came across Steven James (2011)’s very insightful hints and tips on storytelling writing.
Steven James (2011), a novelist and a writing instructor, writes about the 3 vital aspects of story crafting which many authors leave out. Below, I present to you James’s 3 Secrets to Great Storytelling.
(1) CAUSE AND EFFECT CORRELATION
James (2011), advises storytelling writers to always remember one basic rule. The rule says everything in a story is caused by the action or event that precedes it. Therefore, as a fiction writer, your role is to make your readers emotionally present in the story.
Avoid writing in a way which makes your readers guess why something happened. Once your readers reach a point of guessing, they intellectually disengage and distance themselves from the story.
Usually, when a storytelling writer is told by the reader that he (the reader) was so engrossed to put the book down, it boils down to the fact, everything in the story followed in a logic way. Stories that move forward in a natural way keep the reader engrossed and flipping pages. Failure to do so exposes the writer’s weaknesses.
(2) STICK TO BELIEVABLE THINGS
Readers would want to believe your story. As a writer, your goal is to convince the reader not to suspend his belief. You achieve that by giving the reader what he wants and you continually sustain his belief in the story. So, as a writer, you need to respect the reader enough to keep that belief alive throughout the story.
Personally, I have been greatly disappointed on many occasions that I read stories written with an “over the top” style. Meaning they are not believable and have no coherence (not making sense). This is what kills a storytelling piece of work. I can totally relate to James’s observations.
(3) KEEP YOUR READERS IN SUSPENSION AND EXPECTING MORE!
James points out that, ‘tension drives a story forward. When tension is resolved, the momentum of the story is lost.’ As a writer, always ask yourself “How can I make things worse?” The story needs to progress towards more and more conflict, with more intimate struggles and deeper tension.
Marion Roach Smith (2011) writes in The Memoir Project: A Thoroughly Non-Standardized Text for Writing & Life:
The greatest story you could write is the one you experienced yourself. Knowing where to start is the hardest part, but it just got a little easier with this essential guidebook for anyone who wants to write a memoir.
Judging from works of renowned storytelling writers, stories written with a creative and meaningful storytelling technique have had a groundbreaking success.
References
(1) Marion Roach Smith (2011), The Memoir Project: A Thoroughly Non-Standardized Text for Writing and Life, Hachette, UK.
(2) Phillipa Mutswanga (2017) Gullibility and Zimbabwean Shona Folktales (Journal Vol 2), ‘Implications to Biblical Teachings and People with and Without Disabilities, Harare. (3) Steven James (2011),
3 Secrets to Great Storytelling.
If you have any questions related to this topic, Storytelling Writing – Writing Advice, please leave them below. I will get back to you with a response as soon as I can. Also, feel free to share your views and opinions. | https://myonlinescrawl.com/storytelling-writing-writing-advice/ |
Benevolent societies (also known as mutual aid organizations) were organizations created in the late 1700’s to help free and enslaved Africans cope with financial hardships such as illness and providing proper burials for family members. This resilient population used the ancestral practices rooted in their African heritage to create communal groups with a strong social function. Many scholars have traced these roots to the Senegambia and Congo regions of West Africa where benevolent societies were also important in providing a sense of stability and unity to the community.
As early as the 1780’s benevolent societies were formed by free and enslaved blacks of New Orleans. Evolving from African community and tribal practices, these social organizations were even more crucial for African American survival in the New World. Members relied on one another for assistance through hard times, illness, and ensured proper burials at death. These benevolent societies and social groups also serve to continue the expression of African cultures, traditions and forms of ceremony, dance music and celebration that evolved from the practices and ritual of Africa which arrived into Congo Square, the only place in America where free and enslaved people of color were allowed to express their culture.
In New Orleans, the French government’s approach to slavery was much different than in the rest of the United States. The French applied a more lax approach to slavery, allowing people of color to congregate on Sunday afternoons at Place de Congo (Congo Square). This was a gathering place, similar to a market place, located outside of the New Orleans’ city limits. The French inadvertently created the perfect environment for people of color to share and preserve their tradition of drums, dance, songs, food and folklore from their homeland. This very important exchange is the foundation of New Orleans’ African American benevolent societies.parade_3New Orleans’ tradition of benevolent societies continues to provide stability to its African American community. Before Hurricane Katrina (2005), New Orleans had over fifty-two clubs who produced annual parades. These clubs comprised of extended families and community members based in specific neighborhoods. Post-Katrina, the number of active benevolence societies are greatly reduced, but the remaining clubs continue to carry on the traditions. Each club creates a parade, which expresses their identity through dress, dance and music. The role of the benevolent society has changed over time, but they still provide a support to their members and their community.
Benevolent societies not only provide financial support and a sense of community, they are a living testament to the cultures, traditions and ceremony that originated with their African ancestors. | https://thebmol.org/bmol-history/benevolent-societies/ |
Opal Palmer Adisa, Ph.D
Diverse and multi-genre, Opal Palmer Adisa, is an exceptional talent, nurtured on cane-sap and the oceanic breeze of Jamaica. Currently the Director of the Institute for Gender and Development Studies at the University of West Indies.
Adisa has lectured and read her work throughout the United States, South Africa, Ghana, Nigeria, Germany, England and Prague, and has performed in Italy and Bosnia. An award-winning poet and prose writer Adisa has over sixteen titles to her credit, including the novel, It Begins With Tears (1997), which Rick Ayers proclaimed as one of the most motivational works for young adults. She has been a resident artist in internationally acclaimed residencies such as El Gounda (Egypt), Sacatar Institute (Brazil) and McColl Center, (North Carolina) and Headlines Center for the Arts (California, USA). Opal Palmer Adisa’s work has been reviewed by Ishmael Reed, Al Young, and Alice Walker, who described her work as “solid, visceral, important stories written with integrity and love.”
Following in the tradition of the African “griot” Opal Palmer Adisa, an accomplished storyteller, commands the mastery and extraordinary talent of storytelling, exemplary of her predecessors. Through her imaginative characterizations of people, places and things, she is able to transport her listeners to the very wonderlands she creates.
For the last 23 years Opal was a distinguished professor at California College of the Arts. She has been a visiting professor at several universities including, Stanford University, University of California, Berkeley and University of the Virgin Islands. Her poetry, stories, essays and articles on a wide range of subjects have been collected in over 400 journals, anthologies and other publications, including Essence Magazine. She has also conducted workshops in elementary through high school, museums, churches and community centers, as well as in prison and juvenile centers. | https://opalpalmeradisa.com/about/opals-bio/ |
En del av liturgireformen etter konsilet bygger på feil premisser
Med denne overskrifta sikter jeg spesielt til messens (Novus Ordo) andre eukaristiske bønn, den skulle visstnok bygge på en romersk eukaristisk bønn fra 200-tallet, funnet i skriftet Den apostoliske tradisjon, og være skrevet av en prest som heter Hippolytus. Men de siste 15-20 år har man forstått at dette faktisk ikke er tilfelle. Den kjente liturgen/ teologen John F. Baldovin, S.J. (som ikke er spesielt konservativ) skrev i 2003 om dette i tidsskriftet Theological Studies, Nr. 64 – og jeg leste artikkelen i går. Fr Baldovin skriver bl.a.:
When I was a student, the commonly accepted opinion on the Apostolic Tradition ran something like this: Here we have a church order that gives us data on important ecclesiastical practices from the early-third century. The writer was a presbyter/theologian, named Hippolytus, who opposed Bishop Callistus of Rome over the latter’s laxity in readmitting sinners to church fellowship. He thus became a schismatic anti-pope, but was reconciled before his death as a martyr. A conservative, he advocated ancient usages of the Church. A crusty old parish priest unwilling to abide by his bishop’s liturgical innovations, he set down in a single document these rather antiquarian rules for liturgy and church conduct.
Nothing about this synthesis is correct. The title of the document in question is not the Apostolic Tradition. It cannot be attributed to Hippolytus, an author whose corpus of biblical commentaries and anti-heretical treatises is somewhat well known. As a matter of fact it is even doubtful whether the corpus of that writer can actually be attributed to a single writer. Finally, the document does not give us certain information about the liturgical practice of the early-third-century Roman Church.
Why then is it important to revisit the document? The importance of the so-called Apostolic Tradition consists mainly in its use by modern students in constructing the early history of the liturgy, and its use as the foundation of contemporary liturgical practice. Three examples will suffice: (1) The Second Eucharistic Prayer of the post-Vatican II Roman Rite (not to mention similar prayers used by a number of Anglican and Protestant churches) finds its inspiration in the anaphora given in chapter four of the Apostolic Tradition. (2) The ordination prayers of the Roman Rite have been influenced by the document. And (3), as a colleague once put it, the Roman Catholic adult catechumenate would never have taken its present shape without the framework provided by Hippolytus.
How, then, did we arrive at this false synthesis known as the Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus of Rome and what can we say today about the putative author and provenance of the document? …
Dette er en lærd artikkel på 23 sider, med svært mange fotnoter, så jeg må hoppe over det meste og bare ta med meg Fr Baldovins avslutning:
(1) The first conclusion is obvious, namely that, in its present state, the document commonly but probably mistakenly referred to as the Apostolic Tradition does not represent the state of affairs in the Church at Rome in the early-third century. While Rome cannot be completely ruled out as one of the places that the document originated, it seems far more likely that it was “born” in the East, perhaps even Alexandria …
(2) One can speak only cautiously of authorship of a document that consists of church regulations. It is a piece of “living literature.” At the most, one can say that there are some phrases that point to the compilers’ familiarity with the work attributed to the Hippolytus of the Contra Noetum and that some elements in the document have a second-century origin.
(3) The current state of research favors a picture of church order and ministerial structure in transition, if not necessarily at Rome, then perhaps in various churches of the third century.
(4) There is a very real possibility that the Apostolic Tradition describes liturgies that never existed. A fortiori, great caution must be employed in appealing to this document to justify contemporary rites. …
(5) Many doubts have been expressed here, and many questions left open. Even if the liturgies described in the so-called Apostolic Tradition never existed in practice, they have had a major impact on the subsequent history of liturgical practice especially and perhaps even ironically in the West. The document addressed in this study has shaped the contemporary liturgies of initiation, ordination, and Eucharist. Of this there can be no doubt at all. | http://aomoi.net/blogg/2016/03/en-del-av-liturgireformen-etter-konsilet-bygger-pa-feil-premisser/ |
Worth Repeating: Oral Tradition, First Nations Culture & Implications for Speech Therapy
By: Skye Blue Angus’ copyright 2010. Skye Blue Angus.
This blog post has been reprinted with express permission of the author as it appeared on her blog Cree-zy, Crazy Speechie
Indigenous peoples are traditionally storytellers. Oral traditions are historical accounts, teachings, lessons and explanations that have been passed down for centuries, from one generation to the next. Indigenous peoples have existed historically as an oral language people. However, Native oral tradition is difficult to write about academically, appropriately or accurately. Traditionally, it is taboo in Native culture to write down oral traditions. Finding accurate unbiased literature about Native culture, particularly Native oral tradition, is difficult at best because it has not been written down. The true body of information on oral tradition is in the heads and on the lips of Natives.
The culture of the Indigenous peoples of North America is rich in history and traditions. Many of these practices have been passed down for centuries, although at certain periods they were not practiced. Oral tradition has kept native cultural traditions alive, when dominant society tried to eradicate the culture with assimilation. Can you find young Ndnspeechmom?
For example, Indian Residential Schools in Canada were run either by the Anglican or
Catholic Churches and utilized various practices to educate and “help” native children fit into western society. Residential schools separated children from their families and made it impossible for them to hear stories about the old ways and to observe and learn how to do traditional things. Residential Schools employed forced attendance and tried to erode native culture and assimilate native children into the dominant Anglo-European culture. Students at these schools were severely punished for speaking their native language, having braids, wearing native clothes and for participating in anything deemed “Indian”. Many native people think that missionaries only made these schools to “take their children away” and to break their culture.
Oral tradition is tantamount to the survival of the culture and traditions of the native peoples of this continent. Traditionally the only way Natives can know about their past is by what they have been told. Without oral tradition, knowledge and culture would be lost. Oral traditions are an essential component to the survival of all native cultures. They include elements of kinship responsibility, identity, a sense of belonging and responsibility. Passing on oral traditions is a responsibility. There is an understanding among native peoples that they will give back by passing these stories on thus keeping the stories and culture alive. Oral traditions shape Natives from the time of childhood and makes the individual who they are.
Traditionally, there was no need for the written word; therefore, within Native culture, oral traditions are more important than the written word. Many native cultures have no written histories and some native languages have no written forms. In general, written versions of oral traditions are often not accurate and often not credited to the source. This is because research and writing about native people is dominated by non-natives. Currently, as in the past, some traditional Native people do not write down their stories because they have been taught that stories should be spoken aloud and not read. From a traditional viewpoint, to write down a story degrades it, cheapens it and lessens it.
Oral traditions are the native way of teaching and are the historical records of Native culture. Value and acceptance of the legitimacy of the value of native oral tradition is necessary. Oral traditions are not merely stories but are often true historical accounts; and therefore, need to be respected as such. There are many elements of native oral tradition that are similar across different tribes, these include:
- Storytelling is done at a certain time of year, generally winter, when there is more time to relax, absorb teachings and when plants are not growing. Traditionally, it is believed that stories are so powerful that even the plants will stop growing so they can listen.
- The performance is as important as the story itself. Native peoples are very dramatic. A story is not simply retold but relived for the audience. Even ancient stories are told as though they have just happened.
- Stories can be a possession and “belong” to a storyteller. As such, they are passed down but not everyone that hears a story has the privilege to retell it.
- Audiences are privileged and may be carefully selected, therefore it is not appropriate to the culture’s traditions to have these stories written. This also indicates that being told a story is being “gifted” with it. The storyteller has chosen to “give” their story to the listener for personal reasons.
- Stories are not to be written down. They are oral traditions that have survived for generations. All of the culture’s knowledge, history and beliefs are entwined into these stories.
- Oral traditions often features elements of nature, whereby, respect for the natural environment and a highlighted sense of humanity is taught.
- Stories are used as tools to foster good discipline, listening skills and responsible behavior, particularly in the young.
- Often stories stress a moral lesson that is to be applied to everyday life. Stories are meant to be brought into your life, and not merely enjoyed as entertainment.
Natives are very different from the rest of western society. They are taught as children to be active listeners as opposed to being taught to actively participate in discussions. Traditionally Native children are taught to observe and understand a situation before actively participating and that listening is more important than questioning. Most traditional teachings are passed on to children by having them watch and listen. Researchers have found that the learning styles of Natives show strengths in holistic processing, visual memory and visual-spatial activities. Clearly, native traditional childrearing practices have stimulated the development of certain skills, notably those of observation and imitation.
Guess what dad is feeding me…
Indigenous peoples are active listeners. Often, they know or think things but do not say them. There is an idea that it is impossible to listen with an open mouth. Native peoples learn and think differently from the current dominant society, but do not see themselves as inferior. Europeans brought with them methods of memorization and categorization to measure intelligence, excellence and education, however, these methods were alien to natives. The teachings that have survived centuries and been the backbone to innumerable cultures are simply not valued in western society.
Native peoples suffer barriers to success in western society. They are separate from other ethnic groups in regards to history, culture and image. There is a definite lack of communication between Native’s and the dominant populations of the Americas. Communication between these groups is necessary because the attitudes of Native people are deep seeded and historical and, therefore, need to be acknowledged and respected. Many Native values are not shared by western society and conversely some Native’s do not appreciate the values of mainstream middle class society. Generally to achieve “success” native people are forced to adapt to the dominant society, while striving to maintain their cultural heritage. The value placed on oral traditions is one of the things that has survived in native culture.
An individual who is going to be working with this population needs to be open minded and willing to learn about a culture that may be very different from his/her own. Traditional beliefs color all aspects of native life, and include great respect for family, community, tribal ways and the individual. A Speech Pathologist who is open and nonthreatening would be a great asset in the Native community. Native peoples do not expect non-natives to know the details of their culture and are willing to provide information, but only if the person seeking the knowledge does so in the proper way. Knowledge is the greatest gift a Native has to give; therefore, the telling of oral traditions involves trust and mutual respect. The storyteller needs to trust the listener to take away the proper message and should respect them for listening to their story. The listener must respect the storyteller and not interrupt with questions that may be interpreted as impertinent or questioning.
The most important thing to remember when working with Native peoples is respect. Respect our traditions and teachings, they may not be the ways of western society but they are the native way. These traditions have survived generations and deserve respect; understanding is not required.
Featured Author: Skye Blue Angus, SLP
Many thanks to Skye Blue Angus for this Guest Blog.
Fun, family and speech therapy a go-go! Maybe I am not your “typical” SLP….I am however extremely motivated and love my job, so maybe I am typical after all! No Susie’s here though, and if you are a Susie (or know what that means) you have just won a cookie. Congratulations! My twitter handle @ndnspeechmom describes me perfectly…
NDN – This is a slang term for the (politically incorrect) word Indian; meaning First Nations (Native American). I was born and raised on a reservation and am a proud member of the Plains Cree nation.
SPEECH – I am an (overly) enthusiastic Speech Pathologist. I received my master’s degree while I was going to graduate school in North Carolina. I miss the Southern weather whenever winter rolls around here in Saskatchewan.
MOM – I am a proud mommy to 3 little ndn tacos (my babies are half Mexican)
Ok, maybe it doesn’t decribe me fully so I will try fill in a few more blanks. I am married to a wonderful man who willingly came to live in snowy Canada. (His hometown is Acapulco–seriously I think he is crazy to leave such a beautiful place.) My addictions include M.A.C. makeup, LUSH, television series on DVD and laughing too loudly in public.
Please support our contributors and visit the Cree-zy Crazy Speechie blog
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PediaStaff hires pediatric and school-based professionals nationwide for contract assignments of 2 to 12 months. We also help clinics, hospitals, schools, and home health agencies to find and hire these professionals directly. We work with Speech-Language Pathologists, Occupational and Physical Therapists, School Psychologists, and others in pediatric therapy and education. | https://www.pediastaff.com/blog/slp/worth-repeating-oral-tradition-first-nations-culture-implications-for-speech-therapy-97234 |
Tell us an interesting feature of traditional storytelling in your country.
Troll is an important part of the traditional stories told, and there are some stories all children grows up with. In Norway, we are so lucky to have the Cultural Rucksack Programme. The Cultural Rucksack programme is part of the government’s cultural policy. It is a national effort in which the cultural and education sectors cooperate on providing school pupils throughout the country with the opportunity to become acquainted with, understand and enjoy all forms of artistic and cultural expression at the professional level. Today, every pupil at primary and lower secondary school in the country is able to participate in the programme. This means touring for a lot of storytellers, and it has made it possible for storytellers to establish themselves outside the big cities.
How did you become a storyteller?
I became a storyteller through studies in drama and theatre, where we have studies in oral storytelling. I am now myself responsible for these studies at OsloMet metropolitan university. I became a storyteller because I was so lucky to experience storytellers and then I realized that I had grown up surrounded by people who used storytelling active in their daily life.
What is so magic about storytelling?
I am maybe not so happy to use the magic, for me storytelling is an artform and as a storyteller, I have a responsibility both for the tradition, but also for my contemporary time. I am telling stories because I want to, through folktales and myths, and give a voice to those who cannot speak for themselves. For me oral storytelling is not a solo performance, but a community that experience something together. And in this community, each individual has their own private take on the story. Maybe that could be magic, the inner creation that each listener and storyteller have, it is like a secret.
Do you have a favourite story?
I have many, I primarily tell Norwegian and Nordic folktales and mythology, and what I like is the down-to-earth, the mix of humour and seriousness.
What was the last story you performed or told?
My last story is the story about the warrior woman called Hervor from Norse poetry.
Is storytelling becoming a lost art?
Well, storytelling will always be there, but the art might not, or it might change.
What is the biggest challenge storytellers face?
Recruiting, I think we need to make sure that younger generation of storytellers finds the place and space, and accept that they have other ideas on what oral storytelling might be. This, without losing our own ideas about oral storytelling.
This year’s Festival theme is Beyond Words. What does Beyond Words mean for you?
For me it is about the experiences behind the folktales and myths, and about the inner creation that goes on within the storyteller and the listener.
Can you tell us about a time when you have been storytelling that connected you with another teller or listener beyond words?
Recently, I had a student who told a story about her Arabic father, who escaped war, and she had no longer contact with her father. In a short poetic story about culture and escape, she managed to disseminate culture and tradition that I as a listener could recognize myself in.
How do you imagine being part of the SISF 2019 will be?
Inspiring and sobering.
Indigenous culture/language is a focus for SISF 2019: How important is heritage and culture for you?
It is important as it in a very practical way give me my repertoire, but it is also about belonging to something and it is a reference in my life.
As part of #SISFBeyondWords, our Global Lab explores the principles and goals of The Earth Charter Initiative and how storytelling can positively impact on this. What do you feel is the role of storytellers in the 21st century?
A storyteller is an artist, but also a facilitator and trainer. Through this, the storyteller brings competences into the society that other needs in public and private life. The storyteller brings past experiences to reflect upon. | https://tracscotland.org/news-post/?newsid=21274 |
"Healing centres to address the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual harms caused by residential school and eliminate barriers to healing lodges."
- (Truth and Reconciliation Report, 2015)
Affirm Centennial College as a physical, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual space that values Indigenous culture and tradition and in which Indigenous people experience a sense of belonging.
Commitments
- Acknowledge the presence of Indigenous knowledge, traditions and culture at all public events.
- Identify relevant physical spaces (existing and future, within buildings and in open spaces) to incorporate Indigenous artifacts, signage, art, symbols and design elements and to create additional safe, meaningful spaces for Indigenous gatherings and ceremonies.
Calls to Action
- Adopt an institution-wide practice to acknowledge the territory and lands on which Centennial College is located and integrate Indigenous language at public events.
- Develop a toolkit of traditional Indigenous practices to honour the physical, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual space at the College (opening words/prayers, feasts, drum dancing, healing / sharing circles, storytelling)
- Establish permanent and rotational displays on all campuses which display Indigenous symbols, arts, stories and Indigenous languages on all Indigenous displays as appropriate.
- Build additional outdoor gathering spaces (a healing garden).
- Classrooms and meeting rooms – flexible learning spaces that allow for the re- orientation of physical elements to be conducive to Indigenous models of teaching/learning. | https://www.centennialcollege.ca/indigenous-education/indigenous-strategic-framework-pillars/pillar-4-indigenous-spaces/ |
The Masonic song tradition of Scotland gives an opportunity to explore the vital role of oral tradition, particularly as carried by communal performance. Issues surrounding folk tunes and community will be explored in turn in this article, first by looking at the songs of Freemasonry against the backdrop of folksong culture and then by viewing the songs as central to the Masonic community and also more broadly to the community at large. This study builds on the general theoretical points made by Anne Dhu McLucas in the American context in her book, The Musical Ear: Oral Tradition in the USA. McLucas highlights the many musical contexts in which oral tradition plays a vital role, with the proposition that these contexts do "not depend on the use of musical notation to make their power felt" (2010:1). Of course, this does not mean that musical notation is not present, and McLucas recognizes that while "the oral/aural is present everywhere," it "mixes freely with the written" (4).
One of the main differences between oral societies and literate ones is that the oral, by definition, involves a group activity; one can read a story in a book alone and in silence, but a performer-audience dynamic must always be present in the oral environment. The importance of this communal context is discussed by McLucas (2010:132-33), who notes that the act of singing together forms strong bonds with fellow performers and brings the group closer together. Her examples include patriotic or nationalistic song, and she makes the following observations about a contemporary Rotary club in Oregon in which the singing is an adjunct to the overall activities of the group (129):
A group of middle-aged members of the Eugene Downtown chapter of Rotary International, male and female, gather every week for lunch at a local hotel. Part of the opening ceremony for this weekly luncheon is the singing of a national song—either the official anthem, which, though notoriously hard to sing, still comes up occasionally, or "America" or "God Bless America," the perennially favourite substitutes. With the help of a piano, they make a lusty sound, with harmonies—both accidental and intentional—occasionally appearing. Because it is part of their ritual, and because the group is meant to be participatory and collegial, all seem to take part.
The ritual nature of the event and the elements of participation and collegiality are also key to Masonic gatherings. This group context has more in common with the Masonic environment than McLucas's following example: that of song circles who meet with the express purpose of singing, where solo performance is heard in the main and where those assembled are expected to join in on the chorus. But all such groups involving singers have the face-to-face quality that gives scope for that difficult-to-define lift that has been called "presence." James Porter (2009:7-8) discusses this quality in the context of Scottish ballads, noting that the shared experience of a performance in a live situation is totally different from listening to a ballad though a mass-mediated channel (such as television, radio, or the Internet).
The community elements of folk music are much stronger than in the art music tradition. Take, for example, the classic definition of folk music, given by the International Folk Music Council in 1954 (Bohlman 1988:xiii):
Folk music is the product of a musical tradition that has evolved through the process of oral transmission. The factors that shape the tradition are: 1) continuity which links the present with the past; 2) variation which springs from the creative individual or the group; and 3) selection by the community, which determines the form or forms in which the music survives.
The term can be applied to music that has been evolved from rudimentary beginnings by a community uninfluenced by popular and art music, and it can likewise be applied to music which has originated with an individual composer and has subsequently been absorbed into the unwritten living tradition of a community.
The term does not cover composed popular music that has been taken over... | http://muse.jhu.edu/article/499259 |
You know that saying, “let the music speak for itself?”
What does that exactly mean? As a performer, you have multiple opportunities to express your creative freedom: tempo change, style change, key change, lyrical change, and melodic and harmonic changes or embellishments. So much of your unique skills, imagination, and emotion can help shape a song or piece. Now it makes sense that if you wrote the song, you can do whatever the heck you want with it, but how about when you didn’t write the music?
It’s been said in Western music that it’s necessary to follow the music the way it was written as this is the intention. You should sing it exactly the way Mozart wrote it; he is very clear in the sheet music with what he wants. Didn’t Mozart make his own creative decisions, especially with his oh-so-famous Miserere mei, Deus? Totally original. If Mozart was able to take creative liberties as a composer “recreating” another composer’s work, then why can’t the performer execute their creative liberties while giving proper credit to the composer?
Now it would be different if you claimed the song or piece as your own (which btw, composers of the early centuries did so all the time); Can you call it your song if you didn’t write it? Should you? I think give credit where credit is due – rather than “my song”, how about “my single”? Don’t say “my piece,” rather “my performance.” If the performer recognizes the composer or writer, why not make it their own?
To be fair, do I dismiss learning the song or piece the way it was written?
Absolutely not. I firmly believe that you should learn it exactly the way the composer wrote it. Same if you were hearing a demo: learn it the way it was performed before putting your own spin on it. Don’t completely lose the spirit of the composer. Learn to embrace it the way it was originally presented before embellishing it. I’ll give it to Mozart: yeah, he pretty much stole Gregorio Allegri’s Miserere, but he did a damn good job doing so. He did his best to transcribe it exactly the way he heard it performed under Allegri’s direction. He took the time to try and be as precise as possible in interpreting Allegri’s version before recreating it in his vision. He brought Allegri’s voice along with his own, which I believe to be the desired performance you should expect. Even if you’re singing a pop song written by someone else(es), understand how it was originally envisioned and then incorporate your own vision alongside the original. I think Stravinsky says it best:
The more constraints one imposes, the more one frees one’s self. And the arbitrariness of the constraint serves only to obtain precision of execution.
Yes, it’s important to abide to those constraints, but when you fully understand the composer’s vision, you’ll be able to maintain the spirit of the song while making it your own. Why can’t that be done with current performances and covers without being frowned upon as disrespecting the “sanctity” of the piece or “awesomeness” of the song, no matter how bad it is. “It’s fine to assemble the shards of a lost performance tradition, but how much better to reinvent it.” You said it, Mr. Taruskin. Oh, ok “Richard.”
If composers can recreate a song or piece in their own vision, why can’t a performer do the same? | https://musicallifeblog.com/are-performers-just-a-means-to-an-end/ |
The earliest storytelling memories for many of us would most likely have been a collection of folk tales told by our grandparents. As you trace its roots, you’ll find that the oral tradition of storytelling was common to ancient civilizations, with Greek poets like Homer pioneering the art form.
Similarly, the Persian art of storytelling called dastangoi – it is derived from the Persian words dastan meaning “story” and goi meaning “to tell” – dates back to the 13th century and was introduced to Delhi in the 16th century.
Performed by a dastango or storyteller, this traditional style of storytelling – devoid of props and drama – was once considered a male-dominated space. But that didn’t stop South Delhi resident Fouzia Dastango, who defied the gender stereotype in this area to become a dastango woman.
Adopt new ideas
Fouzia’s fascination with the art of storytelling began at an early age, when she listened to folk tales told by her mother and grandmother. In fact, she attributes her success to the aforementioned women.
Although she was aware of the dastangoi tradition, it was not until 2006 – when she experienced a performance – that her love for the art turned into an obsession. This prompted her to foray into the world of storytelling.
Given her schooling in Urdu, Fouzia has always been passionate about the language. It was this love for her mother tongue that drove Fouzia to pursue a career as a dastango. Expressing how mesmerized she was by the dastangoi performances, which focus on a rhythmic pattern and are “larger than life” in appeal, she shares, “It’s not just storytelling. than the performer and it cannot be flat. The script must have a certain color, a certain chatkara [zest] to that.”
While working as a speaker, Fouzia researched stories to incorporate into her scripts. She also played dastangoi in her spare time. “It was getting hard for me. Every time I had a show, I couldn’t take a day off. However, I was adamant about not giving up,” she says.
With this in mind, she decided to dedicate all of her time to pursuing this art form. In 2014, she became a full-time dastango.
Break the patriarchy
In a space considered to be dominated by men, Fouzia has managed to carve out a place for herself. Unfortunately, she often faced artistic obstacles due to her gender. “Most of the male dastangos were very territorial about the art,” she mentions.
Fouzia, however, decided to redefine the tradition in her own way. Whether deciding what clothes to wear for a performance, what kind of stories she planned to recite, or even how she would tell them, Fouzia developed a contemporary take on this age-old art form. “I always say, just because something hasn’t been done before, does that mean it can never be done again?” she nods.
Redefining tradition
Taking a contemporary and innovative approach to dastangoi, Fouzia – she works with Danish writer-director Iqbal – uses this platform to give her perspective on the world around her. “Through my performances, I try to iterate the things I want to say to society or the things I want to see in society,” Fouzia shares.
Making a point of addressing social issues through her performances, she performed a dastangoi titled Dastaan-e-Rape, centered on the Nirbhaya rape case in 2012. “I use art to transfer my feelings around the world,” she added.
A recipient of Old Delhi’s ‘Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb’, she also tries to bridge the gap between Hinduism and Islam – Fouzia has performed Dastaan-e-Mahabharata, Dastaan-e-Rama and even Dastaan-e-Radha Krishna in Urdu.
“A lot of people point out that I shouldn’t do Mahabharata and Ramayana as a Muslim woman. I find that very strange. This is the India I was born in and raised in,” he adds. -she. | https://nso-korpus.info/redefining-the-status-quo-of-storytelling-the-new-indian-express/ |
Ch'angguk Opera and the Category of the "Traditionesque"
- Korean Studies
- University of Hawai'i Press
- Volume 25, Number 1, 2001
- pp. 51-71
- 10.1353/ks.2001.0005
- Article
-
- Additional Information
- Purchase/rental options available:
Ch'angguk opera was first developed in the early twentieth century, when it was advertised as shinyon'guk, or "new drama," emphasizing the novelty of its indoor theater setting and acting conventions. Today, Ch'angguk is often described in English as "traditional Korean opera," mainly because it incorporates elements of the older musical storytelling genre p'ansori. While Ch'angguk has come to base a large part of its appeal on this association with tradition, it has not inspired the commitment to preservation and protection from change that typically distinguishes "traditional" art forms. By surveying the history of ch'angguk's relationship to "tradition," I seek to define a separate category of art forms, the "traditionesque," which I believe will prove to be an important one, not only in Korea but worldwide. | https://muse.jhu.edu/article/18806/pdf |
Understanding the cultural particularities and history of the region, and then reinterpreting and incorporating them into the design, contributes to sustaining the heritage value, promotes local identity, and celebrates the country’s culture.
Analysing the site’s context is necessary to integrate new interventions with their surroundings and with existing buildings; a balanced coordination of these elements results in a harmonious ensemble.
A long-held tradition in Switzerland: a Christmas market of temporary stands is set up in the main square of Roche Rotkreuz.
Abstract interpretation
Integration of art
Integrate art into the landscape, as it helps relate to local culture and history.
- Works of art need to be curated and be relevant with the building and context.
- Consider engaging local artists to produce artworks which interpret the site, always in alignment with Roche brand (through Roche architects).
Materials, textures, patterns
Reference local culture by using local materials, and abstract interpretations of textures, patterns, and techniques.
- Incorporate the rhythm and repetition of textures found in traditional architecture.
- Use an abstract interpretation of patterns that reference local or historical artworks.
- Reinterpretations of these elements must be simple and associated with the Roche brand, following a clear design concept.
Retreat, refresh, relax
To further build community, provide spaces that support cultural habits, traditional routines, or customary behaviours. They can range from large, open areas to more secluded zones, according to their expected use.
Key to Local identity
- Incorporate cultural influences through consistent abstract interpretation of the local tradition and architectural expression.
- Consider the integration of art into landscape, in alignment with Roche brand and tradition. | https://spaces.roche.com/exteriors/local-identity/ |
This month we examine an important question in understanding the power of the Chinese consumer.
Is the level of consumption higher than government data suggest, and are China’s rich being captured by official statistics?
A recent China Daily editorial called on the Chinese government to enact measures to ease personal tax burdens, break up monopolies and promote the free flow of economic resources, thereby making the country “more attractive to its talent”. The editorial cites a survey conducted by China Merchants Bank and Bain & Company that found that 27% of entrepreneurs and business owners with more than RMB 100 million of assets had emigrated under investment immigration schemes, while 47% were considering doing so, in order to benefit from better healthcare, education and legal protections. Emigration is an undertaking that requires disposable income well above that of the average Chinese citizen. Similarly, our April 2012 private equity outlook noted the unequivocally robust demand for luxury goods by wealthy Chinese consumers domestically and abroad.
And yet, average annual household income was USD 10,220 in 2010, and the consensus amongst most economists is that China’s household consumption contributes a low percentage of China’s overall GDP.
Given this, are China’s emerging consumers and new rich actually showing up in the official statistics?
A study published in 2010 concludes something is amiss. The study, entitled “The Size and Distribution of Hidden Household Income in China”, updated an earlier survey completed in 2005 and focused on uncovering the hidden income of Chinese urban households, particularly in the high income segments. The authors, Xiaolu Wang of the National Economic Research Institute and Wing Thye Woo of the University of California Davis, hypothesized that official statistics are likely to be flawed because the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) collects its data through voluntary participation, which may encourage wealthy individuals to opt-out or downplay their income due to the potentially “grey” nature of their hidden income or tax liabilities.
Wang and Woo approached this problem by employing professional survey firms to approach a broadly distributed group of families in China and apply the established relationship between Engel’s coefficient and income levels. Engel’s coefficient is a well-developed economic theory that measures the food expenses of a household as a proportion of total household consumption expenditure — once the basic needs of a family have been met, they tend to spend an increasing amount of their disposable income towards other items such as transportation, luxury goods, education and entertainment etc.
Covering 64 cities in 19 provinces, across all age groups and educational backgrounds, their results are split into 7 income groups as per NBS guidelines: lowest income, low income, lower middle income, middle income, upper middle income, high income and highest income.
1) Lowest income groups are more accurately represented by official statistics. Engel estimated data showed marginally higher household incomes versus official data for low income (12.5%) and lowest income (0.9%) households.
2) Highest income group is dramatically understated. Engel estimated income for highest income households was RMB 139,000 — 319% greater than official statistics.
3) Overall household disposable income rose faster than reported. Engel estimated figures showed average household disposable income growth of 69.3% between 2005 and 2008, versus official data of 57.4%.
4) Urban per Capital Disposable income growth is also understated. Engel estimated figures showed 63% urban per-capital disposable income growth, versus 52.1% officially reported.
5) Engel data may be conservative. The authors noted that 76 statistical outliers were excluded from their survey data, which would have skewed the estimated results even higher (annual per capita disposable income of more than RMB 400,000 to RMB 1.76 million).
6) Excepting outliers, groupings show strong statistical match. Engel coefficients of the official data and the estimated data are statistically almost perfectly matched, excepting the aforementioned samples.
The survey overall came to the conclusion that official NBS data sample does not contain the highest income households in China, and that what official data classifies as “highest income” is likely to more accurately belong to “upper middle class” bucket. Though the study does not investigate in detail the sources of this hidden or “grey income”, we estimate that likely it comes from the murky areas of the Chinese social structure, such as tax avoidance, corruption and shadow banking.
First, while we have often expressed concern regarding Chinese real estate prices, the data in Table 1 suggests why there has been such strong demand for real estate that officially no one should have been able to afford. Based on official statistics, housing prices have been running at 10 times the average urban income, versus the three to five times that would normally be expected, or which may be implied by the Engel estimated data.
Second, the report offers an explanation for the statistically abnormal level of luxury good consumption, and corresponding storefronts, in major Chinese urban centers, as well as Chinese tourist destinations.
Lastly, it gives us hope that the rate of domestic consumption, and growth of the consumer market as a whole, is more robust than official statistics imply, and hopefully forecast. | https://lunar.cn/market-update-the-hidden-affluence-of-chinese-households/ |
PURPOSE: We examined the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) cancer screening among older African American men.
METHODS: We analyzed baseline data from a sample of 485 community-dwelling African American men who participated in the Cancer Prevention and Treatment Demonstration Trial. The outcome was receipt of PSA screening within the past year. SES was measured using income and educational attainment. Sequential multivariate logistic regression models were performed to study whether health care access, patient-provider relationship, and cancer fatalism mediated the relationship between SES and PSA screening.
RESULTS: Higher educational attainment was significantly associated with higher odds of PSA screening in the past year (odds ratio (OR) 2.08 for college graduate compared to less than high school graduate, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.03-4.24); income was not. Health care access and patient-provider communication did not alter the relationship between education and screening; however, beliefs regarding cancer fatalism partially mediated the observed relationship.
CONCLUSION: Rates of prostate cancer screening among African American men vary by level of educational attainment; beliefs concerning cancer fatalism help explain this gradient. Understanding the determinants of cancer fatalism is a critical next step in building interventions that seek to ensure equitable access to prostate cancer screening. | https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-relationship-between-education-and-prostate-specific-antigen- |
(Ivanhoe Newswire) -- Great news for working moms; a new study reveals that there are no significant detrimental effects on a child's social or emotional development if their mothers work during their early years.
For children living with two parents, the impact of the working life of the mother may partly depend on the father's own working arrangements. The ideal scenario for children, both boys and girls, was shown to be where both parents lived in the home and both were in paid employment. However, the researchers discovered that the relationship between behavioral difficulties and employment of the mother was stronger for girls than for boys and that this was not explained by household income, level of mother's education, or depression in the mother.Homes where the mother was the sole breadwinner, the boys displayed more difficulties at age five than boys living with two working parents; the same was not true for girls. Girls in traditional households where the father was the breadwinner were more likely to have difficulties at age five than girls living in dual-earner households.
"Mothers who work are more likely to have higher educational qualifications, live in a higher income household, and have a lower likelihood of being depressed than mothers who are not in paid work. These factors explain the higher levels of behavioral difficulties for boys of non-working mothers, but the same was not true for girls," Dr. Anne McMunn, the principal researcher of the study, was quoted saying.
Previous research has suggested that children in single-mother households and in two-parent households in which neither parent was in work were much more likely to have challenging behavior at age five than children where both parents were in paid employment. However, household income and maternal characteristics can mitigate the effects of this.
"Some studies have suggested that whether or not mothers work in the first year of a child's life can be particularly important for later outcomes. In this study we did not see any evidence for a longer-term detrimental influence on child behavior of mothers working during the child's first year of life," Dr. McMunn said. | http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/2084279/children_arent_effected_by_working_moms/ |
Mortality rates higher among people with diabetes whose socioeconomic status is low
Low income and educational level almost triples the risk that people with type 1 diabetes will die of cerebral infarction. A doctoral thesis at Sahlgrenska Academy also showed the conclusion that type diabetes 1 is declining among young people to be unfounded.
Approximately 400,000 Swedes have diabetes, and type 1 diabetes is the second most common chronic disease among children and young adults.
Newer studies have suggested that 15-34 year-olds are developing type 1 diabetes at a slower rate than previously. A recent doctoral thesis at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, determined that the conclusion is erroneous—incidence is two to three times as great as had been estimated.
In collaboration with the National Diabetes Register, Araz Rawshani also explored the impact of socioeconomic status and ethnicity on the progress of diabetes.
His findings demonstrated that:
- People with type 1 diabetes whose income and educational levels are low face almost three times as great a risk of developing cerebral infraction, stroke and death as those whose income and educational levels are high.
- Earning a low income raises the risk of developing heart failure by 70% among people with diabetes compared with those whose income is high.
“Such gaps cannot be explained by either traditional risk factors or other demographic variables,” says Dr. Rawshani. “Considering that socioeconomic factors may pose a greater danger than the factors previously identified, the kinds of medical checkups currently performed fail to identify all high-risk patients.”
- Swedes born in non-European countries develop type 2 diabetes an average of ten years earlier in life than native Swedes. Swedes born in non-European countries with diabetes are also more likely to fall short of treatment goals and develop kidney damage even though they obtain earlier treatment and have more frequent appointments with caregivers.
- The risk of developing heart failure has an ethnic component. Swedes born in South Asia face a greater risk than native Swedes, whereas those born in Latin America face a lower risk.
The Gothenburg studies concluded that the healthcare system needs to pay more heed to ethnicity and socioeconomic status, devote greater resources to individualized care and rewrite the national diabetes guidelines.
“Research evidence concerning socioeconomic and ethnic differences must be disseminated, and the national guidelines should delineate this challenge more clearly,” says Soffia Gudbjörnsdottir at the National Diabetes Register.
The researchers are planning additional studies to identify ways of the breaking and preventing the vicious cycle of low socioeconomic status and diabetes.
Dr. Rawshani defended Socioeconomic Aspects of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease on June 1.
Link to thesis: https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/38379
For additional information, feel free to contact:
Araz Rawshani, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg
Cell: +46 8-768 762685
[email protected]
Press Officer
Krister Svahn
Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg
46766-18 38 69
4631-786 3869
[email protected]
The Sahlgrenska Academy is the faculty of health sciences at the University of Gothenburg. Education and research are conducted within the fields of pharmacy, medicine, odontology and health care sciences. About 4,000 undergraduate students and 1,200 postgraduate students are enrolled at Sahlgrenska Academy. Around 1,400 people work at the Sahlgrenska Academy, 850 of them are researchers and/or teachers. 2013 Sahlgrenska Academy had a turnover of 2,4 billion SEK.
Tags: | https://news.cision.com/sahlgrenska-akademin-vid-goteborgs-universitet/r/mortality-rates-higher-among-people-with-diabetes-whose-socioeconomic-status-is-low,c9799039 |
Question : Define Urban Heat Island effect? Enlist and describe the causes and effect of urban heat island effect?
Synopsis
Urban Heat Island effect is defined as the presence of significantly higher temperatures in urban areas compared to the temperatures in surrounding rural zones mainly due to human factors. Usually urban heat islands have a mean temperature 8 to 10 degrees more than the surrounding rural areas
Causes of Urban Heat Island effect
- Use of construction materials like Asphalt and concrete: Asphalt and concrete, needed for the expansion of cities, absorb huge amounts of heat, increasing the mean surface temperatures of urban areas.
- Dark surfaces: Many buildings found in urban areas have dark surfaces, thereby decreasing albedo and increased absorption of heat.
- Air conditioning: Buildings with dark surfaces heat up more rapidly and require more cooling from air conditioning, which requires more energy from power plants, which causes more pollution. Also air conditioners exchange heat with atmospheric air, causing further local heating. Thus there is a cascade effect that contributes to the expansion of urban heat islands.
- Urban Architecture: Tall buildings, and often, accompanying narrow streets, hinder the circulation of air, reduce the wind speed, and thus reduce any natural cooling effects. This is called the Urban Canyon Effect.
- Need for mass transportation system: Transportation systems and the unimpeded use of fossil fuels also add warmth to urban areas.
- Lack of Trees and green areas: which impedes evapotranspiration, shade and removal of carbon dioxide, all the processes that help to cool the surrounding air.
After effects on a variety of forces and factors
- Impact on animals:
- Urban heat islands will be prolonging the growing season, thus throwing the breeding strategies of the inhabiting species in disarray.
- With the temperature of the nearby buildings sometimes reaching over 50 degrees and above precipitation will warm rapidly, causing runoff into nearby streams, lakes and rivers (or other bodies of water) to provide excessive thermal pollution.
- The increase in thermal pollution has the ability to increase water temperature by 20 to 30 degrees. This increase will cause the fish species inhabiting the body of water to undergo thermal stress and shock due to the rapid change in temperature to their climate.
- Urban heat islands caused by cities have altered the natural selection process. Selective pressures like the temporal variation in food and water are relaxed causing a new set of selective forces to roll out.
- Impact on weather and climate:
- Aside from the effect on temperature, UHIs can produce secondary effects on local meteorology, including the altering of local wind patterns, the development of clouds and fog, the humidity, and the rates of precipitation.
- The extra heat provided by the UHI leads to greater upward motion, which can induce additional shower and thunderstorm activity.
- In addition, the UHI creates during the day a local low-pressure area where relatively moist air from its rural surroundings converges, possibly leading to more favourable conditions for cloud formation. Rainfall rates downwind of cities have increased between 48% and 116%. Partly as a result of this warming, monthly rainfall is about 28% greater between 20 miles (32 km) to 40 miles (64 km) downwind of cities, compared with upwind. Some cities show a total precipitation increase of 51%.
Therefore, considering the above-mentioned impact, it turns to be the need of the hour to counter them with apt strategies. To conclude, on a brief note, the increasing global warming needs anthropogenic intervention to make the earth habitable but these interventions should be fool proof. | https://civilscafeiassc.in/2020/11/26/answer-synopsis-26-11-2020/ |
Fever is often not taken as a disease in itself, but rather as a symptom of a disease or infection. So the correct treatment of the condition is first of knowing its cause.Fever is not considered a disease in itself. Rather, it is merely a symptom or evidence that something is wrong, such as having a certain inflammatory condition in the body. Therefore, the treatment of fever is related to knowing its causes and trying to treat it.
Normal temperature and measurement methods
The normal body temperature ranges between 36 – 38 degrees Celsius. In most, the body temperature measured in the morning is often half a degree Celsius lower than the hypothermia measured in the morning.
The temperature set by the thermostat is changed.
The main mechanism by which the body temperature rises is to increase the work of the muscles, and in the formation of the union it lasts
The main mechanism that leads to an increase in body temperature is an increase in muscle work, and in the acute form of fever, real chills appear.
A slight rise in temperature does not do any harm, but fever may be a mechanism that the body uses to push the infection. However, a noticeable or slight increase in temperature in patients with heart or lungs may cause damage, as the frequency of metabolic processes increases.
Causes of fever
The rise in body temperature occurs due to a change in the thermostat in the brain, and a significant increase in the temperature of the surrounding environment may lead to a rise in body temperature by absorbing heat from the external environment.
On the other hand, the body loses its heat that is released to the surrounding environment, whether through direct heat transfer to the environment, or by releasing heat outside the body or through sweating.
In most cases, the body temperature rises due to infection or inflammation. Here chemicals are released from white blood cells known as cytokines or interleukins that eventually lead to a change in the thermostat.
The most common causes of a slight increase in body temperature are:
Having a viral, infectious or bacterial disease, or any infection.
Inflammatory non-communicable diseases such as: joint diseases, autoimmune diseases, vasculitis.
Among the rare causes of high body temperature are various tumors and heat stroke.
It is not possible to accurately diagnose the type of disease by simply monitoring the temperature, but a skilled doctor can find out the cause of the fever according to the history of the disease and a physical examination, so that laboratory tests are used to confirm or deny the diagnosis.
Fever treatment
The most difficult problem in cases of fever is the ability to distinguish between a mild and spontaneous situation (such as a viral upper respiratory disease or childhood illness) and a serious illness that requires special treatment.
Most infectious diseases that are caused by viruses (upper respiratory tract infections, colds) often resolve on their own within a few days, and there is no specific and effective treatment against the bulk of these diseases. Here are some tips for treatment:
Antipyretics (medicines to lower body temperature) may be used in these cases (such as paracetamol, dipyrone, or aspirin) if the body temperature is particularly high and causes pain or damage.
Aspirin is not recommended for children under the age of 13, especially during influenza or varicella (chickenpox), as the risk of developing Reye’s syndrome – the syndrome of a disorder of the liver and brain.
In addition to fever, there are other symptoms that accompany most bacterial diseases, such as: muscle pain, weakness, feeling cold, sweating, slight sore throat, nasal mucus and others.
In the majority of cases where the temperature does not rise to more than 38.5 ° C, and which are accompanied by the above symptoms, non-prescription antipyretic drugs can be used.
Many researches have been conducted that did not reveal any special and distinct pros or cons for any of these drugs, but in general, it is recommended to use Paracetamol, which is suitable for young children as well.
When should you go to the doctor?
The doctor should be referred to when the fever itself causes any harm, for example in the elderly or in patients with heart or lung disease, and when there is a danger that it is related to a serious or serious illness that needs specific treatment.
It is usually recommended to go to the doctor to treat the fever in the following cases:
Fever in young children at the age of two months.
Fever in the elderly 70 years of age and older.
Fever in a person with heart disease or chronic lung disease.
Fever accompanied by cough, chest pain and phlegm secretion.
Fever accompanied by severe headache, nausea or vomiting, or pain in the eyes.
Fever accompanied by pain in the throat, which impedes the process of swallowing. | https://www.achecenter.com/body-ache-with-fever-3/ |
In north India, only 60% of the bricks fired in a Bull’s Trench Kiln (BTK) are classified as Class 1 bricks. The remaining 40% are under-fired, over-fired or broken bricks.
A brick kiln owner like you could be losing revenue of Rs 10 lakh to Rs 30 lakh in a year due to such high percentage of lower quality bricks. Besides, it could also lock your capital and increase your inventory cost as you would take longer time (at least a year) to sell off the lower quality bricks.
The primary reasons for production of under-fired bricks in BTKs are:
For proper vitrification of bricks, the bricks have to be heated to a temperature of 980 °C to 1030 °C (in north India) and they should remain at this temperature for at least 12 hours. In a BTK, most of the fuel is burned at the middle level and at the bottom of the kiln. Hence, the maximum temperature reached in the top part of the kiln is usually 70 °C to 100 °C less than the maximum temperature reached in the middle and bottom parts of the kiln. Moreover, due to heat loss from the top and sides of the kiln to the surroundings, maintaining this temperature at the top part and sides of the kiln for long hours (about 12 hours) is not possible. Therefore, the bricks at the top and the sides are usually under-fired. Higher heat losses through the wicket gates and leakage of cold air into the kiln through them result in even higher production of under-fired bricks near the wicket gates.
The reasons for the production of over-fired bricks are:
In BTKs, the fuel is fed intermittently in large quantities. The size of the fuel fed is also large usually. Normally, just before the completion of fuel feeding in a line, excessive amount of fuel is fed and the fuel feed holes are then closed. These fuel feeding practices result in the accumulation of fuel on ledges and at the bottom of the kiln. Usually an iron rod is used to disperse the fuel accumulated on ledges during fuel feeding in many kilns; but, this does not happen after closing the feed holes. The accumulation of fuel results in over-firing of bricks adjacent to the ledges or at the bottom of the kiln.
The reasons for the breakage of bricks are:
When green bricks are preheated in the kiln, first the moisture contained in the bricks evaporates. During this stage, the heating rate should be slow enough so that the moisture from the surfaces of bricks and from their core gets released completely.
If the green bricks have higher moisture content, they require longer time for moisture removal; but due to the short preheating zone in a BTK, fire reaches near the bricks before complete removal of moisture can take place. This increases the heating rate, resulting in the quick removal of moisture from the brick surfaces and their hardening, while some moisture remains in the core of the bricks. As this moisture from the core evaporates and escapes from the bricks, it creates cracks, which causes breakages in the bricks.
Uneven kiln floor or the uneven setting of bricks results in uneven load on the stacked bricks leading to breakages in the bricks. | https://www.brickguru.in/en/knowledge-brief/what-are-the-reasons-for-lower-percentage-of-good-quality-bricks-in-a-fixed-chimney-bulls-trench-kiln-fcbtk/ |
- Temperature (sometimes called thermodynamic temperature) is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a system. Adding heat to a system causes its temperature to rise.
Thermochemistry
- Thermochemistry is the study of the heat energy associated with chemical reactions and/or physical transformations. A reaction may release or absorb energy, and a phase change may do the same, such as in melting and boiling.
Energy
- The capacity for doing work. It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various forms. There are, moreover, heat and work—i.e., energy in the process of transfer from one body to another.
Entropy
- Entropy, the measure of a system’s thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work. Because work is obtained from ordered molecular motion, the amount of entropy is also a measure of the molecular disorder, or randomness, of a system.
Heat
- Heat is a form of energy that can be transferred from one object to another or even created at the expense of the loss of other forms of energy.
Heat Capacity
- It is the amount of heat required to change its temperature by one degree, and has units of energy per degree.
- Heat capacity C is how much energy is required per unit temperature.
Heat Transfer
- Heat transfer is the process of transfer of heat from high temperature reservoir to low temperature reservoir.
- Heat can be transferred by conduction, convection and radiation
Pressure-Volume Diagrams
- It is used to describe corresponding changes in volume and pressure in a system. They are commonly used in thermodynamics, cardiovascular physiology, and respiratory physiology.
Thermodynamic System
- A thermodynamic system is a group of material and/or radiative contents. Its properties may be described by thermodynamic state variables such as temperature, entropy, internal energy, and pressure.
Adiabatic process
- An adiabatic process occurs without transfer of heat or mass of substances between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings. In an adiabatic process, energy is transferred to the surroundings only as work.
Enthalpy
- Enthalpy, a property of a thermodynamic system, is equal to the system’s internal energy plus the product of its pressure and volume. In a system enclosed so as to prevent mass transfer, for processes at constant pressure, the heat absorbed or released equals the change in enthalpy.
Hess’s Law
- Hess’s Law of Constant Heat Summation (or just Hess’s Law) states that regardless of the multiple stages or steps of a reaction, the total enthalpy change for the reaction is the sum of all changes.
Gibbs Free Energy
- The Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum of reversible work that may be performed by a thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and pressure.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
- The coefficient of thermal expansion describes how the size of an object changes with a change in temperature. Specifically, it measures the fractional change in size per degree change in temperature at a constant pressure.
Phase Diagram
- A phase diagram is a graph showing the limiting conditions for solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of a single substance or of a mixture of substances while undergoing changes in pressure and temperature or in some other combination of variables, such as solubility and temperature. | https://www.pinnacleclinic.com/thermodynamics-and-thermochemistry/ |
In this article, I will be discussing the thought processes required to answer Heat Energy questions testing on cooling curve graphs.
Under the topic on Heat Energy, most primary school students know how to tackle questions on heating curves because they are frequently tested in the examinations.
However, when they are tested on cooling curves, they are thrown off guard as they are unsure of how to analyse these questions accurately.
As such, in this article, I will be discussing the thought processes required to answer these questions.
What is a “cooling curve graph”?
A cooling curve is a line graph that illustrates the change in state of matter of an object, generally from gas to liquid, and/or liquid to solid.
As the object is cooling, it means that the temperature of the object is decreasing, rather than increasing in a heating curve graph. In a cooling curve graph, the object is losing heat to the surroundings and undergoes a heat process, which causes a change in state.
With this understanding, let us take a look at the question below.
Firstly, let us take a look at the information given in the question.
Interpretation 1: Substance X is in the solid state at room temperature.
Interpretation 2: When heated, Substance X melted, changing from solid to liquid state.
This means that Substance X was in the liquid state when it was left to cool in the room. Thus, at P (the start of the graph), Substance X was a liquid.
Secondly, let us analyse the graph.
(i) The temperature of Substance X decreases over time.
This shows that Substance X is losing heat to the cooler surrounding air and decreases in temperature.
(ii) The temperature of Substance X remains the same first at Q, then at R.
Similar to the heating curve graph, there are two possible reasons why the temperature of a substance remains constant.
The substance is undergoing a heat process (change in state).
The substance is at room temperature and there is no transfer of heat between the substance and the surroundings.
If Q is the room temperature, it means that the temperature of Substance X and the surroundings would be the same. Thus, there would not be any heat transfer and the temperature of Substance X would not decrease again at a later time. However, the temperature of Substance X decreases again after Q. Thus, it is not possible for Q to be the room temperature.
As such, Substance X is undergoing a heat process at Q, which is freezing, and is turning from liquid to solid. Thus, Q is the freezing/melting point of Substance X.
The temperature of Substance X decreases again after Q and finally remained constant at R. This shows that there is no more heat transfer between Substance X and the surroundings and Substance X, which is in the solid state, has reached room temperature at R.
Thus, the answer is Option (1). | https://thepiquelab.com/blog/how-to-tackle-cooling-curve-questions/ |
An increase in the optimum water temperature by industrial process (steel factories, electric power houses and atomic power plants) may be called as “Thermal Pollution.” Many industries generate their own power and use water to cool their generator.
This hot water is released into the system from where it was drawn, causing a warming trend of surface water. If the system is poorly flushed, a permanent increase in the temperature may result. However, if the water is released into the well flushed system, permanent increase in temperature does not occur.
Effects:
Many organisms are killed instantly by the hot water resulting into a high mortality. It may bring other disturbance in the ecosystem. The egg of fish may hatch early or fail to hatch at all. It may change the diurnal and seasonal behaviour and metabolic responses of organisms. It may lead to unplanned migration of aquatic animals.
Macro-phytic population may also be changed. As temperature is an important limiting factor, serious changes may be brought about even by a slight increase in temperature in a population. For minimising thermal pollution, hot water should be cooled before release from factories and removal of forest canopies and irrigation return flows should be prohibited.
Causes or Sources of Thermal Pollution:
The various causes of thermal pollution are as follows:
(1) Coal-fired Power Plants:
Some thermal power plants use coal as fuel. Coal-fired power plants constitute the major source of the thermal pollution.
(2) Industrial Effluents:
Industries generating electricity require large amount of Cooling water for heat removal. Other industries like textile, paper, and pulp and sugar industry also release heat in water, but to a lesser extent.
(3) Nuclear Power Plants:
Nuclear power plants emit a large amount of unutilized heat and traces of toxic radio nuclear into nearby water streams. Emissions from nuclear reactors and processing installations are also responsible for increasing the temperature of water bodies.
(4) Hydro Electric Power:
Generation of hydro-electric power also results in negative thermal loading of water bodies.
(5) Domestic Sewage:
Domestic sewage is often discharged into rivers, lakes, canals or streams without waste treatment. The municipal water sewage normally has a higher temperature than receiving water. With the increase in temperature of the receiving water the dissolved oxygen content (DO) decreases and the demand of oxygen increases and anaerobic conditions occur.
Control of Thermal Pollution:
Control of thermal pollution is necessary as its detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystem may be detrimental in the future. Viable solutions to chronic thermal discharge into water bodies are as follows:
(1) Cooling Ponds:
Cooling ponds or reservoirs constitute the simplest method of controlling thermal discharges. Heated effluents on the surface of water in cooling ponds maximize dissipation of heat to the atmosphere and minimize the water area and volume. This is the simplest and cheapest method which cools the water to a considerable low temperature. However, the technique alone is less desirable and inefficient in terms of air-water contact.
(2) Cooling Towers:
Using water from water sources for cooling purposes, with subsequent return to the water body after passing through the condenser is termed as cooling process. In order to make the cooling process more effective, cooling towers are designed to control the temperature of water. In-fact, cooling towers are used to dissipate the recovered waste heat so as to eliminate the problems of thermal pollution.
(3) Artificial Lake:
Artificial lakes are man-made bodies of water which offer possible alternative to once through cooling. The heated effluents may be discharged into the lake at one end and the water for cooling purposes may be withdrawn from the other end. The heat is eventually dissipated through evaporation.
These lakes have to be rejuvenated continuously. A number of methods have been suggested and developed for converting the thermal effluents from power plants into useful heat resources for maximing the benefits.
Some of the potential physical applications for thermal discharge (rejected heat) of power plants are:
- Industrial and space heating.
- Biological applications such as soil warming.
- Fish culture, livestock shelters and for heating greenhouses.
Most of these potential physical applications are of colder regions or locations. | https://theintactone.com/2019/10/29/es-u2-topic-15-thermal-pollution/ |
The impact of high temperature of the hydraulic oil of a four-column hydraulic machine is the same as the hazard of oil contamination of a hydraulic machine. The increase in the oil temperature of a hydraulic machine is a long-term failure.
The main working medium of the Hydraulic Press is the working mode of transmission by the hydraulic oil. The mechanical heat generated by the mechanical friction during the operation of the equipment and the volume heat generated by the hydraulic oil of the hydraulic press during the working process due to the pressure and the volume heat generated during the downward process of the hydraulic cylinder , Is the main reason for the heat generated by the hydraulic press. Below we analyze the main ways to cool down the oil pressure machine:
- ①The heat released when the outside temperature is lower than the temperature of the equipment itself;
- ②When the hydraulic oil passes through the pipeline mailbox, it is cooled by the difference between the passing surface of the machine body and the outside temperature;
- ③The heat is dissipated through a hydraulic machine or a heat dissipation system installed at a hydraulic station;
- ④The hydraulic machine will cool down when the operation is stopped or the operator is resting.
Excessive temperature rise will cause the following faults and adverse effects:
- ① The increase of oil temperature of the hydraulic machine will reduce the oil content and increase the leakage. The volumetric efficiency of the pump and the efficiency of the entire system will be significantly reduced by 16%. Due to the lowering of the pitch, the oil film of the 12%90 moving parts such as the slide valve becomes thinner and cut, and the frictional resistance 180 increases, which leads to increased wear and heat generation of the hydraulic machine, resulting in a 125% higher temperature rise;
- ②Hydraulic engine oil temperature is too high, which causes thermal deformation of the machine, and 100%-60 makes the gap between moving parts with different thermal expansion coefficients in hydraulic components become smaller and stuck, causing malfunctions and affecting the accuracy of hydraulic equipment. The quality of parts processing has deteriorated;
- ③High oil temperature of the hydraulic engine will also deform the rubber seals, premature aging and failure, reduce the service life, lose the sealing performance, and cause leakage. Leakage will cause further heat generation and temperature rise;
- ④ The high temperature of the hydraulic oil will accelerate the oxidation and deterioration of the oil, blast the precipitation of bituminous substances, and reduce the service life of the hydraulic oil. The precipitates block the damping orifice and the slit valve port, leading to failure of pressure regulation, unstable flow of the flow valve, stuck and non-reversing directional valve, elongation and bending of the metal pipe, or even rupture. | https://cnctraining.cn/the-solution-to-the-high-temperature-of-the-hydraulic-oil-of-the-four-column-hydraulic-press/ |
Soaring temperatures is a usual sight in the months of May and June in most parts of India. Heat waves are running across the northern states of the country including some of central and southern parts too, commonly known as westerly winds originating from Sindh province of Pakistan. Temperatures are up to a maximum of 50˚C in some parts whereas in others it revolves around the 40˚C mark. The spiking temperatures along with constant power cuts and water shortages are proving to be a tough pill for people. People are suffering with severe dehydration leading to deaths in some cases.
The Greenhouse effect globally has led to the heating up of surroundings near us. There has been a gradual increase in the temperature of Indian states on an annual basis. According to weather experts and environmentalists, this year also the temperature has increased by 2˚-3˚C on an average. Most of the Indian cities are experiencing temperatures above 40˚C. This has forced people to stay indoors during daytime. Along with the increasing level of mercury people are suffering with water shortages and power cuts in most of the villages and cities across the country.
The weather has taken a huge toll on people living in North India as well as parts of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Odisha. It has claimed over 1,100 lives during past two-three weeks. Even the asphalt pedestrian crossings have melted in some roads of capital New Delhi. Most affected by the heat wave are the elderly, homeless or the construction workers who are forced to work out in these rising temperatures. The main causes of deaths are usually dehydration and heating up of surroundings abnormally.
The meteorological department has stated that southern parts of country might receive the annual monsoon rains in coming days which would bring huge relief. It will take few more weeks for these rains to reach northern India, which will be most awaited in order to get rid of above normal temperatures. The authorities have taken up awareness programmes through television and other media advising people not stay outdoors without protective gear, drinking water and other self-protective measures. Several NGOs’ have set up drinking water camps in towns and villages across country to reduce the effect of dehydration in people. Hopefully the much awaited monsoon showers will reduce temperatures and suffering individuals across the country in weeks to come. | https://www.thetimesofworld.com/heat-wave-across-india/ |
Ocean currents re-distribute heat, circulate water and regulate the temperature of Earth. Learn more about the effects of ocean currents on the Earth's climate, their types, and factors that affect these ocean currents in this HelpSaveNature article.
... that one of the causes for the Titanic to sink is ocean currents. The Labrador current, a cold current which passes through the west coast of Greenland, frequently carries icebergs that block the ship transport routes in the North Atlantic Ocean. It was one such iceberg that caused the Titanic disaster.
Ocean currents play a major role in the distribution of heat, nutrients, water and salt around the globe. The moisture content of a region gets affected by a change in the ocean currents. They help in the formation of clouds and rain. Trade winds are formed when air which is heated over the oceans, gets lighter and is replaced by the dense cold air. In the same way, the gap created by the cold air is replaced by the warm air and an equal distribution of warm and cold air takes place. These winds and ocean currents together drive, change and affect the climate and weather across the planet.
Surface Currents : These are currents that occur around the top 400 meters of the ocean and constitute about 10% of the water of the oceans. They mainly arise due to flowing of winds on the ocean surface and are affected by tides, gravity and other atmospheric conditions.
Deep Water Currents : These water currents are a result of the motion of water that occurs below 400 meters from the ocean water level and constitute 90% of the ocean. They arise, and are impacted by change in temperatures as well as density of water.
These currents are affected by various factors that include salinity differences, temperature and heat variations, rotation of the Earth, etc. The gravitational pull of the moon and sun causes tidal currents that also influence the ocean currents. Ocean currents govern and affect the climate of the Earth in ways discussed below.
Surface currents are driven by trade winds which create huge circular currents called 'gyres', in the oceans. The rotation of the earth causes a deflection of these gyres as well as winds to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and towards left in the Southern Hemisphere. This is called the Coriolis effect which causes the currents to move in a circular motion.
Surface currents are affected by the temperature of the water. There is an unusual heating of the water of the Pacific ocean every 2 to 12 years that causes a disturbance in the weather pattern of the region. This variations in ocean water temperature causes extreme weather conditions that are discussed below.
The El Nino and La Nina phenomena are collectively called El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
➥ An El Nino event is caused as a result of queer heating of the Pacific ocean water that affects the climate of the globe. It causes heavy rains, storms and floods along the American coast and its counter-effect which is severe drought is experienced along the Australian coast.
➥ A La Nina event is the opposite of an El Nino event. The warming of water occurs in the western Pacific region near Northern Australia. This causes cold temperatures as well as drought like conditions in east Pacific i.e. the mid-western U.S. and wet conditions in Australia. There is a possibility of increase in the number of tropical cyclones during a La Nina event. On the other side of the globe, a La Nina event proves beneficial for the south-west monsoon in India.
➥ ENSO events may also alter atmospheric pressures, winds, formation of clouds, temperature and humidity across various regions of the planet.
The deep water currents or thermohaline circulation of water is also called the Global Conveyor Belt. It takes almost 1000 years for it to complete one cycle around the planet.
These events occur as a result of the temperature and salinity difference which drive the global conveyor belt. Water, as compared to air and land, takes longer to heat up as well as cool down. The water that warms up gets lighter, and is replaced by the denser cold water. This is called upwelling. The void created by the cold water is filled again by warm water through downwelling. This upwelling and downwelling of water causes the distribution of nutrients in the ocean.
➥ The global conveyor belt is important for the circulation of carbon dioxide and other nutrients required for the growth of algae that form the basis of the food chain.
➥ The conveyor belt is very sensitive to the differences in temperature and salinity and has changed course or shut down many times in the past. This has caused dramatic changes in temperature, dust-levels, winds, glacier formations over many regions of Earth.
➥ According to meteorologists, if the global conveyor belt stops, then there will be a severe increase in the formation of glaciers and it will start an ice age on Earth.
The shape of the Earth causes oceans to heat unevenly. The equator receives direct heat from the sun's rays and warms up quickly. On the other hand, as you go towards the poles, the suns rays are slanted and the temperature gets colder. This unequal distribution and differences in temperatures would have made Earth uninhabitable. However, because of ocean currents there is an equal distribution of heat across the globe.
➥ For example, the Gulf stream warms up northwest Europe as it carries warm water from the Gulf of Mexico to the North Atlantic Ocean. If we compare the temperatures of the regions at same latitudes in Europe and North America, the difference becomes obvious. Bodo, Norway, experiences an average temperature of -2°C in January and 14°C in July whereas Nome, Alaska located at the same latitude has -15°C in January and 10°C in July.
➥ If the Gulf stream stops, Europe will experience extreme cold temperatures and may also experience a small ice age. The winter temperatures in UK will fall down further by about 5°C which will have an adverse impact on the country's agriculture, economy and wildlife.
➥ The coastal areas experience little fluctuations in day and night temperatures as a result of ocean currents.
➥ About 98% of the sun's heat is absorbed by the oceans. Since the sun's rays are perpendicular to the equator, the areas around it receive the maximum amount of the sun's radiation. Whereas at the poles, the slanting sun's rays causes the uneven heating of the water.
➥ The water that warms up evaporates, and is released back into the atmosphere. The tropics, thus release tremendous amount of heat and water vapor back into the atmosphere. This released heat acts as a driving force behind the atmospheric circulation of air as well as water, and formation of winds, rains and storms.
➥ Global warming melts the ice at the poles which dumps huge amounts of freshwater in the oceans affecting the salinity of the water. This cold water dilution affects the flow of warm ocean currents over certain regions. This is proven by a study of the North Atlantic that reflects the reduction of the Gulf Stream current by about 30%. Thus, climate change causes alteration of the ocean currents which in turn affects the climate. It is a vicious circle that has no end.
➥ Global Warming may stop the thermohaline circulation and have devastating consequences on the nutrient and carbon dioxide cycle of the Earth.
Winds, precipitation, temperature, storms, weather patterns, hurricanes, etc., are all regulated by ocean currents. It won't be an exaggeration to say that Earth is habitable because of ocean currents. Hence, it is important that we curb the anthropogenic activities that can have destructive effects on the Earth's climate before it gets too late. | https://helpsavenature.com/effects-of-ocean-currents-on-earths-climate |
Portfolio management highlights from George Soros’ Alchemy of Finance – Chapter 1: The Theory of Reflexivity. In part 1, Soros discusses the concept of price equilibrium, supply and demand, and why market prices fluctuate.
Intrinsic Value
“The concept of an equilibrium is very useful. It allows us to focus on the final outcome rather than on the process that leads up to it. But the concept is also very deceptive…Equilibrium itself has rarely been observed in real life-market prices have a notorious habit of fluctuating. The process that can be observed is supposed to move toward an equilibrium. Why is it that the equilibrium is never reached? It is true that market participants adjust to market prices but they may be adjusting to a constantly moving target…
…modern economists resorted to an ingenious device: they insisted that the demand and supply curves should be taken as given…They argued that the task of economics is to study the relationship between supply and demand and not either by itself. Demand may be a suitable subject for psychologists, supply may be the province of engineers or management scientists; both are beyond the scope of economics. Therefore, both must be taken as given.
Yet, if we stop to ask what it means that the conditions of supply and demand are independently given, it is clear that an additional assumption has been introduced. Otherwise, where would those curves come from? We are dealing with an assumption disguised as a methodological device…
The shape of the supply and demand curves cannot be taken as independently given, because both of them incorporate the participants’ expectations about events that are shaped by their own expectations.
Nowhere is the role of expectations more clearly visible than in financial markets. Buy and sell decisions are based on expectations about future prices, and future prices, in turn, are contingent on present buy and sell decisions. To speak of supply and demand as if they were determined by forces that are independent of the market participants’ expectations is quite misleading. | http://www.pmjar.com/?p=1931 |
ECON1: The Fundamentals of Economics
Fundamental vocabulary and concepts for Microeconomics. Discusses scarcity, trade-offs, equity vs. efficiency, economic models, the differences between economies (central, market, mixed), and key economic ideas. Answer the Three Fundamental Questions of Economics.
ECON1: Elasticity and its Application
Overview of Price Elasticity of Demand and what influences it. Breaks down the definitions of price elasticity of demand and supply. Also breakdown the formulas associated with the price elasticity of demand as well as the midpoint formula, which is commonly used. Discusses the differences between elastic and inelastic goods.
ECON1: Quantitative Demand Supply Analysis
Discusses the equilibrium conditions of Competitive Markets. Talks upon the definitions of producer and consumer surpluses. Introduces the equations necessary to find Producer and Consumer Surplus and how to calculate it.
ECON1: Profits, Prices, and Costs Under Competition
Introduction to basic Microeconomic equations including: Price Elasticity of Demand, Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost, Total Revenue, and Profit. Discusses when firms should enter and exit the market and why zero profits (normal profits) are important. Speaks upon the First Invisible-Hand Property by Adam Smith and how Perfectly Competitive Markets work. Includes multiple graphs depicting Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost, Elasticity, and Perfectly Competitive Markets. Also explain Average Cost and profit maximization.
ECON1: Supply & Demand, Efficiency, and Opportunity Cost
The basics of Supply & Demand, Efficiency, and Opportunity Costs. Full of scenarios and examples showing the effects of the Invisible Hand Theory by Adam Smith. Includes the differences between Consumer and Supplier Surpluses, how efficiency vs. equity change the economy, and explains contrasts between implicit and explicit costs.
ECON1: Comparative and Absolute Advantage
Definitions and explanations of the Microeconomic terms of Comparative and Absolute Advantage. Also touches on the importance of Specialization and how Free Trade can benefit both buyer and seller in a Market Economy. | https://www.stuvia.co.za/course/university-of-california-santa-barbara/econ1 |
There is a correlation between inflation and house prices - in fact there are correlations between inflation and any good with a limited supply. To illustrate, consider an economy that has a money supply of only $10 and five identical houses in the whole economy. Each house would be priced at $2 (assuming no other goods in the economy). Now, suppose the central bank decides to print more money and the money supply expands to $20. Now each house would be priced at $4. In this simplistic example, increasing money supply causes inflation and house prices to increase.
In the real economy, there are a lot more factors that affect house prices and the correlation is not as prominent as in our example. One of the other major factors that causes house prices to increase is interest rates. When interest rates are low, buying homes can be more affordable for home buyers and increase the demand for homes. If the supply of homes remains constant and the demand increases, then the prices of homes will increase. In large cities where land availability is often limited, you can see a more pronounced effect of inflation. (For more on inflation take a look at our tutorial on Inflation.)
This question was answered by Joseph Nguyen.
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- What Are Market Conditions?
- Types Of Market Conditions
- Market Forces
- The Participant Effect On Market Prices
- Conclusion
- FAQs
What Are Market Conditions?
Market conditions are the situation of an economy, industry, or nation. This term is often used in the stock market or the real estate market. Market conditions could either be favorable or unfavorable, and this explains volatility and stability.
Market conditions can also be referred to as the economic situation of an industry, business, or investment market. A favorable condition would give room for economic growth, potential investors, and lots more. An unfavorable condition makes the market difficult to navigate.
Also Read: Everything About Credit Spread
Types Of Market Conditions
Market conditions can be categorized into various types. These types explain the situation of prices in various markets.
Trending market
In a trending market, the prices change and move in a particular trend direction for a period of time. This direction is determined by the factors affecting market conditions. There are two types of trending markets.
Uptrend
This is a market situation where prices keep increasing or going up. These price movements could be strong or weak. Strong uptrends are rapid increases in prices. While weak uptrends are slow and gradual increases in price.
Downtrend
This is the direct opposite of an uptrend. A downtrend is when there is a consistent fall in price. It could be caused by many factors. A downtrend can be denoted by lower lows and higher lows.
Ranging market
This is a market condition where prices just move sideways. In a ranging market, price just bounces off support and resistance. There is no clear direction in a ranging market.
Market Forces
There are some major factors influencing the condition of a market. Activities carried out by these factors affect the trends of the market. These factors include:
Supply and Demand (Invisible Hands)
The available supply and quantity demand are the main factors affecting the general prices of goods and services. A change in supply or demand can directly affect the prices of products, services, currencies, and other investments.
If demand for a commodity remains constant or decreases, and the supply increases for that same commodity. The price of the commodity would fall.
In a case where supply is reduced and demand increases, the price of that commodity would increase. Individuals, businesses, and the money system as a whole are all affected by supply and demand. Supply is determined by a tangible product in some markets such as real estate markets.
Government Policies
Government policies are the main factors that companies, investors, realtors, or any other market participant (buyers and sellers) monitor.
The fiscal and monetary policies adopted by the government or central bank always play a major role in market conditions.
By using monetary policies to change interest rates, the government can control the speed of economic growth.
The government can use fiscal policies to change government spending. This can be used to improve employment, create new jobs, change a trend, and control prices.
International Transactions
The exchange of funds between countries affects the value of a nation’s currency and its economy. An economy weakens as money leaves that economy. Balancing international transactions keeps the currency of a country stable.
Speculation and Expectation
Consumers, investors, and officials all have various expectations about where the economy will head in the future, which influences how they act today. Speculation and expectation are essential components of the financial sector.
Future action expectations are influenced by present actions, which impact both present and future trends. Sentiment indicators are often used to assess how specific types of people feel about the present state of the economy. These indications, together with other types of fundamental and technical research, can establish a bias.
The Participant Effect On Market Prices
The research and positions established by traders and investors based on knowledge about government policies like interest rates and foreign transactions generate conjecture about where prices will move.
When a large number of individuals agree on a single course of action, the market enters a long-term trend. Market players who are incorrect in their assessments can perpetuate trends. When they are compelled to leave losing positions, this forces trading prices to move further in the current direction.
Conclusion
The situation of the market is a very important factor to consider for traders and investors. It can dictate as much as your investment period in a certain industry, taxes, mortgage rate, and lots more. Investors should always apply market fundamentals to their trading activities. Knowing the situation of things before including money, would make your business more profitable. There are a lot of buyers and sellers, an analysis of their activity would further improve your trading decision.
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FAQs
How do you identify market conditions?
The market is divided into two types. They are trends and ranges. A trend might signal greater highs or lower lows. Lower lows and lower highs are frequently used to characterize downtrends. When prices trade between their upper and lower values, this is referred to as a range.
What are market conditions economics?
The word “market circumstances” refers to the situation of an organization. It is commonly used in real estate markets that look unpredictable or unstable. They give several clues about how many individuals act.
What are normal market conditions?
This is when prices remain stable for a long period of time. There is low volatility, quotations remain constant. This condition must have past acceptance and potential general acceptance.
What are interest rates?
An interest rate is the percentage of a sum lent or borrowed, to be paid periodically. An interest rate is a percentage that indicates how quickly a sum of money will increase over time. Governments and the Central Bank use interest rates to control the growth of an economy.
What is Market Presence?
Marketing presence is the signal your company sends to its prospects and customers. The message should be clear and straightforward, and it should include the essential traits and additional resources you want linked with your company. | https://www.asiaforexmentor.com/market-conditions/ |
The British Alfred Marshall (1842-1924) was a prominent economist considered to be the founder of the neoclassical school. A versatile man, he developed his career as a teacher, addressing disciplines such as Economics, Philosophy and Mathematics.
Trained at Merchant Taylor’s School and Saint John’s College, Marshall ended up developing his professional career as a teacher. In his time as a professor, he went through such prestigious universities as Saint John’s College, University College of Bristol, the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford.
He began studying an area of knowledge such as Ethics, which was framed in the field of Philosophy. However, Marshall would end up making the leap to economics, becoming a leading economist. In fact, his work had an enormous influence on his time, having among his students Arthur Pigou and John Maynard Keynes, who, in the end, would also be famous economists.
Regarding his influences, it is worth noting that he was inspired by economists such as David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill, ideas that he also complemented with the works of the marginalists Leon Walras and Carl Menger.
It should not be forgotten that Marshall is at the origin of the so-called “welfare economy”. And it is that, Marshall firmly believed that the great purpose of the economy was to end poverty.
Alfred Marshall and price formation
The main object of study of the neoclassicals was the way in which prices were determined. Marshall stated that in order to understand the functioning of the market system, it was necessary to analyze the behavior of producers and consumers.
Thus, Alfred Marshall viewed demand as a table showing the relationships between price and quantity. However, for purchases to increase, a decrease in prices was necessary.
For their part, consumers had to choose between various goods and try to maximize their utility. In other words, consumers have to spend in such a way that they cannot increase their satisfaction with other possible combinations of goods.
However, demand alone does not explain the formation of prices. It is here, according to Alfred Marshall, the offer came into play. For entrepreneurs, as production increased, costs increased.
Entrepreneurs, trying to get the maximum profit, will fight to reduce costs. Therefore, they will seek to obtain the combinations of factors at the lowest cost to obtain a desired level of production.
We can conclude that, according to Alfred Marshall, demand was determined by marginal utility and supply was determined by production costs.
The study of elasticity
A fundamental concept in economics that we owe to Marshall is elasticity. Thanks to the study of elasticity, it is possible to know how a variation in prices can affect the quantity demanded. In this case, we would be facing what is known as the price elasticity of demand.
In the study of elasticity, Marshall would include the condition “ceteris paribus”, which means that, if one variable changes, the others will remain constant.
On the other hand, the cross elasticity of demand can also be studied. In other words, it is possible to know how the variation in the price of one good influences the quantity demanded of another good.
Finally, the demand-income elasticity, allowed to know to what extent changes in income affect the quantity demanded of a certain good.
Other contributions to the economy
Marshall also brought new terms to economics, complementary goods and substitute goods. In this way, complementary goods are those that are used together to meet a need. On the contrary, substitute goods are those that can replace another good in order to cover the same need.
Consumer surplus deserves special attention, which is the difference between the total utility that we obtain from a good or service and its market price.
As regards the factors of production, traditionally they were considered to be three: land, labor and capital, but Marshall added the so-called "entrepreneurial initiative", which is responsible for coordinating, organizing and promoting the previous three. In other words, without entrepreneurship there can be no economic activity.
Marshall's method for the study of economics
Marshall viewed Mathematics as an economic language. Moreover, Mathematics should be used as a tool that would allow solving the questions posed by the Economy.
Likewise, he defended that the economic texts be written and translated into the English language.
Finally, looking for a more practical economy that would respond to the problems of society, he argued that research in economics should be accompanied by examples that took place in the real world. | https://goka-finance.com/historia-biografia-alfred-LLP |
An economic stabilizing factor is any system and practice in economics that reduces the volatility of the business cycle by offsetting the effect on disposable income (disposable income). The most important automatic stabilizers include unemployment compensation and other transfer payment programs, agricultural price support, and household and business savings.
The ultimate goal of studying economic instability, including production, employment, and price volatility, is to provide the basis for stabilization policies—that is, the systematic use of fiscal and monetary policy to improve economic performance. Therefore, the main task is to explain how price, production and employment levels are determined, to make predictions about changes in these variables at a more practical level – predictions on which stabilization policy can be based.
Keynesian analysis
Of course, issues of economic stability and instability have always been a concern of economists. But, as an area of private investigation, it emerged most powerfully at the confluence of two developments in the decade of the Great Depression of the 1930s. One is the development of national income statistics; The other is a reorientation of theoretical thinking, often referred to as the “Keynesian revolution”.
To understand why the theoretical contributions of John Maynard Keynes are so important for most of the twentieth century, one must study how modern economics works. This economy includes millions of people who engage in millions of different activities; These activities include the production, distribution and consumption of the various goods and services provided by the modern economy.
Some economic units are large and have senior managers and other managerial specialists who coordinate the productive activities of thousands of people. Apart from these relatively small islands of coordinated and pre-planned activities, most of the population is pursuing their many economic tasks without any carelessness.
It is like a very complex and ever-changing puzzle that is constantly being solved and solved by the market system. The breakdown of coordination of activity that occurred in the Great Depression of the 1930s was very rare—in fact, it only occurred once on such a scale—otherwise the regulatory system would not have been sustainable. The method of solving economic problems without thinking has been a major topic of broad economic theory since the days of British economist Adam Smith (1723-1790).
Coordination issues
If you select a particular household out of millions of economic units and study it over a period of time, you can budget the transactions of that household. The budget will appear as a long list of sales and purchase amounts. If one day this economic unit tried to do something different than what it already did (for example, buy less meat to buy another pair of shoes), the solution to the economic puzzle would be very different. At prices at that time, the supply of meat would outpace demand, and the demand for shoes would outpace supply.
Keynes’ view was, rightly or wrongly, that if the economy is to function as a coordinated system, the activity of each economic unit must be controlled in some way—and quite precisely. This is achieved through price incentives. By raising the price of one commodity (relative to the prices of all other commodities), any economic unit can generally demand less or supply more of it; By lowering the price, it can increase demand or reduce supply. Through price convergence, individual units are directed to adapt their activities to the general puzzle of market demand and supply. An organized market system cannot function if economic units cannot be controlled in this way.
So Keynesians believe that in any given situation, there is in theory only one price list that would make the puzzle right. However, the number of different goods that economic units choose to offer or demand in any given price list depends on many factors, all of which can change over time: the size of the population and the labor force; stock of material resources, technological and business skills; the “taste” of some consumer goods; and attitudes towards spending and saving, leisure and work, etc.
Government policies – tax and spending rates, welfare policies, money supply and debt – are also among the determinants of supply and demand. Any change in any of these determinants means that the list of prices that were previously balanced between all the different markets must change accordingly. If prices are ‘rigid’, the system cannot adapt and coordination collapses.
price flexibility
In order to maintain (or restore) the coordination of activity when the economy is disturbed by changes in these determinants, there is more: each individual price must move in the direction of restoring equilibrium. The necessity of adjusting prices in certain directions can be expressed as a condition of communication. In one extreme form: in order for a particular economic unit to plan its activities so that it “intertwines” with the activities of other units, it must know the intentions of everyone else in the system. When the fundamental determinants of market supply and demand change due to systemic imbalances, subsequent price movements must convey the required information to all concerned.
For example, one might assume that during a period of political crisis, supplies of crude oil from the Middle East were cut off. The immediate result will be a massive increase in global demand for oil and petroleum products – that is, supply will be much less than demand at current prices. At the same time, those who earn income from oil production in the Middle East will have less income, and excess supply will appear in the market to buy goods that those incomes were previously used to buy.
To adjust the system, orders must be made to all claimants to reduce oil consumption and to all other oil suppliers to increase production, bridging the gap between supply and demand. In fact, this is a consequence of rising world prices for oil and petroleum products – millions of users of gasoline and heating oil around the world will deal with the crisis of rising prices, which will also create profit incentives to increase supply. In a similar way, lower prices will fill the gap in the market where the initial turmoil increased supply).
Prices that are not fixed for institutional reasons will vary with increased demand and excess supply. When supply exceeds demand, frustrated buyers raise prices; And when supply exceeds demand, unsuccessful suppliers reduce supply. This mechanism solves the oil demand increase problem in the above chart. However, the question is whether, as a whole, it will always push every price towards a general equilibrium value.
No, Keynes said. He stressed that in some cases excess orders (or supplies) may not be reported “effectively”, so while some prices are at unbalanced levels, the bidding process beyond these inappropriate levels will not start. It was the defect of the traditional idea of operating a price system that prompted Keynes to put forward the concept of ‘effective demand’.
For the pre-Keynesian economists, the implicit distinction between “effective” and (assumed) “inefficient” demand has no analytical meaning. The logic of conventional economic theory raises two possibilities that could make the price system ineffective: (1) In some markets, neither demanders nor suppliers respond to price incentives so that the ‘gap’ between supply and demand cannot be bridged. Adjusted prices and (2), for various institutional reasons in some markets, prices are “rigid” and will not budge from competitive pressures of excess demand or excess supply. Keynes identified a third possibility, which he said is responsible for the depth and duration of a severe depression: under certain conditions, even some prices may not change even if the willingness to buy and sell in the respective markets is inconsistent. Although there is no institutional reason to fix the price.
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The position of the demand curve will shift to the left or right following a change in an underlying determinant of demand. Increases in demand are shown by a shift to the right in the demand curve. A shift in demand to the right means an increase in the quantity demanded at every price.
In economics , a demand curve is a graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity the y -axis and the quantity of that commodity that is demanded at that price the x -axis. Demand curves may be used to model the price-quantity relationship for an individual consumer an individual demand curve , or more commonly for all consumers in a particular market a market demand curve. It has generally been assumed that demand curves are downward-sloping, as shown in the adjacent image. This is because of the law of demand : for most goods, the quantity demanded will decrease in response to an increase in price, and will increase in response to a decrease in price.
Change In Demand
In this course, we've discussed fundamental concepts in economics - supply and demand. Hopefully the forces that cause changes in supply and demand aren't mysterious anymore. Let's recap. The law of demand describes the behavior of buyers. In general, people will demand - that is buy - more of a good or service at lower prices than at higher prices. When this relationship is graphed, the result is a demand curve.
Demand curve
Economics 1 Reading Shifts in Aggregate Demand and Supply. Why should I choose AnalystNotes? AnalystNotes specializes in helping candidates pass. Find out more. Subject 5.
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How demand and supply determine market price
So long we have examined how markets work when the only factor that influences demand and supply is the price of the commodity under consideration. We may now relax the assumption in order to see how changes in the conditions of supply and demand i. Each curve can shift either to the right or to the left. A rightward shift refers to an increase in demand or supply.
Price is dependent on the interaction between demand and supply components of a market. Demand and supply represent the willingness of consumers and producers to engage in buying and selling. An exchange of a product takes place when buyers and sellers can agree upon a price.
A change in demand refers to a shift in the entire demand curve, which is caused by a variety of factors preferences, income, prices of substitutes and complements, expectations, population, etc. In this case, the entire demand curve moves left or right:. Figure 1.
ГЛАВА 59 Сьюзан протянула руку, и коммандер Стратмор помог ей подняться по лестнице в помещение шифровалки. А перед глазами у нее стоял образ Фила Чатрукьяна, его искалеченного и обгоревшего тела, распростертого на генераторах, а из головы не выходила мысль о Хейле, притаившемся в лабиринтах шифровалки. Правда открылась со всей очевидностью: Хейл столкнул Чатрукьяна. Нетвердой походкой Сьюзан подошла к главному выходу- двери, через которую она вошла сюда несколько часов. Отчаянное нажатие на кнопки неосвещенной панели ничего не дало: массивная дверь не поддалась.
Я же сказала вам, что ревела навзрыд, опоздав на самолет. Он перевел взгляд на слова, нацарапанные на ее руке. Она смутилась. - Боже, вы, кажется, сумели прочесть. Он посмотрел еще внимательнее. | https://marianaslibrary.org/and-pdf/1036-shift-in-demand-and-supply-pdf-181-719.php |
D is the measure of the movement along the existing demand curve when the quantity demanded changes. There is a shift in the supply curve that is responsible for this change in price. The supply curve is also affected by shifters such as taxes, production costs, and technology, which are responsible for a change in supply.
Table of contents
What Shifts Demand And Supply?
Changes in tastes, population, income, prices of substitute goods, and expectations about future conditions and prices can affect the demand curve for goods and services, causing a different quantity to be demanded at any given price.
What Are The 5 Reasons Demand Would Shift?
In order for a demand curve to shift, five factors must occur: income, trends and tastes, prices of related goods, expectations, and the size and composition of the population must change. In the following paragraphs, we will examine each of them in more detail.
What Are The 6 Factors That Shift Demand?
What Causes Demand To Shift Economics?
In addition to tastes and preferences, the composition or size of the population, prices of related goods, and even expectations, there are other factors that affect demand. Changes in any one of the underlying factors that determine how much people are willing to pay at a given price will result in a shift in demand.
How Does Supply And Demand Affect Microeconomics?
Supply and demand for goods and services are fundamental economic principles that lead to price reductions. In contrast, when demand increases and supply remains the same, a higher equilibrium price is generated and vice versa. In equilibrium, supply and demand rise and fall at the same time.
What Is Supply And Demand Microeconomics?
A relationship between the quantity of a commodity that producers wish to sell at various prices and the quantity that consumers wish to buy, as measured in economics. Price determination is a major part of economic theory using this model.
Does A Shift In Demand Cause A Shift In Supply?
It’s important to remember that a change in quantity demanded is always the result of a shift in the supply curve, as shown in the following chart. The demand curve always shifts when a supply curve moves along it, so a change in quantity supplied is always a result of that shift.
What Are Examples Of The 5 Shifters Of Demand?
What Are The 5 Determinants Of Demand?
Prices of goods or services, income of buyers, the price of related goods, the preference of buyers, and the population of buyers are five of the most common determinants of demand.
What Are The 5 Shifters Of Supply?
Prices of factors of production, returns from alternative activities, technology, seller expectations, natural events, and the number of sellers are some of the supply shifters. The all-other-than-change conditions behind the original supply curve are no longer in place when these other variables change.
What Are The 6 Factors Of Supply?
What Are The 6 Non-price Determinants Of Demand?
What Are The 5 Shifters Of Demand In Economics?
In economics, quantity demanded (qD) is determined by five factors: price, buyer income, price of related goods, consumer tastes, and any consumer expectations of future supply and price. As these factors change, so does the quantity demanded.
What Causes The Demand To Shift Right?
The demand curve shifts to the right when there is an increase in demand. There are a number of reasons why this happens, including an increase in income, a rise in the price of a substitute, or a decline in the price of a complement. | https://www.ictsd.org/microeconomics-what-shifts-demand-and-supply/ |
Economics, put simply, is the study of shortages – supply vs. demand. As the demand for a product or service rises, the price of those goods or services will tend to rise. Alternatively, if the provider of those goods or services tries to flood the market with those goods or services, the price will tend to decline as the supply outpaces the demand. The supply and demand model works for all goods and services including stocks, bonds, real estate, and money.
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Class 11 Economics NCERT Textbook Solutions - Free PDF download
Class 11 Economics is a crucial subject that has been added to the curriculum for students who might be interested in the field. It is one such subject that has great value and importance in everyday life. The primary purpose of studying economics is to learn about the production and consumption of products and services. It also deals with how they are distributed in the markets. The study not only includes the products and services but also the demand and supply for them.
Studying economics is very important, especially to understand and analyse the business decisions made by the firms. This includes individual scales and also government-level projects. As an individual, learning this subject will make us aware of how to spend on work, our entertainment and leisure time, and at the same time how to save it. While, from a business point of view or an individual viewpoint, we would also understand how trends, inflation, and interests affect our decision-making ability.
Class 11 Economics introduces students to several significant concepts of demand, supply, market mechanism, and banking systems fundamental for understanding critical concepts that determine the mechanism of both micro and macroeconomic factors.
Microeconomics is the study of prices for goods and services based on the allocation of resources and human choices. Macroeconomics studies economics as a whole, in a large entity. This would include growth rate, domestic production, and also inflation.
In this regard, NCERT Solutions for Economics Class 11 provide critical insights to the nuances of important chapters like liberalisation, privatisation, globalisation, sustainable development, etc. which help students clarify important economic concepts and gain adequate knowledge about the basics of the subject. Furthermore, the NCERT 11th Economics is curated by scholars and CBSE teachers and therefore adequately caters to the requirements of the syllabus and question pattern.
1. Which are the Important Topics for Class 11 Economics?
The important topics for class 11 economics that the student must study in detail are meaning and difference of micro and macroeconomic concepts, consumer equilibrium, meaning of utility, the concept of marginal utility, market structure, the mechanism of demand and supply, demand and supply curve, the meaning of and factors affecting elasticity of demand.
Apart from this, students also need to learn producer behaviour and supply chain, the concept of short-run and long-run production, average product, marginal product, supply curve and producer equilibrium.
2. What is Meant by Sustainable Development?
The concept of sustainable development is a critical notion that is meant to define the process by which a country manages its production without causing depletion in the country’s natural resources and bringing about environmental degradation.
This process largely follows a series of development that ensures a sustained increase in the per-capita income of a country, coupled with rational use of raw materials and natural resources. It uses strategies like the use of a non-conventional source of energy like a hydro power plant, or use of LPG for increasing energy efficiency as well as reducing environmental pollution.
3. How Helpful is NCERT Economics Class 11 Solutions?
The NCERT solution for Class 11 is extremely helpful for students preparing for the board examinations. The solutions provide a detailed definition of crucial economic concepts like marginal utility, demand and supply, etc. so that the student can effectively learn the basics.
These solutions also provide a diagrammatic explanation to elucidate on topics related to increase and decrease in demand and its mutual effect on the economic transaction and gross income of a country. The Solutions also helps students to understand the concept of supply chain and factors that affect the supply chain through statistical and diagrammatic analysis.
4. What is Economics all about Class 11?
The Economics syllabus for Class 11 provides critical insight into the details of important concepts such as privatisation, liberalisation, globalisation, sustainability, etc. This helps students clarify the important concepts in Economics to gain proper knowledge of the fundamentals of this subject. To have an effective understanding of the vast syllabus of Class 11 Economics, it is imperative to go through the NCERT solutions by Vedantu which are guaranteed to help you to understand the concepts easily and clearly. Curated by experts in the field, this PDF is free to download, meaning you can study from them at your comfort and convenience.
5. Is Economics hard in Class 11?
No, Economics for class 11 is not hard, but because a lot of new concepts are introduced, it is a good idea to refer to NCERT Solutions. These solutions offered by Vedantu are accurate and effective for exams and help the students to clear out the concepts with ease. The solutions provided by us are free and also available on the Vedantu Mobile app, making it much easier.
6. What is Economics Class 11 NCERT?
The Class 11 NCERT book for Economics covers the extensive details of every single chapter contained in the CBSE Syllabus for Economics in Commerce stream with the help of examples, diagrams as well as detailed analysis of highlighted topics. The notes and solutions provided are free and also available on the Vedantu Mobile app, making it much easier to learn and understand.
7. How many chapters are there in Economics in Class 11?
The syllabus of Economics in Class 11 consists of 10 chapters. They are:
Indian economy on the Eve of Independence PDF
Indian Economy (1950 – 1990) PDF
Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation: An Appraisal
Poverty
Human Capital Formation In India
Rural Development
Employment Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues
Infrastructure
Environment and Sustainable Development
Comparative Development Experiences of India and Its Neighbors
All of these Chapters have been covered in extensive detail in the Class 11 solutions for Economics available at Vedantu's website.
8. Which is the best book for Class 11 Economics?
There is no substitute to your NCERT book for Class 11 Economics because it is prepared according to the syllabus prescribed by CBSE. You can also download the NCERT Solutions PDF from Vedantu to get a good grip of all the topics and concepts in the book for even better results in Class 11. The solutions here are free of cost and also available on the Vedantu Mobile app. | https://www.vedantu.com/ncert-solutions/ncert-solutions-class-11-economics?utm_source=Homepage&utm_medium=Footer&utm_campaign=Homepage_VarB2&utm_content=Study_Materials |
Micro economic theory helps in understanding the working of free market economy.
It explains how the relative prices of various products & factors are determined and further explains why prices of these various products & factors are found different.
Also it explains the process of allocation of resources for the production of various goods & allocation of total production among the various consumers.
The knowledge of price theory is useful to businessman in deciding policies regarding the prices, cost of production, investment, attainment of maximum productivity etc. Also, with the-help of Micro Economics the businessman can estimate demand for his product.
It is useful to government in framing economic policies, Micro Economic analysis is useful in determining tax policy, public expenditure policy, price policy, efficient allocation of resources etc.
Many aspects of international trade like effects of tariff determination of exchange rate, gains from international trade etc. can be explained with the help of micro economic analysis. It is useful in public finance to analyse incidence and effect of particular tax.
Micro Economics builds simple model which helps us in understanding complex economic situations. Development of various terms, concepts, terminologies, tools of economic analysis is valuable contribution of Micro Economics to the science of economics.
Micro Economics examines the conditions of economic welfare. It explains how best results can be obtained through avoidance of wastage of resources.
Thus micro economic analysis has great theoretical and practical importance. | https://www.omtexclasses.com/2017/12/importance-and-usefulness-of-micro_26.html |
PORTAGE PARK — Plans to turn a long-vacant former bank building in the Six Corners Shopping District into a grocery store are in limbo as the owner and Ald. John Arena (45th) debate whether the original building — and the historic theater inside — can be salvaged.
Mike Bousis, owner of Cermak Fresh Market, bought the vacant Bank of America building at 4901 W. Irving Park Road in April and announced plans to turn it into a full-scale grocery store featuring ethnic foods, a full-service bakery and prepared food.
The project would require a change in the property's zoning and the alderman's support.
But now Bousis said he is reconsidering his original plan to tear down both the former bank building and a single-story store he owns next to build the new supermarket. Arena is pushing him to save the theater so it can be part of the burgeoning arts and entertainment district at Six Corners, Bousis said.
"We're trying to make the numbers work," Bousis said. "We're giving it our best shot."
However, Bousis is not sure it's possible to save the theater and open the full-service grocer he has planned — and he said he's prepared to wait out the alderman if necessary.
"We can wait until the next [aldermanic] election," Bousis said. "Arena only won by 30 votes."
Arena has not announced whether he plans to run for re-election in 2015, nor has anyone else announced plans to challenge him.
Arena described his working relationship with Bousis and his representatives as "very productive" and said he and Bousis share the same goal of returning the property to active use, one that could energize Six Corners.
Still, Arena said it makes sense to exhaust every possibility before demolishing the 300-seat theater on the second floor of the bank building, which was once home to the Northwest Chicago Film Society. Movies were shown there from 1971 to 2010, and the theater became an institution on the far Northwest Side famous for its incongruous location inside a bank branch.
"We want development that fits," Arena said. "A theater would be great."
A city-commissioned master plan, completed in January, said efforts to revitalize the area around Irving Park Road and Cicero and Milwaukee avenues, which was once Chicago's premier shopping district outside the Loop, hinge on the redevelopment of the building, which has been vacant since 2011.
During that time, vandals stole some of the seats from the theater and ripped out copper wiring. In April, Bousis said the damage was too great to repair.
Arena said he understands the financial constraints Bousis is under — and the need for any project to make financial sense.
Bousis said he is now considering other locations in the general Six Corners area for the grocery store — since there would not be enough space to build the store and save the theater in the building.
"We want to expand our business, and we're in the grocery business," Bousis said.
In the end, it may not be possible to find another suitable piece of property in the area around Six Corners or nearby for a full-service grocery store like the one he wants to build, Bousis said.
The new store is expected to generate $30 million a year in sales, and employ between 150 and 200 people, he said.
"That's not a bad thing for the area, for the city," Bousis said. "How could [officials] say no to that?"
Bousis said he is prepared to demolish the buildings, fence off the property and let it sit vacant if Arena blocks the necessary zoning changes to build the grocery store.
"We'll just let it sit there," Bousis said. "That's not what we want to do. But if we have no other outs, that's what we'll do."
Bousis has not submitted a detailed redevelopment plan for the site — whether using the existing building or proposing a new structure to replace the nearly 63,500-square-foot building, which covers half a city block between Lamon and Lavergne avenues, to Arena's office, the first step in the city approvals process.
"All of this is conjecture at this point," Arena said, adding that he would submit any proposal to the community for input. "I plan to keep the conversation going."
Building a grocery store on the site would raise a number of issues, including the need to remove an alley, relocate utility equipment and accommodate the area's pedestrian overlay zoning district, which is designed to protect walkable shopping districts.
In addition, the property has both residential and commercial zoning designations, and is next to a residential area, and a grocery store could cause conflict, Arena said. | https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20131014/portage-park/grocery-planned-for-six-corners-limbo-as-alderman-tries-save-theater/ |
Saturday January 21, 2017
Predicted 4-Park Crowd Level: 6.
Predicted Combined 4-Park Average Wait Time: 115 minutes.
Actual 4-Park Crowd Level: 8.
Actual Combined 4-Park Average Wait Time: 148 minutes.
Weather: High of 82 and low of 63. No precipitation. A nice day with strong winds and rain predicted for the next day.
The crowd calendar predicted above average crowds over the weekend, but wait times were significantly higher than expected on Saturday. The main culprit is likely the tornado warning and promise of heavy wind and rain on Sunday pushing more people to visit on Saturday. Obviously, if you’re living in the area and your options are a sunny day or a day that you potentially risk death, the majority of people are going to go with the nice weather. But even though wait times were considerably higher, attendance was only about 8% higher than predicted. We can probably blame the higher waits on staffing levels that were too low to deal with the influx of people. Luckily, while the wait times at the non-recommended Parks were considerably higher than predicted, the 43-minute average wait at Hollywood Studios, the most-recommended Park, was only three minutes longer than predicted.
I’ve also seen a few questions about what the “Predicted 4-Park Average Wait Time” number means. If you look at the January 2017 crowd calendar and scroll down to any date, you’ll notice that each Park is assigned an average overall wait time for that day. That number is what I’m predicting the overall average wait time will be for a certain set of attractions over the course of the day. Combining the predicted averages for all four Parks nets us the combined average. Likewise, the Actual Combined 4-Park Average Wait Time does the same for the actual posted waits from that day. Those averages are the number in the lower right corner of each chart below. For example, the overall average for Animal Kingdom on 1/21/17 was 31 minutes.
Larger: https://i2.wp.com/easywdw.com/reports13/animal_kingdom_waits_january_21_2017.jpg
Animal Kingdom wait times have been consistently longest on Saturdays for a couple of reasons – namely the higher overall crowd level that we typically see on weekends and the morning Extra Magic Hour attracting a lot of Disney resort guests that arrived in the middle of the week rather than the weekend. We were expecting a 22-minute average and ended up with 31 minutes, in part due to inadequate staffing and in part due to a lot more people than expected visiting. It’s not like there was actually 75 minutes worth of people in line at Kilimanjaro Safaris at 5:45pm if both loading areas are operating and all vehicles are on the road. But the Park was not recommended and the high wait times show why.
Larger: https://i2.wp.com/easywdw.com/reports13/epcot_waits_january_21_2017.jpg
The website predicted 25 minutes at Epcot and got 31 minutes, in part due to about two hours of downtime at Test Track right off the bat pushing up wait times to 70+ minutes for most of the day. As I’ve mentioned before, attraction downtime increases standby waits as a similar number of FastPass+ users with priority are then returning into a shorter number of operating hours. That in turn pushes even more capacity to FastPass+, and few standby riders are admitted. Spaceship Earth also looks to be down for about four hours in the evening and while that doesn’t directly push wait times higher, the low evening waits at Spaceship Earth also don’t help reduce evening wait times. But this is otherwise about what we would expect given an above average crowd level.
Larger: https://i2.wp.com/easywdw.com/reports13/hollywood_studios_waits_january_21_2017.jpg
As I mentioned a couple of days ago, the Hollywood Studios predicted average wait times have to account for considerable attraction downtime because it’s so common. And because there aren’t enough other attractions to help “even it out,” that downtime has a considerable impact on standby waits. The crowd calendar predicted 40 minutes and we ended up with 43 minutes, in large part due to downtime and capacity problems at Tower of Terror pushing up the wait there over 100 minutes for a few hours in the morning. Rock ‘n’ Roller Coaster also briefly sees downtime and capacity problems around 1pm, which pushes up wait times to 80+ minutes for much of the day. But Star Tours and The Great Movie Ride seeing reasonable waits is a good indication of average crowds and Toy Story Mania’s 44 minutes is just two minutes above average. It’s a doable day, though obviously the capacity problems cause some issues on the ground.
Larger: https://i2.wp.com/easywdw.com/reports13/magic_kingdom_waits_january_21_2017.jpg
Magic Kingdom is actually going to be recommended on more Saturdays than you might expect moving forward, including most during spring break. This was not one of those Saturdays, but the 43-minute average is still considerably higher than the 28 minutes expected. This can be attributed directly to the expected storms on Sunday as few people want rain and wind in their Cinderella Castle family photos. Things are pretty rough as these wait times rival what are historically much busier holidays.
As always, weather is something to keep in mind. The worse it’s expected to be, the more you want to consider going to Magic Kingdom. And the more prepared you need to be for heavier crowds on the surrounding days with nice weather. We’ll see if Sunday, with the afternoon tornado warnings, proves to be much less crowded. I’m thinking it will. | https://www.easywdw.com/easy/wait-times-recap/disney-world-wait-times-review-january-21-2017/ |
Basic Earned Value: What does it Mean?
04 April, 2014
Anyone who first met earned value management as part of their PMP® exam preparation course will probably have cursed it for giving them a whole list of formulae to remember. However, anyone who has tried to track a schedule and a budget will appreciate that it provides excellent insights into the health of a project at any given time.
If you recall from your PMP® course, earned value management revolves around three basic measures: (1) Earned Value – what you have done to date; (2) Planned Value – what you expected to have done to date and (3) the Actual Cost – what you have spent to date.
In planning, every activity is given a monetary value, reflecting the time it is estimated to take and the cost of the resources needed for completion. These values are then totalled together to give the project’s overall Planned Value. As activities are completed, their Planned Values are added to the project’s overall Earned Value. At the same time, of course, we need to track the budget and record all spending on the project as it happens.
The Earned Value figure is the critical one. This tells the project manager what we have completed to date. Depending on industry, this is calculated in different ways. In some situations, if an activity is 50% complete, 50% of the Planned Value is added to the Earned Value total. However, in other industries (software development comes to mind), where percentage complete figures are rarely accurate, no Earned Value is attributed until the activity is 100% finished.
At any point in time, the project manager can compare the Earned Value with the expected Planned Value at that time and also with the estimated budget. So for instance, our project is three months in and our baseline schedule suggests we should have €250,000 worth of work completed at this point. However, our Earned Value figure is €245,000 and our Actual Cost is €255,000! What does this mean?
Clearly, we have spent more money than we have earned and we have earned less than we had planned. Putting this more formally (as I’m sure you will have remembered from your PMP® exam days), the Schedule Variance is negative (Earned Value – Planned Value = €245,000 - €250,000 = -€5,000). The Cost Variance is also negative (Earned Value – Actual Cost = €250,000 - €255,000 = -€5,000).
These are extremely useful formulae to determine the project’s status at any given point in time. However, it is important for project managers to be aware of their limitations. For instance, how do we calculate the Actual Cost? Suppose, at the start of the month, a highly paid engineer spends five days working on an activity. Factoring in overheads, we have estimated these five days as costing €10,000. At the end of the week, the activity is 100% complete, so we can add €10,000 to the Earned Value total. However, should we also add €10,000 to our Actual Cost total, or should we wait until payday and add all the wage costs incurred by the project?
Similarly, if our project rents equipment or buys materials, do we increment the Actual Cost value as we consume resources, or wait until the invoices are paid? To make Earned Value Management anyway meaningful, the project manager should relate Actual Costs to activities. On completion of each activity, a total of resources used needs to be calculated and associated with the Earned Value. As an example, suppose our five days’ work (estimated at €10,000) actually takes seven days, we need to increment the Earned Value by €10,000 but the Actual Cost by €14,000. It is useful to associate the Actual Costs with individual activities, so we can identify where we are over- or under-spending.
Tracking the schedule also has caveats. The project is complete when the Earned Value equals the total Planned Value. While not mentioned on your PMP® course, what this means is that the Schedule Variance (remember Earned Value – Planned Value) will approach zero over time. Suppose our project is scheduled to finish at the end of December with a Planned Value of €1,000,000. At the end of the year the Earned Value is €950,000. This means that we are not finished; we have missed our deadline. However, we do complete by the end of January. So our final Schedule Variance is zero, because the Planned Value has not increased after the deadline.
At the end of the day, Earned Value Management is a powerful tool to track projects. However, you do need to be careful with it. Tie your costs into individual activities, in order to identify cost variances. Also, be aware that Schedule Variances will converge on zero towards the end of the project, making them less useful in seeing where things are. Another limitation with the Schedule Variance is that it is of no help in pin-pointing the causes of variance. For instance, the sequence of activities could mean that we are tackling the high-risk tasks first (e.g. exploring novel technologies), which are difficult to estimate.
The important thing for any project manager is to flag these variances. We have a tendency to be wildly optimistic and believe that we can make up time later on. It is much better to report schedule and budget slips as they happen. It will force you to consider corrective actions, as well as demonstrating that you are in control of the project.
Earned Value Management – both tracking and forecasting – is covered in our project management training courses. We hold our PMP® project management certification courses in Dublin, Cork, Limerick and Galway. Find out more by contacting us. | https://www.velopi.com/news/earned-value |
Mackenzie Vaughan Hospital will be Canada’s first smart hospital featuring fully integrated smart technology and medical devices that can exchange data with each other, patients, and medical care providers.
Unlike queuing at the grocery store, the queue in hospital emergency rooms is weighted and constantly changing. Our team was challenged to innovate the current checkin and queueing process in order to minimized waiting time, enhance the patient experience, and increase communication between the hospital and the patient.
We followed the Google Ventures Design Sprint methodology — working collaboratively to research, ideate, prototype, and validate our solution.
In order to better understand the patient’s check-in and queuing experience, we have surveyed 52 previous hospital patients. Using the results we were able to create a Customer Journey Map and identify key pain points. The Customer Journey Map was used to identify opportunities and potential gaps that can guide our ideation process.
Using Google Ventures Design Sprint methodology our team conducted a How Might We activity that allowed us to reframe problems as opportunities and focus our ideation process.
How might we reduce anxiety of waiting to be seen?
How might we make a more personal experience?
How might we make waiting ‘feel’ shorter?
Many times, we’re picking the first solution that comes to mind, this might be the best solution, but not always. Now that we understand the challenge and defined the strategy, our team used Crazy 8 in 5 technique to rapidly sketch and generate 8 potential solutions in 5 minutes.
Our team voted to prototype an egg-shaped object that provided patients a countdown of their remaining wait and access to wireless internet. Once we began storyboarding the experience things started to fall apart
Our storyboard helped us identify three major pitfalls in our current idea. First, someone would have to coordinate the assignment, collection, and sanitation of the eggs. Secondly, if a patient’s wait time suddenly increased they’d likely become frustrated and may complain to hospital staff. Third, burdening patients with carrying an additional object would be unacceptable — some may have injuries or disabilities.
When we returned to the drawing board a couple things were clear. We had to find a solution that wouldn’t disrupt current staff workflow, it had to communicate wait times clearly but without over-promising, and it had to be accessible to all visitors.
We began researching the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians’ (CAEP)triage implementation guidelines on levels of emergency to determine how the arrival of patients with critical injuries affects wait times. Then we had to simplify that information to communicate it to patients. As well as differentiate high-risk-high-priority patients from other patients to explain discrepancies in estimated and actual wait times. Once we had a better understanding of this we began mapping our user flow.
The Patient Egg overcomes communication barriers between patients and hospital staff by providing emergency room and urgent care patients with helpful information about their visit without requiring a nurse’s attention. It redirects time-related questions away from hospital staff by offering these answers on the machines. Patients who wish to know their estimated wait time or detailed information regarding their visits are able to receiving real-time information.
The kiosk itself consists of a screen component mounted on top of a metal pole allowing for a strong and durable design.
With our prototype in hand, we began our guerrilla usability testing. We recruited students studying digital art, biochemistry, biomedical science, and a masters student studying applied health science. This testing helped us identify opportunities to simplify our terminology, add expected interactions to the app, and clarify the concept and purpose of different parts of the interface for the second and final iteration of our product. | https://www.vladartym.com/project/mackenzie-health |
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