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Nearly every activity requires the use of our hands, so when conditions or injuries keep us from performing even the most basic tasks at home, work or play, it’s important to find a quality care specialist. At the Hand Center, our team has extensive experience evaluating and treating both minor and complex conditions. Through non-surgical and surgical treatment options, they help patients overcome pain and debilitation. The team of surgeons and Physician Assistants (PAs) enables patients to return to work, perform routine chores again and resume the activities they love.
WALANT
The Hand Center team also specializes in wide-awake, no local anesthesia, no tourniquet WALANT surgery. General anesthesia is not used, so patients are not sedated. Patients stay awake for their surgery and there is no pain from a tourniquet. This translates to a lower-cost surgery for patients, faster recovery and overall better experience. Learn more about this advanced technique HERE.
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When an Annapolis area resident goes in for surgery, they legitimately feel apprehensive about the procedure. Whether the surgery is planned or more of an emergency, it can be scary to put your life in the hands of another person. Most of the time a surgery goes as expected and is successful. But occasionally a surgical error occurs where a person is unexpectedly seriously injured.
Surgeons are highly trained doctors who perform life-threatening work every day. Unfortunately, not every surgeon is as diligent and careful as they should be, causing thousands of unexpected surgical errors each year. Common surgical errors include:
- Wrong site surgery. Although it can be hard to believe, wrong site surgeries continue to happen. Patients have wrong legs amputated, wrong kidneys removed, etc.
- Foreign objects left in patient’s body. Far too often surgeons leave pads, gauze, scalpels in the bodies of their patients which cause extreme pain and infection.
- Wrong patient surgery. Miscommunication can lead to a patient receiving the wrong surgery.
- Anesthesia errors. Anesthesia errors are often the most serious and most deadly errors that are made in surgery. If too much anesthesia is administered a patient can get too little oxygen and suffer brain damage. If too little anesthesia is administered a patient can wake up in the middle of surgery.
- Nerve damage. A tiny slip of the scalpel can lead to a damaged nerve, punctured lung, and everything in between. This can cause a lifetime of pain, infection and disability.
A legal professional who is skilled in medical malpractice can help their client understand what happened during the surgery. They can review medical records and consult with medical experts to get the answers their client deserves. If negligence is suspected an attorney can hold the medical professional accountable. Compensation may be available for medical expenses, pain and suffering, lost wages, future medical expenses, and other damages. | https://www.joelkatzllc.com/blog/surgical-errors-can-be-serious/ |
The development of wisdom teeth can potentially lead to disturbances in dental anatomy. Common occurrences include pain, tooth decay, periodontal disease, acute pericoronitis, cysts, and crowding. In order to prevent these issues from taking place, extraction of the wisdom teeth is often recommended. The Huntsville OMS staff possesses the training and skill needed to provide comprehensive treatment and relief.
Dental Implants offer a stable solution to replacing missing teeth while maintaining a natural look and feel. The Implant is placed in the jawbone, serving as an anchor to which a prosthetic tooth will be secured. The stability provided by Dental Implants is a result of osseointegration, a process by which the jawbone fuses with the implant and provides a secure foundation. Your Huntsville OMS team is skilled in all Dental Implant surgical techniques.
Modern anesthetic technology allows the Huntsville OMS surgeons to perform extensive surgical procedures with reduced discomfort to patients. General anesthesia is administered to control both pain and anxiety. As a member of the American Dental Association of Anesthesiology, Huntsville OMS remains current on the latest advancements in anesthesiology in the oral and maxillofacial field. | http://huntsvilleoms.com/procedures.asp |
Copyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Received 27 December 2014; accepted 18 January 2015; published 22 January 2015
ABSTRACT
Background: The experience of short-term results of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair using 3D mesh in a developing country is reviewed. Methods: From January 2012 to February 2014, 53 patients underwent laparoscopic inguinal hernioplasty. A retrospective case series of 53 consecutive patients undergoing TEP/TAPP by a single surgical team was followed prospectively with a focused physical examination and interview. 4 out of 53 patients had recurrent hernia following open repairs and 49 had primary hernias. Data collected included operative time, intraoperative bleeding, intraoperative difficulties, immediate postoperative pain, chronic groin pain, recurrence, sensory disturbance, activity or occupational limitation and personal satisfaction. Results: All the patients were male aged from 32 to 75 years with a mean age of 53.5 years. Mean operative time was 37.4 minutes; intraoperative dissection, blood loss were less; and immediate postoperative pain was negligible as assessed by VAS. There was no mortality or major morbidity. Mean follow-up was 12 months (2 to 18 months). Follow-up was completed by interview and physical examination. Hernia was not found to recur during the follow-up period. Chronic pain occurred in 2 patients (3.7%), which was mild in nature. Ninety-seven percent of patients were satisfied with their repair and would or had recommended TEP/TAPP to others using 3D Mesh. Conclusions: Short-term results of TEP/TAPP hernia repair using 3D mesh demonstrated to be an effective and safe procedure with low prevalence of chronic pain that was generally of a mild, infrequent nature. It was also concurred that there was decrease in operative time. Manipulation of mesh was significantly reduced. Intraoperative bleeding and use of post operative analgesia was reduced considerably. There was no recurrence, however the cost of the mesh increased the overall cost of the procedure acting as a limiting factor in a developing country.
Keywords:
Inguinal Hernia, 3D Prolene Mesh, Totally Extra-Peritoneally (TEP), Trans-Abdominal Pre-Peritoneal (TAPP)
1. Introduction
Inguinal hernias have plagued mankind for its upright gait since evolution. Around 16% of the patients presenting to our outpatient department have inguinal hernias. Various procedures like the use of patients own tissues or prosthetic meshes have been used in the past with varying degrees of success. The revolutionary success of laparoscopic cholecystectomy has resulted in an intense effort to apply this concept of minimally invasive surgery to other operative procedures like inguinal hernia. The laparoscopic hernia surgery was initially a controversial topic with various studies publishing contradictory results. Unfortunately, the initial enthusiasm in laparoscopic hernioplasty was met with a disappointing early recurrence rate, which was as high as 25% in some series. However, with two decade of experience in lap hernia surgery, the dust seems to be settling down more towards accepting the superiority of the laparoscopic repairs over conventional open repairs. This is mainly due to the proper understanding of endoscopic inguinal anatomy, abandoning of initial procedures like plug and patch technique, refinement of the surgical techniques, introduction of the preperitoneal placement of mesh, etc.
Laparoscopic hernioplasty has several advantages over its open counterparts. First and foremost aspect from the patient’s point of view is the reduced postoperative pain and short recovery period. Second, the entire myo- pectineal orifice can be inspected, allowing for repair of any unexpected concomitant hernias thereby reducing the chance of recurrence. Third, laparoscopic hernioplasty avoids previous operative scar site in patients with recurrent hernias . In addition, simultaneously bilateral inguinal hernias can be managed conveniently by the same ports.
The disadvantages of laparoscopic repair include the need of general anaesthesia, the breach of peritoneum in TAPP repairs and the cost of the procedure and the need of expertise of the operating surgeon. The manipulation of the mesh in the confined space is quite tedious and prevents the operating surgeons from using laparoscopic technique in majority of the patients having inguinal hernias.
Recently a contoured anatomical 3D mesh has been introduced in the market. This mesh made of polypropylene resembles the normal inguinal area curvature. It has memory in the individual fibres of the polypropylene which results in even and quick placement of the mesh in the preperitoneal space. The marks on the medial aspect allow the surgeon to correctly orient the mesh covering the entire myopectineal orifice.
2. Aim
The aim of the present study is to assess the short-term results of TEP/TAPP using 3D mesh in a developing nation.
3. Methods
The records of 53 consecutive patients who had undergone lap inguinal (TEP/TAPP) hernioplasty between January 2012 and February 2014 at Department of Surgery, Govt. Medical College Srinagar, were reviewed and the patients recalled for clinical assessment. 49 patients had primary hernias and 4 had recurrent hernias following open hernia repairs. All procedures were performed by a single surgical team. The standard procedure in TEP, previously described, was performed under general anesthesia with creation of sub-umbilical port, indigenously made balloon dissection and subsequent carbon dioxide insufflation of the preperitoneal space. Reduction of hernia sac was achieved using two 5 mm lower midline working ports. In cases of large hernias, the sac was ligated by 2.0 Polyglactin 910 thread and the distal sac was allowed to retract into the scrotum. Prefabricated polypropylene 3D mesh was then inserted in the extraperitoneal space covering the hernia orifices as shown in Figure 1. No fixation of the mesh was used.
Standard technique of TAPP was used in cases of larger, irreducible hernias or recurrent hernias. One 10 mm umbilical port for telescope and two 5 mm ports in both illac fossa were used for dissection.
Figure 1. 3D mesh.
Specific issues addressed by the review were operative time, intra-operative dissection, intra-operative bleeding, immediate post-operative pain which was assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), chronic groin pain, tenderness, sensory disturbance, activity restriction or occupational limitation, and personal satisfaction. Specific examination to detect early recurrence was conducted in follow up period.
Chronic pain was defined in line with the International Association of Study of Pain as that pain persisting beyond 3 months from the date of surgery . The type of pain (somatic ligamentous, neuropathic or visceral) and its severity were classified according to Cunningham . Mild pain was defined as occasional pain or discomfort and caused no limitation to usual activities and allowed for a full return to pre-hernia lifestyle. Moderate pain was defined as pain interfering with or preventing a full return to pre-hernia activities such as sports, but not limiting basic daily activities. Severe pain was defined as pain that incapacitated the patient at regular intervals or interfered with basic activities of daily living such as walking, or caused significant occupational difficulties. Sensory impairment was categorized into anesthesia, paraesthesia or hyperesthesia.
4. Results
In the period January 2012 to February 2014, 53 inguinal hernias were repaired in 53 patients. We had no cases of bi-lateral hernias. Mean operative time was 37.4 minutes ranging from 27 to 80 minutes. Intraoperative dissection and intraoperative blood loss both were significantly less. One patient (1.8%) experienced severe immediate postoperative pain which settled with routine analgesia. Most of the patients 47 (88.67%) were discharged within 24 hours of surgery. The mean length of follow-up was 12 months (range 2 - 18 months). There was no recurrence (0%). Two patients (3.7%) described persistent chronic pain which was mild in nature. No patients had ongoing moderate or severe pain. In one of these, pain type was somatic ligamentous, localized to the pubic tubercle. One patient had neuropathic pain presumably from irritation of local nerves. Three patients (5.6%) had groin tenderness on examination. Tenderness was located over the pubic tubercle in 1 patient, over the deep ring in 1 patient and in the spermatic cord at the top of the scrotum in 1 patient. One patient had sensory impairment (1.88%). This patient had a small area of anesthesia in the groin medially. No patients had paraesthesia or hyperesthesia. No patients had testicular atrophy, although one patient had a tethered cord resulting in an elevated testicle. 2 patients developed seroma in the distal part of the sac which settled with conservative management. No serious complications following laparoscopic inguinal hernioplasty were experienced. 51 patients (96.22%) were either satisfied or extremely satisfied with their repair and would, or had already recommended TEP/TAPP to a friend Four patients had previously experienced an open repair and all felt that their TEP/TAPP repair was associated with less pain and shorter time to return to usual activities.
Untoward events during and after the procedure.
5. Discussion
This ongoing study is being conducted in department of general surgery govt medical college srinagar located in the extreme north of India. This paper documents the early results of laparoscopic groin hernia repair using 3D mesh (TAPP/TEP).
All the patients were male, aged between 32 to 75 years with a mean age of 53.5 years. The lower incidence of immediate post-operative pain observed in our study can be explained on the fact that pain is a very subjective experience, as the pain thresholds varies significantly among various individuals, different races and ethnicities, different sexes, so what can be a painful stimulus for one person may not be perceived as painful for another person .
Another factor responsible for reduced post-operative pain observed in this study is the fact that using a 3D mesh eliminates the necessity to fix the mesh either with sutures or tacks in TEP as is needed with a flat mesh thereby avoiding nerve entrapment . However, the harvested peritoneal fold in TAPP is closed by sutures. The reduced post-operative pain noted in our study has been verified as a major advantage of laparoscopic hernia repair by other studies that were conducted recently .
The 3D mesh because of its memory and 3D configuration was found to be easier to handle thereby reducing intraoperative time, after all a flat sheet of mesh is not an ideal configuration for laparoscopic repair as the inguinal anatomy is anything but the two-dimensional image as seen on the monitor thus the 3D configuration of the mesh which is anatomically formed and shaped to the inguinal anatomy is ideal thus making us recommend the 3D mesh to be used by surgeons especially beginners to minimize the stress . Also a major advantage of laparoscopic hernia repair is in cases of bilateral inguinal hernias, where laparoscopy allows for both hernias to be repaired in a single operation without need for additional ports or incisions .
No recurrence at 18 months following TEP/TAPP occurred in our series whereas in other study the recurrence tended to be a late phenomenon, occurring at a median of 36 months which supports the need for long-term follow-up studies to accurately determine the success rate of surgery. One of the flaws of studies that compare recurrence of laparoscopic versus open repairs is that they unfairly compare the results of an operation that most surgeons are highly experienced at, with those of a relatively new technique that has variable levels of surgeon experience. An appropriate comparison would be that which compares the best results achievable with both techniques. An example of this problem is well illustrated by the recently published Veterans Affairs cooperative study comparing TEP with the Lichtenstein open repair, which concluded against laparoscopic repair on the basis of higher overall recurrence .
However, when the TEP experience of individual surgeons was analyzed, it was found that surgeons experienced in TEP had a recurrence rate of <5% that was equal to that achieved by the Lichtenstein arm. Others have shown in large multicentre randomized trials that TEP has a lower recurrence risk than open repairs . The importance of follow-up by physical examination was highlighted in the present study by no recurrence in the series, however at present it is too early to comment regarding recurrence. Most published hernia studies con- duct follow-up only by telephone or written questionnaire. These methods of follow-up may not be accurate . It is noteworthy that in contrast to the recommendations of the UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) the incidence of recurrence (0%) in the present series is rather low, reflecting our philosophy that TEP/TAPP is the preferred method of repair of all groin hernias, including first-time repairs by experienced surgical team using 3D mesh.
Chronic pain in the post operative follow up is a major concern in laparoscopic repairs. Although ongoing chronic pain complicated 3.7% of the present series TEP/TAPP repairs, it was in almost all cases of a mild and occasional nature that allowed a full return to pre-hernia activities. We were stringent in the application of our pain definitions and included patients who experienced any groin pain, regardless of how minor or infrequent. The corollary of this is that 96% of the present patients were completely free of any long-term groin pain whatsoever. Many studies of various open repairs, including tension-free repairs, report both a higher rate and greater severity of chronic pain.
This is exemplified by the Cooperative Hernia Study which, using the same pain definitions, found 53% of patients had pain, being moderate or severe in 10%, at 2 years following open repairs .
One large review of >40 hernia studies including all major repair techniques demonstrated that laparoscopic TEP repairs had the lowest prevalence of chronic pain .
Indeed, a recent British prospective randomized trial showed that patients who had undergone Lichtenstein repairs had a fivefold higher risk of chronic pain when compared to those who have had laparoscopic repairs. .
Patients who underwent open herniorrhaphies are also twice as likely to seek the help of a pain specialist . The pain following TEP/TAPP is most commonly somatic ligamentous, which is thought to arise from inflammation of the ligamentous insertions around the pubic tubercle, perhaps associated with fixation. This differs from the type of pain usually seen following open repairs, which is usually neuropathic, resulting from nerve irri- tation. This difference is explained readily because dissection in TEP/TAPP occurs in a different plane to the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves, which, in contrast, are vulnerable to injury in an open repair. This concept is further supported by the low prevalence of sensory impairment in the present series of laparoscopic repairs. If the somatic pain observed following TEP/TAPP relates to fixation, then alternatives to staple fixation such as tissue glue or non-fixation may further reduce chronic pain . Such alternatives, however, would require further investigation to ensure that reduced fixation does not come at the expense of increased recurrence. Two randomized trials have demonstrated no difference in recurrence rates and postoperative pain after repairs with fixation versus no fixation, suggesting that fixation may not be necessary and also that it does not contribute to chronic pain. Fibrin glue may also be used to fix mesh .
Further the unique shape of 3D mesh is designed to conform to the inguinal anatomy, contour minimizes buckling & design reduces the need for fixation . Sealed edge & medial orientation marker facilitate accurate placement & positioning. But the cost of 3D mesh is twice than that of flat mesh. Elimination of tack fixation of 3D mesh during TEP significantly reduces use of postoperative analgesia and hospital length of stay without increasing rate of recurrence .
6. Conclusions
Laparoscopic inguinal mesh hernioplasty using 3D mesh is a safe and efficacious method of hernioplasty with no recurrence in early post-operative period and negligible pain.
Surgeons experienced in TEP/TAPP should be encouraged to report their long-term experience so that the true potential of this technique, rather than just learning curve results, is better understood. However, the cost of the 3D mesh is greater than flat mesh which is a major limiting factor in the developing world.
References
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- (1998) Laparoscopic Groin Hernia Repair Using a Curved Prosthesis without Fixation. Le Journal de Celio-Chirurgie, 28, 64-68.
- Wauschkuhn, C., Schwarz, J., Boekeler, U., et al. (2010) Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair: Gold Standard in Bilateral Hernia Repair? Results of More than 2800 Patients in Comparison to the Literature. Surgical Endoscopy, 24, 3026-3030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-010-1079-x
- Liem, M.S.L., van der Graaf, Y., van Steensel, C.J., Boelhouwer, R.U., Clevers, G.-J., Meijer, W.S., et al. (1997) Com- parison of Conventional Anterior Surgery and Laparoscopic Surgery for Inguinal Hernia Repair. New England Journal of Medicine, 336, 1541-1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199705293362201
- Herzog, U. (1990) Late Results Following Inguinal or Femoral Hernia Surgery. Langenbecks Archiv für Chirurgie, 375, 5-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186114
- National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2001) Guidelines for the Use of Laparoscopic Surgery for the Treatment of Inguinal Hernias in the NHS. National Institute for Clinical Excellence, London.
- Poobalan, A.S., Bruce, J., Smith, W.C., King, P.M., Krukowski, Z.H. and Chambers, W.A. (2003) A Review of Chro- nic Pain after Inguinal Herniorrhaphy. Chinese Journal of Pain, 19, 48-54.
- Douek, M., Smith, G., Oshowo, A., Stoker, D.L. and Wellwood, J.M. (2003) Prospective Randomised Controlled Trial of Laparoscopic versus Open Inguinal Hernia Mesh Repair: Five Year Follow up. British Medical Journal, 326, 1012- 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7397.1012
- Hindmarsh, A.C., Cheong, E., Lewis, M.P. and Rhodes, M. (2003) Attendance at a Pain Clinic with Severe Chronic Pain after Open and Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repairs. British Journal of Surgery, 90, 1152-1154.
- Khajanchee, Y.S., Urbach, D.R., Swanstrom, L.L. and Hansen, P.D. (2001) Outcomes of Laparoscopic Herniorrhaphy without Fixation of Mesh to the Abdominal Wall. Surgical Endoscopy, 15, 1102-1107.
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NOTES
*Corresponding author. | https://file.scirp.org/Html/10-2100828_53460.htm |
Until recently, surgery on the inside of any joint meant making a large incision and opening the joint to do even the most minor procedure. Twenty years ago, fiber optics began changing all that and is continuing to change how orthopedic surgeons operate on joints in the body.
- What is arthroscopy?
- How is it used?
- Why is it better?
- What joints are being scoped?
- What goes on during an arthroscopy?
- What are the risks of arthroscopy?
- What should I do after my arthroscopy?
What is it?
The term arthroscopy basically means to look into the joint. (Arthro means joint, and scopy means look.) So the common phrase scope the joint means to insert an arthroscope into the joint and have a look. In the early days before the development of miniature video cameras, about all the surgeon could do was take a look.
Over the past several years, the development of very small video cameras and specialized instruments have allowed surgeons to do more than simply take a look into the joint. The arthroscope is now used more and more for actual surgical procedures.
How is it used?
Using the arthroscope to assist with joint surgery usually involves making smaller incisions into the joint than those made in a regular open-incision surgery. Once the arthroscope is inserted into the joint, it is used first to try to see the problem. In this way, the problem can be confirmed before making any large incisions and causing any damage unnecessarily. Using the arthroscope as his eyes the surgeon can then use small specialized instruments inserted into the joint through other small incisions to perform the operation. As surgeons have become familiar with this type of surgery, more surgical procedures that were once done with large incisions are now being done arthroscopically.
Why is it better?
All surgical procedures that are done result in damage to tissues that are otherwise normal, because an incision must be made to see the problem. This is particularly bothersome for joints because to enter a joint, the joint capsule and ligaments must be incised (cut into). For minor surgical procedures inside the joint, it is not unusual for the recovery time to be much longer. This is because the normal tissues that were cut must also heal. Also, large incisions into the joint to perform surgical procedures increase the chances for infection. Long procedures where the joint is open to the air can lead to injury to the articular cartilage (the smooth surface of all joints) because it dries the cartilage out.
Arthroscopy causes less damage to normal structures by requiring much smaller incisions through the joint capsule and ligaments around the joint. Arthroscopy also allows the joint to remain closed and reduces the risk of infection and drying out of the articular cartilage. Because of this, the healing time for most arthroscopic procedures is greatly reduced. Rehabilitation is faster, and unnecessary damage to normal structures is avoided.
Arthroscopy has also greatly expanded orthopedic surgeon's understanding of problems around the joints. In many cases, conditions which were completely unknown before the invention of the arthroscope have been discovered and are now being treated very effectively with arthroscopic surgery.
What joints are being scoped?
Just about every joint in the body has been scoped, but the vast majority of surgical procedures done with the arthroscope are done on the knee and the shoulder. The knee was the primary site of arthroscopic procedures in the early days of arthroscopy and continues to be a common target of the scope.
Probably the most common use of the arthroscope initially was to remove loose bodies from the knee joint or to remove a torn cartilage or torn meniscus. A loose body is a fragment of bone or cartilage that moves around inside the joint and can get caught between the two bones of the joint and cause pain. The menisci (or cartilages) of the knee are two small pieces of tissue that sit between the two bones of the knee joint and act similar to a gasket. A torn meniscus is a common problem that involves these structures and can get caught between the knee and cause pain.
Very complex surgical procedures are now done inside the knee with the aid of the arthroscope. For example, the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments inside the knee are now almost always reconstructed without opening the knee joint. The procedure is done by using the arthroscope to help see where to drill holes in the bone and to place the ligament graft. Even fractures that involve the joint surface of the lower leg bone (the tibia) are being fixed by watching the fracture through the arthroscope while screws are inserted through small incisions in the skin--a procedure that once required a large incision into the joint.
The arthroscope is continuing to change the way orthopaedic surgeons deal with shoulder surgery as well. The arthroscope is now being used to repair torn tendons around the shoulder, to reconstruct the shoulder in patients who dislocate their shoulder and have instability, and to identify problems in the shoulder that were unknown prior to shoulder arthroscopy.
Other common joints that may be treated with arthroscopy include the ankle, wrist, elbow, and hip.
What goes on during an arthroscopy?
Preoperative
Your doctor will meet with you to explain what the surgery is intending to accomplish and what you can expect. You will be asked to sign a surgical consent form that describes the operation and the potential risks. It is a record that you understand the procedure. If you have any questions, now is the time to ask.
You will also need to review your other medical problems with the doctor in case you have a medical problem that will require evaluation before surgery. If you have serious lung or heart problems, you may need to see your family physician to get medical clearance before the procedure.
Admission
Most arthroscopic surgical procedures are done on an outpatient basis, which means you will probably be able to go home the same day. (Some arthroscopically assisted procedures still require larger incisions to be made around the joint, and these larger procedures may require a night or two stay in the hospital.) Generally, you are asked to not eat or drink anything after midnight on the evening before surgery. If you commonly take medications in the morning, ask your doctor whether you should take them or not.
Anesthesia
There are many different types of anesthesia that can be done, depending on your wishes, your doctor's recommendations, and, of course, which joint is involved. In general, anesthesia may be local, regional, or general. Each of these types of anesthesia has advantages and disadvantages, but all are quite safe.Local Anesthesia
Local anesthesia involves injecting lidocaine (or a similar medication) into the joint and in the areas where the incisions are made. This is the same type of anesthesia that is typically used to sew up a laceration, for example. The benefits of this type of anesthesia are that it is relatively safe, has less effect on the rest of your body, and returns to normal quickly after the procedure. The disadvantages are that you may still feel some discomfort during the procedure. This type of anesthesia is not generally used for shoulders or hips.Regional Anesthesia
Regional anesthesia is probably the most common type used for arthroscopy. It is often referred to as a block (for example, a spinal block). The block is done by injecting lidocaine around the nerves that go to an extremity (in a spinal block, these are the nerves that go to the legs). The advantages to this type of anesthesia are that it does not affect the function of the lungs (a concern if you have lung problems). It does not cause as much nausea as general anesthesia, and it is relatively safer than general anesthesia. You are also awake and can watch the procedure on the TV monitor. The disadvantages are that it takes longer to take affect than going to sleep, and the actual block involves an injection--which may be uncomfortable for a short period of time.General Anesthesia
General anesthesia is commonly referred to as going to sleep. It is commonly used for arthroscopic procedures--especially procedures which may be long and complicated. The advantages of general anesthesia are that you are not aware of anything that occurs during surgery. The disadvantages are that you may have a hangover with nausea and vomiting due to the drugs used, and you may have a higher risk of lung problems after surgery.
Surgery
Once the anesthesia is working, the operating room nurses and your doctor will prepare the equipment for arthroscopy. There are lots of electronics and equipment that need to be assembled. The surgical limb will be positioned to make it easier for the surgeon to do the surgery. If the procedure is going to be done on the knee, ankle, elbow, or wrist, a tourniquet may be used to stop the blood flow temporarily during the procedure. This makes it easier to see inside the joint.
When the surgery starts, several small incisions are made into the joint. These are usually about one-quarter of an inch long. The number varies from one to about six depending on what will be done. The joint is then filled with clear fluid (usually similar to the salt solution used in intravenous fluids). This expands the joint and allows the camera to work better. The fluid flows through the joint continuously to wash away blood and other material that is present during the procedure.
Once the surgery is under way, various instruments are used to perform the procedure. The camera is used to view the inside of the joint while the other instruments are used to either remove or repair the problem. If you are awake, you can watch the TV monitor and see exactly what your doctor is seeing. Still pictures or video can be taken through the arthroscope to record the condition of the joint. Your doctor performs the procedure while watching the TV monitor and guiding the instruments by what he or she sees on the TV. That's why arthroscopy is like a very sophisticated video game.
Recovery
After surgery you will be taken from the operating room into the recovery room. There you will be closely monitored by the nurses until they are sure you are not having any problems from either the surgery or the anesthesia. You will probably be able to have something to drink if you are not nauseated. Normally, you will remain in the recovery room thirty to sixty minutes.
Discharge
Once you are ready to be released from the recovery room, you will probably return to where you started--the outpatient surgery department. Here you can wait with your family or friends until you are ready to be released to go home. You can probably have something to eat at this point and prepare to go home. You will be given some instructions at this point about what you should expect and what you should, and should not, be doing at home.
What are the risks of arthroscopy?
Like all surgical procedures, arthroscopy has potential complications. (Some of the more complicated procedures have specific risks.)
In general, arthroscopy requires anesthesia, and there are risks associated with anesthesia. Different types of drugs are given during the procedure that may cause a reaction--even death in very rare instances.
The arthroscopy procedure itself can result in damage to the joint structures or damage to nerves and blood vessels around the joint. Infection of the joint or soft tissues around the joint can occur after arthroscopy and may require additional operations to drain or treat the infection. Infection rates are generally less after arthroscopic procedures due to smaller incisions, shorter operations, and the fact the joint is constantly being flushed out during the procedure.
Thrombophlebitis (blood clots), sometimes called deep venous thrombosis (DVT), can occur after arthroscopy (usually after arthroscopy of the hip or lower extremity joints). DVT occurs when the blood in the large veins of the leg forms blood clots within the veins. This may cause the leg to swell and become warm to the touch and painful. If the blood clots in the veins break apart, they can travel to the lung, where they get lodged in the small blood vessels of the lung and cut off the blood supply to a portion of the lung. This is called a pulmonary embolism. (Pulmonary means lung, and embolism refers to a fragment of something traveling through the vascular system.) Most surgeons take preventing DVT very seriously. There are many ways to reduce the risk of DVT, but probably the most effective is getting you moving as soon as possible.
What should I do after my arthroscopy?
You will be given specific instructions about what to do after your arthroscopy depending on what type of procedure you had performed. In general, you should take it easy for several days following surgery. You should watch for any signs of infection such as fever or chills, redness around the incisions, or increasing swelling or fluid build-up around the joint. If you have nausea and vomiting that persists for more that twenty-four hours after returning home you may want to discuss a medication change with your doctor. For specific instructions for your procedure you should consult your doctor. | https://www.orthogate.org/patient-education/general/arthroscopy |
Becker's Healthcare hosted a webinar on Dec. 15, featuring Paul Jeffords, MD, a spine surgeon at Atlanta-based Resurgens Spine Center and section chief of orthopedic surgery at Emory Saint Joseph's Hospital, discussed moving complex spine and orthopedic cases from the hospital to the outpatient setting.
"In the future, healthcare is going to focus on value not on volume, as we have all heard," said Dr. Jeffords. "We want to improve patient outcomes and improve the overall health of patients and patient experience. For the appropriate patients and procedures, there will be a need to provide quality care at a lower cost and this is possible in an outpatient setting."
According to Dr. Jeffords, studies show a definite trend of moving more complex spine cases into an outpatient setting, such as minimally invasive TLIFs and MIS posterior lumbar interbody fusions as well as more one-two level spine surgeries rather than just traditional procedures like laminectomies and discectomies.
When moving complex cases into the outpatient setting, there are many factors that providers must consider, including adequate pain management, which can help reduce costs, length-of-stay and readmissions.
Effective pain management can help reduce the cost of performing these more complex spine surgeries. For example, an open single level fusion procedure cost $78,444 with a length of stay of 4.8 days, whereas an MIS single level fusion procedure costs $70,000; and MIS with adequate pain management costs $40,000.
Additionally, new readmission data also shows that pain relief is one of the most common causes of unplanned readmissions. A retrospective review of a large multicenter clinical registry evaluating readmissions after lumbar spine operations found that inadequate pain relief was the cause of 22.4 percent of the readmissions.
Also, another retrospective review of ACDF procedures that intended to identify factors contributing to increased hospital length-of-stay found that the most common complication was uncontrolled postoperative pain, occurring in 13 percent of the cases.
Most patients continue to report at least some level of postoperative pain, said Dr. Jeffords, and this affects patient satisfaction. Postoperative pain prolongs surgical recovery time, increases length of stay and impacts the patient's view of the procedure.
Opioids are commonly used to provide pain relief, and while they are inexpensive and effective, there are several downsides to using opioids. Opioid-related adverse events include constipation, nausea and vomiting, urinary retention, pruritus and respiratory depression. According to a study of 402 surgical patients undergoing orthopedic procedures, 54.2 percent of patients experienced more than one of these adverse effects, and 25.6 percent experienced more than two.
Additionally, studies show that opioid-related adverse events increases length of stay by 3.4 days on average and increases hospitalization cost by approximately $4,707. Thus, to reduce costs and LOS, providers can explore options beyond opioids.
When treating postoperative pain in the outpatient setting, it is important that providers choose the right patient and also develop a pain relief regimen that is easy to implement, has minimal side effects and facilitates mobility, said Dr. Jeffords. Additionally, the regimen needs to be cost-effective.
"For outpatient spine surgery, you want to have a multimodal approach," said Dr. Jeffords. "Include different methods and medications to keep pain at bay. Combine steroids with narcotics or gabapentinoids and anti-inflammatory drugs for better results."
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which can help reduce pain and have traditionally been used for postoperative pain, however, these drugs have been shown to be slow healing.
• Gabapentinoids, which facilitate central desensitization of pain by reducing the pain signals being sent out by the nerves.
• Epidural local anesthetics, an effective way of reducing postoperative pain and opioid use.
• Epidural opioids, which can also help reduce some side effects of oral opioids.
• Continuous local infusion devices, such as the ON-Q infusion pain pump, but these are not ideal for complex outpatient surgery as they tend to be bulky and cumbersome.
• Exparel, which is liposome injection of bupivacaine, has been shown to decrease pain in postoperative care as well as reduce the number of patients who required opioids. One study showed that 77.78 percent of patients who were given Exparel did not need opioids. Also, studies have shown that the pain scores for patients treated with Exparel was lower at every follow up point than patients who were treated with a drug other than Exparel.
Traditionally, pain care in the outpatient setting involved giving patients weak opioids for mild to moderate pain; potent opioids for moderate to severe pain; and increase the amount of opioids if pain increases. However, a multimodal pain care approach posits treating patients with mild to moderate pain with acetaminophen, NSAIDs or coxibs as well as local analgesic infiltration. If the pain increases to moderate to severe, intermittent opioid analgesics can be included. And if the pain increases beyond that, peripheral neural blockade and additional opioids can be given to the patient.
"A multimodal pain care approach that combines different medications and are delivered differently is necessary when moving cases from the inpatient to the outpatient setting. Don't just stick to narcotics. A multimodal regimen is safer and more effective than relying on narcotics alone," said Dr. Jeffords.
Also, use of local anesthesia for outpatient spine surgery has been shown to be safe. While it is not common for spine surgeons to use local anesthesia for spine surgery, studies have shown that it is a safe and effective alternative when a patient's major comorbidities rule out general anesthesia.
Download the webinar presentation slides here.
View the webinar by clicking here.
We suggest you download the video to your computer before viewing to ensure better quality. If you have problems viewing the video, which is in Windows Media Video format, you can use a program like VLC media player, free for download here. | https://www.beckersspine.com/orthopedic-spine-practices-improving-profits/item/23951-patient-satisfaction-in-outpatient-spine-orthopedic-surgery-multimodal-pain-management-is-key.html |
|IACUC Protocol Review||Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees|
Both the USDA animal welfare regulations (AWR) and the Public Health Service Policy on the Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals mandate the review of animal research protocols by the animal care and use committee before any research may begin. The AWR also require the IACUC to review all approved protocols on an annual basis. The IACUC must review and approve, require modifications to a proposal in order to secure approval, or withhold approval of any protocol that it receives. The institution is given leeway in determining the most appropriate means of complying with these requirements. The regulations and guidelines do not specify the frequency of meetings for IACUCs, leaving this to the needs of each institution. Animal care committees at large institutions may meet every month while smaller institutions may be able to function with bimonthly meetings.
The AWR mandate very specific criteria that must be met before an IACUC may grant approval to new proposals or changes in existing protocols. Those criteria include:
- procedures involving animals will avoid or minimize pain or distress to the animals;
- an investigator must consider using alternatives to procedures that might cause pain or distress to animals. Further, the investigator must provide a written narrative discussing why alternatives can or cannot be used. The narrative must include the sources consulted (e.g. USDA’s Animal Welfare Information Center);
- the investigator must provide written assurance that the proposed activities are not unnecessarily duplicative;
- if painful or distressful procedures are unavoidable, the procedures must be performed with appropriate anesthesia, analgesia, or sedatives, unless withholding them can be scientifically justified; involve a veterinarian in the planning (review by a veterinarian on the IACUC after the protocol has been submitted is not acceptable; the veterinarian should be consulted before the protocol is submitted.); never use paralytics without anesthesia;
- animals that experience severe or chronic pain that cannot be relieved will be euthanized at the end of the experiment or, if appropriate, during the experiment;
- the animals’ living conditions must be appropriate for the species and must contribute to their health and comfort;
- any medical care required by the animals will be provided by a qualified veterinarian, i.e. a veterinarian trained in laboratory animal medicine;
- people that will be performing any procedures on animals will be qualified and trained to perform the procedures;
- any procedures that involve surgery will include appropriate pre- and post-operative care. All survival surgeries must use aseptic technique including the use of sterile gloves and masks. Operative procedures that penetrate or expose a body cavity or procedures that result in permanent impairment of physical or physiological functions (major procedures) must be performed in a dedicated surgical facility that is maintained in aseptic condition. Rodents are exempted from this requirement. Minor surgical procedures must be performed aseptically but do not require a dedicated site;
- use of an animal in more than one major operative procedure, from which it is allowed to recover, is prohibited unless it can be justified scientifically, is necessary for the health of the animal, or unless special permission is obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture;
- use of professionally recognized methods of euthanasia unless a different method can be scientifically justified. The guidelines developed by the American Veterinary Medical Association are generally recognized as the currently accepted standard.
- identification of the species to be used and the number of animals requested;
- the scientific rationale for using animals, and the reasons for using the requested species and the number of animals;
- a complete description of the procedures involving animals; and
- a complete description of the methods that will be used to minimize pain and discomfort to that which is unavoidable and necessary to the collection of scientifically valuable data. | https://www.nal.usda.gov/legacy/awic/overview |
Hammer, claw, and mallet toe surgery refers to a series of surgical procedures performed to correct deformed toes.
There are three main forms of toe abnormalities in the human foot: hammer toes, claw toes, and mallet toes. A hammer toe, also called contracted toe, bone spur, rotated toe, or deformed toe, is a toe curled as the result of a bend in the middle joint. It may be either flexible or rigid, and may affect any of the four smaller toes. The joints in the toe buckle due to tightening of the ligaments and tendons, which points the toe upward at an angle. The patient's shoes then put pressure on the prominent portion of the toe, leading to inflammation, bursitis, corns, and calluses. Mallet toes and claw toes are similar to hammer toes, except that different joints on the toe are affected. The joint at the end of the toe buckles in a mallet toe, while a claw toe involves abnormal positions of all three joints in the toe.
Toe deformities are caused by a variety of factors:
When the toe deformity is painful or permanent, surgical repair is performed to relieve pain, correct the problem, and provide a stable, functional toe.
As of 2002, the incidence of claw and hammer toe deformities ranges from 2–20% of the population in the United States, with the frequency gradually increasing in the older age groups. Claw and hammer toes are most often seen in patients in the seventh and eight decades of life. Women are affected four to five times more often than men. Little is known about the incidence of these deformities among people who usually wear sandals or go barefoot.
Some of the most common surgical procedures used to repair hammer, claw, and mallet toes include:
Patients usually consult a doctor about toe deformities because of pain or discomfort in the foot when walking or running. The physician takes several factors into consideration when examining a patient who may require surgery to correct a toe deformity. Some surgical procedures require only small amounts of cutting or tissue removal while others require extensive dissection. The blood supply in the affected toe is an important factor in planning surgery. It determines not only whether the toe will heal fully but also whether the surgeon can perform more than one procedure on the toe. In addition to a visual examination of the patient's foot, the doctor will ask the patient to walk back and forth in the office or hallway in order to evaluate the patient's gait (habitual pattern of walking). This part of the office examination allows the doctor to identify static or dynamic forces that may be causing the toe deformity. Imaging tests are also performed, usually x-ray studies.
If the doctor considers it necessary to rule out systemic disorders, he or she may order the following laboratory tests: a fasting glucose test to evaluate or rule out diabetes, and a sedimentation rate test to evaluate the possibility of an underlying infection in the foot.
Before surgery, the patient receives an appropriate local anesthetic, and the foot is cleansed and draped.
The patient can expect moderate swelling, stiffness and limited mobility in the operated foot following toe surgery, sometimes for as long as eight to 12 weeks. Patients are advised to keep the operated foot elevated above heart level and apply ice packs to reduce swelling during the first few days after surgery. Many patients are able to walk immediately after the operation, although the podiatric surgeon may restrict any such activity for at least 24 hours. Crutches or walkers are not usually needed. There is no cast on the foot, but only a soft gauze dressing. Wearing a splint for the first two to four weeks after surgery is usually recommended. Special surgical shoes are also available to protect the foot and help to redistribute the patient's body weight. If the surgeon has used sutures, they must be kept dry until they are removed, usually seven to 10 days after the operation.
The patient's physician may also suggest exercises to be done at home or at work to strengthen the toe muscles. These exercises may include picking up marbles with the toes and stretching the toe muscles.
Risks associated with hammer, claw, and mallet toe surgery include:
All corrective toe procedures usually have good outcomes in relieving pain and improving toe mobility. They restore appropriate toe length and anatomy while realigning and stabilizing the joints in the foot.
There are no reported cases of death following corrective surgery on the toes.
Conservative treatments may be tried by patients with minor discomfort or less serious toe deformities. These treatments include:
See also Arthroplasty .
Adelaar, R. S., and R. B. Anderson, eds. Disorders of the Great Toe . Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 1997.
Holmes, G. B. Surgical Approaches to the Foot and Ankle . New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
Marcinko, D. E. Medical and Surgical Therapeutics of Foot and Ankle . Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992.
American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. "Hammer Toe Syndrome." Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery 38 (March-April 1999): 166-178.
Coughlin, M. J., J. Dorris, J, and E. Polk. "Operative Repair of the Fixed Hammertoe Deformity." Foot Ankle International 21 (February 2000): 94-104.
Harmonson, J. K., and L. B. Harkless. "Operative Procedures for the Correction of Hammertoe, Claw Toe, and Mallet Toe: A Literature Review." Clinical Podiatric Medical Surgery 13 (April 1996): 211-220.
Hennessy, M. S., and T. S. Saxby. "Traumatic Mallet Toe of the Hallux: A Case Report. A Thirty-Year Follow-Up." Foot Ankle International 22 (December 2001): 977-978.
Miller, S. J. "Hammer Toe Correction by Arthrodesis of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Using a Cortical Bone Allograft Pin." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 92 (November-December 2002): 563-569.
"What is a Hammer Toe, and What Causes It?" Mayo Clinic Health Letter 20 (July 2002): 8.
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). 6300 North River Road, Rosemont, Illinois 60018-4262. (847) 823-7186. http://www.aaos.org
American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (ACFAS). 515 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL, 60068. (847) 292-2237 or (800) 421-2237. http://www.cmeonline.com/index.html
American Podiatric Medical Association (APMA). 9312 Old Georgetown Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814. (301) 571-9200 or (800) ASK-APMA. http://www.apma.org .
ACFAS. Digital Disorders and Treatments . http://www.acfas.org/brdigdis.html .
Foot Pain and Podiatry Online. Hammertoe Deformity . http://www.footpain.org/hammertoes.html .
OhioHealth. Hammertoe and Mallet Toe . http://www.ohiohealth.com/healthreference/reference/E655C4AD-F921-4C63-9B76434A5D565643.htm?category=diseases .
Monique Laberge, Ph.D.
Corrective toe surgery is performed by experienced podiatric surgeons, who are physicians who specialize in foot and ankle surgery. Patients who are otherwise healthy usually have toe surgery on an outpatient basis at the surgeon's office or in an ambulatory surgery center. The procedures are usually performed under local anesthesia or with intravenous sedatives administered by trained staff. | https://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Fi-La/Hammer-Claw-and-Mallet-Toe-Surgery.html |
Background and Objectives. Many cases of pleural effusion can remain undiagnosed following thoracentesis. We evaluated our own technique for performing thoracoscopy under local anesthesia using a 32 Fr chest tube and a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope without a rigid thoracoscope for the diagnosis, inspection, and management of patients with pleurisy. Methods. Seven patients with pleural effusion who underwent thoracoscopy under local anesthesia using a 32 Fr chest tube and a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope were retrospectively studied. Results. Thoracoscopy was safely performed in the diagnosis and management of pleural effusion in all cases. The visualization of the pleura, diaphragm, and lung using this instrumentation was excellent in comparison to that normally obtained during surgical thoracoscopy. A forceps biopsy of the pleura or diaphragm could therefore be easily and effectively performed. Conclusion. This technique is considered to have clinical utility as a diagnostic tool for pleurisy; furthermore, this method is safe, effective and inexpensive, not only for surgeons but also for physicians.
1. Introduction
Pleural effusion may arise from a wide range of diseases. However, the diagnosis of this condition may sometimes be difficult. The diagnosis of exudative pleurisy largely depends upon clinical suspicion and laboratory confirmation, by examining the pleural fluid for cytology and adenosine deaminase (ADA) . The diagnosis of pleural effusion can be difficult and this may lead to a delay in treatment. There are many useful tools available for the diagnosis of pleurisy, including a biopsy via thoracoscopy under either general or local anesthesia [2, 3].
2. Patients and Method
Seven patients (6 males and 1 female, age range from 48 to 88, average 67.1 years old) with pleurisy were examined by thoracoscopy under local anesthesia. These procedures were performed to diagnose the etiology of 3 patients with pleural effusion, and to inspect or manage 4 patients with previously diagnosed pleurisy. An Argyle-type 32 Fr chest tube (trocar catheter, Nippon Sherwood, Tokyo, Japan) and a gas sterilized 5 mm outside diameter flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, Olympus P240 (Olympus Optical Co. Ltd; Tokyo, Japan) were used. All instruments used in this manipulation were also sterilized with either ethylene oxide gas sterilization (EOG) or another appropriate method. The premedication dose was 15 mg of pentazosine and 0.5 mg of atoropine (atoropin was also administered if necessary). The examination was performed in an endoscopy room. The patient was placed in the lateral decubitus position with the pleural effusion upside. Ultrasonography was performed to determine the entry point. After disinfection with povidone-iodine and local anesthesia with lidocaine, an approximately 1.5 cm chest incision was made. An Argyle-type 32 Fr chest tube was inserted into the pleural space where the chest drainage tube would be inserted (Figures 1(b), 1(c)), and then, a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope was inserted into the chest tube to approach the pleural space, namely the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope was inserted into the pleural space through a chest tube (Figure 1(d)). This method requires only one trocar entry point for the fiberscope and for biopsy forceps because the biopsy forceps is used through the channel of the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope which is done in the same manner as for the manipulation during bronchofiberscopy. After observering the pleura, forceps biopsy specimens of suspicious pleural lesions were taken in the case of undiagnosed pleurisy. During this procedure, the blood pressure, pulse rate, electrocardiogram and continuous oximetry were all monitored. Furthermore, treatment inside the pleural space was performed to destroy any fibrin network formation in the thorax for patients with tuberculosis pleurisy. At the end of the procedure, another Argyle-type chest tube (24 Fr or 22 Fr; Nippon Sherwood, Tokyo, Japan) was inserted instead of a 32 Fr chest tube for few days until pleurodesis was achieved in the case of malignant pleural effusion. The procedures of thoracoscopy under local anesthesia in this study was performed by pulmonologist, not surgeon.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
In all cases, no antibiotics were administrated to prevent infection either during or after thoracoscopy because all manipulations were performed aseptically. Informed consent was obtained from all patients.
3. Results
All thoracoscopy procedures were performed safely without any accidents or any other serious complications. This procedure was well tolerated and no complications were encountered even with extremely elderly patients. Visualization using this instrumentation was sufficiently accurate to make a diagnosis of pleural lesions. The inspection of the pleura, diaphragm and lung was possible. Regarding the diagnosis of patients with pleural effusion, one patient with malignant mesothelioma (Figures 1(e), 1(f)), one patient with parapneumonic pleural effusion and one patient with myelomatous pleurisy were all successfully diagnosed (myeloma was diagnosed by a biopsy with a Cope needle which was performed simultaneously with thoracoscopy). One patient with adenocarcinoma was confirmed based on endoscopic findings. Three cases of tuberculous pleurisy were visualized. In one of three patients with tuberculous pleurisy after conventional chest tube drainage, thoracoscopy successfully drained the remaining pleural effusion by destroying the fibrinous septal formation in the pleural space. Many reports have so far described that thoracoscopy under local anesthesia can be performed in an endscopy suite, not in an operating room. We also have not experienced and cases demonstrating an infection after this procedure.
4. Discussion
Many cases of pleural effusion can remain undiagnosed based on the patient’s medical history, and the findings of physical examinations and thoracentesis. The next diagnostic procedure is a percutaneous closed pleural biopsy, using either an Abram biopsy needle or Cope biopsy needle. However, the rate of making a successful diagnosis remains unsatisfactory. After thoracentasis and a closed pleural biopsy, approximately 20% to 30% of patients with pleural effusion remain undiagnosed [4, 5]. Furthermore, sometimes accidents occur during a percutaneous closed pleural biopsy, such as bleeding or a pneumothorax and they can be life-threatening because this examination is performed blind. Recently, thoracoscopy has been performed instead of a percutaneous closed pleural biopsy under general anesthesia using rigid thoracoscopes or under local anesthesia using flexible bronchoscopes . Thoracoscopy can provide a definitive diagnosis or excellent diagnostic yield in comparison with a closed pleural biopsy. Thoracoscopy under local anesthesia using flexible bronchoscopes is a simpler procedure, but they are more difficult to manipulate within the pleural cavity than within the bronchi. Flexible bronchoscopes have several disadvantages in comparison with rigid thoracoscopes, particularly because they do not provide an adequate orientation within the pleural space for smaller biopsies [6, 7]. In addition, it can also provide sufficient materials from forceps biopsy specimens to perform most histological tests including immunohistochemical staining of that for calretinin, WT1, cytokeratin 5/6, and D2-40 in a patient with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Surgical thoracoscopy (video-associated thoracic surgery (VATS)) has several advantages such as the ability to obtain larger biopsy specimens, therapeutic and operative application, and a better control of bleeding in comparison to thoracoscopy under local anesthesia. However, rigid thoracoscopy also has the disadvantages associated with being a more invasive procedure, thus requiring general anesthesia commonly using a double-lumen endotracheal tube or bronchial blocker for selective lung ventilation and therefore it requires the support of an anesthesiologist, a surgical suite, many operative instruments and it must also be performed by surgeons . Local anesthesia thoracoscopy is a less invasive and less expensive, cost benefitical approach to thoracoscopy . The current report demonstrates that local anesthesia thoracoscopy using a 32 Fr chest tube and a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope is useful for patients with undiagnosed exudative pleural effusions that remained undiagnosed or those requiring the management of pleural diseases. Under local anesthesia, we can talk to the patient during the manipulations by asking such questions as: “Do you feel any dyspnea or pain?” Even when treating elderly patients, we can constantly check to see if there are any problems or complaints. We have thus been able to safely perform this procedure.
Recently, the Olympus LTF-240 semiflexible fiberoptic thoracoscope (Olympus Optical Co Ltd; Tokyo, Japan) has been introduced and evaluated for the diagnosis of pleurisy . This tool combines the features of both instruments, having a solid shaft and a flexible terminal section. In comparison with the LTF-240 and the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope in local anesthesia thoracoscopy, LTF-240 is better than the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope for manipulations because the solid body does not bend. When using a 32 Fr chest tube and the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope does not bend because the chest tube works as a hard sheath and the terminal section is flexible (Figure 1(a)), just like LTF-240. Furthermore, using a 32 Fr chest tube is safe even when either pneumothorax or bleeding occurs. If such complications arise during the procedure for thoracoscopy, then the 32 Fr chest tube can be used as a chest drainage tube directly after removing the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. When beginning thoracoscopy, it is easy to drain the pleural effusion with a 32 Fr. chest tube because it is suitable for drainage. In this method of thoracoscopy, the chest tube was not only placed in one direction. By changing either the direction or length of the inserted chest tube, we can, therefore, inspect and perform the biopsy of the pleura from around the apex to diaphragm (Figure 1). In addition, this procedure can also be performed with instruments that are widely available in most clinical situations. Recently, LTF-240 is widely used. From the point of diagnosis and safety of the procedure, the findings of the current report are closely similar to those obtained using LTF, however, number of cases evaluated in this study is small. We therefore consider this new procedure to be safe and effective, and it will continue to become increasingly easier to perform after it has been carried out on a larger number of cases. There are many reports which have so far described thoracoscopy performed by pulmonologists to be a safe and effective modality for the diagnosis of pleural effusion [10, 11]. This method is, therefore, considered to be safe and well tolerated with a minimal degree of discomfort and expense. This method is therefore considered to be useful for surgeons as well as physicians with experience in chest drainage and flexible bronchoscopy. | https://www.hindawi.com/journals/dte/2009/394817/ |
letter from the director
Our artistic aim is to offer musical experiences and engagement that bridge our human experience to the Divine, through a feminine lens. Rooted in the medieval era, we explore universal themes that cultivate a deeper understanding of ourselves and of others.
Our tenth anniversary programming and offerings reflect this mission, and the theme of our season centers on the divine union of women with the Beloved. We present two new, groundbreaking programs. In the fall, we present Beguiled, a confrontation of ancient thought and perception surrounding the sin of Eve in the Garden of Eden and the subsequent redemption of women in the Virgin Mary, as treated by medieval mystic Hildegard von Bingen. The spring features The Unicorn, inspired by the mysterious medieval tapestries known as “The Lady and the Unicorn,” and amplifies the voices of visionary women who seek–and find–sacred union unto themselves.
In addition to live-streamed performances featuring Eya, special guests, and new musical commissions, we will host conversations, interviews, educational opportunities, and community sings, and release the Symphonia Series, a free online sheet music resource of the music and poetry of Hildegard von Bingen.
We invite you, our cherished audience, on a heart- and mind-opening journey that has transformative power. Your part in this movement of healing is crucial. We have so many opportunities for you to join us, both in conversation and in song, as we live into our mission to awaken, heal, and transform the sacred voice of women. Our tenth anniversary season is not only entirely virtual, it is our most ambitious season of programming to date. Most importantly, we intend for this season to be celebratory.
We urge you to join your voice with ours to celebrate the power of our collective voice, and realize this healing together.
Love, | https://eyaensemble.com/home/letter-from-the-director/ |
Deniz Ural | Thesis Project | 2018 - 2019
IMAGINE THIS...
When you enter a space, the space knows you are there. The space knows who you are.
This space has the power to transform your life by transforming itself according to you.
If we can understand the power of this relationship, we can enjoy...
Every single moment of our lives.
This installation was exhibited at OCAD University between May 1- 5, 2019
Low HRV
(Excitement - Stress)
High HRV
(Mindfulness - Calm)
Over the five days of the exhibition a total of
323
people have tried this experience.
Here are some interesting data points;
2 People have cried and hugged me
when they came out telling me how
powerful this experience was for them.
2 People were frustrated because
they were fixated on making
the room blue.
Out of 323 only 4 people were able
to keep the room blue the whole time.
Some people stayed more than 10 minutes and there was a long line of people waiting, so I had to cut down the music at 4 minutes to direct the exit.
Men were able to keep the room blue
longer than women. Women have experienced more variety of colours
than men.
ALL the 323 people turned the room blue when they were meditating.
1 Person told me that this experience made her realize that she could not focus on her experience because she was judging her experience and her "inability" to make the room blue, she thanked me and told me that meditation really helper her.
WE ARE ALL ONE
LOCATION
While doing research to find a location, I realized that nothing fit my vision. In my heart, I knew that it was really important to stay true to my vision and follow what feels right. I made the decision to build a custom location which was a risk because I have never built anything this big.
TECHNOLOGY
I have collaborated with a computer scientist and a software engineer, Steve Karpik for the technical components of Sensorium1
TECHNICAL PROCESS
EEG DATA
In the beginning of the project, I wanted to collect EEG data as input and planned to collaborate with MUSE2. I would like to give thanks to Hesam Masoumi and MUSE2 for supporting projects like these.
After a period of research and trial, we decided we were limited by the time we had to dig into the complex data stream that is brainwaves.
HEART RATE DATA
Instead, we decided to look into heartbeat data as for our input. After having software compatibility issues with MUSE2, we started to consider other products for the collection of biofeedback.
HEART RATE VARIABILITY DATA
After further research, we came across another data input: heart rate variability. Heart rate variability data is different from the basic heart rate. This data measures the time variance between heartbeats and indicates more about the physiology of a person and how much their breathing is in tune with their bodies.
While still looking into other products, we found Corsense. This device is compatible, easy to use and collects heart rate variability. Perfect.
I am excited to see what other kinds of biofeedback data I can use for future Sensoriums. In the future, I am excited to come back to brainwaves and transform spaces simply with our brain activity. Imagine, your thoughts are manifested into visual experience.
There is magic in everyday life; I call these moments mini performances. They are experiences that appear and disappear in a second like unique and fleeting light reflections. These moments create a trail of wonderment and trigger curiosity in us.
Imagine you are on a rooftop, all of a sudden you see a bubble floating, a single bubble. That is a mini performance. Or when you are walking outside with your headphones on, listening to a piano song, and as the last note hits, it slowly starts raining.
The world is filled with mini performances and life is a playground.
I once saw a baby observing his hand as if this was the very moment he realized it was his own. He looked it over and over with astonishment, pupils dilating. I thought to myself, at what point in our lives do we lose the sense of discovery and amazement?
Sentient and transformative space experiences have the power to remind us to look at ourselves and our surroundings with this same sentiment. They allow us to discover ourselves in a new light, within spaces that become an extension of us, reflecting our beings, thoughts and feelings.
This philosophy is an opportunity for designers to create new behaviors and interactions for both spaces and humans.
WHAT IS WRONG WITH YOU?
NOTHING.
A future of values
The world is suffering from a loss of values. Social media and consumerism have changed our culture and our values. We are accustomed to replace everything we own very quickly, sometimes even our relationships. Instead of wanting more and more, we should be grateful for what we have at this exact moment and learn to be content with it.
The less meaningful relationships we have, the less connected we feel. When we disassociate, our sense of time and space are separate from everyone. The more we lack connection, interaction, discovery and purpose, the more problems like loneliness and depression will keep being on the rise.
Some of us believe that there is something inherently wrong with us, but there is nothing wrong. I want to create spaces where everyone can freely and fully vibrate in the frequency of their own beings.
I envision an inclusive future full of connection, full of love and kindness, full of magical moments, full of healing through dance, music and lights. I am ready to work hard with my endless passion to transform people’s lives through transformative space experiences.
The value of designing experiences will be more important than ever in the future.
As automation is taking over, we have more time to understand what life is about. This is living in the moment and sharing.
The future of experience is innovative, sentient and transformative space experiences that allow humanity to reach collective elevation.
Holistic awareness is an integral part of experience. We are meant to live in our senses, not in our heads. Once we are present in our bodies, our minds and our spirits, we are ready to experience something fully.
Self-consciousness is one of the things that pulls us out of a moment. By practicing mindfulness, we can learn to allow ourselves to be seen and to be vulnerable without letting our fears guide our lives.
Through teaching mindfulness as a way of experiencing, people’s sensory awareness is maximized to absorb the full effects of a moment.
MINDFULNESS
RESEARCH
Through the different meanings of words, we can find sparks of inspiration and paths of connection.
No matter where we come from, no matter what our realities are, we all need love, the sense of belonging, community, connection and purpose to have a functioning, healthy and balanced life.
Sentient and transformative space experiences, like love and kindness, will play a big role in healing our world.
Performance is a universal need and it is interrelated with every aspect of life. Our natural calling for rituals, dance and music remains consistent throughout history, regardless of where we are in the world.
Sensory experience is what keeps us connected with our surroundings, ourselves and others. We are sentient beings and we need to live within systems that recognize that.
Sentient and transformative space experiences have the power to unite and connect people. This will be the beginning of healing our world, one step at a time.
OPPORTUNITY MAP
Everything is connected.
This map is a visualization of opportunities. This map could be reorganized and reused over and over again in order to achieve a different outcome.
WE DO NOT EXIST WITHOUT SPACES AND SPACES DO NOT EXIST WITHOUT US
Imagine that we live in a world where people feel deeply connected to themselves and to their surroundings. Imagine a future where instead of taking medications, we are prescribed experiences. Imagine that we can prevent and treat diseases with experiences.
Our understanding of health must change on a fundamental level by reaching a more holistic approach. Our spiritual, mental and physical states are all interrelated. This understanding is the beginning of collective healing, it is a chain reaction in the process of healing our world.
STAKEHOLDERS
A BIG HUG
Imagine that you receive the biggest hug you could ever receive from a space. Sentient and transformative space experiences will allow people to share their own worlds without them explaining it. This philosophy is incredibly powerful because it gives people the sense that they are making a difference and that their existence is meaningful and impactful.
My starting point, Sensorium1, is only one of the millions of possibilities of how this philosophy could be portrayed. In the future, this philosophy will be designed specifically for diagnosed diseases, for educative purposes, for entertainment purposes and for any other desired target and problem. New trends and technologies will be integrated into this system.
This philosophy is not limited to physical
space, nor a single outcome.
I have added a “distancing phase” to the 5 steps of experience. This phase distances the audience from their daily lives and ensures that when they enter, they can enter fully present physically and mentally. A distancing phase can have many forms ranging from a meditation session, to a quiet staircase, to a long tunnel or hallway. In the case of Sensorium1, the distancing phase is a quick mindfulness practice.
The stronger the responses of the spaces are according to their audiences, the stronger the relationship will be; which will remain the audience present in that moment.
DISTANCING
SCENARIO AND MAPS
FUTURE SCENARIOS
I have created this experience formula to be integrated into many different systems. By plugging in information depending on location, story, desired target, goals and stakeholders; many different outcomes will be achieved.
FUTURE SCENARIO MAPS
BRANDING & BUSINESS
BUSINESS MODEL
BRAND PYRAMID
PERCEPTUAL MAPS
Click here to see the online book
This book was printed as a hardcover book for the exhibition.
REFLECTIONS
In these past four years, I have been through many major physical, mental and spiritual challenges, all the while being far away from my home and my family. All of these experiences made me feel isolated and at times very disconnected. Over time, I rediscovered my sense of self, what is meaningful for me and what I want my life to be. This project is everything that I want to attract in my life: connectedness, magic, performance, inspiration, healing, philosophy and most importantly living in the moment.
I could not imagine any other way to honor these challenges and learnings than with this project. It is a reflection of my true nature. I have been told that my multi-disciplinary nature is confusing and lacking in direction. I have doubted how I would combine all of my multi-disciplinary skills, passions and knowledge into a whole package and show it to the world. This work is me showing it to the world. This journey is the beginning of putting my purpose in life to action.
I feel such an incredible sense of happiness and pride. This is a reminder to myself to always believe in myself, to remember my strength, my resilience and my courage.
One of the most important things that I have learned during this period of my life is that I am my own home. I can simply look within, whenever I feel lost or hurt, and I will have the answer. I will always follow my heart and take strategic risks.
I am 21 now, and I promise to myself that I will always follow my heart, dream big, stay where I can grow. I will always strive to create magic and practice mindfulness and kindness until the end of my life.
I am ready to be fire. | https://www.denizural.com/sensorium1 |
2–3 minute read, or the amount of time it takes to pick out some fresh flowers.
What can nature teach us about mutual aid and collective transformation? In navigating an increasingly digital world, what can we learn from the algorithms developed by other living things to support themselves and others? For this issue, we asked multimedia artist and DIY publishing extraordinaire Mother Cyborg to create a pocket-sized zine (it’s downloadable and printer-friendly!) of lessons she’s learned from encountering other living organisms in her garden and community. Magic Within beckons readers to admire and seek out models of organizing and support in their own surroundings.
The Magic Within is a zine that looks at transformational relationships. The zine is a documentation of the lessons I learned on a healing journey that took place between the fall of 2018 and spring of 2021 in which I was seeking the science of forgiveness. A journey that was set in motion by desire to be rid of the pain that lingered from a deep depression that was nearly two years old. I was looking for a magic formula that would release the anger and sadness that comes with love.
[ID: video shows a hand holding the folded zine and flipping through the pages while electronic music plays in the background. The front of the zine shows a small circular icon of Mother Cyborg wearing cyclops glasses, repeated in geometrical fractal like designs across the page. Page 2: In black and white, an image of a chrysalis on a branch. Several of the fractal images from the cover move across the page. Text reads “the changing butterfly shows us the magic within self-transformation. Page 3: An intricate black and white line drawing of corn, squash and beans growing together. Here and there, a single shade of green fills in the image in blotches. Text reads “The Three Sisters, an indigenous planting system of corn, beans and squash, shows us the magic of mutual-aid within abundance.” Page 4: An abstract black and white line drawing represents lichen. Text reads “Lichen, an organism that is algae and fungi living in a symbiotic relationship, shows us the magic of multiplicity within the both and.]
I began gardening looking to nature for evidence of this magic. When the COVID-19 pandemic hit Detroit in the spring of 2020, a little over a year into my healing journey, I still had no answers and no evidence to show for my work, but did have a massive garden that could feed nearly seven families. I gave up looking for forgiveness and opened my garden as a healing space for my relationships since it helped me so much the year prior. All summer we weeded, swam, harvested, and chased butterflies together — sometimes talking about our past, but mostly making new memories in the present. When fall came around we celebrated our newfound love with a barbecue and flower arranging competition.
As I reflect upon that journey, I realize that it was during the process of looking at the magic within each relationship when forgiveness was able to emerge. It wasn’t a series of acts or one specific ritual, it was the act of making time and space to see each other that opened new moments for relation.
[ID: Mother Cyborg, a young Latinx woman, stands under a gigantic sunflower. She is surrounded by a rainbow halo and is looking up in amazement at the sunflower. Her shirt says bring back the neighbor to the hood.]
Mother Cyborg
She // Her // Hers
Detroit, MI
Diana J Nucera, aka Mother Cyborg, is a multimedia artist who uses music, performance, DIY publishing, community organizing tactics, and popular education methods to elevate collective technological consciousness and agency. At the age of eight, Diana taught herself piano and cello. After her performances playing live music to abstracted videos of thunderstorms and sunrises left audiences in tears, Diana realized the power of art, media, and technology to facilitate collective emotional experiences. | https://newsuns.net/mother-cyborg-magic-within/ |
St. George’s Choral Society enriches lives through the universal and transformative power of music.
With a focus on the education of our members and outreach to the New York City community, we have been sharing performances of great works of music, old and new, for chorus and orchestra since 1817. We are a diverse community of amateur and professional singers, committed to continuing and expanding our legacy of artistic excellence in choral music for years to come.
The Choral Society, led by artistic director and conductor Dr. Matthew Lewis, is no longer religiously affiliated. We perform fall and spring concerts and a summer choral festival accompanied by a professional chamber ensemble or orchestra. St. George’s Choral Society is committed to ensuring access to cultural programming for people with disabilities.
Listen to learn more:
2016–2017 Season
Our 2016–2017 season includes a performance of Dvořák's Stabat Mater with orchestra.
Join Our Summer Festival
Rehearsals for our Summer Choral Festival concert begin June 6.
Support Us
Concert performances are not possible without supporter contributions. | http://www.stgeorgeschoralsociety.org/ |
Learn about CIVICKIDS, our year-long exploration into child-led civic engagement and shared community pride through art-making.
As CMA’s 30th anniversary approached in 2018, we saw children and families grappling with big ideas: climate change, equity, gun violence, and more. At the heart of introducing children to the transformative power of the arts lies the belief that art transforms and makes a change. This happens at CMA every day; the magic moment when a child MAKES something that could not otherwise exist and then SHARES a conversation about it. We know that this is how children begin to LOOK at themselves as active agents in this world, to believe that they can make an impact, a difference, and practice making that impact in something as simple as a work of art.
This is where the idea of CIVICKIDS took root. CIVICKIDS was a year-long experiment in implementing and disseminating curriculum designed to initiate conversations surrounding civic engagement with children and families. We identified 12 themes for each month of CIVICKIDS. During each month, all of our onsite programming related to CIVICKIDS, and we also asked partners working with children from all over the world to reflect with us. In addition, we hosted workshops in all of NYC’s five boroughs. Through the process of working with children, families, and organizations near and far, we learned about how children see themselves in the world, the issues they face, and the future they want to inherit.
We celebrated a year of child-led civic engagement in October 2019 with an all-day program of workshops, activities, readings, and performances in partnership with artist-run civic engagement platform For Freedoms. Highlights included Story Time with Senator Julia Salazar, a collaborative digital quilt with For Freedoms in the Media Lab, and screenings of short films by filmmaker Pablo Herrera and the young filmmakers in CMA’s Summer Art Camp in collaboration with The Climate Museum. View more photos from the celebration here.
Join CMA as we continue to Make Art. Make a Difference in the years to come. | https://cmany.org/civickids/ |
Students in Ms. Heng's class from Voorhis School took to the stage at the Music Center’s Disney Concert Hall for the 39th Annual Very Special Arts Festival, an inclusive event celebrating the artistic achievements of students with all abilities.
Voorhis’ students did a fantastic job showcasing their performing arts skills with a dance to “Cake by the Ocean” decked out in colorful sea animal costumes. The students had a great time performing for the large crowd.
Also attending the Festival and cheering on the performers were students from Madrid, Kranz, Maxson and Miramonte Schools and their proud teachers and parents.
According to Rachel Moore, president and CEO of The Music Center, the Very Special Arts Festival is a way for students of all abilities to experience the transformative power of the arts and showcase their individual creative achievements.
In addition to student performances, the annual festival features professional performances, visual and performing arts workshops and a student art exhibit for participants to enjoy. The student performances are a highlight of the festival and Voorhis’ amazing students definitely filled the crowd with joy and happiness, and made MVSD very proud. | https://mtviewschools.com/m_v_s_d_news/recent_news/voorhis_students_perform_at_the_very_special_arts_ |
Philharmonic Looks to Heavens for Inspiration
When Gustav Holst completed his symphonic suite "The Planets" in 1917, he could not have envisioned the idea that actual photographs of these familiar celestial bodies might someday accompany performances of his music.
But thanks to advances in photographic technology and the persistence of one North Carolina-based musician, audiences today can experience a multimedia presentation that features NASA film footage set to a symphonic performance of "The Planets."
"Heaven and Earth: A Multimedia Spectacular" is the subject of the Oklahoma City Philharmonic's upcoming classics concert, scheduled to begin at 8:15 p.m. Saturday in the Civic Center Music Hall. Music director Joel Levine will conduct.
Mark Hatch, president of Hatch Productions, became intrigued with pursuing such an idea when he was orchestra manager of the Buffalo Philharmonic in New York. Hoping to incorporate visual images into a traditional concert setting, Hatch approached NASA about using its mission photographs.
"After I talked with them, I didn't feel that there was enough of a slide collection to make an interesting enough program and that's when I pursued the idea of using film," Hatch said. "They fell in love with the concept."
Selecting images that had been captured by the Viking, Magellan, Mariner, Voyager and Pioneer satellite missions, Hatch then worked with a professional post-production company to create a film that would complement Holst's colorful score.
"I wanted to give the viewer either a global view or a very close-to-the-surface view of the various planets. In writing the music, Holst had envisioned a psychological and philosophical kind of journey, moving from a very physical state to a metaphysical state. In that respect, I'm trying to take the viewer on a journey as well."
Hatch devoted more than 18 months to working out the details of his "Planets" project, one he chose to underwrite himself rather than seek corporate sponsorship. Orchestras have responded enthusiastically; since the first showing in May 1986, Hatch has supervised nearly a dozen others, the largest being a presentation at Wolf Trap featuring the National Symphony Orchestra.
Audience response, Hatch says, has been overwhelming, so much so that he's considering other orchestral works that might lend themselves to a visual treatment. Grofe's "Grand Canyon Suite" and Copland's "Appalachian Spring" were mentioned as possibilities but he's presently negotiating with TV New Zealand to create a visual narrative for Ralph Vaughan Williams' "Sinfonia Antarctica."
"I think the synergy that has resulted from this project has been terrific," Hatch said. "The music from 'The Planets' is probably one of the most beloved works of the century, but then to know that NASA footage accompanies it makes for a completely different experience.
"I was surprised to hear from people that they had no idea what certain planets looked like so I went to great pains in writing my program notes. I wanted to make sure that people also understood the essence of what Holst was after in writing the suite."
As a musician, Hatch said he realizes that some people prefer a traditional concert experience, that is to say music performed without the distractions of projected images. To those, he offers a simple solution.
"If people believe the visual stimulation might interfere with their aural stimulation, they can close their eyes," Hatch said. "We are dealing with a society, like it or not, that has become increasingly more visually oriented.
"From my experiences as an orchestra manager through the years, I have seen an increased interest from audiences to have more visual stimulation. Any way that we can reach out to folks who may not be typical subscribers is beneficial. My thought is that maybe in time, they'll discover this is really pretty good."
In addition to the multimedia performance of Holst's "The Planets," the program will include a performance of Ernest Bloch's "Schelomo," a Hebrew Rhapsody for cello and orchestra. The performance is presented in honor of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the state of Israel. Principal cellist Greg Sauer will be the soloist. BIOG: NAME: UPD: | https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/1998/02/01/philharmonic-looks-to-heavens-for-inspiration/62292996007/ |
Hello!
I have been blessed by music and the opportunity for great music making throughout my life. There is no greater feeling and joy for me than sharing these blessings with as many people as possible. I couldn’t be happier to be here tonight with this precious community, especially knowing how closely my artistic purpose aligns with the Bakersfield Symphony Orchestra’s mission, “to provide the best possible performances of great music for the widest possible audience, and provide musical education for the young people of Kern County.”
I am originally from Costa Rica, and grew up experiencing the transformative power of music. In 1972, the country’s then president, José Figueres Ferrer, made the monumental decision to use music as an instrument of continued peace, making music education for all children a reality and prioritizing the cultural enrichment of all Costa Ricans. From that vision came his famous phrase “Para que tractores sin violines” (Why tractors without violins).
Having personally benefitted from accessible music education and having seen the positive effects of music on the people of my home country, my vision for my tenure with the BSO would not only include innovative artistic leadership and close collaboration with an outstanding group of fellow artists, but it would also give me the opportunity to share my passion for music, music making, and music education with the people of Kern County. Through music, my dream would be to engage with the active spirit of the community, foster mutual respect, and enrich the lives of community members of all ages.
Tonight’s musical delights could not be more exquisite than with these two iconic works of the orchestral repertoire. The Cello Concerto in B Minor Op. 104 by Antonín Dvorak represents one of the composer’s highest accomplishments and remains one of the most important masterpieces of the cello repertoire, due to its creatively wrought musical details, great expressiveness, fine architecture, and technical demands. The Symphony No. 4 in F Minor Op. 36 by Peter Ilyitch Tchaikovsky will take us through a musical journey full of evocative images – fate, drama, darkness, melancholy, hope, light, and triumph.
Let us all – orchestra, soloist, and audience – open our souls and let the magic of music flow around us, unite us, and transform us with its energy.
Thank you for this great privilege, allowing me to collaborate with the outstanding musicians of the BSO and allowing us all to share the great joy of music together.
Yours, | http://www.bsonow.org/meet-alejandro-guitierrez/?shared=email&msg=fail |
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I hope you find great value in these Quotes by Benny Green from my large collection of motivational and inspirational quotes and sayings.
The magic can happen in a studio.
Special things can happen in a recording studio,
even though it may seem like a clinical environment
from the outside looking in.
- Benny Green
Actually, I've had very little classical training,
although I love listening to classical music very much.
- Benny Green
You know, there're no rules between Russell and I. We don't want to have to have to talk too much,
because it's really precious, really special to play music.
- Benny Green
Art was carrying me a lot of the time.
When you're accustomed to playing with Art,
and you play with other drummers, it's as if the bottom dropped out.
- Benny Green
I didn't know when I was growing up that this was a very special program,
that this wasn't going on in other parts of the country.
Now I realize that I was lucky.
- Benny Green
The first time we performed as a duo,
we had already been playing together in various situations.
- Benny Green
I'm naturally going to react to that and he'll bring
out elements in my musical character that were lying dormant,
because I'm relating what he's playing.
- Benny Green
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Prior to that, I had associated this music with older people,
like my father.
- Benny Green
Just to have that sense of family, it gives you something
that you know you need to take care of for the rest of your life.
People gave it to him, and he passed it on to us.
- Benny Green
I don't really have a lot of hobbies.
I listen to a lot of spoken word.
I get books on tape.
- Benny Green
No, that's not it.
The first time we met was at Fat Tuesday's.
Benny was playing, this was, I think in 1989?
- Benny Green
A jazz musician is a juggler who uses harmonies instead of oranges.
- Benny Green
We have different personalities, but in a harmonious way,
I'd say.
Anyway, we were booked to play at the festival as a duo;
and we decided we wouldn't have any rehearsal.
- Benny Green
The first jazz pianist I heard was Thelonious Monk.
My father was listening to an album of his called 'Monk's
Dream' almost every day from the time I was born.
- Benny Green
He would catapult you forward, and that was his intention
with the Jazz Messengers.
He would take young people with a potential and help
them develop a voice as a player and as a writer.
- Benny Green
Ray had so much love of life and the music.
He had so much integrity.
He treated the music with so much dignity and respect.
I spent four and a half years as a sideman with Ray Brown's trio.
Music was his life, more so than anyone I could mention.
- Benny Green
Like Russell, I enjoy the fact that when I'm playing solo,
if I want to do something completely spontaneous,
I don't have to worry about how I'm going to cue the other musicians,
or if it's something that's rehearsed.
- Benny Green
Any time I need to get a serious attitude adjustment,
I put on one of their records, and there are examples
there for all time to keep us honest and keep us reaching;
they'll never be eclipsed.
- Benny Green
I'm glad you asked that question, because of any musical situation I've been in,
the communication feels great here with Russell.
He really pays close attention to what I'm doing because he cares.
- Benny Green
We have fun, we listen to one another,
we challenge one another, we trust one another.
We're doing what we enjoy, and we're not just playing for each other,
we're playing for the people.
- Benny Green
Just to be around that, to feel a part of it and be
able to integrate the experience while I was with the Messengers,
of going and playing gigs with other drummers,
gave me the chance to realize that it was not just
me that was making it happen.
- Benny Green
I think there's a natural chemistry between us as friends;
and there's really no separation between the rapport
that we feel when we're in conversation and when we're playing music,
it's one in the same.
- Benny Green
I have similar feelings, actually.
The intimacy of a club: you can see the people,
you can almost feel them; you can't beat that.
People will say things, and shout out,
it's almost like they're up on the bandstand with you.
- Benny Green
Smile broadly, sing loudly,
paint your rooms in bold colors,
search every rabbit hole
for a magical white bunny,
have caviar for breakfast
and oatmeal for dinner,
wear a purple coat with a red hat -
dance lightly with life.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
Christmas waves a magic wand over this world,
and behold, everything is softer and more beautiful.
- Norman Vincent Peale
I Find A Magical White Bunny In Every Rabbit Hole.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
There is magic in sincere forgiveness - magic to heal.
- Terry Goodkind
Whatever you can do, or dream you can, Begin it.
Boldness has genius, power and magic in it, Begin it now.
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
There is a magic in the memory of schoolboy friendships;
it softens the heart,
and even affects the nervous system
of those who have no heart.
- Benjamin Disraeli
Well excuse me - we've got something
a little unusual going on here -
time travel, parallel universes,
or just a little common ordinary insanity.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
The magic words for a great family are,
"I love you just the way you are."
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
The power of the Wizard lives within me.
I call upon its magic at will - transforming Fear into Love.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
Dumbo! C'mon, fly! Open them ears!
The magic feather was just a gag!
You can fly! Honest, you can!
- Timothy Q. Mouse in the movie Dumbo
This is serious, get out your magic wand.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
Life is serious, get out your magic wand.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
Watch out, I have a Magic Wand.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
Magic is natural to Wizards,
and only a little harder for the rest of us.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
I think cinema, movies, and magic have always been closely associated.
The very earliest people who made film were magicians.
- Francis Ford Coppola
The great leaders are like the best conductors -
they reach beyond the notes to reach the magic in the players.
- Blaine Lee
One man's "magic" is another man's engineering.
"Supernatural" is a null word.
- Robert A. Heinlein
Always remember the three magic words: You're right dear.
- Anonymous
I am the Wizard. This world is mine.
I speak. It's done. My realm is fine.
My wand, my tongue. My sword, my voice.
It's good. It's bad. I speak my choice.
I say happy, or I say mad.
I say angry, or I say glad.
I name that drawing on the wall.
It's not graffiti after all.
The past has been broken. The prison's not real.
My word holds the magic - the power to heal.
Intent is my weapon - a sword from above.
Cruel hate, fear, and anger transmute into love.
This world's my joy. This mouth's my toy.
Reborn -I'm a brand new girl or boy.
I choose. I speak. My will is done.
Come join. Come play. This can be fun.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.
- Arthur C. Clarke
Formerly, when religion was strong and science weak,
men mistook magic for medicine; now,
when science is strong and religion weak,
men mistake medicine for magic.
- Thomas Szasz
Love can sometimes be magic.
But magic can sometimes...
just be an illusion.
- Javan
Clarke's Third Law:
Any sufficiently advanced technology
is indistinguishable from magic.
- Arthur C. Clarke
I close my eyes, then I drift away, into the magic night I softly say.
A silent prayer, like dreamers do, then I fall asleep
to dream my dreams of you.
- Roy Orbison
A good designer must rely on experience,
on precise, logic thinking; and on pedantic exactness.
No magic will do.
- Niklaus Wirth
Art is magic delivered from the lie of being truth.
- Theodor Adorno
A well-composed book is a magic carpet on which we
are wafted to a world that we cannot enter in any other way.
- Caroline Gordon
I have always been delighted at the prospect of a new day,
a fresh try, one more start, with perhaps a bit of
magic waiting somewhere behind the morning.
- J. B. Priestley
I had wanted a tape recorder since I was tiny.
I thought it was a magic thing.
I never got one until just before I went to art school.
- Brian Eno
After being in Harry Potter, I believe a bit more in magic than I did before.
- Rupert Grint
There's only one word for that - magic darts!
- Sid Waddell
To play safe, I prefer to accept only one type of power:
the power of art over trash,
the triumph of magic over the brute.
- Vladimir Nabokov
Are you in earnest? Seize this very minute!
Boldness has genius, power, and magic in it.
Only engage, and then the mind grows heated.
Begin, and then the work will be completed.
- Jean Anouilh
An idea can turn to dust or magic, depending on the
talent that rubs against it.
- William Bernbach
Words to me were magic.
You could say a word and it could conjure up all kinds
of images or feelings or a chilly sensation or whatever.
It was amazing to me that words had this power.
- Amy Tan
A dream doesn't become reality through magic;
it takes sweat,
determination and hard work.
- Colin Powell
There is no short and easy road, no magic cure for
those ills which have afflicted mankind from the dawn of history.
- Frank B. Kellogg
If there was any magic formula, it was getting to pitch every fourth day.
- Sandy Koufax
Painting is an illusion, a piece of magic,
so what you see is not what you see.
- Philip Guston
The first magic of love is our ignorance that it can ever end.
- Benjamin Disraeli
There is not enough magic in a bloodline to forge an instant,
irrevocable bond.
- James Earl Jones
There is no way that you can ever really repeat something.
I have this great belief that the magic of the moment can never be recaptured.
- Brian May
Doing the right thing for someone else was like a tonic for me;
it was like some magic ointment that made a wound disappear.
- Susie Bright
When I used to do musical theatre, my dad refused to come backstage.
He never wanted to see the props up close or the sets up close.
He didn't want to see the magic.
- Nia Vardalos
Oh, I think, watching Magic, him being one of my...
I'm one of his biggest fans, and just trying to emulate what he did,
going out on the playground, and also playing with older guys.
- Jason Kidd
Somebody said they threw their copy of Dungeons and Dragons into the fire,
and it screamed.
It's a game!
The magic spells in it are as real as the gold.
Try retiring on that stuff.
- Gary Gygax
The screen is a magic medium.
It has such power that it can retain interest as it
conveys emotions and moods that no other art form can hope to tackle.
- Stanley Kubrick
They were written on cheap blue notebooks bought by poor women.
I'm interested in folk tales in the way that medicine
and magic in women's stories are all kind of combined.
- Alice Hoffman
---------
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- Jonathan Lockwood Huie | http://www.dreamthisday.com/quotes-by/benny-green/ |
Due to COVID-19, the Department of Anthropology offices will be closed beginning on March 17th, 2020, until further notice. During this time, faculty and staff will be telecommuting from home and will be most accessible via email. Please visit our Department People page for individual contact information. For general questions, please reach out to [email protected] or (608)262-2866. Our office staff will be checking their voicemail regularly. UW-Madison will begin alternative course instruction on March 23rd, 2020, to continue through the end of Summer 2020 semester.
Meet Our Faculty
Transformative Research
Learn more about our faculty's innovative and transformative research on the human experience and the research themes that cross-cut our program. Much of their research is supported with a wide variety of external grants and fellowships.
Award Winning Teachers
Our faculty have been recognized for their excellence in teaching, including three recipients of the Chancellor's Distinguished Teaching Award. More than half of our faculty have been recognized with the UW Housing Honored Instructor Award.
Anthropology faculty, staff, and students draw on a comparative framework as we seek to understand human diversity, distinctiveness, and universality through time and across the world. Anthropology spans the humanities, the social sciences, and the biological, cognitive, and evolutionary sciences, bringing an interdisciplinary vitality to research and teaching on some of the most important issues facing humanity today: conflict and violence, human rights, power struggles, migration, environmental change, cultural identity, political and economic life, food, and understanding the ways that cultural meaning, history, and power have shaped the human experience. | https://www.anthropology.wisc.edu/ |
Sherri is a Registered Clinical Counsellor with the British Columbia Association of Clinical Counsellors (#3580). She holds a Bachelor degree from Simon Fraser University, a Certificate in Conflict Resolution and Mediation from the Justice Institute of BC and an MA from the Adler University of Professional Psychology. She draws on 25 years of experience working in the field of conflict resolution to inform her work as a therapist. Sherri was formerly an instructor and coach at the Justice Institute of B.C. in the Centre for Conflict Resolution and the Justice and Public Safety Division.
Counselling Approach
Sherri brings a unique blend of experience and skill to the individuals, couples and groups with whom she works as a counsellor, facilitator, educator and coach. She believes it takes courage to seek counselling and thus she is committed to work with her clients in a non-judgemental, goal focussed and transformative way.
Working with people who are struggling to make a change in their lives is an area where Sherri thrives as she works hard to discover what motivates each individual. She loves seeing the spark in someone's eye when they realize something new about themselves or when they begin to look at something from a different angle.
Recent Training:
Taming the Tiger: How to Help Clients with Extreme Anxiety.
Gottman Method Couples Therapy
Level I Clinical Training.
Satir Transformational Systemic Therapy Level I (60 hrs).
Satir Transformational Systemic Therapy Level II (10 days residential).
Introduction to Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) with Couples.
Neuroscience in the Sand Tray.
Occupational Awareness Training for Therapists: Understanding First Responder Trauma.
Trauma and Yoga within the Satir Model: Reclaiming the Body.
Restorative Yoga Teachers Immersion (20hrs).
Yoga Mind Body Medicine - Blissology (50hrs).
Sherri provides services to clients in the South Surrey and South Delta/Tsawwassen areas where she can set up counselling in person, via video or by phone. She has been married for 28 years and has three young adults in her life. She enjoys trail running, paddleboarding, hiking, travelling and writing.
Sherri Calder RCC
Edited Image 2015-6-11-12:13:41
Online counselling
Sherri Calder RCC
1/13
A designation of
BC Association
of
Clinical Counsellors. | https://www.sherricalder.com/about |
THREE members of Newcastle Emlyn Tekki RS Karate club put on fine performances against fierce and experienced competitors at the European championships held in Serbia.
Wales squad members Lily Rees, Owen Topham and Bethany Nelson all benefited from the experience of coming up against Europe's best.
Lily was on fire in her age category but was unlucky to be disqualified due her opponent's nose being broken by a round-house kick. She managed to have three fights in the older category.
Bethany competed in both disciplines and put in strong performances but just missed out being on the podium by two points.
They will rejoin the Welsh squad next February to begin preparation for future events. | https://www.tivysideadvertiser.co.uk/sport/17275099.emlyn-karate-trio-put-in-fine-performances-at-european-championships/ |
Donate!
Support Us!
As we continue into our 22nd season, we seek your help in order to continue our third decade on a strong financial footing. This will ensure our future as an outstanding choral ensemble in Boston that draws out the connections between the old and the new, the aesthetic and the spiritual. This has been our hallmark identity, delivered in nuanced performances of music both surprising and familiar, but always challenging and rewarding, over the past 19 years.
At times the world and our lives can be in a state of cacophony. Together, over the din, let us employ the power and magic of music to provide clarity and harmony, to sooth and inspire the human spirit, and to lend hope for the days to come.
Thank you for supporting us! Seraphim Singers is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Your gift to Seraphim is tax deductible to the extent allowed by law. | https://seraphimsingers.org/support-us/ |
Ming’s reflections on BCCO, singing, music, and community:
On Dvořák and The Spectre’s Bride - Recorded at a Monday night rehearsal of the Berkeley Community Chorus & Orchestra, as we prepare for this exciting concert!
Rehearsing the Bolshoi Orchestra - A few years ago, I was invited to rehearse the Bolshoi Orchestra, an amazing opportunity to experience the rich musical heritage of Russia.
On singing Russian music with BCCO at this time in history - Music Director Ming Luke talks about the challenges and importance of singing Russian choral works in our current season.
On Dvorák and the Stabat Mater - Reflections on learning Dvorak's Stabat Mater, and how it relates to other Dvorak symphonic choral works.
BCCO War Requiem receives Best of the Bay award - BCCO’s commanding performances of Benjamin Britten’s War Requiem at UC Berkeley’s Hertz Hall last June earned a top spot in the 2015-16 Best of the Bay reader poll by San Francisco Classical Voice.
Community, brain science, and the power of music - Some reflections on the ways music benefits us and brings us together in challenging times.
Two Requiems — singing in the new year with Cherubini and Mozart - Reflections on our two works for this week's concert: Mozart's Requiem and Cherubini's Requiem in C minor.
Preparing to conduct Britten’s War Requiem - Performances are just a week away; some reflections on conducting Britten’s masterwork.
Our Soloists for Britten’s War Requiem - About our soloists: Carrie Hennessey, Brian Thorsett, and Efraín Solis.
The Power of Music in our Human Experience - As we’ve talked about, Britten’s War Requiem is difficult music, and not just because of the notes, but also the subject.
Welcome to BCCO’s 50th anniversary season! - The BCCO 50th Anniversary season is about to begin!
Collaborating with the San Francisco Girls Chorus - Why a girl's chorus instead of the traditional boy's choir for Britten's Requiem? Here are some thoughts.
Libera Me, my favorite part of Britten’s War Requiem - Reflections on the Libera Me, the final movement, which we have been rehearsing very hard in the past couple of weeks.
Wilfred Owen’s Strange Meeting - Ming Luke reads "Strange Meeting," by Wilfred Owen
The Voice Jury - A tale from my student days.
The Power of a Musical Ensemble - Realizing the power of a musical ensemble during a tour, while at Westminster Choir College, led me to want to explore being a conductor.
Musical Magic working with BCCO - There have been many magical music moments in working with BCCO but these two stand out for me: St. John Passion in the Berkeley Community Theater and Dvorak's Requiem in Prague.
Why the War Requiem is an important work for me - Thoughts on the War Requiem as we begin rehearsing this fantastic work.
Happy Holidays, BCCO! - Some thoughts from Ming to ponder over the holidays, before our first anniversary concerts.
Conducting Symphonic Choral Masterworks: how do you keep track of everything? - One of the chorus members asked me how I keep track of everything when I'm conducting symphonic choral masterworks. Here's the basics!
Ming’s Musings: On New Compositions, Kurt Erickson - Here I discuss my love of working on new compositions, such as the Kurt Erickson piece, “I Think I Shall Praise Him,” commissioned for BCCO’s 50th anniversary.
My philosophy of choral singing - A bit about my philosophy of choral singing, on what it means to sing as a chorus, in community
Finlandia, 50 years ago - Finlandia,by Jean Sibelius, was often performed as an audience sing-along under Arlene Sagan. It also has an unexpected connection to BCCO's anniversary.
Ming’s Musings: Rehearsals - Ming muses on the rehearsal process as he leaves the chorus in the hands of guest conductors during his trip to China with the San Francisco Ballet.
Ming’s Musings: rehearsing Bernstein’s Chichester Psalms - At a rehearsal break, Music Director Ming Luke talks about rehearsing Bernstein's Chichester Psalms.
BCCO Embodies Music for Everyone - BCCO Music Director Ming Luke reflects on BCCO's commitment to music for everyone.
Verdi’s Requiem as singer and conductor - BCCO Music Director Ming Luke reflects on singing and conducting Verdi's Requiem.
My First Rehearsal with BCCO - Music Director Ming Luke remembers his first rehearsal with BCCO. | https://storychorus.org/music-staff/mings-musings/ |
N’we Jinan, whose name means “we live here” in James Bay (Eastern) Cree, was coined in 2014 by former Grand Chief of the Cree Nation Youth Council, Joshua Iserhoff and Montreal music producer and educator, David Hodges.
N’we Jinan began as a one-week intensive program for youth to learn about and acquire skills in sound recording, music production, songwriting, and performance. Through the Mobile Music and Production Studio, original songs were created that centred on themes of cultural identity, language, struggle, love, and self-acceptance. To date, more than 900 First Nations youth have participated across 70 communities, resulting in 140 songs and videos that have been viewed more than 20 million times online. View the videos here.
Between 2014 and 2021, the Mobile Production Studio has given participants an opportunity to write, edit, practice, perform, and share their talents with the entire world. The Studio encourages youth to build confidence and creates healthy space for collaboration, teamwork, and peer to peer support.
Integrative Arts Studio
Throughout the 2017-18 school year, the N’we Jinan Integrative Arts Program was implemented in four First Nations School Association (FNSA) schools in Northern British Columbia supported by funding from the First Nations Education Steering Committee (FNESC). In this first year, this pilot programming took the form of two five-week artist residencies per school, operating in an after-school or extracurricular setting. More than 300 students participated.
What makes the N’we Jinan Studio Experience Unique?
Studios are facilitated by professional artists
N’we Jinan Studios provide the tools, space, and support for students to express themselves creatively, through a wide range of artistic media, all while working with professional artists. N’we Jinan platforms amplify the voices and stories of Indigenous youth and connect them to other creative youth and artists across Turtle Island.
Students learn to ‘FAI2L’
Creative learning is all about taking risks, learning to love the process just as much (or more than) the product. N’we Jinan Studios invite students to use their FAI2L (For All Ideas 2 Live) books to try things out, scratch things out, and learn by doing.
Students are invited to celebrate themselves, their friends, and their communities
The N’we Jinan Festival & Youth Conference invites N’we Jinan participants to gather, celebrate, and share their artistic creations and accomplishments. The event brings youth together to participate in hands-on workshops, performances, and gatherings and to showcase and amplify the incredible work created by youth. In addition, keynote presentations, guest performances, and guest speakers provide a sense of inspiration and connection for everyone who attends.
The Studio experience connects youth to a wide network of Indigenous youth who love to create
Through the festival, online events, job opportunities, collaborative projects, and training that can extend beyond the walls of the classroom, students who participate in N’we Jinan Studios have an opportunity to build their skillsets, connect with artistic leaders who inspire them, and become part of a wide network of peers who are excited about creating art and music.
N’we Jinan Studios are Powered by inPath
N’we Jinan Studios are supported by a team of pedagogy, programming, and logistics experts committed to the transformative power of creative processes. The inPath team facilitates connections between schools, artists, communities, and builds relationships with people working in the creative sector. They also spend time organizing flights, shipping materials, and working out the complex logistics that come with hosting creative programming from coast to coast.
inPath’s creative network fosters opportunities for youth to share their stories widely, connect with their peers, work with mentors, and build skills that extend beyond the walls of the classroom.
And, as a training hub for emerging and professional artists, inPath also provides employment and training opportunities for creatives who are committed to honing and sharing their practice while expanding their knowledge in entrepreneurship, financial literacy, facilitation, leadership, and co-creation. | https://nwejinan.com/about/ |
Expert of the month: Justine Nolan
Each month we speak with an authoritative voice within the conscious community, to provide you insight in their practices and how it may be beneficial to your wellness. This month, we speak with Justine Nolan, Reiki Master, Sound Healer and founder of East London Reiki.
What exactly is a Reiki Master and how does one become one?
A Reiki Master, literally speaking, is somebody who has trained and received attunements through all three levels of training – from Reiki 1 (Shoden) up to Reiki Master level (Shinpiden). They are then able to pass an attunement, which is a sacred energetic ritual to others, ultimately awakening their connection to and awareness of Reiki.
Reiki is essentially soul energy – our True Self and the highest and purest part of Us. All we need do is rediscover and reconnect to that part of ourselves. It is why, when Mikao Usui - the founder of the system, was asked whether Reiki was just for the spiritually gifted or if everyone could practice, he replied: “Everyone who has received the breath of life can practice Reiki.”
In this way Reiki is truly Universal and open to us all.
Looking further beyond training, a Reiki Master is one who has made a commitment to use the practice of Reiki to master their energy on all levels – mind, emotions and form. To ultimately become Reiki, and live from a place of greater balance, harmony and love for themselves and all other beings from moment to moment.
How do you work with clients? Why do people reach out and what’s generally at stake?
I work with each client on an intuitive and individual basis, understanding that two people coming to Reiki with the same issue on the surface may have different underlying root causes. I see my role as both a guide and a space holder. I guide clients to deeply connect to their own energy using meditation, breath-work or sound healing whilst holding a space for Reiki to flow through to them. Together we explore their experience across all of their vibrational levels – physical, emotional, mental and spiritual and I share any insights that may assist them on their healing journey.
People reach out for so many different reasons - they be may working through mental health issues such as anxiety and depression, physical issues ranging from chronic fatigue, to fertility challenges to cancer, or they may seek support following a bereavement, relationship breakdown or major life transition. Sometimes people are simply curious to experience Reiki, but mostly people are feeling stuck, out of balance or disconnected to their energy, their bodies or their lives in general.
What is wonderful with Reiki is that it can be used for any health condition, any situation, at any stage of life and it will only facilitate positive change - which is aligned with the highest good of the soul rather than with our human will. There are absolutely no contraindications with Reiki. You can share with others and trust that they will only benefit from the experience – something I have witnessed time and time again in my years of practice.
What is everyone hoping to achieve in a session?
That is a big question and varies from person to person. It can also change as people progress on their healing journey.
For example, somebody may initially come to Reiki hoping to resolve a skin condition and their resulting low mood. Through the session, they may become more aware of the quality of their energy and their thoughts. They may feel irritation rise and realise that they are holding onto a lot of anger from the past or become aware that there is a constant stream of harsh, critical thoughts running through their minds.
As they begin to connect more deeply to their unseen energy (emotions, thoughts and spirit) they may feel guided to transform their anger to forgiveness and their criticism to kindness. They may then notice how the quality of their seen energy (physical body/skin) responds and improves. Through this process they may gain a deeper understanding of the transformative power of forgiveness and kindness – both of which are ultimately love. Their primary aim may then shift from simply improving their skin condition to cultivating deeper love for both themselves and others.
What generally happens in a session?
During a session I aim to help people feel as comfortable, safe and as held as possible. Lying down on a massage table underneath a warm blanket, Reiki flows from Source, through my being into yours – a continuous stream of loving vibrations direct from the Universe. This enables you to enter a deep meditative state where you may see visions, symbols or colours in your minds eye. The energy guides you to release anything you are holding which is of a lower vibration, anything blocking you from experiencing your True Self shining through.
You may experience an emotional release in the form of tears, a muscle spasm as stagnant energy shifts through your body or take a deep exhale as energy clears with your breath. You may experience Reiki as pulsating waves, warmth which envelopes you, a tingling sensation or even a cool breeze. Your experience of both Reiki and your own energy will change as the session unfolds and from one session to another too.
At the close of our time together you will be grounded and rooted back into your body and the earth. There is space for us to exchange feedback and for you to ask any questions. The overwhelming response to Reiki for most people is a greater feeling of peace, lightness and connection to their essence.
How does Reiki recharge or heal a person?
From my understanding and experience, Reiki heals us by raising the quality of our energy or the level of our consciousness. For the most part, in everyday, modern life we are very disconnected from our soul or spiritual energy. The practice of Reiki plugs us back into our own soul and into Source (the soul energy of the Universe). We are literally recharged at the mains - tuned into the spiritual power that underlies and flows through all of creation. As more spiritual power flows through our being, our energetic centres open further and we feel a greater sense of space within ourselves and across our lives. This increased spaciousness can revolutionise our thinking and belief systems, which impacts the energy from which our actions spring forth. We begin to live more from the space of our soul rather than from the habitual patterns of our mind, emotions and conditioning.
Any tips on how someone can heal themselves if they feel overwhelmed or are struggling with a difficult situation?
Through my own healing I have found the two pillars of communion and community that are cultivated within the system of Reiki to be helpful in working through life’s challenges.
It’s essential that we create time and space to come into communion with our own energy in solitude – whether that is through Reiki self-practice, meditation, walks in nature, prayer or simply relaxing by ourselves without distraction. Our deepest fears and desires, our lowest thoughts and feelings are often revealed to us in these spaces and it can sometimes be an overwhelming and uncomfortable place to be. But awareness – seeing what is really there within us and allowing ourselves to sit and feel all that rises up, understanding that it is not us, rather just energy that wants to move through us is so crucial to our healing.
In addition to our internal practice, reaching out to a supportive, spiritual community in difficult times is also hugely beneficial. Sharing our thoughts and feelings with others working in a similar way to us can help us to feel less isolated and more understood. We can gain strength from the realisation that underneath the surface differences of our individual challenges many of the underlying lessons are the same. Through connecting with others in this way we might realise that life is happening for us rather than to us. That life is always serving us - helping us to grow, evolve and hopefully respond with more kindness, grace and courage no matter what comes our way. | https://www.essiree.com/pages/expert-of-the-month-justine-nolan |
Some products, such as CBD gummies, capsules, or pills, tell you how much is in a single serving. For example, the packaging on a bottle of CBD capsules might indicate that there are 5 mg of CBD per capsule.
If you’re using CBD oil, it’ll likely come in a dropper bottle. The packaging might specify how much CBD is in a single drop. From there, you can figure out how many drops you need to use.
Sometimes it’s harder to figure out how much CBD is in one drop because the packaging specifies the total amount of CBD in the entire bottle, but not the amount that will be in a single drop.
One drop is about 0.05 milliliters (mL). That is, not a full dropper — just a single drop.
This means that a 10-mL bottle of CBD oil contains 200 drops. And if the packaging for that 10-mL bottle says that the bottle contains 1,000 mg of CBD, each drop will contain about 5 mg of CBD.
So, to have 20 mg of that type of CBD oil, you should take four drops. | http://forum.creative-destruction.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&action=printable&tid=115917 |
Stay Hard XL Pills – 1 Bottle. Each bottle contains 60 capsules. For best results, take 1 capsule in the AM and 1 capsules in the PM; after a full meal. | https://www.penisenlargementy.com/amazon-stay-hard-xl-pills-new-improved-advanced-stayhard-xl-fast-acting-supplement-stayhardxl-powder-capsules-tablets-booster-para-el-hombre-capsulas-reviews-1-month-supply/ |
Each Zenabis THC Light Softgel capsule is pre-dosed with 2.5 mg of THC and <1 mg of CBD in MCT oil .
All Zenabis Light Softgels contain cannabis oil made from high-grade plant material using a supercritical CO2 extraction process.
Each childproof bottle contains 15 light blue softgel pills, allowing patients to consume cannabis in a flavourless, smoke-free, discreet format. When ingested orally, cannabis oil has a long-lasting but predictable effect. When first using, the smallest dose (1 capsule) is recommended, followed by a waiting period of 60-90 minutes or longer to determine the effects. The effects of oils can be felt for 8-12 hours in some patients. Please remember to start low and go slow. | https://www.zenabis.com/product-thc-light/ |
This color-coded U.S. map shows the number of painkiller prescriptions per 100 people in each of the fifty states plus the District of Columbia in 2012. Data from IMS, National Prescription Audit (NPATM), 2012.
The green bottle contains states that have the lowest number of prescription painkillers per 100 people: 52-63 (5 states).
The yellow bottle contains states that have 65-82 prescription painkillers per 100 people (21 states).
The orange bottle contains states that have 85-102 prescription painkillers per 100 people (15 states).
The red-orange bottle contains states that have 107 to 120 prescription painkillers per 100 people (5 states).
The red bottle contains states that have the highest number of prescription painkillers per 100 people: 128-143 (5 states).
New York required prescribers to check the state’s prescription drug monitoring program before prescribing painkillers.
2013 Result: Saw a 75% drop in patients who were seeing multiple prescribers to obtain the same drugs, which would put them at higher risk of overdose.
Florida regulated pain clinics and stopped health care providers from dispensing prescription painkillers from their offices.
2012 Result: Saw more than 50% decrease in overdose deaths from oxycodone.
Tennessee required prescribers to check the state’s prescription drug monitoring program before prescribing painkillers.
2013 Result: Saw a 36% drop in patients who were seeing multiple prescribers to obtain the same drugs, which would put them at higher risk of overdose. | https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/opioid-prescribing/infographic.html |
0.3344 lbs X 453.6 g/lb = 151.68 grams a.i./gal.
1 liter of KONTROL 4-4 contains 40 grams of permethrin.
1 milliliter of KONTROL 4-4 contains 0.040 grams of permethrin.
1 milliliter of KONTROL 4-4 contains 40 milligrams of permethrin.
TAKE one (1) milliliter of KONTROL 4-4 ® CONCENTRATE and, using a volumetric flask, dilute it to 100 ml FINAL VOLUME with A.C.S. acetone. [A.C.S. acetone is the grade of acetone approved by the American Chemical Society.] This is the STOCK solution.
TAKE 10.75 ml of the STOCK solution and dilute it to 100 ml FINAL VOLUME with A.C.S. acetone. This is the TEST solution.
The TEST solution contains 43 micrograms of permethrin per 1 ml.
USE 1 ml of the TEST solution in each bottle of the Bottle Bioassay.
CLICK HERE for the bottle bioassay protocol. | http://web.archive.org/web/20080511234957/http:/pherec.org/memoranda/kontrol4-4.html |
Can You Find Your Pills?
Welcome to The Riddler. Every week, I offer up problems related to the things we hold dear around here: math, logic and probability. Two puzzles are presented each week: the Riddler Express for those of you who want something bite-size and the Riddler Classic for those of you in the slow-puzzle movement. Submit a correct answer for either,1 and you may get a shoutout in the next column. Please wait until Monday to publicly share your answers! If you need a hint or have a favorite puzzle collecting dust in your attic, find me on Twitter or send me an email.
Riddler Express
If you’ve ever thought about buying a home, you might be familiar with the so-called “Rule of 72.” For an exponentially increasing quantity, like interest accrued on a principal, you can use the Rule of 72 to approximate the doubling time based on the interest rate. For example, for an interest rate of 4 percent — meaning the exponential growth is 1.04t, with t measured in years — the doubling time is approximately 72 divided by 4, or 18 years.
It turns out that there is only one interest rate for which the Rule of 72 tells you the exact doubling time. What is that interest rate?
Riddler Classic
From Dave Moran comes a pill-popping puzzle:
I’ve been prescribed to take 1.5 pills of a certain medication every day for 10 days, so I have a bottle with 15 pills. Each morning, I take two pills out of the bottle at random.
On the first morning, these are guaranteed to be two full pills. I consume one of them, split the other in half using a precision blade, consume half of that second pill, and place the remaining half back into the bottle.
On subsequent mornings when I take out two pills, there are three possibilities:
- I get two full pills. As on the first morning, I split one and place the unused half back into the bottle.
- I get one full pill and one half-pill, both of which I consume.
- I get two half-pills. In this case, I take out another pill at random. If it’s a half-pill, then I consume all three halves. But if it’s a full pill, I split it and place the unused half back in the bottle.
Assume that each pill — whether it is a full pill or a half-pill — is equally likely to be taken out of the bottle.
On the 10th day, I again take out two pills and consume them. In a rush, I immediately throw the bottle in the trash before bothering to check whether I had just consumed full pills or half-pills. What’s the probability that I took the full dosage, meaning I don’t have to dig through the trash for a remaining half-pill?
Solution to last week’s Riddler Express
Congratulations to 👏 Michael Goldwasser 👏 of St. Louis, Missouri, winner of last week’s Riddler Express.
Last week, you looked at hexominoes, which are shapes made of six identical, nonoverlapping squares that are connected by edges. Some hexominoes, like the one shown below, could be decomposed into an array of three straight squares, an array of two squares and an array of one square.
How many distinct hexominoes could you find that could not be decomposed into arrays of three, two and one squares? (For the purposes of this riddle, two hexominoes were considered equivalent if they could be turned into one another by rotation and/or reflection.)
First of all, how many distinct hexominoes were there? Fortunately, the tallying of polyominoes is a well-studied problem, and the number of each type of polyomino is an OEIS sequence. In particular, there are 35 distinct hexominoes that can’t be turned into each other by rotation or reflection (so-called “free hexominoes”).
From there, most solvers took out their felt-tip pens (or digital paint buckets) and got to coloring the 35 hexominoes. Rohan Lewis was able to carve out three straight arrays at least one way for 32 of the 35 hexominoes, as shown below. That meant there were three hexominoes that couldn’t be decomposed in this way.
Solver Tom Keith went a step further and looked at how many other triangular-numbered polyominoes couldn’t be decomposed into straight arrays of 1, 2, 3, …, N squares. Tom found that as the size of the polyominoes increased, the ones that weren’t decomposable started to outnumber the decomposable ones — and rapidly.
By the way, the numbers of decomposable and non-decomposable polyominoes look like fodder for one or two new OEIS sequences, if anyone in Riddler Nation feels so inclined to submit them …
And finally, a quick shoutout to Jenny Mitchell, who submitted colored square emojis in the Show Your Work section of the answer form!
Solution to last week’s Riddler Classic
Congratulations to 👏 Steve Curry 👏 of Albuquerque, New Mexico, winner of last week’s Riddler Classic.
Last week, you were stranded in a casino and needed to purchase a flight home. Flights cost $250, but you had only $100 on hand. However, as I just said, you were in a casino! Surely, you could gamble your way to $250.
The casino had a particular game called “Riddler’s Delight,” in which you could bet any amount of money in your possession for an even greater amount of money. You could even bet fractional, irrational or infinitesimal amounts if you so desired.
The catch was that the odds were not in your favor. In Riddler’s Delight, whenever you bet A dollars in an attempt to win B dollars (with B > A), your probability of winning was not A/B, which you would have expected from a fair game. Instead, your probability of winning was always 10 percent less, or 0.9(A/B).
Which betting strategy would have maximized your probability of getting home, and what was that probability?
The first approach many readers tried was to bet it all in one go. When the odds are stacked against you, this is often a more reasonable strategy than betting in smaller amounts, where the casino will generally take your money thanks to the Law of Large Numbers. If you put all $100 on the line in an effort to win back $250, your probability of success was 0.9(100/250), or 36 percent. Not bad! But could you do better?
Instead of betting it all at once, you could instead have bet half your money, saving the other half in case you failed. If you bet $50, you only needed to win $200 (rather than $250), since you had another $50 set aside. Your chances of winning this first bet were 0.9(50/200), or 22.5 percent. And for the remaining 77.5 percent of the time you lost that $50, you could try betting the $50 you had left, which netted you $250 with probability 0.9(50/250), or 18 percent. Putting this all together, your probability of winning was 0.225 + (0.775)(0.18), or 36.45 percent, which was slightly greater than the 36 percent chance you had by betting all $100.
From there, a few solvers realized that breaking up larger bets into smaller ones always improved your chances. That meant the optimal strategy was the limit of making a series of infinitesimal bets to win $250 minus however much you still had on hand.
Solver Pradeep Niroula of Kathmandu, Nepal, calculated your probability of winning if you made this series of infinitesimal bets, each worth 𝜖 dollars. On your jth such infinitesimal bet, you had to wager 250−(100−j𝜖) to reach $250, which meant your probability of winning was 0.9𝜖/(250−(100−j𝜖)). Your probability of losing was then 1 minus this quantity, and multiplying all these terms together (from when j was 1 up to 100/𝜖) gave you the total probability of failure. And subtracting this from 1 again gave you your probability of winning. Finally, taking the limit as 𝜖 went to zero revealed a numerical answer, which Pradeep computationally determined to be about 36.8554 percent.
Meanwhile, Emma Knight and Shivam Sarodia were able to analytically solve that limit using calculus. Your precise chances of securing that $250 flight were 1−(3/5)9/10. I thought it was rather satisfying to see how each number from the puzzle (the ratio of $100 to $250 and the 10 percent shavings) appeared in this expression.
Finally, kudos to Benjamin Dickman who realized the answer was approximately 0.368 and guessed it was 1/e, which indeed rounds to 0.368 and was less than 1 percent away from the correct answer! But for once, the answer around here did not involve e or 𝜋.
Want more puzzles?
Well, aren’t you lucky? There’s a whole book full of the best puzzles from this column and some never-before-seen head-scratchers. It’s called “The Riddler,” and it’s in stores now!
Want to submit a riddle?
Email Zach Wissner-Gross at [email protected].
CORRECTION (Aug. 19, 2022, 11:39 a.m.): A previous version of this week’s Riddler Express gave the incorrect formula for doubling time with an interest rate of 4 percent. It is 1.04t, not e1.04t. | https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/can-you-find-your-pills/ |
Anadrol 50 Oxymetholone Anadrol-50, Danazol, Fluoxymesterone, Methitest, Oxandrolone, Testosterone Cypionate Injection, Testosterone Enanthate Injection . indicated in the treatment of anemias caused by deficient red cell production. Acquired aplastic anemia,bcongenital aplastic anemia, myelofibrosis and also the hypoplastic anemias due to the administration of myelotoxic drugs often respond. Anadrol tablets should not replace other supportive measures such as transfusion, correction of iron, folic acid, vitamin B12 or pyridoxine deficiency, antibacterial therapy and the appropriate use of corticosteroids.
HOW SUPPLIED
ANADROL (oxymetholone) Tablets supplied in bottles of 100 (NDC 68220-055-10) white
scored tablets embossed with 0055 and ALAVEN. Keep out of reach of children. Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container.
STORAGE
Store at controlled room temperature 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C
(59° to 86°F).
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
The recommended daily dose in children and adults is 1-5 mg/kg of body weight per day. The usual
effective dose is 1-2 mg/kg/day but higher doses may be required, and the dose should be
individualized. Response is not often immediate, and a minimum trial of three to six months should be
given. Following remission, some patients may be maintained without the drug; others may be maintained
on an established lower daily dosage. A continued maintenance dose is usually necessary in patients
with congenital aplastic anemia.
Additional information
|Qty|
1 Bottle 100 pills, 2 Bottles 200 pills, 3 Bottles 300 pills
Reviews
There are no reviews yet. | https://nucarepharma.com/product/anadrol-50-oxymetholone/ |
Vitamins and minerals are essential for our body and it’s normal functionality. Whilst the body produces some vitamins on it’s own it is unable to produce minerals including Silica. One of the most common minerals, Silica plays an important role in the formation and strengthening of connective tissue. geoSilica is 100% natural geothermal silica in pure Icelandic water, and does not contain any chemicals or additives.
Each bottle contains 6,000 mg/300 ml of Silica in pure Icelandic water + minerals
RDA (Recommended Daily Amount) 1 tablespoon (10ml) daily in a glass of water
Each bottle contains 30 servings. One month’s supply.
Beneficial effects are noticeable after 2 to 3 months. | https://www.natural-alternative-products.co.uk/product/geosilica-silica-supplement-300ml/ |
Police & Sheriff’s Reports
The individuals listed have been cited/arrested/charged in Troup County. However, this is not an admission of guilt. All parties are considered innocent until proved guilty.
• Sunday afternoon about 2:40 p.m., LaGrange Police responded to the Walmart on New Franklin Road in reference to Shoplifting.
While en route, police were informed that the female suspect had ran from the location and had fled in a silver Ford Fiesta. Witnesses were able to get the tag number on the vehicle and it was located shortly afterwards on Turner Street.
A traffic stop was then conducted and officers made contact with the driver, Anithia Danielle Williams. After explaining the reason for the stop, Williams admitted that she had been at Walmart, but stated she did not have any of their property.
Williams was then detained while police could further investigate and shortly afterwards she admitted that she did load up her shopping cart and attempt to exit the store without paying for the items.
Loss Prevention Officers back at Walmart advised that they were unsure if they were able to recover all of the stolen property, so police searched the vehicle for any shoplifted items.
Officers did not locate any stolen property in the vehicle, but an open bottle of Wild Irish Rose liquor was found lying in the front seat and another empty bottle was concealed inside a red bag in the passenger floorboard. Police also located a small amount of suspected marijuana on the driver’s side floor board.
Williams later admitted to drinking some of the liquor and stated the empty bottle was from the previous day.
Police later responded to Walmart who advised that Williams entered the store and began selecting items and placing them in a shopping cart and later moved to the curtain aisle where she placed the items in Walmart bags. Williams then attempted to exit the store on the grocery side without paying and was stopped by employees. After employees grabbed the shopping cart, Williams ran to her vehicle and fled the area.
Store employees advised that Williams attempted to leave without paying for 23 total items, valued at $245.15. All the items were recovered at the scene. A subsequent criminal history check revealed that Williams had no prior convictions for Shoplifting.
As a result, Williams, age 24, was arrested and transported to the Troup County Sheriff’s Office where she was booked into the jail and charged with Theft by Shoplifting – Less than $500, Possession of Marijuana – Less than an Ounce, and Open Container.
Williams was later released from the Troup County Jail on bond.
• Sunday afternoon about 12:50 p.m., LaGrange Police responded to the 600 block of Youngs Mill Road in reference to a Hit & Run.
Officers were advised en route that a witness had followed the Hit & Run vehicle from the accident scene, which occurred at the intersection of South Davis Road and Hogansville Road. After seeing the accident, the witness followed the black Honda Accord to Youngs Mill Road, where the vehicle ultimately stopped and waited for police.
Police first spoke to the witness, who stated she followed the female driver thinking she was impaired. She stated that while sitting at the intersection she observed the Honda striking the curb and collide with a metal pedestrian signal, knocking the signal over. She said the Honda almost collided with her vehicle and then sped away at a high rate speed.
According to the witness, the Honda failed to maintain its lane several time on its way to Youngs Mill Road, where it finally stopped. The driver then remained inside the vehicle until police arrived.
Police then made contact with the other driver, Catherine Dana Harvey, who was the only occupant in the Honda. Officers immediately noticed an open prescription bottle in Harvey’s lap, which she stated were Xanax pills and held the bottle up.
Officers asked Harvey how many of the pills she had consumed today and she initially stated none and that she just woken up, but later made conflicting statements saying she had been up since 8 a.m.
Police say the prescription bottle showed that the bottle had been filled with 120 Xanax pills just two days earlier, but only 26 pills remained inside the bottle. Harvey stated she took the remaining pills out of the bottle and placed them at a safe place at home because of frequent thefts of her Xanax.
Harvey also stated she had not taken any other medication, drugs, or alcohol.
Police say Harvey’s eyes were puffy and she appeared drowsy. When asked what she hit, she stated she didn’t believe she hit anything. She later recanted this statement, saying she hit a curb.
The Honda had heavy front end damage and a missing front bumper. Police say some of the damage appeared to be old with rust and other damage appeared to be fresh with fresh scratches on the hood and a cracked windshield.
Other officers later went to the intersection of Hogansville Road and Davis Road and located the downed pedestrian signal. The damage was estimated at more than $500.
Harvey was then given several field sobriety tests, which police say showed she was impaired. Harvey also submitted to a breath test, which tested negative for the presence of alcohol with a result of .000.
Due to the circumstances, officers believe Harvey was under the influence of drugs.
Police noted that while waiting for someone to come and pick up her vehicle, Harvey appeared to fall asleep multiple times, which caused her to bump her head on the rear of the seat. Harvey was seen closing her eyes and have slurred conversations with herself.
After a blood sample was taken at the West Georgia Medical Center, Harvey, age 34, was transported to the Troup County Sheriff’s Office where she was charged with Driving Under the Influence of Drugs – Less Safe and Duty to Report an Accident with Apparent Property Damage Exceeding $500.
• West Point Police responded to an incident of Criminal Damage to Property which was reported in the 400 block of West 13th Street.
• West Point Police responded to incidents of Simple Battery and Criminal Trespass which were reported in the 7000 block of Kia Parkway.
• West Point Police took three separate reports for Theft by Taking which were reported in the 1100 block of East 12th Street, the 100 block Hudson Lane, and the 100 block of Highland Drive. | http://www.troupcountynews.net/site/epopulate/2017/02/07/wednesday-february-8th-5/ |
This article discusses some well-known herbal remedies from the Middle East — some overlap with remedies historically used in Europe, but not all of the ingredients would have been available (or at least, not cheaply).
Read the full article at Arab News.
Powdered opium two drachms, gum camphor two scruples, oil of anise seed one fluid drachm, whisky one quart, add lastly three tablespoonfuls of honey. Place all in a bottle together, and for one week shake the mixture twice a day ; after standing awhile it will become very clear, then pour off into a small bottle what you wish to use from day to day, and set the other away.
Take powdered elecampane root, powdered liquorice root, powdered anise seed, and sulphur, of each one dram. Make into ordinary sized pills with a sufficient quantity of tar, and take three or four pills at night on going to bed. This is an admirable remedy for asthma and shortness of breath. | https://www.oldtimeremedies.co.uk/tag/anise |
In this paper we study the question of parallelization of a variant of Branch-and-Bound method for solving of the subset sum problem which is a special case of the Boolean knapsack problem. The following natural approach to the solution of this question is considered. At the first stage one of the processors (control processor) performs some number of algorithm steps of solving a given problem with generating some number of subproblems of the problem. In the second stage the generated subproblems are sent to other processors for solving (one subproblem per processor). Processors solve completely the received subproblems and return their solutions to the control processor which chooses the optimal solution of the initial problem from these solutions. For this approach we define formally a model of parallel computing (frontal parallelization scheme) and the notion of complexity of the frontal scheme. We study the asymptotic behavior of the complexity of the frontal scheme for two special cases of the subset sum problem. | https://www.degruyter.com/abstract/journals/comp/11/1/article-p116.xml |
A Generalized Strategy for Parallelization of Non-Serial Polyadic Dynamic Programming on Multicore and Manycore
Dynamic programming is a computational methodology used for various combinatorial and optimization problems. We mainly emphasize on the parallelization aspects of non-serial polyadic dynamic programming (NPDP) algorithm, Matrix chain multiplication (MCM) on multicore and manycore. Due to non-uniformity in the dependence and heterogeneity of load at different phases, parallelization of NPDP problem and related issues are targeted on multicore and manycore. We realize the parallelization of MCM algorithm on Intel Xeon CPU E5-2698 using OpenMP and on QuadroK6000 GPU using Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA). By realizing the parallelization of MCM on multicore using OpenMP with different scheduling techniques, we reach to the conclusion that static scheduling is not suitable for NPDP problems. We implement parallel MCM on manycore GPU with same block-size for each phase and draw the conclusion that when the number of streaming multiprocessors on the GPU is not completely utilized, performance degradation occurs in the course of parallelization. In the direction of effective utilizations of GPU hardware resources, we propose a parallelization technique for NPDP problems on GPU that adaptively adjusts the block-size for different phases so as to utilize more number of streaming multiprocessors in each phase. This technique achieves approximately 14% speedup as compared to fixed block-size approach for a sufficiently large input. We also propose a generalized approach for effective scheduling of subproblems of NPDP problems on multicore and manycore in the direction of effective utilization of hardware and software resources.
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Keywords: CUDA; Dynamic Programming; MCM; Multicore; OpenMP
Document Type: Research Article
Affiliations: 1: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440013, India 2: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440013, India
Publication date: April 1, 2017
More about this publication?
- ADVANCED SCIENCE LETTERS is an international peer-reviewed journal with a very wide-ranging coverage, consolidates research activities in all areas of (1) Physical Sciences, (2) Biological Sciences, (3) Mathematical Sciences, (4) Engineering, (5) Computer and Information Sciences, and (6) Geosciences to publish original short communications, full research papers and timely brief (mini) reviews with authors photo and biography encompassing the basic and applied research and current developments in educational aspects of these scientific areas. | https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/asp/asl/2017/00000023/00000004/art00290 |
Ph.D.
Department
Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering
First Advisor
Baki, Mohammed Fazle
Second Advisor
Azab, Ahmed
Keywords
Computational complexity, Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition, Emission control, Lot-sizing problem, Maximum Weighted Independent Set, Setup carryover
Rights
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License.
Abstract
Wagner and Whitin (1958) develop an algorithm to solve the dynamic Economic Lot-Sizing Problem (ELSP), which is widely applied in inventory control, production planning, and capacity planning. The original algorithm runs in O(T^2) time, where T is the number of periods of the problem instance. Afterward few linear-time algorithms have been developed to solve the Wagner-Whitin (WW) lot-sizing problem; examples include the ELSP and equivalent Single Machine Batch-Sizing Problem (SMBSP). This dissertation revisits the algorithms for ELSPs and SMBSPs under WW cost structure, presents a new efficient linear-time algorithm, and compares the developed algorithm against comparable ones in the literature. The developed algorithm employs both lists and stacks data structure, which is completely a different approach than the rest of the algorithms for ELSPs and SMBSPs. Analysis of the developed algorithm shows that it executes fewer number of basic actions throughout the algorithm and hence it improves the CPU time by a maximum of 51.40% for ELSPs and 29.03% for SMBSPs. It can be concluded that the new algorithm is faster than existing algorithms for both ELSPs and SMBSPs. Lot-sizing decisions are crucial because these decisions help the manufacturer determine the quantity and time to produce an item with a minimum cost. The efficiency and productivity of a system is completely dependent upon the right choice of lot-sizes. Therefore, developing and improving solution procedures for lot-sizing problems is key. This dissertation addresses the classical Multi-Level Capacitated Lot-Sizing Problem (MLCLSP) and an extension of the MLCLSP with a Setup Carryover, Backlogging and Emission control. An item Dantzig Wolfe (DW) decomposition technique with an embedded Column Generation (CG) procedure is used to solve the problem. The original problem is decomposed into a master problem and a number of subproblems, which are solved using dynamic programming approach. Since the subproblems are solved independently, the solution of the subproblems often becomes infeasible for the master problem. A multi-step iterative Capacity Allocation (CA) heuristic is used to tackle this infeasibility. A Linear Programming (LP) based improvement procedure is used to refine the solutions obtained from the heuristic method. A comparative study of the proposed heuristic for the first problem (MLCLSP) is conducted and the results demonstrate that the proposed heuristic provide less optimality gap in comparison with that obtained in the literature. The Setup Carryover Assignment Problem (SCAP), which consists of determining the setup carryover plan of multiple items for a given lot-size over a finite planning horizon is modelled as a problem of finding Maximum Weighted Independent Set (MWIS) in a chain of cliques. The SCAP is formulated using a clique constraint and it is proved that the incidence matrix of the SCAP has totally unimodular structure and the LP relaxation of the proposed SCAP formulation always provides integer optimum solution. Moreover, an alternative proof that the relaxed ILP guarantees integer solution is presented in this dissertation. Thus, the SCAP and the special case of the MWIS in a chain of cliques are solvable in polynomial time.
Recommended Citation
Chowdhury, Nusrat Tarin, "Lot-Sizing Problem for a Multi-Item Multi-level Capacitated Batch Production System with Setup Carryover, Emission Control and Backlogging using a Dynamic Program and Decomposition Heuristic" (2018). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 7508. | https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/7508/ |
I've been unable to find a good answer for this question: Formally, what makes a problem embarrassingly parallel? Intuitively, it would seem to me that an embarrassingly parallel problem is one where:
- The full solution can be discretized.
- It is efficiently decomposable into subproblems that are similar in structure.
- Each subproblem is (more or less) independently soluble (i.e. without a large communication overhead required between the subproblems).
- The solutions of each subproblem are independent such that there is an efficient method that can reassemble them into the larger solution.
I realize there's some overlap in the bullets above, hence the question – how is 'embarrassingly parallel' or its synonymous technical term clearly defined? Is there a reference in the literature where this definition was first formalized?
Note: I'm not trained in TCS (as you may have guessed) and am aware that my descriptions above may not be entirely correct or in keeping with established formalisms and terminology. | https://cstheory.stackexchange.com/questions/46245/embarrassingly-parallel-formal-definition-citation |
We consider a container port, which consists of multiple terminals all run by the same terminaloperator. The terminal operator provides a number of vessel lines with the logistics services of container unloading,loading, transporting and storing. He faces the combined decisions on strategic, tactical, and operationallevel to provide a certain service level while running its operations with the smallest possible amount of resources.Since these combined decisions are often too complex to be solved at once, the problem is often dividedinto a number of subproblems, which are then solved subsequently, or alternatingly where possible. Existingstudies subdivide the combined problems in container operations according to the common categorization andsubsequently solve strategic, tactical and operational problems. In this research however, we propose a typicallydifferent subdivision, such that each subproblem i) can be solved within the time allowed, ii) has not yet beenaddressed in literature, an iii) is practically interesting in its own right. In this paper, we address this uniquesubdivision in general and one of the resulting subproblems in particular: minimizing the fuel usage of thestraddle carriers by intelligent berth and terminal planning. This research has financially been supported bythe terminal operator PSA HNN in Antwerp, Belgium. Results of a case study suggest significant reductions inthe fuel usage of the straddle carries. Currently, results of this research have actually been implemented in oneof the terminals in Antwerp.
|Original language||English|
|Title of host publication||Proceedings of the Summer School "Francesco Turco" September 14 - 18, Monopoli, Italy|
|Pages||IV.54-IV.60|
|Publication status||Published - 2009|
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Minimizing fuel usage of straddle carriers in container terminals'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. | https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/minimizing-fuel-usage-of-straddle-carriers-in-container-terminals |
What is parallelization?
Parallelization is the process of running tests simultaneously on different environments. Such as different browsers or operating systems. It is very useful because it can dramatically decrease the test execution time.
I’ll show you three of the most popular test parallelization frameworks you can use in your C# test automation framework:
- NUnit
- MSTest
- SpecFlow
Parallelization with NUnit
NUnit is one of the most popular testing frameworks for .NET languages. It is an open-source, easy to understand, and has user-friendly attributes.
How to set up parallelization in NUnit
The first thing you need to do is to define the parallel scope of the project. Secondly the level of parallelism, i.e. the number of tests that can be ran in parallel, in your AssemblyInfo.cs class. It should look like this:
Consequently, add the [TestFixture] attribute to the test class. And finally, use the attribute [Parallelizable] in the test fixture.
With NUnit, the parallelization will be done at the class level. The class attributes will look like this:
This attribute means that the test and all its descendants may be run in parallel with others at the same level.
You can read more about the scopes of test parallelization in NUnit in their official documentation.
Advantages of using NUnit for parallelization
The greatest advantage in using NUnit for test parallelization is that is allows cross-platform and cross-browser testing. For instance, here’s a quick example of defining various configurations:
And then how to use them use them in the test class:
This will result in tests being run in parallel on the different platform and browser configurations.
I also have a sample project here you can check out.
NUnit limitations
One of the main limitations of NUnit is that it does not run test methods in parallel, only test classes. Methods inside a class will be run one after another. To parallelize with NUnit at the test method level, you can set up your tests like this. However, I warn you, it’s a bit of extra work. You might not find worth the time:
Parallelization with MSTest
MSTest is Visual Studio’s built-in test library. Its greatest advantage is that it allows us to run tests in parallel at the method level.
How to set up parallelization in MSTest
Setting up MSTest for running test in parallel is very simple and straightforward. Just like we did for NUnit, we need to add the Parallelize property in the AssemplyInfo.cs:
[assembly: Parallelize(Workers = 100, Scope = ExecutionScope.MethodLevel)]
The above property instructs our code to run up to 100 test methods in parallel. In addition, there’s no need to do anything special in the test classes. Why? Because the parallelization is already set up and the test methods will run in parallel:
Advantages of using MSTest for parallelization
The biggest advantage of MSTest is that it allows parallelization at the method level. As opposed to the other frameworks which only allow parallelization at the class level. So, for example, If you have 100 test methods in 5 classes, MSTest will let you run 100 tests in parallel. However, with NUnit, you can only run the 5 tests in parallel, one from each test class at the time.
It’s also very easy to configure – just one line of code and you’re good to go.
MSTest limitations
As opposed to NUnit, MsTest can run at the method level. However not at the class level. This makes cross-browser or cross-platform testing more difficult to set up.
If you’re not sure what to choose between NUnit and MSTest, you can check out this article
Parallelization with SpecFlow
For the BDD fans out there, SpecFlow is a great C# framework. Therefore it allows writing the test scenarios in plain English. It uses the Gherkin syntax (Given – When – Then), and then defining the step definitions in C#.
How to set up parallelization in SpecFlow
SpecFlow is more complex than MSTest and NUnit when it comes to parallelization. Most importantly, you need to do is to set up a Hooks class that should look like this:
Next, you need to configure a DriverSetup class. Here, you have the [BeforeScenario] method, where you initialize the driver and register it as an instance.
Lastly, in the step definition class, you need to set up the parallelization attribute:
[assembly: Parallelize(Workers = 100, Scope = ExecutionScope.ClassLevel)]
The parallelization is done through MSTest, so this part is done exactly the same way. This means that you can also add this configuration to the AssembleInfo class instead of the step definition.
With the above setting, 100 tests can be run in parallel. However, with SpecFlow, parallelization is done at the class level. In other words, meaning that only features files can run in parallel.
You can check out this Git repository for a project sample with SpecFlow parallel tests.
Advantages of using SpecFlow for parallelization
If your project is already a BDD project that uses SpecFlow, the advantage is that running feature files in parallel saves a lot of execution time.
SpecFlow limitations
In conclusion, the biggest disadvantage, I would say, is that it is so difficult to configure.
Apart from the complex configuration, SpecFlow parallelization only allows feature files to run in parallel, and not individual tests.
What do you think?
Which testing framework do you prefer and why? | https://ultimateqa.com/parallelization-in-csharp/ |
GenHap, a novel evolutionary approach for haplotyping, published on BMC Bioinformatics
GenHap is a novel evolutionary method to solve the haplotyping problem. basically subdivides the data into multiple independent combinatorial subproblems, each solved using a separate genetic algorithm. Then a recombination step fuses the solutions of subproblems into a final complete haplotype. GenHap also natively distributes the calculations over multiple cores by means of MPI, reducing the running time of the whole methodology.
The paper describing GenHap was accepted long time ago but today it has been finally published on BMC Bioinformatics. | https://msnobile.it/personal/2019/04/19/genhap-a-novel-evolutionary-approach-for-haplotyping-published-on-bmc-bioinformatics/ |
We report on experiments with turning the branch-cut-and-price framework SCIP into a generic branch-cut-and-price solver. That is, given a mixed integer program (MIP), our code performs a Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition according to the user's specification, and solves the resulting re-formulation via branch-and-price. We take care of the column generation subproblems which are solved as MIPs themselves, branch and cut on the original variables (when this is appropriate), aggregate identical subproblems, etc. The charm of building on a well-maintained framework lies in avoiding to re-implement state-of-the-art MIP solving features like pseudo-cost branching, preprocessing, domain propagation, primal heuristics, cutting plane separation etc. | https://optimization-online.org/2010/03/2556/ |
This tutorial shows the usage of a partial order planner in Python to solve classical planning problems. A partial order planner tries to find a solution to a planning problem by splitting up the problem in subproblems and then combining subplans into a complete plan. A partial order planner assumes that subproblems is independent of each other.
A solution to a planning problem is a list of actions to perform in order to reach a goal state. A planning problem is described with a Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL). A planning problem has an initial state, a goal state and possible actions to execute. States and possible actions are added as sentences to a knowledge base. Each possible action has a function name, variables, preconditions and effects. A planning problem can be solved with forward (progression) search or backward (regression) search. Forward search starts from the initial state and backward search starts from the goal state.
I am using code from aima-python in this tutorial (download package), these modules include all the necessary classes and functions for a partial order plan in python.
Problems and solutions
The code below includes two problems that I am trying to solve with a partial order planner, the output from a run is shown below the code. The partial order planner does not find a solution every time and it can find wrong solutions. A partial order planner can only be used on problems that have independent subproblems. | https://www.annytab.com/partial-order-planner-in-python/ |
In computational processes based on backwards chaining, a rule of the type is seen as a procedure which points that the problem can be split into the problems . In classical devices, the subproblems are solved sequentially. In this paper we present some questions that circulated during the Second Brainstorming Week related to the application of the parallelism of P systems to computation based on backwards chaining on the example of inferential deductive process. | https://www.gcn.us.es/?q=node/103 |
Electromagnetism is the division of physics that studies the relationships between electric and magnetic phenomena, that is, the interactions between charged particles and electric and magnetic fields.
Applications of Electromagnetism
Compass – electromagnetism – magnetic field
Compasses work by electromagnetism.
Electromagnetic singularities have critical applications in engineering, electronics, health, aeronautics, or civil construction. Moreover, they look in daily life, almost without realizing it, in compasses, speakers, doorbells, magnetic cards, hard drives.
The Key of Electromagnetism is in:
- The electricity.
- The magnetism.
- Electrical conductivity and superconductivity.
- Gamma rays and x-rays.
- Electromagnetic waves.
- Infrared, visible and ultraviolet radiation.
- Radio waves and microwaves.
What is Electromagnetism Use in Dailylife?
Electromagnetism allows the use of devices such as microwaves or television.
Electromagnetism is very useful for human beings since countless applications allow them to satisfy their needs. Also many instruments are cast-off daily work due to electromagnetic belongings. The electrical current that mixes through all the connections in a house, for example, delivers many uses (the microwave oven, the fan, the blender, the television, the computer ) that exertion unpaid to electromagnetism.
Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Magnetism is the singularity that explains the force of attraction or repulsion between magnetic materials and moving charges.
Electromagnetism involves physical phenomena produced by electrical charges at rest or in motion, which give rise to electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields, affecting the matter in a gaseous, liquid, and solid state.
Examples of Electromagnetism
magnetic arena, and that goods an electric current compared to the sound conventional. Earthworks like a giant magnet due to the magnetic field generated in its core (formed by metals such as iron-nickel ). The rotational movement of the Earth generates a current of charged particles (the electrons of the atoms of the Earth’s nucleus). This current produces a magnetic field that extends several kilometres above the planet’s surface and repels harmful solar radiation.
History of Magnetism
It is a physical phenomenon by which objects exert forces of attraction or repulsion on other materials. The only natural magnet is a mineral called lodestone. However, all materials are part of the presence of a magnetic field. Therefore, it is easier to detect magnetic properties in some, for example, nickel, iron or cobalt.
Magnets are used by medical science too. For example, they measure brain activity through magnetoencephalography (MEG). Magnets are materials that exhibit the properties of magnetism. They can be natural, like magnetite or artificial—classified as permanent or temporary. For example, poles repel each other, while differing poles attract each other. This effect has to do with magnetic field lines.
Electromagnetic Field
It is a sensory, physical field in which electrical particles produced by electrically charged bodies or objects interact. In such a field, there is a quantity of electromagnetic energy. But to better understand the concept, it is essential to know how and why the electric field and magnetic.
The electric field occurs when there are differences in voltage, and the higher it is, the greater the area will exist. So then, the space where the electrical forces act—knowing the extent of the electric field will allow understanding the level of intensity and what happens to a charge in a specific part of the field, regardless of not knowing what causes it.
The magnetic field originates in electric currents, and the greater the current, the greater the area. It is the magnet’s agitation to the region around it, how it affects it, and also in what direction. It represented field lines that go outside the magnet’s north pole to the south pole and by its inside from the south pole to the north pole.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
It is the set of electromagnetic energies of the waves. The electromagnetic radiation ranges from those with shorter wavelengths (X-rays, gamma rays), ultraviolet radiation, light and infrared radiation to those with longer wavelengths Length (radio waves).
The spectrum of an object or fluid will be the characteristic distribution of its electromagnetic radiation. There is a theory that the shortest wavelength limit is approximately the Planck length (a measure of subatomic distance), and the long-wavelength upper limit is the size of the universe itself, even though the spectrum is continuous and infinite.
Electromagnetic Waves
They are the waves that do not need a material medium for their propagation to travel through a vacuum and at a constant speed of 299,792 kilometres per second. Also several examples of these waves are light, microwaves, X-rays, and television and radio transmissions.
The radiations of the electromagnetic spectrum present curving (deviation when achieving an opaque object). Interference (superposition of waves) is the specific property of wave motion.
The application of electromagnetic waves has had a substantial impact on the world of telecommunications by making wireless communication possible through radio waves.
Electromagnetic Radiation
It is the propagation of electric and magnetic particles oscillating, and where each one generates a field (electric and magnetic). This radiation causes electromagnetic waves that can propagate through air and vacuum. | https://www.cosmopolitansblog.com/what-is-electromagnetism-and-its-examples/ |
§ Maxwell's Equations by James Clerk Maxwell:
From his original 1861 "On Physical Lines of Force"
§ Defining terms:
§ Maxwell's equations:
§ Lorentz Force Law:
§ Unifying all of electrodynamics:
What makes for the unity of all of electrodynamics is Maxwell's equations plus Lorentz Force Law.
§ Interpreting Maxwell's equations:
Maxwell wrote in his "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field" ( 1864 ), pg. 499, part ( 97 ), that
"The agreement of the results seems to show that light and magnetism are affections of the same substance, and that light is an electromagnetic disturbance propagated through the field according to electromagnetic laws."
§ Maxwell's Theory of the Electromagnetic Field:
According to Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic radiation ( EM ) is a self - propagating transverse wave with electric and magnetic components where the oscillating electric and magnetic field components induce their respective opposites and vice-versa. These electric and magnetic components oscillate at right angles to each other and propagate perpendicularly to the direction in which they indefinitely travel unless absorbed by intervening matter. That is, each kind of field - electric and magnetic - generates the other in order to propagate the entire composite structure moving forward through empty space at the finite speed of light, c. In order of increasing frequency, the types of electromagnetic waves include radio and television waves; microwaves; infrared radiation; visible light; ultraviolet light; x - rays; gamma rays; and finally, cosmic rays. | http://relativitycalculator.com/maxwell_equations1.shtml |
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Electromagnetic radiation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The
physics
of
electromagnetic
radiation
is
electrodynamics
, a subfield of
electromagnetism
.
EM
radiation
with a
wavelength
between approximately 400
nm
and 700
nm
is detected by the
human
eye
and perceived as visible
light
.
Electromagnetic
waves
as a general phenomenon were predicted by the classical laws of
electricity
and
magnetism
, known as Maxwell's equations.
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation
(2104 words)
Electromagnetic radiation Info - Encyclopedia WikiWhat.com
(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
Electromagnetic
radiation
is a combination of
oscillating
electric
and
magnetic
fields propagating through space and carrying energy from one place to another.
The theoretical study of
electromagnetic
radiation
is called
electrodynamics
, a subfield of
electromagnetism
.
Generally,
electromagnetic
radiation
is classified by
wavelength
into radio,
microwave
,
infrared
light, visible
light
,
ultraviolet
light
,
X-rays
and
gamma rays
.
www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/e/el/electromagnetic_radiation.html
(366 words)
Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Light and Color - Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic
radiation
, the larger family of wave-like phenomena to which visible
light
belongs (also known as
radiant
energy), is the primary vehicle transporting energy through the vast reaches of the universe.
The term
electromagnetic
radiation
, coined by Sir James Clerk Maxwell, is
derived
from the characteristic
electric
and
magnetic
properties common to all forms of this wave-like energy, as manifested by the generation of both
electrical
and
magnetic
oscillating
fields as the
waves
propagate through space.
A standard measure of all
electromagnetic
radiation
is the magnitude of the
wavelength
(in a vacuum), which is usually stated in units of nanometers (one-thousandth of a micrometer) for the visible
light
portion of the
spectrum
.
www.olympusmicro.com /primer/lightandcolor/electromagintro.html
(4927 words)
electromagnetic radiation. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
He showed that the speed of propagation of
electromagnetic
radiation
should be identical with that of
light
, about 186,000 mi (300,000 km) per sec.
Light
is a type of
electromagnetic
radiation
, occupying only a small portion of the possible
spectrum
of this energy.
According to the
quantum
theory,
light
and other forms of
electromagnetic
radiation
may at times exhibit properties like those of
particles
in their interaction with
matter
.
www.bartleby.com /65/el/electrom-r.html
(375 words)
Radiation Safety
Radiation
is an energy transfer from one place to another in waveform, and some of its effects are essential to the existence of life on earth.
Electromagnetic
radiation
is arranged according to
frequency
in a continuum that is called the
electromagnetic
spectrum
The
electromagnetic
spectrum
is divided into two primary regions: ionizing and non-ionizing
radiation
, depending on the
wavelength
and
frequency
.
www.pc.ibm.com /ww/healthycomputing/vdt14.html
(503 words)
Electromagnetic Radiation: Field Memo
Radiated
power is that power given off by a
radiation
source (
antenna
) and carried through space by the EM
wave
.
Yet,
electromagnetic
radiation
is exactly that,
electrical energy
moving through space as a
wave
, and
electrical energy
in a wire is a special case in which the energy is guided by a wire.
Polarization
of a
radiated
wave
is "That property of a
radiated
electromagnetic
wave
describing the time-varying direction and amplitude of the
electric field
vector
: specifically, the figure traced as a function of time by the extremity of the
vector
at a fixed 1 location in space, as observed along the direction of propagation."
www.osha.gov /SLTC/radiofrequencyradiation/electromagnetic_fieldmemo/electromagnetic.html
(8300 words)
Many people report symptoms of electromagnetic radiation sickness, WHO
(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
Symptoms of
electromagnetic
radiation
sickness are for example sleep disturbances, dizziness, heart palpitations, headache, blurry sight, swelling, nausea, a burning skin, vibrations,
electrical
currents in the body, pressure on the brest, cramps, high blood pressure and general unwell-being.
The symptoms of
electromagnetic
radiation
sickness should be interpreted as the consequences of stress by the introduction of new technologies.
Scientifically the harmfulness of
electromagnetic
radiation
is proven, based on the many testimonies and anamneses, epidemiological research and most of the laboratory and provocative research.
www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=30499
(1513 words)
electromagnetic radiation on Encyclopedia.com
ELECTROMAGNETIC
RADIATION
[electromagnetic
radiation]
energy
radiated
in the form of a
wave
as a result of the motion of
electric
charges.
Electromagnetic
radiation
and health risks: cell phones and
microwave
radiation
in New Zealand.
Electromagnetic
pollution and a prescription for survival: a battle of the century.
www.encyclopedia.com /html/e1/electrom-r.asp
(533 words)
Electromagnetic Radiation
(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
Electromagnetic
radiation
is a kind of
radiation
that includes visible
light
(the
light
that we see),
radio waves
,
gamma rays
,
X-rays
and other forms of
radiation
in which the
electric
and
magnetic
fields vary simultaneously.
Electromagnetic
radiation
is divided into different types according to an
electromagnetic
spectrum
.
Shorter
wavelengths
, such as
gamma rays
,
x-rays
, and
ultraviolet
radiation
, are less than 400
nm
long, while long
wavelengths
, such as
infrared
radiation
(heat),
microwaves
, radar, TV signals, and long-wave radio signals are greater than 700
nm
and may be longer than a kilometer.
www.oceansonline.com /radiation.htm
(1218 words)
Part I - Electromagnetic Radiation
(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
Electromagnetic
radiation
is defined as
electric
and
magnetic
energy, or fields, traveling through space.
Physicists describe such
radiation
in terms of its strength (the force the
electric
and
magnetic
fields exert) and its
frequency
(the number of times per
second
that the fields change direction or
polarity
).
Electromagnetic
radiation
at
frequencies
beginning at visible
light
and proceeding downward is called non-ionizing
radiation
.
www.noradcorp.com /1tutor.htm
(636 words)
DISCOVERY OF NEW ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (Bharat radiation)
A crucial part of the hypothesis on Bharat
radiation
was in proving the existence of an energy gap not previously known to scientists in the
electromagnetic
spectrum
between
X-ray
and UV regimes as the place for Bharat
radiation
.
Bharat
radiation
and Energy Dependent Atomic
Spectrum
are the first and
second
generations of beta, gamma and X-radiations within excited
atoms
in radioisotopes and XRF sources.
Bharat
radiation
is daughter
radiation
of ionizing
radiation
particularly beta, gamma and X-radiations, a fact which was not known previously.
www.geocities.com /raomap/discovery4.html
(897 words)
Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic
(EM)
radiation
is defined as fluctuating fields of
electrical
and
magnetic
energy, travelling through space, or through suitable media, as
electromagnetic
waves
.
Whenever an alternating
electric
current is applied to an
electric
conductor
, the movement of the
electricity
inside the
conductor
creates
electric
and
magnetic
fields which propagate, or
radiate
outward, into the space around the
conductor
.
The NRPB is an independent statutory body responsible for advising the UK government departments and others on standards of protection for exposure to ionising and non-ionising
radiation
, which includes
electric
and
magnetic
fields.
www.spelthorne.gov.uk /environment___planning/pollution/env_electromagnetic_radiation.htm
(366 words)
Electromagnetic Radiation Manuscript @ NaturalResearch.org (Natural Research)
(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
In addition,
frequency
affects properties like
refraction
, in which different
frequencies
undergo a different level of
refraction
.
As a
wave
, it is characterized by a velocity (the speed of
light
),
wavelength
, and
frequency
.
The coded form of such data is similar to that used with
radio waves
.
www.naturalresearch.org /encyclopedia/Electromagnetic_radiation
(1443 words)
CHP - Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic
radiation
consists of discrete packets of energy, which we call
photons
.
The
electromagnetic
nature of all
photons
is the same, but
photons
can have different
frequencies
.
The names we give
electromagnetic
radiation
for different
wavelength
and
frequency
ranges are listed in the
electromagnetic
spectrum
document.
www.chem.vt.edu /chem-ed/light/em-rad.html
(603 words)
*NZine* The Electromagnetic Radiation Health Threat - Part I * Electromagnetic Radiation, cancer, leukaemia, health, ...
(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
Electromagnetic
radiation
is the big issue he is involved in at the moment—radio
waves
from radio and TV towers,
microwaves
from cell phones, cell sites, mobile phones, cordless phones, and
microwave ovens
(the last being a minor problem compared with the others).
The official position of those who make their money out of producing and using this technology is that we all know that the only thing that electro
magnetic
radiation
can do is heat and if it doesn't heat it can't have any effect.
In spite of this research one "world expert" in
electromagnetic
radiation
and health has said that the worst thing about a cell phone is that it can cause an interruption during dinner in a restaurant.
www.nzine.co.nz /features/neilcherry.html
(1588 words)
Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum (Definitrions, Sources, Symptoms, Testing Equipment & Procedures, Exposure ...
Electromagnetic
Radiation
Spectrum
(0Hz to 10^27 Hz) (Definitions,
Physics
, and Properties, Sources of
Radiation
, Overexposure Symptoms, Testing Equipment and Procedures, Exposure Limits, Standards and Laws, Shielding and Jamming, Medical and Technical Protection, EMF Agencies, Organizations To Contact For Help, Reference Materials) * 2.
Radiation
refers to the transmutation of energy in the form of
waves
and of streams of atomic
particles
through space.
Electromagnetic
brain
waves
(0.1 to 30hz) occur at
frequencies
paralleling those of terrestrial sferics and the Schuman resonance.
www.rhfweb.com /hweb/shared2/Newrad.html
(4270 words)
Neurological Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation Relating to Wireless Communication Technology
Unlike the conditions in most previous research on the biological effects of RFR in which whole body exposure was studied, the effects of cellular telephone-related exposure involve repeated exposure with variable durations of a relatively constant amount of body tissue (i.e., part of the head).
In considering the biological effects of RFR, the intensity and
frequency
of the
radiation
and exposure duration are important determinants of the responses.
The 500 pps
radiation
was found to be significantly more effective in increasing the concentration of NADH in the cerebral cortex than the 250 pps
radiation
.
www.mapcruzin.com /radiofrequency/henry_lai1.htm
(8241 words)
Electromagnetic Radiation
(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
Electromagnetic
waves
are produced by the motion of
electrically
charged
particles
.
These
waves
are also called
"electromagnetic
radiation"
because they
radiate
from the
electrically
charged
particles
.
Scientists have observed that
electromagnetic
radiation
has a dual "personality." Besides acting like
waves
, it acts like a stream of
particles
(called "
photons
") that have no mass.
www.lbl.gov /MicroWorlds/ALSTool/EMSpec/EMSpec.html
(157 words)
Spectra
They are unified by thinking of them as
"electromagnetic
waves
,"
waves
of alternating strength in
electric
and
magnetic
fields that all move through space at the "speed of
light
" (called "c") of 300,000 kilometers per
second
(186,000 miles per
second
), eight times around the Earth in the tick of a clock.
Visual
radiation
is in the middle, with
wavelengths
that extend from 0.00004 centimeters for violet
light
to about 0.00007 centimeters for extreme red.
Such flowing gas has a low density and
radiates
emission
lines that are superimposed on the
spectrum
of the double and give away the fact that the stars are interacting.
www.astro.uiuc.edu /~kaler/sow/spectra.html
(5857 words)
Electromagnetic Radiation Explained - by Jim Hawkins (WA2WHV)
At the same time, books on
electromagnetics
present the needed laws of field behavior to explain
wave
propagation, but are so advanced that it can be difficult for us to relate what we are learning to
radiation
.
In order for
radiation
to be able to occur, we have to prove that
magnetic
and
electric fields
can exist without the presence of a nearby current and that these fields will "move" through space.
When the voltage and current are observed at the terminals of a
radiating
conductor
or
antenna
, one component of
alternating current
is 90 degrees out of phase with the alternating voltage and another component is in phase with the alternating voltage.
hawkins.pair.com /eRadiation.html
(2720 words)
[No title]
(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
Electromagnetic
(EM)
radiation
is a form of energy, i.e., it has the ability to perform work.
The disturbance generated a
wave
which moved away from the point of the disturbance and it was the
wave
which carried the information that the earthquake (disturbance) occured.
The preceding discussion was in a sense an operational definition of
electromagnetic
radiation;
it defined
electromagnetic
radiation
by the way it behaved (and by what it did).
zebu.uoregon.edu /~imamura/208/jan9/em.html
(478 words)
Try your search on:
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Copyright © 2005-2007 www.factbites.com Usage implies agreement with
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. | http://www.factbites.com/topics/Electromagnetic-radiation |
noun Physics.
a wave produced by the acceleration of an electric charge and propagated by the periodic variation of intensities of, usually, perpendicular electric and magnetic fields.
RELATED CONTENT
Why Are We Calling Everything A “Wave”?Why have so many waves found their way into our cultural lexicon in recent years? In this article, the first in the column Mincing Metaphors, we unpack this oceanic metaphor to better understand what it means and why it’s proving so useful right now.
tinfoil hatRead more in this article about some frequently asked questions and fun facts related to our definitions.
Nearby words
- electromagnetic pump,
- electromagnetic radiation,
- electromagnetic spectrum,
- electromagnetic tape,
- electromagnetic unit,
- electromagnetic waves,
- electromagnetics,
- electromagnetism,
- electromechanical,
- electromechanical dissociation
Origin of electromagnetic wave
First recorded in 1905–10
Also called electric wave.
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2019
electromagnetic wave
noun
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
electromagnetic wave
A wave of energy consisting of electric and magnetic fields, oscillating at right angles to each other. See more at electromagnetic radiation.
The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright © 2011. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
electromagnetic waves
Waves composed of undulating electrical fields and magnetic fields. The different kinds of electromagnetic waves, such as light and radio waves, form the electromagnetic spectrum. All electromagnetic waves have the same speed in a vacuum, a speed expressed by the letter c (the speed of light) and equal to about 186,000 miles (or 300,000 kilometers) per second.
The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. | https://www.dictionary.com/browse/electromagnetic--waves |
Visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light as well as X-rays and all types of radio waves are types of electromagnetic waves or electromagnetic radiation. To understand electromagnetic waves, one must first understand electric and magnetic fields and how they interact. Electric fields make electric charges attract or repel each other. Similarly magnetic fields cause magnetic forces.
There are two basic types of electric charges. They are positive and negative. In atoms, protons have positive charges and electrons have negative charges. Electric forces between the protons and electrons cause the electrons to orbit the nucleus. Like charges, such as two protons or two electrons, repel each other. Unlike charges, such as a proton and an electron, attract each other. These attractive or repulsive electric forces are governed by Coulomb’s Law.
The protons and electrons are not actually in contact, so how can they exert forces on each other? We can’t push or pull something without actually touching it, so why should electric charges be able to? The answer is electric fields. Any electric charge creates an electric field. An electric field exerts a force on another electric charge. Electric charges exert forces on each other via electric fields.
In a similar manner magnets attract or repel each other via magnetic fields. A magnet has a magnetic field which can exert a force on another magnet or a piece of magnetic metal.
How Electric and Magnetic Fields Interact
Wrap a wire around a nail and connect the wire to a battery. When an electric current passes through the wire, the nail becomes magnetic. Why? The electrons in the wire create electric fields. When there is an electric current the electrons are moving through the wire. Moving electrons set up changing electric fields. Changing electric fields cause magnetic fields. The nail becomes magnetic. All magnetic fields are in some way caused by changing electric fields. In a similar way changing magnetic fields, like electric charges, cause electric fields.
Note the symmetry. Changing electric fields cause magnetic fields. Changing magnetic fields cause electric fields.
Electromagnetic Waves
If electrons are moving in a wire, say a radio transmitting antenna, they will set up changing electric fields. The changing electric fields set up magnetic fields. These magnetic fields are also changing, so they set up changing electric fields. In this way the electric and magnetic fields oscillate and propagate through space. They form an electromagnetic wave, also called electromagnetic radiation.
In an electromagnetic wave the electric and magnetic fields are mutually perpendicular. They are also both perpendicular to the direction in which the wave propagates or travels. The electric and magnetic fields oscillate together between maximum positive and maximum negative values. The frequency of these oscillations and the wavelength of the waves determines whether the electromagnetic wave is visible light (and its color), ultraviolet light, infrared light, radio waves, X-rays, or gamma rays. All are forms of electromagnetic waves.
Maxwell’s Equations
In the mid 19th century Scottish physicist, James Clerk Maxwell, noticed the symmetry and other properties of electric and magnetic fields. He brilliantly summarized electromagnetism in four equations, now known as Maxwell’s equations. Mathematically manipulating these equations, Maxwell found the equation that describes waves. He had theoretically predicted electromagnetic waves. Noticing that the speed of these theoretically predicted waves was the same as the speed of light, Maxwell deduced that light was an electromagnetic wave and predicted the existence of other electromagnetic waves. These other electromagnetic waves including ultraviolet and infrared light, X-rays, microwaves, and other radio waves comprise the electromagnetic spectrum. | http://www.whoinventedfirst.com/discovered-electromagnetic-waves/ |
# Electromagnetic field
An electromagnetic field (also EM field or EMF) is a classical (i.e. non-quantum) field produced by accelerating electric charges. It is the field described by classical electrodynamics and is the classical counterpart to the quantized electromagnetic field tensor in quantum electrodynamics. The electromagnetic field propagates at the speed of light (in fact, this field can be identified as light) and interacts with charges and currents. Its quantum counterpart is one of the four fundamental forces of nature (the others are gravitation, weak interaction and strong interaction.)
The field can be viewed as the combination of an electric field and a magnetic field. The electric field is produced by stationary charges, and the magnetic field by moving charges (currents); these two are often described as the sources of the field. The way in which charges and currents interact with the electromagnetic field is described by Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force law.
From a classical perspective in the history of electromagnetism, the electromagnetic field can be regarded as a smooth, continuous field, propagated in a wavelike manner. By contrast, from the perspective of quantum field theory, this field is seen as quantized; meaning that the free quantum field (i.e. non-interacting field) can be expressed as the Fourier sum of creation and annihilation operators in energy-momentum space while the effects of the interacting quantum field may be analyzed in perturbation theory via the S-matrix with the aid of a whole host of mathematical techniques such as the Dyson series, Wick's theorem, correlation functions, time-evolution operators, Feynman diagrams etc. Note that the quantized field is still spatially continuous; its energy states however are discrete (the field's energy states must not be confused with its energy values, which are continuous; the quantum field's creation operators create multiple discrete states of energy called photons.)
## Structure
The electromagnetic field may be viewed in two distinct ways: a continuous structure or a discrete structure.
### Continuous structure
Classically, electric and magnetic fields are thought of as being produced by smooth motions of charged objects. For example, oscillating charges produce variations in electric and magnetic fields that may be viewed in a 'smooth', continuous, wavelike fashion. In this case, energy is viewed as being transferred continuously through the electromagnetic field between any two locations. For instance, the metal atoms in a radio transmitter appear to transfer energy continuously. This view is useful to a certain extent (radiation of low frequency), however, problems are found at high frequencies (see ultraviolet catastrophe).
### Discrete structure
The electromagnetic field may be thought of in a more 'coarse' way. Experiments reveal that in some circumstances electromagnetic energy transfer is better described as being carried in the form of packets called quanta with a fixed frequency. Planck's relation links the photon energy E of a photon to its frequency f through the equation:
where h is Planck's constant, and f is the frequency of the photon. Although modern quantum optics tells us that there also is a semi-classical explanation of the photoelectric effect—the emission of electrons from metallic surfaces subjected to electromagnetic radiation—the photon was historically (although not strictly necessarily) used to explain certain observations. It is found that increasing the intensity of the incident radiation (so long as one remains in the linear regime) increases only the number of electrons ejected, and has almost no effect on the energy distribution of their ejection. Only the frequency of the radiation is relevant to the energy of the ejected electrons.
This quantum picture of the electromagnetic field (which treats it as analogous to harmonic oscillators) has proven very successful, giving rise to quantum electrodynamics, a quantum field theory describing the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with charged matter. It also gives rise to quantum optics, which is different from quantum electrodynamics in that the matter itself is modelled using quantum mechanics rather than quantum field theory.
## Dynamics
In the past, electrically charged objects were thought to produce two different, unrelated types of field associated with their charge property. An electric field is produced when the charge is stationary with respect to an observer measuring the properties of the charge, and a magnetic field as well as an electric field is produced when the charge moves, creating an electric current with respect to this observer. Over time, it was realized that the electric and magnetic fields are better thought of as two parts of a greater whole—the electromagnetic field. Until 1820, when the Danish physicist H. C. Ørsted showed the effect of electric current on a compass needle, electricity and magnetism had been viewed as unrelated phenomena. In 1831, Michael Faraday made the seminal observation that time-varying magnetic fields could induce electric currents and then, in 1864, James Clerk Maxwell published his famous paper "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field".
Once this electromagnetic field has been produced from a given charge distribution, other charged or magnetised objects in this field may experience a force. If these other charges and currents are comparable in size to the sources producing the above electromagnetic field, then a new net electromagnetic field will be produced. Thus, the electromagnetic field may be viewed as a dynamic entity that causes other charges and currents to move, and which is also affected by them. These interactions are described by Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force law.
## Feedback loop
The behavior of the electromagnetic field can be divided into four different parts of a loop:
the electric and magnetic fields are generated by moving electric charges, the electric and magnetic fields interact with each other, the electric and magnetic fields produce forces on electric charges, the electric charges move in space.
A common misunderstanding is that (a) the quanta of the fields act in the same manner as (b) the charged particles, such as electrons, that generate the fields. In our everyday world, electrons travel slowly through conductors with a drift velocity of a fraction of a centimeter per second and through a vacuum tube at speeds of around 1000 km/s, but fields propagate at the speed of light, approximately 300 000 kilometers (or 186 000 miles) per second. The speed ratio between charged particles in a conductor and field quanta is on the order of one to a million. Maxwell's equations relate (a) the presence and movement of charged particles with (b) the generation of fields. Those fields can then affect the force on, and can then move other slowly moving charged particles. Charged particles can move at relativistic speeds nearing field propagation speeds, but, as Albert Einstein showed, this requires enormous field energies, which are not present in our everyday experiences with electricity, magnetism, matter, and time and space.
The feedback loop can be summarized in a list, including phenomena belonging to each part of the loop:
charged particles generate electric and magnetic fields the fields interact with each other changing electric field acts like a current, generating 'vortex' of magnetic field Faraday induction: changing magnetic field induces (negative) vortex of electric field Lenz's law: negative feedback loop between electric and magnetic fields fields act upon particles Lorentz force: force due to electromagnetic field electric force: same direction as electric field magnetic force: perpendicular both to magnetic field and to velocity of charge charged particles move current is movement of particles charged particles generate more electric and magnetic fields; cycle repeats
## Mathematical description
There are different mathematical ways of representing the electromagnetic field. The first one views the electric and magnetic fields as three-dimensional vector fields. These vector fields each have a value defined at every point of space and time and are thus often regarded as functions of the space and time coordinates. As such, they are often written as E(x, y, z, t) (electric field) and B(x, y, z, t) (magnetic field).
If only the electric field (E) is non-zero, and is constant in time, the field is said to be an electrostatic field. Similarly, if only the magnetic field (B) is non-zero and is constant in time, the field is said to be a magnetostatic field. However, if either the electric or magnetic field has a time-dependence, then both fields must be considered together as a coupled electromagnetic field using Maxwell's equations.
With the advent of special relativity, physical laws became susceptible to the formalism of tensors. Maxwell's equations can be written in tensor form, generally viewed by physicists as a more elegant means of expressing physical laws.
The behavior of electric and magnetic fields, whether in cases of electrostatics, magnetostatics, or electrodynamics (electromagnetic fields), is governed by Maxwell's equations. In the vector field formalism, these are:
where ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the charge density, which can (and often does) depend on time and position, ε 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}} is the permittivity of free space, μ 0 {\displaystyle \mu _{0}} is the permeability of free space, and J is the current density vector, also a function of time and position. The units used above are the standard SI units. Inside a linear material, Maxwell's equations change by switching the permeability and permittivity of free space with the permeability and permittivity of the linear material in question. Inside other materials which possess more complex responses to electromagnetic fields, these terms are often represented by complex numbers, or tensors.
The Lorentz force law governs the interaction of the electromagnetic field with charged matter.
When a field travels across to different media, the properties of the field change according to the various boundary conditions. These equations are derived from Maxwell's equations. The tangential components of the electric and magnetic fields as they relate on the boundary of two media are as follows:
The angle of refraction of an electric field between media is related to the permittivity ( ε ) {\displaystyle (\varepsilon )} of each medium:
The angle of refraction of a magnetic field between media is related to the permeability ( μ ) {\displaystyle (\mu )} of each medium:
## Properties of the field
### Reciprocal behavior of electric and magnetic fields
The two Maxwell equations, Faraday's Law and the Ampère-Maxwell Law, illustrate a very practical feature of the electromagnetic field. Faraday's Law may be stated roughly as 'a changing magnetic field creates an electric field'. This is the principle behind the electric generator.
Ampere's Law roughly states that 'a changing electric field creates a magnetic field'. Thus, this law can be applied to generate a magnetic field and run an electric motor.
### Behavior of the fields in the absence of charges or currents
Maxwell's equations take the form of an electromagnetic wave in a volume of space not containing charges or currents (free space) – that is, where ρ {\displaystyle \rho } and J are zero. Under these conditions, the electric and magnetic fields satisfy the electromagnetic wave equation:
James Clerk Maxwell was the first to obtain this relationship by his completion of Maxwell's equations with the addition of a displacement current term to Ampere's circuital law.
## Relation to and comparison with other physical fields
Being one of the four fundamental forces of nature, it is useful to compare the electromagnetic field with the gravitational, strong and weak fields. The word 'force' is sometimes replaced by 'interaction' because modern particle physics models electromagnetism as an exchange of particles known as gauge bosons.
### Electromagnetic and gravitational fields
Sources of electromagnetic fields consist of two types of charge – positive and negative. This contrasts with the sources of the gravitational field, which are masses. Masses are sometimes described as gravitational charges, the important feature of them being that there are only positive masses and no negative masses. Further, gravity differs from electromagnetism in that positive masses attract other positive masses whereas same charges in electromagnetism repel each other.
The relative strengths and ranges of the four interactions and other information are tabulated below:
## Applications
### Static E and M fields and static EM fields
When an EM field (see electromagnetic tensor) is not varying in time, it may be seen as a purely electrical field or a purely magnetic field, or a mixture of both. However the general case of a static EM field with both electric and magnetic components present, is the case that appears to most observers. Observers who see only an electric or magnetic field component of a static EM field, have the other (electric or magnetic) component suppressed, due to the special case of the immobile state of the charges that produce the EM field in that case. In such cases the other component becomes manifest in other observer frames.
A consequence of this, is that any case that seems to consist of a "pure" static electric or magnetic field, can be converted to an EM field, with both E and M components present, by simply moving the observer into a frame of reference which is moving with regard to the frame in which only the "pure" electric or magnetic field appears. That is, a pure static electric field will show the familiar magnetic field associated with a current, in any frame of reference where the charge moves. Likewise, any new motion of a charge in a region that seemed previously to contain only a magnetic field, will show that the space now contains an electric field as well, which will be found to produce an additional Lorentz force upon the moving charge.
Thus, electrostatics, as well as magnetism and magnetostatics, are now seen as studies of the static EM field when a particular frame has been selected to suppress the other type of field, and since an EM field with both electric and magnetic will appear in any other frame, these "simpler" effects are merely the observer's. The "applications" of all such non-time varying (static) fields are discussed in the main articles linked in this section.
### Time-varying EM fields in Maxwell’s equations
An EM field that varies in time has two "causes" in Maxwell's equations. One is charges and currents (so-called "sources"), and the other cause for an E or M field is a change in the other type of field (this last cause also appears in "free space" very far from currents and charges).
An electromagnetic field very far from currents and charges (sources) is called electromagnetic radiation (EMR) since it radiates from the charges and currents in the source, and has no "feedback" effect on them, and is also not affected directly by them in the present time (rather, it is indirectly produced by a sequences of changes in fields radiating out from them in the past). EMR consists of the radiations in the electromagnetic spectrum, including radio waves, microwave, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays. The many commercial applications of these radiations are discussed in the named and linked articles.
A notable application of visible light is that this type of energy from the Sun powers all life on Earth that either makes or uses oxygen.
A changing electromagnetic field which is physically close to currents and charges (see near and far field for a definition of "close") will have a dipole characteristic that is dominated by either a changing electric dipole, or a changing magnetic dipole. This type of dipole field near sources is called an electromagnetic near-field.
Changing electric dipole fields, as such, are used commercially as near-fields mainly as a source of dielectric heating. Otherwise, they appear parasitically around conductors which absorb EMR, and around antennas which have the purpose of generating EMR at greater distances.
Changing magnetic dipole fields (i.e., magnetic near-fields) are used commercially for many types of magnetic induction devices. These include motors and electrical transformers at low frequencies, and devices such as metal detectors and MRI scanner coils at higher frequencies. Sometimes these high-frequency magnetic fields change at radio frequencies without being far-field waves and thus radio waves; see RFID tags. See also near-field communication. Further uses of near-field EM effects commercially may be found in the article on virtual photons, since at the quantum level, these fields are represented by these particles. Far-field effects (EMR) in the quantum picture of radiation are represented by ordinary photons.
### Other
Electromagnetic field can be used to record data on static electricity. Old televisions can be traced with electromagnetic fields.
## Health and safety
The potential effects of electromagnetic fields on human health vary widely depending on the frequency and intensity of the fields.
The potential health effects of the very low frequency EMFs surrounding power lines and electrical devices are the subject of on-going research and a significant amount of public debate. The US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and other US government agencies do not consider EMFs a proven health hazard. NIOSH has issued some cautionary advisories but stresses that the data are currently too limited to draw good conclusions. In 2011, The WHO/International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), based on an increased risk for glioma, a malignant type of brain cancer, associated with wireless phone use.
Employees working at electrical equipment and installations can always be assumed to be exposed to electromagnetic fields. The exposure of office workers to fields generated by computers, monitors, etc. is negligible owing to the low field strengths. However, industrial installations for induction hardening and melting or on welding equipment may produce considerably higher field strengths and require further examination. If the exposure cannot be determined upon manufacturers' information, comparisons with similar systems or analytical calculations, measurements have to be accomplished. The results of the evaluation help to assess possible hazards to the safety and health of workers and to define protective measures. Since electromagnetic fields may influence passive or active implants of workers, it is essential to consider the exposure at their workplaces separately in the risk assessment.
On the other hand, radiation from other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as ultraviolet light and gamma rays, are known to cause significant harm in some circumstances. For more information on the health effects due to specific electromagnetic phenomena and parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, see the following articles:
Static electric fields: see Electric shock Static magnetic fields: see MRI#Safety Extremely low frequency (ELF): see Power lines#Health concerns Radio frequency (RF): see Electromagnetic radiation and health Mobile telephony: see Mobile phone radiation and health Light: see Laser safety Ultraviolet (UV): see Sunburn, Photokeratitis Gamma rays: see Gamma ray | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_fields |
In electromagnetic waves, the amplitude is the maximum field strength of the electric and magnetic fields. (See Figure 1.) where c is the speed of light, ε0 is the permittivity of free space, and E0 is the maximum electric field strength; intensity, as always, is power per unit area (here in W/m2).
How is electric amplitude of magnetic field?
The relation between amplitude of electric and magnetic field at any place is given by. In electromagnetic waves the ratio of amplitudes of electric field and magnetic field is equal to the velocity of the electromagnetic waves in free space.
How do you calculate the amplitude of A wave?
Amplitude is generally calculated by looking on a graph of a wave and measuring the height of the wave from the resting position. The amplitude is a measure of the strength or intensity of the wave. For example, when looking at a sound wave, the amplitude will measure the loudness of the sound.
How is an electric field generated?
The electric force acts over the distance separating the two objects. … The space surrounding a charged object is affected by the presence of the charge; an electric field is established in that space. A charged object creates an electric field – an alteration of the space or field in the region that surrounds it.
What electromagnetic wave is used to kill bacteria?
Ultraviolet radiation can kill bacteria that are present in water – this sterilises the water and makes it safe to drink. Ultraviolet radiation is also good for the skin as it helps to make vitamin D. However, too much exposure to UV can cause skin problems.
Is an electromagnetic wave?
Definition of ‘Electromagnetic Waves’ Definition: Electromagnetic waves or EM waves are waves that are created as a result of vibrations between an electric field and a magnetic field. In other words, EM waves are composed of oscillating magnetic and electric fields. … They are hence known as ‘electromagnetic’ waves.
Which type of electromagnetic wave is most dangerous to life?
Gamma rays are generated by radioactive atoms and nuclear explosions. They are the most penetrating of all electromagnetic radiation. Gamma rays can penetrate 6 feet of concrete! Gamma rays can kill living cells, which doctors use to their advantage.
Does speed of light depend on wavelength?
The speed of light neither depends on the frequency or wavelength. The speed of light is also independent of the velocity of the source.
How do you find the maximum magnetic field?
When an electromagnetic wave travels through magnetic and electric fields combined, then the relation between maximum magnetic field strength B and maximum electric field strength E can be given as, E=cB.
How do you calculate the electromagnetic field?
We discuss the properties of electromagnetic waves in cavities, waveguides, and transmission lines. The fields B (magnetic flux density) and E (electric field strength) determine the force on a particle of charge q travelling with velocity v (the Lorentz force equation): F = q (E + v × B).
What is a example of amplitude?
How much a radio wave moves back and forth is an example of its amplitude. … One half the full extent of a vibration, oscillation, or wave. The amplitude of an ocean wave is the maximum height of the wave crest above the level of calm water, or the maximum depth of the wave trough below the level of calm water.
What is a wave amplitude?
Amplitude, in physics, the maximum displacement or distance moved by a point on a vibrating body or wave measured from its equilibrium position. It is equal to one-half the length of the vibration path. … Waves are generated by vibrating sources, their amplitude being proportional to the amplitude of the source.
What is the symbol for amplitude?
The symbol for amplitude is A (italic capital a). The SI unit of amplitude is the meter [m], but other length units may be used. | https://urban-wind.org/electricity-generation/what-is-the-amplitude-of-the-electric-field.html |
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Electromagnetic Waves: Intensity and Polarization of Light Goals and Introduction ... etc.) depending on the energy they possess, but all electromagnetic waves share the same fundamental properties. Figure 1 illustrates the many types of ... One field is an electric field and the other is a magnetic field. By "in-phase", we mean that when ...
Magnetite is a rock mineral and one of the main iron ores, with the chemical formula Fe 3 O 4. It is one of the oxides of iron, and is ferrimagnetic; it is attracted to a magnet and can be magnetized to become a permanent magnet itself. It is the most magnetic of all the naturally-occurring minerals on Earth.
4. Energy, Power, and Photons Energy in a light wave Why we can often neglect the magnetic field ... So the electrical and magnetic energy densities in light are equal. The ... The irradiance (or intensity…
Energy density is the amount of energy stored in a given system or region of space per unit volume. Colloquially it may also be used for energy per unit mass, ... the energy density of a magnetic field may be expressed as (and behaves as) a physical pressure, ...
Electric force can transform into different types of energy waves, such as heat, radiation, radio and micro waves; and these energy waves can travel a long distance. A changing magnetic field will induce a changing electric field and vice-versa, the two are linked. These changing fields form electromagnetic …
• The Intensity, Impedance and Pressure Amplitude of a Wave • Intensity Level and decibel scale • Hearing Loss • The Fletcher-Munson Curves and the Phon • Pitch. Waves transfer energy. Any vibrating body that is connected to its environment will transfer energy to its environment.
Quantity. Symbol. Gaussian & cgs emu a Conversion factor, C b SI & rationalized mks c Magnetic flux density, magnetic induction. B. gauss (G) d 10-4. tesla (T), Wb/m 2. Magnetic flux
5.4 Energy, Power, and Intensity - Ursinus College 5.4 Energy, Power, and Intensity 5.4.1 Energy Density. ... Similarly, the energy density in a magnetic field can be obtained by considering the field of a …
The Energy Density of Fields ... Maxwell's equations in free space for an electromagnetic field of electric field intensity E and magnetic field intensity H are: ... The energy in a spherical shell of radius r and thickness dr is equal to 4πr²(Q²/(32π²r 4) ...
In electromagnetic waves, the amplitude is the maximum field strength of the electric and magnetic fields. (See [link] .) Thus the energy carried and the intensity …
How energy is stored in the form of magnetic field in inductors? Update Cancel a vYnF d Uerr f b i y Te l P byS D UcRgw F D f oyNfT i UpEev l yIdI l lNuZT e nbIQK r uB zi I thRo n dc c Jkq .
Magnetism - Repulsion or attraction between two magnetic dipoles: The force between two wires, each of which carries a current, can be understood from the interaction of one of the currents with the magnetic field produced by the other current. For example, the force between two parallel wires carrying currents in the same direction is attractive.
Start studying Rad 125 Bushong Physics Ch 3 & 4. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. ... Electromagnetic energy (radiation) intensity. ... The ability of material to attract the lines of magnetic field intensity? Magnetic permeability. What are …
Electromagnetic radiation is composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that have the ability to transfer energy… In terms of the modern quantum theory, electromagnetic radiation is the flow of photons (also called light quanta) through space.
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It's like that, too, in the resonant circuit, and also in the analogy of the mass on a spring, where energy is constantly oscillating between kinetic and potential forms. It stands to reason that the intensity is just the energy density times the speed of light, given the definition of intensity.
A kilo-tesla level magnetic field is necessary to guide high-energy electrons at the speed of light, so the researchers employed magnetic fields of several hundreds of tesla.
Energy in Electromagnetic Waves. ... There is an energy density associated with both the electric field E and the magnetic field B. The rate of energy transport per unit area is described by the vector . ... A condition of the wave solution for a plane wave is B m = E m /c so that the average intensity for a plane wave can be written.
Rare-earth magnetic circuits commonly exhibit a magnetic attractive force 20 to 30 times greater than that of conventional ferrite magnets. This development has provided for the design of high-intensity magnetic circuits that operate energy-free and surpass the …
Since half the energy in an electromagnetic wave is carried by the electric field, and the other half is carried by the magnetic field, it is conventional to convert the above expression into a form involving both the electric and magnetic field strengths.
Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Lines; ... Energy in Waves: Intensity OpenStaxCollege. Learning Objectives. Calculate the intensity and the power of rays and waves. ... The definition of intensity is valid for any energy in transit, including that carried by waves.
Electromagnetic Fields and Energy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1989. ISBN: 9780132490207. Please use the following citation format: ... In the absence of magnetizable materials, these laws determine the magnetic field intensity H given its source, the current density J. …
Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, and Ferromagnetic Materials When a material is placed within a magnetic field, the magnetic forces of the material's electrons will be affected. This effect is known as Faraday's Law of Magnetic Induction.
In electromagnetic waves, the amplitude is the maximum field strength of the electric and magnetic fields. (See Figure 1.) (See Figure 1.) Thus the energy carried and the intensity I of an electromagnetic wave is proportional to E 2 and B 2 .
stored energy: Magnetic Fundamentals: Units commonly used in magnetics design are ... vs. magnetic field intensity (A-Tlm). The slope of a line on this set of axes is permeability (p = B/H). Area on the Fig 2. -Core FlzlX vs. Magnetic Force ... Magnetics Design RDS - Magnetic Core Properties (Rev. B) ...
Relationships between comminution energy and product size for a magnetite ore2.60 Мб...of around 500 m using a laboratoryscale rod mill followed by low- intensity magnetic separation (LIMS).a magnetite ore Figure 4—Relationship between P80 and net specific grinding energy for (a) 'soft'...
Energy in Electric and Magnetic Fields. Both electric fields and magnetic fields store energy. For the electric field the energy density is ... Show: which is used to calculate the energy stored in an inductor. For electromagnetic waves, both the electric and magnetic fields play a role in the transport of energy. This power is expressed in ...
Electromagnetic Fields and Energy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1989. ISBN: 9780132490207. ... magnetic field intensity. The MQS laws and continuity conditions then collected in Sec. 9.2 are the basis for the remaining sections, and for Chap. 10 as well. | https://www.c3mo.nl/11/06/37029_magnetite-energy-intensity.html |
Light - Light as electromagnetic radiation: In spite of theoretical and experimental advances in the first half of the 19th century that established the wave. By definition, visible light is the part of the EM spectrum the human eye is the most sensitive to. Visible light (and. Light is a form of electromagnetism. The electromagnetic spectrum is a range of all types electromagnetic radiation. Within that spectrum is the light in your.
To this end we employ the position-momentum commutator bracket, and invoked a photon wavefunction. This wavefunction is constructed from the linear complex combination of the electric and magnetic fields. The outcome of the bracket yields three equations defining the photon electric and magnetic fields in terms of its angular momentum. These equations turn out to be very similar to those fields created by a moving charge.
Thus, the electric and magnetic fields of the photon doesn't' require a charge for the photon. It is intriguing that the photon has no charge and mass but has electric and magnetic fields as well as energy. These fields should also satisfy Maxwell's equations. Doing so, yields additional electric and magnetic charge and current densities for the photon.
Electromagnetic spectrum
The emergent Maxwell's equations are now appropriate to describe the photon as a quantum particle. These additional terms in Maxwell's equations are the source in describing the photon quantum electrodynamics behavior. Some emergent phenomena associated with topological insulator, Faraday's rotation effect, Hall effect and Kerr's effect could be examples of this contribution terms to Maxwell's equations. The instrument was capable of detecting a difference in light speeds along the two paths of the interferometer as small as 5, metres per second less than 2 parts inof the speed of light.
No difference was found. If Earth indeed moved through the ether, that motion seemed to have no effect on the measured speed of light. The half-transparent mirror has the same effect on the returning beams, splitting each of them into two beams.
- Light: Electromagnetic waves, the electromagnetic spectrum and photons
Thus, two diminished light beams reach the screen, where interference patterns can be observed by varying the position of the movable mirror. What is now known as the most famous experimental null result in physics was reconciled in when Albert Einsteinin his formulation of special relativitypostulated that the speed of light is the same in all reference frames ; i. The hypothetical ether, with its preferred reference framewas eventually abandoned as an unnecessary construct.
Its significance is far broader than its role in describing a property of electromagnetic waves. It serves as the single limiting velocity in the universebeing an upper bound to the propagation speed of signals and to the speeds of all material particles.
Measurements of the speed of light were successively refined in the 20th century, eventually reaching a precision limited by the definitions of the units of length and time—the metre and the second.
In the 17th General Conference on Weights and Measures fixed the speed of light as a defined constant at exactly , metres per second.
In a longitudinal wave the oscillating disturbance is parallel to the direction of propagation. A familiar example is a sound wave in air—the oscillating motions of the air molecules are induced in the direction of the advancing wave. Transverse waves consist of disturbances that are at right angles to the direction of propagation; for example, as a wave travels horizontally through a body of water, its surface bobs up and down.
A number of puzzling optical effects, first observed in the midth century, were resolved when light was understood as a wave phenomenon and the directions of its oscillations were uncovered. The first so-called polarization effect was discovered by the Danish physician Erasmus Bartholin in Bartholin observed double refractionor birefringence, in calcite a common crystalline form of calcium carbonate.
When light passes through calcite, the crystal splits the light, producing two images offset from each other. Huygens, a contemporary of Newton, could account for double refraction with his elementary wave theory, but he did not recognize the true implications of the effect. Double refraction remained a mystery until Thomas Youngand independently the French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnelsuggested that light waves are transverse.
This simple notion provided a natural and uncomplicated framework for the analysis of polarization effects. The polarization of the entering light wave can be described as a combination of two perpendicular polarizations, each with its own wave speed. Because of their different wave speeds, the two polarization components have different indices of refraction, and they therefore refract differently through the material, producing two images.
Fresnel quickly developed a comprehensive model of transverse light waves that accounted for double refraction and a host of other optical effects. Double refraction showing two rays emerging when a single light ray strikes a calcite crystal at a right angle to one face. The fields are also perpendicular to one another, with the electric field direction, magnetic field direction, and propagation direction forming a right-handed coordinate system. The equations show that the electric and magnetic fields are in phase with each other; at any given point in space, they reach their maximum values, E0 and B0, at the same time.
In describing the orientation of the electric and magnetic fields of a light wave, it is common practice to specify only the direction of the electric field; the magnetic field direction then follows from the requirement that the fields are perpendicular to one another, as well as the direction of wave propagation.
In reception of radio waves, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of a radio wave couple to the electrons in an antenna, pushing them back and forth, creating oscillating currents which are applied to a radio receiver.
Earth's atmosphere is mainly transparent to radio waves, except for layers of charged particles in the ionosphere which can reflect certain frequencies. Radio waves are extremely widely used to transmit information across distances in radio communication systems such as radio broadcastingtelevisiontwo way radiosmobile phonescommunication satellitesand wireless networking.
In a radio communication system, a radio frequency current is modulated with an information-bearing signal in a transmitter by varying either the amplitude, frequency or phase, and applied to an antenna. The radio waves carry the information across space to a receiver, where they are received by an antenna and the information extracted by demodulation in the receiver.
Radio waves are also used for navigation in systems like Global Positioning System GPS and navigational beaconsand locating distant objects in radiolocation and radar.
Light - Light as electromagnetic radiation | yogada.info
They are also used for remote controland for industrial heating. The use of the radio spectrum is strictly regulated by governments, coordinated by a body called the International Telecommunications Union ITU which allocates frequencies to different users for different uses. Microwaves Plot of Earth's atmospheric transmittance or opacity to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. Microwaves are radio waves of short wavelengthfrom about 10 centimeters to one millimeter, in the SHF and EHF frequency bands.
Although they are emitted and absorbed by short antennas, they are also absorbed by polar moleculescoupling to vibrational and rotational modes, resulting in bulk heating. Unlike higher frequency waves such as infrared and light which are absorbed mainly at surfaces, microwaves can penetrate into materials and deposit their energy below the surface.
This effect is used to heat food in microwave ovensand for industrial heating and medical diathermy. Microwaves are the main wavelengths used in radarand are used for satellite communicationand wireless networking technologies such as Wi-Fialthough this is at intensity levels unable to cause thermal heating. The copper cables transmission lines which are used to carry lower frequency radio waves to antennas have excessive power losses at microwave frequencies, and metal pipes called waveguides are used to carry them.
Although at the low end of the band the atmosphere is mainly transparent, at the upper end of the band absorption of microwaves by atmospheric gasses limits practical propagation distances to a few kilometers. Terahertz radiation Main article: Terahertz radiation Terahertz radiation is a region of the spectrum between far infrared and microwaves.
Until recently, the range was rarely studied and few sources existed for microwave energy at the high end of the band sub-millimeter waves or so-called terahertz wavesbut applications such as imaging and communications are now appearing.
Scientists are also looking to apply terahertz technology in the armed forces, where high-frequency waves might be directed at enemy troops to incapacitate their electronic equipment. Infrared radiation Main article: It can be divided into three parts: The lower part of this range may also be called microwaves or terahertz waves.
This radiation is typically absorbed by so-called rotational modes in gas-phase molecules, by molecular motions in liquids, and by phonons in solids. The water in Earth's atmosphere absorbs so strongly in this range that it renders the atmosphere in effect opaque. | https://yogada.info/and-relationship/relationship-of-light-and-electromagnetic-waves.php |
The electric potential (also called the electric field potential, potential drop, the electrostatic potential) is defined as the amount of work energy needed to move a unit of electric charge from a reference point to the specific point in an electric field. More precisely, it is the energy per unit charge for a test charge that is so small that the disturbance of the field under consideration is negligible. Furthermore, the motion across the field is supposed to proceed with negligible acceleration, so as to avoid the test charge acquiring kinetic energy or producing radiation. By definition, the electric potential at the reference point is zero units. Typically, the reference point is earth or a point at infinity, although any point can be used.
In classical electrostatics, the electrostatic field is a vector quantity that is expressed as the gradient of the electrostatic potential, which is a scalar quantity denoted by V or occasionally φ, equal to the electric potential energy of any charged particle at any location (measured in joules) divided by the charge of that particle (measured in coulombs). By dividing out the charge on the particle a quotient is obtained that is a property of the electric field itself. In short, an electric potential is the electric potential energy per unit charge.
This value can be calculated in either a static (time-invariant) or a dynamic (time-varying) electric field at a specific time with the unit joules per coulomb (J⋅C−1) or volt (V). The electric potential at infinity is assumed to be zero.
In electrodynamics, when time-varying fields are present, the electric field cannot be expressed only in terms of a scalar potential. Instead, the electric field can be expressed in terms of both the scalar electric potential and the magnetic vector potential. The electric potential and the magnetic vector potential together form a four-vector, so that the two kinds of potential are mixed under Lorentz transformations.
Practically, the electric potential is always a continuous function in space. Otherwise, the spatial derivative of it will yield a field with infinite magnitude, which is practically impossible. Even an idealized point charge has 1 ⁄ r potential, which is continuous everywhere except the origin. The electric field is not continuous across an idealized surface charge, but it is not infinite at any point. Therefore, the electric potential is continuous across an idealized surface charge. An idealized linear charge has ln(r) potential, which is continuous everywhere except on the linear charge.
Classical mechanics explores concepts such as force, energy, and potential. Force and potential energy are directly related. A net force acting on any object will cause it to accelerate. As an object moves in the direction of the force that is acting, its potential energy decreases. For example, the gravitational potential energy of a cannonball at the top of a hill is greater than at the base of the hill. As it rolls downhill, its potential energy decreases and is being translated to motion – kinetic energy.
It is possible to define the potential of certain force fields so that the potential energy of an object in that field depends only on the position of the object with respect to the field. Two such force fields are the gravitational field and an electric field (in the absence of time-varying magnetic fields). Such fields must affect objects due to the intrinsic properties of the object (e.g., mass or charge) and the position of the object.
Objects may possess a property known as electric charge. Since an electric field exerts a force on charged objects, if the charged object has a positive charge, the force will be in the direction of the electric field vector at that point; if the charge is negative, the force will be in the opposite direction.
The magnitude of the force is given by the quantity of the charge multiplied by the magnitude of the electric field vector:
The electric potential at a point r in a static electric field E is given by the line integral
where C is an arbitrary path from some fixed reference point to r. In electrostatics, the Maxwell-Faraday equation reveals that the curl is zero, making the electric field conservative. Thus, the line integral above does not depend on the specific path C chosen but only on its endpoints, making well-defined everywhere. The gradient theorem then allows us to write:
This states that the electric field points "downhill" towards lower voltages. By Gauss's law, the potential can also be found to satisfy Poisson's equation:
where ρ is the total charge density and ∇· denotes the divergence.
The concept of electric potential is closely linked with potential energy. A test charge q has an electric potential energy UE given by
The potential energy and hence, also the electric potential, is only defined up to an additive constant: one must arbitrarily choose a position where the potential energy and the electric potential are zero.
These equations cannot be used if the curl , i.e., in the case of a non-conservative electric field (caused by a changing magnetic field; see Maxwell's equations). The generalization of electric potential to this case is described in the section § Generalization to electrodynamics.
The electric potential arising from a point charge Q, at a distance r from the charge is observed to be
where ε0 is the permittivity of vacuum. VE is known as the Coulomb potential.
The electric potential for a system of point charges is equal to the sum of the point charges' individual potentials. This fact simplifies calculations significantly, because addition of potential (scalar) fields is much easier than addition of the electric (vector) fields. Specifically, the potential of a set of discrete point charges qi at points ri becomes
where
and the potential of a continuous charge distribution ρ(r) becomes
Where
The equations given above for the electric potential (and all the equations used here) are in the forms required by SI units. In some other (less common) systems of units, such as CGS-Gaussian, many of these equations would be altered.
When time-varying magnetic fields are present (which is true whenever there are time-varying electric fields and vice versa), it is not possible to describe the electric field simply in terms of a scalar potential V because the electric field is no longer conservative: is path-dependent because (due to the Maxwell-Faraday equation).
Instead, one can still define a scalar potential by also including the magnetic vector potential A. In particular, A is defined to satisfy:
where B is the magnetic field. By the fundamental theorem of vector calculus, such an A can always be found, since the divergence of the magnetic field is always zero due to the absence of magnetic monopoles. Now, the quantity
is a conservative field, since the curl of is canceled by the curl of according to the Maxwell–Faraday equation. One can therefore write
where V is the scalar potential defined by the conservative field F.
The electrostatic potential is simply the special case of this definition where A is time-invariant. On the other hand, for time-varying fields,
unlike electrostatics.
The electrostatic potential could have any constant added to it without affecting the electric field. In electrodynamics, the electric potential has infinitely many degrees of freedom. For any (possibly time-varying or space-varying) scalar field , we can perform the following gauge transformation to find a new set of potentials that produce exactly the same electric and magnetic fields:
Given different choices of gauge, the electric potential could have quite different properties. In the Coulomb gauge, the electric potential is given by Poisson's equation
just like in electrostatics. However, in the Lorenz gauge, the electric potential is a retarded potential that propagates at the speed of light, and is the solution to an inhomogeneous wave equation:
The SI derived unit of electric potential is the volt (in honor of Alessandro Volta), which is why a difference in electric potential between two points is known as voltage. Older units are rarely used today. Variants of the centimetre–gram–second system of units included a number of different units for electric potential, including the abvolt and the statvolt.
Inside metals (and other solids and liquids), the energy of an electron is affected not only by the electric potential, but also by the specific atomic environment that it is in. When a voltmeter is connected between two different types of metal, it measures the potential difference corrected for the different atomic environments. The quantity measured by a voltmeter is called electrochemical potential or fermi level, while the pure unadjusted electric potential V is sometimes called Galvani potential . The terms "voltage" and "electric potential" are a bit ambiguous, however in practice, they can refer to either of these in different contexts.
In physics the Lorentz force is the combination of electric and magnetic force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields. A particle of charge q moving with a velocity v in an electric field E and a magnetic field B experiences a force of
Maxwell's equations, or Maxwell-Heaviside equations, are a set of coupled partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, and electric circuits. The equations provide a mathematical model for electric, optical, and radio technologies, such as power generation, electric motors, wireless communication, lenses, radar etc. They describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated by charges, currents, and changes of the fields. The equations are named after the physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell, who, in 1861 and 1862, published an early form of the equations that included the Lorentz force law. Maxwell first used the equations to propose that light is an electromagnetic phenomenon. The modern form of the equations in their most common formulation is credited to Oliver Heaviside.
An electric field is the physical field that surrounds electrically charged particles and exerts force on all other charged particles in the field, either attracting or repelling them. It also refers to the physical field for a system of charged particles. Electric fields originate from electric charges, or from time-varying magnetic fields. Electric fields and magnetic fields are both manifestations of the electromagnetic force, one of the four fundamental forces of nature.
In physics and electromagnetism, Gauss's law, also known as Gauss's flux theorem, is a law relating the distribution of electric charge to the resulting electric field. In its integral form, it states that the flux of the electric field out of an arbitrary closed surface is proportional to the electric charge enclosed by the surface, irrespective of how that charge is distributed. Even though the law alone is insufficient to determine the electric field across a surface enclosing any charge distribution, this may be possible in cases where symmetry mandates uniformity of the field. Where no such symmetry exists, Gauss's law can be used in its differential form, which states that the divergence of the electric field is proportional to the local density of charge.
In mathematics, the Laplace operator or Laplacian is a differential operator given by the divergence of the gradient of a scalar function on Euclidean space. It is usually denoted by the symbols , , or . In a Cartesian coordinate system, the Laplacian is given by the sum of second partial derivatives of the function with respect to each independent variable. In other coordinate systems, such as cylindrical and spherical coordinates, the Laplacian also has a useful form. Informally, the Laplacian Δf (p) of a function f at a point p measures by how much the average value of f over small spheres or balls centered at p deviates from f (p).
Poisson's equation is an elliptic partial differential equation of broad utility in theoretical physics. For example, the solution to Poisson's equation is the potential field caused by a given electric charge or mass density distribution; with the potential field known, one can then calculate electrostatic or gravitational (force) field. It is a generalization of Laplace's equation, which is also frequently seen in physics. The equation is named after French mathematician and physicist Siméon Denis Poisson.
Classical electromagnetism or classical electrodynamics is a branch of theoretical physics that studies the interactions between electric charges and currents using an extension of the classical Newtonian model. The theory provides a description of electromagnetic phenomena whenever the relevant length scales and field strengths are large enough that quantum mechanical effects are negligible. For small distances and low field strengths, such interactions are better described by quantum electrodynamics.
In electromagnetism, displacement current density is the quantity ∂D/∂t appearing in Maxwell's equations that is defined in terms of the rate of change of D, the electric displacement field. Displacement current density has the same units as electric current density, and it is a source of the magnetic field just as actual current is. However it is not an electric current of moving charges, but a time-varying electric field. In physical materials, there is also a contribution from the slight motion of charges bound in atoms, called dielectric polarization.
"A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field" is a paper by James Clerk Maxwell on electromagnetism, published in 1865. In the paper, Maxwell derives an electromagnetic wave equation with a velocity for light in close agreement with measurements made by experiment, and deduces that light is an electromagnetic wave.
In classical electromagnetism, magnetic vector potential is the vector quantity defined so that its curl is equal to the magnetic field: . Together with the electric potential φ, the magnetic vector potential can be used to specify the electric field E as well. Therefore, many equations of electromagnetism can be written either in terms of the fields E and B, or equivalently in terms of the potentials φ and A. In more advanced theories such as quantum mechanics, most equations use potentials rather than fields.
In physics, the electric displacement field or electric induction is a vector field that appears in Maxwell's equations. It accounts for the effects of free and bound charge within materials. "D" stands for "displacement", as in the related concept of displacement current in dielectrics. In free space, the electric displacement field is equivalent to flux density, a concept that lends understanding of Gauss's law. In the International System of Units (SI), it is expressed in units of coulomb per meter square (C⋅m−2).
A classical field theory is a physical theory that predicts how one or more physical fields interact with matter through field equations, without considering effects of quantization; theories that incorporate quantum mechanics are called quantum field theories. In most contexts, 'classical field theory' is specifically meant to describe electromagnetism and gravitation, two of the fundamental forces of nature.
In electromagnetism, the Lorenz gauge condition or Lorenz gauge, for Ludvig Lorenz, is a partial gauge fixing of the electromagnetic vector potential by requiring The name is frequently confused with Hendrik Lorentz, who has given his name to many concepts in this field. The condition is Lorentz invariant. The condition does not completely determine the gauge: one can still make a gauge transformation where is the four-gradient and is a harmonic scalar function. The Lorenz condition is used to eliminate the redundant spin-0 component in the (1/2, 1/2) representation theory of the Lorentz group. It is equally used for massive spin-1 fields where the concept of gauge transformations does not apply at all.
Electric potential energy is a potential energy that results from conservative Coulomb forces and is associated with the configuration of a particular set of point charges within a defined system. An object may have electric potential energy by virtue of two key elements: its own electric charge and its relative position to other electrically charged objects.
The Maxwell stress tensor is a symmetric second-order tensor used in classical electromagnetism to represent the interaction between electromagnetic forces and mechanical momentum. In simple situations, such as a point charge moving freely in a homogeneous magnetic field, it is easy to calculate the forces on the charge from the Lorentz force law. When the situation becomes more complicated, this ordinary procedure can become impractically difficult, with equations spanning multiple lines. It is therefore convenient to collect many of these terms in the Maxwell stress tensor, and to use tensor arithmetic to find the answer to the problem at hand.
In electromagnetism, Jefimenko's equations give the electric field and magnetic field due to a distribution of electric charges and electric current in space, that takes into account the propagation delay of the fields due to the finite speed of light and relativistic effects. Therefore they can be used for moving charges and currents. They are the particular solutions to Maxwell's equations for any arbitrary distribution of charges and currents.
In electromagnetism and applications, an inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation, or nonhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation, is one of a set of wave equations describing the propagation of electromagnetic waves generated by nonzero source charges and currents. The source terms in the wave equations make the partial differential equations inhomogeneous, if the source terms are zero the equations reduce to the homogeneous electromagnetic wave equations. The equations follow from Maxwell's equations.
There are various mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field that are used in the study of electromagnetism, one of the four fundamental interactions of nature. In this article, several approaches are discussed, although the equations are in terms of electric and magnetic fields, potentials, and charges with currents, generally speaking.
In electrodynamics, the retarded potentials are the electromagnetic potentials for the electromagnetic field generated by time-varying electric current or charge distributions in the past. The fields propagate at the speed of light c, so the delay of the fields connecting cause and effect at earlier and later times is an important factor: the signal takes a finite time to propagate from a point in the charge or current distribution to another point in space, see figure below.
Coulomb's inverse-square law, or simply Coulomb's law, is an experimental law of physics that quantifies the amount of force between two stationary, electrically charged particles. The electric force between charged bodies at rest is conventionally called electrostatic force or Coulomb force. Although the law was known earlier, it was first published in 1785 by French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, hence the name. Coulomb's law was essential to the development of the theory of electromagnetism, maybe even its starting point, as it made it possible to discuss the quantity of electric charge in a meaningful way. | https://wikimili.com/en/Electric_potential |
“The Emotions: A Philosophical Exploration” by Peter Goldie
"Peter Goldie opens the path to a deeper understanding of our emotional lives through a lucid philosophical exploration of this surprisingly neglected topic. Drawing on philosophy, literature and science, Goldie considers the roles of culture and evolution in the development of our emotional capabilities. He examines the links between emotion, mood, and character, and places the emotions in the context of consciousness, thought, feeling, and imagination. He explains how it is that we are able to make sense of our own and other people's emotions, and how we can explain the very human things which emotions lead us to do. He argues that it is only from the personal point of view that thoughts, reasons, feelings, and actions come into view.
This fascinating book gives an accessible but penetrating exploration of an important but mysterious subject. Any reader interested in emotion and its role in understanding our lives will find much to think about here." | https://magickmatters.xyz/magickmatters/3593-the-emotions-a-philosophical-exploration-by-peter-goldie/ |
Stream of Consciousness
The following is the commentary extracted from the concluding section of Episode 3 in Ulysses Uncovered.
It discusses the technique of stream of consciousness as applied by James Joyce.
The text in Ulysses is full of many references, most of them oblique and hidden.
There are references to Socrates, Aristotle, Eve (as noted), and to many
philosophers and poets. Likewise there are references to many languages, e.g.,
French, Italian, Latin, German, Hebrew, Greek and Irish. In L224 we get the
Gaelic word ‘sláinte’— this word is often used as a toast when people engage in
celebratory drinking and implies ‘To your good health’.
Several scriptural and theological issues are hinted at. Literary allusions abound.
And all of this is presented to the reader as the stream of consciousness in Stephen’s mind.
The technique of stream of consciousness, -adopted from psychology- became a new literary technique
at the end of the nineteenth century. At that time it was felt that the development of literature
had slowed and that no new ways of reflecting thoughts and ideas were emerging. Along comes James Joyce
and he produces a blockbuster full of new writing styles and techniques.
His use of the stream of consciousness technique allowed for the free untrammelled expression
of thoughts, ideas and emotions. Not that he was the first but he brought the technique to new heights.
What helped him of course was that he was well acquainted with the latest developments
in science and medicine, psychology and psychoanalysis.
Stream of consciousness can be explained as a multi-layered flow of
thoughts and impressions;
emotions and sensations;
reflections and observations,
even sights and sounds.
This literary technique presents an active mind consciously immersed in the world of self.
And because of this the subjectivity of the character can be more significantly
revealed to the reader. The multi-layered nature of Stephen’s thinking can be seen in
the opening paragraph of this third episode. The phrase: ‘Signatures of all
things I am here to read seaspawn and seawrack’ indicates that Stephen wishes to
see, besides the reality of the physical world, deeper if not spiritual
realities (signatures) as well. Two of the deeper realities could be the beginning of life (seaspawn)
and the ending of life (seawrack).
He wants to recognise, as George Berkeley had argued in his
An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision (Dublin, 1709)
that colour is the real, and thus the true reality, of sight:
‘Then he was aware of them bodies before of them coloured’, L4. Stephen free-flows
into a factual musing about Aristotle who in fact was the first to state that colour is the real object of vision:
‘Bald he was and a millionaire’, L6. But soon, with his eyes shut, he focuses on the sounds of
the ‘crackling wrack and shells’, L10, and admits to himself that the act of hearing
is reality itself: ‘Exactly: and that is the ineluctable modality of the audible’, L13.
Immediately we see that an understanding of Stephen’s thought
processes is not a simple matter. Because Stephen is a well-educated and a
well-read person there are many deep and complex variations emerging in his
internal monologues. The initial approach, however, to this episode, has to be
the extraction of the narrative. This will reveal to us the extent of Stephen’s
isolation and suffering. From this we will get to know him as a more real person
in the situation that he is in, a situation from which he is trying to
escape. | https://ulyssesuncovered.com/Stream-of-Consciousness.php |
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Recently there has been a renewed interest in the ethical value of literature. However, how exactly does literature contribute to our ethical understanding? In Literature, Ethics, and the Emotions, Kenneth Asher argues that literary scholars should locate this question in the long and various history of moral philosophy. On the basis of his own reading of this history, Asher contends for the centrality of emotions in our ethical lives and shows how literature - novels, poetry, and drama - can each contribute to crucial emotional understanding. Individual chapters on T. S. Eliot, D. H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf, and George Bernard Shaw give detailed analyses of how this contribution takes shape even in modernist authors who try to reconfigure the very nature of the self.Read more
- Proposes a theory of the way literature and ethics intersect that covers the three major genres, providing a comprehensive view of the ethical importance of literature
- Places the discussion of ethics and literature in the long philosophical debate about the role of emotions in our ethical lives, making this book appealing to those in philosophy as well as literature
- Offers a reconsideration of major modernist writers, showing readers how ethical theory can be applied specifically to often-taught works of the twentieth century
Reviews & endorsements
'Asher (SUNY, Geneseo) offers a nuanced exploration of the ethical function of emotions as rendered through selected works of T. S. Eliot, D. H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf, and George Bernard Shaw. … Asher argues that literature deepens readers' ethical awareness through intelligence of characters' affective lives. … Asher provocatively argues against literature as essentially a repository of normative scenarios and for its complex portrayal of relationships facilitating a deeper moral cognizance. … Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through faculty.' C. Baker, CHOICESee more reviews
'… Asher’s work will be of interest to a wider field of scholars concerned with the question of how reading and an attentiveness to emotions allows us to know the ethical life.' Vivek Santayana, BSLS Reviews
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Product details
- Date Published: April 2017
- format: Hardback
- isbn: 9781107185951
- length: 194 pages
- dimensions: 235 x 158 x 15 mm
- weight: 0.42kg
- availability: Available
Table of Contents
Introduction
1. Literature as the recalibration of emotions
2. T. S. Eliot's emotive theory of poetry
3. D. H. Lawrence: primal consciousness and the function of emotion
4. Epistemology and ethics in Virginia Woolf
5. George Bernard Shaw: history as cosmic comedy
Conclusion. | http://admin.cambridge.org/academic/subjects/literature/english-literature-1900-1945/literature-ethics-and-emotions?format=HB |
Since I've become churchless -- a convert to no-religion -- one of the more ridiculous things I hear from true believers is: So you've given up on finding the truth.
No! That's entirely untrue.
I've simply realized that the most fundamental questions about life, reality, and what, if anything, lies beyond the physical can't be answered via blind faith, dogma, preconceived ideas, or rigid ritualistic practices.
Here's some questions that I find fascinating:
What is the essence of consciousness?
Does a "soul" exist separate, or separable, from the body?
Are humans part of a larger whole, or just a part?
Is our usual view of reality the truest way of seeing?
Ever since I started studying yoga and meditation with a crazed Greek-Christian-Hindu-whatever teacher in the crazy late '60s (the decade), I've been exploring these sorts of ponderings.
Partly through learning from others through books, talks, discussions, and such. But also through daily meditation almost every morning for more than forty years.
I'm still at it, because it seems clear that consciousness is key to understanding ... well, everything. The world outside of us. The world inside of us. The world neither (or both) inside and outside of us.
If we're not conscious of something, it doesn't exist for us.
Yet as countless mystics, and just as many scientists, have pointed out, our attention almost always is directed toward those some things, not the consciousness which makes possible (some would say, is) our knowledge of phenomenal existence.
Over the years I've written quite a bit about my favorite approach to meditation, Thomas Keating's "Open Mind, Open Heart." Here's some posts where I talk about this book, whose philosophy is based on the medieval classic, The Cloud of Unknowing.
Let go. Then let go of letting go.
Let it go. So simple.
Ceaseless prayer: Christian vs. Sant Mat
Sant Mat's "five holy names" aren't so holy
It may seem sort of strange that I'm so attracted to a book with a subtitle, "The Contemplative Dimension of the Gospel." But I simply substitute "reality" or "consciousness" when Keating says "God," and ignore the Jesus references.
Many people are so identified with the ordinary flow of their thoughts and feelings that they are not aware of the source from which these mental objects are emerging. Like boats or debris floating along the surface of a river, our thoughts and feelings must be resting on something.
They are resting on the inner stream of consciousness, which is our participation in God's being. That level is not immediately evident to ordinary consciousness. Since we are not in immediate contact with that level, we have to do something to develop our awareness of it. It is the level of our being that makes us most human.
The values that we find there are more delightful than the values that float along the surface of our psyche. We need to refresh ourselves at this deep level every day. Just as we need exercise, food, rest, and sleep, so also we need moments of interior silence because they bring the deepest kind of refreshment.
Faith is opening and surrendering to God. The spiritual journey does not require going anywhere because God is already with us and in us. It is a question of allowing our ordinary thoughts to recede into the background and to float along the river of consciousness without our noticing them, while we direct our attention toward the river on which they are floating.
We are like someone sitting on the bank of a river and watching the boats go by. If we stay on the bank, with our attention on the river rather than on the boats, the capacity to disregard thoughts as they go by will develop, and a deeper kind of attention will emerge.
A thought in the context of this method is any perception that appears on the inner screen of consciousness. This could be an emotion, an image, a memory, a plan, a noise from outside, a feeling of peace, or even a spiritual communication.
In other words, anything whatsoever that registers on the inner stream of consciousness is a "thought." The method consists of letting go of every thought during the time of prayer, even the most devout thoughts.
Yes, even the most devout thoughts. Most meditation practices speak about emptying our cup of consciousness so it can be filled with a deeper sense of reality, but almost always this is just talk.
Because they assume what the practitioner will eventually be filled with. A vision of X. Merging with Y. Understanding or becoming Z.
When you've got X, Y, and Z floating around in your psyche, you're focused on the boats going by that Keating refers to in the quotation above: forms of religious or spiritual dogma. Instead:
In centering prayer we begin to shift our attention from the boats and objects on the surface to the river itself, to that which sustains all our faculties and is their source. The river in this analogy has no qualities or characteristics. It is spiritual and limitless because it is a participation in God's being.
...You must keep turning your attention from what is on the surface of the river to the river itself, from the particular to the general, from forms to the formless, from images to the imageless. | https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2010/01/float-gently-on-a-stream-of-consciousness.html |
In earlier installments of this inner work series on Creating Our Soul, we engaged with two of the major elements of presence: developing and living in our sensation body and living with heart. Now we address the mind, which tends to be a very busy place, full of potential. Our intentional mental, cognitive capabilities are among our most important: reasoning, problem-solving, foreseeing, planning, empathizing, storytelling, reading, writing, speaking, listening, remembering, recognizing, assessing, analyzing, synthesizing, judging, weighing alternatives, and so on.
Yet non-intentional elements, like comments, narration, rehearsals, criticisms, ruminations, obsessions, plans, daydreams, images, and all manner of self-talk, seemingly fill all other available slots in our inner cognitive space and time. This appears to leave no room for presence, which is pushed aside by that ceaseless, inchoate, self-generating mind stream.
However, it is not always like that. Sometimes our mind quiets down, if only briefly. Such moments are not merely an absence of inner noise; they reveal the quiet presence of mental awareness, the sensitive energy in our mind. This has been called the thought energy, which is an appropriate term for it when that energy takes the form of thoughts. But when our mind is quiet, that same energy enables us to be in touch with our mind even without thoughts. In that case, it can better be called the cognitive energy. Instead of using those two terms, we will use the single term "mind energy" for the sensitive energy in our mind in both its major manifestations.
The sensitive energy takes the form of the energy of sensation in our body, feeling in our emotions, and thought or cognition in our mind. When you turn your attention to your body, the energy of sensation enables you to perceive your body. When you turn your attention to your mind, the mind energy enables you to perceive your mind.
Thoughts are so close to us, so intimate, that we often consider our thoughts to be who we are. We are immersed in them. Our consciousness is immersed in them. In that way, our thoughts obscure the rest of our inner landscape, sucking all the attention to themselves.
How does this happen? Inner energies can be classified into different levels or qualities. In particular, the conscious energy is higher than the sensitive energy, which is higher than the automatic energy. A higher energy can organize a lower energy. A lower energy can disorganize a higher energy. The difference is whether and how our will participates. When we, as our will, are passive with regard to our mind energy, the automatic energy drives the mind energy into a fragmented stream of associative thoughts, each one leading to another, with the occasional intervention of some random sensory perception that deflects the stream into a new direction. The conscious energy becomes passively submerged in this mind stream. This is the ordinary and usual state of our mind. This is not how we are meant to live.
In contrast with that, when we intentionally put our attention into our mind, we bring the conscious energy to bear on and blend with the mind energy, which then relegates the automatic energy in our mind to its proper role, namely serving up knowledge, skills, and memories when they are needed. The result is an orderly mind. In cases where we are intentionally thinking about or pondering something, our thoughts stay focused. In cases where we are simply attentive to our mind, without a particular agenda for our thinking, then our thoughts subside, our mind grows quiet, and pure awareness comes to the fore. Instead of being passive, the conscious energy raises awareness of our thoughts, granting them some immunity from the disorganizing influence of the automatic energy. This yields clarity of mind.
This beneficial state also occurs when mind energy becomes more substantial by intentionally blending it with energies from the air, usually causing the thoughts themselves to weaken toward quiescence. At that point the mind energy raises our cognitive capacity, our knowingness. But mind energy is not to be confused with the conscious energy. Mind energy operates within our mind, while conscious energy is global, enabling the wholeness of body, heart, and mind together. Though thoughts can travel into the past and envision the future, consciousness transcends time altogether, being in the timeless, boundless present.
Sensation gives us contact with the present moment through our body. Feeling energy enables the emotions appropriate to the moment and establishes a vehicle for the sacred emotions like hope, faith, and love. Mind energy, when it is quiet and transparent, rather than taking the shape of particular thoughts, gives us a primary point of contact with the conscious energy. Mind energy supports much of our inner work by allowing us to visualize and imagine various inner actions, such as drawing energy from the air, an act enhanced by intentionally imagining gathering the particles of energy and bringing them into us. When we imagine a light in our head, that is the mind energy in the form of light, which we can then move into our heart to blend it with the feeling energy. These and other forms of inner work are crucially supported by the mind energy.
The mind energy can be problematic for our inner work, like when it passively gives way to the automatic energy to fall into a stream of thoughts bouncing off each other, luring us away from ourselves and into that stream. But this is not inevitable. If we are well-rooted in our body sensation, and in contact with our emotions, we still can open to consciousness even in the midst of a raging thought stream. Such thoughts need not impair the cognitive stillness of consciousness, which is deeper than any thought. We do not need to stop our thoughts to be present. They become part of our experience, just as the sensations of our body and the emotions of our heart. Within all of that we can be.
Our mind is powerful. But no mental gymnastics can perceive or act in the spiritual realms. For that, we must go beyond our mind, beyond even consciousness. A quiet mind does not detract or distract, and leaves us open to the other, deeper possibilities. Silence itself is the harmonizing element of our inner world.
For this week, please work with the mind energy. Experiment with it and get to know your mind in a new way.
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Power of Mind
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When we say 'mind' we think of: consciousness, awareness, cognitive thinking, reasoning, perception; but also of: intuition, subconscious gibberish, or unconscious strata that influences our lives and the way of behavior. The state of mind, our positive or negative attitude towards the world, is closely related to our experiences of happiness or suffering. The nature of mind or the matrix of various patterns that forms around a soul is closely related to the Buddhist concept of karma.
What is the nature of mind?
Buddhist literature discusses in details the various levels of mind and consciousness.
According to Buddhist, any act is closely linked to the state of mind. The understanding of the nature of mind is essential for an understanding of the relationship between mind and matter. A person with a calm and peaceful mind will behave in such a way with others. The external conditions can cause only limited disturbances. If, on the other hand, someone has a restless mind, his actions and re-actions will be restless.
In an attempt to explain the relationship of mind and divine consciousness, some Buddhist thinkers have maintained that there is a faculty of mind called ‘self-consciousness’ or ‘self-awareness’. It is the mind’s ability to observe itself.
Mind Powers: Subconscious mind power
The conscious mind or the ego is conscious perceptions, sensation through our senses, thinking, feelings, and intuition. The suppressed and forgotten memories, traumas, etc. that the ego does not recognise are within the Personal Unconscious. The deeper Collective Unconsciousness is universal. It is the repository of all the religious, spiritual, and mythological symbols.
‘The ego is only a bit of consciousness which floats upon the ocean of the dark things’ Jung
We are aware / conscious with only the tip of the ice-berg and the unconscious part of our psyche lies under the water surface.
Mind Powers: Three Minds of Taoism
Within Taoism, the three Minds correspond to the three Tan Tiens or major energy centres within the body. The Upper Tan Tien is within the Upper Brain (mental energy or proper thinking), the Middle Tan Tien is in the heart (the energy of love or proper feeling) and the Lower Tan Tien is in the abdomen (the energy of action and movement or Being).
The Taoists learn to generate, direct and store increasing amounts of energy within the body. Their main practice is in increasing the virtuous energy, and working with the true 'alchemy of the soul'.
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Mind Powers: Magic Unfolding
In China they use the same symbol / word for heart and mind - giving us an insight that thoughts and feelings come from the same source / central place. And they say that this place is within the heart... | https://www.gurusfeet.com/blog/power-mind-0 |
Virginia Woolf had long been occupying a minor spot in the modernist literary canon when her work found its way to a new audience and received much overdue recognition in the second half of the 20th century. She was one of the first authors to incorporate the stream of consciousness technique in her books—a deep insight into the thoughts and emotions of characters, which contrasted the bird’s eye view that was typical of Victorian literature. Her writing touched upon many themes, including women’s role in society and their rights, mental issues, and the gaps between social classes. Despite having written only nine novels, her work left a significant mark in the literary world, and the following books show why she is worth the attention of a 21st century reader.
1. To The Lighthouse
A firm fan favorite, To The Lighthouse centers on the Ramsay family and their vacation on the Isle of Skye in the first decade of the 20th century. Woolf drew inspiration from her own childhood family trips, and the novel’s protagonists Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay bear many similarities to Woolf’s parents. Thanks to the use of the stream of consciousness, the reader gets a thorough understanding of the characters and lives through a very emotional and poignant story right beside them. The novel deals with familial relationships, love, motherhood, and different perceptions of the same events.
2. Flush: A Biography
It’s hard to categorize this 1933 piece because it doesn’t exactly follow the form of a novel, and it’s not a real biography either. The story, however, focuses on a real character—a pet dog named Flush, who belonged to the Victorian poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Flush is a cocker spaniel who moves from the countryside to London with his new owner where he lives among prominent literary figures of that time, including Elizabeth’s husband Robert Browning, a famous fellow poet. Woolf depicts city life in all of its glory and pain, as seen through the eyes of a dog, and it addresses the life struggles of Barrett Browning, including her dealing with an abusive father.
3. Jacob’s Room
After the success of her quite unconventional short stories, Jacob’s Room is the first novel in which Woolf’s modernist style of writing shines through. Although the premise of the novel doesn’t sound too off-beat, as it depicts the journey of a young man from his childhood days to adulthood, the protagonist isn’t actively involved in the story. Woolf lets the reader discover Jacob’s character only through other people’s impressions of him, which are often fleeting and occur in trains or restaurants. Even though he is the main character of the story, Jacob’s absence turns him into a concept created by other people rather than an actual person.
4. Mrs. Dalloway
Undoubtedly one of Woolf’s most famous works, Mrs. Dalloway represents Woolf’s writing style at its best. The story takes place over one day in June 1923 and it follows Clarissa Dalloway’s preparations for the party she’s throwing in the evening, including the event itself. It sounds simple, but as the preparations progress, the reader gets an insight into several characters’ thoughts and emotions, including Clarissa, her former love interest Peter Walsh, and the WWI veteran Septimus Smith, who suffers from hallucinations. Through them, we can draw conclusions about Clarissa Dalloway’s life and whether she’s truly satisfied with it as it first seems. In addition to serving as a thorough portrayal of a character, Mrs. Dalloway also depicts the social values of post-war England.
5. A Room of One’s Own
Woolf’s seminal non-fiction work titled A Room of One’s Own was based on two lectures she gave at Cambridge in 1928 and it deals with the female role in a male-dominated society. She gives compelling observations about how women are under-represented in literature due to their limited education and work opportunities, as they are not expected to work and provide for themselves. She demonstrates this by imagining William Shakespeare’s fictional sister Judith, who’s equally talented, but is prevented from reaching her full artistic potential because of the restraints that society imposes on her.
6. The Years
Despite being a big commercial success upon publication, Woolf considered The Years to be a “failure” and had a difficult time writing it because she wasn’t entirely sure what she wanted to achieve with it. The novel is much less experimental in nature compared to her other works, and it resembles a typical Victorian saga about the life of a family. The story spans over 50 years and it shows the transition of a family from the Victorian times to a modern world. Woolf uses the same story device as in Mrs. Dalloway—every section of the novel focuses on a particular year, and each of those years is represented through a single day in the lives of the characters. She continues a deeper exploration of the themes she touched upon in Mrs. Dalloway and To the Lighthouse, namely women’s rights, child abuse, and class differences, but she also comments on political issues.
7. The Waves
Somewhere between prose and poetry, The Waves has many lyrical elements and is made of monologues given by six characters bound together by the narrator. Once again, the story is set in the framework of a single day and it follows the lives of the characters from youth to old age. There is no distinct plot line, but the poetic language she uses makes the reader relate to different stages in characters’ lives and live through the changes with them. Woolf depicts their lives in fragments, small scenes, and fleeting moments that are seemingly irrelevant, but in fact are of great value and importance.
8. Orlando: A Biography
One of Woolf’s most imaginative works, Orlando depicts the adventures of a genderfluid person who lives for several centuries, from Elizabethan times to the 20th century. Throughout the journey, Orlando makes gender switches and enjoys life that comes as a result of those shifts. The book was inspired by Vita Sackville-West, Woolf’s genderfluid friend and lover, and it is one of the staples of feminist, transgender, and queer literature. Woolf examines gender identity, roles, and sexuality and encourages the reader to do the same—do Orlando’s gender shifts cause his/her behaviour to automatically change to adapt to different norms?
9. Between the Acts
Woolf’s last novel was written in difficult circumstances as she was battling severe depression, and it was published shortly after her suicide. Between the Acts centers on an amateur theatre group as they put on a play in a small English village, but it also serves as a bigger picture of the state of England between two world wars and the harrowing consequences they left on people’s lives. The story unfolds over the course of a single day, which is a well-known writing technique implemented by Woolf. She deals with the imminent passage of time, which only intensifies the somber tone associated with this book due to the tragic events that followed. | https://bookmaverick.com/best-virginia-woolf-books/ |
Thousand Secrets will be held at Patara Gallery from November 1st to December 21st.
"Scientists know that DREAM INCUBATION is easily possible when some simple technics are used. Content, main characters, or objects of a dream can be provoked by many things – scrolling through social media, a hard day at work, or a children's book illustration that suddenly pops up in our memories just seconds before we fall asleep. But what happens in a dream is a whole new surprise of unrelated, abstract, and unbelievable combinations of actions and things that are impossible to think of in a waking, materiel world. And there’s also such thing as Daydreaming, which is the stream of consciousness that detaches from current external tasks when attention drifts to a more personal and internal direction…
Ruska Badriashvili knows all this pretty well. She’s a MA in Social Psychiatry and Patara Gallery is presenting her first-ever solo show.", is noted in the description of the event.
Her drawings made with an ink pen on paper and then arranged as collages on the computer are results of dreams and daydreams. these drawings are built around one dream-like story, telling the viewer about the wanderer with manner and symbols that they think they've already seen or heard, which reminds them of eastern fairy-tales, or sometimes even their dreams.
“studying psyche is my job but also my hobby. Each drawing from THOUSAND SECRETS is my thought expressed out aloud to myself or other seekers. I don’t work in routine: sometimes I suddenly wake up, sometimes I just don’t go to sleep and draw my emotions that are alive at the moment. All symbols and objects are the fruit of my imagination, I try not to repeat any existing pattern and draw any detail by myself.
I’ve been working on these series for two and a half years and still, they are not finished yet. These drawings are projecting thoughts and questions of every explorer, emotions, choices, discoveries, plans. Some images come from my dreams, some are archetypical.
With these drawings, I try to connect conscious, unconscious, and higher consciousness. This is my try to reflect on the world, its illusions/delusions; understand who am I, where am I standing, and what role my Self is playing in inner and outer realities. Drawings are often a code that helps me find a solution to a personal problem. Same as dream-reading and interpretation, my drawings help me understand myself. That’s why the drawing process is so personal, so intimate for me.
Mirror and glass are both reflecting materials. Both for me represent a unifying concept: one is many and many in one…", noted Ruska. | https://cbw.ge/events/thousand-secrets-exhibition-of-ruska-badriashvili |
The understanding of human, personality and people’s knowledge with sophisticated image of one’s consciousness and mind requires proper critical approach. Plato, Bacon and Jung made significant attempts to explain the origin of people’s knowledge, logic and emotions from the perspective of surrounding, natural and gained qualities, archetype, etc. Plato’s works are framed in a non-standard form of dialogues, and most of them are conditionally addressed to Socrates. Plato did not set his philosophical foundations in one clear order: in his dialogues, they remind a system of ideas. Bacon’s concept of the four idols that does not allow people to get to know the truth has pragmatic theories that involve the allegories of in the spider, ants and bees. Jung created a complicated system of archetypes and explained consciousness and unconsciousness, and ego. The paper provides a brief analysis of the three texts united by the key ideas of personality/ego, knowledge, understanding and happiness used by Plato, Bacon and Jung.
“The Allegory of the Cave” is one of Plato’s famous allegorical scientific theories about human society and belief in a higher power. The text itself is Plato’s allegory, which he uses to explain his theories of knowledge and happiness. The text begins with the description of the scene as if it is a dwelling underground, such as a cave. Some people stay there in strong bonds that do not allow them to turn to the light or turn around (unhappiness). These people can see only things directly in front of them. There is a wall nearby, and behind it, other people carry different things: statues, items and luxury households. The prisoners of the cave can observe only small shadows, give them names, but they cannot comprehend its color and sense. Similarly, the sounds prisoners can hear are mistakenly related to shadows, which again confuses the authentic knowledge.
Later, Plato in his dialogue with Glaucon develops the story as he leads the reader to think about how the prisoner will behave if he gets freedom, how he will see the things, the shadows of which he saw before. Plato’s colleague mentions that it can be painful to former prisoners, and they should get used to that. Considering the image of the cave, several aspects may come to one’s mind. First, cave is a limitation of person’s visibility, knowledge about surrounding and understanding of its real sense. It is a framework for human knowledge, and if a prisoner goes beyond these frameworks, he will never be accepted back. The cave protects itself from any possible destruction. If people inside could see the sunlight at least once, they would give anything to come out. However, the cave closes the world to these people, and lonely prophets meet faith which does not make them happy to make own mission.
The most reasonable and obvious aspects of the meaning of myth include:
Bacon believed that human mind was not able to understand fully and accurately the subject of study. According to him, a major obstacle to the full and accurate knowledge could be prejudices that prevent people from understanding the truth. Bacon considered them the idols of kind, caves, market and theater. The first two types of idols were believed to be the natural ones that appeared from one’s birth. The other two types were acquired during their life. Bacon strongly recommended removing those idols that were one’s obstacles on the way to knowledge and thus making life more receptive to the happiness of truth. He believed that the best way to abolish idols was to appeal to experience and experimental data processing by scientific method.
Later, it became important to solve the second problem: which method should be considered as scientific knowledge and how to use it in a particular case. In the text, the solution to this problem appears in the form of allegory of spider, ants and bees. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. Not being a naturalist, Bacon sometimes unreasonably assessed some discoveries and scientific ideas of his time. For example, he underestimated the role of mathematics in science, and later refused to recognize the truth of the Copernican heliocentric system. Simultaneously, he was the ancestor of experimental science, being able to catch its new spirit and understanding its needs and interests.
Compared to Plato and Bacon, Jung considered the structure of personality as consisting of the three components that formed people’s understanding and happiness that included consciousness – ego, private individual unconscious, and collective unconscious, consisting of mental archetypes. Jung mentioned that one’s unconscious received knowledge from the outside world. However, he proved that such knowledge was inaccessible to human consciousness since initially it had a low intensity or other parameters. Jung paid great attention to the concept of unconscious and its dynamics, but his idea of it was radically different from Freud’s one. He regarded the psyche as a complementary interaction of conscious and unconscious components in a continuous exchange of energy between them. Jung did not consider unconscious as a psychobiological dump for the seized instinctive tendencies, repressed memories and subconscious inhibitions. He considered it as creative, intelligent principle, linking person with the whole humanity, with the understanding of nature and space.
Jung noted that the human mind consisted of several components: perception, thinking, emotional evaluations and intuitive anticipation. The process of anticipation, intuition is one of the main functions of the psyche. A person can be aware of the situation through perception of the potential opportunities within it. Jung distinguished different types of people with regard to the components of consciousness that dominated in a person. They were divided into: 1) mental and emotional; 2) sensing (based on the real perception at the moment) and intuitive (based on hunches and intuition); 3) volitional, rational or perceived irrational, spontaneous.
The volitional type of character has high expression of the will of the processes (this is the fifth component of consciousness). In Jung’s concept, these processes remind a pulsing line of thinking and understanding, which allows acting by own clear decision and implementing own will to happiness. Perceived irrational and spontaneous character is biased to predominance of instinctual processes (the sixth component of consciousness). They encourage one to change own decisions and actions repeatedly. These people follow impulses and fluctuations that appear from unconscious and strongly develop the character of dependence and coercion.
The paper provides brief analysis of the texts by Plato, Bacon and Jung discussing the issue of human ego in getting some knowledge, and understanding and becoming happy. They all made unique explorations of people’s thinking and acting mechanisms. Plato’s allegory of the cave prisoners limited in discovering the world later continued in Bacon’s concept of the four idols that make obstacles on the way to understanding the truth. In addition, Jung made revolutionary innovation by defining people’s ego, individual unconscious and collective unconsciousness. The archetypes he distinguished are widely used in psychology even nowadays. | https://primeessay.org/free/the-concepts-of-plato-bacon-and-jung/ |
System improvement is a two-fold project-based approach that entails both problem solving and solution implementation. Technical as well as people-centered competencies are needed to support these activities. Such practises, on the other hand, typically use matter-of-fact and quantitative strategies for transitioning from a stressful situation to a relaxed and efficient one. Lean Six Sigma is one of the methods used for this purpose.
Feelings are involved when improvements are made to a job environment for the sake of progress or problem solving, and the problems faced are both technological and emotional. Even if the current mechanism is flawed and inefficient, stakeholders find a way to make it function.
The routines that have been developed have created a sense of comfort and stability. Since the majority of the workforce has learned to operate under established conditions, when they are threatened with disruption, they will react with fear and defensive actions. When it comes to implementing enhancements or making adjustments, the main problem isn’t the technological aspects of the changes, but the human relations problems that arise.
During the problem-solving phase, reform managers and problem-solvers are often perplexed by the reluctance of co-workers and stakeholders. Workers rarely resist technological change, but social change – such changes that have the potential to influence social structure and well-being – is often contested.
People are resistant to change because of the pain and risks that it brings. The majority of the time, good ideas that are intended to be introduced are actually put into effect. Human effects are rarely considered when problem-solving strategies are used. Technical competency and human relations skills are two sides of the same coin. Both are needed to anchor change and maintain improvement.
The activities listed below will assist in anchoring and sustaining a project-based programme:
- Empowering people to take action: Give stakeholders and affected workgroups the authority to make changes and acknowledge responsibility for their behaviour.
- Overcome resistance to change: Identify and overcome resistance to improvement. If there is a significant amount of pushback, it may be interpreted as an indication that something was overlooked or that issues were not adequately addressed. | https://www.benchmarksixsigma.com/lean-six-sigma-case-studies/an-elegant-solution-is-only-the-beginning/ |
For the 2020 census round, Paolo Valente informs us that two-thirds of European countries plan to increase efficiency by using methods other than the traditional census based on paper questionnaires. Registers will be used extensively, as the only data source, or in combination with a limited data collection. Information Technology (IT), including Internet response and tablets for field collection, will play a major role.
The traditional census approach and its shortcomings
Population censuses are conducted in virtually all countries for administrative, planning and statistical purposes. In modern times and until the 1960s, all European countries conducted population censuses adopting the same “traditional” approach, based on the collection of information on individuals and households using paper forms distributed and collected by enumerators.
Conducting a traditional census with paper forms is an extremely expensive and complex operation: a very large temporary work force has to be recruited and trained; a huge number of forms must be printed, distributed, and collected; data have to be entered (often manually), processed, edited, and tabulated. Due to the high costs and complexity involved, the traditional census is generally conducted every 10 years, so both the frequency and timeliness of the census results are unsatisfactory for many users. In recent years, additional problems associated with the traditional census have emerged in many countries, including the increasing reluctance of the population to participate in the census and the difficulty of enumerating certain population groups, particularly those characterized by high mobility and multiple residences (e.g. students and young professionals).
Variants of the traditional census approach
Various solutions have been developed over time to overcome the problems of the traditional census.
- One of them consists of using two different forms: a long form used to collect detailed information from a sample, and a short form used for the rest of the population, to collect only very general information. With this method, the amount of information collected and processed is substantially reduced, resulting in lower costs, reduced complexity, and more timely publication of the results. However, for the variables present only in the long form, the level of detail is limited, as only a sample of the population is covered.
- Starting in the late 1990s, some countries developed the internet response option in a traditional census in order to improve coverage and data quality, shorten data processing time, and potentially reduce costs if the take-up rate is high. This option was offered by few countries in the 2000 census round, and by a much larger number in the 2010 round, sometimes with very high take-up rates (67% in Estonia).
- To increase the efficiency of field collection, many countries are replacing paper forms with IT solutions, making use of laptops or tablets, often as part of “paperless census” strategies.
- An original solution has been implemented in France since 2004 in the form of a rolling census conducted as a cumulative continuous survey over a long period. In France a five-year cycle was adopted, along with two different strategies: small municipalities (population under 10,000) are divided into five groups, and a full census is conducted each year in one of the groups; in large municipalities a sample survey is conducted each year. By the end of the five-year cycle, about 70% of the country’s population has been enumerated. This is enough to guarantee robust information at municipality and neighbourhood levels. The census results are based on rolling averages calculated over the five-year cycle, and are updated yearly.
The register-based census
A totally different approach has been developed by the Nordic countries. Since the 1970s, the census enumeration has been replaced by administrative data drawn from various registers (population register, cadastre, social security, etc.) through a matching process, making use of personal identification numbers.
To adopt this approach, a number of requirements must be met: registers must include all census variables with sufficient levels of coverage and quality; the public must accept the register-based statistical system; the legal framework must make provision for access, use and matching of register data and personal identification numbers; there must be good cooperation between the statistical office and the authorities responsible for the registers; large initial investments and a long development time are needed to set up and maintain the system. Once the system is established, data for the census and for other statistical activities can be produced at a limited cost and with limited effort. Moreover, there is no burden on respondents, and data are potentially available every year.
The combined census
Many countries have population and other registers that could be used for the census, but their coverage or data are not of sufficient quality for a register-based census, or some key census variables are not available. For the 2000 round, some countries decided to produce census results using register data combined with a limited field collection.
Different approaches to this “combined census” exist. Data from registers can be combined with data from an ad hoc sample survey in order to both evaluate the coverage and quality of registers and to collect information on topics not covered in registers, or for which their coverage or quality is inadequate.
Alternatively, register data can be combined with other data obtained from a full enumeration (instead of an ad hoc sample survey). For the variables concerned, detailed information becomes available, but the cost and complexity of data collection are higher.
Evolution of census methods over time in Europe
For the 2010 census round, several countries in Europe conducted a register-based census or a combined census. However, the traditional method was still the most popular approach, adopted by about 60% of the countries in Europe (figure 1).
Based on plans for the 2020 census round, the proportion of countries adopting an alternative method (register-based or combined census) will increase significantly from about one-quarter in the 2000 round to two-thirds (figure 2).
Multi-mode approaches: challenges and future developments
Many of the approaches described above imply the use of multiple data sources and/or multiple collection modes. In a traditional census, for instance, countries may combine internet response, field collection with tablets in large cities, and paper-based interviews in remote regions. In a combined census, data can be derived from administrative sources and an ad hoc field collection.
Multi-mode approaches make use of existing data sources and technologies that may be available only in some parts of a country. This may potentially increase the census efficiency in terms of response rate, coverage, data quality, and costs. However, a multi-mode approach also implies challenges and risks. A response tracking system must be set up to record in real time the responses received via the different modes, and to share this information with field workers.
In the future, more countries will probably adopt alternative methods based on multiple sources and collection methods. However, in some countries the traditional census may continue to be the best solution.
A possible development for future censuses is the use – in combination with other sources – of “big data”. Various countries have already tested this approach for the 2020 census round, but there are still many methodological, legal, quality and IT challenges to be addressed.
References
UNECE: Register-based statistics in the Nordic countries – Review of best practices with focus on population and social statistics, United Nations, New York and Geneva (2007). Cited 20 Feb 2019
UNECE: Conference of European Statisticians Recommendations for the 2020 Censuses of Population and Housing, United Nations, New York and Geneva (2015).
UNECE: Guidelines on the use of registers and administrative data for population and housing censuses, United Nations, New York and Geneva (2018). | http://www.niussp.org/article/modernizing-the-census-in-europe-traditional-and-new-methods-for-the-2020/ |
The study, published December 7 in PLoS Computational Biology, combines data from influenza infections of human volunteers with a mathematical model which estimates the expected number of newly generated resistant infections. This new approach provides a more meaningful assessment of the danger of drug resistance emergence, compared to the current way of reporting the fraction/number of resistant cases.
Neuraminidase Inhibitors are currently the most effective drugs against influenza. However, recent cases of resistance to NI have caused some concern. A number of studies have reported that resistant mutants could be isolated from a fraction of patients treated with Neuraminidase Inhibitors. While this provides some qualitative insights, it is even more important to know how likely an infected, treated patient will generate resistance to NI and will cause infections with the resistant strain in others.
A team from Emory University, the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and the University of Washington set out to determine this likelihood. Since the epidemiological data that is customarily used to estimate parameters of this type is not available for NI resistant influenza, the team, led by Dr. Andreas Handel, used an alternative approach. The team took data from volunteers infected with the flu and combined it with a mathematical framework to obtain a more quantitative assessment of the danger of resistance.
This result could predict models of resistance emergence and spread. The study additionally shows that the results depend strongly on the role the immune response plays; this is an issue that will be important to address in future studies.
CITATION: Handel A, Longini IM Jr, Antia R (2007) Neuraminidase inhibitor resistance in influenza: Assessing the danger of its generation and spread. PLoS Comput Biol 3(12): e240. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030240
Andrew Hyde | alfa
Further information:
http://ploscompbiol.org
http://compbiol.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030240
New model connects respiratory droplet physics with spread of Covid-19
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Risk of infection with COVID-19 from singing: First results of aerosol study with the Bavarian Radio Chorus
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Scientists at the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT have come up with a striking new addition to contact stamping technologies in the ERDF research project ScanCut. In collaboration with industry partners from North Rhine-Westphalia, the Aachen-based team of researchers developed a hybrid manufacturing process for the laser cutting of thin-walled metal strips. This new process makes it possible to fabricate even the tiniest details of contact parts in an eco-friendly, high-precision and efficient manner.
Plug connectors are tiny and, at first glance, unremarkable – yet modern vehicles would be unable to function without them. Several thousand plug connectors...
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Educational systems worldwide have witnessed rapid developments and radical changes that have pushed educational institutions in general and higher education institutions in particular away from the traditional approach to teaching and learning, in view of the rapid development of Information and Communication technology, and the emergence of a new generation of advanced educational technologies On the educational process in higher education institutions. These developments have changed the traditional concept of the educational process and its components, especially changing the traditional boundaries between the parties to the educational process, eliminating the spatial and temporal constraints, and developing modern mechanisms of knowledge exchange between the two parties of the educational process (teacher and learner). Perhaps one of the most striking transformations in higher education institutions is the shift towards e-learning as a strong support for the learning process.
The Saudi Electronic University was established in 1432H as a public university to promote the higher education system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It is one of the leading universities in blended learning in the Arab world. It adopts a unique model in blended learning by combining the advantages of the traditional educational system the e-learning model, through the intensive use of educational technology, giving the Saudi Electronic University the lead in this area at the local and regional level and the Arab world, and be a house of expertise.
The Vice Rectorate for Academic affairs works through the blended learning model adopted by the University to achieve the quality of educational outputs through a set of mechanisms and characteristics of its unique model, especially the regularity of attendance in the study both face to face and virtual, and the degree of higher interactivity included in the education strategy through the tools provided by the educational platform, Continuous multi-channel communication, emphasis on individual responsibility as part of the university's teaching and learning strategy, and enabling the student to expand his / her knowledge by linking courses and programs to electronic knowledge resources.
The Vice Rectorate for Academic affairs seeks to build the knowledge economy in the Kingdom by adopting the blended learning model, which is a strong competitor, if not an alternative to traditional education, to achieve educational outcomes according to international quality requirements, the labor market requirements and the economic development requirements. | https://www.seu.edu.sa/sites/en/Administration/VicePresidentforAcademicAffairs/Pages/VicePresidentsWord.aspx |
Since Zappo’s CEO, Tony Hsieh, gave his employees an ultimatum to either conform or leave last March, management observers have been abuzz with talk about the previously obscure practice of Holacracy. This system that scraps the management hierarchy and reorganizes companies into a modern corporate democracy, has caused some concern. Could this be the start of a revolution against the management level? Meanwhile others have praised what they envision as a model for the future of organizational management. Despite conflicting views, the widespread hype created by Holacracy is an indication of the impact it will have on the traditional management-employee relationship.
Holacracy is a self-management system developed by programmer Brian Robertson. His objective was to find a solution to what he saw as barriers to productivity, creativity and transparency. After first testing and refining the process in his own startup, he went on to create HolacracyOne, a consulting company that offers training for companies that want to implement the Holacracy system.
Holacracy is one of a wave of different attempts to rethink organizational management structures. Like other systems, its core principle is to do away with traditional top-down management and empower employees. What Holacracy offers is one of the most structured methods for achieving this goal and, unlike other systems, it does not promote a completely flat hierarchy, making it less radical than what skeptics might have you believe.
First, all upper management titles are abolished and power is re-distributed through the replacement of job descriptions with roles. Each role has its own accountabilities and domain of competence. The domain defines the property of the role, or the areas over which the role holder has authority. This authority allows role holders to make swift decisions over questions concerning their domain.
Teams are organized into autonomous circles that have the authority to take decisions regarding everything from small departmental changes, to rapid iterations of the circle’s structure. Decisions are made at regular moderated meetings where all participants are given the opportunity to voice their tensions, or concerns, in a structured way.
The closest positions to a manager in Holacracy are Lead Links. One is appointed to each circle with the purpose of distributing roles, allocating resources, priorities, strategies and communicating the progress of the circle to the company. Unlike managers, Lead Links do not oversee how employees carry out their roles, they merely help facilitate employees’ ability to carry out their work and provide information to the supercircle. Employees within each circle also vote for a Rep Link who represents their interests at governance meetings. In this way employees have equal representation throughout the company.
Of course no corporate democracy could be complete without a Constitution – and Robertson has created one. The Holacracy constitution is a brick of a document that extensively details the rules, processes and key terms of the system. The Constitution is not only a guide, but also represents the first step on the road to corporate democracy with CEOs being required to literally sign away their authority. According to Robertson, this is not just a symbolic gesture, but also an important step formally binding all employees, and even the CEO, to a common set of clear and transparent rules.
The decision-making authority attached to each role means work is processed at a faster pace and employees are motivated through dedication and ownership of their role, rather than competition. Employees can also have multiple roles depending on their skills, meaning the talent potential of each employee can be fully utilized.
The processing of tensions through regular moderated meetings encourages all employees to voice their opinions, avoiding dominance over meetings by more extroverted personalities and ensuring the agenda is kept on track.
The election of representatives furthermore gives employees a greater hand in the decision-making process at all levels. The circle structure encourages rapid iterations allowing companies to test out new changes and evolve quickly.
Greater transparency is one of Holacracy’s foundational principles. The clear and visible rules expounded in the Holacracy Constitution serve to counter the ambiguity of traditional bureaucracy and eliminate dependency on office politics.
It’s no surprise that the first to begin instituting this system included more avant-garde tech companies, with Zappos being its most famous proponent. For a full list of companies practicing Holacracy see here. As no company has passed the five-year mark, it is still too early to fully assess the system’s merits and shortcomings in practice. However, analyzing current practitioners’ reasons for adopting Holacracy and progress can be helpful when deciding if this system is right for your company. How have these companies harnessed the benefits of Holacracy to boost productivity?
Reasons for implementation: For Zappos the decision to switch to Holacracy was based on the company’s growth. As CEO Tony Hsieh explained, research has shown that productivity actually decreases as companies grow. Holacracy was seen as a way to counteract this trend by giving employees greater power and autonomy to self-direct their own work. Results: After a long transition process Hsieh decided it was time to seal the deal and issued his (in)famous – depending on what side you’re on – memo. Although 14% of employees left in response to Hsieh’s message, it has not shaken his faith in the system. In fact, his reaction to the exodus was to point to the fact that 86% choose to stay. His response is indicative of Holacracy’s alternative mentality towards employer-employee expectations. In this type of organization there are no managers in the traditional sense who will oversee work and keep up with workers’ progress, so employees really have to be driven and passionate about their work to survive in this kind of system. As he says in his memo, self-management is not for everyone, but with this move Zappos has made clear what they are looking for in an employee and what they are willing to provide. Something to bear in mind is the impact Holacracy will have on a company’s recruitment and hiring process, which will be explored further in a future post.
Reasons: When creating Medium, Ev Williams and Jason Stirman had both experienced the pains of traditional management. For Williams, Holacracy presented a way to free up the time he spent giving approvals and making decisions as a manager and allowed him to get back to the creative work he was most passionate about. Stirman had been fed up with traditional management styles that favored withholding information and hierarchical relationships between manager and employee. He had already begun experimenting with alternative management methods at Twitter by connecting with his employees on a more personal, rather than employee-centric manner. Results: Medium found that people felt more connected to the company as they were given more decision-making power. For Naureen Manekia, Head of Human Resources at Medium, the two best things about Holacracy are the roles and meeting structures.
The company has also used Holacracy’s structured but flexible system in their own way to solve new problems. For example, they found that one of the system’s shortcomings was the lack of a mechanism for giving praise or feedback to employees, a task traditionally carried out by managers. To solve this problem they utilized the system’s fast iteration process to simply create a new roles called “Group Leads” with the specific purpose of administering feedback to employees. The different ways companies can deal with this gap in employee praise and feedback will be dealt with more in depth in a forthcoming blog post.
Blinkist’s experience demonstrates that there is not a one size fits all approach to Holacracy and companies do not necessarily have to make a drastic switch to enjoy some of the benefits.
Holacracy creator Robertson estimates that 80% of companies continue to use the system after one year. Even Hsieh has admitted that the transition process can be challenging and will take time (he estimates it will take 3-5 years to fully implement Holacracy at Zappos). If your company is deciding to take the plunge there are a few things you should keep in mind.
With such a complex and detailed system the transition process involves a significant amount of time and training, cutting into the productivity of your company. The prices for training sessions offered by HolacracyOne are also quite steep, requiring a significant financial investment. This may be particularly difficult for smaller companies. As a result, some have begun devising alternative options adopting only certain aspects of Holacracy. Most important, you must be prepared to sustain employee losses. Not everyone will be on board, especially in the initial phase when there is uncertainty about the system, and resistance to the long hours it takes to understand and start using Holacracy. Finally, while it empowers employees with greater freedom to give their opinion and manage their own work, it is silent on HR practices requiring companies to develop their own methods that align with Holacracy’s principles.
One of the most difficult aspects of adopting Holacracy is that it does not just require an organizational change, it also requires a complete shift in company culture and mentality. With these points in mind switching to a Holacracy may seem daunting, and for some it might not be a good fit. But if your company can implement it successfully, the reward could be a company that can swiftly evolve and adapt, with employees who are committed and self motivated. | https://blog.impraise.com/360-feedback/holacracy-a-guide-to-giving-more-and-getting-more-from-your-team-360-feedback |
Practical management approaches and tracking resistance trends are the name of the game.
Canada and Australia rank third and second globally when it comes to herbicide resistant weed cases. Hugh Beckie, director of the Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative (AHRI) and professor of weed science at the University of Western Australia, discussed the similarities and differences in herbicide resistance between the two countries at the Top Crop Summit, Feb 23-24, 2021. He previously spent 26 years as a weed scientist with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada in Saskatoon.
The Grains Research and Development Corporation, a federal Australian organization that funds research into crop and weed science, including herbicide resistance, established AHRI in 1998. AHRI is hosted at the University of Western Australia and has a 20-person multi-disciplinary team renowned for world-class research, development and extension in herbicide resistance.
Research conducted at AHRI ranges from the fundamental to the practical. One aspect of fundamental research, for example, is identifying genes that are responsible for herbicide resistance. Practical approaches focus on mitigating resistant weeds and providing solutions to growers to manage existing problems or avoid future problems.
In Western Australia, the most economically damaging herbicide-resistant weed is annual ryegrass, causing losses up to $100 million annually. Wild radish is the most important resistant broadleaf weed. It is very competitive, and is related to wild mustard in Canada. Both annual ryegrass and wild radish have widespread resistance to multiple modes of action.
In 2020, a herbicide resistance survey was conducted across Australia to provide an update on the status of the issue. The last survey was conducted five years ago.
An emerging issue for Australian farmers is the incidence of glyphosate resistance in weed populations. It is very low in the largest grain producing state of Western Australia, found in less than 10 per cent of fields. However, glyphosate resistance is becoming a problem in eastern Australia, particularly in New South Wales and Queensland, in annual sow thistle – a weed also commonly found in Canada.
Glyphosate-resistant wild oat has been confirmed in New South Wales and Queensland. Western Canadian growers should remain aware of the possibility of glyphosate resistant wild oat populations developing in their fields. They should look for signs of decreasing wild oat tolerance to glyphosate.
In Australia, public and private partnerships have made a concerted effort to raise awareness of herbicide resistance and its management with consistent messaging. The partnership is called WeedSmart and is headquartered at AHRI and the University of Western Australia.
WeedSmart has six core messages for growers.
- Rotate crops and pastures. Include crop diversity and forages when possible to change weed selection pressure and increase the range of weed control options in a field.
- Double knock to preserve glyphosate burndown. Typically a glyphosate burndown is conducted before seeding. Ten to 14 days later, an alternative herbicide is applied to control weed escapes prior to seeding. The second herbicide is usually paraquat, which is available in Canada but not frequently used.
- Mix and rotate herbicides. This is the same message used globally.
- Stop weed seed set. Crop topping is the term commonly used to describe a method to stop weed seed set before harvest. In Australia, paraquat is often applied to pulse crops. In Canada, glyphosate is often used in a pre-harvest application.
- Crop competition. Australian growers use several components to improve crop competition with weeds. Adopting a narrow row spacing, as narrow as six inches (15 cm) using hoe or disc drills, is easily done with existing Australian seeding equipment. Seeding east/west gives crops more sunlight and shades the furrows to reduce sunlight for weeds. Increasing seeding rate and using a competitive variety also improves weed competition.
- Harvest Weed Seed Control (HWSC). Australian growers have used HWSC methods for many years. It is designed to prevent weed seeds from entering the seed bank. Techniques developed include chaff lining, chaff carts, narrow windrow burning and integrated weed seed destructors that mechanically destroy the seed.
The main differences between Australia and Canada are that Australian growers use double knock burndown applications, narrow row spacing, east/west seeding and a high adoption of HWSC. Australian growers also rely more heavily on pre-emergent soil residual herbicides because many post-emergent herbicides are ineffective due to widespread herbicide resistance.
Australian growers have been successful in managing herbicide resistant weed populations, and have been able to do it while still making money. They are generally optimistic because of the current and future introduction of new modes of action, which remains the most important weed control tool. The value of HWSC has been proven, even though it isn’t effective on all weeds.
The continuous improvement of crop varieties in terms of yield and weed competition is also reason for optimism. In 2025, wheat breeders in Australia will be introducing weed competitive genotypes bred to outcompete weeds.
Canadian growers, in particular western Canadian growers, should be optimistic that they can also profitably manage herbicide-resistant weeds. There is a need for public/private partnerships for research, development and extension. Consistent extension messaging from all stakeholders is important. Communicating grower experiences (testimonials) has been very impactful, whether it is one-on-one discussions, keynote presentations, or on social media. | https://www.topcropmanager.com/herbicide-resistance-in-australia/ |
This is an ELT Edublog which aims to serve primarily as a learning environment for primary and secondary school students. It seeks to form a learning community in which students will be able to interact with each other, develop their collaborative skills as well as their communicative competence in the foreign language by producing and publishing their works (texts, projects, crafts, etc) in a real-life way while addressing to an authentic audience. It also serves as a source of information, suggestions and materials for EFL teachers on ELT methodology and EFL learning issues in an attempt to reflect on one’s teaching practice and to improve and enrich one’s school routine by adopting a more learner-centered approach in a differentiated, autonomous and motivating way.
More specifically, its main purpose is to activate EFL students to learn through appropriate audiovisual material, tasks, worksheets and other activities in a digital context towards developing their linguistic, critical and digital literacy. At the same time, it supplies EFL teachers with alternative and innovative teaching ideas for their classroom by recommending a variety of stimulating materials, interactive tasks, worksheets, lesson plans, multimedia (e.g. youtube videos) and tech tools/applications (e.g. how to create puzzles, bubblesnaps, comics, etc) in order to motivate and activate one’s students through enjoyable, creative and interactive tasks. It also focuses on the ‘dynamic’ use of new technologies and e-learning in EFL education beyond the traditional ‘static’ learning methods based on school textbooks and the conventional classroom board so far. In this respect, EFL teachers are encouraged to take initiatives and become active course designers, developers and creators by reflecting upon, revising, improving and adjusting the existing curricula to the actual language needs, learning styles and preferences of their students.
Last but not least, it includes English articles on TEFL and Greek articles on ELT methodology, new technologies, educational research, teacher training and distance lifelong learning to offer some theoretical and research perspectives drawn from the relevant and the general educational literature which may have useful pedagogical implications and a great impact on ELT practice. | https://blogs.sch.gr/mtzotzou/ |
The May 2009 issue of the NBS Journal included an article that reviewed the competing TRL pendulum, German ramp and BCRA Tortus test methods for determining the slip resistance of floor coverings. It reported on the SlipSTD European research project that potentially could provide a simple classification system to replace them. The SlipSTD Consortium has now published a publicly available specification (SlipSTD PAS) which includes details of the classification system.
There is also an update to the CIRIA publication C652 Safer surfaces to walk on – reducing the risk of slipping. Published in 2006, the original report quickly became the authoritative reference for everything dealing with the slip resistance of pedestrian surfaces.
NBS Building work section updates are responding to these important developments.
The SlipSTD project
This project was co-financed by the European Commission* and had a project objective: "To define common 'European' minimum slip resistance requirements for ceramic tiles based on defined and measurable surface properties in preference to traditional slip resistance testing." The project reached completion in August 2009 and has succeeded in proposing a simple three value classification system that takes into account the anticipated type of contaminant, the existence of any slip reducing control measures and the cleaning regime. The table below indicates the three classes and their defined use areas.
SlipSTD classes for hard floor coverings used in internal pedestrian areas
|Suitable use areas|
|Class 1||Areas that are foreseeably clean and dry and are routinely maintained as such.|
|Class 2A||Areas foreseeably contaminated with water and/ or dry contaminants.|
|Class 2B||Areas foreseeably contaminated with other liquid contaminants with a viscosity higher than water, such as oil or grease.|
The underlying research that supports the classification system was based on a different approach to assessing the slip potential of floor coverings. Surface properties were measured to establish those surface characteristics that best correlate with slip resistance as determined by the established test methods. Primary surface parameters Pk and Pp were measured using optical topography techniques and value ranges established for Class 2A and Class 2B performance requirements.
The outcome is a document titled SlipSTD Publicly Available Specification (SlipSTD PAS) – Classification of hard floor coverings according to their contribution to reduce the risk of pedestrian slipping. The SlipSTD PAS explains the scientific background to this new approach and includes a test method to determine the classification of products. The simple laboratory test is carried out on a floor covering sample or a moulded duplicate surface of an installed product. The SlipSTD Consortium believes the classification system can be extended to other than hard floor coverings.
The SlipSTD PAS also includes guidance on contaminants, floor maintenance programmes, cleaning agents and techniques for cleaning ceramic and natural stone floor coverings. Cleaning methods are defined and the efficacy of manual and machine methods discussed.
The document recognizes the responsibilities of the designer/ specifier, floor covering manufacturer and those responsible for the post installation care in achieving and maintaining the safety and appropriate slip resistance of the floor covering. It determines that the designer/ specifier should:
- Select a floor covering with properties that satisfy any national legislative requirements
- Refine the selection taking into account project specific conditions and the need to use a SlipSTD PAS assessed Class 1, Class 2A or Class 2B product
- For projects using large areas of Class 2 floor coverings, consider installation and approval of a control sample prior to commencing full installation.
The SlipSTD classification system is innovative and unlikely to quickly replace the pendulum and ramp classification methods. However, the representation of major European tile manufacturing countries on the SlipSTD Consortium may produce sufficient momentum to encourage manufacturers to declare SlipSTD classes for their products. The SlipSTD classification system has also been referred to the appropriate CEN committee for consideration as a new work item and inclusion as a European Standard.
The SlipSTD project was coordinated by CERAM Research Ltd, and included as UK members: The Tile Association, the HSE and the RIBA (represented by NBS). The SlipSTD PAS is available as a free download from the SlipSTD website (www.slipstd.com ).
CIRIA C652 Safer surfaces to walk on – reducing the risk of slipping
The update to this report is being authored by the same team from Arup that produced the original 2006 publication, guided by a steering group that includes additional representatives from the insurance industry and floor covering manufacturers. It provides an opportunity to include new research work, feedback based on the use of guidance contained in the original publication and topics not previously covered.
The new research covers investigatory work into the slip characteristics of some generic floor types including galvanized surfaces, terrazzo tiles, natural and artificial stone products, in situ cementitious surface toppings and resin floor coatings. The SlipSTD PAS document and classification systems are reported.
The update lists key issues including:
- The difficulty specifiers have in understanding the various standards and slip resistance data used by overseas manufacturers
- The use and accuracy of slip resistance data for flooring products and footwear, with a need for consistency to help the specifier understand the performance of products
- The lack of data on the performance of walking surfaces, including the change between factory and installed performance.
It notes the effectiveness of appropriate floor surface specification can be negated by incompetent installation, which would seem to support the SlipSTD recommendation for the use of pre installation control sample areas.
The update, which is planned as a web-based supplement to the original publication, will be available early in 2010.
NBS work section updates
NBS Building general guidance on slip resistance is principally focused on work section M40 - Stone/ concrete/ quarry/ ceramic tiling/ mosaic. To help identify the differences between the various slip resistance test methods, new guidance will be included on the German ramp and TRL pendulum methods. Guidance on the SlipSTD classification system and SlipSTD PAS document will be included which will support revised clause items for specification of slip potential to a SlipSTD class.
All of the 'M' floor covering/ surface work sections include a clause for control samples which generally requires the completion and approval of a designated area prior to proceeding with the full installation. An item allowing the slip resistance testing of control sample areas will be added in section M40. Similar updates to control sample clauses in other sections are likely to follow.
M10 – Cement based levelling/ wearing screeds and M41 – Terrazzo tiling/ in situ terrazzo already include a clause for post installation slip resistance testing. To complement and support the revised control sample clause in M40, new clauses for post installation slip resistance testing are to be added. The version of M50 (Rubber/plastics/cork/lino/carpet tiling) released in Update 2009-3 already includes a post installation slip resistance test clause.
The use of the revised control sample and the post installation testing clauses should help ensure the designed slip resistance of M40 floor coverings are realized. The SlipSTD PAS, the original and new CIRIA documents look beyond handover at the continuing need to retain slip performance. So when you next specify a slip resistant floor covering, remember to consider the cleaning and maintenance regimes required to ensure the continued safety of those walking on the surface.
* Through the Sixth Framework Programme (FP6) Horizontal Research Activities Involving Small and Medium Enterprises.
Related reading on theNBS.com
Pendulum, Ramp and Tortus slip resistance test methods - are you confused? | https://www.thenbs.com/knowledge/slip-resistance-an-update |
The traditional model of K-12 education within school systems is rapidly diminishing as the ‘norm’ as fresh, innovative techniques are making an impact on how the US sees education as whole. Education is always evolving, and new trends can bring a positive impact on learners within current and future educational systems. Here are seven trends that are making headway in education and will change the educational landscape for K-12 programs throughout the country for years to come.
1. A Focus on Real-World Needs
One trend that is taking hold in education systems across the board is preparing learners for the real world. Whether this is community building, technology, or a focus on problem solving, this isn’t something that necessarily was given much attention in the past. Having hybrid learning can be a great way to complement this as well. If there are online components to learning, students will have an opportunity to learn more about computer programs and how these might be utilized to interface with the real world around them.
2. Family and Community Involvement
These days, there is a grassroots movement for families to be more involved with their children’s learning and education. This trend looks at the whole child and their educational needs, and not just formal education as a means to an end, as might have been in the past. Parents are taking more of an interest in their child’s education and where this fits into their overall development goals. This can be a great way for families and communities to work together to make sure that children are getting the help that they need and will be prepared for the future. Sometimes, this integral link can be missing in a more traditional school system setting. This unique opportunity to utilize parents and those in the community to give back and help with learning, fostering creativity, and individuality can be a benefit for all.
3. Online Learning Alternatives
Depending on the age of children and their learning scope, having an online learning option can be a better fit. This is a trend that has gained traction in higher education and professional development, and is finally become more of an opportunity in the K-12 environment. Whether a child is home-schooled or in an alternative program, online learning can help with technology skills, time management, and collaboration through online communities and forums when it comes to group work, tasks, and projects.
4. More Educational Options in Populated Areas
While it might seem counter-intuitive, sometimes finding the right fit when it comes to childhood education can be even harder in overpopulated areas. Classes that are at max capacity, schools with impacted curriculums, or programs with no guarantee of admission year-to-year can be valid concerns of parents and a detriment to kids in populated communities such as Southern California. Seeking out alternative educational programs such as charter schools can be a great way for parents to find schools that fit the needs of their children, and give them the flexibility to make their own choice when it comes to education. As charter schools grow in popularity, having this choice has made all of the difference for some children who may have been put into less-than-optimal education situations otherwise.
5. Growing Alternative Communities
While local communities are the starting place for many newer educational models, as these grow throughout the country, communities will be larger and have more connections. This can lead to a bigger stake in the mainstream educational model throughout the US. A larger network for charter and online schools is a new trend that is really coming into its own. This is alongside traditional public and private school models, and isn’t considered a small separate community anymore. Assistance for budgets, curriculum, and accreditation are things that all states take seriously when it comes to alternative educational models, and the government will keep a close eye on what alternative trends might stem in the future.
6. Seeking Control Over Educational Missions and Goals
While public schools have their heart in the right place when it comes to childhood education, it can be frustrating for parents when things aren’t working or the mission isn’t matching up with the goals as intended. In smaller, alternative education environments, a direct correlation between the mission set forward and how goals will be achieved is transparent can be altered or discussed along the way. Many times, charter schools are evolving, and can be an organic, exciting place for everyone involved. Seeking out what isn’t working and replacing with needed tools or models is something that both teachers and parents can feel good about and implement as needed.
7. Embracing Individualized Learning
One the best trends that is coming out of the new educational climate is the need for individualized learning. All students are different, and will have different learning capacities and strengths. This needs to be fostered and celebrated instead of shut down. Many times, impacted school systems can struggle to find the time to find out what makes a student tick and get them excited about learning. In a smaller school that has small classrooms, groups, or even individual learning, this can be a focus of the curriculum at all ages and levels. This trend is something that is gaining popularity because the results are hard to deny. Children who once were frustrated in an educational environment might flourish and have more of a capacity when it comes to daily learning and focus.
Moving away from traditional models of education and teaching is something that is gaining traction and is readying our children for the real world around them. Charter schools and other alternative methods of teaching can set into place the building blocks that all children will need depending on their individual learning capacities and strengths. Focusing on what works and not being afraid to change traditional methods of education are directly benefiting children and families.
Education is changing and at Method Schools we're happy to do our part. | http://www.methodschools.org/blog/seven-trends-that-are-shaping-the-future-of-k-12-education |
The traditional model of K-12 education within school systems is rapidly diminishing as the ‘norm’ as fresh, innovative techniques are making an impact on how the US sees education as whole. Education is always evolving, and new trends can bring a positive impact on learners within current and future educational systems. Here are seven trends that are making headway in education and will change the educational landscape for K-12 programs throughout the country for years to come.
1. A Focus on Real-World Needs
One trend that is taking hold in education systems across the board is preparing learners for the real world. Whether this is community building, technology, or a focus on problem solving, this isn’t something that necessarily was given much attention in the past. Having hybrid learning can be a great way to complement this as well. If there are online components to learning, students will have an opportunity to learn more about computer programs and how these might be utilized to interface with the real world around them.
2. Family and Community Involvement
These days, there is a grassroots movement for families to be more involved with their children’s learning and education. This trend looks at the whole child and their educational needs, and not just formal education as a means to an end, as might have been in the past. Parents are taking more of an interest in their child’s education and where this fits into their overall development goals. This can be a great way for families and communities to work together to make sure that children are getting the help that they need and will be prepared for the future. Sometimes, this integral link can be missing in a more traditional school system setting. This unique opportunity to utilize parents and those in the community to give back and help with learning, fostering creativity, and individuality can be a benefit for all.
3. Online Learning Alternatives
Depending on the age of children and their learning scope, having an online learning option can be a better fit. This is a trend that has gained traction in higher education and professional development, and is finally become more of an opportunity in the K-12 environment. Whether a child is home-schooled or in an alternative program, online learning can help with technology skills, time management, and collaboration through online communities and forums when it comes to group work, tasks, and projects.
4. More Educational Options in Populated Areas
While it might seem counter-intuitive, sometimes finding the right fit when it comes to childhood education can be even harder in overpopulated areas. Classes that are at max capacity, schools with impacted curriculums, or programs with no guarantee of admission year-to-year can be valid concerns of parents and a detriment to kids in populated communities such as Southern California. Seeking out alternative educational programs such as charter schools can be a great way for parents to find schools that fit the needs of their children, and give them the flexibility to make their own choice when it comes to education. As charter schools grow in popularity, having this choice has made all of the difference for some children who may have been put into less-than-optimal education situations otherwise.
5. Growing Alternative Communities
While local communities are the starting place for many newer educational models, as these grow throughout the country, communities will be larger and have more connections. This can lead to a bigger stake in the mainstream educational model throughout the US. A larger network for charter and online schools is a new trend that is really coming into its own. This is alongside traditional public and private school models, and isn’t considered a small separate community anymore. Assistance for budgets, curriculum, and accreditation are things that all states take seriously when it comes to alternative educational models, and the government will keep a close eye on what alternative trends might stem in the future.
6. Seeking Control Over Educational Missions and Goals
While public schools have their heart in the right place when it comes to childhood education, it can be frustrating for parents when things aren’t working or the mission isn’t matching up with the goals as intended. In smaller, alternative education environments, a direct correlation between the mission set forward and how goals will be achieved is transparent can be altered or discussed along the way. Many times, charter schools are evolving, and can be an organic, exciting place for everyone involved. Seeking out what isn’t working and replacing with needed tools or models is something that both teachers and parents can feel good about and implement as needed.
7. Embracing Individualized Learning
One the best trends that is coming out of the new educational climate is the need for individualized learning. All students are different, and will have different learning capacities and strengths. This needs to be fostered and celebrated instead of shut down. Many times, impacted school systems can struggle to find the time to find out what makes a student tick and get them excited about learning. In a smaller school that has small classrooms, groups, or even individual learning, this can be a focus of the curriculum at all ages and levels. This trend is something that is gaining popularity because the results are hard to deny. Children who once were frustrated in an educational environment might flourish and have more of a capacity when it comes to daily learning and focus.
Moving away from traditional models of education and teaching is something that is gaining traction and is readying our children for the real world around them. Charter schools and other alternative methods of teaching can set into place the building blocks that all children will need depending on their individual learning capacities and strengths. Focusing on what works and not being afraid to change traditional methods of education are directly benefiting children and families.
Education is changing and at Method Schools we're happy to do our part. | https://www.methodschools.org/blog/seven-trends-that-are-shaping-the-future-of-k-12-education |
"Be the change that you wish to use in the world"
M.Gandhi
Evidence-based, primary care guidelines for addressing risk behaviors
predominantly address surface change. Practitioners give information and advice
to patients, with the goals of eliciting their good intentions and setting goals
for change. The guidelines quantify the mean impact of behavioral interventions
(absolute risk reduction and/or Number Needed to Treat) on specific populations:
or more simply, what is the intervention benefit to the average person from
a specific population.
Practitioners still face the challenge of working out whether
the "proven" interventions from these guidelines are relevant to their individual
patients. Regrettably, these interventions work in modifying their risk behaviors
for only a minority of patients. These interventions predominantly address surface
change: imparting information, giving advice, eliciting good intentions and
setting goals. Most patients do not change their risk behaviors in response
to these interventions.
Why do the guidelines fail for the vast majority of individuals?
These guidelines underestimate the complexity of changing from unhealthy to
healthy habits. Practitioners assume a health adviser role and deliver simplistic
interventions that take only minutes. Such interventions are unlikely to change
unhealthy habits that most patients have taken years to develop. Furthermore,
patients spend most of their lives on autopilot: doing what they have to do,
without going beyond surface change.
The challenging question is: what can work, in particular, for
an individual patient when the "proven" interventions are ineffective? Do you
keep hammering away with ineffective interventions as though patients were nails?
Hammering away at patients may only make some patients more resistant that they
avoid coming to see you. An alternative approach is needed. The development
of motivational approaches to behavior change should promise in addressing the
shortcomings of the current guidelines.
Most patients know (and even think) that they should change, but
they do not feel like it. They not only lack motivation, but they also emotionally
resist change. Emotional resistance to change is the hidden force in clinical
encounters, and practitioners are often unaware of how its presence defeats
their efforts to effect change.
Practitioners need go beyond surface change to deep change: helping
patients explore their feelings, perceptions, motives and values.
This intra-personal process can help patients learn how to lower
their emotional resistance and increase their motivation to change. In other
words, what does it mean for individuals to work through their ambivalence about
changing their risk behavior?
This paradigm shift from the outside-in (objective) to inside-out
(subjective) approach moves beyond the limits of scientific evidence and guideline
to personal evidence and practical wisdom that arises from reflecting on structured
learning experiences. This shift transfers the "principal investigator" role
for behavior change from the scientist to the individual patient. Practitioners
assist individual patients in taking charge of generating their own personal
evidence, based on their reflective learning experiences.
With this role transition, the practitioner assumes the "co-investigator"
role and works as a motivational guide to the "principal investigator". Or alternatively,
the patient is the driver's seat with the practitioner in the passenger seat
using a map to guide their journey. Both of these analogies put patients in
charge of working on behavior change: in other words, supporting patients in
taking the one-up position.
Anytime that practitioners consistently put more effort into the
change process than the patients is a signal that they need to change their
relational process. For example, with the health adviser role, practitioners
often fall in the trap of taking the one-up, fix-it role. The role is dysfunctional
when using ineffective interventions over and over with patients: a frustrating
experience.
Motivational practice involves practitioners engaging patients
in ongoing opportunities that evoke reflective learning experiences about behavior
change. Patients can use this introspective process to generate their own personal
evidence about making deep change, and re-program their automatic behaviors
to develop healthier habits.
This intra-personal process may use blended learning methods with
any combination of the following activities (listed below). Health care settings
can develop a comprehensive program by adopting an organizational culture based
on the concept and principles of motivational practice. To extend beyond their
setting, they develop outreach activities to community organizations who are
willing to become trained in the Motivate Healthy Habits learning process.
These learning methods are an epiphenomenon to the inner, core
experience of the individual who is willing to explore deep change. The primary
focus of motivational practice is on helping individuals participate in meaningful,
learning experiences that facilitate deep change. This sense-making process
can activate patients to optimize their health habits and/or self-care of chronic
diseases. The intra-personal process can involve patients in any combination
of the following activities:
Understand the challenge of change
Master the process of change
Rise to the challenge to change
In the health advisor role, practitioners wait for "teaching moments"
in clinical encounters to promote healthy behaviors. In effect, they impose
their perceptions and values on patients. They may act in behavioral controlling
ways that are antithetical to the motivational principle of being autonomy-supportive.
To interact more effectively with patients, practitioners first need to unlearn
this professional role in order to go beyond the rational and linear interventions
described in the guidelines.
To develop motivational skills as a lifelong learning process,
practitioners need to learn how to adopt the motivational role. In this role,
they help patients decide for themselves if they want to change their perceptions
and values about behavior change. Instead of conducting a question and answer,
information-giving interview, they engage patients in dialogues about change
that help them develop individualized interventions to meet their changing needs
over time. They also engage patients in ongoing learning opportunities inside
and outside of the clinical encounter. Practitioners can use the concept of
motivational practice to benefit patients and their own professional development.
Motivational practice integrates the following theories, models
and concepts (table 1) into a cohesive framework of six steps (table 2) that
practitioners can use with patients to facilitate behavior change. Practitioners
work best when they use theories, models, methods and concepts to meet patients'
changing needs over time, rather than making patients fit a particular mould.
This orientation represents a shift from the practitioner's loyalty and fidelity
to a particular theory, model, method or concept to the changing needs of the
individual patient over time.
Practitioners use motivational principles (Table 3) to engage
patients in change dialogues during clinical encounters that can guide the patients'
ongoing learning process. These dialogues can help patients develop individualized
interventions for motivating behavior change and select additional learning
methods. The concept of motivational practice can enhance the capabilities of
practitioners to work in more patient-centered ways, using a variety of learning
methods that accommodate their preferences.
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medicine: Transforming the clinical method, | http://motivatehealthyhabits.com/html/for-professionals/mp-concept-paper.html |
In an open society, which undergoes radical change, school can no longer keep its traditional role. For this reason, in our school, the 4th Senior High School of Volos, we make every possible effort so that the teaching and learning process is qualitative and reliable.
Focusing on a definitely learner-centred approach to teaching, without any social, financial, educational, religious, or cultural discriminations our school is based on the participation and contribution of all members of the school community. Our long-term goal is the establishment of a school where the mental and physical capabilities of students are simultaneously improved and their mental personality is cultivated. These aims can be achieved by enriching our teaching methods, through socialization and co-operation, by adopting a critical approach to studying while respecting history and tradition and by having as a guiding pointing of reference the contemporary demands of our country.
The 4th Senior High school of Volos is located in Neapolis, a residential area in the suburbs of Volos, which has shown important financial development recently. Our students come from neighboring districts, such as Alikes, St. Stefanos, Sesklo and Dimini, areas of great historical and archaeological interest. It was founded 40 years ago. Several of our students succeed in the Panhellenic University Entrance exams and all our students who have graduated keep vivid memories of this school.
The 4th Senior High school of Volos is on the same building with the 4th Junior High School. The school facilities include a Sports Hall, an efficiently-equipped computer laboratory, a Chemistry lab and a library. | http://4lykeiovolou.edu.gr/indexeg.php |
Over the last five or so years the focus around general capabilities substantially shifted from the question of why we should be assessing and teaching the skills. The main question now is how we can teach and assess general capabilities including critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and research skills.
Many schools or systems are adopting an agenda for integrating, teaching and assessing general capabilities but are getting into difficulty when it comes to identifying resources to do so. With different perspectives and little concrete evidence, educators are understandably uncertain about which perspective to adopt, or are finding it difficult to identify resources to implement.
Unfortunately, we are in a ‘chicken and egg' holding pattern. Schools may not be in a position to take a risk in adopting one approach over another without evidence of its effectiveness and researchers can't provide evidence of effective approaches until schools opt in to trials.
Many teachers recognise the value of teaching general capabilities and are open and enthusiastic, but have found that they have not been adequately prepared to teach these skills and consequently lack confidence in implementing lessons or strategies that focus on them. From jurisdiction to jurisdiction, there are wide variations in terminology, approach and aspiration, and evidence of what is working is sparse. Teachers may be uncertain of the expected outcomes in comparison to traditional lessons and this is reasonable given that there is no research evidence concerning this, and there are no specifications of learning outcomes that are aligned with available assessments.
By nature, 21st century learning activities are often open-ended, involve unbounded sets of information, and there may be ongoing redefinition of the goal of the task. It is important that students develop skills to establish and adapt goals according to available information, seek out relevant and valid information for the task, and continually monitor their own progress. Despite slow progress in this area of research, it is moving. In particular, there is a large movement around teaching general capabilities using problem-based or inquiry-based learning – most likely because problem solving is one of the most frequently mentioned ‘in demand' skills and features consistently across frameworks.
The need to develop practical solutions for assessing and teaching social and cognitive skills – broadly classified under the umbrella of ‘21st century skills' or general capabilities – is ever increasing. An integrated approach to teaching the skills across domain areas is necessary for sustainability. Traditional methods of assessment may not be sufficient, and innovative methods need to be sought and validated. Teachers require professional development, resources and tools to be effective.
The Centre for Assessment Reform and Innovation (CARI) at the Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) has been developing an assessment framework for measuring and monitoring 21st century skills in the classroom. Through a combination of curriculum-orientated assessment tools, resources, and professional development, the aim is to equip teachers to integrate the teaching and assessing of general capabilities into their regular classroom teaching practice, via problem-based learning tasks that can be easily adopted and adapted to a variety of curriculum topics. The assessment tools involve a complex problem-solving task in which students need to demonstrate collaboration, critical thinking, creativity, research, and communication skills. Learning progressions have been proposed for each of the skills to support identification of levels of proficiency in each of the skills.
Work has already begun in trialling this new, classroom-based assessment in Australian schools, using a Year 8 collaborative problem-based learning task about refugee resettlement. An additional STEM-based problem context at Year 8 – as well as new Humanities- and STEM-based tasks at Grade 5 – are currently in development to be trialled later in the year. Early analysis of the trial data is enabling the researchers to refine the delivery and resourcing which supports the task, so as to ensure valid, accurate and well-targeted assessment of the general capabilities it requires students to demonstrate.
It is acknowledged that the sorts of 21st century skills and general capabilities increasingly expected of school graduates and employees can manifest themselves in an enormous range of expressions, contexts and applications that are beyond the scope of a small suite of classroom tasks to definitively assess. Nevertheless, it is important work to find well-considered and reliable ways teachers can elicit, isolate and measure these capabilities in some form, if only to correct the perception that such skills are so nebulous and elusive that they simply cannot be assessed. Once this has been achieved, and using correctly-tuned, teacher-friendly assessment methods, it is hoped that schools adapt and propagate the CARI project's approach so as to embed 21st century skills more comprehensively in the curriculum and the classroom.
If you are interested involving your school or class in the project contact Claire Scoular ([email protected]) or Jonathan Heard ([email protected]).
How much focus does your school give the general capabilities? Do you have existing tools and resources? If so, what do these look like? To what extent do you draw on the curricula in reference to the skills?
What tools or resources would you find useful in teaching and assessing the general capabilities? What information would be useful to know about the ability of your students in these skill areas?
Dr Claire Scoular will be presenting at Research Conference 2018. The session is titled Equipping teachers with tools to assess and teach general capabilities? | https://www.teachermagazine.com/au_en/articles/teaching-and-assessing-general-capabilities |
A little over a week ago, I wrote a “recommended reading” post pointing to a piece from Inside Higher ed and The Times Higher Ed called “Fear of Looking Stupid” about research from Carnegie Mellon University anthropologist Lauren Herckis about faculty resistance to “innovative” approaches. (I use quotes here not to imply a value judgement but to indicate that “innovative” was the word used in the article.) The title of the article gives you a pretty good sense of the angle taken by the author. The comment thread on that article was fascinating, as was John Warner’s terrific column in response.
We are lucky to have a guest post from Dr. Herckis and her colleagues Richard Scheines and Joel Smith with some additional perspective and follow-up information. I took the liberty of adding a title to their post.
– Michael
We were delighted that Times Higher Education and Inside Higher Ed reported on the anthropological research being conducted at Carnegie Mellon on the roadblocks to implementation of demonstratively effective pedagogical innovations. We’d like to take the opportunity to expand the conversation.
Our research exposes multiple factors behind faculty resistance to making changes to their teaching practice, including the institutional barriers encountered by faculty adopting evidence- or research-based practices and especially where technology is involved. There are, of course, many effective teaching practices in use, and current research helps to explain why they work when they do. But that research also points to many other tools and practices that increase teaching effectiveness.
Our aim is to develop a detailed and actionable understanding of what impedes and what helps faculty adopting research-based practices.
The idea that faculty are invested strongly in avoiding embarrassment, and are thus sometimes reluctant to adopt innovative tools or practices – as reported in the THE/IHE article – is true. But the story is richer.
Faculty do not want to waste students’ time; they want to teach well. Using methods that they have honed is therefore important. Faculty learn to teach over years of practice, as most of us have little or no training in teaching. Tried and true methods are appealing because faculty have reason to think that they work.
If students have seemed to enjoy the material and report learning from the course, why change? Methods that leave students feeling good about the course (and the professor) are appealing, both because they are validating (“yes, I AM a good professor!”) and because happy students provide good evaluations of teaching, which are vital for faculty job security.
Until we change the incentives and provide alternative sources of personal identity affirmation, faculty will not be motivated to invest time and energy in changing their teaching to adopt practices shown by research to be more effective.
Our research on implementation of research-based instruction shows that faculty care about their students, and want to ensure that students have a good experience. Yes, some faculty at Carnegie Mellon hesitate to use unfamiliar methods or technology because they don’t want to embarrass themselves in class. Few of us want that. But they also don’t want to waste students’ time if something goes awry, want the validation of satisfied students, take student satisfaction as a sign that things are going well, fear the professional consequences of poor teaching evaluations, don’t think alternatives are a good fit, are sceptical of literature that supports alternatives, and believe that institutional support for alternatives is lacking.
Innovation for the sake of innovation doesn’t serve faculty or students. But the use of research-based, effective teaching methods does serve students, and it is in our interest to learn how to support faculty in adopting and sustaining the use of such methods.
To do this, we need to step back, look at the big picture, and address the multiple contributing factors to success and failure in implementing evidence-based practice. Our research shows that systematically incorporating anthropological analysis is an important and rarely used tool for understanding roadblocks to, and enablers of, meaningful innovation in higher education. Without it, we are flying blind.
The research results that we had time to report in our brief presentation at the Global Learning Council meeting (and reported in THE/IHE) are only a small part of what we have learned about implementation of instructional innovation. A full report detailing our findings will be available in September 2017 at http://cmu.edu/simon. Academic articles regarding methodology and results will be submitted for peer review in the coming months; these articles will be shared at http://www.cmu.edu/simon/
Lauren Herckis is Simon Initiative research scientist and adjunct instructor, Richard Scheines is dean of Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences, and Joel Smith is distinguished career teaching professor, all at Carnegie Mellon University. | https://eliterate.us/fear-itself/ |
Change means making something different from the way it was originally. Change may be planned or unplanned. Unplanned changes bring about unpredictable outcomes, while planned change is a sequence of events implemented to achieve established goals.
In nursing a change agent is a person who brings about changes that impact nursing services. The change agent may be a nurse leader, staff nurse or someone who works with nurses. Change theories are used to bring about planned change in nursing. Nurses and nurse leaders must have knowledge of change theories and select the right change theory as all the available change theories in nursing do not fit all nursing change situations.
Related Searches:
1.
“Dosimeter” is Copyrighted by Flickr user: …eagan under the Creative Commons Attribution license. Lewin’s Change Theory
Kurt Lewin’s change theory is widely used in nursing and involves three stages: the unfreezing stage, moving stage, and refreezing stage. Lewin’s theory depends on the presence of driving and resistant forces. The driving forces are the change agents who push employees in the direction of change. The resistant forces are employees or nurses who do not want the proposed change. For this theory to be successful, the driving force must dominate the resistant force. Rogers’ Change Theory
Everette Rogers modified Lewin’s change theory and created a five-stage theory of his own. The five stages are awareness, interest, evaluation, implementation and adoption. This theory is applied to long-term change
projects. It is successful when nurses who ignored the proposed change earlier adopt it because of what they hear from nurses who adopted it initially. Spradley’s Change Theory
This is an eight-step process for planned change based on Lewin’s theory of change. It makes provision for constant evaluation of the change process to ensure its success. The steps are: recognize the symptoms, diagnose the problem, analyze alternative solutions, select the change, plan the change, implement the change, evaluate the change and stabilize the change. Other Theories
Reddin’s, Lippitt’s and Havelock’s theories are based on Lewin’s theory and can be used to implement planned change. The first two have seven stages, while the third has six. Real Life Application
An article titled “Managing change in the nursing handover from traditional to bedside handover—a case study from Mauritius” details the use of Lewin’s and Spradley’s theories to implement a change in the process of handover reports between nurses. The driving force in this case was dissatisfaction with the traditional handover method, while the resistant forces were a fear of accountability, lack of confidence and fear that this change would lead to more work. Evaluation of the implemented change showed that the new process was successfully implemented.
Read more: Change Theories in Nursing | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_5544426_change-theories-nursing.html#ixzz1iHQE4T9I
Change Theory: The Motivation it gives to Health Care Nursing Change theory and healthcare
Nursing is a field that requires a good deal of adaptation by an individual due to its many changes and fundamental processes. An issue in change that is a certainty is that there are going to be reactions to it but one can manage it in order to ensure the projection planned will fall into the correct place (Beitler 2005). While one can enter into the field of nursing
with their own idea of what skills are going to be necessary; as well as with many opinions on how various situations should be handled, there always needs to be a good deal of preparedness for any type of change that might take place suddenly, or over time. Furthermore, the area of communication is a key essential, especially if motivating others towards a new direction, is the path that is underway.
Without proper communication in this field of work, there are going to be roadblocks preventing a smooth transition from one way of doing things to a transformation into an improved interpretation of how the work is and should be carried out. There are many different theories for change out there, some more pronounced than others, but one of the best was Lewin’s action research model for change. What this model actually utilizes is a self reflective type of summation, which often surrounds social situations (Infed Encyclopedia 2006). Action research focuses on the participants own thoughts that are formed, again in a reflective manner. This supposedly helps to draw upon a better comprehension of their own practices, so that improved care can be given to others.
Kurt Lewin is the theorist responsible for coining this type of mentality, “action research”, and through his model, motivation and change in the work place flow rather smoothly, especially in the atmosphere of health care nursing. The reason this theory works so well is it involves an action of planning and fact gathering before proceeding on to the next phase of action. It ensures that all participants are comprehending what is expected of them correctly, and keeps a strong focal point in the area of communication, which again is a necessity in nursing.
The main points to keep in mind when going through any form of an organizational change process, or a minute change is that, through change theory is that, learning moves from one individual to the next, then on to the group unit and finally the whole organization. It can be interpreted as a systematic process at times but now works in ways that provide almost immediate new actions taking place.
The basic idea is to “unfreeze” current methods, so that new ideas and implemented changes can be fixated and put into place and then to “freeze” these new procedures so that they will stick, and those affected by them can learn and become accustomed to the new process involving their work (Rouda 1995).
Strategic planning is a necessity when change is taking place within a group environment. In this way, proper feedback can be given to the top people in the organization. Also, interaction in the planning process for change is essential as well as it gives a hands on feel of how the new methods are going to affect individuals own behaviors (such as if they are going to be favorable of it or not). Often times there can be resistance to change because it is new and questionable but by working together and having communication amongst the group participants, all the kinks can appropriately be worked out for the better. The transition then flows more fluidly than if there were not any type of change theories utilized at all.
Furthermore, Lewin’s theory alone shows that action research is definitely a fundamental process when working in the areas involving human resources (a2zpsychology.com 2006). Lewin’s classical methods implemented change through educational programs in order to promote changes efficiently. This was then carried over into the group atmosphere. The reason this theory works well in nursing is because this field is group oriented. It is compatible with the nursing philosophy and promotes change far better than any other theory when utilized correctly. It helps in the initiating, and implementation of change, which is what any good organization strives for.
Health care nursing changes
In conclusion, change takes place in all organizations. It can promote better group interaction if all the necessary communication tools are utilized. Health care nursing is changing all the time and it is simply a circumstance that every good nurse needs to be prepared for. Change management process
The change management process is the sequence of steps or activities that a change management team or project leader would follow to apply change management to a project or change. Based on Prosci’s research of the most effective and commonly applied change, most change management processes contain the following three phases: Phase 1 – Preparing for change (Preparation, assessment and strategy development) Phase 2 – Managing change (Detailed planning and change management implementation) Phase 3 – Reinforcing change (Data gathering, corrective action and recognition) These phases result in the following approach as shown below in Figure 1.
Figure 1 – Change Management Process (the Change Management Toolkit and Change Management Pilot show you how to apply the process))
It is important to note what change management is and what change management is not, as defined by the majority of research participants. Change management is not a stand-alone process for designing a business solution. Change management is the processes, tools and techniques for managing the people-side of change. Change management is not a process improvement method.
Change management is a method for reducing and managing resistance to change when implementing process, technology or organizational change. Change management is not a stand-alone technique for improving organizational performance. Change management is a necessary component for any organizational performance improvement process to succeed, including programs like: Six Sigma, Business Process Reengineering, Total Quality Management, Organizational Development, Restructuring and continuous process improvement. Change management is about managing change to realize business results.
Readiness assessments
Assessments are tools used by a change management team or project leader to assess the organization’s readiness to change. Readiness assessments can include organizational assessments, culture and history assessments, employee assessments, sponsor assessments and change assessments. Each tool provides the project team with insights into the challenges and opportunities they may face during the change process. Assess the scope of the change, including: How big is this change? How many people are affected? Is it a gradual or radical change? Assess the readiness of the organization impacted by the change, including: What is the value- system and background of the impacted groups? How much change is already going on? What type of resistance can be expected? Assess the strengths of your change management team.
Assess the change sponsors and take the first steps to enable them to effectively lead the change process.
Communication and communication planning
Many managers assume that if they communicate clearly with their employees, their job is done. However, there are many reasons why employees may not hear or understand what their managers are saying the first time around. In fact, you may have heard that messages need to be repeated 6 to 7 times before they are cemented into the minds of employees. That is because each employee’s readiness to hear depends on many factors. Effective communicators carefully consider three components: the audience, what is said and when it is said. For example, the first step in managing change is building awareness around the need for change and creating a desire among employees.
Therefore, initial communications are typically designed to create awareness around the business reasons for change and the risk of not changing. Likewise, at each step in the process, communications should be designed to share the right messages at the right time. Communication planning, therefore, begins with a careful analysis of the audiences, key messages and the timing for those messages. The change management team or project leaders must design a communication plan that addresses the needs of front-line employees, supervisors and executives. Each audience has particular needs for information based on their role in the implementation of the change.
Coaching and manager training for change management
Supervisors will play a key role in managing change. Ultimately, the direct supervisor has more influence over an employee’s motivation to change than any other person at work. Unfortunately, supervisors as a group can be the most difficult to convince of the need for change and can be a source of resistance.
It is vital for the change management team and executive sponsors to gain the support of supervisors and to build change leadership. Individual change management activities should be used to help these supervisors through the change process. Once managers and supervisors are on board, the change management team must prepare a coaching strategy. They will need to provide training for supervisors including how to use individual change management tools with their employees.
Training and training development
Training is the cornerstone for building knowledge about the change and the required skills. Project team members will develop training requirements based on the skills, knowledge and behaviors necessary to implement the change. These training requirements will be the starting point for the training group or the project team to develop training programs.
Sponsor activities and sponsor roadmaps
Business leaders and executives play a critical sponsor role in change management. The change management team must develop a plan for sponsor activities and help key business leaders carry out these plans. Sponsorship should be viewed as the most important success factor. Avoid confusing the notion of sponsorship with support. The CEO of the company may support your project, but that is not the same as sponsoring your initiative.
Sponsorship involves active and visible participation by senior business leaders throughout the process. Unfortunately many executives do not know what this sponsorship looks like. A change agent’s or project leader’s role includes helping senior executives do the right things to sponsor the project.
Resistance management
Resistance from employees and managers is normal. Persistent resistance, however, can threaten a project. The change management team needs to identify, understand and manage resistance throughout the organization. Resistance management is the processes and tools used by managers and executives with the support of the project team to manage employee resistance.
Data collection, feedback analysis and corrective action
Employee involvement is a necessary and integral part of managing change.
Managing change is not a one way street. Feedback from employees is a key element of the change management process. Analysis and corrective action based on this feedback provides a robust cycle for implementing change.
Celebrating and recognizing success
Early successes and long-term wins must be recognized and celebrated. Individual and group recognition is also a necessary component of change management in order to cement and reinforce the change in the organization. The final step in the change management process is the after-action review. It is at this point that you can stand back from the entire program, evaluate successes and failures, and identify process changes for the next project. This is part of the ongoing, continuous improvement of change management for your organization and ultimately leads to change competency.
Summary
These eight elements comprise the areas or components of a change management program. Along with the change management process, they create a system for managing change. Good project managers apply these components effectively to ensure project success, avoid the loss of valued employees, and minimize the negative impact of the change on productivity and a company’s customers. | https://graduateway.com/change-management-theories-and-components/ |
Technology is shaping and reshaping K-12 teaching and learning across grade levels and subject areas. The emergence of Information Communications Technologies has changed the nature of literacy (The New London Group, 1996; Leu, 2002; Luke & Elkins, 1998) and what it means to be literate including to read and to write. New terms have been coined to capture this dynamic, including Multiliteracies (The New London Group, 1996). The impact of these changes has been profound and has caused educators and teacher educators to rethink modes of literacy instruction (Taylor & Yearta, 2013; Leu, 2002).
Despite the advancement of technology recently, schools have been slow to respond (Cuban, 2001). K-12 schools have resisted adopting new technologies (Cuban, 1986; Collins & Halverson, 2009) and new teaching methods (Evans, 1996; Tyack & Cuban, 1995). The reasons for this resistance are varied and often justifiable and we discuss next. However, there is evidence that teachers are integrating technology into lessons even if the practice is not pervasive. Teachers in the early grades (Barone & Wrights, 2008; Labbo, 2005; Zawilinski, 2009; Zucker, & Invernizzi, 2008), middle grades (Oakley & Jay, 2008), and secondary levels (Huffaker, 2005; Krucli, 2004; Wolfson, 2008) have developed numerous applications of technology for teaching and learning. These span the gamut from more traditional Web 1.0 applications (Krucli, 2004) to Web 2.0 applications such as blogging (Zawlinski, 2009).
Teacher resistance has been cited as an obstacle to more fully integrating technology into teaching and learning in classrooms. Hammond, Reynolds and Ingram (2011) found that pre-service teachers were receptive to using ICTs but that their levels of use varied with most utilizing interactive white boards (IWB) but fewer utilizing Web 2.0 technologies. Research spanning two or more decades documents a number of barriers to technology integration in writing and other classroom practices (Hannafin & Savenye, 1993; Selfe, & Hilligoss, 1994; Mumtaz, 2000; Stimmel, Connor, McCaskill, & Durrett, 1981).
Research has shown that professional development is an important factor in helping teachers use technology in their classrooms with students for writing and other facets of teaching and learning (Carlson & Gadio, 2002; King, 2002; Lawless & Pellegrino, 2007), but there is no conclusive evidence that a single model of professional development constitutes “best practice.”
The focus of this chapter is on two models of teacher professional development used to engage and prepare inservice teachers for using digital technologies and Web 2.0 tools in their writing and literacy instruction. The first model is a more traditional top-down professional development workshop approach provided by university faculty and graduate students in face-to-face and online formats to groups of inservice teachers. This approach typically included 45 to 90 minute sessions on specific uses of technology in writing, writing instruction, and writing in the content areas. Workshop leaders introduced and modeled the use of wikis, blogs, and Web 2.0 tools such as Stixy and Prezi. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/professional-development-15/109196 |
Your brain’s inbuilt resistance to change. Resistance loves to keep the status quo.
Why the habit exists
Resistance makes your life easier by helping you stick to what you already know and do. If something has worked before, it is easier to repeat it without having to think afresh. When a certain way of doing things becomes established, any attempt to change it can result in conflict and wasted energy. It’s the job of Resistance to ensure there are as few flared tensions as possible by preserving the current situation.
In neuroscience terms, this is known as the ‘status-quo bias’, where we tend to be apprehensive of change, leading to choices that ensure things remain the same as possible. It is often heard muttering, “if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.”
Resistance always perceives change as difficult and will avoid it as far as possible. If something has worked before, it is easier to repeat it without having to think afresh. This is known as ‘conservatism bias’, where previous evidence is favoured over new possibilities.
How it holds you back
Once we find something that works, we tend to stick with it, unless we stumble upon a better way. Resistance prevents us from proactively going on the lookout. Nothing ever stands still and just because something has been done before, it doesn’t mean it’s the best way.
Resistance will turn a blind eye to any potential benefits if change is considered too much hassle. It often means you are resistant to new ideas and methods that might take more effort than usual. Having peace of mind is a safer bet than going in search of new and uncertain possibilities. This ultimately leads to a sense of complacency, which can prevent you from looking for any improvements or innovations. At best it will stop you from questioning what changes can be made and seeking out alternative options. At worst, it will blind you from facing up to the truth when things start to go wrong.
Quite often, Resistance would have built up a close emotional connection to its existing ideas and practices. Breaking these bonds can be very tough. Neuroscientist call this the ‘endowment effect’ or ‘Ikea effect’, where the more effort you invest in something, the more you value it.
Resistance will only loosen up once it has experienced a successful result. Unfortunately, this means new ideas and improvements may never see the light of day because decisions get made on what works now and do not focus enough on what could be if things were to change.
How you can train it
To overcome the stubbornness of Resistance, you can consciously choose to change your mindset in the following ways:
From past to future
In any given situation, allow yourself to ask what could be instead of conforming to what was. Future vision is vital to motivate forward thinking progress.
From steadfast to adaptable
Readily question whether processes or actions need to be that way. Otherwise you will be unprepared to adapt when change is required and change is always inevitable.
Quick trick
Add a constraint. Prevent a process working in the typical way or remove a key component. Purposefully adding a constraint creates a necessity to find another way round and we know necessity is the mother of invention.
Explore all the Creatures
Creatures of Habit Quiz
How much does Resistance influence your mindset and decision making? Find out with the Creatures of Habit Quiz.
Creative workshops and events
Looking for some extra creative inspiration? Invite the Creatures to your team workshop or event and learn how to become more creative than ever before. | http://www.creaturesofhabit.me/resistance/ |
Since the scientific method and its results were applied to more and more fields of practical activity, it was inevitable that agriculture, too, became an area where scientific knowledge and methods were introduced. This produced a body of applied science of its own, much like engineering. Science is organized according to areas of specialisation, called disciplines. Agriculture, like many other fields of activity (medicine, building, administration), does not fit neatly into any one of them. It presents problems that can only be solved by calling on a number of disciplines. But even the most sophisticated agriculture does not rely on science alone. It draws on a body of long-standing traditional experience and skills which cannot be replaced by science. Today, agricultural sciences are recognized as areas of applied science in their own right. The following subdivisions are known:
- Soil Science dealing with soil formation (geology), its physical and chemical properties, and generally speaking with all factors affecting soil fertility.
- Plant Production dealing with topics such as plant physiology, plant nutrition, plant breeding, weed control, plant diseases, and pest control.
- Animal Production, treating problems like animal breeding, animal nutrition, and animal husbandry.
- Economics and Management.
- Agricultural Engineering dealing with tools, implements, farm machinery, and buildings.
The diagram shows the relationship between agriculture and science.
Relationship between science and agriculture
Although science does not simply replace traditional knowledge, it helps to rationalize it and to make it more systematic. It is when they come face to face with scientific knowledge that certain elements of a given agricultural tradition will be regarded as erroneous or even "superstitious". On the other hand, a well established, experience-based agricultural tradition acts as a check on science running wild: sometimes scientists rush into the open with results that have not yet been really tested in real-life conditions.
Science does not simply replace traditional knowledge, it helps to rationalize it and to make it more systematic.
Having established the link between science and agriculture does not prove that agriculture must be taught using a scientific approach. One would have to prove that a scientific orientation to agriculture is necessary, and that this approach can be used with primary school pupils. Traditional agriculture so far has produced most of the food needed for Africa's population. This in itself is a measure of success. It is a fairly coherent system based on experience, and by no means closed to innovation. If conditions change only slowly, traditional farming methods will probably adjust to these changes. But during and after colonisation conditions have changed more and more rapidly, and traditional farming is not adjusting fast enough to guarantee a steady food supply in the long term (see Volume 2, part I (Farming Methods), sections 4.1. "The need for a new approach", and 3.1., "The meaning of scientific agriculture"). The following are the main factors of change which require traditional agriculture to seek help from science:
- Population Growth
As the population keeps growing, more and more land has to be cultivated. This leads to a shortening of the fallow period (see volume 2, part I (Farming Methods), section 2.1. "Traditional land use systems - from shifting cultivation to degraded bush fallow"). Systematic research into continuous farming, building on traditional agriculture, is important if a disastrous decline in soil fertility is to be prevented.
- Urbanization
In all African countries there are urban settlements. The urban population is not able to grow the food it needs. Towns rely on food produced in the surrounding rural areas. This is only possible if the rural population produces a greater marketable surplus than before. Both land and agricultural labour become scarce, and changes are needed which allow farmers to produce more crops on the same land and with the same amount of work. Here again, one would look to science for possible solutions, new farm inputs, improved farming techniques, better storage facilities etc.
- Industrialization
Many industries need raw materials derived from plants for their work. Sugar cane is used to produce sugar, maize is used to brew beer, cotton is made into cloth, sisal fibres into ropes and mats, cocoa into chocolate, groundnuts and palm nuts into oil. Factories operate on a large scale and need a steady supply of inputs of standard quality. If they use large quantities of food crops (as for instance in brewing), they compete directly with local consumers and may create food shortages. If they use non-food crops these must be grown somewhere, and the areas growing industrial crops are no longer available for food crop farming. Industrial activity will also push traditional agriculture to its limits. These limits can only be overcome if productivity in farming can be raised, and this is one of the main tasks of applied science.
- Financing National Development
Development plans usually require large amounts of foreign goods and services. This has to be paid for in foreign exchange. The main part of the foreign exchange is earned from sales of agricultural products. Science is called on to play a vital part in improving productivity in this area.
There is a widespread belief that science can be taught properly to primary school children. In Africa, there is the well known APSP (African Primary Science Programme), later on the Science Education Programme for Africa (SEPA). Basic science can be taught at primary school. Experience with SEPA-material seems to prove, furthermore, that pupils enjoy it.
Basic Scientific Skills Taught Through Agriculture
It seems clear that all the basic scientific skills can be taught through primary school agriculture. The flow chart above and the next Figure show this in a rather general way, but detailed examples will be given later in the manual.
An important part of school agriculture is school farm work. School farm work deals with plants and the conditions of plant growth. This quite naturally leads to topics taken from different natural sciences, as can be seen from the diagram above. The emphasis in science teaching should be on method rather than on content. It would be possible to memorize a large amount of scientific knowledge. However, without an elementary grasp of the scientific method one might not be able to apply such knowledge to practical problems. On the other hand, somebody who masters the basic scientific approach will be in a position to find out for himself answers to problems in everyday life which he would not find in books. He would also understand that a scientific approach to problem solving is open to everybody.
In order to understand better what is meant by the scientific method let us look at the meaning of science. The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary offers the definition:
"Knowledge arranged in an orderly manner, especially knowledge obtained by observation and testing of facts; pursuit of such knowledge."
Significantly, this does not refer to any content of knowledge but rather to its orderliness and to the methods by which it was obtained. Therefore we are fully justified in stressing the need to familiarize children with elementary scientific methods rather than with a mass of findings.
Science based education, if well done, enhances personal self reliance. It will not only enable a person to take a rational stand in matters concerning traditional ways and beliefs, it will also protect him or her against uncritical acceptance of new methods and proposals.
Thus, in agriculture, a farmer with a basic scientific outlook will retain from tradition whatever seems valuable after comparison with other ways of doing things. On the other hand, the same person will carefully listen to the advice of the agricultural extension agent and ask for proof. Maybe he sets his own little experiments in order to test the innovation under local conditions. In this way he would be better protected from risks than if he accepted the new ideas and methods mainly because the extension man is a government employee.
· The emphasis in science
teaching should be on method rather than on content.
· Science based education, if well done, enhances personal self reliance. | https://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0cdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-0l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11----0-1-&cl=CL1.68&d=HASH159c5b1a893d9cea479ca0.3.5.2&hl=1&gc=0>=0 |
Types of Relaxation, benefits of relaxation techniques, Relaxation…
Types of Relaxation
Autogenic training.
This technique uses both visual imagery and body awareness to move a person into a deep state of relaxation. The person imagines a peaceful place and then focuses on different physical sensations, moving from the feet to the head.
Guided imagery.
Similar to autogenic training, guided imagery involves listening to a trained therapist or a guided imagery CD to move into a state of deep relaxation. Once in a relaxed state, the images that come up in your mind can help you uncover important realizations about your emotional, spiritual, and physical health.
Progressive muscle relaxation.
This technique involves slowly tensing and then releasing each muscle group individually, starting with the muscles in the toes and finishing with those in the head.
Meditation. | https://coggle.it/diagram/Xw_qeiV2w8dQIsO_/t/types-of-relaxation |
Here's a simple prescription for easing back pain: a soft ballad, a Baroque sonata, or a quiet jazz waltz.
In a 2002 Austrian study of 65 people who had herniated disks, researchers found that the combination of music and relaxation imagery significantly reduced lower-back pain. Everyone got standard medical care (painkillers, physical therapy), but half also listened to music and performed relaxation exercises every day.
After 10 days, the music group reported less pain while climbing stairs, getting out of bed, and even sleeping. After 21 days, the music group's overall pain was more than 40% less than the nonmusic group.
More From Prevention
"Music diverts your attention away from the ache. It also helps reduce stress hormones and muscular tension," says researcher Franz Wendtner, a psychologist at the General Hospital of Salzburg.
Here's how to get started on your better-back plan.
Be your own easy-listening DJ. "There is evidence that classical music or any quiet, calm, and relaxing music with slower rhythms has a relaxing effect on the brain," says Wendtner. Try Bach or Debussy or a Willie Nelson ballad, or dust off Carole King's Tapestry album.
Breathe and chill out. Progressive muscle relaxation or simply following the physical sensation of breathing in and out can work. For details, find a relaxation tape or book at your local bookstore or library.
Tune in—every day. Find a comfortable place to sit or lie down each day. Listen with headphones for added privacy. | https://www.prevention.com/health/a20436791/music-eases-back-pain/ |
There is a clinical and evidence-based use of music therapy offering a low-risk, inexpensive, non-pharmacological addition to standard care in pain management. Music therapy assists the patient in helping regain self-control and to become actively involved in the management of pain (Gutgsell et al, 2013). The different types of music interventions include singing, listening to music, and song writing that aid in enhancing relaxation, providing opportunities for self-expression, facilitating communication with loved ones, and bringing beauty to suffering (Gutgsell, 2013). This aids in relieving anxiety and fear. The music therapist utilizes methods of muscle relaxation and guide for incorporating breathing with images of pain relief to increase the positive effects of music in palliative care. | https://www.cram.com/essay/Music-Therapy-A-Low-Risk-Inexpensive-Non/FKGNU553UZKQ |
Below are short extracts from research updates about this subject - select more to read each item.
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Issue 59
Travis and Durchholz, Psychology Department, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, IA 52557, USA. investigated whether an electronic device could improve mood and well-being1
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Issue 59
Ost and Breitholtz, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden examined applied relaxation vs. cognitive therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder .
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Issue 32
HERNANDEZ and KOLB, Northside Habilitation Program, Nellie M. Reddix Center, San Antonio, Texas USA evaluated the effects of self-applied breathing and guided imagery relaxation techniques, separately and in combinatio1
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Issue 32
MARKS and colleagues, Institute of Psychiatry and Bethlem-Maudsley Hospital, London UK I. [email protected] compared the value of cognitive restructuring on its own and in combination with prolonged exposure therapy1
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Issue 32
SPIEGEL, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10128 USA writes that a useful way to capture the placebo-nocebo theme is to examine the tension and interaction between conviction1
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Issue 32
DOWDEN and ALLEN, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs USA studied the relationships between anxiety sensitivity, hyperventilation and emotional reactivity.
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Issue 30
TAN and LEUCHT, Graduate School of Psychology, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California 91101, USA review the literature (125 references) and write that since Tans published review of 1982 regarding
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Issue 30
HARDING, Wildara Psychogeriatric Assessment and Treatment Team, St Georges and Inner East Geriatric Service, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia writes that although the benefits of relaxation are widely acknowledged, clinicians must remain aware of1
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MUIR, Broxburn Health Centre, West Lothian, describes a project which is designed to offer an alternative to traditional treatment for stress . The author discusses techniques patient education, relaxation techniques, ps1
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SCHWEIZER and RICKELS, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-2649 USA write that new treatment development for anxiety disorder has been sabotaged by a high placebo-response1
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MAROOF and colleagues, Department of Anaesthesiology, King Fahad National Guard Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia studied the influence of therapeutic intraoperative auditory suggestions upon incidence and severity of nausea in patients undergoing1
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TUSEK et al, Guided Imagery Program, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, USA write that patients undergoing surgery usually experience fear and apprehension and that guided imagery is a simple, low-cost therapeutic tool which1
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LUTGENDORF and colleagues, Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida USA tested the effects of a 10-week group cognitive-behavioural stress management (CBSM) intervention upon mood and immunological p1
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Issue 24
ROTH and CREASER, Stress Reduction Program, Community Health Center, CT, USA describes a bilingual mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction programme within an inner-city setting.
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Issue 24
TELLO-BERNABE and colleagues, Centro de Salud El Naranjo, Fuenlabrada, Madrid Spain evaluated the impact of group relaxation upon women suffering distress and general anxiety disorders.
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Issue 24
SMITH and colleagues, Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois 60605 USA catalogued the treatment experiences of massage, abbreviated progressive muscle relaxation (PMR), yoga stretching, breathing, imagery meditation a1
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SAKAI, Department of Psychiatry, Saga Medical School Japan studied the effects of autogenic training for anxiety disorders. | http://www.positivehealth.com/researches/page:2/type:anxiety |
Please note: This calendar shows activities organized or sponsored by the PNA (including the Greenwood Senior Center). It does not include activities organized by other community members, groups, or businesses renting space at the centers.
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Music and Mindfulness
Tuesday, January 18, 2022 @ 10:00 am - 10:45 am
An event every week that begins at 10:00 am on Tuesday, repeating until Tuesday February 22, 2022
When we practice mindfulness, we focus our awareness on the present moment. We are conscious of our thoughts, feelings, and emotions, and in this we hold attitudes that are non-judgmental, curious, and kind. Mindfulness isn’t about “emptying our minds,” but rather about noticing what is there! No prior musical experience is required to join the class, and the only instrument you will need to bring is your own voice. We will be practicing mindfulness, relaxation, and self-awareness using active listening, guided imagery, and progressive muscle relaxation as well as learning how you can implement mindfulness practices into your own life once the class ends. Register: [email protected]. Presented in partnership with Music Center of the Northwest.
Instructor Rachel Lockerbie, MT-BC, received her Bachelor of Music in Music Therapy in San Antonio, Texas before returning home to the Seattle area. Rachel is a board-certified music therapist and has worked extensively with people ages 4 to 100. | https://www.phinneycenter.org/calendar/music-and-mindfulness/2022-01-18/ |
(HealthDay News) -- Stress is a normal physical and emotional reaction to changes in life. However, long-term stress can contribute to digestive issues, headaches, sleep disorders and other health problems.
Relaxation techniques can help release tension and counteract stress, says the U.S. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH). These techniques incorporate breathing and pleasing thoughts, to help calm both mind and body.
The NCCIH recommends trying relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, guided imagery, progressive relaxation, meditation and yoga. | http://healthinfo.uclahealth.org/Wellness/Stress/6,748075 |
Our Health Library information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Please be advised that this information is made available to assist our patients to learn more about their health. Our providers may not see and/or treat all topics found herein.
Stress Management: Relaxing Your Mind and Body
Overview
Take a deep breath. Hold it for a moment, and then exhale. Feel more relaxed? Breathing exercises are one way to relax. Here you will learn about different ways to relax your mind and body. Being relaxed can help ease stress. It can also relieve anxiety, depression, and sleep problems.
- To relax means to calm the mind, the body, or both.
- Relaxing can quiet your mind and make you feel peaceful and calm. Your body also reacts when you relax. For example, your muscles may be less tense and more flexible.
- There are different ways to relax. You may find one or more ways help to calm you down and feel at peace.
How can you relax your mind and body?
There are lots of ways to relax. Some ways are designed to relax your mind and some to relax your body. But because of the way the mind and body are connected, many relaxation methods work on both the mind and the body.
You may want to try one or more of the following relaxation tips to see what works best for you.
Relaxing the mind
- Take slow, deep breaths. Or try other breathing exercises for relaxation.
- Soak in a warm bath.
- Listen to soothing music.
- Practice mindful meditation. The goal of mindful meditation is to focus your attention on things that are happening right now in the present moment. For example, listen to your body. Is your breathing fast, slow, deep, or shallow? Do you hear noises, such as traffic, or do you hear only silence? The idea is just to note what is happening without trying to change it.
- Write. Some people feel more relaxed after they write about their feelings. One way is to keep a journal.
- Use guided imagery. With guided imagery, you imagine yourself in a certain setting that helps you feel calm and relaxed. You can use audiotapes, scripts, or a teacher to guide you through the process.
Relaxing the body
- Do yoga. You can get books and videos to do at home or take a yoga class.
- Try progressive muscle relaxation. This process involves tensing and relaxing each muscle group. Progressive muscle relaxation can reduce anxiety and muscle tension. If you have trouble falling asleep, this method may also help with your sleep problems. When you relax your muscles, your body gets the signal that it is okay to fall asleep.
- Take a walk or do some other activity. Making time to do things you enjoy can also help you relax.
- Get a massage or have someone give you a back rub.
- Have a warm drink that doesn't have alcohol or caffeine in it, such as herbal tea or warm milk.
Current as of: February 9, 2022
Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:Patrice Burgess MD - Family Medicine & Kathleen Romito MD - Family Medicine & Adam Husney MD - Family Medicine & Christine R. Maldonado PhD - Behavioral Health
To learn more about Healthwise, visit Healthwise.org.
© 1995-2022 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. | https://www.calsinus.com/healthwise/?DOCHWID=uz2209 |
Understanding the Impact of Cognitive Dissonance in the Workplace
Cognitive dissonance is a fascinating psychological phenomenon that can have a profound impact on our mental health. Cognitive dissonance is the feeling of discomfort that arises when you hold two contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time. It can be a particularly harmful force in the workplace, where it can lead to mental health problems such as anxiety and depression.
Cognitive Dissonance Workplace
It’s no secret that the workplace can be a stressful place. With competing demands, tight deadlines, and ever-changing priorities, it’s easy for stress to build up. In the workplace, cognitive dissonance can arise when you experience conflicting demands from your boss or conflicting values within your team. For instance, you’re in the middle of a challenging work situation – maybe you’re stuck in a toxic team or have a boss who is always micromanaging – and it feels like you can’t win. You’re constantly stressed out, and your performance is suffering.
In the workplace, cognitive dissonance can be caused by a number of factors. Often, it is the result of trying to hold contradictory beliefs about ourselves or our work. If we believe that we are good at our job and yet experience failure, cognitive dissonance will create tension and stress. We may feel like we are not good at our job, which can lead to feelings of anxiety and depression.
It can be challenging to experience anxiousness, worry, lack of motivation, lethargy, and other symptoms of anxiety and depression when it is not apparent to us what is prompting these internal responses. When we take a step back to evaluate different aspects of our lives, we might overlook the impact that our work environment and culture has on our psychological and mental health. In order to gauge how much we are being impacted by the stress of work, we must first look at our values that may be in conflict with one another as a prime source of information.
What are Your Workplace Values
When you take a moment to reflect on what it is that you value in a work environment or job description, what is it that comes to mind? Do you believe that it is important that your job supports your ideas, be flexible, have outlets for sharing ideas or collaborating, be more directive and structured or open to different perspectives and ways of completing a task? Do you want your job to be aligned with your personal values, such as promoting altruism, transparency, integrity, equality, fairness and acceptance of different perspectives.
Consider creating a list of what you value on a personal level and what you value in a work environment. Then compare what you value to what you may experience in the reality of your workplace. Do you find at times struggling with your coworkers lack of supportiveness in a project you are working on together or do you feel that you are looking past a coworker who is being discriminated against due to the culture of the workplace being accepting of this treatment.
It can be particularly stressful when we attempt to hold these conflicting values internally, as it can become challenging to appease our different needs. When considering what is in conflict, you might begin to understand why it may be so challenging to continue to work in an environment that promotes a certain attitude or way of doing things that is not in alignment with your own values. It is in this realization that you can begin to problem solve solutions and validate what you are needing for a more satisfying and fulfilling workplace environment.
Contact Us
Give us a call or send email to learn how we can work with you and/or your family. 908-857-4422 or [email protected]
Schedule an Appointment
To schedule an appointment, click on the Book Now button. There you will see our availability for the next two months. You can select the day and time that works best for you.
We look forward to being of assistance and will do our very best to help. | https://holistichealthcounselingcenter.com/cognitive-dissonance-in-the-workplace/ |
The Mandela Effect is a term for where a group of people all mis-remember the same detail, event or physicality. It is named after the instance in which a large group of people all shared the same memory that Nelson Mandela died prior to his actual 2013 death, usually some time in the 1980’s. The effect exploded in popularity on the internet when a peculiar example popped up where a majority of people seemed to have recalled the Berenstain Bears books as being spelled as “Berenstein” or some other variation, differing from the actual spelling as presented by evidence.
The effect is somewhat different from a false memory as it effects large groups of people, seemingly without many connections and without the same emotional factors present. It also seems stronger and harder to escape the feeling that it’s simply a mis-remembering of a detail, which is why people are so adamant with claims of their memories. As such, it’s often been hinted at that the Mandela Effect is closely related to cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance can be mental stress or discomfort experienced by an individual who holds beliefs, ideas, or values and is confronted by new information that conflicts with existing beliefs, ideas, or values. Please note the use of “can be” as there is many purists that don’t accept the broader definition and scope of cognitive dissonance applying to memory versus reality.
Many Mandela Effects are usually trivial details about an oddly specific set of categories. These include things such as the how and when of celebrity deaths, misspellings (usually replaced or removed letters), placement of geographical locations, quotations within media, or alternate imagery.
It is also related to misconceptions in general, although, again is differentiated due to the obscure nature and odd feelings resulting from learning the reality. The solutions, explanations and reasons for the misconceptions are also cryptic and often misrepresented or unknown altogether.
The term it fits most with is “confabulation” which is a disturbance of memory which produces fabricated, distorted, or misinterpreted memories about the world, without the explicit or conscious intention to deceive others. People who confabulate in this way produce incorrect memories about the most trivial details (as seen with most Mandela Effects) but range up to more complex fabrications as well. They are generally extremely confident in their recollections and will typically resist any contradictory evidence.
The aim of this site is unique among the current offerings online to attempt to dissect the possible causes and solutions for this perplexing phenomenon with a scientific, rational approach. If you’ve come to read about merging of universes, alternate timelines, and time travel then you are in the wrong place (unless you have evidence of such things!). It is of my opinion that the Mandela Effect is a real thing; however, steeped in the realm of sociology and psychology and not science fiction.
Listing of Mandela Effects explored on the site so far:
- Category: Mandela Effects
More information:
Related psychological and phenomenons (possible explanations/factors):
- Misinformation effect
- Confirmation bias
- Misattribution of memory
- Cryptomnesia
- List of common misconceptions
- False memory
- Cognitive dissonance
- Confabulation
I dive into each of these on the Common Explanations page. | http://www.debunkingmandelaeffects.com/mandela-effect-introduction/?replytocom=1121 |
When an individual’s identity and belief about who they are is based around their capacity to be active and athletic, we can predict his or her fears. So what happens when chronic pain no longer permits an active lifestyle?
What happens next is an internal dialog of perception and meaning begin to take root… and how well one can direct their own thoughts, beliefs, emotions and assumptions becomes significant.
Compartmentalization is an unconscious psychological defense mechanism used to avoid cognitive dissonance.
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The question then becomes “what is Cognitive Dissonance ?”and how does chronic pain fit into the equation?
Cognitive Dissonance “is the mental stress or discomfort experienced by an individual who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time, or is confronted by new information that conflicts with existing beliefs, ideas, or values.”
For example, no matter how much an individual may believe… if they’re heading east looking for a sunset, that idea and belief will inevitably run up against irrefutable evidence. This naturally will manifest an internal conflict.
In the context of chronic pain, wanting to go to the mountains for an afternoon of skiing with friends & family may be high on an individuals values list. But a belief that skiing will lead to further knee damage or an increase in pain will surely create a conflict. These psychological inconsistencies (dissonance) and the inherent uncertainty they bring can become difficult to manage – overwhelming for many.
Conflicting beliefs and values evenutally feed into an individuals psyche’, establishing negative neuro-associations based around the context of pain that can contribute to the overall pain experience.
What’s more, physical and emotional pain can negatively influence an individuals’ thoughts, feelings and beliefs regarding movement and exercise, inhibiting one’s capacity to remain consistent with how they define themselves – known as their identity.
Our role as movement professionals and coaches is NOT to change an individuals identity or belief structure, but rather create an environment to EXPAND their capacity to understand what pain is and what purpose it serves.
Arming each client with insight and knowledge into the latest in pain science can help them consciously direct their own thoughts, emotions, assumptions and beliefs regarding chronic pain, which can establish constructive psychological associations and increase their ability to effectively compartmentalize chronic pain.
Written by: | http://www.functionfirst.com/wp/2016/05/ |
Cognitive dissonance is a psychological term to describe the discomfort people feel when their beliefs, ideas or values are incongruent. This motivates the seeding of mendacious official narratives.
Contents
Biological purpose
Cognitive dissonance forms a kind of self-protection from wildly different new ideas which seems to be necessary to give people's lives a consistency and direction. It helps to explain why different people tend to explain similar evidence differently - we are all biased in favour of explanations which fit with our (different) prior beliefs.
Relevance to the deep state
Cognitive dissonance is a very importance factor when deceiving people, since it on occasions can induce people to reject the evidence of their own eyes and ears, if they are reporting information which strongly conflicts with people's prior beliefs. The deep state has exploited this fact to help promote its official narratives and stifle conflicting explanations - even those which are better supported by observable reality.
False flag attacks
- Full article: False flags
- Full article: False flags
The classic example of cognitive dissonance is provided by False flag attacks. Governments tend to exploit their control of syllabuses to try to inculcate certain ideas in the (receptive) minds of young children. Central among these are the importance of government and obeying rules set by government lawmakers etc. Foreign countries are sometimes portrayed as despicably, but never ones "own" country.
This - often subconscious - set of beliefs is nurtured not only unconsciously by the society in which people live, but often consciously by the commercially-controlled media, which is typically centralised and also subject to a similar pro-government 'we-are-the-good-guys' influence. This help explain the difficulty many people have in understanding that false flag attacks are a fact of life and continue to be widely carried out.
As non-psychopaths, 99% of humanity are unfamiliar with the mind which can murder and deceive others without suffering attacks of conscience. Those new to the concept of a false flag are often prone to wonder, "Why would government kill their own citizens?" This indicates that they have a simplistic faith in the good intentions of "their" leaders, probably not as a result of conscious calculation but subconscious inculcation from an early age. Cognitive dissonance supports the maintenance of this naivety even in the face of otherwise powerful evidence.
9/11 Truth
- Full article: 9-11/Truth movement
- Full article: 9-11/Truth movement
The 9/11 truth movement was initially hampered by cognitive dissonance, since few people were aware of false flag attacks, and the large majority had been carefully instilled with a wide variety of misleading official narratives. A large number of drills had been used to suggest to people that Osama bin-Laden was planning to launch airborne attacks on USA.
Immediately after 9/11, the media spent a lof time replaying footage of planes hitting the World Trade Center twin towers, sometimes with a voiceover about Bin Laden, sometimes with an inset image of him. For those who initially accepted this spurious connection, this had the effect of strengthening the link, and so increasing the cognitive dissonance potential of ideas such as 9/11 truth, which are based on observable evidence rather than media mnipulation.
WTC7
- Full article: 9-11/WTC7/Destruction
- Full article: 9-11/WTC7/Destruction
The commercially-controlled media's ignored the sudden destruction of Building 7 (without being hit by a plane). The initial 9/11 Commission report didn't even mention it!. Since the establishment tried not to lie about but simply erase it from the historical record, people do not experience much cognitive dissonance when they consider the controlled demolition theory, because there is no conflicting explanation with which an empirically based explanation must compete.
Related Quotation
|Page||Quote||Author||Date|
|Michael Yeadon||“It’s become absolutely clear to me, even when I talk to intelligent people, friends, acquaintances … and they can tell I’m telling them something important, but they get to the point [where I say] ‘your government is lying to you in a way that could lead to your death and that of your children,’ and they can’t begin to engage with it. And I think maybe 10% of them understand what I said, and 90% of those blank their understanding of it because it is too difficult. And my concern is, we are going to lose this, because people will not deal with the possibility that anyone is so evil…”||Michael Yeadon||April 2021|
References
- ↑ Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. California: Stanford University Press. | https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance |
especially in these two senses:
- unpleasant musical sound
- inconsistency or conflict between beliefs and actions such as voluntarily taking actions that conflict with beliefs, or holding two conflicting beliefs (also called "cognitive dissonance")
- I find the dissonance in her music disturbing.
dissonance = conflicting sounds
- She was especially excited to learn about the famous experiments in cognitive dissonance.
- Within the administration, there are signs of dissonance about how to proceed.
- The meeting ended on a dissonant note.
- One advantage of being thoughtless, is you don't suffer as much from dissonance when you act in contradiction to your stated beliefs.
- A felt a certain dissonance after arguments with his girlfriend, but he was still convinced he was a loving and supportive man. | https://www.verbalworkout.com/e/e15702.htm |
Cognitive dissonance describes a condition of stress, or a feeling of internal discomfort caused by conflicting ideas, values, beliefs or practices. Essentially, this is a situation where two or more opposing thoughts are causing psychological discomfort.
This has been often considered as a stressor at workplace as it’s believed that we humans have an inner drive to maintain harmony between attitudes, beliefs and practices. When faced with an internal clash or those cognitions, our natural reaction is to reduce or eliminate it to prevent emotional discomfort. Often expressing dissonance has been considered negative and people have been encouraged to fall in line inspite of the great internal conflict they experience.
I believe that cognitive dissonance is an elixir which sustain a strong culture. It provides a contrarian view and a constant challenge to the existing values and beliefs. When people are allowed to express themselves, it relieves them of the stress of internal conflict and also provides an opportunity for them to validate their values and beliefs against the group needs. The more you defend against such views the more firm your belief in your own values and beliefs become. At times it will also help you to understand whether such values are helping you in the current times or there is a need for change as well.
Often people choose or are forced to suppress such dissonance just in order to maintain harmony. This often leads them to tell themselves comforting lies about the situation. The fact that they do not agree and have been suppressed is what makes such lies the primary cause of stress in people today. Not just corporate workers but children, students, parents, family et al. suffer from such comforting lies every day of their life. The constant conflict between opposing values is what strengthens the culture and provides it with increasing evidence of what works and doesn’t.
Facing up to ‘Uncomfortable truths’ is what helps to bring about a positive change. The choice of course is yours…
Agree? | https://thecriticaldialogue.com/does-cognitive-dissonance-help-sustain-organization-culture/ |
How do we think about others, and how do they think about us? This discussion session complements the prior lecture sessions Social Psychology I and Social Psychology II.
Discussion
Social psychology is a broad field that asks questions such as:
- How do we perceive others?
- How do we think about others?
- How do others think about us?
- How is our behavior influenced by others, both individually and in groups?
Demonstration
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a measure of the automatic association between two concepts. When two concepts are associated, it's easy to give the same response to examples of two related concepts, such as flower and pleasant. When two concepts are not associated (such as insect and pleasant), it's more difficult to give the same response. The best way to understand the IAT is to try it for yourself, for example at Project Implicit®.
The IAT has been widely used to study implicit biases for race, age, gender roles, and other social constructs, but it's not without its critics. Most obviously, people who take the IAT and are told that they have a bias against one race or one gender often protest that they do not. "What do you mean?" they say, "I don't believe that men should work and women should stay home! I know plenty of women who work, and I totally respect a man's choice to stay home. This test is not measuring my beliefs." What reasoning might psychologists use to counter this argument?
› Sample answer
The participant may be unaware of the bias he holds (implicit cognition).
The participant may not want to publically disclose an unpopular belief (social desirability bias).
Even if the participant doesn't have a bias against women in careers or men at home, the IAT may reveal the dominant associations in the participant's culture that nevertheless influence individuals' behavior.
What do you think? Read some of the Background on the Project Implicit website, then describe which arguments for and against the IAT's validity you think are convincing. Can you think of a situation in which having a group of people take the IAT might be useful, and when it might be detrimental?
Experiments
Review some of the classic experiments in social psychology and the principles they demonstrate.
Impression Formation
In Snyder's (1977) telephone experiment, a man and a woman talk on the phone from separate rooms. The man is given a photo of either an attractive or an unattractive woman and told that she is the woman on the phone. An independent listener hears only the woman's side of the conversation and rates her friendliness and warmth. The man rates her as well. What do you think happens? Why? What are the implications of these results?
› Sample answer
Men tended to rate women they believed were attractive more highly than women they believed were unattractive. Importantly, this became a self-fulfilling prophecy – those men who believed they were interacting with attractive women were friendlier and more enthusiastic on the phone (as rated by the independent listeners) than the men who believed they were talking to unattractive women. What's more, the independent observers also rated the women in the unattractive condition as less warm and less friendly. It's as if the men's expectations not only shaped their behavior, but also caused stereotype-confirming behavior in the women. The results suggest that the stereotypes we hold influence not only how we act towards others but how they act towards us.
Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive dissonance refers to the discomfort we experience when we hold conflicting beliefs or engage in a behavior that conflicts with a belief. One of our principle motivations is the drive to reduce cognitive dissonance, which we often do by seeking out justification for our behavior. In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) study, participants completed an extremely boring task, and were then asked to recommend the task to another person as interesting and enjoyable. For this favor, one-third of participants were paid $20 (a good deal of money at the time), one-third were paid $1, and one-third were not asked to do the favor. When asked later, how did the three groups of participants rate their level of interest in the task? According to cognitive dissonance theory, why did they do so?
› Sample answer
Participants in the $1 group rated the task as more interesting than participants in either the $20 group or the control group. The control group experienced no cognitive dissonance: they found the task boring and they said so. The $20 group could use the money they received as justification for why they had acted against their true beliefs. But $1 was not enough of a justification for the last group. Faced with the conflicting positions "I told someone it was interesting" and "I know it was boring", these participants minimized the dissonance by modifying their original beliefs.
Conformity and Obedience
In the wake of World War II, a number of psychologists began to study conformity and obedience to authority. In Asch's experiments, groups of participants were asked to participate in "vision tests" in which they had to say out loud whether line A, B, or C was the same length as the first line.
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In fact, all but one of the participants were in on it, and after giving several correct answers, these confederates began giving answers that were clearly wrong. What about the lone subject – did he go along with the group, or give the obviously correct answer?
› Sample answer
In the original experiment, there were 12 trials. Seventy-five percent of subjects conformed (i.e., gave the wrong answer) at least once. Apparently, the social pressure to conform was fairly high. Further experiments demonstrated that even a single dissenter among the confederates seemed the give the subject the confidence to announce the correct answer.
In the basement of a Stanford University building in 1971, Zimbardo simulated a prison. Participants were randomly assigned to the role of guard or of prisoner. Within a few days, participants had adopted their roles so completely (guards punished and tortured prisoners; prisoners rioted, then became depressed) that the experiment had to be terminated. What conclusions were drawn?
› Sample answer
This experiment became evidence of the power of the prison environment to radically alter the personalities of otherwise stable and healthy individuals, and more broadly, of the way in which social roles and institutions mold individual behavior.
In 1961, Milgram invited participants to a Yale lab where they were told they would take part in a memory study. A confederate became the "learner" while the true participant became the "teacher." Taken into an adjoining room, the participant was instructed to quiz the learner on memorized word lists and to administer increasingly large electric shocks for each mistake. (The sounds of the "shocks" were played on a tape recorder, and the confederate produced a series of responses, from complaining to screaming to, finally, silence.) How did the "teachers" react to being put in this position?
› Sample answer
Despite predictions that only 1 or 2 percent of people would persist in administering shocks up to the maximum 450-volt level (marked "XXX"), 65 percent of "teachers" did so. However, all of the participants expressed discomfort and/or a desire to stop the experiment at some point. Milgram later wrote that the average person, despite having intact morals, lacks the resources to stand up to an authority such as a Yale scientist. | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-00sc-introduction-to-psychology-fall-2011/social-psychology-ii/discussion-social-psychology/ |
Introducing Cognitive Dissonance
This article is meant to introduce the concept of Cognitive Dissonance and how it relates to Christianity.
Cognitive Dissonance is a term in psychology that describes the feeling of tension experienced by a person when they hold two conflicting beliefs. When this happens to a person they feel uncomfortable and they start trying to figure out a way to reconcile the beliefs so they don't seem to conflict anymore and / or the discomfort is relieved. Dissonance is more likely to happen if the major idea is about who we are. To better explain this concept some examples of situations that introduce cognitive dissonance follow.
- People who think they are smart, moral or competent and they make a mistake that would indicate otherwise.
- People with addictions that know the behavior is harmful but want to continue to do it anyway, such as smokers, overeaters, compulsive gamblers, alcoholics
- People that are genetically disposed to Mental Illness have difficulty in reconciling their actions with their conscience
- People that cheat on or find ways to reduce their taxes either unintentionally or intentionally.
- People that make excuses for the 'embarrassing' or trouble-making member of the family.
- People that automatically start 'playing the blame game' and pointing fingers.
- Politicians, in fact there is a book out on this right now that is referenced at the end of this article.
- Subordinates that have to justify enforcing policies they don't support, in business, government, military, etc
- Salespeople that have to sell a product they don't particularly care about, but have a need to exaggerate its value to the customer
- Professional people that have made a mistake that impacts their self image, such as a prosecuting attorney that wrongly convicts someone who is subsequently shown through something such as DNA evidence to be innocent. The attorney doesn't want to believe they have made this kind of mistake.
- People that want to believe in things that are not supported by strong evidence such as Superstitions, UFO's, Bigfoot, The Loch Ness Monster, Ghosts, Psychic phenomena, faith healing, etc
- People that have to reconcile why they hold a certain Religious belief rather than another
- People that have to reconcile events in their religion that they do not like, such as the many anecdotes in the Old Testament.
- People that have to reconcile why an all powerful and loving god would create the need to permit so much apparently needless suffering in the world.
- People that have to reconcile why Jesus mother and family thought he was crazy as described in Mark.
- People that have to reconcile why an all powerful loving God uses principles that are shown in day to day life to be flawed.
Once you understand the concept of Cognitive Dissonance and Self-Justification, you can see examples of it literally hour to hour, and especially in Movies and in TV where authors have to introduce conflict as quickly as possible to set the premise and give the characters something to do. It seems to be a mechanism, or drive related to self-preservation. The brain is wired for self-justification. It has been identified in every major culture. It shows up in fmri brain scans. Drew Weston showed that when a person is experiencing dissonance, the thought processes shut down and when the subject starts reducing dissonance the brain centers that show pleasure become activated. The problem is that it is a means of utilizing bias and ignoring evidence that prevents finding the truth or resolution of a problem. Once a person is experiencing Cognitive Dissonance it is very difficult for another person to interrupt the process. Attempts by another person to interrupt the process will result in the intensifying of the process and the resolve of the person experiencing dissonance to continue attempting to reconcile it.
An episode in a series of Psychology videos explains bias and cognitive dissonance very well. Follow this link Learner.org Part 11: Judgement and decision making. Registration is free to watch but you will have to create an account and I recommend it as 'safe' because i haven't received any spam since i did.
Of the many things the video talks about is a seminal experiment by Leon Festinger and Carl Smith.
Leon Festinger conducted one of the first experiments to introduce conditions that reliably induce dissonance. In the experiment the subjects were told to perform boring tasks. Afterwards they were given the opportunity to receive payment if they could influence others to participate in the experiment. Some subjects were given a twenty dollar payment, others only a one dollar payment and some were not given the offer. When asked to rate the tasks, the group that was paid one dollar rated them more highly than the group that was paid twenty. The group that was paid twenty dollars had an obvious external justification fortheir behavior, but those that were paid less had to internalize it. The researches theorized that the one dollar group did not believe they had sufficient justification to lie about the tasks so they were forced to changetheir attitude to relieve the stress. The process allowed the subjects to genuinely believe the tasks were enjoyable. Here is a link to the original paper.
Another similar experiment was done by Elliot Aronson where two groups were picked to join an organization with a initiation tasks. The organization turned out to be boring and uninteresting, but those that had the harder initiation felt more loyalty to it than those that had the easy initiation.
Leon Festinger summed it up in the video as "we come to love what we suffer for".
Carol Tarvis and Elliot Arronson (the researcher noted above) wrote a book on this subject called Mistakes Were Made (But Not By Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs
In an interview with Carol Tarvis on Point of Inquiry, the Podcast of the Center for Skeptical Inquiry she was asked if Cognitive Dissonance is manifested in religious belief and the following summarizes her response.
Q: There are religious people that don't demand proof for their beliefs, is this a way of relieving their cognitive dissonance?
A: The more important a particular belief is to us the more strongly we will ignore or reject evidence suggesting we are wrong. Religion is central to what gives many people meaning and purpose in life. This type of belief will be defended at all costs. Examples of dis-confirming evidence creating Cognitive Dissonance are Evolution, the Holocaust and disasters.
Most religious people are not threatened by evolution. They find a way to fit it into their beliefs, but some cannot fit it into their beliefs and they will go to great lengths to try to refute the dis-confirming evidence.
How do Jews deal with the Holocaust? The Jews believe they are the chosen people, and god is looking after them. How could a good loving god have permitted genocide? Students of Cognitive Dissonance Theory would predict that people would become more religious and their faith would be strengthened. What most people do is not lose their faith in God but reduce the dissonance by saying God is responsible for the Good in the world, human beings are responsible for the Evil or God is testing faith. The Christian response to the question of how Jesus could permit enormous suffering to happen is to believe that it is to test faith. Anything that is not consonant with a belief in God is reinterpreted to make it consonant. For example after a terrible disaster the survivors will say something like "god was looking after me" but discounting the fact that God was not looking out for other people that died.
Another interesting interview related to cognitive dissonance is from the radio show "All in the Mind". They interviewed Phillip Zambardo, the lead researcher involved with the Stanford Prison Experiment. The experiment had to be cancelled because it got out of control. The participants started self-justifying doing terrible things to each other and it had to be stopped. He was the expert witness for the defendants in the Abu Ghraib trial, explaining how situational factors can make good people do bad things using cognitive dissonance to self-justify their actions. It is described in his book
The Lucifer Effect. It made me think about slavery, the crusades, Old Testament atrocities and William Lane Craigs defense of killing pregnant mothers with a sword. (thanks Steven Carr!)
I suffered severely from dissonance and when I decided to subject my religious beliefs to the same type of criteria and scrutiny that I used for my day to day life, I discovered that I could no longer hold a belief in God. I Know that it is likely that I am not going to convince any christian that there is no God, but what I can do is, through the use of rational discussion, point out the weakness in their arguments and principles that their arguments depend on to introduce cognitive dissonance in their mind.
People use different criteria for reasoning based on the context of the situation. They are called Spheres when the the concept is applied to a group and "compartmentalizing" when applied to an individual. This concept is discussed in Stephen Toulmins "Introduction to Reasoning" and Richard D. Reinke and Malcom O. Sillars "Argumentation and Critical Decision Making". The difference in the spheres and compartments can be seen very well when comparing Scientific reasoning, Legal Reasoning, Religious Reasoning, Artistic Reasoning, and Business Reasoning. I am sure these are not all the spheres that can be identified but they are useful for this discussion. The difference between them is the weight that each places on types of evidence and principle. And often one type of reasoning taken out of context and applied in another sphere or compartment breaks down. For example, the type of anecdotal evidence used in Legal reasoning would break down when applied to science, just as Religious witness testimony breaks down when applied to Legal Reasoning. These facts insulate poor reasoning and can be used to Justify poor conclusions. However, when comparing the principles that conclusions depend on, it is not so easy to justify poor conclusions. For example, the concept of evidence is fundamental to all the types of reasoning but the type of evidence is not. However, if we say the type of evidence needed to justify a Christian belief is not sufficient to justify a Muslim, Hindu, Jewish (etc) then the principle breaks down and we can say the conclusion is flawed.
If you watch this blog long enough you can see people wrestling with this concept as illustrated here in this recent exchange between me and a commenter. We were talking 'embarrassing moments' in the bible and whether or not they are useful to build a case for authenticity. The argument goes that by including the 'embarrassing moments' in the bible it adds authenticity to it.
Lee:
I wouldn't even add it [argument for authenticity from embarrassing moments] to my portfolio to make a cumulative case. The reason why is someone like me would turn it around and point out, like I did in my first post, that in the beginning, Jesus as god was not the consensus. These things put in there were not threatening to that idea. Over time they became threatening. I would turn this argument around and say that it better supports Jesus lack of divinity because the anecdotes are not consistent with what should be the case if a god walked the earth, and if anyone should know it would be his mother. It better supports as ed points out that the further away from the event the larger his divinity grew which is more consistent with the creation of a legend than historical authenticity.
Commenter:
I would ad it [argument for authenticity from embarrassing moments] considering that it contributes in a positive way, even if it is neither necessary nor necessarily sufficient to make a case. Historical inquiry demands that I take it into consideration. The alternatives, while plausible, are not very strong in my opinion since they argue from silence and are based on hypotheticals.
What I want to point out is that while he asserts that the principle i am using to build my case is flawed he is happy to use it for his argument. Namely that the alternatives that I am using are not very strong and based on hypotheticals. His argument was too. And I claim his are based on them to a much larger degree since I have precedent on my side. In any case, I didn't use this example to declare that I am right, I simply used it as the most recent example of cognitive dissonance that I have experienced. If you watch this blog day to day, you see it almost every day.
The truth will stand up to scrutiny and the truth will set you free. People just have to decide to break down the walls between those compartments and identify and eliminate sources of bias because they will not be convinced by anyone otherwise.
REFERENCES not all inclusive, refer to the body of the article for more.
* Point of Inquiry podcast with Carol Tavris interview.
* Science Friday podcast interview with Elliot Aronson
* Mistakes Were Made (But Not By Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs
* Wikipedia on Cognitive Dissonance
* Stanford Prison Experiment
* The Lucifer Effect
Solomon Asch conformity experiments
* Solomon Asche
* Conformity Experiments
* YouTube video
Drew Weston
* Discussion of his experiment
* His book "The Political Brain: The Role of Emotion in Deciding the Fate of the Nation" | https://www.debunking-christianity.com/2007/11/introducing-cognitive-dissonance.html?showComment=1196052420000 |
I have just finished listening to a podcast which discussed the topic of cognitive dissonance. Just in case you haven't heard of it I'll explain what cognitive dissonance is. Its a subconscious process where people try to reduce the conflict (or dissonance) in their minds caused by conflicting beliefs, evidence or actions. I first discovered this phenomena when I studied psychology during my time at university. I can remember it used to be a joke when my friends made some crazy statement I would say something like "nice case of cognitive dissonance you've got going there".
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10 Tips to Handle Cognitive Dissonance in Social Media
Our abilities to think, understand, process what is understood, making decisions and then reflecting on our thoughts entail cognitive processes. Our cognition is hampered when we are constantly exposed to information we think we should pay attention to. What results is a state of continuous partial attention, which reduces our performance and efficiency. Most importantly, creativity ceases to exist and we lose our abilities to arrive at novel solutions.
Information overload also leads to a state of fatigue where one just doesn’t want to learn anything new and nothing surprises the person. However, what is not recognized is the issue of cognitive dissonance arising from exposure to opposing views on social media. It can easily be understood as reactionary behavior that we later regret, on account of reading tweets, shared links on Facebook or elsewhere about opposing thoughts, views and opinions.
When we are exposed to differing opinions on social media, and we are not able to choose which the right one is, we experience cognitive dissonance. Some of the emotions that we experience as a result of cognitive dissonance are dread, guilt, anger, frustration, anxiety, stress, etc. Most of us are aware of our belief systems. However, when we realize that there may be a grain of truth in another person’s views and opinions, it conflicts with our own beliefs. Such cognitive dissonance caused by social media can needs to be identified, targeted and ‘treated’, as psychologists would put it.
Research has shown that extraverts tend to respond to cognitive dissonance more effectively than introverts. Extraverts do not let opposing thoughts and feelings affect them as much as introverts do. Introverts on the other hand may feel that they need to align their thoughts and opinions according to the norms and may end up hurting themselves. This behavior is more evident online and on social networking sites where people continue to bombard others with differing thoughts and opinions.
To tackle cognitive dissonance, you may take a few steps.
- Accept that there are opposing views around you
- Accept that it is possible for you to hold opposing views at times, and not being able to decide which one is better.
- Become aware that conflicting emotions and conflicting ideas are causing trouble to you.
- Understand that these conflicting ideas are not the problem, but the resulting emotions which are unpleasant.
- Accept the fact that cognitive dissonance is a normal part of life and that you may sometimes just have to keep your emotions aside and choose the opinion that corroborates with your ideological position.
- Another option is to check facts, verify sources and come to a conclusion on an opinion which earlier caused you discomfort. If something is true and you refuse to believe it, it is only going to cause you distress.
- On social media, try not to be reactionary.Do not post tweets or share Facebook status updates that reflect your own state of cognitive dissonance. Instead, try to help people to reduce cognitive dissonance by stating facts. Facts that are verified and backed by experts may cause unpleasant reactions but you should not be bothered by opposing views if they are not really facts.
- Encourage your friends and co-workers to be more open about their own cognitive dissonance. It is nothing to be ashamed of, and is in fact a blessing in disguise as it allows us to be ambivalent towards ideas and opinions, instead of rushing towards what we like the best.
- Use social media to express opposing views and use it to understand opposing views. However, do not let these ambivalent thoughts to cause you distress. Give suggestions to yourself that it is ok to hold opposing beliefs and if they are unpleasant, reduce the anxiety by distracting yourself and telling yourself that unpleasant emotions are transient and do not last for a long time.
- No matter how deep your cognitive dissonance is, do not project unpleasant emotions to your followers on Twitter of Facebook. That can send a very negative signal, instead of helping you.
People often do not understand that social media and marketing communications are based on human psychology and psychological theories have a profound effect on many decisions that executives take. While using social media too, we can witness a number of theories that are explained in social psychology.
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How are Food Bloggers Turning into Influencers and Changing the Foodscape? | https://www.indusnet.co.in/10-tips-to-handle-cognitive-dissonance-in-social-media/ |
**Warning… some science and psychology in this article… reader beware!
Among the most natural of human instincts is the need to convince oneself that one’s actions are good and acceptable. In order to understand what is generally called self-justification we have to start with another scientific term; cognitive dissonance.
Cognitive dissonance is used to describe the state of a human when they become aware of a fact that doesn’t match up with their existing beliefs. For example if you believe the earth is flat and someone presents you with evidence that it is in fact round that creates dissonance. If you believe that enacting universal background checks and magazine limitations would make our society safer and you are presented with facts that suggest otherwise that creates dissonance. If you think of yourself as a competent and safe shooter but find yourself handling the firearm in a way that isn’t safe that creates dissonance.
Understand that cognitive dissonance is like an emergency in the human mind. You cannot withstand it at all. The human has three different ways to deal with dissonance. Option one is to alter either the existing belief to make sense with the new information or to alter or justify the new information to fit the existing belief (I bet you know which is more common). Option two is to accept that you don’t have all the information to fully understand the information you have. Not common. Option three is to be driven insane. When you have two conflicting realities in your mind you will be driven crazy to the point of suicide, seeking professional help, or dissolving the confusion in drugs.
Thus the human tends to receive all information through one’s current paradigm; constantly adjusting the information to fit existing beliefs in such a way as to reduce or eliminate dissonance.
We see this when research is released around a highly political topic. Each side of the debate takes the same information and uses it to prove their point because they can only see the information in a way that justifies their current position. The implications are enormous in every arena of our lives but I want to highlight some of the implications surrounding firearms.
Firearm Safety
In surveys 93% of American drivers mark themselves as better than average in driving skills. Similarly I suspect most of us think our firearm handling skills are above par. The mere idea that we could or might break some or any of the basic safety rules comes as a bit of a hit to our own ego. In the chance that someone observes us make a mistake we immediately attempt to convince ourselves, and sometimes others also that we were justified because of some special, personal, or specific reason. How often do we just say, “thanks for telling me; I will try harder to follow the rules.” Even now I suspect many of us read this paragraph and think to ourselves that we would of course take it with humility but the brain will self-justify faster than you can imagine.
Political Debate
I think there are also lessons to be learned from cognitive dissonance when it comes to discussions about firearm related law. Sometimes we talk ourselves (and others) blue in the face trying to get them to see our point of view but it doesn’t do any good because they can only reconcile everything we present to them through the paradigm of their current belief, and we do the same. Instead we have to find ways to force people to question their existing belief and that is far more difficult than just a passionate text message or Facebook post. It requires well thought out and thorough ideas with research and fact that removes any potential escape of justification or other dissonance reducing behavior. | https://newyork.concealedcarry.com/firearm/what-is-cognitive-dissonance-and-what-does-it-have-to-do-with-politics-and-gun-safety |
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