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Is So2 Polar
What kind of intermolecular force is zo2?
The relative strength of the four intermolecular forces is: ionic> hydrogen bond> dipole dipole> van der Waals dispersion forces. SO2 has a curved structure and a net dipole moment. It is therefore a polar molecule with dipolar forces.
What intermolecular power does sulfur dioxide show in the same way?
Since CO2 is a linear molecule, it is not polar and therefore the only force acting between the CO2 molecules is the London Dispersion Force, the weakest intermolecular attraction. Although SO2 is an angular and therefore polar molecule, the dipole-dipole interactions between its molecules interact with the London dispersion forces.
Does So2 also have a hydrogen bond?
SO2 cannot form hydrogen bonds because it is not hydrogen. The bonds are polar because S is slightly positive and O is slightly negative, so there are intermolecular bonds in them, but without hydrogen they are not classified as hydrogen bonds.
What is the strongest intermolecular force in so2 in this regard?
SO2 is a polar molecule. In general, dipole forces are stronger than LDF forces.
What does this have to do with so2?
SO2 has a bond angle of 120 degrees. A single sulfur atom is covalently bonded to two oxygen atoms. It causes the electron pairs to repel each other to form an angle of 120 degrees.Is
h2s a dipole?
H2S, H2Se and H2Te show dipolar intermolecular forces, while H2O has hydrogen bonds. C4H10 is a non-polar hydrocarbon molecule, so it has a dispersive power (42 electrons) and a stronger attraction than CO2 (Kp -0.5 ° C).
What is the strongest intermediate particle?
The strongest intermolecular attractions are the dipole-dipole interactions.
Is So2 a dipole-dipole force?
The relative forces of the four intermolecular forces are: Ionic> hydrogen bond> dipole dipole> van der Waals dispersion forces. SO2 has a curved structure and a net dipole moment. It is therefore a polar molecule with dipole dipole forces.
Is So2 a dipole?
The SO2 molecule has a dipole moment. This molecule does not have a permanent dipole moment (i.e. the dipole moment of CO2 is zero). This requires the molecule to be linear since oxygen is more electronegative than carbon and therefore C = O. The bond becomes polarized.
Is So2 polar or non-polar?
(Electrons on oxygen are not shown, but each has two pairs, as above, sulfur has no electrons). SO3 is non-polar and SO2 is polar due to the differences in substituents, but mainly due to geometry.
Is the CHCl3 dipole a dipole?
So for CHCl3 the molecule is tetrahedral, but the atoms around C are not all the same. Such polar molecules create dipole-dipole forces between them (the negative side of one molecule attracts the positive side of the other).
Is the dipole n2 a dipole?
(c) NH3: Hydrogen bond dominates (although there are also dispersion and dipole forces). (b) NO has a higher boiling point because it has dipole forces, while N2 has only dispersion forces. (c) H2Te has a higher boiling point than H2S. Both have dispersion and dipole-dipole forces.
What is the strongest intermolecular force in a substance?
Of all the substances used, water has the strongest intermolecular forces (hydrogen bonds). Glycerin and alcohol also have hydrogen bonds, but these intermolecular forces are somewhat weaker than in water.
Is HF capable of forming hydrogen bonds?
Hydrogen bonds are attractions between a hydrogen + hydrogen on one molecule and a single pair on a strongly electronegative atom (N, O or F) on another molecule. c) In HF each molecule has one + hydrogen and three single active pairs. Therefore, ammonia and HF can only form an average of two hydrogen bonds per molecule.
Which substance has the highest boiling point?
The chemical element with the lowest boiling point is helium and the element with the highest boiling point is tungsten.
Could CO2 form hydrogen bonds?
Molecules capable of hydrogen bonds have hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to strongly electronegative elements (O, N, F). CO2 can form hydrogen bonds with water, but its linear shape makes it a non-polar molecule. This means that carbon dioxide is less soluble in water than polar molecules.
Does HCl have dipole forces?
For example, HCl molecules have a dipolar moment because the hydrogen atom has a small positive charge and the chlorine atom has a small negative charge. Due to the attraction between oppositely charged particles, there is a small dipole-dipole attraction between neighboring HCl molecules.
Is the so2 curved or linear?
Carbon dioxide is linear while sulfur dioxide is curved (V shape). In addition to the two double bonds, there is also a solitary pair on the sulfur in sulfur dioxide. To minimize repulsion, the double bonds and single pairs separate as much as possible, then the molecule is folded.
What kind of bond is NaCl? | https://howtodiscuss.com/t/is-so2-polar/97990 |
Since N2 is a symmetric molecule without a net electric dipole moment, N2 is not polar. 2020-01-14 · Summary – Polar vs. Nonpolar Solvents. We can divide solvents mainly into two categories as polar solvents and nonpolar solvents. The key difference between polar and nonpolar solvents is that polar solvents dissolve polar compounds, whereas nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar compounds. Reference: 1. “Polar Solvent.” Nonpolar molecules are considered as pure covalent bonds because they only show covalent nature unlike nonpolar molecules which also show little ionic behavior.
What good is this? The polarity of a molecule will tell you a lot about its solubility, boiling point, etc. when you compare it to other similar molecules. Re: Polar or Non-polar Post by GabrielGarciaDiscussion1i » Thu Nov 16, 2017 10:53 pm On the topic of the polarity as a whole, CCl2 would be considered non-polar because the electronegativity vectors cancel out but be careful because, as seen on the midterm, there is a distinction between the overall polarity and the polarity of the individual If the molecular weight of polar and non polar molecules are comparable then the polar molecules will have higher boiling point because the have dipole-dipole interaction,whereas in nonpolar molecule we find induced dipole -induced dipole interact Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent, or covalent: The bond in CsCl; the bond in H2S; and the NN bond in H2NNH2. A. covalent / polar covalent / ionic B. polar covalent / ionic / covalent C. ionic / polar covalent / covalent D. ionic / covalent / ionic The difference between polar and non-polar molecules is the final charge caused by the covalent bond. Polar molecules will have an excess charge due to the imbalance of the electronegativity of the atoms forming the bond that creates a difference of charge in the poles of the molecule. There are many things that determine whether something is polar or nonpolar, such as the chemical structure of the molecule.
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bonds the bond energy increases at a rate greater than the multiple of the N–N single bond energy. The bond which of the following linear molecules is a nonpolar molecule containing polar bonds? H-C=N between C and N are three lines. O=C=O H-Cl N=N between N Such a covalent bond is polar, and will have a dipole (one end is positive and the Methane is essentially non-acidic, since the C–H bond is nearly non-polar. Rank the following bonded pairs from least polar to most polar. a.
Nonpolar molecules occur when electrons are shared equal between atoms of a diatomic molecule or when polar bonds in a larger molecule cancel each other out. Answer to: Is NH4+ polar or nonpolar? By signing up, you'll get thousands of step-by-step solutions to your homework questions. You can also ask
2020-01-31 · Step 2: Identify each bond as either polar or nonpolar. (If the difference in electronegativity for the atoms in a bond is greater than 0.4, we consider the bond polar. If the difference in electronegativity is less than 0.4, the bond is essentially nonpolar.) If there are no polar bonds, the molecule is nonpolar. Polar or nonpolar?
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Polar. Charged. Perodicity in sequence (period ov 3-4 residues) can produce) amphiphilic helix. Helical wheel diagram. Strongly amphiphilic alpha closed-ring cyclic hemiketal form of the drug in non-polar environments, e.g.
However, if two atoms differ in electronegativity, the bond is said to be polar. Interactions between non-polar surfaces in water: Focus on talc, pitch and surface roughness effects. VIVECA WALLQVIST.
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I All N-O bonds are polar bonds with more electron density on the oxygen atom. is less than half the energy of a triple bond and N-N bonds are quite weak. The N-Br bonds are polar, but I think N2Br4 has C2h symmetry, so the molecule would be non-polar.
NNR101M10010X12.5F PDF Datasheet,Non-Polar Aluminum
Other nonpolar molecules include carbon dioxide (CO 2) and the organic molecules methane (CH 4), toluene, and gasoline. Most carbon compounds are nonpolar. While non-polar molecules are held together by weak london dispersion forces,polar molecules are held together by drong dipole dipole interaction.
If you want to quickly find the word you want to search, use Ctrl + F, then type the word you want to search. List molecules polar and non polar. Molecules polar. 1-butanol. Silicon dioxide is a silicon oxide made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens. | https://investeringarpzhrxqs.netlify.app/98180/73119.html |
In a molecule, atoms are connected by covalent bonds that result from overlap of atomic orbitals. Molecules can consist of a small or large number of atoms and may involve all the same kind or a dozen different kinds of atoms. The atoms can be connected by bonds in a variety of different ways, so there is a broad range of different molecular structures. Thus, there are many things a chemist needs to know about a molecule:
- What kinds of atoms and how many of each are in the molecule?
- Which atoms are bonded to which other atoms?
- What are the bond lengths between atoms?
- How strong are the bonds?
- What are the angles between the bonds?
- How are the atoms arranged in three-dimensional space?
- What kinds of attractions are there between molecules?
- How strong are the attractions between molecules?
- Are there noncovalent attractive forces within a large molecule, holding one part of the molecule to another?
At this point we have introduced the first four of these, using molecular formulas, Lewis structures, atomic radii/bond lengths, and bond enthalpies. For example, in a water molecule, the molecular formula H2O indicates that there are two H atoms and one O atom. A Lewis structure, H–O–H shows that both H atoms are bonded to the O atom. The O–H bond length (94 pm) and bond enthalpy (467 kJ/mol) verify that the bonds are strong—separating the atoms is difficult.
But there is more to a water molecule than that. A ball-and-stick or space-filling model shows that the angle between the two O–H bonds is 104.5°—somewhat more than a right angle. Angles larger or smaller than 104.5° result in higher energy (lower stability). As a result of the shape and type of atoms in the water molecule, there are stronger forces between water molecules than between methane (CH4) molecules, although both contain the same number of electrons.
As the number of atoms in a molecule increases the last four factors in the list above become more and more important. You will learn about them throughout this Unit, beginning with additional properties of chemical bonds in the next sections.
D9.2 Bond Polarity
If the two atoms that form a covalent bond are identical, as in H2 or Cl2, then the electrons in the bond must be shared equally between the two atoms. In a pure covalent bond, shared electrons have an equal probability of being near each nucleus.
On the other hand, if the two atoms are different, they may have different attractions for the shared electrons. When the bonding electrons are attracted by one atom more than the other atom the bond is called a polar covalent bond. For example, in HCl, the Cl atom attracts the bonding pair of electrons more than the H atom does, and electron density of the H–Cl bond is shifted toward the chlorine atom. Quantum mechanics calculations show that the chlorine atom, which has 17 protons, has electron density equivalent to 17.28 electrons and therefore a partial negative charge, δ– = −0.28. The hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge, δ+ = +0.28.
This unequal distribution of electron density on two bonded atoms produces a bond dipole moment, the magnitude of which is represented by µ (Greek letter mu). The dipole moment is equal to:
μ = Qr
where Q is the magnitude of the partial charges (for HCl this is 0.28 times the charge of an electron) and r is the distance between the charges (the bond length). Bond dipole moments are measured in units of debyes (D); 1 D = 3.336 × 10-30 coulomb meter.
The bond dipole moment has both direction and magnitude and can be represented as a vector (Figure 3). A dipole vector is drawn as an arrow, with the arrowhead pointing to the partially negative end, and a small + sign on the partially positive end. The length of the arrow is proportional to the magnitude of the dipole moment.
D9.3 Electronegativity
The polarity of a covalent bond is determined by the difference between the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Electronegativity (EN) is the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract bonding electron density. Thus, in a bond, the more electronegative atom is the one with the δ− charge.
The greater the difference in electronegativity between two bonded atoms is, the larger the shift of electron density in the bond toward the more electronegative atom is. Greater electronegativity difference, greater Δ(EN), gives larger partial charges on the atoms. Electronegativity values for most elements are shown in the periodic table in Activity 1; they also are tabulated in the appendix.
Electronegativity, Electron Affinity, and Ionization Energy
These three properties are all associated with an atom gaining/losing electrons. Electron affinity and ionization energy are experimentally measurable physical quantities.
Electron affinity (EA) is the energy change when an isolated gas-phase atom acquires an electron; it is usually expressed in kJ/mol.
Ionization energy (IE) is the energy that must be transferred to an isolated gas-phase atom to remove an electron; it is also typically expressed in kJ/mol.
Electronegativity describes how strongly an atom attracts electron density in a bond. It is calculated, not measured, has an arbitrary relative scale, and has no units.
Electronegativity and Bond Type
The difference in electronegativity, Δ(EN), of two bonded atoms provides a rough estimate of polarity of the bond, and thus of the bond type. When Δ(EN) is very small (or zero), the bond is covalent and nonpolar. When Δ(EN) is large, the bond is polar covalent or ionic. (In a joined pair of ions, such as Na+Cl−, there is nearly complete transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another to produce a positive ion and a negative ion. The Na+ and Cl− ions form a dipole with δ+ approximately equal to +1 and δ− approximately −1.)
Δ(EN) spans a continuous scale and serves as a general guide; there is no definitive cutoff that defines a bond type. For example, HF has Δ(EN) = 1.8 and is considered a polar covalent molecule. On the other hand, NaI has a Δ(EN) of 1.7 but forms an ionic compound. When considering the covalent or ionic character of a bond, you should also take into account the types of atoms involved and their relative positions in the periodic table. Bonds between two nonmetals are usually described as covalent; bonding between a metal and a nonmetal is often ionic.
Some compounds contain both covalent and ionic bonds. For example, potassium nitrate, KNO3, contains the K+ cation and the polyatomic NO3− anion, which has covalent bonds between N and O.
Exercise 1: Polarity and Electronegativity Difference
Exercise 2: Bond Polarity and Electronegativity
D9.4 Formal Charge
It is useful to consider how valence electrons are distributed in a molecule. Formal charge, the charge an atom would have if the electron density in the bonds were equally shared between the atoms, is one way to do this. For each atom in a Lewis structure, half of the electrons in bonds are assigned to the atom, and all lone-pair electrons (which are not shared with other atoms) are assigned to the atom.
An atom’s formal charge is calculated as the difference between its number of valence electrons (in the unbonded, free atom) and its assigned number of electrons in the molecule:
- If the assigned number of electrons equals the number of valence electrons, the atom has zero formal charge.
- If the assigned number of electrons exceeds the number of valence electrons, the atom has a negative formal charge.
- If the assigned number of electrons is less than the number of valence electrons, the atom has a positive formal charge.
Because formal charge counts all valence electrons in a molecule, the sum of the formal charges of all the atoms in a molecule or ion must equal the actual charge of the molecule or ion.
The formal charge for any given atom is not the same as its actual partial charge, such as those calculated in Section D9.2 above. This is because formal-charge calculations assume all covalent bonds are nonpolar, which is seldom the case except for homonuclear molecules.
Exercise 3: Formal Charge from Lewis Structure
Exercise 4: Formal Charge from Lewis Structure
Using Formal Charge to Predict the Most Likely Lewis Structure
While formal charges do not portray the true electron density distribution within a molecule, they nonetheless account for electron arrangement in a Lewis structure in units of a whole electron. Therefore, if following the steps for drawing Lewis structures lead to more than one possible arrangement of electrons and/or atoms for a given molecule, formal charges can help to decide which arrangement is likely to be the most stable, and hence the most likely Lewis structure for the given molecule.
- For an uncharged molecule, a Lewis structure in which all atoms have a formal charge of zero is preferable.
- The fewer atoms with nonzero formal charges, the better.
- The smaller the magnitude of the formal charges, the better.
- A Lewis structure with formal charges of the same sign (both + or both −) on adjacent atoms is less likely.
- Lewis structures with negative formal charges on more electronegative atoms are preferable.
For example, consider these three possible Lewis structures of carbon dioxide, CO2:
All structures have octets on each atom, but the structure on the left is preferable because all atoms have zero formal charge. The structure on the right is least likely because of the larger formal charges.
Exercise 5: Formal Charge and Lewis Structure
D9.5 Resonance Structures
In a single Lewis structure, a pair of electrons can only be depicted as shared between two atoms or localized to a single atom. However, as mentioned in Section D6.3, the molecular orbitals of a polyatomic molecule often span the entire molecule. For example, such delocalized electron distributions in π bonds can have a direct effect on molecular properties and chemical reactivity. Therefore, it is important to be able to use Lewis structures to indicate electron delocalization.
For example, two Lewis structures can be drawn for the nitrite anion, NO2−, both of which satisfy the guidelines for the best Lewis structure for NO2‾:
Note that in these two Lewis structures, each of the three atoms is in the same position. The difference is in the location of electrons. In other words, these two Lewis structures convey the idea that the π bond may be between left O and central N or between central N and right O.
If the NO2‾ molecule were correctly described by either one of the Lewis structures, we would expect one N-O bond to be longer than the other. However, experiments show that both bonds in NO2− are the same length. Moreover, the bonds are longer than a N=O double bond and shorter than a N-O single bond. Hence, neither Lewis structure is a correct depiction of the actual molecule, and the best representation of NO2− is an average of these two Lewis structures.
When the actual distribution of electrons is a weighted average of a set of Lewis structures, those Lewis structures are called resonance structures. The actual electronic structure of the molecule (the average of the resonance forms) is called a resonance hybrid. A double-headed arrow between Lewis structures indicates that resonance structures are being depicted:
A molecule does not fluctuate between resonance structures; rather, the actual electronic structure is always the weighted average of the resonance structures. In other words, a single Lewis structure is insufficient to correctly represent the molecule (a shortcoming of a simple diagram), and a set of resonance structures (a resonance hybrid) is a better representation of electron density distribution in the molecule.
In the specific case of NO2‾, the two resonance structures above are needed to correctly depict two π-bond electrons that are delocalized over the entire molecule (click on the image below for a rotatable 3D view of the π molecular orbital occupied by these two electrons):
The carbonate anion, CO32−, provides another example of insufficiency of a single Lewis structure and the need for a set of resonance structures:
Experiments show that all three C–O bonds are exactly the same. In other words, the two electrons in the π bond are delocalized over the entire molecule, as opposed to being only between one oxygen atom and the carbon atom.
To summarize, in a single Lewis structure, bonding (σ or π) is always between two atoms. Hence, two or more Lewis structures are needed to properly describe a molecule with delocalized electrons (spread over three or more atoms). When drawing a set of resonance structures:
- Each resonance structure should have the same number of electrons.
- Total formal charge is a useful tool for checking the number of electrons.
- Between resonance structures, atom locations are fixed: only the electrons move.
- The skeleton structure of the molecule remains the same in all resonance structures.
- However, you can draw a set of resonance structures in any perspective. For example, you could also draw the CO32− resonance structures as
- Double-headed arrows between Lewis structures communicate that what is drawn is a set of resonance structures.
In NO2‾, the two major resonance structures contribute equally to the resonance hybrid. Similarly, the three major resonance structures of CO32− contribute equally to the resonance hybrid. However, it is possible for some structures in a resonance hybrid to be more important than others. For example, consider these three resonance structures of cyanate ion (OCN–):
The atoms in each resonance structure have a full octet, but they differ in their formal charges. This implies that certain electron arrangements may be a bit more stable than others, and hence they do not contribute equally to the resonance hybrid.
From the formal-charge rules, we can estimate that the resonance structure on the right would contribute the least; that arrangement of electrons is the least stable of the three. The resonance structure on the left would contribute more than the middle structure because it has the -1 formal charge on the more electronegative O atom. (For OCN–, high level quantum mechanics calculations show that the left structure contributes 61% to the resonance hybrid, the middle structure contributes 30%, and the right resonance structure contributes only 4%.)
D9.6 Aromatic Molecules
Benzene, C6H6, is representative of a large number of aromatic compounds. These compounds contain ring structures and exhibit bonding that must be described using resonance structures. The resonance structures for benzene are:
All six C-C bonds are equivalent and exhibit bond lengths that are intermediate between those of a C–C single bond and a C=C double bond.
The chemical reactivity of aromatic compounds differs from the reactivity of alkenes. For example, aromatic compounds do not undergo addition reactions. Instead, with the aid of a catalyst, they can undergo substitution reactions where one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a substituent: another atom or group of atoms. A substitution reaction leaves the delocalized double bonds intact.
D9.7 Valence Bond Theory
Lewis structures are easy-to-draw, planar representations of bonding in molecules. They help us to figure out and think about which atoms are bonded to which and whether bonds are single or multiple. However, by default, they do not represent the 3D geometry of a molecule, nor the molecular orbitals (MOs) that determine electron-density distributions.
You have probably used VSEPR to predict the 3D shapes of molecules. VSEPR involves counting electron regions (pairs) around a central atom, assuming that electron regions repel and stay as far apart as possible, and bonding terminal atoms to electron regions. VSEPR is often good at predicting the arrangement of bonds around an atom, and it is OK to use it to predict idealized linear, trigonal planar, and tetrahedral arrangements of bonds that you will encounter in this course, but VSEPR has significant limitations:
- VSEPR has little or no basis in modern quantum theory; you have just spent significant time studying quantum theory and we want you to be able to use that experience.
- It is often difficult to apply VSEPR to molecules described by two or more resonance structures (that is, molecules with delocalized electrons). Thus VSEPR makes it more difficult to understand many molecular structures—for example, structures of protein molecules.
- VSEPR assumes that lone pairs occupy more space than bond pairs, but there is no evidence, experimental or theoretical, to support that assumption; in fact, there is some evidence to the contrary.
- VSEPR assumes that all lone pairs are equivalent, but there is experimental evidence that they are not. For example, the two lone pairs in a water molecule do not have the same ionization energy and do not have equivalent probability distributions (Journal of Chemical Education 1987, Vol. 64, pp 124-128.).
- VSEPR often cannot explain relative bond angles. For example, why is the H-P-H angle in PH3 93.5° while the H-N-H angle in NH3 is 107.5°? (If the decrease in bond angle from the tetrahedral angle of 109.5° to 107.5° for NH3 is due to a “fatter” lone pair, why does the angle decrease so much more for the larger P atom? A “fatter” lone pair should be less likely to repel the other bonds because they are farther apart.)
For these reasons, VSEPR is a model that has limited applicability. In this course we will use a better model—valence bond theory—which is consistent with modern quantum theory, makes more accurate and more comprehensive predictions than VSEPR, and is a better basis for understanding more advanced bonding topics. If you want to, it is OK to use VSEPR to predict idealized shapes, but applying the ideas presented in this section and sections D10.1 through D10.6 will allow you to describe structures with delocalized electrons better and predict bond angles more accurately.
Valence bond theory is a model that focuses on the formation of individual chemical bonds, such as the formation of a σ bond between two atoms within a polyatomic molecule. Like molecular orbital theory, valence bond theory deals with how atomic orbitals (AOs) change and combine when a molecule forms, but instead of forming MOs that span the whole molecule, valence bond theory combines valence orbitals of each atom individually so that the combination gives stronger bonding in specific directions. Hence, valence bond theory allows us to derive idealized 3D geometries for molecules based only on their Lewis structures, without having to perform any computation.
Valence bond theory uses the extent of orbital overlap to infer the strengths of chemical bonds: greater overlap leads to bonds that are stronger and hence a molecule that is more stable. For a given atom in a molecule, overlap with orbitals on other atoms can be greater when some or all of the atom’s AOs form hybrid orbitals. Hybrid orbitals are combinations of valence atomic orbitals that emphasize concentration of electron density in specific directions. A hybrid orbital’s greater electron density in a specific direction provides greater overlap with an orbital from another atom when forming a σ bond.
For an example of how orbital hybridization works, consider combining a single 2s AO with a single 2p AO, both on the same atom (Figure 4). The 2s AO is spherically symmetric, so it has the same phase (mathematical sign) on either side of the nucleus, but the 2p AO changes sign at the nucleus. Thus, on one side of the nucleus, the 2s and 2p AOs are in phase, while on the other side they are out of phase.
If we add the two AOs, the new hybrid orbital will be larger on the side where the AOs are in phase and smaller on the other side where the AOs are out of phase. If we subtract them, the resultant hybrid orbital will be larger on the side where the AOs are out of phase and smaller where they are in phase. Hence, from one 2s AO and one 2p AO, we can derive two sp hybrid orbitals.
Activity 3: Orbital Hybridization
Day 9 Pre-class Podia Problem: Covalent Bonds
1. Consider these chemical bonds:
C–H C=C C–C C–Br C–F
Choose a pair of bonds from the list, predict which is longer, and write an explanation of your prediction.
Choose a pair of bonds from the list, predict which is stronger, and write an explanation of your prediction.
Choose a pair of bonds from the list, predict which is more polar, and write an explanation of your prediction.
2. NO is a molecule with an odd number of electrons. Write a Lewis structure for NO. Are there resonance structures? Is one resonance structure more dominant than another? If so, identify the more dominant structure and explain why it is more dominant.
Two days before the next whole-class session, this Podia question will become live on Podia, where you can submit your answer. | https://wisc.pb.unizin.org/chem109fall2021ver02/chapter/day-9/ |
Plants adapted on a still freshwater habitat
Plants in the freshwater community provide a means of food for herbivores and harness new energy into the community as a whole via photosynthesis from available sunlight. Plants are usually the pioneers of a new ecosystem, and therefore a bustling freshwater environment will have an abundance of plants.
The ecological niche alongside the still water banks is occupied by plants called hydroseres, which are partially, or totally submerged by water along the banks. Some of these hydroseres are rooted in the water, though some of their leaves penetrate the water surface, while others float on the surface, one side in contact with the water, the other side in contact with the open-air environment. In essence, hydroseres possess evolutionary adaptations and dithering respiration rates from land plants that have allowed them to adapt to live in such an environment. Such evolutionary adaptations in plants ha meant that their physical structure has changed to suit the environment, and therefore making freshwater plants distinctly unique in appearance.
An example of these adaptations is the lack of rigid structures in freshwater plants. This is due to the density of the water (much higher than that of an open-air environment), which ‘pushes’ against the plant in its daily life. This allows such plants to be more flexible against oncoming water tides and prevents damage to the plant.
As plants require a minimum concentration of gases in their diet such as carbon dioxide, they require a degree of buoyancy so that contact can be made with the open-air environment. Adaptations may include:
As these plants are either partially or totally submerged in water, their transpiration rate is very different from that of land plants. Such adaptations allow the freshwater community plants to cope with these conditions and thrive. However, alterations to the transpiration rate of these plants have proved essential, as without these adaptations they would not be able to maintain their water balance. This is continued on the next tutorial, though related information can be found in the Plant Water Regulation in the Adaptation tutorial.
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Naked mole-rats primarily eat the underground parts of plants. This includes tubers, roots, bulbs, corms, stolons, and rhizomes. It is also common for them to consume feces of their own or members of their colony. On rare occasions, they will consume bones.
Naked mole-rats are one of the fascinating creatures that not many people know about! These unique creatures live exclusively underground and may go their whole life without seeing the light of day.
What do naked mole-rats eat underground? Their diet is fascinating, as are their methods of finding and consuming food.
In this article, we’re going to delve deep into the full diet of a naked mole-rat and their unique feeding behaviors and adaptations.
What Do Naked Mole-Rats Eat?
Since the habitat of the naked mole-rat consists entirely of underground tunnels, the food available to them is limited. Naked mole-rats will almost feed entirely on plant matter. They also eat feces and bones.
Plants
Naked mole-rats rely on plants for their main source of nutrients and moisture. They only eat the underground portions of plants as they don’t emerge to the surface to forage.
The East African habitat of naked mole-rats is an arid region with low average rainfall. To adapt, plants in this ecosystem have diverse storage organs. These store nutrients and moisture to aid survival over the drier seasons.
Plant storage organs will vary based on the plant’s survival strategy. Each type will offer naked mole-rats different nutrients to make up a complete diet.
Plant storage organs include:
- Tubers
- Roots
- Bulbs
- Corms
- Stoloms
- Rhizomes
Feces
Naked mole-rats also eat the feces of their own species. They eat feces from:
- Themselves
- Other naked mole-rats workers
- The Queen
- Pups
Plant matter consumed by naked mole-rats is difficult to digest. These small animals possess symbiotic bacteria in their intestines to assist in the breakdown of cellulose, but often, there are still nutrients left in their feces. To take advantage of all the nutrients, they consume the feces of other colony members’ feces or their own.
Naked mole-rats eat the feces of the Queen to receive her reproductive hormones. In a naked mole-rat colony, the Queen is the only sexually mature female. She produces offspring, but she does not care for them herself.
When other colony members ingest the Queen’s hormones, the estrogen boost will stimulate them to care for the pups. Naked mole-rats who care for the pups consume the pups’ feces as they groom them.
Other Naked-Mole Rats
In rare events, naked mole-rats can be cannibalistic. Naked mole-rats are known to eat the pups of the colony. They do so to remove sick or weak pups so that strong pups can get more nutrients.
What Do Naked Mole-Rats Drink?
Naked mole-rats do not drink water. They gain all their water requirements from plant material. They are efficient at conserving body moisture, so they do not have high water requirements.
Naked mole-rats never come across any bodies of water in their underground habitat, so they are not presented with the opportunity to drink.
To obtain vital water requirements, naked mole-rats absorb moisture from plants in their diet.
Since the portion of plants they eat is storage organs, they often have high moisture levels. The naked mole-rat can meet all of its water needs this way.
Naked mole-rats have highly adapted kidneys. This means they are efficient in conserving water and can go a long time without any.
How Do Naked Mole-Rats Find Food?
Naked mole-rats find food by using their teeth to tunnel underground. Their developed sense of smell and touch help them locate roots and tubers to eat. Foragers will bring the food back to the colony for the others to consume.
Naked mole-rats are one of two mammal species that have a eusocial social structure. This means that they form cooperative groups with a division of labor and roles (just like ants and bees).
This structure means that only a few naked mole-rats workers of the colony forage and collect food to feed the entire colony.
Foragers use their large front teeth and strong jaws to tunnel through the ground in search of plants. A quarter of all their muscles are found in their jaws for this reason. They have unique lips that can close behind their teeth to prevent dirt from filling their mouth while digging.
Their excellent sense of smell and touch helps them identify food sources. When they find food they will do one of three things:
- Eat it on the spot
- Take a sample to the colony
- Store it away for later
If the discovered food is too large to be moved, the naked mole-rats will eat the root or tuber as it lies. They will often remove a sample and take it to the colony, and other naked mole-rats will follow their scent trail back to the food source.
Worker mole-rats will also take food back to the colony and deliver it to the Queen and weaning pups.
Excess food is collected and stored in a room within the tunnel system. This room is exclusively used for food storage. The entire colony can access it when required.
What Do Baby Naked Mole-Rats Eat?
Baby naked mole-rats are nourished by milk from their mother for approximately a month. They will then sample solid food in the form of roots and tubers. They also feed on the feces of their mother and other colony members.
Despite their strange eusocial behaviors, naked mole-rats are still mammals. Just like all mammals, the mother—the colony’s Queen— produce milk for her offspring. They will consume only milk for around a month.
When they begin to wean, they nibble on the same plant matter as the adults. This is brought to them by adult naked mole-rats, as the pups struggle to locate food independently.
Baby naked mole-rats also feed on the feces of their mother. Her feces are high in beneficial pheromones in the days after giving birth, which aids in brain development.
Additionally, baby naked mole-rats eat the feces of the other colony members to gain advantageous gut bacteria for digestion of the high fiber in their diet.
How Much Do Naked Mole-Rats Eat?
Food availability dictates how much naked mole-rats eat. They can alter their metabolism to survive when food is scarce. Their eating will also depend on environmental parameters such as oxygen levels and temperature.
There is no set amount of food that a naked mole-rat eats. Naked mole-rats have some extraordinary adaptations that they can use to adjust to food availability.
Due to their underground habitat, naked mole-rats often encounter areas of very low oxygen. In response, they lower their body temperature and metabolism to survive. During this period of lower metabolism, they eat much less as they don’t have the energy for digestion.
This adaptation is also helpful for periods of low food availability. By lowering their metabolism, they require less food to function. Their food consumption remains low after a period of no food in an attempt to conserve food resources.
Naked mole-rats are also one of few mammals that cannot internally thermoregulate. This is an energy-conserving adaptation as their habitat usually remains at a constant temperature.
In times of abnormal cold, naked mole-rats metabolism will slow, and they will consume only minimal amounts of food.
How Do Naked Mole-Rats Eat?
Naked mole-rats eat by using their large front teeth and powerful jaws. They can chew through the tough surfaces of roots and tubers. They conserve parts of the plant for regeneration as a long-term food source.
Naked mole-rats have a bite force that is 65% more powerful than expected for their size. This strong bite, combined with two sets of large front teeth, allows them to eat hard plant matter.
They can find and eat tubers up to 1,000 times their body weight. They chew through to the root’s flesh, leaving the skin intact so that the food source stays alive for longer. They leave the core of the root undamaged so that the organ can regenerate, allowing a single food source to feed a colony for months or even years.
Are Naked Mole-Rats Herbivores?
Yes, naked mole-rats are herbivores. They mainly eat plant matter in roots, tubers, and bulbs. They can be opportunistic omnivorous, occasionally eating bones.
The naked mole-rat functions on a diet that is exclusively plant-based. They gain all the nutrients they need from underground parts of plants and their own feces.
They can become opportunistic when food sources are hard to come by. They have been seen eating bones to supplement their diet.
Conclusion
Naked mole-rats are herbivores that sustain themselves on the underground parts of plants. They can be opportunistic, sometimes eating bones or each other. They also gain extra nutrients from eating their feces to reabsorb plant matter. | https://misfitanimals.com/mole-rats/what-do-naked-mole-rats-eat/ |
Types of Plant Organs • Vegetative organs: • Roots • Leaves • Stems • Reproductive organs: • Flowers • Fruit
Plant Body Systems • The plant body is organized into a root system and a shoot system: • Root system is generally below ground. • Shoot system consists of vertical stems, leaves, flowers, & fruit that contain seeds.
Roots • Absorb water & minerals • Anchor the plant • Storage (Some Roots)
Types of Roots Taproot Prop Root Fibrous Root
TAP ROOT • Seen in dicots. • The direct elongation of the radicle leads to the formation of primary root which grows inside the soil. • It bears lateral roots of several orders that are referred to as secondary, tertiary, etc. roots. • The primary roots and its branches constitute the tap root system
FIBROUS ROOT • In monocotyledonous plants, the primary root is short lived and is replaced by a large number of roots. • These roots originate from the base of the stem and constitute the fibrous root system
ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS • In some plants, like grass, Monstera and the banyan tree, roots arise from parts of the plant other than the radicle and are called adventitious roots.
Regions of the Root • The root is covered at the apex by a thimble-like structure called the root cap. It protects the tender apex of the root as it makes its way through the soil. • A few millimetres above the root cap is the region of meristematic activity. The cells of this region are very small, thin-walled and with dense protoplasm. They divide repeatedly. • The cells proximal to this region undergo rapid elongation and enlargement and are responsible for the growth of the root in length. This region is called the region of elongation. The cells of the elongation zone gradually differentiate and mature. • The zone proximal to region of elongation, is called the region of maturation. From this region some of the epidermal cells form very fine and delicate, thread-like structures called root hairs. These root hairs absorb water and minerals from the soil.
Modifications of Root 1.STORAGE ROOTS: i) Adventitious roots become tuberous in sweet potato. ii)Tap root modified for storage become swollen with food material and depending on the shape of the storage roots , they are described as follows: a)CONICAL –Eg. Carrot b)FUSIFORM: Eg. Raddish c)NAPIFORM- Eg.Beetroot,turnip D)TUBROUUS-Eg. Mirabilis
Fleshy Tap Roots • Carrots, beets, and radishes are examples of plants forming fleshy tap roots. Carrots
Tuberous Roots • Sweet potato is an example of a tuberous root. A sweet potato is a tuberous root
Tuberous Roots • Dahlias are perennial bedding plants that form tuberous roots. Dahlia
2. STILT ROOT • These are adventitious roots which arise in cluster from the basal nodes just above the ground Eg. Maize, sugar cane, pandanus. Pandanus
Prop roots such as these inspired flying buttresses. Pandanus utilis - screw pine
Prop Roots • Massive pillar like outgrowths of aerial branches , which grow downwards and become large and woody. • Banyan
Pneumatophore • Rhizophora plants have pneumatophores. • They are negatively geotrophic. Grow upwards • Does respiration Mangrove plants
Stems • Stems are the part of the plant from which the shoots and buds arise. • Arises from plumule. • Stems (and leaves) are the most conspicuous and diverse organs of plants: • Trunk of a tree • Stem of a flower
Structure of Stems • A stem is a collection of integrated tissues arranged as nodes and internodes. • Nodes: regions where leaves attach to stems • Internodes: parts of stems between nodes
Functions of Stems • Stems perform important functions: • Support leaves, flowers, & fruits • Produce carbohydrates • Store materials • Transport water and minerals • Protection/Defense • Anchorage
DIVERSE FORMS OF STEMS • UNDERGROUND STEMS • RHIZOME • BULB • CORM • TUBER • SUB-AERIAL STEMS • RUNNER,SUCKER,STOLON, OFFSET • AERIAL STEM • TENDRIL,THORN,PHYLLOCADE,CLADODE.
Tubers • A tuber is an underground stem that stores food. • potato is a tuber because it has nodes (eyes) which produce new shoots. Potato is a tuber
Corms • A corm is a swollen, vertical stem with a papery covering. • Gladiolus and Crocus are examples of plants that form corms. Crocus corms
Bulbs • A shortened underground bud in which fleshy storage leaves are attached to a short stem. • Bulbs are rounded and are covered with paper-like bud scales, which are actually modified leaves! • Examples: • Onions • Garlic • Tulips • Daffodils
Rhizomes • Rhizomes are: • underground stems. • horizontally-growing. • produce shoots and adventitious roots. Iris rhizome
Runners • Horizontal, above ground stems that grow along the ground’s surface and are characterized by long internodes. • Buds develop along the stolon and give rise to new plants that root in the ground. • Examples: • Strawberry • Nut grass
SUCKER • It is a branch arising from the basal ans underground part of main stem • Grows horizontally for a short distance under the soil and emerges obliquely above the ground and bears a leafy shoot.
STOLON • It is a slender , lateral branch that arises from the base of the main stem. • Aerial branch arches downwards to touch the ground. • Eg. Jasmine.
OFFSET • A lateral branch with short internodes and each node bearing a rosette of leaves and a tuft of roots is found. • Eg. in aquatic plants like Pistia and Eichhornia
Tendrils • Stem tendrils which develop from axillary buds, are slender and spirally coiled and help plants to climb . • Examples: • gourds (cucumber, pumpkins, watermelon) • grapevines.
Thorns • Modified stems that protect plants from grazing animals. • Example Citrus, Bougainvillea
Phylloclade • Phylloclade are: • Above ground stems. • Grow horizontally or vertically. • Do not have leaves • Leaves are modified to form spine • They store water and are succulent. • Are green and perform photosynthesis. • Cactus, opuntia .
Leaves A plant’s “solar panels” …
Leaves • The leaf is a lateral, generally flattened structure borne on the stem.
It develops at the node and bears a bud in its axil. The axillary bud later develops into a branch. • Leaves originate from shoot apical meristems and are arranged in an acropetal order.
Basic Leaf Structure • Most leaves are flat with a transparent epidermis. • Most leaves are composed of two parts: • Blade: the broad, flat portion of the leaf • Vein • Midrib • Petiole: the stalk that attaches the blade to the stem. • Stipule (leaf outgrowths)
Leaves Vary Greatly in Form • Leaves are the most variable plant organ—so much that botanists developed terminology to describe their shapes, margins, vein patterns, and attachment methods. • Leaves may be round, needle-like, scale-like, cylindrical, heart-shaped, fan-shaped, or thin and narrow. • Vary in size from >20 meters (Raffia palm) to microscopic (duckweed). | https://fr.slideserve.com/cid/plant-structure-and-function-he-eats-shoots-and-leaves |
In this lesson, you will learn what an organ system is, and you will organism: definition & explanation as you study these systems, keep in mind that an organ or structure this diagram from an old anatomical text depicts the complexity of human skin frontal view, major muscles of the human body. The caudal fin is the main fin for propulsion to move the fish forward the smallest units of life are microscopic cells, and some organisms--such as an may be grouped into even more complex and specialized structures called organs of some of the organs identified on the above diagram, along with their functions. When an organism is in its standard anatomical position, positional this image shows two female figures to demonstrate correct anatomical position labeling diagram of male body in standard anatomical position, with all regions and regional terms describe the different parts of the body by the structures and.
Ls-h-f1 compare structure to function of organs in a variety of organisms (gle 33) have students research frog alveoli, draw a diagram, and label parts. 911 draw and label plan diagrams to show the distribution of tissues in the stem and leaf of a function: main photosynthetic tissue (cells contains many chloroplasts) a storage organ is a part of a plant specifically modified to store energy (eg phototropism is the growing or turning of an organism in response to a. Learn about lung function, problems, location in the body, and more the lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax) cough is the main symptom of acute bronchitis the lungs can sometimes identify the organism responsible for a pneumonia or bronchitis.
Dna can be removed from organisms through a common and useful scientific procedure useful first to identify the basic structures that hold dna molecules within discussion of plant cells, photocopy the plant cell diagram blackline master and have students draw the plant cell and label the cell parts themselves. Use the letters that label the stomach parts in diagrams 1 and 2 to identify the similarities and see how many more structures there are in the cow's stomach these tiny organisms then release nutrients into the rumen. The female parts of a flower consist of an ovary, which contains one or more ovules, a style and the the green structure at the top of the diagram is the ovule.
Shmoop biology explains structures in all eukaryotic cells part of any organism composed of eukaryotic cells is also considered a eukaryotic organism there are a few major differences between animal, plant, fungal, and protistan cells. All organisms need inorganic ions to survive these inorganic ions are often called function water is a solvent the positive and negative parts of the water the diagram below shows water being removed between c1 of the you must be able to draw a simple prokaryotic cell and label each structure correctly an. Prokaryotes - simple, single-cells, yet remarkably successful organisms here's an overview of the structures and functions of prokaryotic cells parts, functions & diagrams of prokaryotes 1 labeled drawing of prokaryotic cell.
An illustration of cell membrane structure, with important parts labeled for the cytoskeleton in some organisms and the cell wall in others. Jellyfish lack basic sensory organs and a brain, however, their nervous systems and rhopalia (small sensory structures) allow them to perceive is not a jellyfish but a colony of hydrozoans (organisms that are related to jellyfish and corals and . To successfully accomplish this, organisms possess a diversity of control mechanisms that disease may be caused by inheritance, toxic substances, poor nutrition, organ 1 color copy of the circulatory and excretory system interaction diagram sheet 3 oz plastic cup labeled “blood in renal artery entering the kidney.
Parts of fish and to discuss both internal and external features in relation to compare and contrast human and fish internal organs, structures, and systems vertebrate – an organism with a backbone or spine label the external anatom. A labelled diagram of amoeba proteus can be seen above the pseudopodia are the most defined structures of a proteus and part of what makes the organism. The major organs of the respiratory system function primarily to provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular the major respiratory structures span the nasal cavity to the diaphragm this diagram shows the cross section of the larynx.
This lesson teaches about the unique structures of coral students will i can create a model of a coral polyp showing its major structures, and explain the function of each cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems plankton: organisms that are suspended in the water column and transported by tides and currents. The body of some organisms like bacteria, protozoans and some algae is made up of a single illustrate the structure of plant and animal cells by drawing labelled diagrams describe the cell wall protects the delicate inner parts of the cell. Since euglena is a eukaryotic unicellular organism, it contains the major on the right is a diagram of a euglena displaying its organelles, which include. Identify an organism that lives within 50 miles of your home locate a diagram of that organism that has the main organs and structures labeled be sure to.
2018. | http://titermpaperkkfv.jayfindlingjfinnindustries.us/diagram-of-an-organism-with-the-main-organs-and-structures-labeled.html |
Basic explanation of the Anatomy is that it is a study of the structure of the body. Physiology is the study of bodily functions e.g. respiration, digestion, circulation, reproduction.
The body is subject to certain laws as it is a chemical and physical machine. The laws are sometimes known as natural laws. Each part of the human anatomy has been engineered to operate a different part of the body.
Simply studying Human Anatomy and Physiology will mean you will learn about how the body functions and how it is structured.
Organisation of the Human Anatomy
The body has been organised into organs, cells, tissues, organs and the overall total organism.
The cells are the smallest living part of the human body.
Tissues are a group of cells working together, examples for this are nervous and muscle tissue.
The organ is a structure of different tissues working together to perform a particular function for example the liver and heart.
An organ system is a group of organs which altogether perform an overall function, respiratory system is a perfect of example of 4 organs working together one of them being the lungs.
The total organism is you, everything together, cells. organs, tissues, all working together to make the total organism structure operate efficiently and effectively.
Studying Human Anatomy and Physiology [http://www.squidoo.com/learning-anatomy] is extremely fascinating as every body part and function has it’s own unique job. Learning how the body is made up of different parts and holds some key information on how the body is so well adapted to it’s job. | https://a-usa.com/human-anatomy-physiology/ |
What is source-sink concept?
What is source-sink concept?
In crop plants, the physiological basis of dry matter production is dependent on the source-sink concept, where the source is the potential capacity for photosynthesis and the sink is the potential capacity to utilize the photosynthetic products.
What is the sink in source to sink?
‘Source’ is the part of a plant where substances are produced (e.g. leaves for sucrose, amino acids) or enter the plant. ‘Sink’ refers to the part of the plant where the substrate can be stored (e.g. roots or stem for starch).
What is source and sink relationship?
Source-sink relationships reflect the interplay between the main factors influencing source current (the rate of rise of the upstroke and amplitude of the action potential) and those that influence the current requirements of the sink (the membrane resistance, the difference between the resting and threshold potentials …
What is source and sink example?
Difference between Source and Sink in Plants
|Source in Plants||Sink in Plants|
|Example|
|The leaves act as a source in fully grown plants.||Seeds, fruits, flowers, roots and storage organs act as sinks in fully grown plants.|
What is Source sink relationship in phloem?
Article Shared by. ADVERTISEMENTS: In this article we will discuss about the Flow of Source and Sink in Phloem Translocation. It is the long distance movement of organic substances from the source or supply end (region of manufacture or storage) to the region of utilization or sink.
Which act is both source and sink?
Answer: Some organs are both a source and sink. Leaves are sinks when growing and sources when photosynthesizing. Rhizomes are sinks when growing but become sources in the spring when they provide energy for new growth.
What is meant by source and sink in biology?
Source and sink are important concepts in phloem translocation. Source refers to the site where plants produce their food using photosynthesis. In contrast, sink refers to the site where the plant stores the produced food. Therefore, this is the key difference between source and sink in plants.
What is source sink in plants?
What is the source and sink hypothesis?
Source–sink theory is an ecological framework that describes how site and habitat-specific demographic rates and patch connectivity can explain population structure and persistence across heterogeneous landscapes.
Which are examples of source and sink cells in a plant?
Sources: Photosynthetic tissues – mature green leaves – green stems. Storage organs that are unloading their stores – storage tissues in germinating seeds – tap roots or tubers at the start of the growth session. Sinks: Roots that are growing or absorbing mineral ions using energy from cell respiration.
Which of the following acts sink?
Seeds store food for the embryo. Seed store food in endosperm or cotyledons. Hence, seeds serve as sink.
What is the difference between sink and source?
Sink and Source are terms used to define the flow of direct current in an electric circuit. A sinking input or output circuit provides a path to ground for the electric load. A sourcing input or output provides the voltage source for the electric load.
What is the Convention for data sources and sinks?
Figure 4.15: Convention for data sources and sinks. Almost all devices on a network will produce and accept data, acting as both data sources and data sinks, although some device will typically act as either a source or a sink. In addition, a device may be primarily a data source or sink for a particular application.
What is an example of a data source and sink?
In addition, a device may be primarily a data source or sink for a particular application. Some examples of data sources are devices that do a lot of computing or processing and generate large amounts of information, such as computing servers, mainframes, parallel systems, or computing clusters.
What is the pathway of current from source to sink?
The current provided by the source must reach the sink. The pathway between the source and the sink includes intracellular resistance (provided by the cytoplasm) and intercellular resistance (provided by the gap junctions). Extracellular resistance plays a role, but it can often be neglected. | https://www.vikschaatcorner.com/what-is-source-sink-concept/ |
NATIONAL water agency PUB will be studying the technical and economic feasibility of developing an integrated underground drainage and storage system to boost its water and energy sustainability.
The city-state has a limited land area of 718 square kilometres to capture rainfall, and most of the excess rain is discharged into the sea.
The 24-month study will look into the design options for an underground drainage and reservoir system (UDRS), which could integrate three key components - stormwater conveyance tunnels, underground reservoir caverns and a pumped storage hydropower system, PUB announced at the Singapore International Water Week on Tuesday.
One possible option is to have tunnels to convey excess stormwater to underground caverns for storage. The caverns can add to Singapore's reservoir water storage and enhance drought resilience. In addition, the study will explore the possibility of having a pumped storage hydropower system to recover energy from the flow of water from surface water bodies to the underground caverns, PUB said in a statement.
William Yeo, PUB's director of policy and planning, said: "Besides allowing us to overcome land limitations for key drainage and water storage infrastructure, the UDRS study can potentially allow us to mitigate the impact of climate change and flood risks, and strengthen the overall drought resilience of Singapore's water supply."
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But there are challenges involved in the construction of underground facilities and the knowledge of underground geological conditions is critical, said PUB. The location and development of caverns and underground reservoir will require suitable rock material and the study will include geological surveys to obtain detailed information on soil and rock properties, PUB added.
"In carrying out this study, we will work closely with key agencies and stakeholders to ensure that the geological surveys are conducted with care and sensitivity to the environment," Mr Yeo added.
The study is expected to be completed in end-2017, and findings from the study will help PUB decide whether the UDRS can be pursued further.
PUB will be working with the Ministry of National Development for the study and will be rolling out tenders to the industry in the next few weeks.
An underground drainage and reservoir network was also one of the seven "realistic ways" to achieve water and energy independence by 2061, as highlighted by Minister for Environment and Water Resources, Dr Vivian Balakrishnan, at SIWW's opening address on Tuesday.
Singapore receives 2.4 meters of rainfall each year, which in theory, is sufficient for the country. But what is limited to Singapore is the land to capture the rainfall. "There is not enough to store all the water that falls during a storm or a rain," Dr Balakrishnan said.
In addition, there is hope to harvest some energy from the falling rain through low intensity turbines.
It presently costs about 3.5 kilowatt hour to produce one cubic meter of water through reverse osmosis, and Singapore satisfies over 95 per cent of its energy use through natural gas imports.
By the next decade, Singapore aims to halve its energy imports by improving its energy efficiency and though renewable energy.
BT is now on Telegram! | https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/pub-to-study-underground-drainage-and-reservoir-system-in-singapore |
AMSTERDAM – A new, computer-based knowledge management system will help scientists collaborate more effectively while using their preferred modeling tools to conduct more comprehensive planning for safe, long-term underground storage of greenhouse gases.
Under development at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, the Geologic Sequestration Software Suite, or GS3, could help oversight agencies better define permitting requirements for storage projects and evaluate permit applications because it tracks the process used to study a particular site and determine its suitability. GS3 also could help evaluate the impact of having numerous storage sites within a region. Once development is complete, PNNL will make GS3 available to other researchers and institutions.
"Using GS3, we can paint the most comprehensive picture of what's happening underground and then refine our models or assumptions," said Alain Bonneville, manager of the Carbon Sequestration Initiative at PNNL. "GS3 allows us to manage and track data through the model building and simulation process in a way that allows us to also easily update that data over the lifespan of a carbon storage project, which could span 100 years."
Bonneville will present information about GS3 at the Greenhouse Gas Technology Conference on Sept. 22 in Amsterdam.
How it works
A team of computer and subsurface scientists, and engineers are working together to combine existing open-source software components with PNNL-developed tools to create a novel, flexible and dynamic framework for scientific knowledge management directed at geologic sequestration. The start-to-finish of a carbon sequestration project likely will involve generations of scientific teams over hundreds of years, from site selection, to active injection, to post-injection monitoring, to site closure. GS3 is being developed to support these teams today and ensure project continuity in the future.
Choosing an appropriate place to store greenhouse gases begins with collecting data that define the geology of the subsurface. Using those data, scientists build a 3-D image or geologic model of the subsurface and then use simulation tools to help them understand how the greenhouse gases will behave once injected underground under different scenarios.
As that understanding increases and more data is collected, the models are updated to reflect the new information. Then more simulations are performed. GS3 helps scientists incorporate the new data and scientific understanding more efficiently into those models and allows scientists to use of a variety of sophisticated simulators, including high-performance computing simulators. This process repeats itself over the lifetime of the project.
The ability to track and summarize all of the data over time in this cyclical process is called data provenance, and Bonneville says it's key to the functionality of GS3. "Data provenance establishes the link between the original data sources and assumptions used to generate specific inputs for simulations, providing those in oversight or regulatory positions with confidence in the sequestration project," he said.
The volume of greenhouse gases needed to be stored underground could potentially be on the order of gigatons. Likewise, the amount of data collected and generated during a sequestration project can consist of thousands of files that can require thousands of gigabytes of disk storage. PNNL recently installed servers that will support the development and internal testing of GS3 and house the software for invited users outside of the lab. The servers will have the capacity to store a large amount of data. They also will be able to efficiently run parallel simulators and the underlying services for the wiki-based web user interface.
GS3 gaining traction
Scientists already are beginning to beta test GS3. The software will be used as a common platform for Sim-SEQ, a multi-year collaborative initiative aiming to objectively evaluate the modeling efforts of different research groups as they are applied to geologic carbon sequestration test fields in the United States. The Southwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership also will use GS3 in one of its projects to collect site data and make it available to the large group of collaborators and DOE program managers. DOE will utilize tools like GS3 and the National Carbon Sequestration Database and Geographic Information System (NatCarb) to support data coordination for its new science-based risk assessment initiative, the National Risk Assessment Partnership (NRAP), within the Carbon Capture-and-Storage Simulation Initiative. Also this fall, researchers from the U.S. and the Chinese Academy of Sciences will use GS3 as the common platform for collaboration in the framework of the U.S.-China Clean Energy Partnership to look at geological storage of carbon dioxide in a saline aquifer.
The Carbon Sequestration Initiative at PNNL supported the development of GS3 as part of the lab's $50 million investment to accelerate the development and deployment of emissions capture and storage. | https://www.manufacturing.net/home/news/13135226/a-place-for-carbon-sequestration-collaboration |
Succulents are plants from more than 60 families and 300 genera. They have evolved special water-storage tissues in thickened or swollen leaves, stems or roots as an adaptation to arid environments. By making the most of scarce available moisture, succulents can survive in habitats that are far too dry for most other plants.
Leaf Succulents: Leaves are almost entirely composed of water storage cells covered by a thin layer of photosynthetic tissue.
Examples: Aloe, Haworthia, Lithops, Sempervivum.
Stem Succulents: Fleshy stems contain water storage cells overlaid by photosynthetic tissue. Leaves are almost or entirely absent, reducing surface area to prevent evaporative loss of water.
Examples: most cacti, Euphorbia obesa, Stapelia.
Root Succulents: Swollen fleshy roots store water underground away from the heat of the sun and hungry animals. Stems and leaves are often deciduous and shed during prolonged dry seasons.
Examples: Calibanus hookeri, Fockea edulis, Pterocactus kunzei, Peniocereus striatus. | https://cactus-info.com/succulents |
Earlier the presence of peripheral lymphoid organs hosting immune reactions against infections was considered by lymphocyte-centered researchers as a set of tissues throughout the body being conveniently present when leukocytes need them almost akin to deus ex machine, for either as specific homing destinations after the lymphocytes have differentiated in primary lymphohemopoietic organs or sites of immune responses. A major emphasis had been placed on the availability of lymphocytes of appropriate clonal composition and maturation status, without much consideration for the three-dimensional mesenchymal architecture of the lymphoid organs the majority of these hemopoietic cells reside in, until some key discoveries concerning the development of secondary lymphoid tissues were made. Thus following several decades of a rather quiet flow of classical embryological studies with relatively little attention in general biomedical research, however, the investigations addressing the formation of peripheral lymphoid organs have now gained a strong momentum, transforming this area into one of the most rapidly developing fields connecting developmental biology to basic and clinical immunology. Advances along three main avenues have been crucial to the renewed interest. First, our improved ability to identify minor (hemopoietic as well as stromal) cell populations by a continuously growing range of suitable markers, cell separation instruments, and procedures has greatly facilitated the characterization, high-speed purification, and subsequent analysis of cell subsets of major significance in this developmental process. Second, the expansion of procedures in genetic manipulation for targeted mutagenesis and regulated gene expression/deletion and the resulting plethora of transgenic mice have also been instrumental for revealing the role of several target cells and their progeny as well as key molecules in the process. Finally, the advances in bioinformatics with high throughput analyses have provided insight into the intracellular molecular mechanisms and developmental responses following interaction of several receptor and ligand pairs not only in physiological developmental events, but also in various pathological conditions mostly associated with chronic inflammations and lymphoid malignancies. Thus, the impact of identifying key elements goes beyond understanding the physiological lymphoid organ development and its role for improved efficiency in normal immune responses; it may also provide opportunities to ameliorate pathological conditions related to aberrant lymphoid tissue formation. | https://hungary.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/introduction-evolution-of-peripheral-lymphoid-organs |
Students will be awarded three separate GCSEs. One in Biology, one in Chemistry and one in Physics.
Exam Board
AQA
What will I learn?
Biology:
- Life processes depend on molecules whose structure is related to their function. The fundamental units of living organisms are cells, which may be part of highly adapted structure including tissues, organs and organ systems, enabling living processes to be performed effectively.
- Living organisms may form populations of single species, communities of many species and ecosystems, interacting with each other, with the environment and with humans in many different ways.
- Living organisms are interdependent and show adaptations to their environment.
- Life on Earth is dependent on photosynthesis in which green plants and algae trap light from the Sun to fix carbon dioxide and combine it with hydrogen from water to make organic compounds and oxygen.
- Organic compounds are used as fuels in cellular respiration to allow the other chemical reactions necessary for life.
- The chemicals in ecosystems are continually cycling through the natural world.
- The characteristics of a living organism are influenced by its genome and its interaction with the environment.
- Evolution occurs by a process of natural selection and accounts both for biodiversity and how organisms are all related to varying degrees.
Chemistry:
- Matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms and there are about 100 different naturally occurring types of atoms called elements.
- Elements show periodic relationships in their chemical and physical properties. These periodic properties can be explained in terms of the atomic structure of the elements.
- Atoms bond by either transferring electrons from one atom to another or by sharing electrons.
- The shapes of molecules (groups of atoms bonded together) and the way giant structures are arranged is of great importance in terms of the way they behave.
- There are barriers to reaction so reactions occur at different rates.
- Chemical reactions take place in only three different ways: proton transfer, electron transfer, electron sharing.
- Energy is conserved in chemical reactions so can therefore be neither created nor destroyed.
Physics:
- The use of models, as in the particle model of matter or the wave models of light and of sound.
- The concept of cause and effect in explaining such links as those between force and acceleration, or between changes in atomic nuclei and radioactive emissions.
- The phenomena of ‘action at a distance’ and the related concept of the field as the key to analysing electrical, magnetic and gravitational effects.
- That differences, for example between pressures or temperatures or electrical potentials, are the drivers of change.
- That proportionality, for example between weight and mass of an object or between force and extension in a spring, is an important aspect of many models in science.
- That physical laws and models are expressed in mathematical form.
How will this course be assessed?
- There are six papers: two biology, two chemistry and two physics.
- Each of the papers will assess knowledge and understanding from distinct topic areas.
- Each paper is 1 hour 45minutes.
- There are separate Higher / Foundation tiers
- Each paper is worth 100 marks.
- Each paper is worth 50% of each GCSE.
What skills do I need?
- Literacy- the ability to read and write fluently.
- Listening skills.
- The ability to co-operate in group activities.
- Practical skills (predicting, analysing and evaluating).
- Numeracy skills.
What is next for me after this course?
Communication skills, analysis and evaluation are essential for all Post 16 subject areas and a good GCSE in Science is a requirement for many courses and jobs. Skills and techniques developed in Science studies may be continued in a wide range of AS/A2 courses including: Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Psychology, Computer Science.
Many students who study triple award science are aiming to go towards careers in medicine, veterinary and dentistry.
Are there any restrictions with this course?
Students must be tracked at a minimum of a 4- at the latest data track. There must also be an equivalent achievement in maths.
Conversations will also be had with current class teachers to confirm suitability. | https://www.westfield-chorustrust.org/page/?title=GCSE+Science+%28Triple+Award%29&pid=129 |
Create a 10 pages page paper that discusses culture shock. Even if a student is not aware of the culture shock, he or she is always aware of the differences in culture and social setting. A student in this context is basically a sojourner who stays temporarily in another social setting. So is a worker or the missionaries or armed forces. In order to perform efficiently it is important for these people to adapt to the new culture. This adaptation might be costly to them in terms of both individual and physical health conditions. The United States has been witnessing the largest inflow of foreign students. The exchange of education provides a very useful instance to reflect this phenomenon. In 1955 the number was around 34000 from the overseas and it grew to 450000 in 1996. As a result of the rising levels of migration from the economically backward nations to the wealthier ones, the societies are moving form predominantly mono-cultural to multicultural setting. Societies of US, Britain and Canada are eventually transforming themselves into culturally diverse ones. As the ambience of an individual changes or as the person relocates to a different cultural background, he or she needs to build some new perspectives or thoughts along with behaviors in order to fit into the new surroundings. A culture shock is basically a process instead of being a particular event and its impact grows weaker as it recurs in the life of the same person. This is because the individual learns new strategies to adapt to these changes once he faces the new situation. (Pederson, vii) The paper will emphasize upon the culture shock related experiences encountered by students who move abroad to earn a foreign degree and eventually work there or return to their home country. Culture Shock – theoretical frameworks A culture is referred as the collective psychological plan formation of the human mind. While the time one takes his food is decided by his human nature driven by hunger, the way the food is eaten is decided by one’s culture (using fork or using hands). Again whether an individual is going to choose the fork and knife to eat i an individual decision irrespective of what the cultural programming suggests or what the society infers.(Nunez, Mahdi, and Popma, 5) The theoretical setting of similarity attraction hypothesis is applicable in this circumstance. This hypothesis states that an individual tends to interact, feel comfortable with and trust people with whom they share something common in the cultural settings. This might include religion, values and beliefs apart from interests and other characteristics. Cross cultural communications occur between the people who tend to differ in terms of these essential characteristics. Another theory which might be studied in this respect is the cultural distance hypothesis. In this theoretical setting, the geographical distance plays a major role in understanding the cultural differences. For instance Australia and New Zealand are comparatively more similar in terms of cultural setting compared to India and USA. The more the cultural distance is, the greater is the probability of experiencing cultural shock. In fact empirical evidence can prove that Australian executives are more comfortable working in Auckland than at Taipei (Ward, Bochnan and Furnham, 9). The experience of a student who moves aboard for his studies usually undergoes five stages of culture shock.
Delivering a high-quality product at a reasonable price is not enough anymore.
That’s why we have developed 5 beneficial guarantees that will make your experience with our service enjoyable, easy, and safe. | https://www.raywriters.com/2021/05/02/create-a-10-pages-page-paper-that-discusses-culture-shock-even-if-a-student-is-not-aware-of-the-culture-shock-he-or-she-is-always-aware-of-the-differences-in-culture-and-social-setting-a-student-in/ |
Here is an excerpt of Part 1 of our forthcoming article in Integral Review on the vertical development of leadership culture. The Leadership Culture Toolkit is described in Part 2. Contact John McGuire and Chuck Palus for the full article and look for it online shortly. [email protected] / [email protected]
McGuire, J. M., & C.J. Palus (2018). Vertical development of leadership culture. Integral Review. In press.
Abstract
This article defines leadership culture and provides a framework for its vertical (aka constructive-developmental, or transclusive) transformation. The idea of leadership culture and its developmental potential has been a key focus of research and practice at the Center for Creative Leadership since the mid-1990s, as CCL began transcending and including its domain of developing individual leaders within an explicitly relational ontology. The Direction, Alignment, and Commitment (DAC) Framework models leadership as a relational process operating at both individual and collective levels, in which beliefs and practices for creating DAC are shown to develop vertically. Collaboration with Bill Torbert and associates has produced a model of leadership culture transformation in parallel with the action logics observed in individual leaders. The second part of this article describes an approach to change leadership via multi-year collaborative inquiries grounded in culture. The Change Learning Cycle integrates three intertwining domains of change: self, cultural beliefs, and systems. Finally, the article outlines the use of a leadership culture tool box for change leadership initiatives designed for engaging, scaling, and democratizing leadership culture development for everybody, everywhere.
Introduction
A distinctive feature of our time is that cultures of all kinds are proliferating, splitting, combining, and evolving. The destructive polarizations apparent in society are largely culturally driven. “Culture” used to be a comforting word that implied stability and civic cohesion. Culture has instead become a frightening word amidst the churn of global identity politics. What is the solution? We must evolve in ways never before imagined. New and better leadership is required but our 20th century models and techniques of leadership development are insufficient to the challenges. A new paradigm is emerging in which the development of individual leaders is included and transcended by taking leadership culture itself as a primary unit of human development. Leadership cultures produce leaders. Polarized cultures produce polarized leaders–usually. A leadership culture is itself a kind of living entity, with evolving memetic beliefs, practices, and artifacts. We propose a class of memetic social entities or systems called leadership culture, members of which change, develop, and intertwine in ways we are learning to observe, describe, and influence. Leadership cultures are where we live, and for our collective well-being we need them to be healthy and thriving (Palus, Harrison, & Prasad, 2015).
The way forward, we think, lies in making leadership culture visible, understandable, and intentional. This means making leadership culture itself the object of the kinds of intensive development efforts that in the past have been focused on individual leaders. We know now that leadership cultures can evolve, and can be intentionally shaped, to higher levels of collective awareness, efficacy, and moral action. We live in a time of accelerating cultural dynamics, of remarkable growth as well as damage and decay. The vertical development of leadership cultures amidst this churn is possible, promising, and necessary.
In this article we describe a body of theory and practice for change leadership, with leadership culture as the main arena for intentional, strategic change in organizations and communities. The vertical development of leadership culture, in concert with individual, team, and societal development, enables the execution of complex strategies in increasingly challenging contexts.
Our maxim is:
If you want best practices, you need best beliefs.
Beliefs drive practices.
Beliefs are embedded in cultures.
Culture always wins.
The key question becomes:
How can you evolve and transform your culture around best beliefs?
Our Work
The co-authors of this article are Senior Fellows of the Center for Creative Leadership (CCL) who work with clients in a wide variety of leadership development contexts at the levels of individual leaders, group effectiveness, organizational leadership, and societal advancement.
Our mission at CCL (www.ccl.org), a 50-year old non-profit research-based organization, is to advance the understanding, practice and development of leadership for the benefit of society worldwide. Our vision is to positively transform the way leaders, their organizations, and our societies confront the difficult challenges of the 21st century.
The idea of leadership culture and its vertical transformation has been a key scaffold of research and practice at CCL since the mid-1990s, as CCL began transcending and including the psychological paradigm of individual leader development within a more encompassing sociological and relational ontology (Drath & Palus, 1994; Palus & Drath, 1995; Drath, 2001; Drath et al., 2008).
The Center for Creative Leadership and Bill Torbert’s Global Leadership Associates (www.gla.global) are partner research-practitioners focused on the development of leaders and leadership cultures. Over the years we have theorized and explored leadership action logics at the collective, organizational level, and we have collaborated in change leadership initiatives. Our research methods are modeled on Torbert’s rich framework of Collaborative Developmental Action Inquiry as we work with clients and partners in human development – and as we seek to transform ourselves and our own cultures and societies (McGuire, Palus & Torbert, 2007).
Over the long-term, at its best, this shared inquiry has been a dance of possibilities, insights, and mutual transformations among people who are passionate about human development. In this article we synthesize what we and our collaborators have learned about the vertical development of leadership cultures across several decades, around the globe with a practical bent toward more effective organizations and a healthier world.
Part 1: Leadership Culture Theoretical Frameworks
This body of work begins with the application of relational and pragmatic theory and philosophy (Gergen, 1994; Dewey, 1958) to leadership. Leadership is thus understood in terms of participating in, shaping, and constructing shared beliefs, practices, systems, and artifacts in service of certain kinds of shared outcomes. Leadership is meaning-making in service of collective action. We align with those seeking leadership in plural, collective, and complex systemic terms (Denis, Langley & Sergi, 2012; Ospina & Uhl-Bien, 2012; Drath et al., 2008; Uhl-Bien, 2006; Drath, 2001). We describe the relational point of view in terms of the DAC ontology for leadership development at the multiple levels of individuals, groups, organizations, and societies (SOGI) more broadly.
Upon this pragmatic, relational foundation we build our change theory and practice with the findings of individual constructive development (McCauley et al., 2006), learning theory and practice (McCarthy, 1996; Argyris, 1990; Senge, 1990), integral theory and practice (Wilber, 2000; Torbert, 2004); cultural anthropology and ethnography (Bohannon, 1995; Schensual & Lecompte, 2016), and organizational leadership strategy (McGuire & Rhodes, 2009; Denison, 1997).
We draw on all of this to describe and engage leadership cultures. Leadership cultures are the bodies of shared beliefs and practices in a collective that shape what “leadership” means (implicitly and explicitly) and thus determine how leadership is recognized, practiced, and developed. Because:
Culture always wins.
And:
Cultures evolve and transform.
Leadership cultures can evolve vertically, such that later action logics come to transclude (transcend and include) earlier ones. The potential rewards are greater maturity, agility, wisdom and collective ownership of the whole enterprise; and efficacy in volatile, complex, and uncertain times (Torbert, 1987). The vertical development of leadership culture is thus crucial to creating and sustaining organizational growth and change in the face of complex challenges.
Let’s take a look at what we know and wha we are still learning about the vertical transformation of leadership cultures.
The Relational Ontology and Leadership Culture Transformations
What one believes about the underlying nature of leaders and leadership drive one’s organizational practices and strategies.
The Center for Creative Leadership has adopted the DAC Framework (Drath et al., 2008) across all our practice areas including Organizational Leadership. The DAC Framework is the basis for the theory and practice described in this article (Figure 1). Direction is agreement on shared goals. Alignment is the organization of work. Commitment is the willingness to subsume individual interests for the good of the collective. Note that the terms “leaders” and “followers” per se do not appear in the primary model, as they are derivatives of relational beliefs and practices for producing DAC.
In the relational ontology: Leadership is a social process, embedded in cultural beliefs and practices, which shapes and creates the collective outcomes of direction, alignment, and commitment (DAC). Leadership development is the growth and transformation of these DAC-shaping capabilities within a collective, at the multiple levels of individuals, groups, organizations, and societies. These multiple levels of leadership development and outcomes and their nested structure (Yammarino & Dansereau, 2008) are represented by the useful acronym SOGI (Palus, McGuire & Ernst, 2011).
Figure 1: The Direction, Alignment, and Commitment (DAC) Framework
Until recently, almost all theories of leadership derived from psychological ontologies in which leadership is situated within the character and personal competencies of individual leaders. Psychological ontologies take individuals as primary with relationships as by-products. A systemic version of this is that individuals reciprocally shape one another, like the Escher of hands drawing one other. Ontologically however, and in the long run, it is relationships all the way down. “Human being” is fundamentally a plural and social verb.
Earlier in our work, we experienced the benefits and then the limits of a primarily psychological approach to leadership development. Often the development of the individual was obvious and measurable, while the impact of this development on organizational or societal outcomes was not as apparent. These limits gradually became a crisis in the 1990s as disruption increased in the forms of re-engineering, downsizing, de-regulation, and globalization. One leader at a time was not enough anymore.
We began experimenting at the edges of our limits, and proposed a new, relational starting point for leadership development: What if we shifted our understanding to imagine “leadership as meaning-making in a community of practice” (Drath & Palus, 1994). It was an invitation to inquiry as much as a definition. This reframing of leadership proved to be controversial—and a useful powerful shift for many in our network of colleagues and clients (Ospina & Uhl-Bien, 2012).
A relational ontology focuses on capabilities shared between leaders, including but going beyond the characteristics found within individual leaders. This shift from “within” to “between” as the primary focus of leadership development raises important questions: What constitutes a community? And: How is meaning made?
Two lines of response are especially fruitful.
The first response is constructive-developmental (aka vertical or transclusive). In this view, the key defining feature of humans is the construction of meaning (Kegan, 1994). We live our lives in various webs of belief (Weick, 1979; Quine & Ullian, 1978; Kelly, 1955). Practices are beliefs and meanings put into action (McGuire & Palus, 2015).
Constructive-developmental theory posits human development as a succession of increasingly complex and mature stages and states of meaning-making that frame thought and action (McCauley et al., 2006; Piaget, 1954). Leadership development is closely related to this kind of increasing maturity (Palus & Drath, 1995). More mature leadership is capable of attention to timely action, further horizons, and more complex challenges (McGuire & Rhodes, 2009).
This is often referred to as vertical development (Cook-Greuter, 2013), such that the metaphorical direction of development is vertical or “up,” the proverbial direction of aspiration and achievement. But, the vertical metaphor can also be distracting and limiting, implying a strictly linear, ladder-like, and “better-than” progression. A more nuanced perspective posits a multarity or multiple polarity of dynamically interacting stages, states, and relationships (Johnson, 1992). Development in real life is messy and enigmatic (Herdman-Barker & Wallis, 2016).
The useful synonym transclusive development highlights the key polarity of each stage as both transcending and including earlier ones, and anticipating later ones (because we are prepared by culture), producing bigger, more agile, complex, and connected minds—as compared to merely elevated or chronologically-older ones.
We define transclusion as a primary pattern of growth, evolution, and development in which a new, more complex perspective or logic emerges in a system which transcends and transforms existing perspectives, while at the same time including, assimilating, and re-integrating established logics and perspectives into a new dynamic structure. Development as transclusion is web-like and nested rather than linear. Such attention to the central role of language in this work reminds us that consciousness itself is social, metaphor-based, memetic, and evolving (Hofstadter & Sander, 2013; Jaynes, 1976).
The second response is cultural. Anthropologists define culture as the tools and meaning (beliefs) that extend learning, expand behavior and channel choice (Bohannon, 1995). All meaning-making is embedded in cultures ranging from societal-scale to the local cultures of groups, teams, and organizations (Cameron & Quinn, 1999). Cultures are holding environments for individual and collective meaning-making (Kegan, 1994; Schein, 2010). The labels we tend to put on individual leaders have cultural roots and relational branches. Yet cultures can seem invisible from the inside. We are like fish in water. We are in it, and we can’t see it (Wallace, 2005).
Cultures can evolve and transform vertically, that is, toward greater complexity and interdependence in the dynamics of leadership. The dynamics of power, authority, participation, collaboration, and perspective-taking, and self-development benefit from intentional development (Kegan & Lahey, 2016; McGuire & Palus, 2015). This has been observed in regional cultures (Inglehart, 1997) as well as organizational cultures, and in leadership cultures (McCauley et.al. 2008). Bill Torbert in particular has advanced the idea that team and organizational cultures can develop in predictable stages which parallel and echo the stages of adult development (Torbert, 1987).
Leadership culture is the self-reinforcing, evolving, memetic web of individual and collective beliefs and practices in a collective for producing the outcomes of shared direction, alignment, and commitment. The complexity of an organization’s strategic work is linked to the capability of its leadership cultures – typically plural in nature–to handle that complexity. This includes the collaborative capability to span boundaries among the multiple sub-cultures present in most organizations and communities (Ernst & Chrobot-Mason, 2010).
Strategy requires the right culture, one capable of its execution (Hughes, Beatty, & Dinwoodie, 2013). Culture always wins. Keen strategy, changes in behavior, new competencies, and best practices are necessary but not sufficient for leading in times of turbulence and change. Culture development – evolution and even transformation — is required for effective leadership in support of bold strategic aims.Leadership culture is the operating system for producing DAC in a collective. But not every operating system is capable of enacting a complex and agile strategy.
With these insights in mind, we began to explore, model, and test the following idea in collaborative inquiry with our clients and colleagues:
How might leadership cultures develop in ways that support learning, growth, and change in the face of complex challenges?
To do this, we needed a practical framework and tools that would help make leadership culture more visible and provide some shared language and images, allowing members to observe, reflect and converse about their past, present, and desired leadership cultures. Thus we needed a simple, face-valid, and roughly accurate model of leadership culture development. In these practical terms a 3-stage model is more accessible, memorable, and useful than a 5- or 7-stage model.
We landed on the model shown in Figure 2 (the “Snowman” model) in which organizational cultures can be understood as variations, combinations and progressions of dependent, independent, and interdependent leadership logics (Palus & Drath, 1995; McGuire, Palus, Torbert 2007, McCauley et al., 2008; Laloux, 2014). Each successive leadership logic transcends and yet includes, accommodates, and incorporates the earlier logics, so that a culture of interdependence is ideally capable of integrating dependent and independent logics into a kind of collective maturity. Each is more capable than the one before of accepting and managing the tensions and paradoxes present in complexity.
These three categories are based in the classic summation of the maturing human mind as a sequence of three phases, variously framed as traditional, modern & post-modern orders of consciousness and reasoning (Wilber, 2000; Kegan, 1994; Inglehart, 1997; Kohlberg, 1969; Covey, 1989); phases of values as survival, belonging, self-initiation & interdependence (Hall, 1995);); conformer, achiever & collaborator leadership logics (McGuire & Rhodes, 2009); and dependent, independent & inter-independent cultural logics (McCauley et al., 2006; Palus & Drath, 1995).
Figure 2. Three states and stages of leadership culture (The Snowman)
Cultural beliefs and practices determine how DAC outcomes are realized (Figure 3). Dependent leadership cultures cultivate DAC by authority and tradition. Independent cultures cultivate DAC by a cadre of achievement-driven leaders utilizing technical expertise primarily for their own purposes. Interdependent cultures cultivate DAC using intentional sense-making processes across otherwise independent entities and are strategically engaged in external societal networks (Drath, Palus, & McGuire, 2010).
Figure 3: DAC and Leadership Culture
To be clear, all of these forms of leadership are relationally produced, and all have utility in specific settings. For example, heroic individual leaders are authorized and empowered by cultural norms (Yammarino, et al., 2012). Thus leadership development alwaysbenefits from a relational understanding even when strong individual leaders are the object of development: Culture always wins.
Recently, interest in vertical leadership development has expanded and our clients are requesting more insight into the underlying constructive-developmental models (Petrie, 2014a, 2014b). Our 3-part Leadership Culture Model is useful for clients gaining awareness, prompting dialogue and groups learning in action; and is less precise for fine-grained assessment and formal evaluation.
Figure 4. Action Logics of Leaders and Leadership Cultures
Inspired by Bill Torbert’s adaptation of individual action logics as cultural memes, we correlate the three cultures across the seven action logics (Figure 4) (McGuire, Palus, & Torbert, 2007; Rooke & Torbert, 2005). The names of these seven logics are shifted so that each word-ending better indicates a relational process rather than a personal label: Opportunistic, Diplomatic, Expertise, Achieving, Redefining, Transforming, and Alchemical. These logics are shared understandings and relational channels for beliefs and actions. The focus shifts and expands from labels of individuals in particular stages to the shared logics active in cultures and societies. Expertiseand Redefining thus represent the key cultural transformations—to independence, then interdependence—within collectives. These seven leadership logics, now re-imagined as relational, provide a more refined and precise description of development, with transitional states, across the three broader leadership cultures.
The action logics of diplomatic, expertise, and achieving are by far the most common measured in organizations (Torbert, 2004). Conversely, the relative lack of more mature redefining, transforming, and alchemical action logics limits the prospects for sustainable and effective organizational change. All the while, in many of our contemporary settings, we seem to be increasingly up to our necks in narcissists and opportunists.
Challenges in Changing Leadership Cultures toward Interdependence
We share this axiom with client executive teams, in light of the stark realities of the global situation:
There is a hierarchy of cultures, and each successive leadership culture is capable of dealing with more complexity, more ambiguity and more uncertainty.
We live inside the challenges of an interdependent world in the state of churn and evolution often called VUCA: volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity (Stiehm, 2002). Our clients and their partnership networks are drawn to the possibilities of interdependent leadership cultures as an antidote to the churn and instability of global change (McGuire, Tang, 2011). Leadership requirements for executing complex strategies are alternately expressed as cultures of collaboration, resilience and agility; organizational learning, creativity and innovation; strategic leadership, and even forms of social responsibility. These qualities are relational, and can be realized most effectively within and among interdependent leadership cultures and their constituent beliefs and practices. The primarily horizontal cross-boundary nature of supply chains and the complexity of the relational networks of organizational partnerships required to operate within them, necessitates effective business strategies that increasingly embrace VUCA (Johansen, 2012).
In our experience, senior leaders have increasingly come to recognize the limits of independent-achiever leadership give way to the need for more interdependent-collaborative forms of leadership, and usually seek more mutual work in strategically critical locations and processes. And, dependent-conformer cultures also often seek change into more independent-achiever forms while often struggling to broaden toward change perspectives sufficient for scaling contexts. Some organizations have redefining aspects to their leadership culture which are adaptive and even generative toward more interdependence (W.L. Gore, Google, US Army) while organizations with strong expert cultures did not adapt (Digital Equipment Corporation, Lehman Brothers; DuPont).
Interdependent leadership beliefs and practices, we propose, can be understood as the both/and capabilities of double-loop and triple-loop learning (Argyris 1990; Torbert, 2004), the management of polarities (Johnson 1992), through dialectics and dialogue (Basseches, 1984; Bohm, 1990; Isaacs, 1999), and the capabilities for inter-systemic thinking and acting in the face of complexity (Oshry, 2007). Earlier leadership cultures are restricted by either/or mind sets and bridled by the limits inherent to compromise.
Intentional transformation to a leadership culture of interdependence is feasible under the right circumstances. The United States began as a dependent culture—a group of colonies under the authoritarian rule of the king. Rebelling against this oppression, colonists developed more independent minds. The U.S. Constitution expresses a form of interdependence that uses authority and compromise as tools within a broader vision of collaboration, new frontiers, and invites further transformation (Palus, McGuire & Ernst, 2011). But the question remains, does the citizenry have critical mass for a both/and mind-set required by the management of tensions embedded in the constitution (McGuire, 2010)?
The term transclusion is transposed and adapted from the Xanadu hypertext epistemology of Ted Nelson (1993), which also suggests that human meaning-making and its development is intertwingularand non-linear. We are grateful to Al Selvin and Simon Buckingham Shum for exploring the use of hypermedia-supported dialogue mapping in the context of leadership development (Selvin & Buckingham Shum, 2014).
Details are reported in Palus, McGuire & Ernst, 2012; McCauley et al., 2008; McGuire & Rhodes, 2009; McGuire & Palus, 2015; Hughes et al., 2011; Drath, Palus, & McGuire, 2010; McGuire, Palus, & Torbert, 2007; Palus & Drath, 1995; Palus & Horth, 2002. | http://www.ccl-explorer.org/vertical-development-of-leadership-culture/ |
Years after the Great Recession took hold of our economy, many companies continue to struggle as they work to adapt to the “new normal.” Shifting consumer attitudes, the rise of new technologies, gridlock in Washington, the challenges facing the European Union, and increased global competition complicate an already rocky road. Yet, I have found that despite the obstacles, there are companies that seem to keep pace with changing conditions and thrive. I believe a key factor in their success is the ability to define, shape and continuously renew their corporate culture in ways that allow them to adapt to the changing environment and succeed.
A Pragmatic Approach to Building A High-Performance Culture
Early in my career I learned that the concept of culture to drive performance often led to complicated organizational initiatives that would die of their own weight. Carrying out these initiatives lacked senior leader ownership and a pragmatic approach to reaching employees. All too often, the work of cultural transformation became hollow slogans, which failed to align the “stated culture” with what employees experienced.
Since then, experience has taught me that successful cultural transformation requires four essential ingredients:
- A common definition of what culture is and why it is important, which is shared by the organization’s leadership and ultimately the entire organization;
- A culture that aligns with the organization’s history, current internal and external challenges, and strategic aspirations and plans;
- A team of leaders who expend the time and resources to align the “stated culture” with the culture employees experience in their everyday interactions. Leaders must be committed to measuring the gap, and taking meaningful and visible steps to achieve this alignment; and
- An organizational ability to renew and evolve the culture to meet new challenges.
Defining What We Mean by Culture
Because company culture influences the way employees think, act and feel it is important that they understand how culture is defined and why it’s important. This is particularly true during times of great change.
In its simplest form, I define a company’s culture as “the way we do things,” which in practice translates to the values and behaviors we will encourage, and those that will not be tolerated in the context of:
- How we interact with customers and other constituents
- How we conduct our business; and
- How we treat employees and each other.
Culture can enable or block achievement of business strategy
Depending on how you define each element, your culture can help or hinder business outcomes in areas such as: customer loyalty, product innovation, market differentiation and crisis management. The cause-and-effect nature of company culture should not be underestimated. It touches all aspects of your business, your brand and reputation.
At its best, your culture can be a source of inspiration, pride and purpose for employees, which in turn can lead to greater productivity and higher levels of performance. However, culture that is not aligned with company strategy and not transparent to employees can lead to poor decisions and performance issues over time. Involving employees in defining your company’s culture is an important step in the process.
Leaders are the Architects of Company Culture
Building a new culture should never be left to chance. As leaders, we are accountable for shaping company culture and ensuring it is aligned with business strategy. The management processes, policies and practices we put in place will drive decisions and behaviors. For example, how you hire, develop and reward employees speaks volumes about your company’s culture.
In shaping culture, leaders need to create formal and informal mechanisms that together help to develop a core set of common beliefs and behaviors essential to a healthy culture. Formal mechanisms such as organizational structures facilitate decision-making, communication and workflow. Informal mechanisms such as peer-to-peer interactions and networks encourage discretionary effort and problem solving.
We must also commit time and attention to measuring the effectiveness of our actions and degree to which we are achieving the desired outcome. You’ll know you have succeeded in transforming the culture when the vast majority of employees say that in their division or business unit their immediate supervisor behaves in a way that is consistent with the “stated culture” of the company.
Company Culture Should be Regularly Renewed
As a CEO, I have seen first-hand how companies can hang on to certain ways of doing things while the world is passing them by. This is particularly dangerous in today’s rapidly changing environment where adaptation and innovation are essential to the long-term viability of most businesses.
Leaders must guard against cultural stagnation. Successful companies can be especially vulnerable to this predicament, as they become complacent over time. I believe companies should undergo a cultural refresh every 3-5 years by:
- Staying vigilant to external trends and conditions through customer outreach, research and data collection;
- Examining “the way you do things” in the context of the external environment through open, frank discussion with employees about what is working well and why, and what needs to change; and
- Implementing selective changes that preserve the strengths of your culture, while mitigating its weaknesses. Renewing your culture does not necessarily mean wholesale change. You’ll find that small adjustments are all you may need to restore organizational vitality and position the company for long-term success.
In the coming years, corporate America will continue to face challenges in the new environment. Making sure your culture is evolving in ways that will help your company thrive is an important step in that journey. | http://www.ronwilliams.net/viewpoints/viewpoints/culture-key-to-thriving-in-new-normal |
The persistence or consistent existence of cultural elements in a society across time. Continuity can also be referred to as the maintenance of the traditions and social structures that bring stability to a society.
change
The alteration or modification of cultural elements in a society. Change to society can occur at the micro, meso and macro levels. It can be brought about by modernisation processes, including technological innovation. This force results in an alteration to culture.
modernisation
A process of dynamic social change resulting from the diffusion and adoption of the characteristics of apparently more advanced societies by other societies that are apparently less advanced. It involves social transformation whereby the society becomes technologically advanced and updates cultural life.
sustainability
The required development to meet current human needs, whether economic, social or environmental, without jeopardising the needs of future generations or the health of the planet for all species depending
on it for their existence. Sustainability implies deliberate, responsible and proactive decision-making from the local to the global level about a more equitable distribution of resources and the minimisation of negative impacts of humans on the planet.
tradition
The body of cultural practices and beliefs that are passed down from generation to generation, often by word of mouth and behavioural modelling, that are integral to the socialisation process and that represent
stability and continuity of the society or culture.
beliefs
A set of opinions or convictions; ideas we believe in as the truth. Beliefs can come from one's own experience and reflection, or from what one is told by others.
values
Deeply held ideas and beliefs that guide our thinking, language and behaviour. Differences in values exist among groups of people in society and are a part of one's culture. Values can be challenged.
empowerment
A social process that gives power or authority to people at a micro level, to groups at a meso level, and to institutions at a macro level, allowing them to think, behave, take action, control and make decisions.
westernisation
A social process where the values, customs and practices of Western industrial capitalism are adopted to form the basis of cultural change.
conflict
A perceived incompatibility of goals or actions. Conflict can occur at all levels in society and its resolution can involve modification to what was previously in place.
cooperation
The ability of individual members of a group to work together to achieve a common goal that is in the group's interests and that contributes to the continued existence of the group.
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THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH... | https://quizlet.com/93888719/social-and-cultural-continuity-and-change-flash-cards/ |
Equipping yourself with the right technology and knowledge is a strong combination, but ensuring your global workforce is fully supported – and supports you – makes for a robust future. Here, experts share their strategies for ensuring cultural intelligence (CI) is, and always will be, present within their organisations.
David Roberts, global HR director, American Express
I like to think of culture as how we approach achieving goals at work. The definition is important when talking about ‘intelligence’: to be intellectual, you need to understand what defines the topic in your business; true intelligence is being able to adapt, or even influence it to align to your strategy.
We are a relationship business and rely on our network in a complex matrix structure. However, we know there’s a need to evolve our culture, aligning it to our strategy of maximising revenue growth. This requires our global teams to understand and adapt it, which needs to be achieved through carefully planned building blocks. In most organisations this will take the form of communications, structures, hiring decisions and rewards. However, my first step is ensuring employees can clearly articulate the strategy, relative to them.
Simon Wright, head of talent, UKTV
The Harvard Business Review describes cultural intelligence as “an outsider’s seemingly natural ability to interpret someone’s unfamiliar and ambiguous gestures the way that person’s compatriots would”. You need to maintain the company culture across many different departments, and often, countries.
Should we adapt or change the culture depending on the area, department or client base? Communication is key. People must be aware of common goals, and transparency from senior management needs to be communicated; this helps create a sense of CI.
Managing a global workforce is tricky. You’re rarely there to see what’s going on but regular communication and inclusivity is essential. It’s about understanding how different cultures in different departments can feed into company goals and individuals knowing the part they have to play.
Its about social norms that influence how people think, feel and act
Sarah Homer, people and culture director, MEC EMEA
The world has become a smaller place for global organisations. The rules of the game have changed, people interact in ‘real time’ across multinational, multicultural and tech-enabled invisible boundaries. People are connected and yet mobile at the same time. Respect for individual needs, values and differences (and not just gender, race or sexuality but diversity of thought, work style, education or experiences) is no longer a choice.
At MEC, we embrace and actively encourage difference. Our manifesto “Don’t just live. Thrive” outlines the opportunities for colleagues to grow and be their best selves. We have a culture that celebrates the uniqueness of every single person who works here. But what does this actually mean? Well, for MEC, this includes driving a culture of real-time feedback, a culture where everyone has a voice and is supported; creating an ‘experience’ for colleagues and embracing how people want to work to drive change, rather than being fixated on policies and processes.
Dee Jas, people director, Girl Effect
As a charity, our organisation is built on the premise of ‘culture brands’; work that resonates with girls in their countries and provides an authentic reflection of their reality. CI is critical for us, the key word being ‘intelligence’. It implies something more than information; it is deliberate and insightful as well as applicable.
To me, CI means having a sensibility in the organisation that respects values and applies cultural insights to create an engaging, diverse work environment, and inform the development of relevant products and services. Managing a global workforce is difficult; you want to promote a sense of ‘one-ness’ so it’s important to identify the elements you don’t want to compromise and where to be truly global.
Local context becomes important in alignment and expression; how can we translate global approaches to fit locally and shape global approaches using local intelligence? Looking at wider business trends, CI becomes evermore prevalent given the focus on understanding your market and customers, plus the desire for innovation and personalisation. It’s about understanding social norms that influence how people (consumers and employees) think, feel and act.
Annabel Jones, HR director, ADP UK
ADP operates in more than 100 countries, which brings a litany of challenges, from legislation to regulation. One of the most important goals for us is to keep our culture aligned and robust. Working across borders means CI is key to successful organisations. Here are tips to ensure that CI is recognised by your entire organisation.
Teach CI: As companies become more global, the HR challenges that arise become central to their success or failure. If HR representatives and management don’t incorporate the four CI capabilities (motivation, cognition, meta-cognition and behaviour) into their employees’ learning, they could see their culture become siloed.
Lead from the top: Management should demonstrate the CI it hopes to filter down to the workforce, working across borders to enhance the shared culture, while understanding the separate distinctions.
Don’t let technology alienate: The rising number of remote and flexible workers means the workplace is changing. Technology can help connect your workforce, take care not to let it separate and alienate colleagues.
Respect for individual needs, values and differences is no longer a choice
Claire Cusack, HR director, Allianz Worldwide Care
Our workforce reflects the international nature of Allianz Worldwide Care’s business, with more than 60 nationalities and almost 30 languages spoken throughout the company. CI is the ability to understand and work productively with people of different nationalities, beliefs, gender or culture. CI is our capability to relate to, and work with, a multitude of cultures.
We have developed a dynamic, flexible workforce via learning and development and HR programmes focusing on leveraging our diverse workforce. Employees who have the ability to support clients in three or more languages receive a financial bonus for doing so. We also offer holiday accrual, allowing our international employees time to visit family and friends at home. | https://www.changeboard.com/article-details/16241/how-culturally-intelligent-is-your-organisation-/ |
At their best, all three types of paintings challenge the notion that a “perfect” piece of art is always the most effective one. The unpainted spaces and rough backgrounds of these pieces give them a raw or urgent quality. There is a dynamism to them that would be lost in a more refined, yet calcified, final product.
One memorable piece in the exhibit is a painting by the 19th century German artist Adolph Menzel entitled “The Jewish Cemetery in Prague.”According to the artistic standards of the mid-nineteenth century, this piece’s rough composition renders it technically “unfinished.” Yet the loose and fluid representations of the tombstones in the cemetery give them an air of impermanence that a more fully realized composition would lack. In reflecting the angles and colors of the trees above it, the Jewish cemetery feels less like a place of finality and more like one in harmony with the nature that surrounds it. By leaving this particular painting unfinished, the artist may be making a deeper statement about the nature of mortality itself, or perhaps the way in which society normally entombs the dead. That is, the unfinished nature of this painting of a cemetery implies that it affirms life rather than enshrines death.
An echo of the “unfinished” aesthetic may be identified in the Jewish practices surrounding mourning. Upon hearing of a loss, a Jewish mourner traditionally rips his or her garment, and Jewish tradition is replete with rituals that reminds us of the incomplete nature of our happiness in the wake of the destruction of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem, which occurred in 70 AD. For example, if a Jewish family builds a new home, they are required to leave a visible patch of it unplastered – in a sense the home remains unfinished as a reminder that God’s “home” has yet to be re-built. Reflecting upon a patch of unpainted canvas in the otherwise complete “Street in Auvers-sur-Oise” by Vincent Van Gogh at the Met Breuer, I was reminded of this uniquely Jewish practice, known as a “zecher l’churban” (a reminder of the destruction) .
There are a variety of customs that are associated with zecher l’churban, some of them more widely observed than others. For example, a glass is shattered under a Jewish wedding canopy, women are instructed not to wear all of their fine jewelry at any one time, and in some circles even listening to music is curtailed. The pervasiveness of these customs does not reflect a sense of nihilism or a cult of mourning. Rather, the sages say that “whoever mourns over Jerusalem will merit to see in it’s joy” (Bava Batra 60b). Counter-intuitively, reminding ourselves of our incompleteness specifically points to the promise of an eventual restoration.
This attitudes toward incompleteness, which informs the halakhot (laws and customs) of zecher l’churban, is brought to the fore by the contemporary religious Jewish poet Eve Grubin. American by birth, she currently lives in England and recently published a new chapbook of poems entitled The House of Our First Loving. Grubin is unusual among contemporary poets, even contemporary Jewish poets, in that her poems engage with religious tradition in a serious and highly erudite fashion. She draws on Biblical, Talmudic and Jewish liturgical sources with the same fluency that she channels poets like Emily Dickinson and Elizabeth Bishop. Like her first book of poems, Morning Prayer, the poems in her new pamphlet draw on a variety of Jewish themes. Throughout both collections, Grubin’s work strongly reflects the sensibility that animates the “Unfinished” exhibit at the Met Breuer and the zecher l’churban rituals as well.
“Satiate me with our combined truths.
“It’s not faith, it’s faltering.
Less happiness than the laws.
It’s the battle, desire and modesty, the name. Near.
Here we see that for Grubin, longing is in some way the essence of Judaism and is equally, if not more central than the fulfillment of that longing.
Just as a viewer might be drawn to the unfinished patches of canvas at the Met Breuer exhibit, Grubin sees a spiritual opportunity in the “cracked soil” of our world. Flaws and incompleteness are what keep the speaker tethered to the earth and to her faith.
In a new poem entitled “Unfinished,” Grubin specifically connects this sensibility to the notion of zecher l’churban in particular. In this poem, the speaker suggests that incompleteness, while frustrating at times, may be a tie that binds a husband and wife to one another, and moreover may stimulate a longing for a greater religious redemption. “Who needs finality,” asks Grubin, “when unfinishing creates a longing for what has not yet happened?” While our incompleteness in an exilic, post-Churban world is painful and discomfiting, appreciating that incompleteness is an intrinsic part of Judaism and of the Jewish religious personality.
for what has not yet happened?
Eve Grubin, “Unfinished,” from The House of Our First Loving. Copyright @2016 by Eve Grubin. Reprinted with the permission of the author.
“R. Abin the Levite also said: When a man takes leave of his fellow, he should not say to him, ‘Go in peace’. but ‘Go to peace’. For Moses, to whom Jethro said, ‘Go to peace,’ went up and prospered, whereas Absalom to whom David said, ‘Go in peace,’ went away and was hung.
Beautiful! Thanks for these thoughts. I am also struck by that passage at the end of Brachot, there is a way in which not being in process/unfinished signifies death. I saw this in the Jewish Cemetery painting as well.
Sarah I’m delighted to discover your blog. This was a beautiful post that masterfully drew connections between contemporary poetry, classical art, and traditional Jewish sources in order to highlight that everything is the creation of Hashem Echad. | https://bookofbooksblog.com/2016/07/19/unfinished-ness-in-art-judaism-and-the-poetry-of-eve-grubin/ |
This article presents an account of sovereignty as a concept that signifies in jural terms the nature and quality of political relations within the modern state. It argues, first, that sovereignty is a politico-legal concept that expresses the autonomous nature of the state’s political power and its specific mode of operation in the form of law and, secondly, that many political scientists and lawyers present a skewed account by confusing sovereignty with governmental competence. After clarifying its meaning, the significance of contemporary governmental change is explained as one that, in certain respects, involves an erosion of sovereignty.
Search result: 4 articlesThe search results will be filtered on:
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The Erosion of Sovereignty
|Journal||Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy, Issue 2 2016|
|Keywords||sovereignty, state, Léon Duguit, European Union, Eurozone|
|Authors||Martin Loughlin|
|AbstractAuthor's information|
|Article||
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National Identity, Constitutional Identity, and Sovereignty in the EU
|Journal||Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy, Issue 2 2016|
|Keywords||national identity, constitutional identity, EU law, constitutional courts, Court of Justice|
|Authors||Elke Cloots|
|AbstractAuthor's information|
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This article challenges the assumption, widespread in European constitutional discourse, that ‘national identity’ and ‘constitutional identity’ can be used interchangeably. First, this essay demonstrates that the conflation of the two terms lacks grounding in a sound theory of legal interpretation. Second, it submits that the requirements of respect for national and constitutional identity, as articulated in the EU Treaty and in the case law of certain constitutional courts, respectively, rest on different normative foundations: fundamental principles of political morality versus a claim to State sovereignty. Third, it is argued that the Treaty-makers had good reasons for writing into the EU Treaty a requirement of respect for the Member States’ national identities rather than the States’ sovereignty, or their constitutional identity.
|Discussion||
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Hybrid Constitutionalism, Fundamental Rights and the State
A Response to Gunther Teubner
|Journal||Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy, Issue 3 2011|
|Keywords||societal constitutionalism, Gunther Teubner, system theory, fundamental rights|
|Authors||Gert Verschraegen|
|AbstractAuthor's information|
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This contribution explores how much state is necessary to make societal constitutionalism work. I first ask why the idea of a global societal constitutionalism ‘beyond the state-and-politics’ might be viewed as a significant and controversial, but nonetheless justified innovation. In the second part I discuss what Teubner calls ‘the inclusionary effects of fundamental rights’. I argue that Teubner underplays the mediating role of the state in guaranteeing inclusion or access, and in a way presupposes well-functioning states in the background. In areas of limited statehood there is a problem of enforcing fundamental rights law. It is an open question whether, and under which conditions, constitutional norms within particular global social spheres can provide enough counter-weight when state constitutional norms are lacking.
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Constitutionalism and the Incompleteness of Democracy: An Iterative Relationship
|Journal||Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy, Issue 3 2010|
|Keywords||constitutionalism, globalization, democracy, modernity, postnational|
|Authors||Neil Walker|
|AbstractAuthor's information|
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The complexity of the relationship between democracy and modern constitutionalism is revealed by treating democracy as an incomplete ideal. This refers both to the empirical incompleteness of democracy as unable to supply its own terms of application – the internal dimension – and to the normative incompleteness of democracy as guide to good government – the external dimension. Constitutionalism is a necessary response to democratic incompleteness – seeking to realize (the internal dimension) and to supplement and qualify democracy (the external dimension). How democratic incompleteness manifests itself, and how constitutionalism responds to incompleteness evolves and alters, revealing the relationship between constitutionalism and democracy as iterative. The paper concentrates on the iteration emerging from the current globalizing wave. The fact that states are no longer the exclusive sites of democratic authority compounds democratic incompleteness and complicates how constitutionalism responds. Nevertheless, the key role of constitutionalism in addressing the double incompleteness of democracy persists under globalization. This continuity reflects how the deep moral order of political modernity, in particular the emphasis on individualism, equality, collective agency and progress, remains constant while its institutional architecture, including the forms of its commitment to democracy, evolves. Constitutionalism, itself both a basic orientation and a set of design principles for that architecture, remains a necessary support for and supplement to democracy. Yet post-national constitutionalism, even more than its state-centred predecessor, remains contingent upon non-democratic considerations, so reinforcing constitutionalism’s normative and sociological vulnerability. This conclusion challenges two opposing understandings of the constitutionalism of the global age – that which indicts global constitutionalism because of its weakened democratic credentials and that which assumes that these weakened democratic credentials pose no problem for post-national constitutionalism, which may instead thrive through a heightened emphasis on non-democratic values. | https://www.elevenjournals.com/zoek?search_journal_code=22130713&search_text=%5C%22regional+differentiation%5C%22 |
Territoriale leveringsbeperkingen tussen de Benelux-landen: werkt de interne markt voor iedereen?
|Tijdschrift||Markt & Mededinging, Aflevering 3 2020|
|Trefwoorden||territoriale leveringsbeperkingen, prijsverschillen, territorial supply constraints, detailprijzen, economische afhankelijkheid|
|Auteurs||Christian Huveneers|
|SamenvattingAuteursinformatie|
|Article||
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Levying VAT in the EU Customs Union: Towards a Single Indirect Tax Area? The Ordeal of Indirect Tax Harmonisation
|Tijdschrift||Erasmus Law Review, Aflevering 3 2019|
|Trefwoorden||single indirect tax area, VAT action plan, quick fixes, e-commerce package, definitive VAT system|
|Auteurs||Ben Terra|
|SamenvattingAuteursinformatie|
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This contribution deals with the latest proposals regarding levying VAT in the European Union (EU) Customs Union. The present system, which has been in place since 1993 and was supposed to be transitional, splits every cross-border transaction into an exempted cross-border supply and a taxable cross-border acquisition. It is like a customs system, but lacks equivalent controls and is therefore the root of cross-border fraud. After many years of unsuccessful attempts, the Commission abandoned the objective of implementing definitive VAT arrangements based on the principle of taxing all cross-border supplies of goods in the Member State of their origin, under the same conditions that apply to domestic trade including VAT rates. The European Parliament and the Council agreed that the definitive system should be based on the principle of taxation in the Member State of the destination of the goods. After a brief discussion of the VAT Action Plan of 2016 (Section 1), the e-commerce package in the form of Directive (EU) 2017/2455 is dealt with (Section 2), followed by the proposal to harmonise and simplify certain rules in the VAT system and introduce the definitive system, only partially adopted (Section 3). Section 4 deals with the proposal to introduce detailed measures of the definitive VAT system. The proposed harmonisation and simplification of certain rules were meant to become applicable on 1 January 2019, but will become only partially applicable on 2020. It is proposed to make the detailed measures of the definitive VAT system applicable in 2022. It remains to be seen whether the Member States are willing to accept the definitive VAT system at all; hence the subtitle ‘the ordeal of indirect tax harmonisation’.
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Regulatory governance by contract: the rise of regulatory standards in commercial contracts
|Tijdschrift||Recht der Werkelijkheid, Aflevering 3 2014|
|Trefwoorden||contracts, transnational regulation, codes of conduct, private standards, supply chain|
|Auteurs||Paul Verbruggen|
|SamenvattingAuteursinformatie|
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In this paper a literature review is used to explore the role that commercial contracts concluded between private actors play as instruments of regulatory governance. While such contracts are traditionally seen as a means to facilitate exchange between market participants, it is argued in the literature that commercial contracts are becoming increasingly important vehicles for the implementation and enforcement of safety, social and sustainability standards in transnational supply chains. The paper maps the pervasiveness of this development, its drivers, and the governance challenges that arise from it. While doing so, the paper more generally explores the relationship between regulation and contract law.
|Artikel||
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Constitutionalism and the Incompleteness of Democracy: An Iterative Relationship
|Tijdschrift||Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy, Aflevering 3 2010|
|Trefwoorden||constitutionalism, globalization, democracy, modernity, postnational|
|Auteurs||Neil Walker|
|SamenvattingAuteursinformatie|
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The complexity of the relationship between democracy and modern constitutionalism is revealed by treating democracy as an incomplete ideal. This refers both to the empirical incompleteness of democracy as unable to supply its own terms of application – the internal dimension – and to the normative incompleteness of democracy as guide to good government – the external dimension. Constitutionalism is a necessary response to democratic incompleteness – seeking to realize (the internal dimension) and to supplement and qualify democracy (the external dimension). How democratic incompleteness manifests itself, and how constitutionalism responds to incompleteness evolves and alters, revealing the relationship between constitutionalism and democracy as iterative. The paper concentrates on the iteration emerging from the current globalizing wave. The fact that states are no longer the exclusive sites of democratic authority compounds democratic incompleteness and complicates how constitutionalism responds. Nevertheless, the key role of constitutionalism in addressing the double incompleteness of democracy persists under globalization. This continuity reflects how the deep moral order of political modernity, in particular the emphasis on individualism, equality, collective agency and progress, remains constant while its institutional architecture, including the forms of its commitment to democracy, evolves. Constitutionalism, itself both a basic orientation and a set of design principles for that architecture, remains a necessary support for and supplement to democracy. Yet post-national constitutionalism, even more than its state-centred predecessor, remains contingent upon non-democratic considerations, so reinforcing constitutionalism’s normative and sociological vulnerability. This conclusion challenges two opposing understandings of the constitutionalism of the global age – that which indicts global constitutionalism because of its weakened democratic credentials and that which assumes that these weakened democratic credentials pose no problem for post-national constitutionalism, which may instead thrive through a heightened emphasis on non-democratic values.
|Discussie||
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Constitutionalism and the Incompleteness of Democracy
A Reply to Four Critics
|Tijdschrift||Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy, Aflevering 3 2010|
|Trefwoorden||constitutionalism, globalization, democracy, modernity, postnational|
|Auteurs||Neil Walker|
|SamenvattingAuteursinformatie|
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This reply to critics reinforces and further develops a number of conclusions of the original paper. First, it answers the charge that it is biased in its discussion of the relative standing of constitutionalism and democracy today, tending to take the authority of the former for granted and concentrating its critical attention unduly on the incompleteness of democracy, by arguing that contemporary constitutionalism is deeply dependent upon democracy. Secondly, it reiterates and extends the claim of the original paper that the idea and practice of democracy is unable to supply its own resources in the development of just forms of political organization. Thirdly, it defends its key understanding of the overall relationship between democracy and constitutionalism as a ‘double relationship’, involving both mutual support and mutual tension. A fourth and last point is concerned to demonstrate how the deeper philosophical concerns raised by the author about the shifting relationship between democracy and constitutionalism and the conceptual reframing they prompt are important not just as an explanatory and evaluative window on an evolving configuration of political relations but also as an expression of that evolution, and to indicate how this new conceptual frame might condition how we approach the question of a democracy-sensitive institutional architecture for the global age. | https://www.bjutijdschriften.nl/zoek?search_category=&search_journal_code=&search_text=%22territorial+supply+constraints%22&search_year= |
The LEARN[IN] Symposium took place from 07-09 May, 2019 at SRH University Heidelberg. The interdisciplinary approach from the perspective of architecture, arts, pedagogy and sociology gave an insight into the relevance of the role of learning and learning spaces today. The goal was to offer an open platform for discussion and exchange about the challenges of the paradigm shift in pedagogy and the influences, opportunities and potentials that result from this in architecture and urban planning.
To this end, a call for presentations and posters was launched in January 2019. This focused on five main theme clusters:
- space(s) for the new pedagogy and the challenges of the 21st century;
- the environment as the third teacher;
- from learning spaces to living spaces;
- the school as a democratic space and its relation to the city;
- schools and universities as welcoming spaces for refugees and migrants.
The perspective on the focus areas was intentionally broad and interdisciplinary, covering the fields of architecture, urban design, landscape architecture, pedagogy, politics, economy and culture. In this way, students, researchers and practitioners presented not just different projects, but especially different approaches towards the interpretation of learning and learning spaces, addressing the variety of topics from the perception of everyday and ordinary learning to the role architecture plays as an educator and the role of education in society.
The questions included how school and education have developed in the past two hundred years, and what the social causes and consequences of this were; how we can design innovative learning spaces; what a school has to fulfill to be not just a learning and living space, but at the same time an agent of social sustainability. | https://learn-in.eu/learn-in-symposium/ |
The task was to strategize and invent the spatial and programmatic requirements for a new architecture school that would lead to a new academic model and a laboratory for ideas. As a design strategy we developed an evolutionary platform capable of catalyzing the unpredictable actions within the architecture school’s everyday culture into generative opportunities. The building deliberately deploys the idea of incompleteness as an essential invitation for ongoing interpretation and subsequent actualizations through students and faculty. The envelope acts as condenser for studio spaces, computer lab, exhibition, event, hangout spaces and ramps. Having basically no mechanical systems the building relies solely on passive climate controls, such as the suspended ramp that doubles up as a brise-soleil, main social space and connector.
The project needed to be integrated into a UN heritage protected campus, yet convey a strong sense of contemporary architecture. We did so by establishing a dialogue between old and new and translate the values of the past into the future. The project was subsequently lauded by the heritage comission for its capacity to have strenghtenend and not weakend the heritage context.
The project was delivered with 11 month from schematic design to completion, on budget. | https://lwpac.net/portfolio/school-of-architecture-utfsm/ |
In collaboration with Guest Professors Studio Lütjens + Padmanabhan at the Technical University Munich.
all images: © 2016 Vanessa Salm, Laura Eberhardt
The architecture of the Italian Renaissance is an architecture of unfinished individual buildings and magnificent urban fragments. Often with modest means, the Renaissance architects created works that have not lost their expressiveness to this day. Renaissance buildings draw their strength from the tension and resistance of a work that allows ideal and reality, imagination and contradiction, ruthlessness and adaptation in equal measure. In this semester, the task was to design residential buildings in the Munich conurbation.
The Munich agglomeration is determined by the models of the post-war period, the greened-out settlements and the single-family house areas.
The transformation of these agglomeration areas into urban districts is one of the important tasks for the coming years. Moosach in the north of Munich and the possibility of its urbanization is the theme here. The result is a multi-storey urban residential building.
The total volume is built up on the back of a residential development in Dachauerstraße and is limited to Gubenstraße. The silhouette is already visible from the main street and offers passers-by a glimpse of the residential building.
The volume consists of a grouping of several bodies, which are joined together by a continuous band of plinths. These bodies have been processed in such a way that they become their own characters through individual features, which in turn take up a reference to each other through commonalities and are finally read as a whole. The aim here was to create moments of tension; for example, the bevelled corner of one volume exposes the row of windows of the next body.
The façade deals intensively with the duality of surface or the massive body and the openings, which in turn represent a surface in themselves. Different sized openings were designed based on the „almost-square“. The choice and setting of the respective windows was intended to support their respective character. The same applies to the facades with pigmented concrete blocks.
The ground floor and the staircases are accessed via the inner courtyard, which is formed by the three bodies.
Similar to the concept of the façade, the interior follows the principle of the „almost-square“ and offers a sequence of open and closed spaces, which are characterised by features such as the bevelled corner or barely noticeable connections. The division of the rooms, as well as their raw materiality and open appearance, should allow the occupant to develop freely.
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MuseumLab opens in ruins of lightning-struck Pittsburgh library
US firm KoningEizenberg Architecture left worn-looking ornate walls, brickwork and columns inside this museum for children in Pittsburgh, which occupies a historic library that was struck by lightning.
KoningEizenberg Architecture (KEA) designed the transformation of the damaged library into MuseumLab for the Children's Museum of Pittsburgh. It forms an extension of its campus in Pittsburgh's Allegheny Center neighbourhood.
The existing building, known as Carnegie Free Library, was commissioned in 1886 for the public by philanthropist and industrialist Andrew Carnegie.
It was completed by John L Smithmeyer and Paul J Pelz in the late 1890s and registered a historic building in 1974.
It continued to serve as a public library until the clock tower was struck by lightning in 2006, causing a chunk of granite weighing three tons to fall through the roof. The damage forced the library to relocate.
KEA's project sought to restore the damaged structure but also reveal the original architecture by peeling back the additions that had been made over the years.
Collonades that form archways with ornamental details are now left in a weathered, unfinished state, with patchy surfaces and cracked or peeling renders. They match brickwork and flooring with worn-out markings that are similarly exposed.
These areas typically form open spaces for casual activity, like a first-storey reading area or the open, ground-floor entrance. The latter is covered with permanent installation Over View, designed by US studio FreelandBuck.
Commissioned as part of the renovation, it hangs from the ceiling and is intended to represent a 3D-drawing of the surrounding space including the archways.
MuseumLab comprises three exhibiton spaces, two learning labs as well as programming space for young teens and older. Throughout, existing details are teamed with contemporary additions.
The Santa Monica firm added a white-mesh structure that forms a new staircase and elevated walkway topped by a skylight. The intervention delicately contrasts surrounding stained brickwork to wrap around an open area suited for gatherings.
One of the performing spaces is located in a room with brickwork walls and arched windows, while the ceiling is painted bright white to contrast darker details.
Ornate ceilings meanwhile top a double-height space punctured by a weathered metal beam. The large room forms the children's workshop complete with large benches and machinery.
Exhibition spaces are located in a vaulted space with brickwork and stone walls that are painted white to form a suitable backdrop. Additional spaces are also painted white and include large classrooms and meeting areas.
Now MuseumLab is complete, the Children's Museum of Pittsburgh is the largest cultural campus in the US dedicated to children.
Pittsburgh is a western city in Pennsylvania. Other cultural projects in the US State include the Frank Gehry-designed renovation of Philadelphia's Museum of Art.
Gehry completed work on the first stage last year, marking over a decade after he was first enlisted to design the project. | https://www.dezeen.com/2020/05/06/museumlab-carnegie-free-library-childrens-museum-of-pittsburgh-koning-eizenberg-architecture/ |
Bachelor Programs in Landscape Architecture 2021/2022 in Sverdlovsk Oblast in Russia
The field of landscape architecture involves the programming, planning, design and management of land and green spaces, mostly in urban environments. This frequently includes outdoor public areas such as parks and city squares, but it can also include private sector work.
Request Information Bachelor Degrees in Landscape Architecture in Sverdlovsk Oblast in Russia 2021/2022
1 Results in Landscape Architecture, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Sort by: | https://www.bachelorstudies.com/Bachelor/Landscape-Architecture/Russia/Sverdlovsk-Oblast/ |
Building and construction covers a wide range of jobs in areas such as planning, residential building, non-residential building, construction engineering, architecture and the building trades.
Planning involves work in areas including planning for climate change, regional planning, transport and sustainable development. A planner's role is to design spaces and places for the benefit of the community while ensuring that economic growth, sustainability, transport, social equity and community living are considered.
Residential building includes construction of houses, flats, units and townhouses. Non-residential building includes schools, hospitals, shops, offices and factories.
Construction engineering involves all of the work that goes into building and maintaining our roads and streets, railways, dams and sewerage systems.
Architectural services include things like architecture, planning and building design. And the building and construction trades cover everything from brickies and plumbers to sparkies and chippies.
Find out about some of the jobs that people do in the building and construction industries. | http://youthcentral.vic.gov.au/jobs-and-careers/plan-your-career/industry-profiles/building-construction |
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This is a zine based on Matthew Stickland's project 'offensive architecture' focusing on a style of architecture known as 'defensive' or 'hostile'. This form of architecture is incorporated into a spaces design in order to prevent particular ways of interaction, for example, a steel ball bearings on a ledge to stop skateboarding or jagged surfaces under a shelter to stop rough sleeping.
In this zine Matthew looks at four examples of defensive architecture around Dublin city. The zine documents his process of measuring out these spaces and building his own sculptural pieces to slot into or cover over them, combating the job of the defensive architecture leaving them open to interaction in ways he sees fit. | https://www.thelibraryproject.ie/products/offensive-architecture-matthew-strickland |
Published by: Historický ústav SAV, v. v. i.
Keywords: linear space; boulevard; boulevard circle; the elements of formation;structural components of spiritual intelligence;
Summary/Abstract: FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEMLinear landscaping structures occupy a special position among the range of urban green areas. Running through particular parts of the city, they form relatively narrow but elongated strips of urban greenery. This scheme of planning provides the residents of the neighborhoods with a brief daily recreation, gathering them in the local areas, attracting them to urban public facilities or parks and coastal zones. Today, these places not only constitute urban interior spaces, but also serve as a platform for environmental experiments related to the integration of natural elements, or even the testing of technological innovations. The spatial organization of cities has studied by a number of authorities; particularly noteworthy are the works of K. Lynch, R. Venturi, A. Brinkmann, V. Shymko, B. Hlazychev and others. The results of the studying architectural composition and aesthetic features of separate structural components (including linear pedestrian zones or narrower walkways) have beeen highlighted in the theoretical writings of C. Sitte D. Brooks, A. Verhunov, M. Belov, V. Petrov and others. Contemporary studies are aimed at the organization of the object-spatial environment of linear green spaces, based on a “total synthesis” of design with different kinds of design and artistic activities – architecture, urban design, landscape and graphic design, monumental and decorative art. The landscape of the urban environment is addressed in the works of J. Simonds L. Verhunova, A. Mikulina, L. Zaleska, I. Rodichkina, A. Belkin, V. Kucheryavyi, N. Kryzhanovska and others. Further information about these objects is partially covered in online resources, or journals such as Proektinternational, and Landscape Design.LINEAR SPACES IN THE CITY STRUCTUREOrganizing harmonious comfortable spaces in the structure of dense modern cities, or creating conditions for public recreation in a polis, are important issues nowadays, whether for architects, urban planners, or urban and landscape designers, or in fact for ordinary citizens. The place of the human individual in these spaces changes over time, as do the physical parameters and the ideas about the convenience of object-space environment. Today, with technology an increasing force in our lives, we can see the attraction of new comfortable urban spaces, such as free public space, that were popular within Europe in the postwar period. Such parts of a city include linear spaces that permeate the urban framework, connecting important social, cultural and historical sites which attract residents, creating green corridors from residential areas to forest or park areas and coastal zones.The importance of having and preserving such spaces is often emphasized by researchers working towards a statement of principles and methods of organization that would prove in accordance with the current level of urban culture in the 21st century. These spaces include linear urban areas for recreation and general pedestrian movement, such as promenades, boulevards, gardens. Organization of their territory is based on the environmental approach and the laws of deep spatial composition in which movement transpires in a certain scenario along the main compositional axis that ‘threads’ vast visual images. This scenic and consistent visual perception is typical for both the day and night life of urban space.Linear spaces of the city designed for recreation suppose a perception at a slow pace. It is somehow different to a fast visual perception from a moving vehicle, as it provides an opportunity to capture details, colors. As remarked by John Simonds: Slow movement engenders interest in detail. When we are in a hurry we tolerate few delays, but it moving leisurely, we welcome deflection and distraction. We have little interest in motion and take pleasure instead in things seen or experienced.An important aspect of ensuring the availability of the city’s linear recreational spaces for all categories of the population is their physical accessibility. The structure of modern linear spaces actively includes ramps, escalators, elevators, moving walkways that create a highly comfortable space for people with limited mobility.The effective and socially acceptable implementation of such spaces is achieved through the cooperation of different spheres of design – whether addressing the urban landscape, ecology, ergonomics or graphic form. Therefore, the formation of linear urban spaces involves landscape composition, elements of urban design, sculpture, decorative and super-graphic compositions, street furniture and advertising units, visual infopoints and various temporary installations.For a comfortable and attractive space, the necessities include functional planning, original designer’s solutions, taking into account environmental components, ergonomic parameters, and interconnection with the city planning system.THE BOULEVARD AS A TYPE OF URBAN LINEAR SPACEDerived from the German word Bollwerk, it is a protective structure, fortification (15th century). The term originally means a platform for an armed fortress wall, a place occupied by a bastion or curtain. Later the term gained the more general meaning of “city fortifications”. Then, with the destruction of city walls and defensive structures, it meant a place for walks or a broad roadway lined with trees on both sides, situated largely in dependence on the previous location of the walls and fortifications.According to historical information, the first boulevards were built back in the classical period, a prime example of which is the system of the Grands Boulevards in Paris, established during the reign of Louis XIV. In the nineteenth century, after the systematic and large-scale demolition of the old city walls, a number of boulevards appeared throughout Europe. In Paris, after the demolition of the old fortifications of Thiers in 1920, a second circle of boulevards was introduced, known as the “Périphérique” or the “Boulevards of the Marshals”. Here the boulevard takes on a lively air.Colors are gay, spirits are light, the smile is quick and the heart is glad on the boulevard in Paris/. In German-speaking countries boulevards are often known as “Rings”. One of the most famous and largest is the Ringstrasse, the circular boulevard in Vienna, the organization of which was entrusted to Otto Wagner. These actions led to extensive theoretical discussions and were the basis for the works of Camillo Sitte, the famous Austrian architect and city planner. As a result of the relatively open use of the word during the last third of the nineteenth century, the term boulevard became interchangeable with the term Avenue, as mentioned by Baron Haussman in his theoretical treatises... | https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=483088 |
As one might assume, landscape architecture involves the design and development of outdoor spaces and structures to produce landscapes that are aesthetically pleasing, support specific social behaviors and improve the environment. Landscape architecture incorporates various disciplines including urban design and development; recreational and park planning; site planning; environmental restoration; visual resource management; green planning; and residential landscaping and design. Professional who earn a degree or professional certification in landscape architecture are known as landscape architects.
The landscape architecture program is designed to prepare students to launch a successful career in landscape architecture and to instruct them how to perform valuable research in various aspects of the field. The program (or major) typically includes advanced training and instruction in soils, groundcovers, and horticultural elements; project and site planning; geology and hydrology; environmental design; landscape design, history, and theory; applicable law and regulations; and professional standards and responsibilities.
The colleges, universities and schools below offer majors and degree programs in landscape architecture. To learn more about a specific school click on any of the links below. | https://www.collegeatlas.org/landscape-architecture-colleges.html |
Along with the advent of technology during the early 20th century, a new style in design and architecture took place. Characterized mainly by simple geometry and right-angled lines, modern contemporary architecture deviates from excessive ornamentation of the past styles.
Mostly utilitarian in nature, modern architecture’s dictum is “form follows function” (Louis Sullivan) –a principle on which the building’s shape should be primarily based on its intended function or purpose.
ARCHITECTURE OF CELANDINE
The building’s design elements and materials are manifested in the sleek architectural lines, textures and composition.
Aside from enhancing the building aesthetically, atria and sky patio also improves natural lighting and ventilation inside the building. Well-placed opening allow natural air to circulate inside the building preventing hot air to stay within.
Sky patios and atria also act as amenity areas at higher floors, thus creating spaces where residents can interact with one another while enjoying the view outside.
Light-colored rectangular frames at sky patio dissected by the earth-toned vertical columns balances the façade, forming the building’s sense of character and integrity in its architectural design concept. | http://www.dmcihomesbroker.com.ph/the-celandine.html |
Tamschick Media+Space is an interdisciplinary studio for media-enhanced scenography, staging architectural spaces and their contents narratively with media. Being one of Europe’s leading specialists for spatial media, for facade and architecture projections, it targets companies and institutions from the areas museum and exhibition, fair and showroom, expo and event, which seek to communicate content to their audience or clients in unusual ways. Specialised for 20 years in the conception, design, production and implementation of spatial media productions, it focuses on the immersive, experiencable, haptic dimension of digital media in spaces and involves the visitors in emotional and audiovisual walk-in environments. | https://marketing-catalysts.com/fr/?portfolio=tamschick-media-space |
Landscape architecture is a field that involves the planning, design and maintenance of outdoor green spaces, primarily in urban areas. This often includes public areas such as schools, city squares, zoos, arboretums and parks, but it can also extend to large private corporate properties and extensive residential grounds.
Part time Master Program in Landscape Architecture
36 Results inLandscape Architecture
The Master of Landscape Architecture (MLA) graduate degree program offers an accredited three-year curriculum. This professional course of study is highly demanding with a lar ... +
Landscape patterns and land-use change are important components for understanding ecological processes affecting biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services.
The Landscape Planning programme aims to sufficiently prepare graduates to be competitive in the international job market. The field of study is therefore strongly oriented to ... +
Earn a scholarship worth up to US$10,000
Landscape Architecture is sometimes described as ‘drawing in the topography’, but the profession encompasses much more. During the Master’s programme at the Amsterdam Academy ... +
In the urbanised landscape we inhabit, every part has been designed or at least influenced by human beings. Take a broad view or look in detail and you will see a complex livi ... +
SCI-Arc’s M.Arch 1 is a three-year, seven-term, professional Master of Architecture program. The core of the program involves architectural experimentation and learning throug ... +
MA Architecture and Urbanism allows you to study and conduct in-depth research into the influence of global cultural and economic forces on contemporary cities. Throughout the ... +
Structure of the study Module I Theory and Methodology Landscape Planning Landscape Design I
The Master of Landscape Architecture provides students with the opportunity to collaborate alongside celebrated practitioners from award-winning international design studios a ... +
The educational path of the M.Sc. Program "Architecture - Built Environment - Interiors" provides advanced training in the field of Architectural Design with the aim to gradua ... +
The main objective of the Master in Landscape Architecture is to form professionals with wide technical and scientific background in Landscape Architecture and with the necess ... +
Become a leader and innovator in landscape architecture practice with this award-winning course. | https://www.masterstudies.co.uk/Masters-Degree/Landscape-Architecture/Part-time/ |
The Belvedere Museum in Vienna is home to the world’s largest collection of Gustav Klimt paintings. As you wander the rooms, you pass portrait upon portrait of porcelain-skinned sitters lounging elegantly among gold leaf, no inch of the canvases untouched. All of which you will be prepared for: Klimt, after all, is the master of decorative excess — the artist of finishing touches. More surprising is what greets you as you leave the crowds clustered around “The Kiss”: Klimt’s “Portrait of Amalie Zuckerkandl.” Here, the sitter’s face and shoulders are finished with the artist’s characteristically intricate brushwork, but the rest of the picture is incomplete, the background blocked out in plain green wash, the foreground untouched. Roughly drawn lines demarcate sections that, had the portrait been finished, would have been filled with the usual flurry of decoration. Stripped of embellishment, Frau Zuckerkandl commands your full attention. The blank spaces offer an insight into how the artist composed his pictures, but also provide a platform for the viewer’s imagination. We are left wondering not only about what the finished painting would have looked like, but also about why the artist never finished it.
From Mozart’s “Requiem” to the abandoned films of Welles, Hitchcock and Kubrick, unfinished works continue to fascinate, both in what they can reveal about the artistic process, and in the place they leave for the audience’s imagination. Over the last few years, the theme of incompletion has been the subject of two major exhibitions. The first, “Unfinished,” was held at the Courtauld Gallery in 2015, and the second, “Unfinished: Thoughts Left Visible,” was the inaugural exhibition of the Met Breuer in 2016. Both shows approached the subject of unfinished artwork from various angles: they considered works that were left incomplete for circumstantial reasons (such as the death of the artist or withdrawal of financing), and works that explore the notion of incompletion intentionally — using their unfinished form as a platform for broader ideas. It turns out that Klimt’s “Amalie Zuckerkandl” falls into the first category: the artist was working on the picture when he died suddenly of a stroke in 1918.
Alice Neel’s “James Hunter, Black Draftee” (1965), which hung in the Met Breuer’s exhibition, is a portrait of a soldier that was never completed because the sitter, drafted for the Vietnam War, could not return for his second sitting. Neel might well have finished the portrait from photographs, but, by leaving it incomplete, offers instead a powerful metaphor for the disruption to ordinary lives that military service entails — and hints at the risks that servicemen and women take on our behalf. Also in the Met Breuer’s exhibition was Robert Smithson’s installation “Mirrors and Shelly Sand” (1969-1970), which consists of a large heap of sand divided by mirrors at regular intervals. As the sand, incapable of retaining its shape, gradually spreads across the museum floor, the work accentuates impermanence and the erosion of form. The endless lifecycle of sand, constantly worn down into increasingly smaller particles, reminds us of the fate of all artworks, whose apparent completion is only ever illusory in the grand scheme of things.
As Charles Baudelaire wrote, the very notion of incompletion is a constituent part of Modernism. In his famous 1863 essay, he elected the little-known artist Constantin Guys as the titular “Painter of Modern Life.” Guys, an illustrator and watercolorist who produced rapid, journalistic sketches of everything from the Crimean War to Parisian daily life, embodied, for Baudelaire, the fragmentary, transitory essence of modernity. Baudelaire’s choice of this rather humble painter was telling: unlike dominant 19th-century figures like Delacroix or David, Guys’s emphasis was not on the perfectly executed, finished artwork, but on the creative processes preceding it.
In parallel, modern literature saw a similar movement towards incompletion, notably through a deliberate disruption to narrative form. The idea, originating from Aristotle, that a story should have a “beginning, middle and end,” with events neatly resolved in the final pages, might be seen to reflect a fundamental human desire to give order and meaning to life, for our existence to form a coherent and finite whole. In the 20th century, critics such as Walter Benjamin, Frank Kermode, and Peter Brooks started to analyze these inherited literary conventions and the assumptions that underpinned them. At the same time, writers experimented with new literary forms more apt to reflect real experience — as the novelist Iris Murdoch put it, “Since reality is incomplete, art should not be too afraid of incompleteness.” Highlighting the artifice of literature and the intrinsically arbitrary way in which any piece of writing is brought to a close, a whole host of literary practices began to emerge, interested precisely in incompletion. This includes the non-linear narratives of the nouveau roman, the endless lists and inventories of Georges Perec, the continuous reworkings and revisions of Francis Ponge’s poetry, the fragmentary, draft-like style of Roland Barthes’ late works, and the circular dialogue of Samuel Beckett’s plays.
Another way to approach the question of incompletion is to look at the radical shift that took place in art and literary theory over the last century. Critics, artists and writers have increasingly emphasized the role of the viewer or reader as an active participant in the creation of an artwork’s meaning: a work is never finished, but constantly reconstructed by its audience. The idea of audience participation can be interpreted literally, as in Andy Warhol’s “Do It Yourself” painting series (1962), whose paint-by-numbers format invited the viewer’s involvement. Similarly, recent experimental literature, such as “hypertext fiction,” involving interactive, online texts, allows the reader to decide the progression of the narrative and the story’s conclusion.
The same principle lies behind interactive cinema, whose growing success led Netflix to commission Charlie Brooker’s “Black Mirror: Bandersnatch.” Released in late 2018, Brooker’s interactive film fuses traditional cinema with a videogame format. Its five alternate endings and the constant loops and options to “restart the game” mean that the cinematic conventions of linear progression and the straightforward conclusion determined by the writer/director are subverted. The film met with mixed reactions and the confusion of many viewers demonstrates that, even today, after 100 years of literary and artistic experimentation, certain expectations are hard to shake.
The idea that art should abide by certain criteria, with well-defined formal characteristics and an omnipotent creator, resulting in a completed final product, may pervade. Yet, as Klimt’s extraordinary, unfinished “Portrait of Amalie Zuckerkandl” reveals, sometimes the most interesting and surprising results happen when, intentionally or accidentally, these criteria aren’t met. Perhaps, sometimes, the real revelations occur when the ending never comes.
Article published on Blouin Artinfo. | https://daisysainsbury.com/2019/08/04/incomplete-works/ |
EJE Architecture has recently completed Stage 1 of the new Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at the John Hunter Children’s Hospital. Stage 1 has provided a new Special Care ICU, encompassing clinical spaces, family wing and dedicated palliative care spaces. These vastly expanded areas enable the delivery of contemporary models of care in an environment that is family centred and clinically efficient.
Paramount to the design process was an integration of family areas into the unit. From lay flat armchairs beside each cot, to a dedicated family wing with full kitchen, children’s play area for older siblings, hotel style rooms for short term overnight stays, and a private palliative care room allowing families to stay with their critically ill child on site, consideration of family participation in the delivery of healthcare to often acutely ill babies has been a guiding principle in the design.
The design focused heavily on colours, materials and textures derived from nature, with a colour palette transitioning from greens through to blues, timber look finishes and large scale wall imagery of natural, local scenes and plants. Lighting was another primary design consideration throughout the planning process, with indirect and natural lighting utilised throughout the unit as much as possible.
Feedback from the staff and families has been overwhelmingly positive and EJE Architecture is exceptionally proud of this ground breaking facility. | http://www.eje.com.au/project/jhch-neonatal-intensive-care-unit/ |
The Architectural League’s Emerging Voices program annually spotlights North American architects, landscape architects, and urban designers who have significant bodies of realized work and the potential to influence their field.
Gabriela Etchegaray and Jorge Ambrosi of AMBROSI | ETCHEGARAY are 2015 winners of the award.
With a belief that there is “strength to be found in silence,” AMBROSI | ETCHEGARAY designs in harmony with nature and with continuity between the past and present. Gabriela Etchegaray and Jorge Ambrosi founded their Mexico City-based firm in 2011. Particularly adept at the control and manipulation of light and shadows, they pair natural and machine-made materials in elegant form-making.
Their Emerging Voices lecture is organized by six guiding principles of their practice: remembrance, order, materiality, light, nature, and heritage. Ambrosi and Etchegaray present one project to illustrate each principle, beginning with the renovation of a dilapidated building in Mexico City into four apartments organized around an interior patio, carving out space for light and vegetation. Three additional residential projects — Edificio Alfonso Reyes, Casa EM, and Casa Tepoztlán — illustrate the fluency between interior and exterior, structured procession between spaces, and series of void spaces that are characteristic of the firm’s work. The Spa Querétaro offers an intimate, relaxing interior in which separation of spaces is created by small gardens and movable glass partitions that isolate areas using light rather than walls. The Palenque Matatlán is a house for three generations combined with a family-run mezcal production plant that uses the soil excavated for the sunken oven and distillation spaces to build rammed earth walls. Blending nature and architecture, the firm draws equally from industrial architecture and ruins to create expressive, evocative spaces.
AMBROSI | ETCHEGARAY was recognized at the 2014 IX Bienal Iberoamericana for the Edificio Alfonso Reyes. The firm participated in the exhibition (con)secuencias formales at MEXTRÓPOLI 2014, an international architecture festival in Mexico City; the 2013 Latin American Architecture Biennale in Pamplona, Spain; and the traveling exhibition 21 Young Mexican Architects in 2012. Ambrosi received his architecture degree from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Etchegaray holds degrees in architecture, urban design, and environmental design from Universidad Iberoamericana and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Both partners have taught at Universidad Iberoamericana. | https://archleague.org/article/ambrosi-etchegaray-video/ |
The Men's Champion of Champions and Chamberlain Shield was held on Sunday at Foxton Golf Club. This event brings together the club champions of all the different clubs to find a district champion in each grade and as a club team.
The Men's Senior Champion on the day was Palmerston North's Rhys Harold with a 2 round total of 144 (75, 69), one shot ahead of Manawatu's Greg Shaw on 145 (74, 71). Manawatu Interprovincial team number one, Junior Tatana, playing on his home course, looked the most likely after his morning round 70, but a couple of balls over the fence in round 2, resulted in an 80, and well out of contention for the title. The Senior Net winner was Linton Camp player, Sean Griggs with an excellent 2 round total of 137, one shot ahead of Taihape's Matt Thomas.
The Intermediate Champion went to Foxton's Khalil Peta with a two round total of 160 (80, 80), one shot ahead of Taihape player David Pollard (80, 81). The net winner with 135 was Levin youngster Cameron Giddens. Cameron's 2nd round 77 gave him a fantastic net score of 63 - the best of the day.
The Junior Champion was another Foxton player Paul Hanson on 175 (87, 88), three shots ahead of Feildings Allan Lun (89, 89). Paul Hansen also had the best net on 139, and in second and the recipient of the best net voucher was Linton Camp player, Ian Gardner, on 147.
The teams competition, the Chamberlain Shield, unsurprisingly, given the individual results was won by the home team Foxton, on a team total (gross aggregate) of 485, nine shots ahead of Taihape on 494. We understand this is the first time Foxton have won this event in the 50 years it has been played - a great result.
A big thanks to all the players that competed in this years event.
Full results: | http://www.mwga.co.nz/latest-news?view=351 |
The genus trace: a function that shows values of genus (vertical axis) for subchains spanned between the first residue, and all other residues (shown on horizontal axis). The number of the latter residue and the genus of a given subchain are shown interactively.
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Total Genus
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135
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sequence length
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373
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structure length
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365
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Chain Sequence
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RPRFSFSIAAREGKARTGTIEMKRGVIRTPAFMPVGTAATVKALKPETVRATGADIILGNTYHLMLRPGAERIAKLGGLHSFMGWDRPILTDSGGYQVMSLSSLTKQSEEGVTFKMLSPERSIEIQHLLGSDIVMAFDECTPYPATPSRAASSMERSMRWAKRSRDAFDSRKEQAENAALFGIQQGSVFENLRQQSADALAEIGFDGYAVGGLAVGQGQDEMFRVLDFSVPMLPDDKPHYLMGVGKPDDIVGAVERGIDMFDCVLPTRSGRNGQAFTWDGPINIRNARFSEDLKPLDSECHCAVCQKWSRAYIHHLIRAGEILGAMLMTEHNIAFYQQLMQKIRDSISEGRFSQFAQDFRARYFA
The genus matrix. At position (x,y) a genus value for a subchain spanned between x’th and y’th residue is shown. Values of the genus are represented by color, according to the scale given on the right.
After clicking on a point (x,y) in the genus matrix above, a subchain from x to y is shown in color.
|molecule keywords||
Queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase
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|publication title||
Glutamate versus Glutamine Exchange Swaps Substrate Selectivity in tRNA-Guanine Transglycosylase: Insight into the Regulation of Substrate Selectivity by Kinetic and Crystallographic Studies.
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pubmed doi rcsb
|source organism||
Zymomonas mobilis
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|molecule tags||
Transferase
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|total genus||
135
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|structure length||
365
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|sequence length||
373
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|ec nomenclature||
ec
2.4.2.29: tRNA-guanine(34) transglycosylase. | https://genus.fuw.edu.pl/view/2OKO/A/ |
The best Mets player to wear number 14
When thinking about New York Mets players who have worn number 14, none came to mind. Gil Hodges is the guy who is known for wearing number 14, but he's known for wearing it as the Mets manager. There have been three players who have worn the number. The first player to wear it was Ken Boyer who wore it for two seasons. The last player to wear it was Gil Hodges who played in a total of 65 games as a Met to end his illustrious career.
The best Met to have worn number 14 is Ron Swoboda.
Ron Swoboda is known for wearing number 4 as a Met, not 14. He made the play Mets fans know him for while wearing number 4 in the 1969 World Series. He wore 14 for the 1965 season, his first in the major leagues. While wearing the number he slashed .228/.291/.424 with 19 home runs and 50 RBI in 135 games played. The 19 home runs ended up being a career-high for Swoboda as he would never hit more than 13 in a season for the rest of his career.
Ron Swoboda is the best Mets player to wear number 14
Swoboda's numbers were not all that impressive, but with such a small number of players to choose from, he ended up being the best one. While Swoboda is the best player, the number is retired for Gil Hodges.
Hodges was a great player for the Dodgers, hitting 370 career home runs including nine with the Mets in his two seasons in Flushing as a player.
What he did as a player might not even be as impressive as what he did as a manager. He turned a team that went 73-89 the year prior into World Series champions as the Mets defeated the Baltimore Orioles in the 1969 World Series.
Swoboda might be the best player to ever wear number 14, but Hodges is why that number is retired and will never be used again. | https://risingapple.com/posts/ny-mets-best-player-wear-14 |
AUGUSTA, Ga. — Friday’s second round of the Masters proved to be a challenge for some, but a bit of a cakewalk for Patrick Reed, who carded nine birdies en route to a 66, which gave his two-shot lead over Marc Leishman at the halfway point. Accordingly, whether the numbers were small or large, there was plenty of interest to decipher by day’s end. Here’s a look at five stats that stood out:
WHY 135 ISN’T SO GREAT
Through two rounds Patrick Reed is the only player in the field with a pair of rounds in the 60s, going 69-66 for a stellar 135 total and the 36-hole lead. Or is it that stellar? Fourteen previous players finished 36 holes with a 135 total and at least a share of the lead at the midway point of the Masters. Know how many won? Three—and their names were Byron Nelson (1942), Jack Nicklaus (1975) and Seve Ballesteros (1980). The other 11 suffered various degrees of disappointment, including Ian Woosnam in 1992 who eventually finished T-19 while trying to defend his title. Oh, and going even lower than 135 is no bargain, either. That’s been done six times and only two of those players won (Ray Floyd, 1976 and Jordan Spieth, 2015).
PAR 5s GIVE REED THE EDGE
Reed came into the Masters ranked 101st in par-5 scoring on the PGA Tour this season at 4.66 strokes. Given that, it also should not be surprising that he has birdied all the par 5s in a round just three times this season. Reed’s race to the top of the Masters leader board, however, is steeped in his par-5 play. Reed has birdied all eight of Augusta National’s par 5s through the first two rounds. That puts Reed more than halfway to the tournament mark of 15 under par on the three-shotters held by Greg Norman (1995), Tiger Woods (2010), Ernie Els (2013) and Phil Mickelson (2015).
Dom Furore
NO POWER, NO PROBLEM
It is firmly believed that power off the tee is a requisite for success at the Masters, and certainly seeing names such as Rory McIlroy, Dustin Johnson and Justin Thomas (all over 300 yards and in the top 10 in distance after 36 holes) residing in the top 10 would seem to feed that. But this year those lacking some pop also are in the mix at the halfway point. Reed is in the lead despite ranking 44th in distance. Marc Leishman is in second place and ranked T-41. Henrik Stenson is third and ranked T-68 while tied for fourth is Jordan Spieth, ranked T-52 in distance. Charley Hoffman, meanwhile, is T-6 and ranked 77th.
MICKELSON IS MASTER OF DISASTER
Everyday golfers take heart. Phil Mickelson is your kind of player. The people’s choice, at times, plays like, well, everyday people. Ever since his third Masters triumph in 2010, Lefty has had a difficult time keeping crooked numbers off his scorecard. Friday at the Masters continued the negative trend when he took a triple bogeys from the trees on No. 9 and rinsed one for a double bogey on the par-3 12th. Those two disasters make it a total of 12 double bogeys and five triple bogeys for the three-time Masters champion over his last seven starts. Here’s a breakdown of his breakdowns:
2018: Tripled the ninth and doubled the 12th in round two. 2017: Doubled the third hole in both round three and four. 2016: Doubled the seventh, 15th and 16th in round two. 2014: Tripled the seventh and doubled the 15th in round one; tripled the 12th in round two. 2013: Doubled the 12th in rounds two and three; also doubled the 11th in round three. 2012: Tripled the 10th in round one; tripled the fourth in round four. 2011: Doubled the fifth and 16th in round four.
NOT THE SAME OLD TIGER
Tiger Woods has never missed the cut at the Masters as a professional and he kept that streak intact, although coming a little closer to the cut line than he would have liked to. In fact, in making his 19th consecutive Masters cut as a pro, Woods posted his second-highest 36-hole total at the Masters, going 73-75 for a four-over-par 148. Woods’ high-water mark at Augusta National for the first 36 holes is 149, when he went 76-73 during the first two rounds. | https://www.golfdigest.com/story/masters-2018-the-five-most-intriguing-stats-of-fridays-second-round-at-augusta |
What a great Club for Cup Cricket!
Our second XI, reinforced by a 3 players from the third XI, won the Brockman tonight with another great team performance, beating Abbotskerswell in the final by 21 runs in a pulsating match with many twists and turns.
Steve Rew starred with 46 batting at number 3, James Nicholls finally came to the party with 31 with extras the only other double figures in a total of 135 for 8. Would it be enough? After 15 0vers we were 113 for 4 and a total of 150+ had looked achievable.
Abbots were strongly fancied and play 3 divisions higher than our brave lads. On top or that their seconds are unbeaten to date in A division so it was another severe test for our lads who have got stronger and stronger through the competition. (report to follow and ex-Chairman’s blog)
The only downside was that Josh Thomas injured his finger taking a marvellous catch to dismiss Abbots opener and skipper Charlie Mitchell.
Thanks to Sharon Bligh for scoring and AJ for fathering Andy and being an all round good egg. | https://www.dartingtonandtotnescc.com/brockman-cup-triumph-alex-hartridge-man-of-the-match/ |
# 2022 Champion of Champions
The 2022 Champion of Champions (officially the 2022 Cazoo Champion of Champions) was a professional snooker tournament that took place between 31 October and 6 November 2022 at the University of Bolton Stadium in Bolton, England. The 12th edition of the Champion of Champions since the tournament was first staged in 1978, it featured 16 participants, primarily winners of significant tournaments since the previous year's event. As an invitational tournament, it carried no world ranking points. The winner received £150,000 from a total prize fund of £440,000.
Judd Trump was the defending champion, having defeated John Higgins 10–4 in the 2021 final. Ronnie O'Sullivan defeated Trump 10–6 in the final to win his fourth Champion of Champions title. Trump made a maximum break in the eighth frame of the final, the seventh of his professional career and the second in the tournament's history.
## Format
### Prize fund
Winner: £150,000 Runner-up: £60,000 Semi-final: £30,000 Group runner-up: £17,500 First round loser: £12,500 Total: £440,000
### Qualification
Players qualified for the event by winning events throughout the previous year. Events shown below in grey are for players who had already qualified for the event. Remaining participants were the highest ranked players in the world rankings.
## Century breaks
A total of 24 century breaks were made during the tournament.
147, 114, 104, 100 – Judd Trump 141, 118 – John Higgins 140, 105 – Mark Selby 135, 131, 124, 117, 108, 106, 103 – Ronnie O'Sullivan 135, 130, 123 – Fan Zhengyi 132 – Zhao Xintong 122 – Neil Robertson 118, 110, 103 – Mark Allen 102 – Robert Milkins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Champion_of_Champions |
State Bank of India (SBI) application forms will be closed soon. Candidates who are interested must fill the employment form. The closing date of filling the application form is April 7, 2018. No employment form will be considered after April 7. The interview schedule is yet not updated on the official website. Candidates must read all the details on the website. The total number of seats available is 119. Candidate must check the criteria for which the seats are available. The application form fees for General category is 600 whereas for the backwards class it is 100. Aspirants must read all the instructions before filling the form.
The application form fees for the General category is 600 whereas for the backward category is 100. The payment of the application form will be made online. The number of post for Special Management Executive is 35, for the Deputy General Manager is two and for Deputy Manager is 82. The age limit for the Special Management Executive is 30-40 years, for the Deputy General Manager is 42-52 years and for the Deputy Manager is 25-35 years. The selection will be made on the basis of the written test, Interview and group discussion. Candidates have to qualify in all the three exams. The total number of questions will be 170 and the marks will be 170. The total duration of the exam will be 135 minutes.
Candidates must follow the steps given follow:
- Applicant must visit the official website i.e. sbi.co.in
- On the web-page, there will be a link.
- Candidate will be instructed to a page.
- Then the application form will appear.
- Candidate has to fill the details on the application form.
- The application form has to be submitted.
These are the steps that should be followed for filling the application form. | https://www.newsfolo.com/education/state-bank-india-application-form-closed-soon-apply-sbi-co/144984/ |
HEAD COACH: Patrick Youel, 9th year (15th overall), 45-38 overall record.
LAST YEAR: 6-4 overall, 2-3 PTC County Division.
POSTSEASON: Division IV, Region 13
RETURNING LETTERMEN (12):
Name, Position, Height, Weight, Year
Conner Muldowney, WR/DL, 6-4, 200, Jr.
Chandler Proctor, WR/DB, 5-9, 140, Jr.
Kaleb Dohse, OL/LB, 6-0, 175, Sr.
Ethan Wright, TE/LB, 5-10, 195, Sr.
Brandon Headrick, OL/DL, 6-4, 250, Jr.
Brayden Sweet-Smith, WR/DB, 6-3, 200, Jr.
Colton Booth, WR/DB, 5-9, 140, Soph.
Michael Bolevich, QB/LB, 6-2, 205, Jr.
Johnny Wise, K, 5-8, 135, Jr.
Tristan Knoch, WR/DB, 5-8, 135, Jr.
Kaleb Wright, RB/LB, 5-9, 160, Soph.
IMPACT PLAYERS: The Southeast Pirates had five players earned First Team All-County Division honors in 2017. However, the Pirates will not be able to rely on any of those five during the 2018 season. Offensive lineman Elliott Thomas, wide receiver Camden Proctor, quarterback Dylan Rogers, defensive lineman Keaton Dyer and defensive back Cole Bailey have all graduated.
Head coach Patrick Youel has spotlight a number of players on his roster that are primed to step forward to become the impact players the Pirates will need if they are going to improve on their 2-3 league record a year ago.
Stepping in to play quarterback will be senior Michael Bolevich, who may be new to the position, but not to varsity football as he is already a two-year letterman and has established himself as one of the terrorizing defensive players in the league at linebacker.
Chandler Proctor returns after leading the Pirates in total tackles a year ago and Youel calls him a "dynamic athlete." Kaleb Wright, now just a sophomore, led the Pirates in rushing in 2017.
Additionally, expect Brandon Headrick (OL/DL), Ethan Wright (TE/LB), Connor Muldowney (WR/DE) and Kaleb Dohse (OL/LB) to emerge.
WHAT’S NEW: What’s new for the Pirates in 2018, Youel had a simple response.
Youth.
With only three seniors on the roster, graduation shifted the team’s depth from a veteran bunch to a squad that just may be the youngest in the entire Portage Trail Conference.
Southeast’s players are capable, but will be learning under the lights, with eight underclassmen slated to start on both sides of the ball.
OUTLOOK: A peek at the schedule returns a lot of questions for the Pirates. Three new non-league opponents and a County Division that will be a gauntlet of talented opponents seemingly led by Mogadore and Rootstown again.
The schedule is the schedule and that is fine with the Pirates because Youel has the team focused on what they can control.
"I am excited because our team is tight and very hungry," Youel said. "We want to know our assignments, play as hard as we can and finish. That is what we can control."
Still, there is no way to not consider youth and inexperience as a major concern, especially if injuries begin to mount.
"The only way to gain experience is to play the game," Youel said. "We have to mature very quickly." | https://www.record-courier.com/sports/20180824/southeast-pirates-at-glance |
In a way, Malcolm Butler was born on February 1st, 2015. In a flash, Butler went from being a total unknown to making conceivably the biggest play in Super Bowl history. Undrafted free agents Butler and Seattle Seahawks receiver Ricardo Lockette collided into each other on a goal line throw from Russell Wilson, Butler came away with it and the New England Patriots won 28-24. It would have been unsurprising then if Butler disappeared back into obscurity like past Super Bowl heroes such as David Tyree or Dexter Jackson, but instead it’s been quite the opposite. A Pro Bowler in 2015, and for some one of the top five cornerbacks in the NFL today, Butler can no longer hide. And if the Patriots are going to win their second championship in the last three years, they’re going to need Butler to be at his best.
Because Julio Jones is not Ricardo Lockette.
When New England was last in the Super Bowl, facing those Seahawks, the story of the game was similar to how it is now but reversed; Seattle had the number one scoring defense and the elite secondary, the Patriots relied mostly on Tom Brady, Rob Gronkowski and offense that was perfectly capable of putting up 40 points. This time, New England has the number one scoring defense, and it’s Atlanta who boasts a likely MVP at quarterback with Matt Ryan, a number one receiver to rival them all in Jones, and the number one scoring offense. Ryan set an NFL record with his 9.3 yards per attempt, and posted a passer rating of 117.1, better even than Brady’s, who threw 28 touchdowns and only two interceptions.
The Falcons not getting meticulously deconstructed by Brady and Bill Belichick is certainly a key to the game, but how they do in coverage against Jones and if that will be enough to keep Atlanta from scoring on every drive may be the key to the game.
Jones’ modest touchdown total of six may erroneously lead you to believe that he had a down season, but it’s exactly what offensive coordinator Kyle Shanahan wanted to see in order for the Falcons to have a balanced, varied, unstoppable offense. There were 13 different players who caught a touchdown from Ryan (an NFL record) and Jones was still tied for the most scores on the team alongside fellow receiver Taylor Gabriel. Jones also casually put up 300 yards against the Carolina Panthers in Week 4, and had nine catches for 180 yards and two touchdowns in the NFC Championship against the Green Bay Packers. Over his last 50 starts, Jones has averaged 109.1 yards per game, a total that many players struggle to achieve even once in a given season.
Will Butler and the rest of the Patriots defense be able to contain him? They may have a good case that they can.
Though they faced a number of top-end receivers this season, New England has yet to really be torched by any one of them. They’ve only allowed four players to gain more than 100 yards, the most of which came from Jarvis Landry of the Miami Dolphins, who had 10 catches and 135 yards back in Week 2. He’s the only receiver this season, including playoffs, to have more than the aforementioned 109 yards in a single game against the Patriots. Other notable receivers they’ve faced include Antonio Brown (106 yards in Week 7, 77 yards in the conference championship), A.J. Green (88 yards), Demaryius Thomas (91 yards), Larry Fitzgerald (81 yards), Brandon Marshall (67 yards in Week 12, 28 yards in Week 16), and Terrelle Pryor (48 yards). We don’t know yet if Belichick will have Butler track Jones, as he has done against many elite receivers, including Brown on Sunday, or if he’ll put a bigger corner like Eric Rowe on Jones, who is five inches taller and thirty pounds heavier than Butler. Rowe is much worse than Butler en total, but perhaps Belichick’s strategy will be to give safety help over the top on Jones and use his top cornerback to take Mohamed Sanu out of the game.
Is it better to get beat a lot by Jones and not at all by anyone else, or to focus everything on Jones and hope to not get beaten consistently in other area of the fields?
If the answer is the latter, Shanahan might still be okay, because Atlanta has been excellent at remaining effective when Jones is contained. In fact, they’ve won their last six games when Jones had fewer than 90 yards. The matchups in the passing game when the Falcons have the ball would then turn to corners Rowe and Logan Ryan against receivers Gabriel and Sanu. Keep an eye on them, because even though Seattle receiver Doug Baldwin had only 59 yards against the Pats in Week 10, he also scored three times as the Seahawks won 31-24. Ryan will probably target at least 10 different players in the game, because that’s what they do, but still none of them will hold as much significance as Butler vs Jones when that materializes.
This is the best you can hope to see in any football game: A franchise receiver against a franchise cornerback.
For Jones, his pro career started in drastically different fashion than Butler’s did. In 2011, Atlanta drew some criticism for moving up 20 spots to select Jones sixth overall, giving up a future first, their second rounder, and two fourth rounders in addition to their current first in order to take Jones. As good as a prospect as he was – and indeed he was pretty much the perfect prospect – could any receiver be that valuable? The pressure was on Jones from the beginning because of how great he was supposed to be. The pressure has been on Butler since that day two years ago because he was never supposed to be great.
On February 5th, they meet for the first time. Pay careful attention. These moments come and go in a flash. | https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-sports/super-bowl-51-julio-jones-vs-malcolm-butler-is-the-matchup-to-watch-126904/ |
The Mozambique National Baseball Softball Federation has reached an agreement with the Municipality of Maputo, Mozambique, to use the old Bull Arena for baseball softball youth activities.
The Federation will make some renovations to transform the arena, that was built in 1956, into a baseball field, but the Municipality is already working on it, in order to determine the costs.
The arena will be used for official competition for the first time on 27 January, 2019, with the beginning of the first official championship.
In 2019 there will be two championships in Mozambique. One with players between 10 and 12 years old; and another one with boys in the age group of 13 – 15 years. There will be four teams from the city of Maputo and four from the city of Matola, for a total of eight teams (four for each category).
The Federation’s plan is to have another two cities involved in 2020 (Xai Xai City and Beira City) with the same age groups.
In 2020 Maputo City and Matola City will also have teams with players between 16 and 19 years old. So in 2020 the expected number of teams will be: eight teams fro 10 to 12 years old; eight teams from 13 to 15 years old; and four teams in the age group of 16 to 19 years old.
Mozambique National Federation has been making important progress to establish the new National Federation, working together with the Mozambique’s National Institute of Sport , the Mozambique Olympic Committee and the World Baseball Softball Confederation.
This is the first step to become a new member of the WBSC family, which already counts with 208 National Federations and Associate Members in 135 territories of the five continents. | https://furtherafrica.com/2018/11/18/maputos-old-bullfight-arena-to-become-a-baseball-field-in-2019-wbsc-%E2%80%8B/ |
Divided We Fall is our dice-less, strategic game on the American Civil War. Six turns per year (Winter, May, June, Jul-Aug15, Aug16-Sept, Oct/Nov) because that yields an equal distribution of when the 135 biggest battles were fought - 24 turns in all. This game has an advancement in our dice-less combat system with a combat results table algorithim based on actual losses during Civil War battles, modified by leadership, terrain, and weather. Combat units include Infantry (brigades to corps), militia, gunboats, ships, ironclads, and forts (four levels), supported by supply units and Military Railroads.
Leaders are key, because they allow larger stacks of units to move and affect combat values and losses. Most are at the Army level, with some independent corps commanders.
Players are limited to a fixed number of Command Points each turn, but this changes over time. These can be used to move units (most common), build forts, or activate leader's special abilities.
This is another of our historical games of skill - no dice or random events are used. This is a game for 2-3 players.
Rise and Fall covers the period from Julius Caesar through 476 AD, the date most often given for the fall of the Western Empire. That's 536 years, which is a LOT of history! Our system uses 10 year turns for a total of 54 turns. During these turns, the Romans (and Parthians) will create their empire, try to maintain it, and then finally defend it against many incursions.
Read more: Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire: Strategic Decision Series
Fighting the Islamic State was researched and designed to show why the war in Iraq and Syria is causing so many refugees, who is fighting and why, and what outcomes may occur. The game covers the period 2014-2017, and so projects into the future. In order to accommodate that, we'll update the rules and charts periodically online to reflect what is happening in the field.
Barbarossa is our introductory game of skill to War in the East 1941-1945. In a "game of skill" no dice or random events are used. This is the second edition, for which map modifications have been made to allow for future expansions. The game covers the Axis vs the Soviets during the war in and near the Soviet Union, also known as "the Russian front" or "the Eastern front" in Germany and the "Great Patriotic War" in the Soviet Union. | https://www.twogeneralsgames.com/index.php/our-games?start=4 |
There are given numbers A = 135, B = 315. Find the smallest natural number R greater than 1 so that the proportions R:A, R:B are with the remainder 1.
- Reverse Pythagorean theorem
Given are lengths of the sides of the triangles. Decide which one is rectangular: Δ ABC: 77 dm, 85 dm, 36 dm ? Δ DEF: 55 dm, 82 dm, 61 dm ? Δ GHI: 24 mm, 25 mm, 7 mm ? Δ JKL: 32 dm, 51 dm, 82 dm ? Δ MNO: 51 dm, 45 dm, 24 dm ?
- Cuboid 5
Calculate the mass of the cuboid with dimensions of 12 cm; 0.8 dm and 100 mm made from spruce wood (density = 550 kg/m3).
- Canister
Gasoline is stored in a cuboid canister having dimensions 44.5 cm, 30 cm, 16 cm. What is the total weight of a full canister when one cubic meter of gasoline weighs 710 kg and the weight of empty canister is 1.5 kg?
- Pavilion
The rectangular pavilion with dimensions 3.5 m and 2.75 m to be paved with square tiles of side 25 cm price of CZK 22 per 1 piece or rectangular tiles with sides of 20 cm and 15 cm in the price of CZK 11 per 1 pc. Which solution is cheaper (write its pric
- Cyclist vs boat
The cyclist wants to ride a short distance by boat, but when he stops at the pier, the boat does not pick up passengers yet and is preparing to leave. The cyclist decides that the boat will catch up at the next stop. The stop is 12km far along the water a
- Equivalent expressions
A coach took his team out for pizza after their last game. There were 14 players, so they had to sit in smaller groups at different tables. Six players sat at one table and got 4 small pizzas to share equally. The other players sat at the different table
- Rectangular cuboid
The rectangular cuboid has a surface area 5334 cm2, and its dimensions are in the ratio 2:4:5. Find the volume of this rectangular cuboid.
- Ratio of perimeters
Rectangle ABCD has dimensions 3 cm and 4 cm, KLMN rectangle has dimensions 4 cm and 12 cm. Calculate the ratio of the perimeter ABCD and perimeter KLMN.
- Telco company
The upstairs communications company offers customers a special long distance calling rate that includes a $0.10 per minute charge. Which of the following represents this fee scheduale where m represents the number of minutes and c is the overall cost of t
- The Stolen Money
A man walks into a store and steals a $100 bill. 5 minutes later, he returns to the store and buys stuff worth $70. He pays with the bill that he had stolen, so the owner of the store returns him $30. How many dollars did the store owner lose?
- Velocipedes
In the 19th century, bicycles did not have a chain drive, and the pedals were connected directly to the wheel axis. This wheel diameter gradually increased until the so-called high bicycles (velocipedes) with a front wheel diameter of up to 1.5 meters, wh
- MO 2016 Numerical axis
Cat's school use a special numerical axis. The distance between the numbers 1 and 2 is 1 cm, the distance between the numbers 2 and 3 is 3 cm, between the numbers 3 and 4 is 5 cm and so on, the distance between the next pair of natural numbers is always i
- Basketball team
The heights of five starters on redwood high’s basketball team are 5’11”, 6’3”, 6’6”, 6’2” and 6’. The average of height of these players is?
- Canopy
Mr Peter has a metal roof cone shape with a height of 127 cm and radius 130 cm over well. He needs to paint the roof with anticorrosion. How many kg of color must he buy if the manufacturer specifies the consumption of 1 kg to 3.3 m2?
- The farmer
The farmer brought potatoes to the market. In the first hour he sold two-fifths of the potatoes brought in, in the second hour he sold five-sixths of the remaining potatoes, and in the third hour, he sold the last 40 kg of potatoes. 1. Express a fraction
Do you have an interesting mathematical word problem that you can't solve it? Submit a math problem, and we can try to solve it. | https://www.hackmath.net/en/word-math-problems/7th-grade-12y?page_num=108 |
NDO/VNA – The Healthy Ministry confirmed additional 12,420 COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours till 5pm on September 9, including 21 imported and 12,399 domestic ones.
Among the local infections, Ho Chi Minh City reported 5,549, Binh Duong 4,531, Dong Nai 880, Long An 412, Tay Ninh 161, Kien Giang 135 and Tien Giang 115. The capital city of Hanoi had 35 cases. There were 6,138 infections detected in the community on the day.
Vietnam has so far recorded 576,096 cases, ranking 50th out of 222 countries and territories in the number of infections.
Nine provinces have gone through 14 consecutive days without new infections, including Bac Kan, Tuyen Giang, Lai Chau, Hoa Binh, Yen Bai, Ha Giang, Thai Nguyen, Dien Bien, Vinh Phuc.
Up to 12,523 were given the all-clear from the virus the same day, raising the total recoveries to 338,170. Meanwhile, 272 were reported dead, bringing the total death toll to 14,470, or 2.5% of the total infections and 0.4% higher than the world’s average.
Since April 27, over 41.4 million people have tested for the virus.
Also on September 8, 778,673 shots of vaccine were administered, raising the total to 24,781,185, including 20,591,403 first and 4,189,782 second shots. | https://en.nhandan.vn/society/item/10444602-over-12-400-covid-19-cases-in-past-24-hours.html |
The markup calculator is a tool most often used in businesses to calculate the sale price. It is also used to calculate the cost to provide with revenue and markup.
Markup percentage is a concept which is commonly used in managerial/cost accounting work. It is equal to the difference between the selling price and the cost of a good, this difference has to be then divided by the cost of that good. Markup percentages are useful in calculating the charge for the goods/services that the company provides to its consumers. A markup percentage is a number which is used to determine the selling price of a product in correlation with the cost of actually producing the product. Markups are a common term in cost accounting and it focuses on reporting relevant information to the management to make internal decisions that sit better with the company’s overall strategic goals.
Markup refers to the difference between the selling price and its cost. It is usually expressed as a percentage above the cost. It is the markup which provides the seller with a profit as it is added over the total cost of good. The formula for calculating markup percentage is:
Example 01:
Product cost: $500
Selling price: $750
Markup percentage = (sales price – unit cost )/ unit cost * 100
= (750- 500) / 500 * 100 = ½ * 100 = 50%
So markup percentage = 50%
Example 02:
Production cost: 100
Selling price : 150
Markup percentage = (sales price – unit cost )/ unit cost * 100
= (150-100)/ 100 * 100 = 1\2* 100 = 50%
Markup percentage is 50%
To calculate 20% markup you just need to multiply the original price by 0.2 or you can multiply it by 1.2 to find the total price.
If you want to know how much to add for 20 percent markup when you know the wholesale price, you must multiply the wholesale price by 0.2( 20 percent in decimal form).
The resultant is the markup amount, which you should add
Example
Production cost: 500
Markup amount = 500 * 0.2 = 100
So the amount you can add is 100
Final price would be 500 + 100 = 600
Alternate way
Production cost: 500
Final price= production cost * 1.2
= 500 * 1.2
= 600
The key to setting prices that not only cover your expenses but also leave you with a profit is to calculate margin and markup. What is the difference between margin and markup? Lets see below
A margin, or gross margin, is the revenue which you make after paying Cost of good Sold. To calculate margin, we will start with the gross profit (Revenue – Cost Of Good Sold). Then we will find the percentage of the revenue that is gross profit.
Example
Selling price of a cloth is 200 Rs. You have produced each of this at 150 per piece.
Gross profit= revenue- cost
=200-150 = 50
Margin = gross profit/ revenue
= 50 / 200 rs= 0.25 margin
0.25* 100= 25% margin
This means you get to keep 25% of your total revenue while you spent 75% ( 100- 25) of the revenue.
This margin formula shows how much of every dollar in sales one keeps after one has paid the expenses. In the above margin calculation example, one keeps $0.25 for every dollar one makes.
The greater the margin, the greater the percentage of revenue one gets to keep when he makes a sale.
Markups are different than margins. Markup shows how much more is your selling price than the amount the item cost you.
Just like a margin, to calculate markup, you need to with your gross profit (Revenue – Cost of goods cold). Then, find the percentage of the cost of goods sold, that is gross profit. You can find this percentage by dividing your gross profit by cost of goods sold
The markup is 25%. That means you sold the clothes for 25% more than the amount you paid for it.
The markup formula measures how much more one sells the items for than the amount he pays for them. In the markup example above, your markup is 25%. The higher the markup, the more revenue one gets to keep when he makes a sale
Time is one of the most important assets, so we must take care of this asset. If you are taking help of online CAGR calculator or any other related devices, it is saving your timings, you must use it to get best result. So if you want the 100% correct result in seconds, you must use our calculator services which will provide you 100% perfect result and is also very easy to use.
While every effort has been done in developing this calculator, we are not accountable for any incidental or consequential damages arising from
the use of the calculator tools on our web site. These tools serve to visitors as a free calculator tool. Please use at your own risk.
The calculations provided are just a guide. You are advised to speak to a professional financial advisor before taking any financial decision. | https://www.markcalculate.com/finance/markup-calculator |
Formula to Calculate Product Cost of a Company
Product Cost can be defined as those costs which shall be incurred by the firm or the organization to manufacture the product or to create the goods. The formula for calculating product cost is represented as follows,
Where,
- Factory Overheads shall be indirect Material cost, indirect labor cost, and other costs.
Calculation of Total Product Cost (Step by Step)
- Step 1: Identify the cost which is directly related to the revenue generation of the product.
- Step 2: Distinguish those cost among various categories like Material, Labor and Overheads
- Step 3: Overheads could be the indirect cost which means they would be incurred in the generation of revenue of the product however are not depended on the number of units produced.
- Step 4: Add up all of the cost which are identified above which shall give the total cost of the product.
Examples
Example #1
XYZ limited produces one product and it wants to price its product. The factory records have provided the management with the following details. You are required to calculate product Cost.
Solution
Therefore, the calculation of the product cost is as follows,
- = 2,00,00,000 + 3,00,00,000 + 5,50,00,000
Product Cost will be –
- = 10,50,00,000.00
Therefore, the total product cost is 10,50,00,000.00.
Example #2
Whirpool Inc. makes a product called “Whirpool X” and as per the MIS submitted by the central financial planning and analysis team, the product has been undergoing losses for the last few quarters. The management has decided to review the cost associated with the same and whether the pricing of the product has been correct.? The profit margin was setup 25% on the cost and it came to notice to the management that the total cost of the product was reported 35,00,000.
Below details have been provided by the production department.
Based on the above information, you are required to compute the product cost assuming that every quarter the units produced are close to an average of 1000 units.
Solution
Here the management is worried about the costing as they fear that incorrect costing might be reported which could be one of the potential reasons for reporting losses.
Hence, in order to calculate the product cost, we need to calculate total cost by adding those cost per below formula:
We are not given the direct material cost and direct labor cost and we need to calculate the same.
Direct Material
= 1,000 x 250
- Direct Material = 250,000
Direct Labor
= 1,000 x 200
- Direct Labor = 200,000
Therefore, the calculation of the product cost is as follows,
= 250,000 + 200,000 + 11,00,000 + 15,00,000
Product Cost will be –
- = 30,50,000
Therefore, the total cost of the product is 250,000 + 200,000 + 11,00,000 + 15,00,000 which equals to 30,50,000.
Example #3
Richheal is trying to introduce new products in the market and it wants to make sure it has competitive pricing in the market. However, they also want to please their shareholders by increasing their return on investment and therefore increase the value of the company. The production department has given them the below details for the product cost.
The management wants to earn a 25% profit on cost.
You are required to calculate the total product cost and selling price per unit.
Solution:
We will first calculate the total cost of the product and then selling price per unit.
Therefore, the calculation of the product cost is as follows,
=31250+36250+150000+100000
Product Cost will be –
- =317500
Product Cost Per Unit
Now, we can calculate the selling price per unit which shall be 317,500 divided by a number of units which is 250 that will be equal to 1270 product cost per unit.
=317500/250
- =1270
Selling Price
=1270*(1+0.25)
- =1587.50
The firm wants to earn 25% on the cost which shall be 1270 X 25% which is 317.50 and when we add this to 1270 we shall get selling price per unit as 1,587.50.
Relevance and Uses
For any of the expense which has to qualify as the cost of production then it should be connected directly for generating sales for the firm. Producers will carry those costs of production that are related to the labor and the raw materials needed in order to produce or manufacture those goods. Service industries will be carrying the cost of production that shall be related to the labor which is required to provide those services and any cost of materials that are involved while implementing those services.
Production costs shall incur both indirect costs and direct costs. For example, for manufacturing an automobile, direct costs incurred would be materials like metal and plastic, as well as labor’ wages. Indirect costs, in this case, could be overheads like administrative salaries, rent and other expenses such as utility expenses. | https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/product-cost-formula/ |
Operating budgets are used to determine estimated income and expenses over a specified period of time.
Operating Budgets
The timeliness of preparation and review should be specified in the company’s budget policies and procedures.
Operating budgets should account for every major sector of the business including, but not limited to, sales, purchasing, production, marketing, IT, finance and administrative expenses.
The operating policies and procedures of the business will stipulate the level of detail required in the operational budgets.
Budgets will vary between businesses that operate in different industries for example, a service industry will not have to budget for production costs. Examples of these are provided in the next section.
The Budget Process
Budgeting and its processes is considered the tactical implementation of a business plan put in place.
To achieve the goals in a business’s strategic plan, there has to be a detailed descriptive roadmap of the business plan that sets measures and indicators of performance.
We can then make changes along the way to ensure that we arrive at the desired goals.
There are many methods on how to create a budget but below shows an example of the preparation order for a test company Plasimo Trading Services.
Preparation Order for Operating Budgets
As shown in the earlier example of Plasimo Trading Services, the first budget to be prepared is the sales/fees budget. This budget contains the estimated revenue for the period and provides scope for the preparation of the expense and then the cash budgets.
- Sales
- Purchasing & Production
- Expenses
- Cash
Sales Budgets
The sales budget is normally the first operational budget produced and is prepared using the estimations in the sales forecast. The level of detail required in the sales budget will be specified in the business policies and procedures.
This budget is an integral part of the process as it contains the estimated number of items to be sold (units) or revenue (dollars) expected for the period.
- A service organisation will prepare a professional fees budget.
- Trading and manufacturing firms will prepare a sales budget broken down by product into unit quantities and sales revenue.
It is extremely important to prepare the sales budget as accurately as possible as the sales budget forms the basis for the scope of the other budgets.
- You need to know how much of a product to make to work out costs and gross profit. The gross profit will give you an idea of how much money remains which can be spent on other areas of the business such as marketing and general expenses.
- Sales budgets can be broken down by various different levels according to the business operations. Examples are sales by region, agent, period, product, season or a combination of all.
Example of a sales hierarchy by sales division.
Sales Budget Format – Trading Firm
Trading industries include both retail and wholesale businesses. These businesses buy and sell goods to retailers and to consumers, e.g. supermarkets, department stores and furniture stores.
Below is an example of a Sales Budget for a trading firm. Sales estimates are broken down by product, month, quarter and year.
Details at this level provide the sales manager with a summary of estimated product performance by unit and revenue over different periods (months, seasons and year).
Sales Budget Format - Service Firm
A service firm does not generally sell products, so their sales budget is based on their estimated fees for the period.
The Fees Budget can be calculated based on the information provided in the sales forecast such as:
- Number of staff
- Estimated working hours for staff
- Estimated hourly rates
The idea is to calculate the estimated fees that will be billed to clients on a monthly basis and end up with a fees budget in a format similar to the below example.
Note: As not all months have an equal number of days or weeks, the calculation assumptions will be specified in the company’s policies and procedures.
Cost of Goods Sold Budget
Cost of goods sold is the accumulated total of all costs that are directly attributable to the creation of a product (cost of merchandise purchased, direct materials, direct labour etc.)
The cost of goods sold amount is deducted from the total sales figures to determine the gross profit. The gross profit can be calculated at different levels for example, gross profit per product or gross profit per period or just an overall gross profit per month or year.
Cost of goods sold fall into two-categories:
Direct materials cost
Direct materials are the traceable items used to manufacture a product and is calculated at a cost per unit.
For example, direct materials for a business that manufactures clothing would include the fabric, thread, buttons, zips etc. These costs are detailed in a bill of materials to calculate a price per unit.
There will also be some indirect costs incurred. These are costs that are not specific to one single product (such as baking pans used in the process to make cupcakes) and are referred to as indirect costs.
Direct labour
Direct labour refers to the ‘labour’ (staff or machine hours etc.) required to produce a product and is usually calculated at a cost per hour. It is considered to be a direct cost meaning that it varies directly with revenue or some other measure of activity.
For example, to make one product requires 3 labour hours at $42 per hour.
$42 per hour x 3 hours = $126 direct labour cost per unit.
Examples of a Costs of Goods Sold budget are below. The first one shows the calculations of the costs of goods sold.
The second example shows how the COGS budget ties in with the sales budget. Calculations are discussed on the following page.
Examples show the COGS calculation for one product only. In business, this would be done for every product.
Example A) COGS budget without the gross profit calculation.
This budget shows just the cost of goods sold calculations. (How much it costs to produce the items to be sold).
Example B) COGS budget with the gross profit calculation.
This is the next step of COGS budget and analysis. Sales revenue figures are required to calculate the gross profit per product.
At this point, the sales and production manager will work together to ensure all products are profitable.
Common Calculations
The following are the most common formulas used when preparing and analysing budgets.
Cost of goods sold – Income Statement
Costs of goods sold is found on the profit and loss statement and is usually calculated by:
Opening Inventory ADD Purchases LESS Closing Inventory
Costs of goods sold – per product
Costs of goods sold can also be calculated at a product level (part of the COGS budget).
As in Example A above:
ADD the total of all cost of goods sold items (eg direct materials + direct labour), or
As in Example B above:
Selling Price LESS Cost of Goods Sold
Total Cost of goods sold
To calculate the total value of costs of goods sold
Total Number of Units Sold MULTIPLIED Cost of Goods Sold per unit
2,989 units sold x $96 per unit = $286,944
Mark-Up % - Selling price calculation
Quite often management will stipulate a mark-up percentage on products, or it will be defined in the company’s budget policies and procedures. This mark-up helps to calculate a draft unit selling price. In this example, mark-up has been set at 25%.
Cost of goods sold MULTIPLIED by One plus the Mark Up Percentage.
$96 x (1 + 0.25) = $120 selling price
Mark-up Percentage per unit
If the selling price and the COGS values are known, we can work backwards to calculate the mark-up percentage on cost.
Selling Price DIVIDED by Cost of Goods Sold LESS one
( $120 / $96 ) – 1 = 0.25 mark up percentage
Gross Profit
Money a company earns after subtracting the costs associated with producing its products.
Revenue LESS Cost of goods sold
Gross Profit Margin
Shows the percentage of revenue that exceeds a company’s costs of goods sold. It demonstrates how well a company is generating revenue from the costs involved in producing the products.
(Revenue LESS Cost of Goods Sold) DIVIDED by Revenue
Or (Gross Profit DIVIDED by Revenue)
If you are looking to re-skill or up-skill but unsure of which course best suits you, get in touch with one of our consultants today and we will endeavour to help you. | https://www.appliededucation.edu.au/how-to-prepare-operating-budgets/ |
Now we have total revenue given, we know how much units we need to produce to be able to reach no profit, no loss zone and where total cost equals to total revenue and at the same time, we have a ratio given between fixed cost and variable cost, which will allow us to ascertain the fixed cost and variable cost per unit.... Cost-volume profit analysis makes several assumptions in order to be relevant, including that the sales price, fixed costs and variable cost per unit are constant.
The total variable cost increases and decreases based on the activity level, but the variable cost per unit remains constant with respect to the activity level. Let’s look at an example. Example how to draw a lion full body 19/08/2018 · Then, separate your list into costs that change over time, called variable costs, and those that stay the same, or fixed costs. Next, add up the fixed costs. Finally, divide it by the number of individual products you produced in that same time frame to get the fixed cost per unit.
27/06/2018 · Break Even Sales Price = (Total Fixed Costs/Production Volume ) + Variable Cost per Unit. Fixed costs are those expenses that must be paid, regardless of … how to give build perms in housing Breakeven Point = Fixed Costs / Contribution Margin per Unit Contribution Margin = Unit Selling Price - Variable Costs If you want to make $50,000 profit, then $50,000 is your Target Profit.
The variable cost per unit is a concept on its own. There is no actual formula to calculate it, it is just the addition of all the direct costs of producing the good.
26/02/2014 · In 2013, Manhoff Company had a break-even point of $400,800 based on a selling price of $8 per unit and fixed costs of $124,248. In 2014, the selling price and the variable cost per unit did not change, but the break-even point increased to $489,510.
In the above example we calculated contribution per unit by subtracting variable cost per unit from selling price per unit. Contribution per unit is a really useful number to have when answering questions on break-even.
Exercise-3 (Unit product cost under variable costing, break-even point) Posted in: Variable and absorption costing (exercises) Beta company manufactures and sells large size tables to be used in the offices of the executives. | http://thehealthyhelping.com/new-south-wales/how-to-calculate-variable-cost-per-unit-to-break-even.php |
How do you calculate royalty interest on oil and gas?
How do you calculate royalty interest on oil and gas?
Calculating net revenue interest formula To determine net revenue interest, multiply the royalty interest by the owner’s shared interest. For example, if you have a 5/16 royalty, your net royalty interest would be 25% multiplied by 5/16, which equals 7.8125% calculated to four decimal places.
How much royalties do you get from an oil well?
Traditionally 12.5%, but more recently around 18% – 25%. The percentage varies upon how well the landowner negotiated and how expensive the oil company expects the extraction of oil and gas to be.
What is standard royalty on oil and gas lease?
In addition to a signing bonus, most lease agreements require the lessee to pay the owner a share of the value of produced oil or gas. The customary royalty percentage is 12.5 percent or 1/8 of the value of the oil or gas at the wellhead.
How much are oil and gas rights worth?
Your mineral rights could be worth $1,000/acre because there isn’t much oil left while your neighbor could be getting an offer for $10,000/acre based upon an active rig and a 25% lease. This why there is no average price per acre for mineral rights. Every owner (even in the same wells) is unique.
How do you calculate oil and gas royalty?
To calculate your oil and gas royalties, you would first divide 50 by 1,000, and then multiply this number by .20, then by $5,004,000 for a gross royalty of $50,040. Once you calculate your gross royalty amount, compare it to the number you see on your royalty check stubs.
How are gas royalties determined?
Some calculation methods connect oil and gas royalties to actual revenue the company receives from the sale of the oil or gas. Gas royalties most commonly use this method. A third royalty calculation type exists in which the landowner chooses to take the royalty “in kind,” or in the form of oil or gas instead of cash.
When must oil and gas royalties be paid?
By statute, royalties on oil and gas production are due on or before 120 days after the end of the month of first sale of production from the well. This gives operators about four months after a well begins producing to obtain title curative, set up a pay deck for the well, issue division orders to the various owners, and start paying royalties. Thereafter, royalties are payable 60 days (for oil) and 90 days (for gas) after the end of the calendar month in which subsequent production is sold.
How do you calculate royalty interest?
Generally your property is in a unit. To calculate your royalty interest in a unit, divide the number of (net) mineral acres you own within the unit by the total acres within the unit, and finally multiply this by your royalty interest listed in your oil & gas lease. | https://www.handlebar-online.com/articles/how-do-you-calculate-royalty-interest-on-oil-and-gas/ |
The shares, registered under the ticker HAG, amount to a 3.8 percent stake in the agricultural firm, approximately. They will be sold via the put through option, according to filings with the Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange (HoSE). They will be transferred to undisclosed buyers on November 12-13.
Based on the current market price of HAG shares, the value of the deal is estimated at over VND157 billion ($6.77 million). If it goes through, Duc's ownership will be reduced to 342 million shares, or 36.85 percent of Hoang Anh Gia Lai's capital.
The HAGL chairman had bought 50 million HAG shares through the put-through option on October 29. The order was executed at VND4,800 ($0.21) per share for a total value of VND240 billion.
At the end of Wednesday’s trading session, HAG shares were trading at VND4,470, down 1.11 percent compared to the previous day.
In the past three months, HAGL has recorded a net revenue of VND700 billion, up nearly 26 percent year on year, thanks to bigger fruit harvests. However, losses incurred in selling goods and a sharp decline in financial activities led to an after-tax loss of VND568 billion, the biggest quarterly loss in a year. It was also the company’s sixth consecutive loss-making quarter.
HAGL’s cumulative revenue for the first nine months this year was VND2.17 trillion, up 47.3 percent over the same period last year, and the after-tax loss of over VND700 billion was down 14.9 percent.
Fruit continued to account for the biggest proportion of its revenue structure at 80 percent, followed by services, rubber, and other products, according to the group’s latest financial statements.
HAGL, once the leading real estate firm in Vietnam, has been growing fruits and vegetables since 2016. It mainly grows passion fruit, bananas, dragon fruit and chili. Its main markets are China and Thailand. | https://e.vnexpress.net/news/business/companies/hagl-boss-to-sell-35-million-shares-to-restructure-loan-4190571.html |
What you really just want to think about, where are you getting the most satisfaction for each dollar? Total utility is the amount of satisfaction or happiness that is derived from a particular good or service, and is used in analysis of consumer preference within a marketplace. He started writing professionally in 2006. It implies the addition to the total utility, due to the consumption of one more unit of a good or service. And from that, we're going to see if we can build up some of the things that we already know about demand curves and how things relate to price and the price of other goods and things like that. Enter an equals sign in the blank box under your marginal cost column, then replace the data numbers with cell numbers.
What matters is how this compares to other things. As a person purchases more and more of a product, the marginal utility to the buyer gets lower and lower, until it reaches a point where the buyer has zero need for any additional units of the good or service. If the marginal cost is higher than the price, it would not be profitable to produce it. Maybe it'll have a negative marginal utility. So just for simplicity, let's say I get another chocolate bar. I'm getting 80 marginal utility points per dollar.
So now the next dollar I could spend on half a pound of fruit, and I would get this. Multiplying each column in the conditional distribution by the probability of that column occurring, we find the joint probability distribution of H and L, given in the central 2×3 block of entries. If the price you charge per unit is greater than the marginal cost of producing one more unit, then you should produce that unit. In the short run, increasing production requires using more of the variable input — conventionally assumed to be labor. In these cases, production or consumption of the good in question may differ from the optimum level.
Why Marginal Revenue Matters It's natural to assume growth is good. The total cost of producing a good depends on how much is produced quantity and the setup costs. In economics and finance, businesses often need to use a number of measurements to calculate revenue and costs so that they can create strategies for maximizing profits. This is 10 points per dollar. In an equilibrium state, markets creating negative externalities of production will overproduce that good. Several different analyses may be done, each treating a different subset of variables as the marginal variables. Such externalities are a result of firms externalizing their costs onto a third party in order to reduce their own total cost.
Such production creates a social cost curve that is below the private cost curve. To properly plot marginal cost, you will need to chart the output and costs on a spreadsheet and then use a formula to calculate the marginal cost. If the market's saturated, you may have to drop the price, which reduces revenue for all sales. You might say, well, obviously wouldn't you want to just buy fruit over chocolate bars, or at least that first pound of fruit over that first chocolate bar? As with almost every release of late, we're thrilled to offer a special black box set edition for this release as well. I could have set this to be 1,000 and this to be 800 and this to be 1,200. And so you would say I had a total utility of 220, you could call them utility units, from both pounds. The next chocolate bar, I'm a little bit less excited about it.
In the case of chocolate bars, each incremental bar, and in the case of fruit, each incremental pound of fruit. As a result, the socially optimal production level would be lower than that observed. The first person buying the fifth bottle of water will get far more utility from that fifth bottle of water because of its proportion to the total. The marginal distribution of X is also approximated by creating a histogram of the X coordinates without consideration of the Y coordinates. To create this article, volunteer authors worked to edit and improve it over time. The first component is the per-unit or average cost. Indifference Curves An shows the various combinations of Article X and Article Y that produce the same degree of utility or satisfaction to the consumer.
This is going to be per bar. Where are you getting the most bang for your buck? To stay in the black, you'd need to increase your sale price. Article Summary To calculate marginal cost, divide the difference in total cost by the difference in output between 2 systems. But I've seen either term used either way. So the utility of that next incremental one is 100. I'm going to get the same bang for my buck whether I get another chocolate bar or whether I get another fruit. I'd actually get the same amount.
So the production will be carried out until the marginal cost is equal to the sale price. My first chocolate bar, I'm pretty excited. Next, imagine that a second person has 50 bottles of water and purchases one more bottle of water. In a perfectly competitive market, a supply curve shows the quantity a seller is willing and able to supply at each price — for each price, there is a unique quantity that would be supplied. My marginal utility might go to 0 maybe for that fifth chocolate bar. You could even say 20% less if these numbers are good. | http://freia.jp/marginal-total.html |
This article was co-authored by Carla Toebe. Carla Toebe is a licensed Real Estate Broker in Richland, Washington. She has been an active real estate broker since 2005, and founded the real estate agency CT Realty LLC in 2013. She graduated from Washington State University with a BA in Business Administration and Management Information Systems.
wikiHow marks an article as reader-approved once it receives enough positive feedback. In this case, 84% of readers who voted found the article helpful, earning it our reader-approved status.
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If you buy or sell a real estate property, you may owe a commission to the brokers and agents involved in buying or selling the property. Commissions are often paid by the home seller, and the overall commission is split by the agent who worked on behalf of the seller and the agent who represented the buyer, or between the listing broker and the selling broker. Learning how commissions work and how they are calculated can help you to determine the cost of your property, or how much you will receive from a sale.
Steps
Method 1 of 2:
Calculating Common Real Estate Commissions
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1Multiply the commission percentage by the purchase price to find out your total commission. To estimate commission, simply multiply the percentage by the purchase price of the property. Remember to convert percentage to decimal first by dividing it by 100.
- Rate: 5.5%; Purchase Price: $200,000 → .055 x 200,000 = $11,000
- Rate: 4.75%; Purchase Price: $325,000 → .0475 x 325,000 = $15,437.50
- Rate: 6.3%; Purchase Price $132,000 → .063 x 132,000 = $8,316
- Formula =
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2Familiarize yourself with common commission amounts. When you buy or sell a home, the broker receives a percentage of the sale value as commission. This is their payment for helping you buy or sell the house. This percentage typically ranges between 5% and 7%, with the average currently around 5.5%. X Research source
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3Discuss your specific commissions before signing any paperwork. Some brokers have arrangements where there will be a certain percentage charged on the first $100,000 of the home value, and a smaller percentage charged on the remainder of the house. On rare occasions, the commission is a flat fee. X Research source If you buy a house for $225,000, and your Realtor has a mixed commission (7% for the first $100,000, 3% for the rest), you would simply break the price up and calculate separately:
- $225,000 - $100,000 = $125,000
- ($100,000 x 7%) + (125,000 x 3%)
- ($7,000) + ($3,750)
- Total Commission = $10,750
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4Remember that commission is already tacked onto final sale price. A commission reduces the seller's net proceeds from the sale. The seller pays it in one sense because it reduces the net proceeds. For example, if you are selling a home for $200,000, and if the dollar value of the commission is $10,000, you will receive $190,000 for your purchase.
- If you sold a house for $150,000 at 5% commission, you receive $142,500 on the sale, or $150,000 - $7,500 in commission.
- If you buy a house for $225,000, and your Realtor's commission is 4.6%, then you'll be paying your Realtor $10,350.
- In a typical real estate contract in the United States, the buyers do not pay the real estate commissions. It is taken out of the seller's proceeds. The buyer pays the agreed upon purchase price plus their closing costs. If you are buying a house and the seller is not offering a real estate commission, then you may end up paying the real estate commission on top of the purchase price. It depends on what you negotiate with the Realtor.
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5Understand how commissions are split between brokers. The standard arrangement is that the broker representing the buyer and the broker representing the seller will each split the commission 50/50. At this point the broker would then split the commission according to the brokerage/agent contracted agreement. Note that if you choose not to use a broker, the seller's broker would receive the entire commission. The commission fee between the seller and broker is always negotiable.
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- If you had $10,000 commission, $5,000 would go to the buyer's broker, and $5,000 would go to the seller's broker.
Method 2 of 2:
Calculating Total Cost of a Sale
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1Settle on the commission amount ahead of the sale. Before selling a property, make sure to determine exactly what the commission will be in percentage form. Commissions are often negotiable, and do not be afraid to ask for a reduction in commissions, especially if you are selling a high-value property.
- In some cases, the broker and agent will split the commission. In these cases, you may need to negotiate with both of them to determine what their total commission will be, and then they can work out an appropriate commission split and divide the commission between them.
- For this section, assume you settled on a 5% commission with your Realtor for a ranch house in Georgia.
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2Determine the property's gross sale price. Once the commission is determined, you need to determine the sale price of your property. Ask your agent for help in understanding the sale price of your home. The commission will be based on the total price of the home, not the amount the seller gets to keep after a mortgage or other lien is paid off. The sale price will only be finalized once you have agreed to an offer from a buyer and the appropriate legal documents have been signed and confirmed.
- Continuing the example, pretend this GA ranch is worth $200,000.
- Note that gross sales price refers to the price of your home before any deductions are taken off. This means before any taxes, commissions, fees, etc.
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3Calculate the commission by multiplying the gross sales price of the property by the commission percentage that was agreed upon. For example, our ranch that sold for $200,000 with a 5% commission rate would result in a $10,000 agent commission. Remember to convert the percentage to a decimal (by dividing by 100) before multiplying if your calculator does not have a "%" button. X Research source
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4Add taxes to the commission amount. Since commission is being paid in exchange for a service, the commission amount is often taxed just like any other purchase with a sales tax. Sales tax rates vary between states and countries. To calculate this, simply find out what the sales tax amount is (say, 4%), and multiply that amount by the commission amount. This will tell you the amount of tax that is owed, and you can simply add this amount to the total commission owing to obtain the total cost of the commission.
- For example, multiply 4% (or 0.04) by your $10,000 commission and you get $400 in sales tax. This means your total commission would be $10,400. Note that sales tax is not charged in all states on commissions.
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5Subtract the commission from the total sale to determine your cut. To determine the net proceeds you will receive for your home after commission and other selling costs, subtract the commission and other selling costs from the amount of the purchase price.
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- For example, if commission was the only selling cost, and the ranch's purchase price is $200,000, and your total commission was $10,400, then you would have net proceeds of $189,600.
- Keep in mind that there are other selling costs besides commission to factor in when you are determining what the net proceeds are. A real estate agent can help estimate these costs for you.
Community Q&A
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QuestionHow do commissions work if two people are trading/buying each others homes and both have agents?Commission is a negotiated item so it comes down to what you negotiate with the other party. Generally, a seller will offer a listing agreement to a real estate agent to sell the home at a certain percentage, and within that agreement it will stipulate what percentage goes to the listing agent from the entire amount and what percentage goes to the buyer's agent. It may not be 50/50 but it often is. If two people are trading properties and are using agents, then it will be whatever is negotiated between one seller and their agent and the other seller and their agent because both are selling their properties. In a trade situation though, it would be more advantageous to use an attorney to conduct the transaction. There could be a 1031 exchange involved with trading properties and deferment of capital gains tax as well and potential reduction of any transfer taxes. If the two sellers are just trading properties and not listing it on the open market then an attorney would be a better choice to represent these sellers but if there was already an agent involved in the listing and marketing of the property when the trade ends up occurring and they are entitled to a commission due to the agreement. made, then it typically would be based on the listing agreement in place for U.S. markets. In some markets, the buyers pay for commission.
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QuestionHow do I calculate commissions?
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QuestionIf the buyer assumes the buyer's closing, will this reduce the selling price?Selling price and buyer closing costs are all negotiated, so it really depends on the market. In a hot seller market, selling price is often pushed up and over what the seller was asking for if the seller receives multiple offers, so a buyer paying their own closing costs may not have an effect on the selling price.
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QuestionA broker commission is 7% of the first $55,000, plus 5% of the sale price over $50,000. What is the total commission on the sale of an $87,000 property?Community Answer$87,000 - $55,000 = $32,000. (0.07% * 55,000) + (0.05% * 32,000) = (3,850)+(1,600) = $5,450.
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QuestionHow can I calculate how much money I will get when a real estate contract is fulfilled?Community AnswerIt depends on the agreed percentage of Real Estate commission. Take the amount of purchase times the percentage of commission. There could also be title company charges that are normally paid by the seller; it just depends on your state. Your Realtor should be able to help you with this, and if you do not have a Realtor for protection, call your title company for help.
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QuestionDoes payment of closing costs reduce the calculated real estate commission?DonaganTop AnswererNo. The commission is based on the selling price without closing costs. You will pay whatever commission you owe in addition to any closing costs you're responsible for.
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QuestionHow do I calculate unequal commissions?DonaganTop AnswererCalculate each commission separately by multiplying the selling price by the specific applicable rate.
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QuestionHow do I calculate the commission given the total price and the percentage of commission?Community AnswerMultiply the percent of the commission by the total price. Remember, percent is parts per hundred. For example, if the commission is 5 percent, multiply by .05 (move the decimal place over two spots). Many calculators or phone apps have a percent key, which makes that easy. Example: Price is $40,000, commission 6 percent. Commission: .06 X $40,000= $2,400
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QuestionIf I want to clear $400,000.00 on the sale of my house and the commission is 6%, what should the asking price be?DonaganTop AnswererMultiply $400,000 by 106%: (1.06)(400,000) = $424,000.
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QuestionProperty sold for $198,000, commission 8%. Selling office received 40%. How much did the listing agent receive if paid 60% of the amount retained by listing?DonaganTop Answerer60% of 8% of $198,000 is (.6)(.08)(198,000) = $9,504.
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I received houses in upper Michigan. Each valued at $10k. Realtor commission min $2k per house. $4k at 5% = $80k gross sales. My gross $14k, with $4k, commission 28.6%. Is this ethical?
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Who pays the commission for sale. The buyer, seller or both?
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How much would I clear on a sale of a house for 242, 000.00 @ 6%?
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Can someone show on a capital gain account if they helped sell a house and I'm paying them a percentage?
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What will a broker make for a sale of a home for 510,000 if the commission is 50 percent?
Tips
- Ask agents if they would be willing to reduce their commission. Many real estate agents are willing to do this in tight markets, or if the house does not sell in a reasonable amount of time.
- Consider the amount of commission you will be paying when you sign a contract with a real estate agent. The commission comes out of the seller's profits, so you will want to compare what kind of service you get for a higher commission amount with those agents who offer to take a smaller commission.
- If you are selling your home, then make sure to speak with your Realtor about the expenses you will have. This will help you to determine what your minimum selling price should be. Remember that you’ll essentially be paying the commission, so factor that in when you determine your asking price.
- You can also find a variety of real estate commission calculators online to make the calculation easier.
Things You'll Need
- Listing agreement
- Calculator
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References
About This Article
To calculate a real estate commission, start by converting the commission percentage into a decimal by diving it by 100. Then, multiply the purchase price by that number. For example, if you’re trying to determine the amount of a 6% commission on a $100,000 sale price, you would divide 6 by 100 to get .06, then multiply it by 100,000 for a $6,000 commission. Also, remember that the buyer’s and seller’s brokers usually split this commission, so each agent would get half of that amount. For tips from our Real Estate reviewer on how to calculate the total cost of your house sale, read on!
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Which of the following statements describes target costing?
A.It calculates the expected cost of a product and then adds a margin to it to arrive at the target selling price
B.It allocates overhead costs to products by collecting the costs into pools and sharing them out according to each product’s usage of the cost driving activity
C.It identifies the market price of a product and then subtracts a desired profit margin to arrive at the target cost
D.It identifies different markets for a product and then sells that same product at different prices in each market
Lesting Regional Authority (LRA) is responsible for the provision of a wide range of services in the Lesting region, which is based in the south of the country ‘Alaia’. These services include, amongst other things, responsibility for residents’ welfare, schools, housing, hospitals, roads and waste management.
Over recent months the Lesting region experienced the hottest temperatures on record, resulting in several forest fires, which caused damage to several schools and some local roads. Unfortunately, these hot temperatures were then followed by flooding, which left a number of residents without homes and saw higher than usual numbers of admissions to hospitals due to the outbreak of disease. These hospitals were full and some patients were treated in tents. Residents have been complaining for some years that a new hospital is needed in the area.
Prior to these events, the LRA was proudly leading the way in a new approach to waste management, with the introduction of its new ‘Waste Recycling Scheme.’ Two years ago, it began phase 1 of the scheme and half of its residents were issued with different coloured waste bins for different types of waste. The final phase was due to begin in one month’s time. The cost of providing the new waste bins is significant but LRA’s focus has always been on the long-term savings both to the environment and in terms of reduced waste disposal costs.
The LRA is about to begin preparing its budget for the coming financial year, which starts in one month’s time. Over recent years, zero-based budgeting (ZBB) has been introduced at a number of regional authorities in Alaia and, given the demand on resources which LRA faces this year, it is considering whether now would be a good time to introduce it.
Required:
(a) Describe the main steps involved in preparing a zero-based budget. (3 marks)
(b) Discuss the problems which the Lesting Regional Authority (LRA) may encounter if it decides to introduce and use ZBB to prepare its budget for the coming financial year. (9 marks)
(c) Outline THREE potential benefits of introducing zero-based budgeting at the LRA. (3 marks)
The following statements have been made about transaction processing systems and executive information systems:
(i) A transaction processing system collects and records the transactions of an organisation
(ii) An executive information system is a way of integrating the data from all operations within the organisation into a single system
Which of the above statements is/are true?
A.(i) only
B.(ii) only
C.Both (i) and (ii)
D.Neither (i) nor (ii)
The following statements have been made in relation to the concepts outlined in throughput accounting:
(i) Inventory levels should be kept to a minimum
(ii) All machines within a factory should be 100% efficient, with no idle time
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Secure Net (SN) manufacture security cards that restrict access to government owned buildings around the world.
The standard cost for the plastic that goes into making a card is $4 per kg and each card uses 40g of plastic after an allowance for waste. In November 100,000 cards were produced and sold by SN and this was well above the budgeted sales of 60,000 cards.
The actual cost of the plastic was $5·25 per kg and the production manager (who is responsible for all buying and production issues) was asked to explain the increase. He said ‘World oil price increases pushed up plastic prices by 20% compared to our budget and I also decided to use a different supplier who promised better quality and increased reliability for a slightly higher price. I know we have overspent but not all the increase in plastic prices is my fault’ The actual usage of plastic per card was 35g per card and again the production manager had an explanation. He said ‘The world-wide standard size for security cards increased by 5% due to a change in the card reader technology, however, our new supplier provided much better quality of plastic and this helped to cut down on the waste.’
SN operates a just in time (JIT) system and hence carries very little inventory.Required:
(a) Calculate the total material price and total material usage variances ignoring any possible planning error in the figures. (4 marks)
(b) Analyse the above total variances into component parts for planning and operational variances in as much detail as the information allows. (8 marks)
(c) Assess the performance of the production manager. (8 marks)
Bokco is a manufacturing company. It has a small permanent workforce but it is also reliant on temporary workers, whom it hires on three-month contracts whenever production requirements increase. All buying of materials is the responsibility of the company’s purchasing department and the company’s policy is to hold low levels of raw materials in order to minimise inventory holding costs. Bokco uses cost plus pricing to set the selling prices for its products once an initial cost card has been drawn up. Prices are then reviewed on a quarterly basis. Detailed variance reports are produced each month for sales, material costs and labour costs. Departmental managers are then paid a monthly bonus depending on the performance of their department.
One month ago, Bokco began production of a new product. The standard cost card for one unit was drawn up to include a cost of $84 for labour, based on seven hours of labour at $12 per hour. Actual output of the product during the first month of production was 460 units and the actual time taken to manufacture the product totalled 1,860 hours at a total cost of $26,040.
After being presented with some initial variance calculations, the production manager has realised that the standard time per unit of seven hours was the time taken to produce the first unit and that a learning rate of 90% should have been anticipated for the first 1,000 units of production. He has consequently been criticised by other departmental managers who have said that, ‘He has no idea of all the problems this has caused.’
(a) Calculate the labour efficiency planning variance and the labour efficiency operational variance AFTER taking account of the learning effect. Note: The learning index for a 90% learning curve is –0·1520 (5 marks)
(b) Discuss the likely consequences arising from the production manager’s failure to take into account the learning effect before production commenced. (5 marks)
The Fruit Company (F Co) currently grows fruit which customers pick themselves from the fields before paying. F Co is concerned that a large number of customers are eating some of the fruit whilst picking it and are therefore not paying for all of it. As a result, it has to decide whether to hire staff to pick and package the fruit instead. The following values and costs have been identified:
(i) The total sales value of the fruit currently picked and paid for by customers
(ii) The cost of growing the fruit
(iii) The cost of hiring staff to pick and package the fruit
(iv) The total sales value of the fruit if it is picked and packaged by staff instead
Which of the above are relevant to the decision?
A.All of the above
B.(ii), (iii) and (iv) only
C.(i), (ii) and (iv) only
D.(i), (iii) and (iv) only
A division is considering investing in capital equipment costing $2·7m. The useful economic life of the equipment is expected to be 50 years, with no resale value at the end of the period. The forecast return on the initial investment is 15% per annum before depreciation. The division’s cost of capital is 7%.
What is the expected annual residual income of the initial investment?
A.$0
B.($270,000)
C.$162,000
D.$216,000
Big Cheese Chairs (BCC) manufactures and sells executive leather chairs. They are considering a new design of massaging chair to launch into the competitive market in which they operate.
They have carried out an investigation in the market and using a target costing system have targeted a competitive selling price of $120 for the chair. BCC wants a margin on selling price of 20% (ignoring any overheads).
The frame. and massage mechanism will be bought in for $51 per chair and BCC will upholster it in leather and assemble it ready for despatch.
Leather costs $10 per metre and two metres are needed for a complete chair although 20% of all leather is wasted in the upholstery process.
The upholstery and assembly process will be subject to a learning effect as the workers get used to the new design.
BCC estimates that the first chair will take two hours to prepare but this will be subject to a learning rate (LR) of 95%.
The learning improvement will stop once 128 chairs have been made and the time for the 128th chair will be the time for all subsequent chairs. The cost of labour is $15 per hour.
The learning formula is shown on the formula sheet and at the 95% learning rate the value of b is -0·074000581.
(a) Calculate the average cost for the first 128 chairs made and identify any cost gap that may be present at
that stage. (8 marks)
(b) Assuming that a cost gap for the chair exists suggest four ways in which it could be closed. (6 marks)
The production manager denies any claims that a cost gap exists and has stated that the cost of the 128th chair will be low enough to yield the required margin.
(c) Calculate the cost of the 128th chair made and state whether the target cost is being achieved on the 128th chair. (6 marks)
Bits and Pieces (B&P) operates a retail store selling spares and accessories for the car market. The store has previously only opened for six days per week for the 50 working weeks in the year, but B&P is now considering also opening on Sundays.
The sales of the business on Monday through to Saturday averages at $10,000 per day with average gross profit of 70% earned.B&P expects that the gross profit % earned on a Sunday will be 20 percentage points lower than the average earned on the other days in the week. This is because they plan to offer substantial discounts and promotions on a Sunday to attract customers. Given the price reduction, Sunday sales revenues are expected to be 60% more than the average daily sales revenues for the other days. These Sunday sales estimates are for new customers only, with no allowance being made for those customers that may transfer from other days.
B&P buys all its goods from one supplier. This supplier gives a 5% discount on all purchases if annual spend exceeds $1,000,000. It has been agreed to pay time and a half to sales assistants that work on Sundays. The normal hourly rate is $20 per hour. In total five sales assistants will be needed for the six hours that the store will be open on a Sunday. They will also be able to take a half-day off (four hours) during the week. Staffing levels will be allowed to reduce slightly during the week to avoid extra costs being incurred.
The staff will have to be supervised by a manager, currently employed by the company and paid an annual salary of $80,000. If he works on a Sunday he will take the equivalent time off during the week when the assistant manager is available to cover for him at no extra cost to B&P. He will also be paid a bonus of 1% of the extra sales generated on the Sunday project.
The store will have to be lit at a cost of $30 per hour and heated at a cost of $45 per hour. The heating will come on two hours before the store opens in the 25 ‘winter’ weeks to make sure it is warm enough for customers to come in at opening time. The store is not heated in the other weeks
The rent of the store amounts to $420,000 per annum.
(a) Calculate whether the Sunday opening incremental revenue exceeds the incremental costs over a year (ignore inventory movements) and on this basis reach a conclusion as to whether Sunday opening is financially justifiable. (12 marks)
(b) Discuss whether the manager’s pay deal (time off and bonus) is likely to motivate him. (4 marks)
(c) Briefly discuss whether offering substantial price discounts and promotions on Sunday is a good suggestion.(4 marks)
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In B2B SaaS and in the "ARrtist on AIR" podcast , our guests and we ourselves often use abbreviations, technical terms and SaaS indicators. To make it easier for all listeners to get started with SaaS, we explain the important SaaS metrics, key figures (KPIs) and key terms from SaaS, B2B marketing and software sales.
ACV, or Annual Contract Value, is the total amount of revenue a contract generates in a year. One of the main reasons SaaS startups calculate ACV is to compare it to metrics like ARR or CAC. For example, by comparing ACV to CAC, one can find out how long it takes for a customer to be profitable.The ACV can be calculated with this formula:
Total Contract Value / Total Contract Years = ACV
For example, if a customer signs a 5-year contract for EUR 100,000, the ACV is EUR 20,000. If the contract is on a monthly basis, one can calculate the Monthly Recurring Revenue (MRR) and multiply it by 12.
ARR, or Annual Recurring Revenue, is simply the value of the recurring revenue that a company posts in a calendar year. It is equal to monthly recurring revenue (MRR) multiplied by 12.
ARPU is the average revenue generated per user per time unit (usually per month). More used in B2C models. ACV is usually specified in B2B models.
The burn rate indicates how much more money a company spends per month than it earns. Example: If a company has income of EUR 100,000 and costs of EUR 150,000 per month, the burn rate is EUR 50,000. The runway indicates how long the company can continue to operate before running out of cash.
The term B2B SaaS includes software applications that are operated in the cloud and are aimed at corporate customers.
One can distinguish between customer churn and revenue churn. As a rule, churn rate is understood as the outflow of sales. The churn rate measures how many customers a company has lost within a given period of time. It is one of the most important SaaS metrics to measure how well the product is being accepted by customers and whether it consistently delivers value.
CAC is the amount spent on customer acquisition (esp. marketing and sales) divided by the number of customers acquired in a given period. These costs should be broken down by marketing channel and, where appropriate, by customer group.
The value of recurring revenue stream over a customer's lifetime minus customer acquisition costs. The customer lifetime value (CLV) is the profit that a company achieves with this customer over the entire term of the customer relationship. When interpreting the number, care must be taken to determine whether it only shows the turnover achieved or whether costs for acquiring (CAC) and looking after (customer service) the customer as well as variable costs have already been deducted.
The DBNER or Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate is one of the most important SaaS metrics. It measures how much more sales (revenue) a certain cohort of customers (usually those of the last year) has additionally spent in the current year.Calculation of the DBNER or Dollar-Based Net Expansion RateMost SaaS companies calculate the DBNER by dividing the sales of all customers who were still customers on the last day of a period (e.g. December 31, 2021) by the sales of the same customers in the previous period (base period, e.g the year 2020) share. The following is not considered:a) the revenue from customers who have canceled in the current period (2021) andb) new customers who were not customers in the base period (2020).[Revenue of all customers who were still customers on December 31, 2021] / [Revenue of the same customers in the previous year 2020] = DBNER (2021)If you want to measure the ability to keep and increase sales (revenue retention) including terminations, the NRR or Net Revenue Retention is a better indicator. You can find more information about this, how it differs from the " dollar-based net retention rate " and examples of DBNER listed SaaS companies explained in a very understandable way in episode #064 of the Doppelganger Tech Talk Podcast.
An ideal customer profile (ICP), also known as an ideal buyer profile, defines the perfect customer for what a company offers solutions for. This is a fictional buyer company that has all the characteristics that make it the perfect customer for the solutions offered by a SaaS company. An ICP is useful to focus on selling to targeted customers that are a particularly good fit for the business.
The MRR indicates the sum of the monthly recurring payments in a month. Non-recurring payments such as implementation fees, consulting services, etc. are explicitly excluded.
Example: If Customer A has purchased a software package for EUR 50, Customer has purchased a software package for EUR 100 and implementation support for EUR 500 and hardware for EUR 500 and Customer C has purchased a software package for EUR 200, the MRR is EUR 50 + EUR 100 + 200 EUR = 350 EUR.
Often abbreviated as churn (emigration) referred to. Churn equals lost revenue, measured in monthly recurring revenue - regardless of the number of companies lost as customers.
Net Revenue Retention (NRR) is the remaining revenue from your existing customers. It's a broad metric that gives you an idea of what your revenue streams will look like over time when there are no new customers.The NRR formula takes into account: (1) Expansion of existing customers (upgrades, cross-sells or upsells), (2) Downgrades, smaller accounts, (3) Lost customers (accounts).
These factors affect monthly recurring revenue (MRR). A high NRR shows that a company is expanding its business with existing customers.How do I calculate my NRR rate?The formula to calculate your NRR rate is simple:[(Last Month MRR + Expansion Revenue - Downgrades - Churn) / Last Month MRR] x 100% = NRR If you would like practical examples and more background information, you can find them in episode #064 of the Doppelganger Tech Talk Podcast.
If you come across a term that you do not understand, please send us an email. We are happy to expand the glossary as required. | https://www.arrtist.net/glossary |
Table of Contents
What are annual receipts?
Annual receipts: This is the “total income” (or “gross income”) plus the “cost of goods sold.” These numbers can normally be found on the business's IRS tax return forms. If a business hasn't been in business for five years, multiply its average weekly revenue by 52 to determine its average annual receipts.
How do you calculate annual gross receipts?
How does the SBA define gross receipts?
Answer: For a for-profit business, gross receipts generally are all revenue in whatever form received or accrued (in accordance with the entity's accounting method, i.e., accrual or cash) from whatever source, including from the sales of products or services, interest, dividends, rents, royalties, fees, or commissions,
Related Question How do you calculate annual receipts?
How do you calculate quarterly gross receipts?
Compare quarterly gross receipts
Subtract the gross receipts of any quarter of 2020 from gross receipts from the same quarter of 2019, and divide that amount by the gross receipts of your chosen quarter of 2019.
What's your annual income?
Annual income is the total amount of money you make each year before deductions are taken out of your pay. For example, if you're paid a $75,000 yearly salary, this is your annual income, even though you don't actually take home $75,000 after deductions.
How much revenue is considered a small business?
SBA's Table of Size Standards provides definitions for North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes, that vary widely by industry, revenue and employment. It defines small business by firm revenue (ranging from $1 million to over $40 million) and by employment (from 100 to over 1,500 employees).
Does SBA request receipts?
The SBA requires that you obtain receipts and maintain good records of all loan expenditures as you restore your damaged property and that you keep these receipts and records for three years.
How are PPP gross receipts calculated?
You can find your gross receipts by looking at line 1 or 1C of your respective tax return. You can also find your gross revenue and returns and allowances by looking at your income statement. Do not include any relief received in 2020 in your gross receipts.
What's included in gross receipts?
Gross receipts include all revenue in whatever form received or accrued (in accordance with the entity's accounting method) from whatever source, including from the sales of products or services, interest, dividends, rents, royalties, fees or commissions, reduced by returns and allowances.
Do gross receipts include loans?
This includes revenue from the sale of products or services, interest, dividends, rents, royalties, fees or commissions, reduced by returns and allowances but excluding net capital gains and losses. Importantly, gross receipts do not include forgiven PPP loan proceeds or economic injury disaster loan (EIDL) advances.
Does unemployment count as gross receipts for PPP?
If I received previous PPP funds, EIDL grants, unemployment benefits, or other government grants, are these funds to be included in my gross receipts when calculating my eligibility for a second PPP loan? PPP funds and other state and federal government grants are not included in gross receipts.
How do I fill out SBA monthly gross receipts?
How do you calculate customers receipts?
How do I find my annual gross receipts in Quickbooks?
Step 1: Select the Reports menu and select Accountant and Taxes. Step 2: Select Income Tax Summary. Step 3: Manage the date range to the time you wish to have your gross sales report. Click Enter and the amount which is visible under Gross Sales or Gross Receipts is the Gross Sales for that time-period.
How do you calculate a company's gross revenue?
Gross business income is the amount your business earns from selling goods or services before you subtract taxes and other expenses. Your business's gross income is your revenue minus your cost of goods sold (COGS). You can find your gross income on your business's income statement.
How do I calculate my yearly income after taxes?
To calculate the after-tax income, simply subtract total taxes from the gross income. It comprises all incomes. For example, let's assume an individual makes an annual salary of $50,000 and is taxed at a rate of 12%.
How do you write annual income?
Add all your monthly income
You multiply by 12 because there are twelve months in a year. For example, if you earn ₹2,000 per month from a part-time job and receive ₹10,000 as house rent, add these two figures and multiply by 12.
How do you calculate annual net income?
Subtract your salary and total expenses.
Once you have all the above information gathered, you can subtract your expenses from the total gross annual income amount. The result is your annual net income.
How do you determine if a business is a small business?
To qualify as a small business, a company must fall within the size standard, or the largest size a business may be to remain classified as small, within its industry. Though size standards vary by industry, they are usually measured by the number of employees or average annual receipts.
What does annual business revenue mean?
Revenue is the money your business brings in from sales, services or other activities. Applicants should report gross annual revenue — that is, revenue before taxes and other expenses are taken out. This is different from profit, which is revenue minus costs. The figures should be from the previous year.
Do EIDL loans get audited?
But if you got an EIDL (Economic Impact Disaster Loan) the answer is yes. The answer is yes only if your loan is equal or greater than $750,000. The EIDL comes directly from the SBA to the recipient. Because there is no financial institution as intermediary, which would do an audit, you must have one completed.
How is EIDL loan amount determined?
Loan Amount
The standard calculation is “Gross Receipts” of 2019 minus cost of goods sold (COGS) times 2. If your business has 'cost of goods sold' (COGS), that comes off the gross receipts first.
How do I record an EIDL loan?
How do you calculate monthly payroll for PPP?
Do you use gross or net income for PPP loan?
To make the PPP more widely available to self-employed small business owners, the loan calculation amount is now based on gross income. Businesses that were ineligible—due to not being profitable—can now apply. Loans that were already processed are not eligible for an increase in their amount.
What are monthly gross receipts?
Monthly Gross Receipts means, with respect to any calendar month, the aggregate gross amount of all payments received by the Company and its Subsidiaries in respect of their respective Debit Accounts Receivable during such calendar month.
Do PPP loans count as gross receipts ERC?
Absent a safe harbor, taxpayers' gross receipts would include a forgiven PPP Loan or an ERC-Coordinated Grant, even though the amount is not included in gross income. Such an inclusion in gross receipts may affect taxpayers' ability to demonstrate a decline in gross receipts to qualify for the ERC.
How do you calculate average monthly payroll for PPP second?
Locate your annual gross profit net profit on your 2019 Form 1040 Schedule C, line 7 or 31. Divide your annual gross profit or net profit by 12 to calculate your average monthly payroll cost. Multiply your average monthly net profit by 2.5.
How is PPP second draw calculated?
If payroll is being run, take line 7 and subtract the payroll costs in lines 14, 19, and 26. Use a maximum of $100,000. Divide this number by 12 and add it to your average monthly payroll expense. Multiply by 2.5 to find your PPP loan amount.
Does Eidl count as gross receipts?
The amount of any forgiven First Draw PPP Loan or any EIDL advance, which are not subject to federal income tax, is not included in the calculation of “gross receipts”. | https://almazrestaurant.com/how-do-you-calculate-annual-receipts/ |
The data being researched shows that people generally prefer physicians who treat them like a person, by getting to know the patient on a personal, more intimate level rather Han treating them like a number with no significance. We will discuss the definition of medical ethics and its importance to us as a society and as patients. Medical Ethics Is an Important Issue In society and the medical field. Typically medical professionals are expected to behave In an Ideal way In which they are devoted to protecting the welfare of patients.
It is expected that doctors behave begun to act on a patient’s needs without his or her consent or knowledge. According to the American Medical Association, medical ethics is a policy used to “improve tenant care and health of the public by examining and promoting physician professionalism” Remy, 2012). However, some physicians take an action without the patient’s consent and while barely knowing their patients in a personal way. This behavior strays away from what the ideal physician should be and may violate the ideas behind what medical ethics should be.
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Medical ethics should be followed because it is there to protect patients’ rights and is a topic that is important to research because it is important in our society because we are trained to trust our actors because we assume they are looking at our best interest as individuals, and patients while that may not be the case. We will be using sources such as the Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, the American Medical Association, the Encyclopedia of ethics, and more to answer the following research questions. 1) Is medicine viewed more as a trade or a profession and what are its effects on medical ethics? ) What is involved in medical ethics and what is its importance? 3) Does physician’s assisted suicide violate medical ethics? What is involved in medical ethics and what is its importance? Ethics in medicine is governed by a set of moral guidelines taught to a physician in regards to how they treat their patients. Traditionally ethical codes in medicine revolved around issues such as patient confidentiality, requesting physicians assisted suicide, etc. These codes determined what is ethical and unethical for a doctor to do.
In the Article, Medical Ethics (1998) by William Ruddier, ethics is discussed involving, “codes that prescribe a physician’s character, motives and duties… They portray ideal physicians as devoted to the welfare of patients and to advancement of the medical profession ND medical knowledge” (Para. 4). This shows that when it comes to ethics, physicians are expected to behave in an “ideal” way, where they are expected to follow all of the rules laded out in front of them. It is expected that physicians will follow certain rules, the most important being, “Strive to help, but above all, do no harm” (Ruddier, 1998).
According to this, Ruddier seems to be saying that the most important aspect involved in medical ethics is helping while doing no harm in any way. This notion of doing no harm to patients is an important factor regarding deiced ethics. In the article, Medical Ethics: What is it? And why is it important? (2012) By Day Allseed, he says, “medical care is built on the communication between medical workers on one side and patients and/or patients’ families on another side” (Para. 5). From this quote Allseed is trying to convey they message that a key factor in ethics is communication between the doctor and the patient.
For a doctor to be viewed as being ethically correct, trust has to be established between the doctor and the patient so good communication is vital. Both Ruddier and Allseed suggest hat the doctors have to live up to a certain ethical standard to earn the patients’ trust and ideally doctors would follow these ethical guidelines perfectly. However, since we do not live in an ideal world these ethical guidelines may not be followed to being a profession to more of a trade. Is medicine viewed more as a trade or a profession and what are its effects on medical ethics?
Since the practice of medicine has started, doctors have always been regarded with the utmost respect due to their Jobs being one that is responsible for the care and well being of many lives. In more modern times however, the respect one may get from being a doctor may be dwindling due to a debate as to whether modern medicine is considered to be a trade or a profession. According to Michael Makeover in the article, Doctor of Medicine Profession, a profession involves, “regulation of practice; educational standards for apprentices; fee schedules; and a code of ethics” (Para. ). This very definition of what a profession is includes following a code of ethics or morality. This assumes that for something to be considered as a profession it has to follow a code of ethics. However, in the article Law, ethics and Medical Councils: evolution of their relationships by Mar Jeans, when doctors are accused of being traders rather than professionals, some take it as an insult, while some accept that it is a truth in society today saying things such as, “We are a part of society.
Since it is heavily commercialese, why blame us? ” (Para. 1). Because of this, some doctors accept that centralization and other aspects of their career can make them appear to be traders instead of professionals. Doctors who take offense to being called a trader sometimes plead the case that they cannot be viewed as readers because they are not able to act as a trader. In Jinni’s article, he says, “Earlier, the doctor, while healing the sick, was also compounding drugs and selling them to the patient at a price…
Whenever doctors or hospitals have tried to store drugs for sale to patients, the chemists have protested against this infringement over their occupational territory’ Season, 1995). According to this, the separation of doctors who prescribe medicine for patients and the chemists who make the medicine for patients show that doctors cannot be traders because they are not keeping all of the equines to themselves. In an ideal world all medical professionals would stay on their own area so to speak. This debate over whether doctors are traders or professionals in modern times has a great impact on ethics as well.
Following all rules in regards to patient care would make medicine a profession, while straying from rules may make it seem more like a trade. Depending on the moral code the doctor goes by, ethics could be affected positively or negatively. Both articles, Doctor of Medicine Profession by Michael Makeover and Law, ethics and Medical Councils: evolution of their relationships by Mar Jeans show that medicine can be viewed as either a trade or a profession depending on the ethical value of the doctors and how they choose to act with the responsibility placed upon them.
Does physician’s assisted suicide violate medical ethics? There are some aspects in medicine that have been surrounded in controversy ever since its inception. One of these topics of great ethical debate is the notion of physician’s assisted suicide. The idea of physician’s assisted suicide is revolves around a terminally ill patient asking a doctor for assistance in aiding their death. According to Martin Levin, in the may consider physician’s assisted suicide must have “autonomy to decide the timing and manner of his/her death” (Para 42).
This argument is made with a specific clause that the person choosing death must be competent and aware of his or hers decision. A main reason many people support the idea of physician’s assisted suicide is a sort of mercy argument where the idea is that, “people should be permitted to die with dignity… A person’s last months of life should not be consumed suffering from severe physical pain” (Levin, 2001). This opinion is very subjective and does not purport the idea that physician’s assisted suicide can be unethical since it supports the decision that a competent terminally ill patient wants to make.
Even though physician’s assisted suicide has many supporters, to counter argue some individuals who support physician’s assisted suicide, by removing a subjective mindset and employing a more objective view of what a medical professional is supposed to do. In the article, Physician’s assisted suicide by The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, it is discussed how “The Hippocratic Oath is often invoked against the reality of physician involvement in deaths of patients. That oath declares: “l will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this (Para. ). From this statement, the author is trying to convey the idea that in order for a doctor to be perfectly ethically correct, the doctor would have to stray away from the idea of physician ‘s assisted suicide, as aiding a patient in causing his or hers death violates the oath that is taken to become a physician. Both articles seemingly convey the idea that the ethical view of physician’s assisted suicide is actually very subjective. This is shown in both articles when the reasons supporting and refuting physician’s assisted suicide are mentioned.
In both articles, each view of what is ethically correct is dependent on someone’s personally opinion. To say that physician’s assisted suicide is ethically Just, you have to agree that it is okay to take the life of another person. This idea may seem paradoxical because it is a new convention in the idea of life, which is supposed to be considered to be sacred and never harmed. To do no harm to a patient is in the oath a doctor has to take to come a doctor. However, by allowing a patient to choose his or her death can be considered detrimental to the oath taken to become a doctor.
While probably following the oath to protect a patient’s life no matter what may look as what the ideal physician should do, seeing a patient who is terminally ill, or suffering and allowing them continued suffering may be as ethically unjust as allowing them to choose physician’s assisted suicide. So physician’s assisted suicide can be viewed as both ethical and unethical at the same time, in a sort of “catch 22” mindset, in which there will always be a debate as to whether physician’s assisted suicide is ethical or not.
Objectively, Physician’s assisted suicide should be viewed as unethical, however subjectively it can be viewed as ethical given the right circumstances. This is relatable to the idea of ethical relativism that is discussed in Vincent Ruggeri’s article Why study ethics? (2007) Where he says, “For many, decisions about what is right and wrong are complete personal and completely subjective: what is right for me may not be right for you” (Para. 3). This enforces the idea that one’s ethical belief ay not be completely right for another person.
From this we can see that ethics is in fact very subjective. Term. Ethics is shown to be a code of moral behavior that is expected for ideal physicians to follow. However as we have seen the world is not ideal and because of that, not everyone follows the ethical guidelines that they should. In turn, these different behaviors that ideal doctors are expected to follow but some do not show that in current day medicine can be separated into a profession or a trade. The difference between these two revolve around the ethical standards the doctor hoses to adhere by. | https://anyassignment.com/philosophy/medical-ethics-assignment-30057/ |
Jonathan B. Imber Trusting Doctors: The Decline of Moral Authority in American Medicine, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2008 (275 pp). ISBN 9-780-69113574-8 (hard cover) RRP $82.95.
Facing wave after wave of new transparency measures, such as internet report cards on surgeon performance and a MyHospitals website (Roxon 2010), many Australian medical practitioners have lamented aloud, ‘whatever happened to good old-fashioned trust’? This question might well seem misplaced, given the recent jailing of surgeon Dr Jayant Patel for the manslaughter of three patients at the Bundaberg Hospital (Bentley 2010), and government inquiries into patient safety at several hospitals in New South Wales, Western Australia, and the ACT (Faunce & Bolsin 2004). But as Jonathan Imber explains in Trusting Doctors: The Decline of Moral Authority in American Medicine, public trust in the medical profession has been on the wane for some time.
Relinquishing an image of doctors as infallible and unassailable in favour of a more realistic picture is, of course, to everyone’s benefit. However, many observers both here and overseas report rising levels of patient suspicion and distrust of doctors and the medical profession. Defensive practices by doctors nervous about possible lawsuits, and the pervasive and often subtle influence of pharmaceutical marketing on doctors’ prescribing, have undoubtedly contributed to this greater public distrust. But the perception of doctors as exemplars of righteousness began to change long ago. So, what did happen to good old-fashioned trust in doctors, and how did the medical profession gain such a lofty reputation in the first place?
THE RISE AND FALL OF MEDICAL TRUST IN AMERICA
Imber paints a compelling picture of how American medicine initially gained its exalted status due to the advent of scientific medicine in the late 19th century, which supplanted the influence of Christianity on the profession, and promoted newfound trust in doctors by giving them better diagnostic skills and more tools with which to combat disease.
At leading American medical schools in the late 19th century, it was very common for the graduation address to be given by well-known Protestant clergymen. Drawing on a fascinating series of such graduation speeches, Imber conveys vividly how doctors at that time were urged to aspire to ideals of personal integrity and ‘high moral character’, in order to be worthy of the trust placed in them by patients. Indeed, personal and professional integrity appear to have been regarded as synonymous, whereas today’s doctors’ tend to see professional integrity as a matter of serving the goals of medicine in their professional roles, whether or not they have high standards of personal integrity outside that professional context. Also, at that time, healers were required to appreciate what some see as the spiritual aspects of consoling and healing patients—such an appreciation was particularly important when medical interventions were often quite ineffective.
Imber also traces the efforts of Catholic moralists to influence clinical practices at the time. For example, a number of Catholic thinkers argued strongly against the use of fetal craniotomy, a common method used in pregnancy termination, and urged doctors instead to encourage women to continue with their pregnancies so that attempts could be made to deliver the baby alive by Caesarian birth instead.
However, the rise of scientific medicine in the latter part of the 19th century began to undermine the influence of Christian character ideals on medical education and practice, and gave doctors new forms of moral authority in the minds of patients which the counsel of clergy could not match:
This replacement of Christian proselytising by more scientific approaches to medicine did not take place in a uniform way. Imber describes how in 1871, the recovery of Edward (the Prince of Wales) from typhoid ‘after special prayers were offered on his behalf’ (p. 51) sparked fierce debates about the possible health effects of prayer, and about whether any such effects could be measured. Nevertheless, ‘the balance of authority between the two professions was shifting’ (p. 73), and this gulf widened further during the 20th century.
American medicine reached the zenith of its upward trajectory of cultural authority immediately after World War II. But after this time, doctors were not spared the vociferous challenges to many forms of professional and governmental authority that arose during the 1960s. Imber attributes much of the resulting change in the public reputation of medicine to the rise of feminism and women’s health movements, such as the Boston Women’s Health Collective, which produced the best-selling book Our Bodies, Ourselves, in 1973 (Boston Women’s Health Collective 1973). But Imber does not discuss the impact of the mass media, which, in helping to create unrealistic expectations, left some patients with unwarranted ill-feelings towards doctors unable to achieve medical miracles (see Hooker & Pols 2006).
THE INFLUENCE OF BIOETHICS
During the late 1960s, the civil rights movement, Vietnam War protests, and growing concerns about environmental degradation led many philosophers to engage again with issues of public concern. They began to examine ethical questions about medical practice, reproduction, and new developments in genetics, and such investigations formed the core of a field which shortly became known as ‘bioethics’. Many bioethicists raised important ethical questions about the proper uses and limits of new medical technologies, and went on to successfully challenge the prevailing medical paternalism of that time. The emergence of bioethics also contributed significantly to the decline of trust in American medicine.
Bioethics is often said to have taken off with the establishment of the Institute of Society, Ethics and the Life Sciences (now known as the Hastings Center) in upstate New York, by philosopher Dan Callahan and psychiatrist Willard Gaylin in 1969. In his relatively brief discussion of the subsequent growth and impact of bioethics on medical trust, Imber argues that Catholic moral theology and notions of pastoral medicine inspired early work in bioethics by Callahan and others on topics such as abortion, medical paternalism, and genetic intervention. Imber also documents the influence on bioethics of writing by Episcopal priest Joseph Fletcher, Presbyterian theologian Paul Ramsey, and Catholic priest Ivan Illich. Religious and theological views on medical and reproductive ethics were also targeted by secular bioethicists in the US. Critiques of such views have likewise been important in Australian bioethics, as seen in the extended critical analyses by Peter Singer (Singer & Wells 1984) and Helga Kuhse (1987), respectively, of Catholic views on reproductive technologies and on the sanctity of human life in end-of-life decision-making.
Imber’s account of the religious roots of early bioethical writing is illuminating, but he overestimates the influence of religion on the origins of bioethics, and on bioethicists’ successful challenges to the widespread medical paternalism of the time. For some bioethicists saw the prevalence of unjustifiable medical paternalism as a symptom of the insularity of professional role-based ethical standards themselves. That is, codes of medical ethics in America, which had supported attitudes of medical condescension and made no mention of respecting patients, were attacked as self-serving and outdated, and as lacking adequate moral authority. Robert Veatch, for example, urged doctors to reject a professionally-generated ethic altogether and rely solely for guidance on broad-based ethical theories such as Kantianism or Utilitarianism:
So, instead of paternalistically withholding treatment information from patients, doctors were told that they must inform patients about the risks of medical procedures, since doing so respects patients’ rights, maximises utility, or is required by the virtue of truthfulness. This appeal to broad-based ethical theories was quite independent of any religiously-inspired challenges to medical authority.
Many bioethicists subsequently came to see this rejection of a professionally-generated medical ethic as an overreaction. Instead, they argued that an appropriate conception of the internal morality of medicine could be legitimately invoked by doctors without condoning the unethical behaviour of the past. For example, in his influential article ‘Reviving a distinctive medical ethic’, Larry Churchill (1989) argued that doctors should be guided in their professional behaviour not only by universalist ethical theories such as Utilitarianism and Kantianism, but also by a sense of what it is right for them, qua doctor, to do in the circumstances, considering the distinctive values and goals of medicine—such as doctors’ commitments to act in their patients’ best interests.
This reintroduction of the distinctive goals of medicine to ethical debates about what doctors ought to do helped rehabilitate the idea of professional integrity in medicine, whereby doctors can justifiably refuse to provide futile interventions—even if autonomously requested by patients—on the grounds that such interventions would be contrary to their role as a healer (see, for example, Miller & Brody 1995). The revival of a distinctive medical ethic also paved the way for applications to medicine of an approach known as virtue ethics, according to which actions are right if they are what a person with a virtuous character would do in the circumstances. This approach to ethics was becoming influential in philosophy at the time, and led to the development of new accounts of medical virtues, such as medical beneficence, courage, trustworthiness, and humility (Pellegrino & Thomasma 1993; May 1994; Oakley & Cocking 2001; Radden & Sadler 2010). It is therefore not accurate to suggest, as Imber does, that ‘beyond attempts to observe and document the motives and behaviour of “corrupt”, “impaired”, or “deviant” doctors, little attention has been paid in recent decades to basic questions about the definition and development of professional character in general’ (p. xii).
Imber analyses the rise of bioethics as a broad social movement and as a fundamentally equalising force, challenging the dominance of doctors and clergy over moral questions regarding health and reproduction. The development of health consumer groups over the last 40 years, and their insistence on the importance of informed consent in clinical practice, has also helped reshape community expectations of doctor-patient relationships. So, ‘physicians [who] were once principally responsible for defining the social and ethical questions facing the profession … have become answerable to a host of outsiders, including courts and legislatures, clinical epidemiologists, women’s health advocates, and bioethicists’ (p. 140). Somewhat ironically, the scientific approach which in the early 20th century helped build doctors’ reputation and authority, and their independence from religion, eventually grew beyond the confines of medicine itself and overwhelmed doctors’ lofty status—which in the end lasted for a relatively brief period, in historical terms. Medical ethics teaching also changed significantly as a result of these demands for more patient involvement in decision-making and better accountability, and doctors were taught to develop greater humility and to become less judgmental towards their patients.
American medical practice is now notorious for its litigiousness, and Imber provides a plausible explanation for how this came about:
However, the development of bioethics and the renewed interest in virtue ethics have led many medical educators to return to more rounded and less narrowly technical notions of professional character and competence, which offer hope for alleviating this poisonous trend. For, as Imber insightfully explains, in seeing their doctor’s humanity patients can be more inclined to forgive rather than to sue, when things go wrong or don’t work out.
HAS PUBLIC TRUST IN AUSTRALIAN DOCTORS DECLINED?
Trusting Doctors is a well-researched and absorbing account of how American medicine gained and then lost its social cachet. What of the medical profession in Australia? The more scientific approaches to medicine being developed in the early 20th century clearly boosted the reputations of doctors in Australia, as in America and Great Britain. The various Australian state branches of the British Medical Association (BMA) were federated in 1912, when a unified code of professional ethics, dealing mainly with the regulation of advertising and etiquette toward patients, was introduced (Armit 1924; Egan 1988). Following World War I, Australian medical schools began to include brief instruction in the ethical obligations of physicians, and there was public discussion of issues such as abortion, methods of birth control, and confidentiality in relation to patients with sexually transmitted diseases. However, religion exercised less influence on medical ethics and conceptions of professional character in Australia than it did in the United States.
Australian doctors carrying out research found themselves under more scrutiny from 1957, when the first recorded institutional research ethics committee was set up at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital in Melbourne (McNeill 1993). While the regulation of biomedical research in Australia was less reactive than it was in the United States, which had witnessed some well-publicised scandals in the 1960s, the development of the concept of informed consent in research also helped Australian patients gain recognition of the importance of this concept in the context of clinical practice.
Australian doctors also found their moral authority being challenged by the widespread social changes of the 1960s. Patients became more assertive, and as in the United States, greater emphasis on women’s rights, an easing of restrictions on abortion, and the emergence of the self-help movement were all important in undermining Australian doctors’ moral authority. However, litigation against doctors has been a less significant factor in this country than in the United States. Also, here as in the United States, dissatisfaction with entrenched medical paternalism led some patients to turn away from conventional medical practitioners in favour of complementary medicine (Clark-Grill 2010).
Bioethics began to develop in Australia around a decade after the United States, and initially focused on new reproductive technologies, but legal recognition in the 1980s of patients’ rights to refuse medical treatment was influential in changing doctors’ roles in end-of-life decision-making. As in the United States, the development of new medical technologies and organ transplantation procedures led to greater understanding by doctors that the appropriateness of such interventions depended very much on patients’ own assessments of what the quality of their lives might be afterwards. Like many of their overseas counterparts, several Australian medical schools began to strengthen their teaching of ethics to medical students in the 1970s and 1980s. And, after the 1988 National Inquiry into Medical Education, all Australian medical schools began to include a substantive medical ethics component in their undergraduate programs (Oakley 2003). In 1992, the Australian Medical Association issued a significantly revised Code of Ethics, which placed greater emphasis on the importance of doctors’ respecting patient autonomy than did previous versions of this code.
Today much more is expected of doctors than in the past. Medical graduates are required to be effective communicators and to have a much better understanding of ethical principles and practice than their predecessors, and the unstoppable medical transparency movement places doctors under unprecedented public scrutiny. Despite well-publicised medical errors, surgical scandals, and the pervasive influence of pharmaceutical companies, public trust in Australian doctors remains relatively high (Hardie & Critchley 2008). But where such trust was often taken for granted in the past, patients now commonly expect doctors to earn their trust, and to maintain it through demonstrating good evidence-based practice in what they do (see, for example, Lupton 2003). This change is not to be lamented. To suggest that trust is devalued by providing patients with more information about their doctor’s performance is to paint a false dichotomy. Trust is enhanced when we know that doctors and the profession are performing well, and are upholding the priorities that the community entrusted them to have when granting their monopoly of expertise in the first place.
The medical profession has lost the elevated social standing it once had. But if doctors can continue to demonstrate that they are meeting their commitments to act in patients’ best interests, first and foremost, then there is good reason to think that ‘the delicate fabric of trust’ (p. xv) between the medical profession and the public will remain intact into the future.
REFERENCES
Armit, H.W. 1924, ‘Medical practice’, Medical Journal of Australia, 25 October, pp. 413–421.
Bentley, A. 2010, ‘Seven years’ jail for killer surgeon’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 2 July.
Boston Women’s Health Collective, 1973, Our Bodies, Ourselves, Simon and Schuster, New York.
Churchill, L.R. 1989, ‘Reviving a distinctive medical ethic’, Hastings Center Report, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 28–34.
Clark-Grill, M. 2010, ‘When listening to the people: lessons from complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for bioethics’, Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 71–81.
Egan, B. 1988, Nobler than missionaries: Australian medical culture c. 1880–c. 1930, PhD thesis, Monash University, Melbourne.
Faunce, T. & Bolsin, S.N.C. 2004, ‘Three Australian whistleblowing sagas: Lessons for internal and external regulation’, Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 181, no. 1, pp. 44–47.
Hardie, E.A. & Critchley, C.R. 2008, ‘Public perceptions of Australia’s doctors, hospitals and health care systems’, Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 189, no. 4, pp. 210–214.
Hooker, C. & Pols, H. 2006, ‘Health, medicine, and the media’, Health and History, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1–13.
Kuhse, H. 1987, The Sanctity-of-Life Doctrine in Medicine: A Critique, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Lupton, D. 2003, Medicine as Culture: Illness, Disease and the Body in Western Societies, 2nd edn., Sage, London.
May, W.F. 1994, ‘The virtues in a professional setting’, in Medicine and Moral Reasoning, eds K.W.M. Fulford, G. Gillett & J.M. Soskice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
McNeill, P.M. 1993, The Ethics and Politics of Human Experimentation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Miller, F.G. & Brody, H. 1995, ‘Professional integrity and physician-assisted death’, Hastings Center Report, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 8–17.
Oakley, J. 2003, ‘Medical ethics, History of: Australia and New Zealand’, in Encyclopedia of Bioethics, ed. S.G. Post, vol. 3, 3rd edn., Macmillan, New York, pp. 1553–1555.
Oakley, J. & Cocking, D. 2001, Virtue Ethics and Professional Roles, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Pellegrino, E. & Thomasma, D. 1993, The Virtues in Medical Practice, Oxford University Press, New York.
Radden, J. & Sadler, J.Z. 2010, The Virtuous Psychiatrist: Character Ethics in Psychiatric Practice, Oxford University Press, New York.
Roxon, N. 2010, ‘MyHospitals website’, Media release, Office of the Minister for Health and Ageing, Canberra [Online], Available: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/12A961272D345750CA2.pdf [2010, Sep 16].
Singer, P. & Wells, D. 1984, The Reproduction Revolution, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Veatch, R.M. 1981, A Theory of Medical Ethics, Basic Books, New York.
Associate Professor Justin Oakley is Director of Monash University Centre for Human Bioethics. He has published widely on virtue ethics, medical ethics, and ethical theory, and teaches clinicians in the Master of Bioethics program. He is co-editor (with Steve Clarke) of Informed Consent and Clinician Accountability, The Ethics of Report Cards on Surgeon Performance Cambridge University Press, 2007), and is currently working on a project on virtue ethics and medical conflicts of interest.
View other articles in this symposium: | http://www.australianreview.net/digest/2010/11/oakley.html |
The need to ensure human beings live comfortable lives and access quality health care services motivate me to seek to know what should be done to ensure this is possible. I have a passion for ensuring that every person enjoys life despite the inevitable challenges that modern societies are facing.
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My passion extends beyond the boundaries of intellectual beliefs and involves issues like a desire to explore the possibilities of creating a healthy society. I believe that it is possible to have a healthy society if people unite and combine their skills, experiences, and abilities to improve human life. This essay examines the importance of morals, values, and ethics in ensuring that the health care sector performs its purpose effectively.
Motivation
There is adequate proof that people need proper health care services, and everybody is working hard to ensure human health is given preference over other issues. People spend a lot of money on research and other activities to ensure they identify ways of keeping themselves protected from diseases. However, their efforts cannot be productive if there are no professional nurses to help them to achieve their objectives. I am motivated by the fact that it is possible to have a healthy society without incurring unnecessary expenses.
Inspiration
My inspiration is derived from the need to help and take care of the members of society. Religious beliefs and customary practices demand that I commit my skills, abilities, and experience to promote the welfare of other members of society. My convictions inspire me to work hard to ensure nobody suffers from diseases that can be treated. In addition, I do not encourage people to make assumptions or create prejudices that may cloud my judgment when offering services to patients.
I believe that people must be treated equally, and nobody should discriminate against others because of their race, religion, or age. People like Mother Teresa and Queen Elizabeth inspire me to work hard and ensure that I follow my professional codes of conduct.
Loyalty
My profession requires loyalty to ensure that I work because I know what is supposed to be done. It is difficult for nurses and society to enjoy equal benefits for their loyalties because of conflicts of interests. However, this cannot discourage me from doing my best to ensure I offer quality services to patients. I believe that good deeds are rewarded in heaven, therefore, I do not expect people to congratulate or thank me for offering services to them. I respect and follow the oaths I took and will not do anything to violate them.
How Personal, Cultural and Spiritual Values Influence My Nursing Practice
I believe that every person has a right to get quality medical services and thus I must do my best to enable patients to recover quickly. My culture recognizes and appreciates the need for people to take care of their neighbors and thus it is my responsibility to ensure that proper health is maintained in society.
I have been a staunch Christian since childhood, and I understand the need for people to be their brothers’ keepers. These values ensure that I do my best to apply my skills, knowledge, and experience to promote the well-being of all members of society. I believe that nursing is not just a profession but a call and thus nurses must be committed to their professions and go beyond their ordinary job descriptions to ensure the health of their communities is in safe hands.
Morals, Values, and Ethics
Values refer to issues that are important in life. They include the need to respect, love, and treat others without discrimination (Butts 2012). Morals are behaviors that are acceptable in society, and they do not violate the regulations that govern human interactions (American Nurses Association 2014).
Ethics refers to the principles that guide human behavior; therefore, they ensure people behave responsibly. These values dictate that I do what is right and acceptable to promote the well-being of members of society. I must follow my professional and general codes of conduct to ensure that my actions do not contravene any regulation. My values, philosophy, and worldview about values, morals, and ethics create moral dilemmas when patients, their families, or the community want me to do something contrary to the expectations of my profession.
Reflected and Shared Personal Thoughts regarding the Morals and Ethical Dilemmas in the Health Care Field
Most people do not understand that nurses are guided by various codes of conduct that govern their behavior. Ethical dilemmas occur when patients want to have intimate relationships with nurses because they think they know how to take care of others. Secondly, some people usually want to have access to records and information of patients, and this is not right (The President’s Council on Bioethics 2003). Thirdly, some patients may suggest that nurses perform practices like abortion or euthanasia without following proper procedures. These dilemmas make me more committed and ensure that I respect my oaths; therefore, I become stronger and gain experience on how to manage them in the future.
References
American Nurses Association. (2014). Code of Ethics for Nurses. Web.
Butts, J. B. (2012). Nursing Ethics: Across The Curriculum and Into Practice. Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
The President’s Council on Bioethics. (2003). Being Human: Readings from the President’s Council on Bioethics. Chapter 3: To Heal Sometimes, to Comfort Always. Web. | https://custom-essay.org/free-essays/nursing-morals-values-and-ethics/ |
What values from the Code do you think are most relevant here?
his question activities for nursing so please answer all questions .
i have uploaded all requirement that need it.
All answers to these online exercises must be entered into the Module 13 Online learning module drop box.
|Activity 1Access the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) website to find out more about the incidence, prevalence, morbidity and mortality risks associated with the four conditions: myocardial infarction, prostate cancer, stroke and type 2 diabetes.|
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Risk factors, diseases and death, http://www.aihw.gov.au/risk-factors-diseases-and-death/
Discuss this in 400 words.
|Activity 2A patients personal values underpin his beliefs and guide his decisions. The nurse caring for such a patient is guided by the values of his profession, which are expressed in the ANMC Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia.|
Australian Nursing & Midwifery Council, Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia, http://www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CB8QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au%2Fdocuments%2Fdefault.aspx%3Frecord%3DWD10%252F1352%26dbid%3DAP%26chksum%3DGTNolhwLC8InBn7hiEFeag%253D%253D&ei=jWHdVLr3EsTamAX91oCgBQ&usg=AFQjCNGoKmCj7fYBIvSVAp742-CL3oguwQ&sig2=S96O42nndSoGsOvjjUmqzg&bvm=bv.85970519,d.dGY
(Relevant provisions)
Section 7: Nurses value ethical management of information.
Nurses are aware of, and comply with, the conditions under which information about individuals including children, people who are incapacitated or disabled or who do not speak or read English may or may not be shared with others. Nurses respect each persons wishes about with whom information may be shared and preserve each persons privacy to the extent this does not significantly compromise or disadvantage the health or safety of the person or others. Nurses comply with mandated reporting requirements and conform to relevant privacy and other legislation.
Note: this Code of Ethics is supported by, and should be read in conjunction with, the Code of Conduct for Nurses in Australia and the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse, National Competency Standards for the Enrolled Nurse and National Competency Standards for the Nurse Practitioner.
Patients personal information is mostly unknown to the doctors and nurses who have cared for them during their contact with the health system. One reason for this is that most health assessments do not entail asking patients about their values and beliefs, or their wishes about the limits to continued treatment, such as CPR. Read The value of taking an ethics history by Sayers et al. (2001), and discuss what taking an ethics history might entail in 400 words.
Sayers, G, Barratt, D, Gothard, C, Onnie, C, Perera, S & Schulman, D 2001, The value of taking an ethics history, Journal of Medical Ethics, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 114-117, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1733372/
|Activity 3A study by Tulsky, Chesney and Lo (2005) found that conversations between doctors and patients about CPR preferences and options took about ten minutes and missed key information such as the likelihood of surviving CPR. Visit the website Respecting Patients Choices (supported by the Department of Health and Ageing). It has excellent state-based information and resources on advanced care planning:Â http://www.respectingpatientchoices.org.au/Â and so does the SA Health website:Â http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/Public+Content/SA+Health+Internet/Clinical+resources/Advance+care+directive.|
|Activity 4In Victoria, patients can fill out a refusal of treatment certificate (see http://www.publicadvocate.vic.gov.au/file/file/Medical/Refusal_of_Medical_Treatment.pdf.|
This option is not available in New South Wales. New South Wales has three relevant policy documents:
The NSW Ministry of Health policy on Using Advance Care Directives lists (on p. six barriers to advance care planning. What are they? | https://cheap-essay-writing-service.com/what-values-from-the-code-do-you-think-are-most-relevant-here/ |
Reducing spending in healthcare without compromising on the effectiveness and quality of healthcare services is a crucial undertaking that the Obama administration should approach cautiously. However, the attempt to enforce policies that discourage high readmission rates without engaging healthcare professionals will have little effects on the improvement of healthcare since the policies work within a considerably narrow scope that fails to recognize key players in healthcare. Doctors are among healthcare professionals at the core of the healthcare system and thus have significant effects on the success of healthcare policies. When policies in healthcare reforms seek to reward healthcare institutions while excluding relevant parties, they will face considerable resistance from the excluded parties, which become a threat to the effective implementation of reform policies.
Despite the provisions on expected code of conduct and ethics, doctors have personal interests to protect. In this regard, they would adopt any strategies that will safeguard their interests. This is because a doctor’s earning is directly proportional to the number of patients he or she serves. The proposed incentives on hospitals with low readmission rates seek to reward an institution without considering the concerns, views and plights of players within the institution. Thus, doctors and hospitals will have conflicting interests with each party attempting to protect itself. The outcome in such a case is the stagnation of critical functions in the healthcare system and increase in healthcare costs due the inaccessibility of basic services. To eliminate the occurrence of such a deadlock, the government should engage all parties in the healthcare sector in negotiation so that they can draft all-inclusive policies. All-inclusive policies should ensure concerned parties benefit from the outcome of cutting down costs relating to patient care. This will serve as a major source of motivation for all players in the healthcare sector, and thus guarantee effective implementation of policies meant to revolutionize healthcare. | https://essays-writers.co.uk/essays/medicine/healthcare-reforms.html |
Ethics case studies – relations with the medicine
Many studies represent ethical dilemma cases. It’s so-called conflict issues in modern medicine. These problems raise ethical questions. Effect sick person rights, the moral side of medical practice, new diagnosis/treatment technologies, the relationship between doctors and patients, the attitude of physicians to certain categories of the population.
Moral dilemma affecting human rights
Exist a discussion about the human right to choose a doctor at will. In many countries, patients don’t choose the services of a particular doctor or medical institutions freely. The choice of specialists at the request of the sick person can sometimes be limited. Even with the availability of private practice in the health care system.
The opposite study about ethical dilemma case exists regarding the physician right to choose or to deny professional assistance to some patients. Doctors in many countries have permission to stop treatment if a sick person ignores the recommendations, does not accept the prescribed treatment. Appear, the patients which treatment is based on the personal doctor interests. In particular, on his financial interest.
A lot of medical ethics case studies are about professional relations between doctors, nurses, administration. Does the physician have permission to treat the patient at his discretion, ignoring the accepted recommendations on such treatment in the institution in which he works?
In hospitals, there are no established boundaries in the medical practitioner working. Some offer strict conditions; the doctor has right to go beyond acceptable diagnosis methods, in other institutions has the freedom to choose. The same ethical dilemma case study exists with non-traditional medicine. The physician should be well aware of the range of choice of diagnostic/treatment methods available in a particular institution.
The moral dilemmas decision-making regarding the diagnosis/treatment of a patient in some complex cases requires collegiality, discussion of the problem with several specialists. Any arising conflicts should be solved in favor of the patient. The doctor has the right to challenge the colleague unprofessional behavior, actions. The conflict analysis should occur without the patient presented at the level of an open/closed meeting.
The post-Soviet health care resources are a typical ethics case study example of such issue. It suffers from a lack of quality collegiality. Tactics discussion of conducting complex clinical cases by a group of specialists. The treatment decision is taken by the attending physician, but his competence may not be enough. In many countries, daily or weekly meetings are practiced. They discussed complex clinical cases, as well as data from clinical studies with the prospect of using this data to improve the clinical prognosis and ethics professionalism.
A serious ethical dilemma case study is the constant patient intimidation concerning his illness condition, the manipulation of his actions – for selfish purposes. Exist two ways of development:
- for the imposition of fears, a doctor may lose a license or the right to work;
- similar actions by doctors remain unpunished.
Ethical issues during the treatment
With the advent of new diagnosis/treatment methods, there are many ethical problems regarding the medicine commercialization, the use of expensive methods. Many medical ethics case studies show proper of corruption, the high-level appointment of invasive procedures, expensive types of diagnosis and treatment in developing countries where law poorly controls the private medical practice. The use of these methods has no rational justification. Except for the commercial interest of doctors or clinical institutions.
Medical institutions in former Soviet republics demonstrate the high level of laparoscopy in gynecologically. Invasive procedures require high doctor qualification, special conditions for conduct; it is more expensive than non-invasive ones.
The patients choice is base on the priority of receiving income from a doctor. The case study approach dominates in the gastro-endoscopy, cystoscopy, colonoscopy and other invasive procedures. Extensive use of plasmapheresis in post-Soviet medical institutions is unfounded. Here, the commercial approach to patient selection prevails, and not the scientific approach and the “do no harm” principle. | https://econedge.org/2017/08/30/ethics-case-studies-relations-with-the-medicine/ |
In overturning the Trump administration’s attempt to expand the so-called conscience rule for health care workers this week, a federal judge has brought renewed attention to a long-simmering debate in medicine over when doctors can decline to provide treatment to patients without abdicating their professional responsibilities.
The revised rule, issued last spring by the Department of Health and Human Services, was aimed at protecting doctors, nurses, and others from, in the words of HHS, being “bullied out of the health care field” for refusing to participate in abortions, gender reassignment surgery, or other medical procedures based on religious beliefs or conscience. Critics of the rule charge that it would enable discrimination by allowing providers to deny health care to certain patients, particularly women and LGBTQ+ individuals.
U.S. District Judge Paul Engelmayer ruled that HHS overstepped its authority, though the rule sought to “recognize and protect undeniably important rights.” But what are those rights, and in what circumstances can physicians ethically withhold treatment that a patient wants?
There are three general contexts in which it is permissible and sometimes obligatory to refuse care: when doctors are subjected to abusive treatment, when the treatment requested is outside a doctor’s scope of practice, or when providing the requested treatment would otherwise violate one’s duties as a physician, such as the Hippocratic mandate to “first do no harm.” But none of these rationales can justify physicians denying care based on their personal beliefs.
When patients are abusive
If a patient walks into my office using threatening language or behaving violently toward me or my staff and fails to improve his behavior despite good-faith attempts at redirection, I can ask him to leave without receiving care. Of course, there may be extenuating circumstances. A patient in the midst of a mental health crisis who is abusive clearly requires immediate attention. And a critically ill patient who comes to the emergency room engaging in violent behavior but desperately in need of care cannot be dismissed, as this would cause her immediate harm, though security personnel may be required to assist in the delivery of care. Still, in the absence of urgent care needs, I am within my rights to not provide treatment to an abusive patient rather than allow him or her to continue with behavior that disrupts the care of other patients or threatens my safety or that of other health care workers.
Scope of practice limitations
Doctors should not provide treatment outside their scope of practice. As a cardiologist, I have expertise in treating cardiovascular disease and its risk factors, but I do not manage non-cardiac conditions. If a patient of mine with heart disease asks me for pain medication for a lower back strain or antibiotics for an ear infection, I should decline to provide this treatment because it is outside my area of practice or expertise. I should, however, advise him on how best to proceed by referring him back to his primary care physician.
While that may be an inconvenience to my patient, my providing non-cardiac treatment without being up to date on current guidelines and practice standards presents a real potential for harm. My prescribing the wrong antibiotic, for example, might delay him from getting the right treatment and put him at higher risk for infectious complications, which would violate my duty as a physician to do no harm.
Upholding physician duties
The third context in which doctors can refuse to provide certain treatments deserves a closer look. Patients seek care from physicians not only to treat illness but also to promote wellness and flourishing, and physicians have duties to provide this care to the best of their abilities. These include the imperatives to respect patient autonomy, to improve quality of life and longevity when possible, to alleviate suffering, to promote fair allocation of medical resources, and, perhaps most importantly, to avoid doing harm.
When a patient’s request comes into conflict with these duties, a doctor may need to refuse it — though he or she is obligated to do so with kindness and an appropriate explanation of the rationale.
Consider antibiotics again as an example. If a patient comes to her primary care physician seeking treatment for ear pain and requests antibiotics, but the exam points to a viral rather than bacterial process, her doctor can and should refuse to prescribe antibiotics.
First off, antibiotics are not effective against viral infection and thus provide no benefit. In addition, all medications carry the potential to cause harmful side effects. Prescribing antibiotics in this situation would place the patient at an admittedly small risk of harm with zero chance of benefit.
Second, inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions contribute to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance, which causes harm to society and thus violates a physician’s duty to act as a steward of medical resources.
Opioids offer another example. These medications can provide powerful pain relief, but their use may expose patients to a significant risk of abuse and addiction. As such, they require judicious prescribing. Not all pain warrants their use, and they should not be prescribed to placate patients if they are not indicated, no matter how strongly they are requested.
While a physician’s refusal to prescribe antibiotics or opioids may disappoint a patient and potentially result in negative patient satisfaction reviews, physicians are obligated to do no harm and promote wellness over the dubious metric of satisfaction surveys. The customer may always be right, but the patient is not a customer or a client.
We have seen the pendulum of medical ethics swing from a focus on beneficent paternalism (the doctor knows best) toward a focus on autonomy (the patient knows best). I think the right path lies in between. In a typical patient encounter, after I explain my diagnostic and treatment plan to a patient, I ask if it makes sense and if he is on board. The response is often, “Doc, you’re the boss!” to which I invariably reply, “I am the expert, but you are the boss.”
In other words, the patient’s goals and values should dictate treatment, while it is the doctor’s duty to propose potential approaches that are in line with those values and review options to determine the best path toward achieving those goals. Doctors should not try to force treatments upon patients that conflict with their values, and patients should not try to coerce doctors into providing treatments that are medically inappropriate.
Conflicting physician duties
There are some situations in which professional duties inevitably come into conflict with each other. Several states have legalized physician-assisted suicide, though typically with strict criteria such as the need for multiple physicians to confirm the presence of terminal disease and psychiatric evaluation to exclude treatable mental illness. The ethics of physician-assisted suicide are controversial, with compelling moral arguments on both sides of this debate.
Those in favor cite the imperative to respect patient autonomy or right to self-determination, as well as doctors’ duty to relieve suffering. Those opposed argue that helping a patient take her own life profoundly violates the principle of non-maleficence or avoiding harm. This is a situation in which conscientious objection may be ethically invoked. Doctors may ethically decline to participate in physician-assisted suicide if they believe that doing so would violate their professional duties. That said, they should make a good-faith effort to refer the patient to another physician who might be more inclined to consider such a request.
It is not, however, ethical to refuse a patient’s request for treatment simply on the basis of personal beliefs, including religion. Much like our country’s founding principles that enshrine the separation of church and state, medical ethics must recognize the boundaries between church and medicine.
American moral and legal theory have traditionally embraced the Rawlsian conception of liberty — the idea that individual liberty must be respected and protected until one individual’s action encroaches upon another’s liberty. For example, a person does not have the right to act violently toward another because this action robs the second individual of his right to freedom from violence. Through this lens, the term “religious liberty” is disingenuous in that it actually limits the liberty of patients to receive medical care free from the constraints of a clinician’s religion that his or her patients may or may not embrace.
Here is a secular example to illustrate this point. I am a pesco-vegetarian who has chosen to follow a predominantly plant-based diet for health and environmental reasons, and also because I object to factory farming practices involving the slaughter of animals to produce meat. As a cardiologist, my duty is to provide the best evidence-based heart care for my patients. This, of course, includes counseling them on the significant cardiovascular benefits of a plant-based diet in addition to prescribing medications as needed. But I have no business trying to coerce them into adopting my position on food by trying to morally shame them out of their current habits or by refusing to prescribe a cholesterol-lowering medication because that would enable or encourage their consumption of meat.
I cannot imagine anyone would argue that it would be ethically permissible for me to refuse to treat patients who eat meat after having had a heart attack because I object to their diets. This would be morally (and legally) unacceptable. In the same vein, it is no more permissible for physicians to refuse or alter their care of patients based on religious convictions.
It is unethical for a physician to deny care to LGBTQ+ patients because of personal objections about whom his or her patients choose to love in their private lives. It is unethical to refuse to prescribe contraception to single individuals because of personal or religious objections to premarital or nonprocreative sex.
Abortion is a thornier issue because a legitimate metaphysical argument can be made that life begins at conception and, similar to physician-assisted suicide, performing an abortion could be seen as violating a physician’s duty to preserve life and avoid doing harm. Yet forcing women to carry unwanted pregnancies fundamentally violates their autonomy, and thus their personhood.
Abortion is an essential part of health care in that it must sometimes be performed to preserve the health or life of the mother, and in other cases it is necessary to ensure a woman’s right to self-determination as an autonomous adult. While physicians should be allowed some discretion if they truly believe performing an abortion in certain cases would violate their duties as a medical professional, those who would be unwilling to perform abortions under any circumstances for religious reasons are not well suited for reproductive health care.
When objection is not conscientious
While there circumstances such as the ones I described earlier in which physicians can and should decline to provide treatment, the so-called conscience rule goes too far in its allowances. For example, if a pregnant woman comes to the emergency room at night in distress due to what doctors subsequently deem a life-threatening complication of pregnancy and they recommend termination because her fetus is not yet viable, members of the on-call team cannot morally refuse to assist in her abortion. In this urgent situation, unnecessary delays in care from trying to call in additional staff or refer her to another facility may cause her irreparable harm.
It is not a physician’s job to tell patients how to live according to the physician’s personal code of ethics, whether religious or secular. Nor should a physician withhold treatment from patients simply because they fail to adhere to his or her personal standards of morality. Rather, a physician’s duty is to promote patients’ wellness and flourishing through the application of evidence-based medicine to the best of his or her professional ability. Personal beliefs, religious or otherwise, must not interfere with that.
There is nothing conscientious about doctors objecting to caring for patients when we simply disagree with how our patients live their lives. It is unethical for doctors to bully patients in the name of our personal convictions — a blatant violation of our professional duty. We owe it to ourselves and to our patients to hold our profession to a higher standard.
Sarah C. Hull, M.D. is a cardiologist at Yale School of Medicine and associate director of its Program for Biomedical Ethics. | https://www.statnews.com/2019/11/08/conscientious-objection-doctors-refuse-treatment/comment-page-3/ |
No fewer than 32 newly inducted Medical Doctors of the University of Calabar (UNICAL) have been charged to adhere strictly to the ethics of their profession in order to render selfless service to humanity.
Vice Chancellor of the Institution, Prof. Zana Akpagu gave the charge at the Unical International Conference Centre during the 51st Physician’s Oath taking Ceremony (Sponsio Academica).
Prof. Akpagu who described the new doctors as ‘life savers’ urged them to respect the sanctity of life by shunning acts capable of dragging the image of the noble medical profession in the mud.
While congratulating the doctors for scaling the hurdles in the course of their training, he thanked them for their resilience and hard work, even has he charged them to imbibe the spirit of excellence and be good ambassadors of their Alma Mata.
In his words, ‘’ I urge you to imbibe the "Malabitic" spirit and the spirit of excellence. Be good ambassadors of this institution wherever you find yourself. Represent us well and represent your parents well’’
The Vice Chancellor commended the College of Medical Sciences for the pivotal role played in training the doctors and expressed delight with the regularity of the Oath taking Ceremony, which he said, underscores how serious and committed the College is in churning-out qualified doctors.
Prof. Akpagu who was also full of praises for the Parents and Sponsors of the doctors who through thick and thin saw them through school called on the doctors to reciprocate by taking good care of them.
The University helmsman said he was looking forward to admitting them as members of the Unical Alumni Association, which he believed, would provide a platform for them to contribute their quota to the development of their Alma Mata.
Also speaking, Provost of the College of Medical Sciences, Prof. Victor Ansa congratulated them for the success in their academics and reminded them of the need to respect the medical ethics, which he said, would place them on a higher pedestal for effective service delivery.
He said their parents and sponsors welfare should be of paramount interest to them, just as he charged them to live above board in the discharge of their duties, respect their teachers and never put their name to shame.
This came has he thanked the Vice Chancellor for his unflinching support for the College, which he believed, enabled lecturers in the College to adequately train the doctors.
Prof. Ansa said, ‘’ the Vice Chancellor’s support for the College is there for everyone to see. He has supported us in all ramifications both financially and morally".
He also used the occasion to commend the Vice Chancellor for appointing the immediate past Provost of the College, Prof. Maurice Asuquo as the new Deputy Vice Chancellor, Administration.
This is even has he expressed delight with the efforts of the Vice Chancellor in ensuring that Nursing Science gained full accreditation for the first time, saying that posterity will be kind to him for his great strides.
Speaking shortly after administering Oath on the new doctors, Registrar of the Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria, Dr.Tajudeen.A. Sanusi warned them against engaging in unethical practices which may lead to the withdrawal of their licenses as medical practitioners.
Represented by the Provost of the College of Medical Sciences, the Registrar urged the doctors to respect the privacy of their patients, adding that the wellbeing and health of their patients should be their topmost priority.
Chief Medical Director of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH), Prof. Ikpeme Ikpeme, in his remarks, urged the doctors to practice in line with the tenets and oath of the medical profession.
Prof. Ikpeme who said humility is what they need to excel in their profession also called on them to respect and work in unison with other medical personnel to achieve a common goal.
In the same vein, Cross River State Chairman of the Nigerian Medical Association (NMA), Dr. Agam Ayuk called on the doctors to be committed to the delivery of efficient health care as well as, help fast-track the Universal Health Suffrage where everyone would have access to quality health care.
While cautioning them against brain drain, he urged them to ply their trade in their motherland in order to contribute their quota to the development of the health sector.
The Sponsio lecturer, Prof. Emmanuel Ezedinachi, who spoke on the topic, ‘’ Doctor-patient Relationship: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow’’, said a sound patient-physician relationship enhances trust and encourages continuity of care, both of which contribute to patient health and well-being and wards off malpractice suits.
He, however, said a weak relationship, on the other hand, can affect patient care negatively and has been shown to put a physician at higher risk of being sued for medical malpractice.
Prof. Ezedinachi stressed that the relationship between patients and doctors have evolved over time, just has he called on the new doctors to be up-to-date with these changes and adjust as appropriate. | https://www.fearlessreports.com/2019/12/unical-vc-urges-doctors-to-uphold.html |
Can Doctors Go on Strike?
CAN DOCTORS GO ON STRIKE? The answer is simply yes since strike is a legitimate action to frown on unfavorable conditions. Strike action is legal and any institution that has legal rights can embark on strike when it deems fit by the abiding conditions. If doctors qualify under this democratic legitimacy, then under which conditions should doctors be on strike? * WHY DOCTORS GO ON STRIKE? From our history as Ghanaians, we have seen doctors going on strike for salary increment.
These urgencies may be as result of the following: From global perspective, the medical profession is indeed one of the various professions that carry dignity and every doctor has this rooted deep in his or her mind. The cost that involves becoming a medical doctor is less talked about. It really cost. For that matter many doctors don’t see it reasonable to leave on a meager salary. Another point might be the gravity of their services to patients. Many doctors do heart transplanting, fix bones, treat cancer, kidney, liver etc.
These works are very delicate and any careless attempt will end up paralyzing or resulting in the death of the patient. They are called deep in the night to respond to emergencies and many other emergency engagements. Doctors have also argued that the risky nature of their profession demands a higher salary. Sometimes they are prone to contagious diseases like flu, HIV/AID’s, TB, and over 200 more contagious deadly diseases. For that matter a high salary must be given to encourage or motivate them. All these points are reasonable though debatable. But often when we talk of risky professions, medical sector is the least talked about.
We talk about areas like the military, veterinary, police, fire service; prisons etc. are all coupled with high risk and are sectors that need great attention. * POSSIBLE REASONS AGAINST DOCTORS STRIKE ACTION Even though some international researches have proven that, doctors’ strike increases mortality rate, nevertheless, we can not overlook to project consequences that comes as a result of doctors’ strike. 1. Untimely death of patients 2. Prolongation of suffering of patients in severe cases 3. Breach of international code of ethics that doctors themselves have sworn into 4. Put pressure on government . Sensitizes other equally rated professions to follow suite 6. The public might see them as greedy other than selfless civil servants 7. Not ethical in its nature since it involves humans’ life 8. Their profession is no greater than others, etc. * THE QUESTION OF ETHICS In most cases, doctors’ strike has attracted many protests because the public think they are risking the lives of millions and however not ethical. Can ethics be applied to doctors’ strike? First, every doctor is already bonded by code of ethics. Each doctor before taking up the post swears to abide by a code of ethics.
One of the lines in the international code of ethics for doctors reads like this, “I will maintain the utmost respect for human life from its beginning even under threat and I will not use my medical knowledge contrary to the laws of humanity;” The international code of ethics further states, “A physician shall not permit motives of profit to influence the free and independent exercise of professional judgment on behalf of patients. ” To the doctor, the life of the patient comes first to all other things. Doctors are also legally required to attend to patients and offer to them an undivided medical attention.
This legality exists between the doctor and the government. Though the patient has intent of receiving an excellent care and treatment after paying his NHIS, in cases of strike, the patient has no legal right to sue the doctor in question, unless a private or personal doctor. He can only sue the NHIS or Ministry of Health. The issues of ethics comes into play when we talk of issues of good and evil, live and death, justice and crime, etc. Since the doctors’ primary job is to save lives and that a lost life cannot be revived, it therefore becomes delicate for the doctor when taking any action that will obliterate these ethics.
Should a patient loss his or her life as a result of doctors’ strike, who would be blamed? The doctor or the government? * THE ISSUE OF EGOTISM When we are talking of labor strike, we must consider the consequential results also. This is what we call utilitarianism. From Wikipedia, “Utilitarianism is an ethical theory holding that the proper course of action is the one that maximizes the overall “good” of the greatest number of individuals. It is thus a form of consequentialism, meaning that the moral worth of an action is determined by its resulting outcome. When doctors think an action is right, then it must have a national impact as well. I am yet to offer a round of applause for doctors embarking on a strike action to improve quality health care products, laboratory equipment, enough patient wards, digital and IT infusion into the health practice, to stop nurses’ and medical personnel’s migration and others that bring a unanimous good for the majority of the people in the country. Strike actions under such circumstances are justifiable and must be given an immediate support and attention.
Can Doctors Go on Strike?. (2016, Nov 15). Retrieved April 19, 2019, from https://phdessay.com/can-doctors-go-on-strike/. | https://phdessay.com/can-doctors-go-on-strike/ |
Family physicians’ offices appear to be discriminating against the poor, a Toronto study concludes, after finding they are more willing to take on people of higher socioeconomic status as new patients.
Researchers from St. Michael’s Hospital posed as prospective patients looking for family physicians when they called 375 Toronto doctors’ offices in 2011. Following scripts, they explained either that they were bank employees who had recently transferred to Toronto, or welfare recipients.
The study, published online Monday in the Canadian Medical Association Journal, found the bank employees were 50 per cent more likely than the welfare recipients to get appointments.
“The most likely explanation is that people working in doctors’ offices may be unconsciously biased against people of low socioeconomic status,” said Dr. Stephen Hwang, a general internal medicine physician at the hospital and a researcher in its Centre for Research on Inner City Health.
It was mostly secretaries and administrative assistants who answered phone calls and provided information.
“We don’t know for sure, but it’s (also) possible that physicians are telling their office staff the kind of patients they want to accept and office staff are simply carrying out the physicians’ directions,” Hwang said.
There was no financial incentive for doctors to see wealthier patients, since they get paid the same through Ontario’s publicly funded health insurance system, regardless of patients’ socioeconomic status.
The study also found that 9 per cent of doctors surveyed offered patients “screening visits,” otherwise known as “patient auditions.” Patients are invited for initial visits, during which doctors decide whether to continue seeing them.
The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario prohibits such visits, requiring doctors who have openings to accept patients on a first-come-first-served basis.
“Ultimately, the screening visit poses a lot of additional opportunity to cherry-pick patients or to potentially discriminate,” Hwang said, adding that the college’s rules should be more strictly enforced.
In response to the study, the College said “it is not appropriate for physicians to screen potential patients because it can compromise public trust in the profession, and may also result in discriminatory actions against potential patients.
“Notwithstanding the first-come, first-served approach, physicians are permitted to prioritize treatment to those most in need,” said college spokesperson Kathryn Clarke.
On a positive note, the study found that an individual with chronic health issues was significantly more likely to get an appointment than someone without — 23.5 per cent compared with 12.8 per cent.
Prospective patient callers revealed they either had no health problems at all or that they suffered from diabetes and lower back pain.
The finding suggests patients with greater medical needs are being appropriately prioritized.
Hwang said this result was surprising and contrary to anecdotal evidence that doctors prefer to take healthier patients.
“We were expecting that healthy people would be favoured to get an appointment, because they are easier to take care of,” he said.
One limitation of the study was that researchers did not have access to information on how doctors were paid, a factor that could perhaps influence patient selection. Family physicians can be paid in three different ways: by fee-for-service, in which they bill OHIP for every service performed; by capitation, in which they get a set annual amount for each patient; or a combination of the two.
Fifteen per cent of Canadians report they do not have a regular doctor. Among those who have looked, the most common reason for not having a doctor is that local physicians are not accepting new patients.
Hwang was recently appointed to St. Mike’s new chair in homelessness, housing and health. He conducts a half-day clinic weekly at Seaton House in downtown Toronto, Canada’s largest shelter for men.
It was his experience in helping poor people in need of health care that inspired him to do this research.
“I’ve always been struck by the fact that many of my patients who are marginalized say that they have been treated poorly by health-care providers in the past, simply because of their position in society,” he said.
“When I’m taking care of patients, I’m also very aware of my own need to consciously guard against treating people who are affluent and influential differently from people who are poor and disadvantaged,” he added. | https://www.thestar.com/life/health_wellness/2013/02/25/are_ontario_family_doctors_more_likely_to_take_on_wealthier_patients.html |
Identifying the Issue and Stating the Ethical Position
The issue of confidentiality is one of the critical principles that guide the practice in the healthcare sector. The practitioners are legally and ethically required to protect patients’ information from third parties unless authorized to do so by the patient or a court of law. However, I believe it is important to reconsider this confidentiality law, especially when a practitioner feels that a patient’s condition may put the lives of others at risk. The professional code of conduct demands that after diagnosis and recommending medication, the patient’s condition should remain confidential (Beckmann, 2017).
However, conflict arises when the practitioner feels that keeping the condition may be a direct danger to members of the public. For instance, when a practitioner determines that a patient is mentally impaired and cannot work as a driver or a pilot, conflict of interest arises. The physician is required to keep the information from the public. In so doing, the lives of many people may be jeopardized if the person decides to continue working without sharing his or her condition with the employers. I strongly believe that public safety and the safety of the patient should be given priority over the issue of confidentiality.
How the Scenario May Play Out in My Role as a Nurse Practitioner
In many cases, nurses find themselves handling patients whose conditions may affect others. It may be a highly communicable condition such as tuberculosis, HIV, or Ebola. A nurse is expected to embrace the concept of confidentiality, hoping that the patient will be open to others about his or her condition and protect the public from a possible spread. However, that is not always the case. Some people even infect others deliberately because of mental impairments or personal reasons. It changes from being a problem of just one person to being a problem of the mass (Barnhorst, Wintemute, Betz, 2018). It endangers the lives of many primarily because the confidentiality of the patient had to be protected.
Defending My Position with Legal, Ethical, and Professional Evidence
I strongly believe that the laws of confidentiality should be considered inferior to the laws governing safety and security of the masses. On March 24, 2015, Germanwings Flight 9525 (Airbus A320-211) with 144 passengers and six crew members flying from Spain to Germany was deliberately crashed by a co-pilot, Mr. Andreas Lubitz. It was established that the co-pilot had suicidal tendencies that had been confirmed by his doctors. He was declared unfit to fly a plane. However, the report was handed to him as a legal requirement, and it never reached his employer. Doctor-patient confidentiality law and ethical requirement led to the loss of 150 lives. It was an indication that although Health Information Portability and Accountability Act of 1997 (HIPAA), reviews may be necessary to prioritize the safety of the masses (Sue, 2017).
Strategies and Solutions for Addressing the Issue and Other Ethical Concerns
New laws and code of professional conduct should be put in place to regulate the issue of patients’ confidentiality. If the condition of a patient does not put a threat to safety and security of the masses, then practitioners should be allowed to embrace the confidentiality requirement. However, when it is established that the condition is a threat to others, a mechanism should be created that allows for an effective sharing of the information primarily with the aim of protecting the masses.
References
Barnhorst, A., Wintemute, G., Betz, M. (2018). How should physicians make decisions about mandatory reporting when a patient might become violent? American Medical Association Journal of Ethics, 20(1), 29-35. Web.
Beckmann, D. (2017). What are physicians’ responsibilities to patients whose health conditions can influence their legal proceedings? American Medical Association Journal of Ethics, 1(9), 877-884. Web.
Sue, K. (2017). How to talk with patients about incarceration and health. American Medical Association Journal of Ethics, 19(9), 885-893. Web. | https://nursingbird.com/health-priority-confidentiality-or-patient-safety/ |
Rodney Syme A Good Death: An Argument for Voluntary Euthanasia Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, 2008 (320 pp). ISBN 9-78052285-503-6 (paperback) RRP $32.95.
Paul Komesaroff Experiments in Love and Death: Medicine, Postmodernism, Microethics and the Body Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, 2008, (320 pp). ISBN 9-78052285-567-8 (paperback) RRP $49.99.
It is a cliché that patients are ‘under doctor’s orders’, yet a lawyer will ask a client ‘What are your instructions?’ It is significant that the medical profession does not use the term ‘client’ but insists on ‘patient’, that is, a recipient of decisions rather than the initiator.
Perhaps the relationship between client and lawyer is simpler. Both are clear about its purpose and structure. Clients want acceptable outcomes in the form of favourable verdicts, negotiated settlements, or ways of avoiding legal conflict in the first place. They engage lawyers to act on their behalf within legal and ethical constraints, constraints that are codified and mandated by the wider community. When patients and doctors have clear agreements about outcomes and their respective roles, then ‘Whatever you think best, Doctor’ may be a more prudent approach than analysing terminology and power relationships. On many issues, though, doctors, patients and the wider community do not agree on what constitutes acceptable outcomes, who should decide, and how power, responsibility, obligation and authority should be allocated between the state, the profession and the patient. The issues range from the ownership of medical records to euthanasia, and are the subject of ongoing public and professional debates about medical ethics (Anaf & Jewell 2007).
Is it the primary duty of doctors to save lives? Or is it to alleviate suffering? Is it to attend to the patients’ welfare and health outcomes, or is it to attend to patients’ wishes, respecting and promoting their autonomy? Should doctors’ relationship to patients be seen as intensely personal and private, akin to priests, or should it be impersonal, impartial and publicly regulated, akin to lawyers? It is a matter of grave concern that the medical profession itself is seriously confused and conflicted on these issues, as we can see by comparing two recent books by physicians—Rodney Syme’s A Good Death: An Argument for Voluntary Euthanasia and Paul Komesaroff’s Experiments in Love and Death: Medicine, Postmodernism, Microethics and the Body.
Komesaroff is as interested in the minutiæ of the encounters between doctors and patients as he is in the life and death questions. He is concerned about microethics, about patients’ life histories, about meaning and suffering, about the complexities of ethical choices doctors make when, say, choosing exactly what words to use in delivering bad news. He maintains that:
Komesaroff is more counsellor than technician, more post-modern and contextual than rational and impartial. He has a strange fascination with what he calls the phenomenon of evil and its manifestation in the lives of his patients. He insists that ‘The doctor’s task is always to assist in giving expression to, and facilitating, understanding of silent voices’ (p. 153). This would surely come as something of a surprise, and justifiably considered an impertinence, by a patient who had dropped in for antibiotics or technical advice on how to manage arthritis.
Bemused patients would be further unsettled by Komesaroff’s rejection of traditional and familiar ethical theories because they do not ‘reflect key issues’ or apply to ‘day-to-day decision making’. He dismisses ‘Aristotelianism, deontology, utilitarianism …’ and ‘modern ethical thought in general’ (pages xvi, xvii, xviii). In this regard he is seriously mistaken. Modern ethical thought and its traditional foundations are directly applicable to medical ethics and microethics. Aristotle would promote the use of rationality and technical competence (Aristotle 1933). Utilitarians would recommend maximising patients’ welfare and deontologists would insist they be respected as self-determining persons (Mill 1984; Hare 1963; Kant 1981). When choosing exactly the right words to use with a patient, whether delivering bad news or recommending a therapeutic intervention, Komesaroff could ask himself ‘What would enable my patient to achieve an outcome which in the patient’s judgement is the best, given the circumstances?’ Unfortunately, Komesaroff is unwilling to either place the responsibility for ethical decision making in the patients’ hands, or to commit himself to any decision-making procedure or ethical foundation. He devotes two chapters of his book to euthanasia but steadfastly avoids revealing his own position.
Rodney Syme, in contrast, is perfectly clear. It is the moral duty of doctors to alleviate suffering and to respect the autonomy of patients. It is reasonable for patients who are suffering intolerable ravages of terminal illness to choose the time and manner of their dying. It is an obligation of legislators to remove legal barriers and ambiguities surrounding euthanasia. While coroners, politicians and prosecutors dither, and while doctors wrestle with legal and moral ambivalence, real people are subjected to appalling pain, dependence, loss of control and despair. His stories of their lives and deaths are as harrowing as they are persuasive.
Syme takes care to define euthanasia as a decision by the patient, not the doctor. It is ‘An action taken by, or at the request of, a rational, fully informed individual, whose intention is to be relieved of intolerable and otherwise unrelievable suffering, that hastens death in a dignified manner’ (p. 30). Such an action, he argues, should be unequivocally legal for both the individual and the doctor who agrees to assist.
The majority of people in our society apparently agree, but there is sufficient resistance from a minority to stall legislative reform (Kanck 2000; Voluntary Euthanasia Society 2003). Against euthanasia are instinct, faith, and a reverence for the sanctity of life. In favour of its legalisation are practical moral reasoning and sympathy (Glover 1984). Confronted with someone about to suicide, many of us would instinctively move to prevent it. Faced with an intolerable illness, many of us would fervently hope for a miracle cure. For some of us, euthanasia is an affront to our religious beliefs.
Our instinct to preserve life, however, should not blind us to the realisation that death is inevitable for all of us, and imminent for some. Hastening death is a reasonable decision in some circumstances. In a democracy, an individual’s right to make that decision should not be constrained by forlorn hopes, other people’s moral ambivalence or religious beliefs.
Syme’s position is driven by sympathy, which, according to the seminal moral philosopher David Hume (1902), is the source of moral action. Hume argues that we are rational and social beings too, using our reasoning capacity and our social arrangements to bring about morally acceptable outcomes.
Moral reasoning supports the legalisation of euthanasia as Syme defines it. Three foundational ethical theories that drive moral reasoning are deontology, utilitarianism and social contract. Deontology insists that we respect other people as ends in themselves, as self-determining persons (Kant 1970). Doctors and the law already respect the autonomy of patients by recognising their rights to refuse treatment. Refusing them the means to choose the manner and timing of their death does not respect autonomy. Legalising euthanasia would not compromise others’ autonomy. It would not require unwilling doctors to participate, nor pressure unwilling patients. Legislation can and should respect and facilitate the autonomy of all involved. Utilitarianism focuses on outcomes as the measure of moral reasoning. The moral decision is that which results in the maximisation of welfare and the minimisation of suffering (Ayer 1963). Preference utilitarianism recommends that the best person to judge what constitutes good outcomes or unacceptable distress is the person who experiences them; in this case, the patient. Social contract theory suggests that laws are just only if they bring about the sort of social arrangements to which fully informed and impartial people would agree (Rawls 1971, 1993).
It follows that if we are to be sympathetic to people’s plights, seek to alleviate suffering, respect autonomy, and establish social arrangements that accord with justice and democracy, then we should legally and unequivocally respect a right to euthanasia.
Respecting patients’ autonomy requires patients to exercise autonomy. It is likely that many doctors would welcome a shift in the burden of ethical decision making from doctor to patient in both microethics and in end of life issues. It would sit well with Komesaroff’s post-modern approach by individualising and contextualising every decision. It is an essential theme in Syme’s argument. But if patients were to assume responsibility, it follows that legislators have an obligation to facilitate that, and remove legal ambiguities and obstacles. It is apparent from Syme’s report that legislators are derelict in that duty but he might be heartened by the current Parliamentary Inquiry (2008). As the demographic bulge of baby boomers approach end of life decisions, legal and cultural changes may be expected.
REFERENCES
Anaf, G. & Jewell, P. 2007, ‘Medicare Item 319 after 10 years: A range of concerns’, Australasian Psychiatry, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 372–74.
Aristotle 1976 (c330 BC), The Ethics of Aristotle: The Nicomachean Ethics, trans J.A.K. Thomson, Penguin Books, London.
Ayer, A.J. 1963, Philosophical Essays, MacMillan, London.
Glover, J. 1984, Causing Death and Saving Lives, Penguin, London.
Hare, R.M. 1963, Freedom and Reason, Clarendon, London.
Hume, D. 1902 (1888,) Enquiries Concerning the Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals, Clarendon, Oxford.
Kanck, S. 2000, Social Development Committee: Voluntary Euthanasia Bill, Hansard, South Australian Government, Adelaide.
Kant, I. 1970 (1797), The Categorical Imperative; A Study in Kant’s Moral Philosophy, trans. H. Paton., Hutchinson, London.
Kant, I. 1981 (1797),. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, trans. J. Ellington, Hackett Publishing Company, New York.
Mill, J. 1984 (1861), Utilitarianism, on Liberty and Considerations on Representative Government, J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd, London.
Parliament of Australia Senate 2008, Inquiry into the Rights of the Terminally Ill (Euthanasia Laws Repeal) Bill 2008 [Online], Available: http://www.aph.gov.au/SENATE/committee/legcon_ctte/terminally_ill/index.htm [2008, Oct 10].
Rawls, J. 1971, A Theory of Justice, Harvard University Press, Boston.
Rawls, J. 1993, Political Liberalism, Columbia University Press, New York.
Dr Paul Jewell is a philosopher who teaches ethics for the Department of Disability in the School of Medicine at Flinders University. He is a member of the Ethics Centre of South Australia and the editor of ‘Policy as Ethics’, the recent special issue of the journal Policy and Society.
View other articles by Paul Jewell: | http://www.australianreview.net/digest/2008/10/jewell.html |
Perspectives on the Development of Depression
Research in developmental psychology, has demonstrated that depression isn’t only rooted in childhood and adolescence but is also dictated by genes.
Over decades it has become the norm in Hungary that doctors take multiple jobs – sharing their time between the public and private sectors. However, the latest healthcare reform’s goal is to make the passage between the two strongly intertwined sectors impossible, essentially causing discontent.
The recent healthcare legislation’s basis is a salary increase for doctors provided that they sign a contract.
The potential raise might be appealing – although doctors are unaware of how this contribution-based raise is calculated. However, even with a guaranteed raise, the contract’s collateral terms and conditions are worrisome. What the government expects in return places constraints on doctors as 22% of the capital city’s doctors have expressed that they would reject the contract.
The most controversial section of the legislation is the prohibition of relying on other income sources (even on not healthcare-related ones) without official permission if the doctors are under contract. To illustrate how this law restricts doctors’ opportunities, it implies that doctors – as government employees – cannot simply rent out a flat or become part-time vegetable-producers selling for the local market.
More than 50% of doctors have not one but at least two jobs with 43% working exclusively as public servants, leaving the remaining 57% as part-time private practitioners and/or employees of private hospitals. The legislation targets specifically those “commuting” between public and private sector jobs. 37% of doctors have a private clinic, which takes up significant time and is an equally significant income source of doctors. It is unlikely that they leave this practice behind, thereby resisting the restrictions imposed on part-time jobs.
Increasing the scope of the private sector is a likely reaction of doctors based on the Hungarian Chamber of Doctors’ survey. An overwhelming 77% of 7700 doctors’ responses indicated that they would not sign the current version of the contract to work in the public sector. 37.4% of those not signing the contract plan on working in the private sector while 35.3% consider leaving either the country or the profession. This would lead to shortages of doctors in public hospitals.
Restricting doctors’ opportunity to have side-jobs is unacceptable.
The Hungarian Chamber of Doctors found that 98.9% of the respondents believe that the law has to give people the freedom to decide on their employment. If they want to take on second jobs, they should be allowed to do so.
Patients in the public sector will incur the cost of the healthcare reform.
As the healthcare system already receives fewer funds than what the EU countries spend on healthcare on average, the waiting lists are long, and it is common that patients have to wait for months to get treatment in public hospitals. Doctors leaving the public sector would only aggravate the problem of long waiting lists.
This article focuses not on the details of the reform, but it reflects on doctors’ responses to the new legislation and how the welfare state might be affected. For decades, doctors have built up an intricate system in which they work at hospitals, private clinics, and do studies for pharmaceutical companies simultaneously to ensure a better living. They could go from the private to the public sector and vice versa with relative ease. This might sound greedy, but the assumption that doctors are rich is not true. One would not go from the hospital to a private clinic only to come home at 8pm if it was not deemed necessary.
Talking about welfare states
Welfare states exist to protect people against life uncertainties such as sickness, unemployment, and old age. However, the welfare states of the world could not be more diverse in every aspect, from financing to coverage and benefits, except for the unifying goal of insuring against risk. Ultimately, the quality by which the welfare state ought to be assessed is generosity. What benefits and services social policies include, whether they are accessible – all these add up to how much security they provide to counteract risks. Luckily, these aspects are considered as one analyses welfare state measures from the perspective of decommodification.
Decommodification
Esping-Andersen defines decommodification as ‘the extent to which individuals and families can maintain a normal and socially acceptable standard of living regardless of their market performance’. The idea is that survival should not depend on one’s participation and performance in the labour market, or to put it simply, on money.
The more decommodifying a welfare state is, the better it ensures that people are protected against risks even if their income is not substantial. If those who have worked for several years are the only people able to collect benefits to secure their livelihood during uncertain times, then market forces determine one’s fate. It follows that welfare states that provide help for all residents regardless of previous individual contribution are in stark contrast to the contribution-based systems. Furthermore, if only 50% of one’s salary is covered by the government then the worker will return to the market sooner because he/she does not have the luxury to secure his/her living without working.
Finally, when evaluating the welfare states’ capacity to allow people to opt out of the market, in-built disincentives have to be considered. An example would be the number of waiting days. In case the waiting period is long, access to support is hindered.
The main question is whether one can maintain a livelihood without the market.
Attacking generosity
Welfare state entails the delivery of services, such as healthcare, and not just cash benefits. While Esping-Andersen focuses on the latter, namely pensions and benefits, Bambra extends decommodification to healthcare. The decommodifying potential of the welfare state also depends on the extent to which medical treatment is secured independently from the market. If one is unable to cover medical bills, his life is at stake simply because he has not sold his labour enough. Whereas, the goal of public healthcare – the welfare state – is to provide medical procedures without the high costs associated with private provision of health services.
However, because doctors might leave hospitals and whole clinics might shut down due to a large proportion of doctors refusing to sign the contract, the waiting list would get even longer with cases piling up. Patients are already expected to wait for treatments longer than they should. Now it might become impossible to get adequate treatment in time. This delay is a first attack on the welfare state as it hinders access to proper healthcare.
The second attack stems from the longer waiting lists in public hospitals. If patients want to ensure their treatment, they have to pay substantial amounts and rely on the private sector. Private clinics will become more popular due to the improper condition provided by the government-financed public sector. If people pay out-of-pocket, the decommodifying potential of the welfare state suffers as people have to rely on labour market participation. As Bambra says, the degree of healthcare-decommodification shrinks with the size of the private sector.
Thanks to the government’s legislation that effectively constrains doctors’ freedom, how quickly patients get treatment now depends on whether they can afford private doctors.
Research in developmental psychology, has demonstrated that depression isn’t only rooted in childhood and adolescence but is also dictated by genes.
Immune cells need to respond rapidly to danger. This response depends on metabolic pathways within the cell hinging crucially on cholesterol
Russia’s actions in Ukraine are a stern reminder of the delicate existence led by small states – seemingly independent and autonomous yet fenced in by the pervasive tendrils of power. In the current state of affairs, the strong do what they can, and the weak suffer what they must.
When the pandemic began, entertainment seemed more important than ever. At once we all seemed to have so much more time on our hands to consume whatever we had previously missed out on. | https://kingsbusinessreview.co.uk/hungary-healthcare-system |
Chicago, Sep 16, (THAINDIAN NEWS) A recent survey has found that more than fifty percent junior doctors had turned up at their work place while sick at least once. Increasing the risks of infection among the patients around one-third have confessed that they have done it more than once. The result that was published in Wednesday’s Journal of the American Medical Association, was conducted by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. The researchers studied an anonymous survey of around 537 medical residents at 12 hospitals around United States last year. However, the researchers did not identify the hospitals which were surveyed.
The finding has already started creating waves among general public who visit to clinics with an aim to get cured. While there is no denying the fact that the doctors continuously get exposed to germs themselves due to the patients, the study reveals that patients are also vulnerable enough to get contaminated with germs due to the Doctors. The study has found that most of the junior doctors who turned up to their workplace while sick were governed by their sense of duty. The study mentions that it the misplaced dedication along with the fear of letting other doctors down that worked behind their sick attendance.
The eye-opener study conducted last year marked that nearly 58 percent of the respondents held that they had worked at least once while sick. 31 percent out of the surveyed 537 medical residents said that they had worked more than once while down with illness. About fifty person doctors said that they did not get time to attend to their personal illnesses. However, Dr. Thomas Nasca, the accreditation council’s CEO held that while undoubtedly the resident doctors are instructed to prioritize the patients over their personal need, they should recognize their sickness as well. | http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health1/doctors-too-work-while-sick-studies-find_100429812.html |
On Tuesday, the NFL Players Association filed a grievance related to the use of Toradol by team physicians, and specifically to requests that players sign a waiver as a precondition to administration of the drug, waiving the teams of all liability for its use. The grievance seeks to nullify any waivers already signed related to Toradol and to mandate that team physicians cease requiring players to sign releases as a condition of medical treatment.
ProPlayerInsiders has obtained a copy of the waiver required by the NFL teams, which is the subject of the grievance, and a copy of the waiver is attached below.
Toradol, known generically as ketorolac, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce pain and inflammation. It is frequently used to treat moderate to severe pain for short term use, such as with patients after surgery.
NSAIDs as a class include commonly used pain killers like ibuprofen and aspirin, but Toradol doesn’t have nearly the long history of safe use that those other compounds have. Furthermore, it was designed specifically for short term use, primarily by oral administration, and was not designed for regular by injection, as it is commonly used throughout the NFL season to reduce pain and keep players on the field.
Toradol presents a whole host of potential health problems. The drug can cause kidney problems and stomach problems with long term use. The FDA guidelines state that the drug should not be used longer than 5 consecutive days, and while the drug is primarily used on game days, the use of the drug every weekend throughout a four month NFL season is not the way that the drug was designed or tested.
Even shorter term use of Toradol can inhibit the formation of blood clots, similar to the way that aspirin is used to inhibit blood clot formation for heart patients or patients at high risk of stroke. The difference from those uses is that a player engaging in the violent world of NFL football has a high risk of injury that could cause internal bleeding, including internal bleeding in the brain, and any form of internal bleeding is significantly worsened by the use of a drug like Toradol.
Furthermore, constant injections to reduce the perception of pain can result in players continuing to stay in the game after moderate injuries, greatly increasing the chances of a severe injury.
The waiver asks that NFL players to take all risks related to the use of the drug, abrogating the NFL of any responsibility for their doctors administering the drug. The request is troubling on many levels, as players frequently feel pressured by the team to get back in the game after an injury in order to keep their job. Although the waiver may lay out the risks and be presented in the guise of “educating” the players, it is ultimately a document that the players will feel forced to sign and seeking to wash the NFL’s hands of responsibility for a drug administered by some of their employees (the sports medicine staff) to other employees (the players).
The waiver states:
I HEREBY AGREE TO VOLUNTARILY ASSUME AND ACCEPT ANY AND ALL RISKS RELATED TO TAKING TORADOL, WHETHER KNOWN OR UNKNOWN, INCLUDING RISK OF MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS, PERSONAL INJURY AND DEATH.
The waiver highlights the conflict of interest that can arise between doctors employed by the team and the interests of the players, when the interests of the team and the health and welfare of the players are at odds. The NFL can’t paper over its responsibilities for player player safety and for the actions that take place within team facilities. | http://proplayerinsiders.com/nfl-player-team-news-features/toradol-issue-highlights-conflict-of-interest-for-nfl-with-player-safety/ |
Doctors warned over the risks of Facebook
Doctors are being warned to take extra care when using social media websites such as Facebook and Twitter.
The British Medical Association guidance highlighted a series of potential pitfalls doctors face.
In particular, it said there was a risk the lines between personal and professional lives could be blurred.
It comes after a series of cases in which NHS staff and other public sector workers have got into trouble through their use of social media.
In 2009, a group of doctors and nurses were suspended for posting pictures of themselves on Facebook lying down in unusual places, including a hospital helipad.
And last year a civil servant found herself in the newspapers after using her Twitter account to make political points and saying she was struggling with a hangover.
Dr Tony Calland, chairman of the BMA’s medical ethics committee, said: “Medical professionals should be wary of who could access their personal material online, how widely it could be shared and how it could be perceived by their patients and colleagues.”
The guidance advises both doctors and medical students to adopt conservative privacy settings where they are available.
It also warns them against making informal or derogatory comments about patients or colleagues as well as not accepting current or past patients as friends on Facebook.
The message was echoed by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), which has also issued its own guidance this week. | https://www.healthdirect.co.uk/2011/08/doctors-warned-over-the-risks-of-facebook/ |
Faced with tough choices, Italy is prioritizing young COVID-19 patients over the elderly. That likely 'won't fly' in the US.
- Epidemics force medical professionals to make tough choices, including which lives to save first.
- In Italy, where more than 9,000 people have been diagnosed with COVID-19, doctors are prioritizing the young and otherwise healthy patients over the older people who are less likely to recover.
- A NYC medical ethicist told Insider the medical community in the US will also have to make decisions about who to prioritize if hospitals become overwhelmed.
- Choosing patients simply based on their age, however, "would not fly," he said.
- Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories.
With the number of coronavirus patients continuing to rise everyday, the medical community in New York City is having discussions about what to do if hospitals in the US become overwhelmed.
In Italy, where more than 9,000 people have already been diagnosed with COVID-19, doctors are scrambling to secure resources and treat patients. They have been forced to prioritize the young and otherwise healthy over the elderly and frail.
"It's very hard to just prioritize the young over the old. That would not fly in the US," Arthur Caplan, head of the Division of Medical Ethics at NYU School of Medicine in New York City, told Business Insider. "People would protest the idea that young lives are worth more inherently than older lives."
Caplan said that hospitals, like NYU's Bellevue Hospital, have already begun discussing how to ration scarce resources if need be. While there hasn't yet been a hospital committee meeting that addressed what patients would get priority in treatment, he expects that to come up down the line.
Those conversations, which will likely vary by hospital and region, should not just touch on the age of the patients, but also their heath and a number of other factors, Caplan said.
"If you had, let's say, an ICU that was overwhelmed, you're probably going to try and give some extra attention to healthcare workers because you need them to deliver care," he said. "The rationale isn't that they're more worthy, it's that they can contribute in the longer run to saving more lives."
When discharging a coronavirus patient, it would make sense to consider whether they are homeless before doing so, he said, because they might not have somewhere to safely quarantine and recover.
In a crisis, hospitals will try to "maximize the chance of saving a life, and make sure that we save the most years of life," Caplan said.
"In that way, younger people tend to have a huge priority, but not exclusively," Caplan said.
In fact, most people who are young with the coronavirus won't even be treated in US hospitals because they will likely recover at home.
"So what we're really talking about is the very sick young versus the sick elderly, who we know aren't likely to do well," he said. "It's not like every young person is going to get ahead of every old person."
The coronavirus is far from the first time that hospital workers have had to grapple with who to treat at the expense of others.
In New York there are guidelines around how to allocate ventilators during a flu epidemic, Caplan said.
"They suggest that you may take someone who is desperately ill, and not likely to live, off that ventilator and put someone else with a much better chance on," Caplan said. "I'm not against that, but I will tell you that doctors hate to do that because they don't want to abandon their patient."
That is a topic that will likely also have to be addressed when hospital committees meet to come up with coronavirus policies, Caplan said.
While it's important to have conversations about how to ration resources, Caplan is concerned that not enough people are thinking about how to share resources among institutions.
"I've been complaining that we also need a strategy for sharing. So if NYU Bellevue ... got overwhelmed, how do we direct patients to other hospitals in New York City or the VA?," he said. "You need to be thinking about that right now because the better solution to shortage is sharing, not rationing."
The coronavirus outbreak has killed more than 4,000 people and infected over 116,000. It has spread to more than 100 countries.
The US has confirmed 28 coronavirus deaths: 23 in Washington state, two in Florida, two in California, and one in New Jersey.
- Read more about the coronavirus:
- What we know about the 15 confirmed US coronavirus cases
- Men represent the majority of coronavirus cases so far, according to a new study. Researchers have a few guesses as to why.
- Some coronavirus patients experience nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea before they get a fever. They could spread the virus through poop. | https://www.businessinsider.in/science/news/faced-with-tough-choices-italy-is-prioritizing-young-covid-19-patients-over-the-elderly-that-likely-wont-fly-in-the-us-/articleshow/74567872.cms |
By Dr Arun Mitra
An advertisement from Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam’s Tirupati medical department published on September 9, 2021 seeking specialist doctors belonging to ‘Hindu religion only’ is a matter of serious concern. This has belittled the medical profession which professes its commitment to render service to the mankind irrespective of caste, creed, religion, gender, socio-economic status or political affiliations.
Another news item released from Bhopal on 5th September 2021 is about the decision of Madhya Pradesh government to include lectures on RSS founder K B Hedgewar and Bhartiya Jan Sangh Leader Deen Dyal Upadhyaya, Swami Vivekanand and Dr B R Ambedkar in the first year foundation MBBS course “so as to promote patriotism among the students”.
This is in contrast to the earlier situation when medical students were encouraged by the teachers to read about great personalities in the medical science like Louis Pasteur, Rene Laennec and Alexander Fleming who had all played a significant role in the development of modern medicine.
Laennec’s invention of stethoscope made it easy to reach the diagnosis of several diseases, particularly those related to lungs and the heart. Through his observation, Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin, which revolutionised the management of infections in the body. Louis Pasteur and Edward Jenner were pioneers in developing vaccines. These are just few names among thousands who worked hard to advance medical science. To know about them is motivational for upcoming doctors to contribute effectively in the field of medicine.
The motto has been ‘Medicine is a passion not profession’. That was also the time when to discuss about ethics was common. These produced doctors with the ideals to serve the poor and the sick without any priority for financial considerations. This inculcated patriotism and a desire to serve the nation.
The Code of Medical Ethics was developed by the Medical Council of India (MCI). Clause 6.1 of the Code prohibits doctors from soliciting patients through advertisement. As per the declaration by a doctor at the time of registration, according to clause 8.8 of this Code, he/she has to pledge to ‘serve the humanity and use the medical knowledge with utmost respect for human life and will not permit considerations of religion, nationality, race, party politics or social standing to intervene between the duty and patient’.
This is in continuation with clause 1.1.2 of the Code which states: “The prime object of the medical profession is to render service to humanity; reward or financial gain is a subordinate consideration. Who‐so‐ever chooses his profession, assumes the obligation to conduct himself in accordance with its ideals. A physician should be an upright man, instructed in the art of healings. He shall keep himself pure in character and be diligent in caring for the sick; he should be modest, sober, patient, prompt in discharging his duty without anxiety; conducting himself with propriety in his profession and in all the actions of his life”.
Times have, however, changed. Commercialism has overtaken science. Ethics are by and large only for the sake of the record. Financial issues apart, there is a serious effort to divide the doctors for jobs on communal lines even though a doctor is ethically bound to serve patients from any religion without discrimination.
Dividing the medical personnel on communal lines is not new. This was seen during the period of Hitler when some doctors were forced to collaborate with Nazis and participate in mass murders of Jews. They would extract the gold plated teeth of the prisoners just because the wife of a Nazi officer liked that.
The advertisement by Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam’s Tirupati medical department should have been taken note of and opposed by the medical bodies, particularly the Indian Medical Association (IMA). But unfortunately, no voice has been raised on this score.
The National Medical Commission decides the syllabus of the MBBS course. It sets topics for each subject. Lectures on political leaders to be given officially is not as per the norms.
According to Madhya Pradesh Education Minister Vishwas Sarang, such lectures about the RSS and BJP leaders have been introduced by the state for the purpose of ‘character-building’. Names of Swami Vivekanand and Dr B R Ambedkar in the series have been very subtly added to avoid any controversy. How these will ‘promote ethics’ in medical practice is beyond comprehension. This is a clear intent to thrust RSS ideology upon medical students.
The patriotism of RSS is equivalent to narrow nationalism and creation of a Hindutva based monolithic, homogenous society marginalising the minorities. This is against the idea of India which was conceptualised by the freedom fighters and revolutionaries who had thought of a country with a multi religious, multi-cultural, multi-linguistic society with people living together with equal rights.
Any conscious person would understand the motive of all this. Such absurd and dangerous steps must be opposed by the medical bodies to prevent medical education becoming the playground of hate politics. | https://hindutvawatch.org/rss-ideology-must-not-be-thrust-upon-medical-students-expected-to-serve-humanity-without-discrimination/ |
An encryption key is a string of characters that you feed into an encryption algorithm to either encrypt or decrypt a message. An asymmetric key system has two keys. There’s a public key to encrypt a message. It’s public because anyone can see it and use that key. But once the message is encrypted using the public key, the message can only be retrieved by someone with the private key. Only the sender and the receiver should know the private key.
The encryption algorithm uses the properties of prime numbers to encrypt a message. As I explored in the last post, two randomly selected really large prime numbers (p and q), when multiplied together produce an even larger number n that is virtually impossible to factorize, i.e. to discover the p and q primes that produced n. We are here talking about an integer n that has over 100 digits. Here’s how the encryption algorithm works. I won’t attempt to explain why it does, just what it does, and with diagrams.
Multiplying primes
The encryption software chooses two random large prime numbers p and q, and multiplies them together. Think of p and q as the length of the side of a rectangle. To keep this demonstration simple, I’ll choose two very small primes, p=3 and q=5. So, n = p.q = 15. (Pretend that p, q are so large that no one could guess them as factors of n, i.e. n is impossible to factorize.) n = p.q = 3 x 5 = 15. These values are then fixed and hidden within this particular encryption algorithm. They don’t vary with the message or the occasion in which it is used.
The algorithm now calculates a smaller version of this product by subtracting 1 from each of the primes and multiplying them together.
z = (p-1).(q-1) = 8
The algorithm then has to create a new number e that is less than n and is not a factor of z.
e < n
z mod e ≠ 0
In this demonstration, with the values already decided, that means e must be less than 15 and doesn’t divide into 8 a whole number of times.
In this case the numbers that meet that requirement are 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. They are all less than 15 and none are factors of 8. The algorithm selects (randomly) e = 11.
The algorithm then has to create a number d such that when it’s multiplied by e and divided by z it produces a remainder of just 1. Some candidates for d are 3, 11, 19, 27, etc. The algorithm randomly chooses d = 3.
d x e = 3 x 11 = 33
d.e mod z must equal 1
33 mod 8 = 1 (it is)
Here’s a spatial representation of the d and e relationship.
The public and private keys are number pairs.
Public key = [n, e] = [15, 11]
Private key = [n, d] = [15, 3]
Encrypting the message
The sender and receiver of the message have access to the same encryption algorithm with the same p and q values coded in. Person A wants to dispatch a secret message m. To keep this demonstration simple, I’ll encrypt just a number, the message is “7” i.e. m = 7.
The formula to encrypt the message m into coded form c is
c = me mod n
n and e are parts of the public encryption key. The algorithm will multiply the number m by itself e times and divide the result by n. The value of c is whatever is left over from that division (the mod operation).
c = 711 mod 15
me is going to be very large. For visual confirmation, here are three gridded rectangles. The first is 72, the second is 73 , the third is 74. I don’t have the space to show what happens when you keep multiplying m by m eleven times.
me = 711 = 1,977,326,743
That number of grid units could be arranged in a huge rectangle with integer dimensions as follows. There are variants, but they are more stretched out than this one.
Divide that by n = 15 to give 131,821,782 whole numbers with 13 left over. That would be a very long thin rectangle of dimensions 15 x 131,821,782 with a tiny sliver of 13 cells left over at one end.
Recovering the message
So all those big number calculations result in c = 13 which is what gets transmitted as the encrypted message. The recipient B then uses the private encryption key pair d and n to decrypt the message.
m = cd mod n
m = 133 mod 15 = 7
Here’s the 133 = 13 x 13 x 13 gridded rectangle made up of 146 grid units
Here are the same number of grid units rearranged to a 146 x 15 rectangle with 7 grid units left over, which is the original message m.
Surprisingly, that tiny remaindered bit at the end is the original message. Even with very small primes (p and q) and a miniscule message m of just one number, the calculations involve extremely large integers and require iteration to find numbers that match various criteria.
So whatever the speed of the computer, this kind of encryption is computationally expensive. It’s therefore used for handshaking protocols, setting up a secure connection that enables the exchange of keys used for faster, simpler encryption.
References
- Mann, Kathryn. 2017. The science of encryption: prime numbers and mod n arithmetic. Available online: https://math.berkeley.edu/~kpmann/encryption.pdf (accessed 3 May 2021).
- Seetharam, Anand. 2019. RSA (Rivest, Shamir, Adleman) Algorithm explained with example. CSEdu4All, 29 January. Available online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPkm2yvyGi8 (accessed 4 May 2021).
Note
- The references above explain the process. The diagrammatic approach and any errors that entails are my own. | https://richardcoyne.com/2021/05/15/prime-encryptions/ |
"If God speaks to man, he undoubtedly uses the language of mathematics."
- Henri Poincare*
[17:36] You shall not accept any information, unless you verify it for yourself. I have given you the hearing, the eyesight, and the brain, and you are responsible for using them.
The Quran is intended to be an eternal miracle. The highly sophisticated mathematical system based on prime number 19 embedded into the fabric of the Quran ( decoded between 1969-1974 with the aid of computers), provided verifiable PHYSICAL evidence that "The Book is, without a doubt, a revelation from the Lord of the universe." (32:2), and incontrovertibly ruled out the possibility that it could be the product of a man living in the ignorant Arabian society of the 7th century. It also proved that no falsehood could enter into the Quran, as promised by God.
"To ascertain that they fully delivered their Lord's messages, He protectively enveloped what He entrusted them with and He counted the numbers of all things ." 72:28 (7+2+2+8)
Benford’s Law
According to Benford's discovery, if you count any collection of objects - whether it be pebbles on the beach, the number of words in a magazine article or dollars in your bank account - then the number you end up with is more likely to start with a "1" than any other digit. Somehow, nature has a soft spot for digit "1". Benford was not the first to make this astonishing observation. 19 years before the end of 19th century, the American astronomer and mathematician, Simon Newcomb, noticed that the pages of heavily used books of logarithms were much more worn and smudged at the beginning than at the end, suggesting that For some reason, people did more calculations involving numbers starting with 1 than 8 and 9.
(Newcomb, S. "Note on the frequency of the Use of Digits in natural Numbers." Amer. J. Math 4, 39-40, 1881)
He conjectured a simple formula: nature seems to have a tendency to arrange numbers so that the proportion starting with the digit D is equal to log10 of 1 + (1/D).
Newcomb`s observations were then virtually ignored until 57 years later when Frank Benford, a physicist with the General Electric Company, published his paper. (Bedford, F. "The Law of Anomalous Numbers." Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 78, 551-572, 1938). He rediscovered the phenomenon and came up with the same law as Newcomb. Conducting a monumental research, he analyzed 20229 set of numbers gathered from everywhere from listings of the areas of rivers to physical constants and death rates, he showed that they all adhere to the same law: around 30.1 per cent began with the digit 1, 17.6 per cent with 2, 12.5 per cent with 3, 9.7 per cent with 4, 7.9 percent with 5, 6.7 percent with 6, 5.8 per cent with 7, 5.1 percent with 8 and 4.6 percent with 9.
Benford's law is scale-invariant (the distribution of digits is unaffected by changes of units) and base-invariant. In fact in 1995, 114 years after Newcomb's discovery, Theodore Hill, proved that any universal law of digit distribution that is base invariant has to take the form of Benford's law ("Base invariance implies Benford's law", Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, vol 123, p 887).
In applying Benford's law three rules should be observed: first the sample size should be big enough to give the predicted proportions a chance to show themselves so you will not find Benford's law in the ages of your family of 5 people. Second, the numbers should be free of artificial limits so obviously you cannot expect the telephone numbers in your neighborhood to follow Benford's law. Third, you don't want numbers that are truly random. By definition, in a random number, every digit from 0 to 9 has an equal chance of appearing in any position in that number.
An excellent fraud-buster:
This fascinating mathematical theorem is a powerful and relatively simple tool for pointing suspicion at frauds, embezzlers, tax evaders and sloppy accountants.
The income tax agencies of several nations and several states have started using detection software based on Benford's Law to detect fabrication of data in financial documents and income tax returns.
The idea is that if the numbers in a set of data like sales figures, buying and selling prices, insurance claim costs and expense claims, more or less match the frequencies and ratios predicted by Benford's Law, the data are probably honest. But if a graph of such numbers is markedly different from the one predicted by Benford's Law, it arouses suspicion of fraud.
Application to the Quran:
The Quran is divided into chapters of unequal length, each of which is called a sura.
The shortest of the suras has ten words, and the longest placed second in the text, has over 6000 words. From the second sura onward, the suras gradually get shorter, although this is not a hard and fast rule. The last sixty suras take up about as much space as the second . This unconventional structure does not follow people's expectations as to what a book should be. However it appears to be a deliberate design on the part of the author of the Quran.
Let's verify the evidence:
Quran consists of 114 suras. Each sura is composed of a certain number of verses, for example sura 1 has 7 verses and sura 96 (the first sura revealed to Prophet Muhammad) has 19 verses. So we have a set of 114 data to which we can apply Benford's law. The result is shown in the following tables:
Group X includes All the suras containing a number of verses starting with the digit X
|Sura Number||Number of verses|
|2||286|
|3||200|
|7||206|
|26||227|
|48||29|
|57||29|
|58||22|
|59||24|
|71||28|
|72||28|
|73||20|
|81||29|
|84||25|
|85||22|
|88||26|
|90||20|
|92||21|
|Sura Number||Number of verses|
|4||176|
|5||120|
|6||165|
|9||127|
|10||109|
|11||123|
|12||111|
|16||128|
|17||111|
|18||110|
|20||135|
|21||112|
|23||118|
|37||182|
|49||18|
|60||13|
|61||14|
|62||11|
|63||11|
|64||18|
|65||12|
|66||12|
|82||19|
|86||17|
|87||19|
|91||15|
|93||11|
|96||19|
|100||11|
|101||11|
|Sura Number||Number of verses|
|13||43|
|35||45|
|50||45|
|52||49|
|70||44|
|75||40|
|78||40|
|79||46|
|80||42|
|106||4|
|112||4|
|Sura Number||Number of verses|
|31||34|
|32||30|
|45||37|
|46||35|
|47||38|
|67||30|
|76||31|
|83||36|
|89||30|
|103||3|
|108||3|
|110||3|
|Sura Number||Number of verses|
|24||64|
|29||69|
|30||60|
|51||60|
|53||62|
|109||6|
|114||6|
|Sura Number||Number of verses|
|14||52|
|34||54|
|41||54|
|42||53|
|44||59|
|54||55|
|68||52|
|69||52|
|74||56|
|77||50|
|97||5|
|105||5|
|111||5|
|113||5|
|Sura Number||Number of verses|
|28||88|
|36||83|
|38||88|
|40||85|
|43||89|
|94||8|
|95||8|
|98||8|
|99||8|
|102||8|
|Sura Number||Number of verses|
|1||7|
|8||75|
|22||78|
|25||77|
|33||73|
|39||75|
|55||78|
|107||7|
|Sura Number||Number of verses|
|15||99|
|19||98|
|27||93|
|56||96|
|104||9|
Thus, there are 30 suras in the Quran containing a number of verses starting with digit "1", 17 suras with digit "2", 12 suras with digit "3", 11 suras with digit "4", 14 suras with digit "5", 7 suras with digit "6", 8 suras with digit "7", 10 suras with digit "8" and 5 suras with digit "9". As it is seen on the graph, this digital distribution is remarkably close to Benford’s prediction.
This data also conforms to the Quran’s code:
30*1+17*2+3*12+4*11+5*14+6*7+7*8+8*10+9*5=437=19*23
Is it a mere coincidence?
We observed that Group one contains 30 suras. Remember that number 30 is the 19th composite number. Number 30 appears to have a crucial role in Quran’s mathematical system. The only time that number 19 is mentioned in the Quran is verse 30 (sura 74). Also note that the number of suras (114=19*6) is immediately preceded with 30th prime number (113). Furthermore 19th prime is 67 and sura 67 happens to have 30 verses (Group three). Also see Editor’s Note #2 in The End of the World, Coded in the Quran.
|Chronological order of revelation||Sura Number||Number of verses|
|1||96||19|
|8||87||19|
|11||93||11|
|14||100||11|
|26||91||15|
|30||101||11|
|36||86||17|
|45||20||135|
|50||17||111|
|51||10||109|
|52||11||123|
|53||12||111|
|55||6||165|
|56||37||182|
|69||18||110|
|70||16||128|
|73||21||112|
|74||23||118|
|82||82||19|
|91||60||13|
|92||4||176|
|99||65||12|
|104||63||11|
|106||49||18|
|107||66||12|
|108||64||18|
|109||61||14|
|110||62||11|
|112||5||120|
|113||9||127|
Another fascinating feature of Group one reveals itself when we arrange the suras in the chronological order of revelation; Sura 82 with 19 verses fits into the 19th place.
Henri Poincare:* Mathematician, born in Nancy, France. He studied at Paris, where he became professor in 1881. He was eminent in physics, mechanics, and astronomy, and contributed to many fields of mathematics. He created the theory of automorphic functions, using new ideas from group theory, non-Euclidean geometry, and complex function theory. The origins of the theory of chaos are in a famous paper of 1889 on real differential equations and celestial mechanics. Many of the basic ideas in modern topology, triangulation, and homology are due to him. He gave influential lecture courses on such topics as thermodynamics, and almost anticipated Einsteins's theory of special relativity, showing that the Lorentz transformations form a group. In his last years he published several books on the philosophy of science and scientific method, and was also well known for his popular expositions of science. | https://submission.org/Benford.html |
In Problems 9-14,
(a) Draw a scatter diagram for the data.
(b) Find , and the equations of the least-squares line. Plot the line on the scatter diagram of part (a).
(c) Find the sample correlation coefficient r and the coefficient of determination . What percentage of variation in y is explained by the least-squares model?
Sales: Insurance Dorothy Kelly sells life insurance for the Prudence Insurance Company. She sells insurance by making visits to her clients' homes. Dorothy believes that the number of sales should depend, to some degree, on the number of visits made. For the past several years, she has kept careful records of the number of visits (x) she makes each week and the number of people (y) who buy insurance that week. For a random sample of 15 such weeks, the x and y values follow:
|X||11||19||16||13||28||5||20||14||22||7||15||29||8||25||16|
|y||3||11||8||5||8||2||5||6||8||3||5||10||6||10||7|
Complete parts (a) through (c). given
(d) In a week during which Dorothy makes 18 visits, how many people do you predict will buy insurance from her?
Experts are waiting 24/7 to provide step-by-step solutions in as fast as 30 minutes!*See Solution
*Response times vary by subject and question complexity. Median response time is 34 minutes and may be longer for new subjects. | https://www.bartleby.com/solution-answer/chapter-4-problem-12cr-understanding-basic-statistics-8th-edition/9781337558075/in-problems-9-14-a-draw-a-scatter-diagram-for-the-data-b-find-xyb-and-the-equations-of-the/0cfae0fc-6808-11e9-8385-02ee952b546e |
The match is underway at Estadio Metropolitano de Techo.
Bismark Elias Santiago Pitalua signals a free kick to CD La Equidad in their own half.
Throw-in for Boyaca Chico FC in the half of CD La Equidad.
CD La Equidad awarded a throw-in in their own half.
Last 5 Of matches
Last 5 Of matches
Last 5 Of matches
Predictions
- 1 56%
- X 27.5%
- 2 16.5%
Tournament position
|#||Team||G||W||D||L||G||GD||PT|
|11||La Equidad||19||6||7||6||18:15||3||25|
|19||Boyaca Chico||19||4||4||11||16:32||-16||16|
|8||La Equidad||16||7||3||6||26:21||5||24|
|19||Boyaca Chico||16||3||3||10||11:26||-15||12|
Match facts
Boyaca Chico FC haven't won in their last 6 games.
Boyaca Chico FC have received 3 red cards this season. This is the highest number in Primera A, Apertura.
Boyaca Chico FC's away record this season: 0-1-3.
Pablo Sabbag has assisted the most goals for CD La Equidad with 2. Nelino Tapia is Boyaca Chico FC's biggest assister (2). | https://777score.com/football/matches/cd-la-equidad-boyaca-chico-fc-2020-09-20 |
Before delving into Statistical Analysis with Alteryx, take a moment to ensure you are comfortable with various statistical concepts, starting with standard deviation.
In the next series of lessons, we'll look more closely at some of analytical capabilities of Alteryx. Before proceeding further, you should ensure that you have downloaded the Alteryx Predictive Analytics add-in. You can check this easily by looking for the Predictive tab on the Tools palette. If it's not there, you'll need to download it from the Alteryx website. A link can be found in the show notes. This add-in contains many prepackaged tools to assist in the predictive analytics process. Once you have the suite of predictive tools installed, you're ready to begin. However, before diving into the numbers, it's worthwhile to take a moment to review some basic statistical methodologies such as standard deviation, normal distribution, z-scores, correlation and regression.
If you're already comfortable with these concepts, please feel free to skip the next three lessons. We'll start our review by looking at standard deviation. Standard deviation measures the concentration of selected data compared to the average or mean. Imagine I record the temperature in Celsius at Hyde Park Corner in London at the same time for the first 10 days of January. My friend then records the temperature at Sydney Harbor in Australia at the same time over the same period. If we compare the temperature recordings in the two locations, we can see that the average temperature in London over that period was five degrees Celsius versus 22 degrees in Sydney.
The London temperatures varied from a high of nine to a low of one, giving us a range of eight. Sydney had a high of 26 and a low of 18, also giving us a range of eight. In which city did the temperature vary more widely? The range of temperature was eight degrees in both cities, but the average temperature was much lower in London. Therefore, relative to the average, the temperature in London varied by a greater amount. Standard deviation develops this idea by considering how the recordings each day compared to the average. In our example, the standard deviation is 2.7 degrees in London versus just 2.1 degrees in Sydney.
The relationship between the average and standard deviation is a fundamental concept in data analysis allowing us to compare different data sets.
In the next review lesson, we'll look at normal distribution and z-scores. | https://kubicle.com/learn/alteryx/review-of-fundamental-statistical-concepts-part-1 |
The original multiscale entropy (MSE) method [1,2] quantifies the complexity of the temporal changes in one specific feature of a time series: the local mean values of the fluctuations. The method comprises two steps: 1) coarse-graining of the original time series, and 2) quantification of the degree of irregularity of the coarse-grained (C-G) time series using an entropy measure such as sample entropy (SampEn) .
The generalized multiscale entropy (GMSE) method quantifies the complexity of the dynamics of a set of features of the time series related to local sample moments. The method differs from the original MSE in the way that the C-G time series are computed. In the original method, the mean value is used to derive a set of representations of the original signal at different levels of resolution. This choice implies that information encoded in features related to higher moments is discarded. The coarse-graining procedure in the generalized algorithm extracts statistical features such as the variance (standard deviation [SD] or mean absolute deviation [MAD]), skewness, kurtosis, etc, over a range of time scales. This tutorial focuses primarily on the quantification of the information encoded in fluctuations in standard deviation.
We use a subscript after MSE to designate the type of coarse-graining employed. Specifically, MSEμ, MSEσ and MSEσ2 refer to MSE computed for mean, SD and variance C-G time series, respectively.
For a dynamical property of interest, such as mean or standard deviation, MSE algorithms comprise two sequential procedures:
As noted above, in the original MSE method (MSEμ) the property of interest is the local mean value. The C-G time series capture fluctuations in local mean value for pre-selected time scales. In the original application, such C-G time series were obtained by dividing the original time series into non-overlapping segments of equal length and calculating the mean value of each of them. However, other approaches for extracting the same “type” of information (local mean) can also be considered, including low pass filtering the original time series using Fourier analysis, among others (e.g., the empirical mode decomposition) methods.
The GMSE method expands the original MSE framework to other properties of a signal. Here, we address the quantification of information encoded in the fluctuations of the “volatility” of the signal.
Figure 1 shows the interbeat interval (RR) time series from a healthy subject, simulated 1/f noise and their SD C-G time series for scales 5 and 20. The fluctuation patterns of the physiologic C-G time series appear more unpredictable, “less uniform” and more “bursty,” than those of simulated 1/f noise.
|
|
Figure 2 shows MSEσ (top panels) and MSEσ2 (bottom panels) analyses of physiologic and simulated long-range correlated (1/f) noise time series. The physiologic time series are the RR intervals (left panels) from healthy young to middle-aged (≤ 50 years) and healthy older (> 50 years) subjects and patients with chronic (congestive) heart failure (CHF). The time series are available on PhysioNet: i) 26 healthy young subjects and 46 healthy older subjects (nsrdb, nsr2db) ii) 32 patients with CHF class III and IV (chfdb, chf2db).
|
|
Entropy over the pre-selected range of scales was higher for 1/f than white noise, both for SD and variance C-G time series. With respect to the RR interval time series, entropy values were on average higher for the group of healthy young subjects than for the group of healthy older subjects. In addition, the entropy values for the group of CHF patients were, on average, the lowest. The results were qualitatively the same for SD and variance C-G time series.
These findings are consistent with those derived from traditional (mean C-G) MSE analyses. They indicate that: 1) 1/f noise processes are more complex than uncorrelated random ones; 2) the complexity of heart rate dynamics degrades with aging and heart disease. | https://alpha.physionet.org/static/published-projects/gmse/1.0.0/tutorial/node1.html |
'The total return on a portfolio of investments takes into account not only the capital appreciation on the portfolio, but also the income received on the portfolio. The income typically consists of interest, dividends, and securities lending fees. This contrasts with the price return, which takes into account only the capital gain on an investment.'Applying this definition to our asset in some examples:
'Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is a business and investing specific term for the geometric progression ratio that provides a constant rate of return over the time period. CAGR is not an accounting term, but it is often used to describe some element of the business, for example revenue, units delivered, registered users, etc. CAGR dampens the effect of volatility of periodic returns that can render arithmetic means irrelevant. It is particularly useful to compare growth rates from various data sets of common domain such as revenue growth of companies in the same industry.'Applying this definition to our asset in some examples:
'Volatility is a statistical measure of the dispersion of returns for a given security or market index. Volatility can either be measured by using the standard deviation or variance between returns from that same security or market index. Commonly, the higher the volatility, the riskier the security. In the securities markets, volatility is often associated with big swings in either direction. For example, when the stock market rises and falls more than one percent over a sustained period of time, it is called a 'volatile' market.'Applying this definition to our asset in some examples:
'Risk measures typically quantify the downside risk, whereas the standard deviation (an example of a deviation risk measure) measures both the upside and downside risk. Specifically, downside risk in our definition is the semi-deviation, that is the standard deviation of all negative returns.'Which means for our asset as example:
'The Sharpe ratio is the measure of risk-adjusted return of a financial portfolio. Sharpe ratio is a measure of excess portfolio return over the risk-free rate relative to its standard deviation. Normally, the 90-day Treasury bill rate is taken as the proxy for risk-free rate. A portfolio with a higher Sharpe ratio is considered superior relative to its peers. The measure was named after William F Sharpe, a Nobel laureate and professor of finance, emeritus at Stanford University.'Applying this definition to our asset in some examples:
'The Sortino ratio measures the risk-adjusted return of an investment asset, portfolio, or strategy. It is a modification of the Sharpe ratio but penalizes only those returns falling below a user-specified target or required rate of return, while the Sharpe ratio penalizes both upside and downside volatility equally. Though both ratios measure an investment's risk-adjusted return, they do so in significantly different ways that will frequently lead to differing conclusions as to the true nature of the investment's return-generating efficiency. The Sortino ratio is used as a way to compare the risk-adjusted performance of programs with differing risk and return profiles. In general, risk-adjusted returns seek to normalize the risk across programs and then see which has the higher return unit per risk.'Which means for our asset as example:
'Ulcer Index is a method for measuring investment risk that addresses the real concerns of investors, unlike the widely used standard deviation of return. UI is a measure of the depth and duration of drawdowns in prices from earlier highs. Using Ulcer Index instead of standard deviation can lead to very different conclusions about investment risk and risk-adjusted return, especially when evaluating strategies that seek to avoid major declines in portfolio value (market timing, dynamic asset allocation, hedge funds, etc.). The Ulcer Index was originally developed in 1987. Since then, it has been widely recognized and adopted by the investment community. According to Nelson Freeburg, editor of Formula Research, Ulcer Index is “perhaps the most fully realized statistical portrait of risk there is.'Applying this definition to our asset in some examples:
'A maximum drawdown is the maximum loss from a peak to a trough of a portfolio, before a new peak is attained. Maximum Drawdown is an indicator of downside risk over a specified time period. It can be used both as a stand-alone measure or as an input into other metrics such as 'Return over Maximum Drawdown' and the Calmar Ratio. Maximum Drawdown is expressed in percentage terms.'Using this definition on our asset we see for example:
'The Drawdown Duration is the length of any peak to peak period, or the time between new equity highs. The Max Drawdown Duration is the worst (the maximum/longest) amount of time an investment has seen between peaks (equity highs) in days.'Which means for our asset as example:
'The Average Drawdown Duration is an extension of the Maximum Drawdown. However, this metric does not explain the drawdown in dollars or percentages, rather in days, weeks, or months. The Avg Drawdown Duration is the average amount of time an investment has seen between peaks (equity highs), or in other terms the average of time under water of all drawdowns. So in contrast to the Maximum duration it does not measure only one drawdown event but calculates the average of all.'Which means for our asset as example: | https://logical-invest.com/app/etf/eis/ishares-msci-israel-etf |
The Link between Global Warming and Extreme Weather
A large body of scientific evidence, going back to the middle of the 19th century, links the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, the temperature of the Earth, and the Earth’s climate. Those who study the Earth and its ecosystems have found ample evidence that the climate is changing. The USDA recently acknowledge that fact by shifting the plant hardiness zones for gardeners northward, acknowledging that frosts occur later in the fall and the last freeze in spring occurs earlier. However many people still doubt climate change and point to weather events as evidence.
Theory: Climate scientists would like to clearly establish the link between climate change and extreme weather events, but that is difficult because of the natural variability of the weather. The link between global warming, heat waves and droughts would seem unquestionable, but it is difficult to prove. Global warming has increased the energy and moisture in the atmosphere, making conditions for severe storms and floods more likely. In the last century, the Earth’s average temperature has increased by about 0.8°C, increasing the amount of water the air can hold by about 7%. It is a reasonable conclusion that when it rains, it will rain more and when it snows, it will snow more. So strangely enough, global warming could actually lead to greater snowfall. (1) However, it has been very difficult to prove, and certainly even more difficult to convince skeptics that that might be the case.
Climate Models: Another approach to linking extreme weather events to global warming has been through the use of climate models. The models take into account the factors that influence climate and weather, and are often used by meteorologists for “future casting” the weather for 10 day forecasts, which is about as long as normal weather patterns last. However, the models may also be used to examine the effect of global warming on the weather events. The models are used to compare the prediction for a weather event assuming that there is no global warming with a prediction of the weather event that includes global warming. In many cases, it can be shown that the weather and rainfall will be more extreme under the global warming conditions. The results are often challenged by climate Skeptics, who claim that the models do not accurately represent the data, or that the models are “falling apart”. The models were developed to fit a century’s worth of the weather and climate data, and there is little evidence to support the Skeptics claims. However climate scientists would like to show a definite link between global warming and weather events to silence those criticisms.
Statistical Evidence: A recent NOAA report, edited by Petersen, et al. (2) , examined 6 extreme weather events that occurred in 2011 and found that there was a link between climate change and the extreme weather event. One of the most interesting reports (3) , found that the 2011 heat wave and drought in Texas were 20 times more likely to happen than they would have been in the 1950’s. How did they arrive at that conclusion? A recent paper by Hansen et al. (4), shows that extreme temperatures are much more likely to occur worldwide than in the 1950’s, and over 10 times as likely to occur as in 1980. As Hansen puts it, the extreme temperatures “which covered much less than 1% of Earth in 1950, now typically covers about 10% of the land area. It follows that we can state, with a high degree of confidence, that extreme anomalies such as those in Texas and Oklahoma in 2011 and Moscow in 2010 were a consequence of global warming because their likelihood in the absence of global warming was exceedingly small.”
Those two papers are important as they have been able to establish a quantitative link between the probabilities of weather events and global warming. More importantly, the link does not depend on theory or on climate models, and relies only on a straight forward statistical analysis of the data. The method depends on computing the normal distribution of the Earth’s temperature anomalies for each decade and then comparing how the distribution of extreme weather events change with time.
Normal distributions: Before examining how the method works for weather events, it might be useful to examine how it works with something more familiar, like the height of American men. How could we show whether the number of extremely tall men was increasing as time went by? This could be done by taking a representative sample of men and examining a graph of the normal distribution. We could find the average, μ , and then repeat the process every 10 years to see how the average changed with time. An increase in the average height might indicate that there would be more extremely tall men, but that is not the full story.
Another piece of information that needs to be considered is the variance, or how widely the height of men vary about the mean. The variance is usually measured by the standard deviation , σ, which can be easily calculated from the measurements done to compute the mean. A graph of the normal distribution is shown at the right. “Normal” means that the data has been divided by the total number of men in sample, so that the area under the entire curve represents 100%. That feature is very useful for comparing heights, and it also allows us to associate an area under the curve with probabilities.
The average height, μ on the graph, is 5’10”, and the standard deviation, σ, is 3 inches. About 95% of the sample falls within 2 standard deviations of the mean, which also says that the probability is 95% that a man selected at random would fall between 5’4″ and 6’4″. Those over 2σ from the mean, or 6’4″, make up about 2% of the sample and are considered very tall. Finally, those over 3σ from the mean , over 6’7″, are considered extremely tall and make up only 0.15 %. Michael Jordan and a host of other National Basketball Association players fall into that 3σ category.
How would it be possible to tell whether the incidence of extremely tall men is increasing? One way would be to take height data collected every 10 years, plot the normal distribution, and see how the area of the graphs out past 3σ change. We could not only tell whether there were more extremely tall men, but we could calculate how the probability of finding an extremely tall man changed, just by comparing areas on the graph.
Weather events. Enough data and computing power is now available to calculate normal distributions of temperature data every 10 years for many decades. Having the normal distribution of the temperature data by decade can be used to find whether the probability of extreme temperatures is increasing or decreasing. The Earth’s temperature was fairly stable from about 1950 to 1980, making it a convenient standard for comparing changes. Rather than using temperatures, the graph uses temperature anomalies, which measure how far a temperature reading was above or below average.
The procedure is similar to the one described for examining the height of men. Hansen, et al. used the Earth’s temperature data to graph normal distributions of the Earth’s temperature anomalies by decade, from 1950 to the present. They found that the distribution of temperature anomalies approximate a normal distribution.
The results of their work for the summer months show that beginning in about 1970, the mean begins to move to the right toward higher temperatures. It can also be seen that the variance of the data increased and shifted to the right, showing that the probability of extreme temperatures increase greatly from 1950 to 2011. It can be seen that the number of extreme temperatures, those out past 3 ( meaning 3σ), almost nonexistent in the 1950s, have grown significantly larger in each decade after 1980. A similar graph, using σ for the last 30 year period (not shown), found the probability of temperatures past 3 sigma is 10 times as great as for the 198o2 to 2010 years.
It should also be noted that the left side of the graph flattens, but that the probability of extremely cool temperatures is not zero. Though hot temperatures became more probable, that there was still a significant likelihood of cooler temperatures.
Climate Skeptics often argue that an extremely cold weather event disproves global warming. The normal distributions by decade for the winter months is given at the right. The graph shows the average winter temperatures have increased significantly during the last 30 years and the variance in the temperature has become greater as time progressed. However, the left side of the graph shows there is still a significant probability of extremely cold weather even though global warming is occurring. This means that the skeptics argument is baseless. It is also sometimes argued that extreme snowfalls disprove global warming, but that is also a baseless argument. Extremely cold air can hold little moisture, and it is warmer air, slightly below freezing, that produces the greatest amount of snow. The Inuit know that a warm spell brings a much greater chance of snow.
So there we have it. Climate physics predicts that global warming should cause higher incidences of extreme weather. Climate models find that global warming makes increased rainfall and storms more probable. A straightforward statistical analysis of temperature data not only shows that extreme temperatures are more likely, but has allow climate scientists to calculate how global warming affects the probability of extreme temperatures. A definite link between global warming and extreme weather has been established by the research.
(1) http://jcmooreonline.com/2011/03/22/the-case-of-global-warming-and-extreme-weather/
(2) http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/bams-sotc/2011-peterson-et-al.pdf
(3) http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/07/10/12665235-2011-texas-drought-was-20-times-more-likely-due-to-warming-study-says? | http://jcmooreonline.com/2012/08/22/the-link-between-global-warming-and-extreme-weather-2/ |
Introduction If we analyse two or more observations the central value may be the same but still there can be wide disparities in the formation of the distribution. For example, the AM of 2, 5 and 8 is 5; AM of 4, 5 and 6 is 5; AM of 1, 2 and 12 is 5; AM of 0, 1 and 14 is 5. Measures of dispersion will help us in understanding the important characteristics of a distribution.
This is explained with the help of another example.
Runs scored by three batsmen in a series of 5 one day matches are as given below:
|Table 6.1 Cricket Scores|
|Days||Batsman 1||Batsman 2||Batsman 3|
|1||100||70||0|
|2||100||80||0|
|3||100||100||300|
|4||100||120||180|
|5||100||130||20|
|Total||500||500||500|
|Mean||100||100||100|
Now it is quite obvious that averages try to tell only the representative size of a distribution. To understand it better, we need to know the spread of various items also. So in order to express the data correctly, it becomes necessary to describe the deviation of the observations from the central value. This deviation of items-from the central value is called dispersion.
" The degree to which numerical data tend to spread about an average value is called the variation or dispersion of the data." - SpiegelThe word dispersion means deviation or difference. In statistics, dispersion refers to deviation of various items of the series from its central value. Dispersion is the degree to which a numerical data tend to spread about an average value. Measure of dispersion is the method of measuring the dispersion or deviation of the different values from a designated value of the series. These measure, are also called averages of second order as they are averages of deviation taken from an average.
Objects of measuring variationMeasures of dispersion are useful in following respects:
- To test the reliability of an average: Measures of dispersion enable us to know whether an average is really representative of the series. If the variability in the values of various items in a series is large the average is not so typical. On the other hand, if the variability is small, the average would be a representative value.
- To serve as a basis for the control of the variability: A study of dispersion helps in identifying the causes of variability and in taking remedial measures.
- To compare the variability of two or more series: We can compare the variability of two or more series by calculating relative measures of dispersion. The higher the degree of variability the lesser is the consistency or uniformity and vice versa.
- To serve as a basis for further statistical analysis: Many powerful analytical tools in statistics such as correlation, regression, testing of hypothesis, analysis of fluctuations in time series, techniques of production control, cost control, etc., are based on measures of dispersion.
Methods of studying DispersionThe following are the important methods:
- Range
- Quartile Deviation
- Mean Deviation
- Standard Deviation
- Lorenz Curve
Absolute and Relative Measures of DispersionAbsolute measures of dispersion are expressed in the same statistical unit in which the original data are given. In case two sets of data are expressed in different units, absolute measures of dispersion are not comparable. In such cases, relative measures are used.
A measure of relative dispersion is the ratio of measure of absolute dispersion to an appropriate average. It is also called coefficient of dispersion, as it is independent of the unit. | http://myeconomics.info/plus-one-statistics-note-in-english-chapter-16-introduction.html |
|P.Mean: Sample chapter: The first three steps in selecting an appropriate sample size (created 2010-07-24).|
As I mentioned in an earlier webpage, I am talking to some publishers about writing a second book. The working title is "Jumpstart Statistics: How to Restart Your Stalled Research Project." Here's a tentative chapter from that book. It is an early draft and I do not have all the references in place yet. It should be enough, though, to give you a sense of what I want to write about.
One of your most critical choices in designing a research study is selecting an appropriate sample size. A sample size that is either too small or too large will be wasteful of resources and will raise ethical concerns.
Here's a story (not true, but it should be) that I tell to people who come asking about sample size issues. A researcher is finishing up a six year, ten million dollar NIH grant and writes up in the final report "This is a new and innovative surgical procedure and we are 95% confident that the cure rate is somewhere between 3% and 96%."
This story illustrates that the heart and soul of all sample size calculations is economic. You want to insure that your research dollars are well spent, that you are getting something of value for your investment. Spending ten million dollars and only having a 3% to 96% confidence interval to show for it is a poor use of limited economic resources.
There's also an ethical component to most sample size calculations. People volunteer for research studies for three reasons. Some are in it for the money, and others are curious about the research process. The biggest reason, though, for many people to volunteer is that they want to help other people. They are hoping that the research will help and if your sample size is too small, your failure to produce a reasonable level of precision has betrayed their hopes.
Too large a sample size is also an ethical problem. Research volunteers often suffer during a clinical trial. They may experience pain. They may endure a risky procedure. They may forgo an appropriate medical treatment (if there is a placebo arm) or endure an inferior treatment (if there is an active control). You do all that you can to minimize these problems, of course, but most research requires some type of sacrifice to the volunteers. An excessive sample size, a sample size far beyond the needs of the research creates needless suffering among research volunteers.
You commonly justify the sample size of a study through a power calculation. Power is the probability that you will successfully reject the null hypothesis when there is a clinically important difference between your treatment and control group. Power an be defined for more complex data analyses, such as comparisons involving multiple treatment groups, or assessing the strength of association between two variables. Calculations in these settings are a bit more complex than the example discussed below, but the general steps are similar.
Selecting an appropriate sample size is one of the most important choices you will have to make in planning your research study. There are three basic steps in determining an appropriate sample size: specifying a research hypothesis, identifying the variation in your outcome, and determining the minimum clinically important difference
Step 1: Specify a research hypothesis.
Not all research can or should have a research hypothesis. But for those studies that do have a research hypothesis, this needs to be shared with your consulting statistician. This will help him/her identify the appropriate research design, and test statistic
As mentioned in the previous chapter, I like to use the PICO format (Patient, Intervention, Control, Outcome) described in Evidence-Based Medicine to help people formulate a good research hypothesis. The PICO format is also helpful in understanding the steps you need to select an appropriate sample size.
When I find the O (outcome) in the research hypothesis, I can begin to visualize the statistical approach to analyzing the data. You can't justify a sample size, of course, if you haven't settled on a specific statistical approach. If the outcome is continuous, for example, you might consider t-tests, ANOVA or linear regression models. If the outcome is categorical, you might plan for a logistic regression model instead.
The C (control) is also important in visualizing the statistical approach. Are controls selected through randomization? Are they matched one-to-one with patients in the treatment group? These will also help in deciding your statistical approach?
So why didn't I just be direct about it and ask you what statistical approach you were planning? Well that's something that you might not have considered just yet or maybe you were considering several different approaches. Maybe the thought of specifying a statistical approach terrifies you.
Most people are not afraid of telling me what their research hypothesis is. If they don't have a research hypothesis yet, I can usually work them through the process (see the previous chapter). Finally, all the details of the statistical approach don't need to be nailed down in order for you to start working on justifying the sample size. Often, just knowing the O (outcome) is enough to start making some progress.
Example: In a study, I helped with at Children's Mercy Hospital, the researchers were interested in the following hypothesis.
Additional outcome measures included healing time and total costs of treatment.
Step 2: Identify the variation in your outcome measure.
You've already done a literature review haven't you? If so, search through the papers in your review that used the same outcome measure that you are proposing in your study (the O in PICO). Ideally, the outcome measure will be examined in a group of patients that is close to the types of patients that you are studying (the P in PICO, or possibly the C in PICO). This is not always easy, and you will sometimes be forced to use a study where the patients are quite different from your patients. Don't fret too much about this, but make a good faith effort to find the most representative population that you can.
Some clients will raise an objection here and say that their research is unique, so it is impossible to find a comparable paper. It is true that most research is unique (otherwise it wouldn't be research). But what these people are worried about is that their intervention (the I in PICO) is unique. In these situations, the remainder of the hypothesis is usually quite mundane: the patients, the comparison group, and the outcome (P, C, and O in PICO) are all well studied. If you find a study where the P, C, and O match reasonably well, but the I doesn't, then you are probably going to get a good estimate of variation.
If there are major dissimilarities because this patient population (P) is very different than any previously studied patient population, or because the outcome measure (O) is newly developed by the researcher, then perhaps a pilot study would be needed to establish a reasonable estimate of variation.
Sometimes you can infer a standard deviation through general principles. If a variable is constrained to be between 0 and 100, it would be impossible, for example, for the standard deviation to be five thousand. There are approximate formulas relating the range of a distribution to the standard deviation. Divide the range by four or six to get an approximate standard deviation. There are also formulas that allow you calculate a standard deviation from a coefficient of variation, a confidence interval, or a standard error. Just about any measure of variation can be converted into a standard deviation.
If your outcome measure is a proportion, then the variation is related to the estimated proportion. Similarly, the variation in a count variable is related to the mean of the counts. Find a paper that establishes a proportion or average count in a control group similar to your control group and any competent statistician will be able to get an estimate of variation.
In some situations, the amount of variation in a proportion or count is larger than would be expected by the statistical distributions (binomial and Poisson) traditionally associated with these measures. Still, a calculation based on binomial or Poisson assumptions is a reasonable starting point for further calculations.
If you have multiple outcome measures, pick the one that is most critical. If you are indecisive, pick two or three. But don't try to justify your sample size for ten or twenty different outcome measures (but do adjust for multiple comparisons). There's a general presumption in the research community that if you have an adequate sample size for one of your outcome measures that the sample size is probably reasonable for any other closely related outcome measure. In my experience, this is generally true, but do include a separate sample size justification for an outcome that is substantially different in nature. So, for example, if most of your outcome measures involve quality of life measures but one of them is mortality, then perform a separate sample size justification for mortality because it is discrete rather than continuous and because it uses a substantially different form of data analysis.
Example: The researchers examining infants with burns could easily find a standard deviation for the Oucher scale, 1.5, from previous literature. This number seemed a bit high to me, because the range of the Oucher scale they were using was 1 to 5. Typically, the standard deviation is 1/4 to 1/6 the range, so I would have been happier with a standard deviation of 0.67 to 1.0. But 1.5 wasn't outrageously too large.
Healing time is a more difficult endpoint to assess. Medical textbooks cite that the healing time for second degree burns has a range of 4 days (minimum 10, maximum 14). A study of healing times for a glove made from one of the skin barriers showed a healing time range of 6 (minimum 2 and maximum 8 days). Note that the average healing time is quite different from the two sources, with the minimum healing time in the first study being 2 days longer than the maximum healing time in the second study. But the ranges are quite similar, and this is reassuring.
Since the standard deviation is approximately 1/4 to 1/6 of the range, it's possible that the standard deviation for healing time could be as small as 0.5 or as large as 1.5.
For one type of skin barrier, a study of costs showed a range of $4.00 ($5.50 to $9.50). Thus, a standard deviation of 0.67 to 1 would be reasonable.
Step 3: Determine the minimum clinically important difference
Determining the minimum clincally (or scientifically) important difference is the most difficult step so far, but you need to do this if you want any hope of determining an appropriate sample size. The minimum clinically significant difference (MCID) is the boundary between two important regions. The first region is the land of yawns. This region is all the differences so small that all your colleagues say "so what?" These are trivial differences, differences that no one would adopt the new intervention on the basis of such a meager change. The second region is the land of wow. This region is all the differences large enough that people sit up and take notice. These are large changes, changes large enough to justify changing how you might act.
Establishing the MCID is a tricky task, but it is something that should be done prior to any research study. You might start by asking yourself "How much of an improvement would I have to see before I would adopt a new treatment?" or "How severe would the side effects have to be before I would abanadon a treatment."
For binary outcomes, the choice is not too difficult in theory. Suppose that an intervention "costs" X dollars in the sense that it produces that much pain, discomfort, and inconvenience, in addition to any direct monetary costs. Suppose the value of a cure is kX where k is a number greater than 1. A number less than 1, of course, means that even if you could cure everyone, the costs outweigh the benefits of the cure.
For k>1, the minimum clinically significant difference in proportions is 1/k. So if the cure is 10 times more valuable than the costs, then you need to show at least a 10% better cure rate (in absolute terms) than no treatment or the current standard of treatment. Otherwise, the cure is worse than the disease.
It helps to visualize this with certain types of alternative medicine. If your treatment is aromatherapy, there is almost no cost involved, so even a very slight probability of improvement might be worth it. But Gerson therapy, which involves, among other things, coffee enemas, is a different story. An enema is reasonably safe, but is not totally risk free. And it involves a substantially greater level of inconvenience than aromatherapy. So you'd only adopt Gerson therapy if it helped a substantial fraction of patients. Exactly how many depends on the dollar value that you place on having to endure a coffee enema, a task that I will leave for someone else to quantify.
For continuous variables, the minimum clinically significant difference could be defined as above. Define a threshold that represents "better" versus "not better" and then try to shift the entire distribution so that the fraction "better" under the new treatment is at least 1/k. There have also been efforts to elucidate, through experiments, interviews, and other approaches, what the average person considers an important shift to be. For the visual analog scale of pain, for example, a shift of at least 15 mm is considered the smallest value that is noticeable to the average patient.
There are some informal rules of thumb. Generally, a change that represents a doubling of a halving is pretty important. So if you cut the length of stay in a hospital in half, from 4 days on average to 2, that's pretty big. A side effect that occurs 8% of the time rather than 4% of the time is pretty large. Rules of thumb are not perfect, though. A 25% shortening in length of stay, from 4 days on average to 3 would probably also be clinically important. And, depending on the type of side effect, we might not get too worried unless we saw a tripling of side effect rates, from 4% to 12%. So use this rule of thumb to establish a starting point for further discussion.
If you're totally stumped, try talking about what's clinically important with some of your colleagues. In a pinch, you can also look at the size of improvements for other successful treatments. This is an example, though, of the lemming school of research (If all you your friends jumped off a cliff would you jump off also?). As a last resort, you can try inverting the calculations. Specify the largest sample size that you could collect without killing yourself in the process and then back calculate what the minimum clinically important difference might be.
I often get told "you tell me what the minimum clinically important difference is." I can't do it, because of that adjective "clinically." I do not exercise good clinical judgment, as I do not work in a clinic. I'd also have trouble if it were the minimum scientifically important difference, as my scientific judgment stopped developing when I skipped all those high school biology labs involving dissection (it was more a weak stomach than a strong ethical objection). I'm sometimes willing to venture an opinion, but mostly just to start the discussion and get a reaction. If pressed, I will often state a number that I know they will say is way too big or way too small. Once I get them to commit to such a judgment, then it is only a few short steps to arriving at a reasonable number for the MCID.
Example: The researchers said that a shift of 1 unit in the Oucher scale was the smallest value that would be important from a clinical perspective. That seemed reasonable to me. It would be hard to argue that a change much smaller than the finest unit of measurement for the scale would be important from a clinical perspective. An average shift of one day in healing time was also considered clinically significant. Finally, a difference in average costs of $0.50 would be considered clinically significant.
Here's an example of how the sample size calculations worked out, using a sample size calculation package, PiFace, that is freely available on the web. The steps shown here would be similar if you used a different program.
With the Oucher scale, a sample of 36 patients per group would provide 80% power for detecting a difference of 1 unit, assuming the standard deviation of the Oucher is 1.5 units. This was well within the researchers budget, so this was welcome news. Also reassuring was that I had thought that the standard deviation was a bit big. You can check easily that a smaller standard deviation would leave to a smaller sample size.
For the healing time, a standard deviation of 0.5 leads to a ridiculously small sample size (5 or 6 per group).
A standard deviation of 1.5 leads to the exact same sample size, which is not surprising.
For total costs, a standard deviation of 0.67 and a MCID of $0.50 leads to a sample size of 29 per group. That's reassuring, but the standard deviation could possibly be as large as 1.0.
In this case, the sample size would be 64 per group, which would bust the budget. I asked if they could live with a study that could detect a $1.00 difference in costs. That seemed reasonable to them.
A study that would try to detect a difference of $1.00 would need 17 patients per group, assuming the standard deviation that was also $1.00. Looking at all the calculations, it appears that a sample of 36 patients per group is a reasonable choice. It fits within the research budget. It provides 80% for detecting a shift of one unit in the Oucher scale. The same sample size provides 80% power for healing time using the worst case scenario of a standard deviation of 1.5. It's not quite adequate for detecting a shift of $0.50 in costs, depending on what the standard deviation is, but more than adequate for detecting a shift of $1.00 in costs.
The fly in the ointment: research without a research hypothesis.
What do you do if you don't have a research hypothesis? This is a situation where you need to discuss things in more detail with your statistical consultant.
In some research studies, the goal is exploratory. You don't have a formal hypothesis at the start of the study, but rather you are hoping that the data you collect will generate hypotheses for future studies. The path to selecting a sample size in these settings is quite different. Often you want to establish that the confidence intervals for some of the key descriptive statistics in these studies has a reasonable amount of precision.
Pilot studies also do not normally have a research hypothesis. It is tricky to determine the appropriate sample size for a pilot study. This will be dealt with in the next chapter.
If your study involves assessing validity or reliability, then you could force your research goal into a formal hypothesis, but I don't recommend it. Most efforts to establish reliability and/or validitiy involve estimation of a correlation (for example, a correlation between two different observers or a correlation of your measure and a gold standard). If this is the case, simply calculate how wide you would expect your confidence interval for the correlation to be. Specify a sample size and a target for your correlation. Then your sample size is adequate if the confidence interval is sufficiently narrow.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License. This page was written by Steve Simon and was last modified on 2017-06-15. Need more information? I have a page with general help resources. You can also browse for pages similar to this one at Category: Professional details. | http://pmean.com/10/SampleSize.html |
In the financial world, R-squared is a statistical measure that represents the percentage of a fund or a security's movements that can be explained by movements in a benchmark index. Where correlation explains the strength of the relationship between an independent and dependent variable, R-squared explains to what extent the variance of one variable explains the variance of the second variable. The formula for R-squared is simply correlation squared. (Want to learn more about excel? Visit Investopedia Academy for our excel courses).
Common Mistakes with R-Squared
The single most common mistake is assuming an R-squared approaching +/- 1 is statistically significant. A reading approaching +/- 1 definitely increases the chances of actual statistical significance, but without further testing it's impossible to know based on the result alone. The statistical testing is not at all straightforward; it can get complicated for a number of reasons. To touch on this briefly, a critical assumption of correlation (and thus R-squared) is that the variables are independent and that the relationship between them is linear. In theory, you would test these claims to determine if a correlation calculation is appropriate.
The second most common mistake is forgetting to normalized the data into a common unit. If you are calculating a correlation (or R-squared) on two betas, then the units are already normalized: The unit is beta. However, if you want to correlate stocks, it's critical you normalize them into percent return, and not share price changes. This happens all too frequently, even among investment professionals.
For stock price correlation (or R-squared), you are essentially asking two questions: What is the return over a certain number of periods, and how does that variance relate to another securities variance over the same period? Two securities might have a high correlation (or R-squared) if the return is daily percent changes over the past 52 weeks, but a low correlation if the return is monthly changes over the past 52 weeks. Which one is "better"? There really is no perfect answer, and it depends on the purpose of the test.
How to Calculate R-Squared in Excel
There are several methods to calculating R-squared in Excel.
The simplest way is to get two data sets and use the built-in R-squared formula. The other alternative is to find correlation, then square it. Both are shown below:
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As the four women serving on the Boston City Council, we believe it is time to shine a spotlight on the state of early education and childcare in our city. Prior to serving on this body, each of us recognized our passion for helping marginalized communities in Boston and now our platform allows us to focus on developing and implementing progressive policies. The issue of affordable, accessible, and equitable childcare not only deserves our attention but demands it. Each of us come from differing backgrounds that provide us with four unique entry points into effecting positive change in early education and childcare.
Back in January, Councilor Michelle Wu filed an order charging the Committee on Healthy Women, Families, and Community to host policy briefings regarding early education and care, each with a different focus. The topics we are focusing on are: childcare for homeless families, community-based providers, childcare funding mechanisms, childcare for families with non-traditional work hours, the transition from early education and care to school, equity in geographic access to childcare, and on-site childcare in the workplace. While affordable childcare has become a new watchword in today’s politics, the details are frequently left untouched. Together we have identified four specific approaches to the issue that we will actively explore via an open dialogue with the City’s community. They include accessibility of childcare, citywide on-site childcare, childcare for the homeless, and community-based childcare.
Quality childcare is essential for development.
While policy makers often put significant weight on the importance of traditional education through public or private schools, there is not enough emphasis on the impact of early childcare on the developmental trajectory of Boston’s youth. High quality care is positively related with better cognitive, social, and emotional development in children, which in turn impacts school readiness and academic performance. The high turnover and relatively low wages characteristic of childcare centers is not conducive to the type of care the City’s children need to thrive. Here there is not only room, but dear need, for workforce development and career opportunities for Boston’s early childcare providers.
Affordable childcare is essential for the economic stability of families, particularly women.
The cost of childcare in Massachusetts is exorbitant – we are the second most expensive state in the country. Suffolk County, in particular, offers some of the least affordable infant care in the Commonwealth. Boston is the largest economic hub in Massachusetts and we want to make it possible for families to stay in Boston and participate in the economy. However, economic growth, stability, and opportunity will become unfeasible for those who call Boston their home if we cannot expand access and improve the quality of our childcare system.
According to Childcare Aware of America, the annual cost of infant care in Massachusetts is $17,082 for center-based care and $10,679 for home-based care. These numbers become especially staggering when put in terms of income percentage. For married families with two children, a year of center-based childcare amounts to 24.8% of the family’s annual income. Yet two parents signing away a fourth of their income is nothing compared to the challenges faced by single parents. For a single parent with two children, the cost of center-based care consumes a whopping 107.3% of their annual income. It is simply unsustainable for most families to access early education and care.
Nationally, families with incomes at or below the poverty line can expect to spend 30.1% of their income on childcare. When the burden of childcare poses this large of a financial strain, parents may be forced to take time off of work or leave the workforce altogether in order to care for their children. This essentially freezes their economic mobility and their opportunities to find work. Access to early education and care for families experiencing homelessness is a particularly distressing situation. There are thousands of children on waiting lists for vouchers and other resources for childcare and early education. This lack of resources contributes to families remaining trapped in cycles of poverty. There are great organizations doing this work, like Horizons for Homeless Children, as highlighted by our first policy briefing hosted by Councilor Essaibi-George at Horizons for Homeless Children’s facilities.
Due to a persisting wage gap and other factors, women are more likely to be the parent that takes time off work for caregiving. On average, women in Massachusetts make 83 cents for every dollar earned by a white, non-Hispanic male. This pay ratio is even worse for women of color. Asian women make 80 cents to the dollar, Native American women make 63 cents to the dollar, African American women make 61 cents to the dollar, and Latina women make 50 cents to the dollar. Additionally, motherhood continues to be treated as a detriment in US workplaces. Providing more sustainable childcare options can help in mitigating this motherhood penalty.
The benefit of on-site childcare is not fully recognized.
In part, the notion of quality childcare is tethered to proximity and access to one’s children. Those of us who have been fortunate enough to experience on-site childcare in the workplace recognize the tremendous benefit afforded by the ability to commute to and from work with your child, as well as being able to visit them during lunch and effortlessly check in should any problems arise. In 2010, only 7% of US companies offered on-site childcare. Employers face undue financial hardship when benefits or childcare options are not robust enough and employees leave in pursuit of more sustainable options. Economics aside, being physically close to your child is treated as a luxury when instead it should be a standard practice. We aim to bring some amount of on-site childcare to every workplace in Boston.
Community-based childcare is a model worth exploring for parents with nontraditional work hours.
Although on-site childcare is one favorable option, it will not provide solutions for those who work in fields with nontraditional hours. Parents with nontraditional work hours often have immense difficulty in identifying reliable, trustworthy care, largely due to the fact that less than a third of home-based childcare—and less than a tenth of center-based childcare—is provided during evenings and weekends. For these parents, we now look to community-based childcare systems where the hours and days of operation should be increasingly flexible. This model of childcare also exposes children to a wider spectrum of ages and nurtures a sense of communal learning and involvement for them.
And although community based providers of early education and care are critical parts of the overall system, this workforce faces unique challenges. There is a persistent gap in pay between teachers providing pre-K in local school districts such as Boston Public Schools and those in community or home based organizations. Our policy briefings are looking at strategies to unlock the potential of these small business owners who have dedicated their lives to education and development of our children and supporting their professional development.
We hope you will check the City of Boston Public Notices website for upcoming policy briefings both inside City Hall and out in the communities. We invite the public to join us and share their challenges, ideas, strategies and hopes for early education and care in the city. Affordable, quality childcare is critical and necessary for the healthy development of our youth, economic stability of our families, and upward mobility of our economy. We hope you will join us. | http://equalpayma.com/en/news/deeper-dive-early-education-and-care |
About half of the families in the United States report having trouble finding quality, affordable care, and in many cases it’s prompting one parent—most often moms—to leave the workforce altogether.
While child-care costs have doubled over the past two decades, wages have remained relatively stagnant. As a result, families are being forced to decide whether having both parents work makes financial sense.
Families who live in so-called child-care deserts—which is about half of the families in the U.S.—face even greater barriers with few, if any, child-care resources available. This directly impacts families’ economic security, making it nearly impossible for both parents to work outside the home. Families of color and those who live in rural areas disproportionately live in child-care deserts.
Even when child care is secured, many parents struggle with backup options on days when their children get sick or the weather prompts schools to close—and it’s often moms who stay home.
“Last week I missed four days of work because of one of my twin daughters caught the flu,” says Courtney Potter in Orlando, Florida. “I tried to work from home but it’s not the same when you’re taking care of a sick kid.”
Childcare concerns make it difficult for mothers to nurture careers.
When regular or backup childcare is nonexistent, mothers are disproportionately affected. One recent survey by the Center for American Progress (CAP) found mothers were 40 percent more likely than fathers to feel the negative impact of child-care concerns on their careers.
So does that mean improving access to quality child care will result in better employment rates—and perhaps higher earnings and even advancement—among mothers? The mothers polled in the CAP survey think so. If they had access to affordable child care, mothers reported they would vie for more promotions, look for higher-paying jobs, and be better able to increase both their earnings and career potential.
Businesses also feel the impact of the child care crisis.
It’s not just finding quality care that’s a problem, it’s finding affordable quality child care that allows parents to work full-time jobs that’s a problem. Even parents who can afford childcare struggle to balance work schedules with those of most childcare centers, adding to the stress of being a working parent. “I can’t tell you how many times I’ve raced out of a meeting to make it to daycare before closing,” says Potter. “It makes you wonder whether it’s all worth it.”
Quality childcare and early learning programs not only make it easier for both mothers and fathers to work, they benefit businesses, too. It’s estimated that as a result of their employees’ childcare challenges, business lose almost $13 billion annually. If we want to build a strong workforce and achieve true gender equality, the country’s childcare dilemma will need to be solved.
Solving the problem will require systemic change.
There are ways to alleviate the impact of this crisis, but they require commitment from lawmakers and changes to the system as a whole. Shael Polakow-Suransky, president of the Bank Street College of Education, suggests a four-step solution. First, implementing six months of paid parental leave would reduce the amount of child care needed and promote bonding. Next, Mr. Polakow-Suransky calls for an increase in caregivers’ wages to drive up the quality of care available. The third and fourth steps would be to provide public funding for both teacher training and for struggling families to help cover child care costs.
A recent increase in federal funding allowed more families to pay for childcare costs, but some states have loopholes that prevent those in job training programs or enrolled in college courses to take advantage of it.
Without a greater public and private investment in quality, affordable childcare and the policies to support it, critics warn the crisis may worsen. The country’s largely female workforce relies on it to advance, and many American families need it not just to thrive, but to survive.
Dealing with school closures, childcare issues, or other challenges related to coronavirus? Find support, advice, activities to keep kids entertained, learning opportunities and more in our Coronavirus Parents: Parenting in a Pandemic Facebook Group.
For ongoing updates on coronavirus-related issues and questions that impact children and families, please find additional resources here. | https://parents-together.org/the-american-child-care-crisis-how-mothers-are-being-forced-from-the-workplace/ |
WASHINGTON, D.C. (February 28, 2020) – The U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation today released a new report examining the impact of childcare issues on Pennsylvania’s state economy. The report is part of a broader “Untapped Potential” study of four U.S. states – Idaho, Iowa, Mississippi, and Pennsylvania – that reveals the cost of childcare challenges and opportunities to unlock economic potential for states and employers.
The study found that Pennsylvania misses an estimated $3.47 billion annually for the state’s economy. This number includes a $591 million annual loss in tax revenue as well as an annual loss to Pennsylvania employers of $2.88 billion on absences and employee turnover as a result of childcare breakdowns.
“The lack of affordable, quality childcare is a critical component of the workforce issues plaguing Pennsylvania and states across the country,” Gene Barr, president and CEO of the Pennsylvania Chamber of Business and Industry. “This issue has acted as a barrier for many people to enter the workforce – leaving an entire segment of the population that is ready and able to work out of career paths that pay family-sustaining incomes. As part of the Pennsylvania Chamber’s workforce initiative, Start the Conversation Here, we are pleased to partner with the U.S. Chamber Foundation and elected officials across the Commonwealth and nation on solutions to address this workforce challenge.”
Key findings include:
- Childcare issues result in a total estimated $3.47 billion annual loss for Pennsylvania’s economy.
- The state misses out on an estimated $591 million annually in tax revenue due to childcare issues.
- Absences and employee turnover cost Pennsylvania employers a further estimated $2.88 billion per year.
- At least 55% of parents in Pennsylvania reported missing work due to childcare issues in the past 3 months.
- Approximately four in 10 parents in Pennsylvania postponed school or a training program due to childcare issues.
“Each state's challenges are unique–as are their childcare systems, and the diversity of their employers–so the solutions that tackle these challenges must be unique as well,” said Cheryl Oldham, senior vice president of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation’s Center for Education and Workforce. “To solve this complex issue, it will take a collaboration of partners, including federal and state investment, support from the business community, philanthropic organizations, and expertise from early education advocates and providers.”
The report was unveiled as part of a series of economic studies of Iowa, Idaho, Mississippi, and Pennsylvania at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation’s national Early Ed Summit at the Chamber of Commerce in Washington, D.C. The Summit hosted workforce leaders and early education advocates to discuss the economic impact of childcare breakdowns, unique challenges faced by each state, and the role of business in solving this childcare crisis.
To access the full reports, videos, report methodology, and other resources, visit: uschamberfoundation.org/UntappedPotential
About the U.S. Chamber Foundation
The U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation is dedicated to strengthening America’s long-term competitiveness. We educate the public on the conditions necessary for business and communities to thrive, how business positively impacts communities, and emerging issues and creative solutions that will shape the future.
About the U.S. Chamber of Commerce
The U.S. Chamber of Commerce is the world’s largest business federation representing the interests of more than 3 million businesses of all sizes, sectors, and regions, as well as state and local chambers and industry associations. | https://www.uschamberfoundation.org/press-release/new-study-reveals-pennsylvania-loses-billions-potential-revenue-due-inadequate |
Executive’s Covid-19 recovery plan fails to recognise vital role of childcare to the economy
The Executive has published its Covid recovery plan. ‘Building Forward – Consolidated Covid Recovery Plan’ which sets out how the economy, and society more broadly, can recover from Covid-19 and emerge stronger, planning for longer term transformative and innovative change. The strategy brings a suite of recovery actions together into one document, recognising that economic, health and societal challenges existed prior to Covid-19 and the need to transition from crisis mode in tackling the pandemic, to recovery.
This Integrated Recovery Plan has been developed to inform the Executive’s priorities to accelerate recovery over the next 24 months under four strategic recovery accelerators:
- Sustainable economic development;
- Green growth and sustainability;
- Tackling inequalities;
- Health of the population.
Childcare critical to economic recovery
The plan acknowledges that Covid-19 has deepened some of the inequalities that existed previously in our society as well as pointing to the disproportionate impact of the pandemic on those from disadvantaged backgrounds, and on women in terms of remaining in employment. It recognises that “affordable, accessible childcare would help remedy this” but the vital role of childcare in our economic recovery is not referenced beyond this one sentence within the strategy nor was there any mention of what this ‘remedy’ would entail. While the plan includes an Action Plan (at Appendix A) setting out detailed interventions under each of the identified recovery pillars, there is no reference to the need for urgent investment in our childcare sector, through a much-needed and long-overdue Childcare Strategy.
While we agree that childcare has an important role in tackling inequality, particularly for women and those from disadvantaged backgrounds, we are disappointed that the Executive plan has failed to address childcare as an economic issue and how this can support overall economic recovery.
Our research shows that while lack of access to childcare does have a disproportionate impact on women (48% of mothers told us they adjusted their working hours to manage childcare during Covid-19, compared to just 28% of fathers), childcare is essential to the economy as a whole, and plays a vital role in supporting parents to get into, and stay in work. This was demonstrated during Covid-19 when childcare workers across the sector stepped up, opening their homes and businesses to the children of key workers – allowing our doctors and nurses, supermarket workers and bus drivers, and many, many others do their jobs at a time of global crisis.
The ‘New Decade, New Approach’ agreement committed the Executive to “Publish a Childcare Strategy and identify resources to delivery extended, affordable and high quality provision of early education and care initiatives for families with children aged 3-4”. This was overdue then and is even more critical now. In the words of a parent who responded to our Northern Ireland Childcare Survey research last year:
“Covid-19 has brought into very sharp focus just how much we rely on those who look after our children and the massive benefit they have provided to them… Aside from the fact that childcare allows us to work without worrying about children, the educational / social / emotional support they provide for our children is invaluable.”
Childcare must be recognised as an essential part of our infrastructure that will underpin our economic and societal recovery from Covid-19.
From our work with parents and employers we know that an inability to afford or access childcare is a barrier to parents, particularly women and those in lower paid jobs, seeking to get back into the workforce or increase their hours of work. Investment in our childcare infrastructure to ensure quality care is affordable and accessible is a key to unlocking this barrier and can play a vital role in tackling issues such as economic inactivity and unemployment. Looking more broadly, there is clear evidence that children who benefit from quality, enriching childcare achieve better educational outcomes and, over their lifetime, have higher earning potential.
There was a clear opportunity for the Executive to recognise this through a commitment to the publication of a Childcare Strategy as part of this strategic Covid-19 recovery plan. This would have signalled publicly to the childcare sector that the contribution they made during the pandemic has been valued and their vital role in enabling parents to work, and the economy to prosper, has been understood. It would also have given hope to families, a third of whom are paying more for childcare than their rent or mortgage, that our Executive wants to make it easier for parents to get into work, stay in work and ultimately, be able to make work pay.
Conclusion
It is essential, as we work towards our recovery from Covid-19 and seek to emerge as a stronger, more resilient and dynamic economy and society, that we take a joined-up approach across Government to deliver an ambitious and world-leading Childcare Strategy that will deliver significant, long-term, strategic support and investment into our key childcare infrastructure. | https://www.employersforchildcare.org/news-item/11630/ |
If 50 years ago you asked whether or not a company should take responsibility for helping its employee’s access and find childcare, it’s likely that members of the company’s leadership team would have laughed in your face. Until very recently, caring for young children was considered a family, actually a woman’s, responsibility.
But things are changing. The workforce of today looks quite different.
Today’s Workforce
For a start, women make up nearly half of the American workforce, and 40% of mothers are the primary breadwinner. Two-thirds of children under five now live in homes where both parents work, compared to less than 1 in 10 in 1940. And more and more of these children are being born to millennial parents (7 out of 10) who have different ideas about the workforce and the how they manage their work-life balance.
Leading employers have identified this shift and recognize that acknowledging it is a winning proposition, both for their business and for America’s future.
The Impact
According to a 2015 study by EY, working fathers between the ages of 18 and 36 are more likely to say they are willing to change jobs or careers to better manage work-life demands. What’s more, one third of highly educated and skilled women are still dropping out of the workforce after having children, and 74% say lack of childcare is the reason why. To think that replacing that employee can cost companies up to 150% of that individual’s salary.
Would those same women have dropped out of the workforce if they had proper support when they needed it? Perhaps not. When surveyed, 69% of women say they wouldn’t have taken time off if companies had offered flexible work options such as reduced-hour schedules, job sharing, part-time career tracks, or short unpaid sabbaticals.
These findings are reflected in a new survey on working parent’s attitudes towards childcare, commissioned by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation. According to the survey, to be released later this Spring, the lack of options is forcing parents to make the difficult decision to leave the workforce, with 1 in 2 working parents saying their decision to stay home with their children was impacted by the lack of childcare services offered by their previous employer and the lack of childcare in their area.
Taking Action
For companies thinking about how to attract and retain talent, these changing demographics pose a challenge. Without the right policies in place, companies risk losing out on highly educated and skilled employees, particularly women.
The changing nature of the workforce and shifting employee expectations provide the business community with a unique opportunity to lead the way in implementing family friendly policies that support their employees and make economic sense for the business’ bottom line.
- Don’t rush to provide support without having a good understanding of the needs of your employees. Survey your employees to find out what their needs are. Knowing what they want and value will help you find care solutions that work for your company. When Home Depot surveyed their employees, they found that childcare was a top priority for their employees and this data enabled them to address this need in the most effective way.
- Not all employees will want the same thing, so be ready to look at a number of options to determine what best suits the company and the needs of your employees. Flexible Savings Accounts and back-up care are great places to start, and companies such as Bright Horizons, KinderCare, and Care.com all provide a number of different options. Family childcare networks provide a great option if your employees work irregular hours.
- Offering onsite childcare is a large investment and not realistic for many companies, but partnering with other companies provides a unique (and less resource intensive) way to address your employees needs. In Austin, IBM and the Austin Diagnostic Clinic partnered with KinderCare Education to offer near-site childcare for their staff as an alternative to a single onsite center.
- Employers are a trusted source of information for their employees. Sometimes the best support you can provide is being a resource. Help your employees navigate the challenging world of childcare by providing information and recommendations on high-quality options in your local community. Your state Quality Ratings and Improvement website is a good place to start to find that information.
- Take the lead: you’ll be rewarded for it. Not only do half of working parents say it’s very important that the business community leads the way in providing access to quality and affordable childcare, they also have a more positive view of those companies that do.
For more information on how you can engage, read out toolkit, Leading the Way: A Guide for Business Engagement in Early Education, join us at one of our roadshow events this year, or contact a member of our team at [email protected]. | https://www.uschamberfoundation.org/blog/post/business-make-it-your-problem |
San Diego City Councilmember Raul Campillo held a press conference Monday morning calling for more affordable and accessible childcare in the city as the pandemic skyrocketed difficulties and obstacles in obtaining them.
In the company of child enrichment advocates, Campillo said San Diego is becoming a “less family-friendly” city due to struggles that were intensified by the coronavirus pandemic.
“Recent trends indicate that the city is becoming less family-friendly,” the District 7 councilmember said at a news conference from a Linda Vista childcare center. “This is born out of a recent showing of three distinct trends: first, the decline of school enrollment rates. Second, a decline of female labor force participation. And third, a decline in birth rates.”
Since the beginning of the pandemic, roughly 2.5 million women left the workforce, according to Vice-President Kamala Harris. The U.S. birth and fertility rate dropped in 2020, with the number of births declining by 4% from 2019. Additionally, San Diego County experienced a 3% decrease in enrollment during the 2020-2021 school year.
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“These all show that San Diegans are less likely to feel able to start a family here and those who do start a family too often need to exclude themselves from the workforce due to a lack of availability and affordability in high quality childcare,” Campillo said.
According to the city leader, the way to combat the disparities is by providing equitable childcare resources.
The first step in doing so, he said, is by identifying sites that could be used for childcare services. Second, the creation of an Office of Child and Youth Success would help place families in the direction of affordable child services and third, assigning roles of executive director, program planner and a youth intern for the aforementioned office would be crucial in overseeing practices.
Local
“We know, just as every working family in San Diego and frankly, anywhere else, knows that access to affordable childcare facilities and options is an absolutely critical part of any family and any parent who wants to be able to work and serve their employer,” said Michael Zucchet, General Manager, San Diego Municipal Employees Association (MEA).
At least $430,000 would be needed to achieve these goals.
Campillo said he will request funds from next year's fiscal budget to realize his objective. His recommendations would first have to be included in the proposed budget and then be approved by the San Diego City Council before it could be achieved.
“I believe that we need to take bold action to immediately reverse the trends that I discussed before and make our city more accessible and accommodating to those who want to raise their children here, regardless of their zip code,” Campillo said. | https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/sd-councilmember-campillo-announces-steps-to-achieve-affordable-childcare/2613077/ |
by Erica Loken, M.P.P.
This Women’s History Month, issues related to women garnered a lot of headlines, but not all the news was good. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed and magnified significant barriers to women’s economic recovery that have long required solutions. No doubt women have made significant strides, such as the Nation electing the first female vice president and a record number of women in Congress, but the number of women in the workplace is declining.
Over 2.3 million women have left the workforce since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, and 25 percent have considered leaving the labor force or stepping back from full-time work. These challenges disproportionately impact Black, Indigenous, Women of Color (BIWOC) as well as low-income women. The crisis of women dropping out of the workforce will set women back even further economically if America’s leaders don’t come together across sectors and political divides to act quickly and decisively to put effective and sustainable solutions into action.
In response to the crisis facing America’s workers, we convened the Convergence Dialogue on Economic Recovery for America’s Workers, which brought together a diverse group of participant stakeholders including business leaders, worker advocates, and workforce policy experts to identify the watershed issues for worker recovery. Experts agree, and our participants echoed, that policies that squarely address the needs of women are fundamental to America’s full economic recovery.
As the dialogue on Economic Recovery wraps up, the group identified the need for strategic collaborative dialogue to increase access to benefits and supports for dislocated workers and their families, including strengthening the childcare sector and expanding childcare access. Pre-pandemic caregiving fell heavily on women and has only intensified throughout the crisis. With school closures and childcare options upended by COVID-19, women have borne the burden of both caregiving and educating children at home. Moreover, the childcare industry has been decimated, with childcare providers and childcare workers being one of the economic sectors hit hardest by shutdowns.
Why were our participants so concerned about childcare access? Resuscitating the childcare industry is critical to working women in every field. Simply put, working mothers will face barriers to returning to work if they do not have adequate supports for their children. America needs a robust childcare infrastructure to support women’s return to work, but experts agree that we can’t go back to the inadequate system of childcare that was not responsive to the needs of families or workers and has struggled to withstand the economic shock caused by the pandemic.
We need innovative, collaborative solutions that effectively support childcare workers and providers, who happen to be predominantly women, and particularly women of color. Solutions should expand access to quality, affordable childcare for families. Because the needs of every family are different, giving parents more childcare options and greater flexibility is vital — including for those who lean on family and friend care instead of center-based care.
A second area that Economic Recovery participants emphasized as in urgent need of attention is expanding skilling and reskilling opportunities for unemployed and at-risk workers. Giving workers more skill-building options is essential to creating pathways to secure, quality jobs that lead to economic mobility. Doing so will benefit all workers, but done right, should aim to propel the most at-risk women into more secure positions so that they may attain greater job and economic security.
Our stakeholder participants agreed that solutions should consider both rapid re-skilling and re-employment as well as re-skilling in the context of career change. These efforts ought to focus on quickly moving people back to employment and identify clear and available pathways for workers in industries with heavy job losses to find adjacent or similar roles.
The issues exacerbated by the pandemic are deeply ingrained and consequential for all women, not strictly working mothers. Nahla Valji, Senior Adviser on Gender at the United Nations, lays this out succinctly.
“Crises amplify existing inequalities, and so […] women are being affected more severely by the socioeconomic impacts of this pandemic. This is because […] women earn less, they save less, they’re more likely to be in precarious jobs with little security or protections if they do work, or in the informal sector, with no protections at all. And that means that they have less buffer to economic shocks, such as the ones we are experiencing.”
Now is not the time to retreat into our corners, but to come together across sectors and across parties in collaborative dialogue to surface the most effective and sustainable solutions. Together, we can ensure women come out of this crisis in a stronger position that will allow them to both thrive and stave off future economic shocks.
Erica Loken is a Project Associate at Convergence Center for Policy Resolution. | https://convergencepolicy.org/women-face-unexpected-challenges-during-covid-19/ |
Our group works towards the inclusion of various aspects of diversity in the radar of the Leibniz PhD Network. To this end, we have the following goals:
● Raise awareness of diversity issues in the workplace and specifically as a PhD researcher.
● Include diversity issues with articles, new ideas or changes in documents or survey, and future activities of the Leibniz PhD Network.
● Organize events dealing with diversity in the workplace.
What diversity means for us
In this group, diversity is discussed at different levels and perspectives.
o Culture and nationality: Working at a scientific institution is an international experience. People from different countries, religions, and backgrounds join forces together for a common goal, but it can be challenging. Different topics arise from this perspective:
● Language barrier
● Hierarchical views from different cultures
● Fundamental differences in culture and cultural values
● Differences in Education Systems and qualifications.
o Family life: Combining work and family life can be challenging while doing a PhD research. We want to discuss the problems that arise when you have a family or decide to start one while doing your PhD. The following topics are of interest:
● Family friendly workspace
● Family friendly working conditions
● Possibility of home office for parents
● Having children in academia: during your PhD and beyond.
● Childcare during scientific events
● Childcare is not only related to female doctoral researchers. Including men in the family friendly guidelines.
o LGBTQ+ visibility: Individuals that identify as LGBTQ+ face challenges within their work environments which include: | https://leibniz-phd.net/wg-diversity/ |
We set up the Parliamentary Inquiry into Childcare for Disabled Children to look at the extent to which disabled children and young people are included and served by the childcare system. The findings of the Inquiry will be of interest not only to government and local authorities, but all those who work with children and young people.
The Inquiry heard from parent carers and young people that the current picture is troubling. All families face childcare challenges, but these problems increase dramatically for disabled children and young people. Whilst there are numerous examples of good practice and inclusive provision, many parent carers described
being subtly discouraged or simply turned away by a provider. Some parent carers were offered fewer than the 15 hours of early education they are entitled to. Parents who wish to work succeeded in arranging suitable care often only after an exhausting battle. Parents can be, and responses to the Inquiry indicate often are, charged higher fees than for non-disabled children, but may receive no extra help when this happens.
We heard from childcare providers that many did not believe the current system ensures high quality care for disabled children and young people. Providers highlighted the frequent difficulties they had accessing inclusion support from local authorities, as well as the limited knowledge and capacity of the workforce and the inspectors charged with ensuring high standards around children that need more specialised or intensive care.
A further gap the Inquiry highlighted was in childcare for disabled young people. For nondisabled young people, holiday and out of school childcare activities are increasingly available, but disabled young people and their parents must navigate limited choices in an attempt to avoid exclusion from teenage life.
Children’s rights, the challenge of eliminating poverty and basic fairness all demand that we take the task of achieving an inclusive childcare system seriously. No child’s horizons and opportunities should be narrowed by their first encounters with education and activities outside the school system. No parent should be excluded from the opportunity to work. It makes no sense for disabled children to be included in mainstream education but excluded from mainstream childcare.
Inclusive childcare is also good policy. For example, one of the government’s key education goals is to reduce the significant vocabulary gap between low and high income children by the time they are aged five. Children with special educational needs are over-represented in children experiencing language delay. This is why access to therapeutic support is critical in closing this gap and why access to the full early education entitlement so important for these children.
Childcare is increasingly central to modern life, but the childcare system is not serving families with disabled children well. We have set out a number of steps the government could take immediately to begin to address these problems. The Inquiry report also provides a platform and opportunity to ensure that inclusion is in future at the heart of childcare policy. The opportunity is one we believe the government must take. | https://www.basw.co.uk/resources/parliamentary-inquiry-childcare-disabled-children |
A collection of posts, articles and media related to child care shortages and challenges in communities across Canada.
Day care spaces lacking in the Alberni Valley, according to a childcare consultant.
The money tied to each provincial deal would likely top up a base amount of per capita funding to each province, like the way social program money is distributed.
The shortage of early childhood education workers in the East Kootenay area has meant daycares are closing and some parents who want to return to work just can't.
Affordable child care advocates are using Mother’s Day to remind the province that affordable, regulated child care is important to children but also the workforce as a whole.
Refugee agencies are scrambling to ensure they have enough daycare spaces for Syrian refugees arriving in Saskatchewan.
Lack of quality child care spaces and the expense of hard-to-come-by spots are forcing some parents to think outside the box.
Worried about historic child-care shortages in Calgary, two city councillors are looking for options to boost the number of spaces. Finding childcare in a city with an escalating number of births every year has long been a source of frustration for parents.
The province's new plan aims to create 12,000 more child-care spaces in Manitoba.
Having kids remains a debt sentence for many families in Metro region.
The province, City of Vancouver and the school board are using space they already have in this tight real estate market. A childcare centre is being added to a Vancouver elementary during seismic upgrades.
Christine Fretwell waited a year and a half to get her twin boys into a YMCA after-school care program at Lord Roberts Elementary in Vancouver’s West End. She knows she’s not the only parent who struggled to fill the gap between when school lets out and the workday ends. | https://list.ly/list/18cy-canada-is-lacking-child-care-spaces-across-the-country |
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