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February 19th event offers free health screenings, fitness classes and health-related demonstrations to help combat the county’s number one killer: heart disease.
LARGO, MD – Heart disease continues to be the leading cause of death in Prince George’s County and the nation; one in four deaths are the result of heart disease. As part of national American Heart Month commemorations in February, the Prince George’s County Health Department is co-sponsoring the “Health Matters” health and wellness expo on Wednesday, February 19 at the Kentland Community Center, 2413 Pinebrook Avenue, Landover, MD 20785.
“Improving residents’ access to quality health care services is one of my administration’s top priorities,” said Prince George’s County Executive Angela Alsobrooks. “The county and its dedicated community partners are here to help you take charge of your health and raise awareness about preventing heart disease.”
The Health Department is co-hosting the expo with the Prince George’s County Department of Parks and Recreation and WUSA9. The expo brings together local and regional health and medical experts to offer the community a one-stop shop of free health screenings, including those for blood pressure, BMI, glucose, cholesterol, dental, as well as a variety of fitness classes (Zumba, yoga, kickboxing) and health-related demonstrations (CPR, healthy cooking) and more.
Fitness classes begin at 6:15 a.m. and run throughout the day. The morning health screenings session is from 9 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. and the afternoon health screenings session is from 2:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m. There will be demonstrations and activities until 8:30 p.m. Here is the full schedule of activities and screenings.
“Roughly 1,500 Prince Georgians die of heart disease every year,” said Prince George’s County Deputy Chief Administrative Officer for Health, Human Services and Education Dr. George L. Askew. “It’s critical that we inform the community that heart disease is preventable. Healthier lifestyle choices, such as maintaining a healthy weight and increasing physical activity, can prolong or save lives.”
View the latest statistics about heart disease in Prince George’s County.
New to attendees at the expo this year is the opportunity to have one-on-one discussions with a doctor, pharmacist, nutritionist or therapist to gain additional health insight.
We encourage residents to register for the event and choose the health screenings, fitness classes or demonstrations they would like to attend. | https://www.princegeorgescountymd.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=1609&ARC=2400 |
During their time at Epsom College in Malaysia, pupils will experience a range of sports, thus shaping a positive lifelong attitude towards fitness and health.
Pupils with a keen interest in a particular activity can opt for co-curricular sessions that take place every afternoon. Pupils train at least twice a week, and teams at every age group will compete in inter-house tournaments as well as against other schools.
Participation sports will be rotated in a fixed schedule, and interested pupils may practise on a more regular basis through co-curricular activities training:
- Badminton
- Squash
- Hockey
- Tennis
- Swimming
- Volleyball
Recreational sports aim to promote a healthy lifestyle in a fun yet educational manner and form part of our co-curricular programme. We offer the following sports:
- Golf
- Ultimate Frisbee
- Yoga
- Table tennis
- Zumba
- Climbing
- Rounders
- Boxing
- Brazilian Jiu Jitsu
- Cycling
For more information on what we have to offer as part of our co-curricular programme, please click on the links below: | https://www.epsomcollege.edu.my/beyond-the-classroom/co-curricular/co-curricular-sport/ |
Health is a critical factor in determining opportunity potential. But health disparities between neighborhoods persist. Children who grow up in the least healthy zip codes are statistically likely to live 20 years fewer than those who grow up in the healthiest zip codes. Many living in poverty also experience chronic stress as they struggle to cope with the challenges of day to day life.
Our Communities of Opportunity work aims to equalize the landscape of opportunity and engage residents, through the co-production of interventions, to improve health and wellbeing, resulting in better life outcomes for our residents.
Diet and exercise have a tremendous impact, not only on health, but also on cognitive capacity. We run healthy eating classes, helping to build healthy eating habits and cut down on obesity levels; we provide a wide range of exercise classes, from yoga to zumba; we build gyms and exercise facilities in all of our new developments; and we create walking clubs; we promote health fairs and on-site health provision including services like mobile dentistry, podiatry, health checks etc.; and we encourage residents to develop healthy habits and healthy lifestyles.
The residents of 135th street identified improved well-being as one of their top priorities as a community. The community enjoys regular fitness activities, dances, and “healthy” pot luck get togethers at our newly launched resident center. This community convening space has opened a world of opportunity for the residents to share their talents and try new ways to improve health. The 135th street is partnered with the Harlem YMCA to provide free Yoga and senior chair exercises, and a nationwide fitness program known as “Silver Sneakers”. Fitness classes are now offered twice a week in the morning and early evening on site to better serve the fitness goals of our working families.
Poor neighborhood conditions and/or poorly designed housing have been shown to have deleterious effects on a wide range of outcomes, including health. We believe that safe, green, stable affordable housing is a platform to achieve better health. | http://www.rosecompanies.com/communities-of-opportunities/healthy-living/ |
Bracknell MP Dr Phillip Lee joined representatives from Sandhurst sports clubs to promote a Family Fitness Fun Day.
The day will offer all sorts of activities, from orienteering, basketball and Zumba to yoga and pilates, at Sandhurst Memorial Park, Yorktown Road, on Saturday, June 9.
Dr Lee said: “I want to encourage local people to get healthy and active.
“Regular exercise can help reduce your risk of heart disease, control your weight, ease aches and pains and relieve stress and depression.
“Just a few minutes at least five days a week will make you feel the health benefits.
“It is important that you choose activities that you might enjoy, so come along to Sandhurst Fitness Fun Day to find out which type of exercising is more fun for you.”
Activities will be run from 1pm to 5pm by groups including Sandhurst Tennis Club and Sandhurst FC. | https://www.getreading.co.uk/lifestyle/your-family-active-sandhurst-fitness-4200622 |
Get fit, healthy for free at Sonoma County libraries
The Sonoma County Library is known for its promotion of reading literacy for everyone from children to adults. But now, armed with a $30,000 federal grant, it plans to promote health and fitness literacy for the community.
Starting this week through May, the 12 branches of the Sonoma County Library will offer a series of free classes for all ages with the help of several community partners. The classes range from Healing Food Basics and Yoga to a Fresh from the Garden class on growing your own vegetables.
The idea was born after Jaime Anderson, division manager for the library system, did some research to identify needs in the community and came across a Sonoma County Health Needs Assessment report.
“One of the key findings ... was that healthy eating and physical fitness was a big priority in our county,” said Anderson. “Another report, Portrait of Sonoma County, found that health and well-being disparities ... are largely preventable by education.”
The grant, supported by the U.S. Institute of Museum and Library Services, started on July 1 and will run through June 30, 2017, with several classes scheduled each week at various library branches.
“We wanted to ... help level the playing field for families who may not be able to join a gym or take a cooking class,” Anderson said. “The idea was to offer something for all ages.”
While applying for the grant, Anderson also reached out to several countywide groups, asking them to partner with the library in presenting the classes.
Sonoma County Family YMCA instructor Merritt Wright will give a class in Cardio Kickboxing, for example, and Bryan Peters will give a class in Gentle Stretch and Strength.
“This is an introductory class for an older population that tends to be more sedentary,” Peters said. “It’s a gentle way to introduce them to the basic parameters of fitness, which include flexibility, strength training and balance.”
Thais Harris, nutrition education program manager for the Ceres Community Project, will give a class on Healing Foods Basics, which includes a demonstration of how to make a healthy smoothie and an energy ball.
In the class, Harris also will explain the components of a health-promoting diet, including the anti-inflammatory spice turmeric, and provide inspiration for cooking with high-quality, fresh ingredients on a budget.
“The feedback I often get from students is that they feel more inspired to cook,” she said. “They gain clarity about what constitutes a health-promoting diet, including what to add first, and then what to avoid.”
Betty Smith, an instructor with the Santa Rosa Junior College, will give a meditation class that can be done sitting in a chair. Students will learn about the physical, mental and emotional benefits of the practice.
“Meditation has become a scientifically proven method of stress reduction and is prescribed for many conditions like diabetes,” Smith said. “We will actually practice some short meditations together, with lots of time for questions.”
During the winter, when it’s flu season, classes will also include a medical screening with the library’s partner St. Joseph Health, which will test for blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol.
Other winter classes will include Winter Vegetables Beyond Broccoli, with cooking expert Jill Nussinow, “The Veggie Queen”; a Family Boot Camp for kids 8 and up offered by the YMCA; an explanation of Ayurveda, a body science that treats symptoms naturally based on mental and physical type; and Senior Health Literacy.
In the spring, you can choose between Yoga for Neck and Shoulders from SRJC staff, a Funky Freestyle Fitness class from the YMCA, a gardening class from the Sonoma County Department of Health Services, and a Cooking in Season class from Nussinow.
For the physical exercise classes, participants can just show up. But classes such as Meditation for Everyone and Healing Foods require pre-registration. To sign up, call or stop by your local library branch and talk to the information/reference desk.
To help promote the program, the library also plans to offer a Healthy Living club membership, with prizes offered at the end for people who complete the program.
“Each of our 12 locations will give away one prize,” Anderson said. “We’ll be giving away an Instant Pot or a blender, some Sonoma County Regional Parks passes and maybe a Fitbit.”
The first class, Meditation for Everyone, will be held at 10 a.m. Oct. 4 at the Rincon Valley Library. For a schedule of classes, go to sonomalibrary.org/events/programs.
Staff writer Diane Peterson can be reached at 521-5287 or [email protected]. On Twitter @dianepete56.
Diane Peterson
Features, The Press Democrat
I’m interested in the home kitchen, from sheet-pan suppers to the latest food trends. Food encompasses the world, its many cultures, languages and history. It is both essential and sensual. I also have my fingers on the pulse of classical music in Sonoma County, from student mariachi bands to jazz crossover and symphonic sounds. It’s all a rich gumbo, redolent of the many cultures that make up our country and the world. | https://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/lifestyle/get-fit-healthy-for-free-at-sonoma-county-libraries/ |
We want to help each of our Upper School students live a life of physical fitness, healthy nutrition, and responsible decision-making.
Making Wellness a Priority
Our goal is to give students frequent opportunities to develop their minds, bodies, and spirits. We work to create an atmosphere of wellness in our classrooms that extends into the community, by instilling the values of physical fitness, good character, skill building, and an overall healthy lifestyle. By teaching our students about current facts and practices for physical fitness, healthy living, and leisure-time pursuits, we hope that they gain a sense of responsible decision-making that leads to active, healthy, and productive lifestyles.
Accordion
This course provides students with a broad range of tools to be fit for a lifetime. Students practice team sports such as soccer, cricket, floor hockey, basketball, lacrosse, and football, as well as a range of fitness activities like weight lifting, yoga, Pilates, and interval workouts.
In their sophomore year, students explore a variety of lifetime sports and activities such as golf, tennis, ultimate Frisbee, cornhole, softball, and bowling, as well as fitness exercises that promote stress relief and healthier living. In addition to guided meditation and self-defense practice, students learn new workouts in the weight room and fitness routines that they can use for the rest of their lives.
Required for sophomores, this course takes a holistic approach to wellness, encouraging students to become active participants in improving and maintaining their health. A wide variety of topics are covered, such as physical activity, nutrition, stress management, drug education, and healthy relationships and sex education. Students also learn First Aid and CPR. | https://www.7hills.org/academics/upper-school/upper-school-curriculum/upper-school-physical-education/ |
The Northern Sport Centre is committed to following the orders issued by the Provincial Health Officer.
Until further notice:
- Wearing a mask in the facility is not required but strongly recommended.
- Clean all equipment BEFORE and AFTER use.
- Continue to practice physical distancing.
- Stay home if you are feeling ill.
Don't Forget!
- All group fitness classes are part of your membership fee.
- No classes on stat holidays: Monday, May 23 (Victoria Day), Friday, May 27 (UNBC Convocation)
- Activities are suitable for all levels of fitness - just do your best.
- Class dates/times and instructors are subject to change. They may be cancelled at any time for illness, COVID-19 orders, facility bookings and other activities. Please visit the specific class below, follow us on social media to stay updated or check out our Twitter feed on the web home page.
- Please ensure you have scanned in at the Front Desk upon arrival at the facility to allow Zone access. Carry your FOB with you as you move around the Zones.
Click on the class you are interested in for description, day and time!
Children and Youth Class Access
- Children 13 - 15 can participate with a parent/guardian in attendance.
- Youth 16 + are permitted without a parent/guardian.
- Children under 12 are not permitted to participate or sit in on classes. They cannot sit outside the room or in the hallway while their parents participate.
A few things to remember to ensure a positive and respectful experience for everyone:
- Please limit your use of scents such as perfume and cologne when attending these classes.
- Pick up your NSC Class Pass at the Front Desk thirty (30) minutes before class time to confirm your spot. One pass per person. No taking a pass(s) to save a spot for others.
- Drop in fitness classes are closed to late arrivals. This prevents disrupting the instructor and the participants.
- Outdoor shoes are not permitted in the fitness areas.
Boomer Fit
Monday and Wednesday: 10:30am - 11:25am
Age is just a number in this fun and popular class for those 50+! Grab a friend (or meet a new one!) as you exercise your way to fitness or an improved fitness level using weights, bands and more. Led by Erica and Rebecca in Zone 6 if you have medical issues that have limited your participation, join us!
Cycle Fit
Tuesday and Thursday: 6:00am - 6:55am
This high intensity class will challenge your cycling performance, cardiovascular fitness and muscular endurance. If you want to take your cycle fitness to a higher level, this is your class.
Cycle Fit is suitable for riders fresh off the training wheels as well as those seeking a new challenge. David teaches this popular morning class up in Zone 6.
Cycle 'n Core
Monday: 5:00pm - 5:55pm
Join Rebecca in Zone 6 for this combination of Cycle Fit and Core Fit! 35 minutes of cycling and 20 minutes of core work on the floor will jumpstart your week and build cardio and strength.
Fit Camp
Monday and Wednesday: 6:15pm - 7:15pm (classes cancelled May 23 - June 13)
Tuesday: 6:00pm - 7:00pm
Saturday: 9:00am - 9:55am
Northern Sport Centre’s signature Boot Camp will take amp up your fitness using an interval-based workout. No drill sergeants, but all the hard-core conditioning you can handle. Head up to Zone 6 and train with cutting edge methods and equipment to create a healthier you.
Lon teaches Tuesday night and Saturday morning. Kim Monday and Wednesday.
Gentle Yoga
Friday: 12:00pm - 12:55pm
Gentle Yoga is a great class if you are new to yoga or feel the need for a more restful approach. Vivian leads a slower pace that allows for personal guidance while building a foundation to improve your strength and balance.
Vinyasa Yoga
Wednesday: 4:30pm - 5:25pm
Vinyasa is a smooth sequence of yoga poses, seamlessly progressing from one to the next, anchored by the breath. Also known as flow, this dynamic style of yoga incorporates lengthening, strengthening, opening, core, and balance postures. And of course a delicious savasana at the end of your practice!
Led by Leah, it will help you achieve and maintain healthy metabolism, athletic posture, an alive body and a focused mind.
HIIT Boot Camp
Friday: 6:00am - 6:55am
Get ready to sweat! This high intensity interval training class consists of circuit type training that incorporates cardio, resistance training, and core, all in a fast faced, feel the burn workout!
Love the workout, love the results! David teaches all three classes.
Gentle Vinyasa Yoga
Tuesday and Saturday: 9:00am - 10:15am
Vinyasa is the union of breath and movement. This is a beginner flow class at a slower pace, with variations and modifications to poses offered to make it accessible to all. We will gently flow through lengthening, opening, and soothing asanas (yoga postures), while being mindful to the alignment of the body and the breath. It will help you maintain high metabolism, healthy posture, and an energetic body. If you’ve been wanting to try Vinyasa but weren’t sure if it would be suitable for you, let Leah introduce you to this this practice.
Yin Yoga
Wednesday and Friday: 10:30am - 11:45am
Make time to restore, relax and return to your breath through a slow, nourishing practice led by Vivian. In the practice of Yin, allow your body to passively release into deeper relaxation and flexibility.
NEW! Strength n' Conditioning
Thursday: 5:00pm - 5:55pm
New to our schedule and designed by Rebecca, this class uses dumbbells, kettlebells and your own body weight to increase strength, flexibility and cardio. Head up to Zone 6 for an energizing workout with other like-minded participants!
Yoga
Wednesday: 12:00pm - 12:55pm
Join Vivian as she leads the ancient practice of uniting your breath and physical posture. Acquire improved flexibility, balance, strength and mental clarity. Yoga is for all levels and abilities. Classes range in style depending on the instructor’s teaching practice. No previous yoga experience is necessary!
Zumba
Thursday: 5:00pm - 5:55pm (cancelled May 26)
Zumba is an exhilarating, effective, easy-to-follow, Latin-inspired, calorie-burning dance fitness-party™ !
Taught by Benita, once the Latin and World rhythms take over, you'll see why Zumba® Fitness classes are called exercise in disguise. | https://www2.unbc.ca/northern-sport-centre/group-fitness-drop-classes |
Beginning June 3, UHD Sports & Fitness will begin offering summer fitness classes for UHD staff, faculty and students. The new summer schedule will run through August 8.
Courses offered this summer include:
- Yoga
- Pilates
- Bodyshred
- Gator Dojo
- Line Dancing
- Zumba, Zumba Toning & Zumba Strong
- Pound!
- FitCamp
For more information on classes, visit UHD Sports & Fitness. | https://thehubdigest.com/2019/05/15/uhd-sports-fitness-announces-summer-fitness-class-schedule/ |
At EISB, we believe that maintaining a healthy body is as important as maintaining a healthy mind. As such, all of our students in grades 1-10 take Physical Education (P.E.) as part of the curriculum. Our sports facilities include outdoor and indoor, which are used during P.E. lessons and after school team practice.
The school has a very large and well-equipped sports hall which can be sub-divided for various class activities. Our sports facilities equipped for outdoor & Indoor sports like Skating, Basketball, Football, Table tennis, Shuttle Badminton, Squash, Martial Arts, Cricket, Dance, Zumba, Yoga and many more.
Importance and Benefits of Co-curricular Activities
Role of a Teacher in Organising curricular Activities
AFTER SCHOOL SPORTS
After-school sports are run by the EISB. The EISB students learn the fundamentals of a variety of sports from an early age including Kindergarten. Various sports camps are also on offer during the winter and summer breaks.
The mission of the EISB is to provide an enjoyable program of extracurricular activities and create an environment that nurtures and develops dedication and responsibility. | http://eisb.co.in/facilities/sports/ |
Chef Colin Boisvert holds a degree in Culinary Arts and Culinary Nutrition from Johnson & Wales University. He is the Food Service Director for Franklin Public Schools and brings more than 10 years of culinary expertise to the table. He believes that preparing your own food is the cornerstone of a healthy diet. He is a chef that brings healthy cooking to the kitchen with classic techniques.
Carol Bouchard holds a degree from Dean College. She has a Group Fitness certification, ACE certification as a personal trainer, Certified Zumba Instructor, Group Power certification, and Schwinn Spin certification as a spin instructor.
Nanci Cahalane is a certified AFAA Personal Trainer and Fitness Counselor with more than 17 years of personal training experience. She was an MIAA Certified Coach and has competed in numerous marathons during her 35 years of running and racing experience.
Megan Chen has been practicing yoga for several years. She enjoys the power of the mind/ body/ breath connection that yoga offers. Megan became certified to teach in 2013, teaching hatha and vinyasa yoga in the viniyoga tradition. She also has training in Ayurveda, pranayama, yoga nidra and infant/ toddler yoga. Fitness and wellness have become an important and cherished part of her life, and she looks forward to the opportunity to share that with others.
Diane Choquette has been creating various types of art from paintings, 3D arts and crafts for over 25 years. She received a Bachelor of Fine Arts with a concentration in painting from Framingham State University. She is also a member of the Franklin Art Association.
Ann Donovan is an accomplished artist working in polymer clay. She has created a Regional Guild called New England Polymer Artist Guild. It covers all six states of New England.
Gail Eckberg is a full-time teaching artist. She was born in Boston and grew up in a family of artists where her passion for art materialized at an early age. After receiving a B.S. in Education and Psychology, Gail continued on to receive a Master’s degree from Lesley University in Business Management.
Gisela Flamenco, an experienced instructor, has taught Zumba for years in a variety of settings.
Franklin Fire Department Fire Safety Education Team provides a full range of prevention services including code compliance, plans review and public education.
Franklin Police Community Service Officers. FPD CSO Officers are all veteran officers that are assigned to the Franklin Public Schools. They have received various training related to safety and youth issues.
Fungineers gives access to the building blocks, tools, and mindset for kids interested in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM).
Ray Goulet enjoys the game of volleyball and has students returning year after year for this class.
Ross Irwin, a native of Scotland, grew up playing competitive badminton at a very young age with several club teams in Glasgow, Scotland. He advanced to be an alternate for the U18 Mixed Doubles National Team. He has continued to play and coach this lifelong sport through his adult life and as a resident of Franklin for the past 24 years. He is excited to see this recent surge of interest in this exciting Olympic sport.
Sandhya Jain, owner of Sandhya’s Kitchen, shares her passion for making cooking easy, effortless, healthy, and delicious with her students in the various Kids Cooking Classes through the Kids Corner program. In addition, she currently conducts adult education cooking classes at various locations throughout the greater Franklin area.
Minessa Konecky, founder of Direct to Success, is a social media business coach that has trained and empowered thousands of entrepreneurs to be successful in their small businesses. She has developed multiple courses on advanced social media practices, and inspires leaders while speaking at corporate conventions. She has been involved in numerous projects working to bridge the gap between technology, the web, and social media.
Brian LaPlaca is a long-time enthusiast and player/coach for the game of basketball and has students returning year after year for this class.
Danielle LaPlante is an accomplished art instructor at Franklin High School’s Arts Academy..
Mark Lenzi CSW, CSS, CWAS, FWS, IWS, co-owner of Franklin Liquors. Trained by the International Sommelier Guild; Certified Specialist of Wine (CSW) and Spirits (CSS) By The Society Of Wine Educators; First in MA to be a California Wine Appellation Specialist (CWAS) by the SF Wine School; French Wine; Scholar And Instructor (FWS) by the French Wine Society; First in USA to hold a Quini Certified Educator (QCE) title; Italian Wine Specialist (IWS) by the North American Sommelier Association. Franklin Liquors is a family-owned business vintage 1978.
Heather Martin is a 200-hr certified yoga teacher through yoga alliance. Heather's journey with yoga first began several years ago when a friend invited her to attend a Vinyasa Flow Class. She felt the benefits immediately and after enduring back surgery, her commitment to her yoga practice deepened. She has been inspired by the knowledge of her teachers, the creativity of her fellow classmates, and the love of her family. After witnessing the benefits of yoga in herself, she felt compelled to share this peace with children and adults. Heather is First Aid, CPR and AED certified.
Stephanie McBride has been connecting people with lost love ones for over 15 years. The experience is always very personal and unique to each individual.
Mike Masto is an accomplished sports coach, football enthusiast and physical education teacher for Franklin Public Schools.
Ida Matuskova is the owner/operator of First Buddies Playgroup. She has been knitting for more than 30 years and has previously taught children to knit.
David Moses is aFinancial Advisor with Statera Financial. At Statera his focus is working with pre-retirees and the retired to help clients turn their investments into income. He is also a member of the Town of Franklin Finance committee.
Derek Pisano has been playing volleyball for over 18 years, both indoor and beach, and has competed in numerous tournaments. Derek created and has led a summer beach volleyball league. His philosophy is to elevate the level of play while keeping the game enjoyable and safe.
Rich Powers has owned The Henry Studio in Holliston, MA for 19 years and before that Rich had owned his own photography business for 6 years. In addition to the thousands of portraits he has photographed over the years, he has photographed well over 1000 weddings.
Bonnie Puccio has been a line dance instructor at various locations throughout the Southeastern MA area for 10 years. She is Senior Fitness trained and AFAA certified.
RWL Weightliftings intent is to use weightlifting as a vehicle to create structure in a person’s life, to help develop strong people physically and emotionally.
Pamela Ringrose is an experienced bilingual teacher who has lived and worked in Florence, Milan, France and Switzerland. She is fluent in Italian, French and basic German. She returns for another semester of teaching both French and Italian.
Donna Shea is a behaviorist and a pioneer in providing community-based social education programs for elementary-age children. She has developed and directed programs for children at the Peter Pan Center in Massachusetts since 2002. Donna holds a degree in Behavioral Science from Lesley University and is a behavioral consultant to pre-schools, schools, parent groups, and human service agencies.
Kay Thomas is an AFAA Group Fitness Instructor, CPR/AED certified, AHA NEDITA Pilates instructor, Nautilus instructor. YMCA group fitness instructor. Zumba Gold instructor and retired National Ski Patrol.
Tranquil Souls Yoga Studio. At Tranquil Souls Yoga, they support you as you nurture your mind, body, and spirit. Their hope is that the end result is a new you, free to live in this moment and create happier, joyful experiences for yourself and those around you. While at Tranquil Souls Yoga, you will feel completely relaxed infused with a warm and peaceful energy.
David Wiech is a Financial Advisor with Statera Financial. At Statera his focus is working with individuals and families to help them achieve a secure future through good financial strategies. He is also a member of the Town of Franklin Finance committee.
Ronald Zincone is an award-winning photographer from south county, Rhode Island and a graduate of the New York Institute of Art & Design. Ronald has been pursuing photography, astronomy and extreme weather since the early 70's and has become southern New England's #1 traveling teacher of photography, astronomy and extreme weather! | http://www.franklinlifelonglearning.com/community_learning/meet_our_instructors.php |
At MFL MarMac, the focus is on more than just educating students. It’s also about ensuring their health and well-being. That’s where the district’s wellness committee comes into play.
Made up of teachers, administrators, nursing and dietary staff, and community members, the group meets quarterly to discuss the school’s goals for maintaining and improving the health and well-being of students through education, nutrition and fitness.
“Everything we do is based on the Healthy Kids Act, from how we serve meals to how we hold recess,” explained McGregor Center nurse Jennelle Schroeder, who’s one of the committee’s leaders.
For the last few years, MFL MarMac had a resource contact through the Northeast Iowa Food and Fitness Initiative who helped implement some of those goals. However, when funding sources for the program changed, the district opted not to participate this school year. As a result, the wellness committee has taken on a different role.
Right now, they’re working on updating the district’s wellness policy.
The wellness committee is also preparing to implement the 5-2-1-0 Healthy Choices Count campaign later this month. Through Iowa’s Healthiest State Initiative, this movement aims to keep kids healthy by focusing on good habits: “5” or more fruits and vegetables each day, “2” hours or less of screen time, “1” or more hour(s) of physical activity and “0” sugary drinks – more water.
The program is helpful, said Schroeder, because it provides a wealth of already-created lesson plans in each area, as well as action plans to complete the good habits.
Schroeder is especially excited about rolling 5-2-1-0 out at the middle school, where the Healthy Youth Peer Education (HYPE) team she advises will take the lead.
“The HYPE kids will come up with some ways to educate and promote it,” she said. “Educating and mentoring is part of what they do. They did a lot of cross-age teaching last year and seemed to really enjoy it.”
Groups like HYPE are just one fun way the school promotes health and wellness. Aside from cross-age teaching, where they speak about topics with younger students, Schroeder said HYPE is also planning a fun night for later in the year.
“It’s a whole night of physical activities, like a dodgeball tournament, bean bags and Wii Fit or Dance,” she shared. “They’ll also have a healthy concession stand.”
In the future, HYPE also hopes to create a cooking club, she added.
Other school health and wellness activities include participation, each October, in the Healthiest State Initiative’s Healthiest State Walk. At MFL MarMac, it’s been dubbed “Walkin’ the Dogs,” with students and staff coming together for a 30-minute walk. “It’s a really good thing,” said elementary principal Kathy Koether. “All the buildings participate.”
In the spring, students participate in “Go the Distance May,” a program through Live Healthy Iowa that highlights the importance of physical activity in a healthy lifestyle by encouraging schools to engage kids in 30 minutes of continuous physical activity. At MFL MarMac, those activities include games, relays and sports.
Wellness activities don’t end there. Students have the opportunity to try new foods at meal times and enjoy engaging physical education classes, as well. This school year, the nationally-recognized Bigger Faster Stronger strength and conditioning program was opened up to middle and high school students.
Teachers and other staff also promote physical activity, like yoga, in their classrooms. Additionally, they advocate for healthy snacks and drinks. For example, in the mind and body unit elementary guidance counselor Kurt Gaylor teaches to third graders, students make their own healthy smoothies.
“We talk about the different food groups,” he explained. “They roll a die that has colors on it, then have to pick a food in that group.”
“We talk about the vitamins it has in it and why it’s good for the body,” added Donna Krambeer, a nurse associate at the Monona Center.
Gaylor said students try foods like spinach, which they think they’ll hate, but end up enjoying.
Schroeder said the wellness committee would like to explore even more ways to engage students, and hopes community members can help by either joining the committee or sharing their thoughts at a meeting. “We want to know the areas where people see a need in regard to health and wellness,” she said.
The group would particularly appreciate fun ideas for promoting fitness and nutrition—anything from posting health-related info on Facebook to sending home healthy recipes. “It’s always nice to get a fresh perspective,” Schroeder said. “They [parents] have kids. They hear what the kids like and don’t like.”
If parents or community members have a particular area they’re passionate about, Schroeder said the wellness committee would love to learn more. “If they have interests that apply to nutrition and wellness, we’ll use them that way too,” she shared.
The next wellness committee meeting will be held Monday, March 19, at 4:15 p.m, at the McGregor Center. If you would like more information, contact Schroeder or Pat Echard, the district’s food service director.
Source: Audrey Posten, North Iowa Times, 1/16/18. | https://iowafoodandfitness.org/wegrow/2018/01/17/wellness-committee-welcomes-input-from-community/ |
• To develop pupils’ games skills, nurture sportsmanship values and equip them with the knowledge, skills and attitudes to pursue and enjoy a physically active and healthy lifestyle.
• Align to MOE purpose, goals and 21st CC outcomes
Goals of Physical Education
Goal 1: Acquire a range of motor skills to participate in a variety of physical activities
Goal 2: Understand and apply movement concepts, principles and strategies in a range of physical activities
Goal 3: Demonstrate safe practices during physical and daily activities with respect to themselves, others and the environment.
Goal 4: Display positive personal and social behaviour across different experiences.
Goal 5: Acquire and maintain health-enhancing fitness through regular participation in physical activities
Goal 6: Enjoy and value the benefits of living a physically active and healthy life
Inter House Games
A series of sports competitions for our students to make new friendships and demonstrate their learning.
SMB Youth Run and Games
SMB Youth Run – Our school’s Mass Run event to instil joy, a love for the outdoors and resilience amongst our students. Through these platforms our students become active and learn to inculcate healthy lifestyle.
SMB Youth Games – Our school’s Track and Field day where students demonstrate their learning from Track and Field Module taught in PE lessons. It is also a day to promote fun, adopt healthy lifestyle and develop character such as excellence and sportsmanship values.
Outdoor Programmes
|Secondary 1 Hiking and Orienteering Programme|
|Secondary 2 Resilience Camp|
|Secondary 3 MOE-OBS Programme|
Students develop appropriate outdoor skills through physical activities while cultivating an attitude of care and appreciation for the environment, and thoughtful consideration of the risks and safety of self and others.
PE Modules
3 Learning Areas are:
|Outdoor Education|
|Sports and Games|
|Physical Health and Fitness|
|Sec 1||Sec 2||Sec 3||Sec 4||Sec 5|
|Term 1||
|
Track and Field
Physical Health & Fitness
|Term 2||
|
Ultimate Frisbee
|Badminton||Touch Rugby||Softball||Softball|
|Term 3 & 4||
|
Outdoor Education
Netball
|
|
Outdoor Education
Floorball
|Volleyball||Games Innovation||Mini Tennis|
By the end of Secondary 4/5, students will be exposed to at least 7 Games Modules, with at least 1 Module from each category of Net-Barrier, Striking-Fielding and Territorial-Invasion.
PE Pedagogy and Teaching Models
|Games Concept Approach
|
Focuses on teaching the underlying tactics of games and the necessary performance skills
|Sport Education
|
Provides students with the authentic sport experiences in PE setting
|Direct and Indirect Instructions
|
Enables teachers to control the learning process with the learners
PE Assessment
|Formative Assessment
|
Consists of Peer Assessment and Skills Checklist (e.g. use of Plickers, Games Performance Assessment Instrument, PE apps)
|Summative Assessment
|
Students will receive a PE grade at the end of the year, based on their participation in the 3 main learning areas.
Team Members/Dept Teachers
Head of Department : Mr Janarthanam s/o Subramaniam
Teachers : | https://sembawangsec.moe.edu.sg/curriculum/pe-cca/ |
Health and wellness might not sound like a concern of local libraries, but Meridian Library District leaders think otherwise.
Starting this month the district is launching a new citywide health initiative, giving residents access to more resources fostering a healthy lifestyle.
The program, Meridian Moves, will include fitness classes, online resources and additions to the library district’s collection — things like healthy living cookbooks, workout DVDs and wellness books. District staff have put an emphasis on family health literacy “to promote a healthy lifestyle from a young age,” said library spokeswoman Macey Snelson.
Through the program, library staff plan to create “ways for kids and families to get active, to stay active and to learn about nutrition and how to fuel our bodies,” said Emily Brock, public services librarian. Hopefully, she said, those practices will stick with individuals for the rest of their lives.
The program is being funded through a $46,200 grant the district received from the National Network of Libraries of Medicine earlier this year. When applying for the grant, Brock and Megan Egbert, district programs manager, focused on diabetes management and prevention, identified as one of the major areas of concern in Ada County in the 2016 St. Luke’s Health Needs Assessment. Diabetes can contribute to heart and kidney disease, and in some cases result in death. Direct medical costs for type 2 diabetes accounts for nearly $1 of every $10 spent on medical care in the U.S., the assessment stated.
Through the grant, the library district will add 20 kits to its collection with things like blood pressure cuffs and monitoring devices, and jump ropes helping residents track and prevent diabetes. The kits will be ready to check out in January, Snelson said.
A portion of the grant will also pay for the library to host four additional back-to-back fitness classes every Sunday at one of the library’s branches. The library district is working with community partners to “layer in different styles of learning” in its new classes, Snelson said, which will include family yoga, Zumba and karate.
The classes and additional resources allow the library to introduce library patrons to new styles of fitness, Snelson said.
“You have some who want to read about it and research it, and you have some who want access to it at home, and this kind of allows that broad spectrum where you have all of them,” Snelson said.
The library already offers roughly 15 monthly fitness classes — like its Fit and Fall Proof program for seniors and its family yoga classes.
“The nice thing about the grant is it is building upon the success we’ve already had with our health and wellness initiative here at the library,” said Egbert.
The grant will pay for the additional Sunday classes until the end of April 2019, but the district will retain the resources the grant is paying for — like the kits and extra books.
As part of the initiative, the library district has formed a committee with members of partner organizations like Meridian Parks and Recreation and St. Luke’s. As Meridian Moves progresses, the library district plans to work with those organizations to make sure information about all community related health and wellness resources are available for patrons to find in on the Meridian Library District website.
St. Luke’s Community Health Manager Angie Gribble is a committee member. Having all the community’s resources compiled in one place will be helpful to residents because “navigating our community is tougher than we think,” she said. The website will help people engage on whatever level they want. Long term Gribble said the committee would like to find ways to change Meridian’s culture to make health a top priority in the community. | https://www.idahopress.com/meridian/news/government/more-than-books-fitness-kits-classes-offered-at-meridian-library/article_000cd8f8-28be-5219-9ba7-6726e05e8c35.html |
Native American culture. Native Americans were not granted full US citizenship until 1924.
a way of plowing land that preserves/saves water
a new Sioux Indian religion that became popular right before the great Battle of Wounded Knee.
A Sioux prophet, Wovoka (a Paiute Indian) promised that if Indians performed this ritual, the buffalo would return and all native lands would be restored, and that the white man would be finally defeated. Many Ghost
Dancers believed that performing the dance made them impervious/invulnerable to bullets.
once known as The Great American Desert, then as the Garden of the West, this a vast area of land in the west-central USA that consists of broad, flat grasslands with little constant rainfall but very fertile soil – is very cold in the winter and blistering hot in the summer. Although many settlers flocked to the Great
Plains after the Civil War, believing the theory that “rain will follow the plow”, long droughts and recurring swarms of locusts (which ate everything in sight, from crops and plants to the farmers’ clothing) drove many settlers to abandon their homesteads and move back east or push further west.
1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to any person willing to “prove” the land – to improve the land by building a home on the claim and farming it and planting a certain number of trees on it
a person who received land from the US gov’t. in return for “proving” it or farming it
herding cattle from the Texas plains to railroads in Missouri and other Midwest states for shipping to eastern cities (and eventually the slaughterhouses in Chicago) – it covered nearly 600 miles from San
Antonio, Texas to Abilene, Kansas and took 11 to 13 weeks – the cattle were sold at the railhead for eight times the price they would have fetched in Texas.
laws made in 1862 and 1890 to create agricultural colleges by giving federal land to states
a vast area of unfenced land where cattle ranchers used to allow their cows to roam and graze freely
violent skirmishes fought between ranchers and farmers, because the ranchers wanted the plains to stay open and unfenced, to ensure unlimited grazing for their cattle. The invention of barbed wire and its widespread adoption by farmers effectively put an end to these range wars.
slang term for sod houses, or houses made by cutting blocks of hard sod or turf from the ground.
Since the Great Plains had few trees there was no wood available to build homes for the pioneers, so soddies or dugouts (homes made by digging out a hillside) were the most common form of housing.
a term coined in 1845 by journalist John L. O’Sullivan that indicated that it was God or
Providence’s plan for Americans to spread westward over the entire continent –
“the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions”
this land had been given to the Sioux and Cheyenne by the federal government – promised to these tribes in perpetuity. Gold was discovered in these hills in 1874, and the gov’t. then tried to buy back this land. When the Indians refused to sell, the U.S. army, led by General George A. Custer, attacked a band of Sioux in June 1876 at the Little Bighorn River. The Native Americans, led by Crazy Horse and
Sitting Bull, defeated and killed Custer and h is men – and provoked an intense U.S. gov’t. effort to wipe out the tribes militarily and push them onto reservations. By 1887 the Native Americans had all been forced to live on these poor areas of land.
The discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill, California (1848), and in Colorado in 1858 (near
Pike’s Peak), fueled a massive gold rush in the west, drawing thousands of Americans and immigrants to seek their fortunes in the gold fields. Between 1860 and 1890 $340 million in gold and silver was mined in
California, Colorado, and Nevada. | https://studylib.net/doc/8144626/westward-expansion-terms |
Disclaimer: (The information contained in the article is for general information purposes only)
434 years later, an archaeological campaign could solve the mystery of the disappearance of the settlers from Roanoke Island.
Talking to an American about Roanoke is like talking about the enigma of the Iron Mask in France or the identity of Jack the Ripper in London. A colony of a hundred people that disappears almost without a trace is not trivial, and scholars on the other side of the Atlantic have devoted many books to it without discovering its secret.
- The courtier and the pirates
In 1584, Protestant England was governed by Queen Elizabeth I. A member of his court, Sir Walter Raleigh, obtains permission to establish a colony in North America.
At the time, it was a territory largely unknown to Europeans: their settlements were mainly in the Caribbean, Central America and South America. To settle further north is to position oneself strategically to thwart Catholic Spain, an enemy of England... and if possible to capture its ships, which return loaded with the riches looted by the Spaniards( People from Spain ).
Sir Walter is then "friends with many English pirates who know the right places to loot", explains Luke Pecoraro, an archaeologist specializing in this period. "The east coast [of the current United States, editor's note] is interesting for the English. They want to establish a base there which can not only allow raids on the Caribbean, but also where they can establish a permanent colony which would allow the goods to be transported. to be transported to England. It is a business intended above all to make money."
- A military expedition
The choice fell on the shores of present-day North Carolina. The configuration of the islands is favorable. The Outer Banks, barrier islands, provide shelter for friendly vessels but pose a danger to those unfamiliar with the area, and many ships have been wrecked there.
Raleigh sends a first expedition, which will land on Roanoke Island, so named in reference to the indigenous people who lived there. She establishes peaceful contacts with the Indians who live there and returns to make her report to London. The following year, in 1585, a fleet of five vessels brought soldiers to the island. They build a small fort, Fort Raleigh, and even a workshop used by the scientists of the expedition. The English explore the island in search of precious metals and end up falling out with the natives.
Most of the members of the expedition then returned to England, a year after their arrival, leaving only a symbolic presence to demonstrate English sovereignty over these places.
- Because of the Invincible Armada...
It was in 1587 that the real settlers arrived, those who wanted to settle in the "new world" to stay there. A hundred people, men women and children, are led by John White, cartographer of the previous expedition. Initially, they were to land in the Chesapeake Bay, to found the first city of Virginia, the name given at the time to these territories of North America.
Despite their protests, they landed at Roanoke, the sailors refusing to go any further. But Roanoke isn't as easy to colonize as Chesapeake would have been, and the colonists need more supplies.
Six weeks later, at the end of August 1587, John White returned to England in the hope of returning quickly with reinforcements and provisions. He leaves his daughter on the island, as well as his granddaughter, Virginia Dare, the first Englishwoman to be born on American soil.
The plans of White and Raleigh will be thwarted by the war. A formidable fleet assembled by King Philip of Spain sets sail for England, hoping to land there and overthrow Elizabeth 1st. "The invincible armada" will fail, but the conflict slows down Sir Raleigh's plans.
It took three years to charter a new fleet, which finally landed in Roanoke in 1590. The village was deserted, virtually destroyed and overgrown. The settlers have disappeared.
The mysterious inscription and the father of Pocahontas
The only clues left by the missing Roanokans are two inscriptions: "Croatoan" on one of the elements of the palisade surrounding the colony, and "Cro" on another.
The word Croatoan could have two meanings: it was the name of one of the native tribes, but also that of one of the neighboring islands, known today as Hatteras.
White is looking around, and he wants to go to the island of Croatoan, but he is prevented from doing so: the captain of his ship fears an approaching storm and wants to leave.
From then on, there are only theories left. Some believe that the settlers were captured and killed by the Voi tribes sins. Others say they've gone to another island, or even to the mainland. Others, finally, believe that they could have been assimilated within a group of friendly natives.
Historical accounts hold that a small group retreated to Croatoan Island probably in late 1587 or early 1588 while the main group went to live with the Chesapeake Indians on the south coast of the Chesapeake Bay,
Details James Horn, of the First Colony Foundation, an association dedicated to research on the Roanoke colony.
Further research has provided a different theory, that the main group moved west over Albemarle Bay to Chowanoc lands. A few may even have moved further west following the Roanoke River and joining the Tuscaroras.
In these scenarios, the settlers would therefore have dispersed to mingle with the tribes.
"I believe the assimilation theory is strong for several reasons,"
Says Luke Pecoraro. “One of them is that when the settlers from Jameston [the next colony, editor’s note] arrived in the area in 1607, part of their instructions was to find out what had happened to the settlers from Fort Raleigh. excerpts from Captain John Smith's journal which suggests that there were 'European-looking people', for lack of a better term, living with the tribe of Native Americans based around what is today' Today Virginia Beach. Smith reports that the principal chief in Virginia has ordered that these individuals be 'suppressed' before the Jameston group can encounter them."
Fearing that the survivors and descendants of Roanoke and the tribes they lived with would ally themselves with the settlers of Jamestown and thus threaten his authority, the high chief of the Powhatan, Wahunsonacock, the father of the famous Pocahontas, is said to have sent a large troop of warriors in the summer of 1607 to eliminate them. But some could have fled and joined the Tuscaroras. Those who had taken refuge on the island of Croatoan would also have survived.
- Archeology to the rescue?
One could hope to collect data from archaeological excavations, but even the location of the village of the Roanoke settlement has been lost. It was only in the 1990s that we began to discover elements... which are still debated. These excavations made it possible to find traces of the palisades of a small fort as well as the remains of a workshop. This would probably be the workshop of the first Roanoke expedition, where minerals were analyzed in the hope of finding precious metals. As for the fort, which some believed to be Fort Raleigh, specialists believe that it would be later, therefore unrelated to the lost colony.
Elizabethan-era artifacts have also been found at sites that may have hosted Roanoke exiles, including Hatteras Island, but no firm evidence has yet linked the artifacts to the settlers.
Others follow the trail of oral tradition and DNA. So, Roberta Estes gathers genetic data from people who believe their ancestors were members of the colony, hoping one day to obtain DNA from bones to be discovered on Roanoke. No result so far.
New excavations should however begin in September, under the aegis of the First Colony Foundation. Archaeologists will first dig up parts of the workshop, and in October they will dig nearby promontories. Their work should continue in 2019.
Geologists like J.P. Walsh of the University of North Carolina, however, believe that the colony has definitely disappeared. He estimates that the north of the island has lost 750 meters during the previous four centuries, and that sea currents and hurricanes have buried the traces of the colony. But other scholars disagree, arguing that maps from the 1700s are not much different from current maps.
All agree however on the fact that the current rise in the level of water threatens the probable places of establishment of the colony, and that it is urgent to locate the village. So it's a race against time to solve one of the great mysteries of modern American history...
Since 1998, the Croatoan Project has researched and provided archaeological evidence to back up the theory that the colonists moved to be with, or at least interacted with, the Hatteras tribe. Artifacts and objects found within Croatoan villages that only English settlers had owned or had made at the time have solidified the connection between the two groups. But despite this evidence, and many other theories, it is likely that no definitive answer to the mystery of the colonists’ disappearance will ever be found. | https://original.newsbreak.com/@marry-bell-1591427/2545503262752-the-mystery-of-the-vanished-colony-of-the-first-english-in-north-america |
Table of Contents
Who were the 5 civilized Tribes and why were they known as civilized?
The group comprised the Iroquoian- speaking CHEROKEE and the Muskogean-speaking CHICKASAW, CHOCTAW, CREEK, and SEMINOLE. They were described as “civilized” because of their early adoption of many of the white man’s ways.
What were the 5 civilized Indian tribes?
Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole Tribes in Oklahoma.
What does the term Five Civilized Tribes reveal about the attitude white settlers had toward Native Americans?
What does the term “Five Civilized Tribes” reveal about the attitudes white settlers had for Native Americans? They were generally inferior to white culture. Many may have tried to fit in with the settlers or they may have tried to fit in to stop the settlers from taking their land.
What president called for Native removal?
President Andrew Jackson
Introduction. The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders.
What was the largest of the Five Civilized Tribes?
The Cherokee Nation
The Five Civilized Tribes WHO ARE THEY? The Cherokee Nation, largest of the Five Civilized Tribes of the southeast, is a people of Iroquoian lineage.
What Indian tribe scalped the most?
Apache and Comanche Indians were both popular with scalp hunters. One bounty hunter in 1847 claimed 487 Apache scalps, according to Madley’s article. John Glanton, an outlaw who made a fortune scalping Indians in Mexico, was caught turning in scalps and ran back to the U.S. before he was caught.
How many Native Americans were killed?
Within just a few generations, the continents of the Americas were virtually emptied of their native inhabitants – some academics estimate that approximately 20 million people may have died in the years following the European invasion – up to 95% of the population of the Americas.
How many Native American tribes were there?
574
The following state-by-state listing of Indian tribes or groups are federally recognized and eligible for funding and services from the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), there are currently 574 federally recognized tribes.
What blood type are Native American?
O group
All major ABO blood alleles are found in most populations worldwide, whereas the majority of Native Americans are nearly exclusively in the O group. O allele molecular characterization could aid in elucidating the possible causes of group O predominance in Native American populations.
What Indian tribe is the richest?
the Shakopee Mdewakanton
Today, the Shakopee Mdewakanton are believed to be the richest tribe in American history as measured by individual personal wealth: Each adult, according to court records and confirmed by one tribal member, receives a monthly payment of around $84,000, or $1.08 million a year.
Why are the Five Civilized Tribes called that?
The term “Five Civilized Tribes” came into use during the mid-nineteenth century to refer to the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole nations. Americans, and sometimes American Indians, called the five Southeastern nations “civilized” because they appeared to be assimilating to Anglo-American norms.
What was the name of the first Native American tribe?
Chickasaw had two groups which were “Intcutwalipa” and “Impsaktea”. The Chickasaw tribe is the 13 th largest federally known tribe in America. They constructed some of the first schools, businesses, and banks in the Indian Territory.
What did the Cherokee Indians do to become civilized?
Between 1789 and 1839, the Cherokee Nation became “civilized” by European standards. They developed a system of writing and printing. Their government had a written constitution and operated with executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Cherokee women were gardeners, potters, weavers, basket makers, and more.
Who are the two main groups of Choctaw Indians?
The two main Choctaw groups were the Mississippi group of Choctaw Indians and the Choctaw Tribes of Oklahoma. The members of the tribe were mostly farmers until they were eradicated from their homeland. They are the 3 rd largest among the Native American tribes with more than 200,000 members. | https://elegantquestion.com/who-were-the-5-civilized-tribes-and-why-were-they-known-as-civilized/ |
Enjoy the breathtaking view of the Boston skyline! This grassy hilltop park offers benches and a picnic area — a great spot to sit and contemplate the natural world.
Features
The park’s best feature is the view. There is a water tower here, as well as a flagpole, plus a historical marker commemorating the settlement of Weymouth
Note: The marker honors the colony of Wessagusset, formed in 1622 by Thomas Weston, and refers to the tense relationship between European settlers and native tribes at that time. The marker was placed in 1923, and re-dedicated in 1998. It focuses on the victory of Myles Standish and other European settlers over aboriginal leaders such as Wituwamat and Pecksuot.
While Standish has long been regarded as a hero of Plymouth Colony, it’s important also to acknowledge that he was a destructive force with regard to the native tribes that inhabited the region prior to, and during the time of, European colonization. In particular, consider the 1623 Massacre at Wessagusset, at which Standish lured members of the Neponset band of the Massachusett tribe into a small building and then attacked them, fatally wounding several. Standish was concerned that tribe members, especially Wituwamat, were conspiring against the colonists. Scholars have found no evidence of this plot.
More detailed information about the Native American tribes that inhabited the Weymouth area can be found at King Oak Hill Park in Weymouth. The remains of Wituwamat and Pecksuot are now interred at Old North Cemetery in Weymouth.
Trail Description
There are no trails here, but the park is large enough to accommodate a short walk.
Habitats and Wildlife
The grassy hilltop is lined with maple, sumac, oak, cherry, cedar and birch trees. Part of the Fore River watershed, Great Hill Park offers views of Boston Harbor.
Historic Site: Yes
Park: No
Beach: No
Boat Launch: No
Lifeguards: No
Size: 27 acres
Hours: Dawn to Dusk
Parking: Ample on-site parking
Cost: Free
Trail Difficulty: Easy
Facilities:
Benches, trash receptacles, picnic tables. | https://www.nsrwa.org/listing/great-hill-park/ |
Northeast Coast Campaign was a war campaign launched by a confederation of Native American tribes. The campaign was launched against English settlers and colonists in the New England colony. It took place in the mid-18th century.
At one side was an alliance of Native Indian tribes known as the Wabanaki Confederacy. This confederacy included five notable tribes or nations. The main members of the confederacy were Maliseet, Mikmaq, Abenaki, Penobscot, and Passamaquoddy.
The confederacy was also supported by the French colonists in New France. On the other side of the conflict were the New England colonies, primarily the colonists along the border of Maine.
The Northeast Coast Campaigns started in 1745 and continued until 1747. In these three years, the Wabanaki usually launched their campaigns before the winter set in.
In 1746, King George’s War was going on in North America. This war was primarily fought between France and Britain – the two nations were at war back in Europe as well. The French colonists mustered their forces and attacked British outposts in the Acadia region but they couldn’t gain success.
During the attack, the French troops were supported by the warriors of the Wabanaki Confederacy. To respond to this, British Governor in the Massachusetts Bay Colony put a bounty on Wabanaki warriors and launched a war against them. This conflict continued for many years.
In 1745, 1746 and 1747, the Wabanaki Confederacy launched their Northeast Coast Campaigns. These campaigns were directed at the settlements of British colonists in the Maine region. In 1745, British troops were successful in capturing the French colonial capital, Louisbourg. The Wabanaki decided to retaliate against this as they were allied with the French. This led to the first Northeast Coast Campaign by the Wabanaki.
During the three years when Wabanaki launched their campaigns, warriors from Wabanaki nations attacked Maine settlers and colonists. A number of farms and settlements were raided and looted. The warriors killed a number of settlers while also taking many captive.
Every town along the Maine frontier was attacked by the Wabanaki warriors. In response to the attacks, the British settlers shored up their defenses. The attacks led to a significant loss of life and property at the British side.
The Northeast Coast Campaign took place as a result of King George’s War. It was a time when the British and French colonists in North America were at war. The campaigns were primarily launched by the Wabanaki to harass the British and dent their strength during the war.
However, the Wabanaki couldn’t inflict any notable damage. Instead, the British colonists became more organized and stationed hundreds of troops along the Maine border to better protect the colony. The campaign also demonstrated how French colonial forces heavily relied on their Indian allies, in contrast to British troops and colonists who relied on their own numbers in most of the colonial conflicts. | https://american-history.net/native-america/native-american-wars/northeast-coast-campaign/ |
Lt. William A. Slacum, a Navy purser, was sent by the President, through the Department of State, as a special investigator to the Oregon Territory to investigate the Britain operations and to take stock of the tribes and the resources in the territory. Slacum was alone, except for one servant, and was not sent with supplies or any obvious purpose for going to Oregon. In sending Slacum to Oregon, the President, Andrew Jackson, was reacting to the obvious dominance of the British in the Oregon Territory despite the Treaty of 1818 which provides for a joint occupation of the territory by the two world colonizing powers. The Treaty of 1818 was an agreement worked out, following the War of 1812, which saw ports of the United States attacked by British warships, including the takeover of Fort Astoria by the British in 1813, all over trade dominance. Jackson was a noted expansionist and looked to expand the U.S.’s interests on the west coast. Slacum’s instructions from the president are,
“obtain some specific and authentic information in regard to the inhabitants of the country in the neighborhood of Oregon, or Columbia River, and generally endeavor to obtain all such information, political, physical, statistical, and geographical, as may prove useful or interesting to this Government.”
Slacum was suspected, immediately, of being an agent of the United States, a spy, by John McLoughlin at Fort Vancouver. The U.S. and Great Britain held joint occupancy claims to the Oregon Territory, and Slacum was seen as a agent working to increase the American claims. During his time in Oregon, Slacum built a mill (which never operated) at Willamette Falls, rallied the American settlers in French Prairie towards American dominance, and sought to subvert the trade dominance of the British through the Hudson’s Bay Company’s control of trade and supplies in the region by helping the American settlers invest in cattle from California. Slacum’s actions to help and rally Americans, and subsequent report, a memorial to Congress in 1837, would have some part to play in the negotiations with Great Britain over the boundary and occupancy issues in the Oregon Treaty (1846). Slacum dies in 1839, and his estate is not fully reimbursed for his expenses until well after his death. The delay in payment is because he hires his ship the Loriot at a cost of $700 a month, which was not part of the original federal agreement for reimbursement of his expenses.
Slacum arrives at Pt. Disappointment on December 22nd, 1835, and is immediately approached to come visit Dr. McLoughlin at Fort Vancouver (2 invitations, one by no less than James Douglas). It is noticed that he arrives with no trading supplies or cargo so the British are immediately suspicious of his arrival on the brig Loriot, a ship he chartered (purchased) in Hawaii.
Slacum’s first encounter, is a rare meeting of an American political operative, in this decade, with the chief of the Clatsops. The U.S. Government’s interest in the region seems to have lapsed for a few years after the signing of the Treaty of 1818. Chief Chenamus and his wife immediately come in their canoes to the brig and bring ducks and geese. Chief Chenamus is the likely inheritor of the title of principal chief of the tribe from Chief Comcomly who died in about 1830. Chenamus displays a keen knowledge of politics when asking Slacum whether the ship was a King George or Boston ship (British were called “King George” men and Americans “Bostons” in Chinook Wawa). Slacum gives no hint which Chenamus prefers, but the political dynamics between the Americans and the British in this place and period likely affected the tribes in numerous ways.
The tribes would have been keen to identify with the British when they won superiority from the Americans in 1813. Then since Fort George (Astoria) did not fit the Hudson’s Bay Company’s designs for their fur trade forts, they moved inland to the Fort Vancouver site in 1824, opposite the Willamette River. The location has many benefits, the river is deep and wide enough to take ocean vessels, and the soils are good for growing crops and raising animals. Agriculture is difficult in the coastal zone and HBC knew they needed to feed hundreds of employees and for export. The Astorians of the Pacific Fur Traders struggled for two years to feed themselves at Astoria, and resorted to supplementing their food supplies of venison and elk hunted from Wallace House on the Willamette Plains.
On Wappato Island (Sauvie) HBC established a Dairy, and around the fort some 3,000 acres are plowed into agriculture. In addition was built a sawmill, gristmill, and other shops and housing for hundreds of fur trappers, laborers, mill workers, slaves, and their wives. Many of their wives were from local tribes, and there was established a small village outside of the fort, Kanaka village for the Native workers, and Hawaiians who were hired on from Hawaii. The HBC regular employees were keen to not allow the local tribes to enter the fort in such numbers that they may be overcome and raided by the local tribes. This had been a tactic in the past from the local tribes. The fort is sited close to the Willamette Valley with its rich fur bearing animal resources, trade and travel benefits, and hunting and fishing.
In total, Slacum estimates upwards of 800 people are at the fort. All of these people need a lot of food and the fort was designed to produce a lot of food. There were rations of “eight gallons of potatoes and eight salt salmon per week, per man in winter,” with additional vegetables available in the summer, to feed the man’s whole family
Of the slaves, it appears that the white men (British and Metis- half French-half Indian) contractors, staff, laborers, mill workers, fur traders, etc., each had a local native woman and several native slaves to do their bidding. The slaves were bought from local tribes and are owned (or managed) by the women, who are also bought. (This may have been a form of bride purchase, which Metis men would know something about and appear to have participated in. This raises questions about how much the native culture surrounding the fort influenced changes in the culture of British, especially since many of the men were Christian or Catholic and I doubt bride purchase would be allowed in such religions. But then chattel African slavery was done by Christian white men all the time.) Slacum does not address why the women “own” the slaves, but it may be that they would be most likely able to communicate with the slaves in Chinook Wawa or other Native languages, and be respected by them. The slaves supplemented the family’s food with hunting, fishing, and gathering.
Slacum’s report of the Fort Vancouver is revealing, outlining an extensive network of forts throughout the region. He notes the capitalistic structure of the HBC and how well organized everything is and he offers an opinion that “no individual enterprise can compete with this immense foreign monopoly established in our own waters.” This comment is interesting because technically the region is under a joint occupation agreement since 1818.
Slacum then spends some time with Jason Lee at the Willamette Mission. Lee’s mission school has some 23 Indian and part-Indian children. Lee makes the children pay their room and board through labor. The children learn lessons in American culture, and the older children must labor on the mission farm, plowing, reaping, and all of the farm work. The girls likely work in the mission helping to clean, cook, and tend to daily farm needs. Slacum’s meeting with Lee is conspiratorial, as Lee is well known to have similar patriotic feelings about the Oregon Territory, and in fact his later missions to the east, to have a series of talks to attract white settlement in Oregon, were for the purpose of increasing American settlement in Oregon. The strategy here was the assumption that the flood of American settlers, which the British could not match, would drown out the British claims in favor of American sole occupation. In fact, Lee’s message in the east, during is campaign to fundraise and attract more immigrants to the Willamette Valley, reached a number of key individuals who became pioneers to Oregon, including the Applegate and Waldo families.
One of major actions Slacum undertakes is to help the American pioneers with some trade and resource difficulties. Slacum meets with Jason Lee in 1836, where Lee outlines that they need relief in the supplies and cattle. At his meeting he comes to understand that the American settlers are in need of cattle, that HBC will not sell them any cattle and that the prices HBC charges for resources are exorbitant because of their trade monopoly. This sets off the beginnings of the Willamette Cattle Company.
Slacum offers to transport a party of men seeking cattle to Bodega on the California coast, on his ship the Loriot, free of charge. Many of the settlers invested in and take part in the drive, including Slacum, who did not join the cattle troup, but invested $500 in it. This is perhaps the first such cattle drive in the history of the west. The cattle drive was intended to break the British monopoly on cattle in the Willamette Valley. The drive was a great success in the end, supplying many of the first pioneer families with cattle. (A reproduction of this cattle drive was also attempted by a Umatilla area consortium of tribes a few years later, unsuccessfully.)
A key meeting for the organization of the cattle drive took place at Camp Maud du Sable. This location was likely 2 miles north or downriver from Champoeg and represents the start of the French Prairie settlement. The Camp Maud (or Campement?) was the landing spot for the HBC fur traders south of Willamette Falls. There was a sandy beach and trails to the east to the settlements. The meeting of the Cattle company, from Slacum’s account, seems to be more about finding a way to break the British monopoly on trade in that region, and finding markets for their products.
Perhaps there is a case to be made that this is the true beginning of the American governing influence in the Willamette Valley? This predicament is, after all, directly in the wheelhouse of the Monroe Doctrine, which suggests that the U.S. government will take a personal interest in areas where there is “the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States” by European countries. Since the HBC had complete control of the Oregon Territory and exhibited a complete monopoly of resources and trade, this was clearly a situation of an “unfriendly disposition,” in an area which was by treaty occupied jointly by the U.S. and the British.
Slacum later spends time at the Willamette Falls, appears to have bought land from the tribe at the falls, and even had constructed a log structure, which was still standing when Paul Kane encountered it in 1851, calling it a mill. This mill appears to have never operated and was an abandoned structure. Comparing Slacum’s other actions in support of American occupation and claims to sovereignty, we can assume that the mill was constructed to give the United States a claim of an early permanent structure at Willamette Falls.
William Slacum wrote:
“Willhamett or Multonomah Tribes live in the valley formed by the range of mountains…The first tribe are the Kallamooks (Clackamas), on the left bank, on a small stream of the same name, 30 miles from its mouth: 2d are Keowewallahs (Clowewallas), alias Tummewatas (Tumwaters) or Willhametts” (Willamettes).
In 1841, Henry Eld, of the United States Exploring Expedition is aware of the Slacum log house and claim at the falls and when encountering the falls writes in his journal,
“These falls by good right belong to the late Purser, Slacum (USN) relating to having first built a log house on the prairies and consequently from that time legally belonging to him- but since then the Hon. Fur Company (HBC) have claimed it as also the methodist mission so that in all possibility the heirs of Purser Slacum mill never derive any benefit from the right unless it is immediately attended to.” (WA MSS Box 1 Folder 1, Eld’s Journals of land expeditions… Beineke Library, Yale University, p 22-23 my copy)
The Slacum “claim” then was known in the federal government and like all such claims in this time, ignored the aboriginal claims of the tribes who have lived there, in their own plank houses, for at least 10,000 years.
Lt. Slacum’s ethnographic report of the Indian tribes reveals some interesting statistics. Slacum states 800 people for the Clatsops and Chenooks. Of Principal Chief Comcomley (Rum Rumley) Slacum states that he is no more, and that there are no more of his family left because of intemperance (drunkenness?). In this he is wrong, as Comcomley’s daughter married Kiesno, and other family lines remain extant today. Slacum states that Chenamus (Chenook) claims authority over the people from Baker’s Bay to the Cowlitz (Cowlity) but that another chief Squamaqui disputes this authority. Slacum states that Kiesno (Kassenow) claims authority from the the Cowlitz to the Falls of the Columbia (Cascades?). And that there has already been a disease outbreak claiming some 2000 people of Kiesno’s tribe. Slacum calls Kiesno’s tribe “Rea Ratacks” which we can only assume is Clackamas. Slacum addresses the seasonal food supplies of the Clackamas,
“only good hunters on the river below the falls, as well as those how frequent the waters of the Columbia during the season of the salmon and sturgeon, subsist chiefly on fish and wild fowl; and the ease with which they procure food, fish, and fowl and the delicious vegetable the Wapatoo (Wapsepitoo) and Camas (Kamass) engenders the most indolent habits among the people.”
Slacum’s intelligence suggests that in 1836 that the Clackamas territory was much larger than it is in the 1850’s, extending into the Columbia and perhaps encompassing the Cascades and Multnomah and Wakanassisi areas. Kiesno’s main village at St. Helens, or thereabouts, is normally associated with the Multnomah, which had villages on the north and south banks, including Wapato Island. But its quite possible that this early epidemic and the fur trade led to changes in tribal territories such that by the 1850’s when there is more information about the tribes due to more journals and ethnographic information, the Clackamas tribe is reduced to the Clackamas and Willamette rivers. The final impact on the culture, before treaties and forced removal, would be the 2nd epidemic cycle in the 1830’s from malaria (Boyd 1999) which reduced the tribal populations further and which the tribes may have been in the midst of during his short visit. In addition, Slacum has a parting remark about their foods creating an indolent population, and indeed the plentiful foods, quantity and quality, available to the Clackamas may have allowed them to not have to work as hard for their daily foods, suggesting they appeared indolent. For Protestants this would be a sin, as they valued their work ethic. Tribal cultural values had the chiefs and wealthy men not working as hard as the slaves, poor, and women, which suggests that the leadership class would appear and perhaps become lazy, or indolent.
Slacum also offers a rare 1830’s ethnographic sketch of the peoples in the Willamette Valley who he calls the Willhamett or Multnomah tribes. (The “or” is because at this time the Willamette river was also called the Multnomah, its the first name for the river written in any ethnographic text, most importantly the journals of the Lewis and Clark expedition (1805-1806) and their map (1810). It is in the 1830’s when the name for the river appears to be changing to Willamette.)
Slacum then follows the path of the Willamette and mentions the tribes. he begins with the “Kallamooks.” This may be a conflation of Kallapuya and Killamook or Tillamook. Then he mentions the “Keowewallahs alias Tummewatas or Willhametts,” clearly a reference to the Clowewalla tribe, also regularly called the Tumwaters at Willamette Falls. Of the tribe he states that, “This tribe now nearly extinct, was formerly numerous, and live at the falls of the river, 32 miles from the mouth, on the right bank. They claim the right of fishing at the falls, and exact a tribute from other tribes who come hither in the salmon season (from May to October). Slacum’s comments suggest a fishing right of ownership at the falls for the Clowewalla. The resident tribe of any region would own their territory and its resources and other tribes had to ask permission to fish at the falls. The payment or lease for such a gift would be a portion of the catch, or some other gift. As well Slacum suggests that even he is seeing a reduced population, likely the results of the first epidemic. Early ethnographic reports suggest that there was a likely smallpox epidemic in the 1780s, because pock-marked natives were encountered on the Columbia. (Consult Boyd’s The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence 1999 for more.)
Then third on his list are the “Kallapooyahs” and fourth the Fallatrahs, likely the Tualatins, on a small stream of the same name on the west bank, (ie: the Tualatin River). Then fifth Champoicho on the west bank. Some ethnographic accounts suggest Champoeg being on the east bank, likely on the bluff above the river flood level, perhaps about 1/2 mile back from the river. This account suggests a west bank village, likely right on the river and easily seen when floating the river. This may be the same village location occupied for a few months of the winter by the Applegate family in 1843-44 (see Jesse Applegate’s Boyhood book). Sixth he notes the Yamstills on the west bank; these are the Yamels or Yamhills, mentioned previously in his report. Seventh he mentions Leelahs which could be Chehalems; eighth he mentions Hanchoicks, the Ahantchuyuk or Pudding River peoples. Of the tribes he states a population of 1200, which seems high for this post-malaria population, suggesting another period of disease after Slacum quits Oregon. Of the diseases Slacum writes; “The ague and fever [Malaria], which commenced on the Columbia in 1829, likewise appeared on this river at the same time. It is supposed that it has been more fatal in its effects, it has swept off not less than 5,000 to 6,000 souls… I am happy to add, however that this scourge to these poor Indians is disappearing.” Slacum ends this portion of his report suggesting this is all of the tribes of the Willamette, but he appears to have not ventured to the Santiam area, unless the Leelahs were the Santiam, or perhaps Chemeketas a subgroup of the Santiams. The Santiam name would have been Halpam or Chehalpam. Nor does he venture as far as the McKenzie River and all of the tribes in the Eugene-Springfield area.
Slacum then launches into a report of the natural resources and potential of the land to hold agriculture and timber resources. He also notes the resources held by the Hudson’s Bay Company. “I consider the Willhamett as the finest grazing country in the world. Here there are no droughts… whilst the lands abound with richer grasses both in winter and summer.” (Memorial of Slacum) Slacum briefly notes the Umpqua, the Rogue valley, the Cowlitz, Cape Flattery, and Puget’s Sounds as containing good resources. Of the Rogue River area he mentions Smith River as having the finest timber wets of the Rockies. This may be in reference to the redwoods of northern California, which were not well known in the 1830’s. Slacum did not visit any of these other valleys or places and his knowledge is from the fur trappers at Fort Vancouver.
Slacum states that, “I am now more convinced than ever of the importance of the Columbia River , even as a place where, for eight months of the year our whalers from the coast of Japan might resort for supplies… a custom house established at the mouth of the Columbia would effectually protect the American trader from the monopoly which Hudson’s Bay Company Enjoy at this time, and a single military post would be sufficient to give effect to the laws of the United States, and protect our citizens in their lawful avocations.”
Of the benefits of the Cattle drive, and in defense of his chartering of the Loriot at $700 a month, Slacum writes; “American settlers from the Wilhamett, whom I conveyed from that river to Bodega, were taken aboard the Loriot free of expense, as the agreement of the settlers, now on file in the Department of State, shows; and the benefit that will result in the United States from that measure alone, will be, nay is, at this moment, more than ten times equivalent to all the expenses incurred in my journey.”
Of this point, Slacum may be exactly correct, because while this seems like a handout and a disallowed expense, the cattle reinforcement may have saved the Willamette Settlements and spurred them to increased political actions to attract more Americans to the Willamette Valley, and overflow into surrounding valleys. This was the deciding factor in the Oregon Treaty on behalf of American claims below the 49th parallel. Slacum’s hastily made blueprint for colonization of the Oregon Territory worked.
Chief Slacum
This chief of the Clowewalla band of Tumwater Indians lived near the falls and was the headman of the village at the falls, the intermediary for trade with the American explorers and fur traders leading into the Willamette Valley. It is unknown what his original tribal name was but in the late 1830’s he likely received his name from Lt. William A. Slacum who visited Oregon and the Falls in 1836-1837. In fact he might have been the Chief to work the land deal at the falls which allowed Lt. Slacum to have the mill built. To tribal peoples at that time, it was an honor for one of the powerful Bostons (Americans) to gift their name to an Indian. This practice is recorded numerous times throughout the region. In 1837, William Slacum reported that all of the traditional chiefs had passed due to the epidemics that began in 1829, depopulating the rivers of Chinookan and Kalapuyan peoples.
Assuming that Chief Slacum got his name from a gift by Lt. Slacum, and lived long enough to become chief, he was still living in 1853 in a rare note about him.
“Slacum” an Indian whom you know and who lives near here, lies quite low with some sort of disease or other, and wants help. I would suggest the propriety of seeing him at least, even if you can give him no relief. He thinks, and his friends think, that he has been poisoned by a certain “medicine man” staying near the Clackamas. The propriety of looking into this you can determine on making the proper inquiry. I hope at least you will make it a point to see “Slacum”without delay. (Letter to Joel Palmer from man at Linn City May 7th 1853, RG 75 M234 correspondence.)
It was common for spiritual people to be able to poison others. Certain people gained the power to heal, speak to animals, call for salmon runs and/or poison if this was their spirit power. It is during the 1840’s-1850’s when Native people begin looking for healers for the new ailments brought by the white settlers and fur traders, among the white religious leaders, assuming that they had the same powers as the Native shaman. The Whitman Massacre is talked about among the tribes, as the result of the Reverend Whitman being unable to heal the Indian people, and in fact arriving at a time when the epidemics were getting worse, suggesting he may have been to blame. It was very common to kill shaman if they could not perform the power they stated they could perform. Whitman would have told the tribes that they had to have faith for a cure. But this clearly did not work. It was also part of the pioneer philosophy that the tribes were getting sick because of their faithless ways. The settlers would have pushed the idea onto tribal people that they had to have faith to be saved, and if they died, then they had a lack of faith. This was all perpetrated as a way to missionize among the tribes and gain converts. In this period, there were medicines, cures for many of the ailments. There was quinine for helping cure malaria, but Native people did not rate the cure.
The last remaining Clowewalla tribes were living on the west bank (Linn City) of the river at the time of the treaty negotiations in 1851 and 1855. Slacum’s name does not appear with either the Linn City or Clowewalla tribes on either treaty. The Linn City people lived in a plankhouse on a small reserve by the Oregon City Ferry. This was a temporary reserve established in 1855 by Joel Palmer, the Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Oregon. They lived in this place for 14 months, from March 1855 to about May 1856, when they were removed to Grand Ronde. Their last plankhouse is assumed to have been depicted by John Mix Stanley in his painting of Oregon City. This plankhouse was burned by settlers in about 1854. | https://ndnhistoryresearch.com/2018/06/19/lt-william-a-slacum-united-states-spy-in-the-oregon-territory-chief-slacum-of-the-clowewalla/ |
The Story of Ishi.
Ishi was a man, a man who was the last of his tribe.
Look at his eyes. It was always filled with sorrow. Always.
The story of Humanity, to most of us is a story of triumph. How we fought the ravages of nature to emerge victorious. How we created a civilisation of comfort far away from the forces of nature.
Ishi depicts the other side of the story. A man who lost everything that he could attribute to himself - his family, his culture, his habitat and much more.
Having foraged in the wilderness alone for years, he walked into the western world. That would have been his last resort, walking into an open zoo of animals that killed all his tribesmen, women and children included.
He was the last of Yahi tribe, which was one among the countless native american tribes that were annihilated by intruders, the white men.
At the heart of these massacres were conflicts generated from the greed of enterprising white men who barged into their lives and wiped out them from the surface of earth.
The gold rush brought tens of thousands of these greedy miners and settlers to northern California, which put great pressure on the native populations. Gold mining ruined water supplies and decimated fish population. The deer and other fauna left the area, making lives miserable for the natives.
When the settlers started farming and raising cattle, new conflicts began. Most of the native american population was wiped out by these settlers who claim America to be theirs.
Now they want to make it great again! I ask heavens, to which barbaric times they want to set the clocks back to?
On that fateful night, known as the night of Three Knoll Massacre, he escaped to the wilderness with his family. That was in 1865. Almost everyone, except his family, of the tribe was killed that night. Even the ones managed to survive were hunted down.
Then, decades later in 1908, his family was attacked by ‘civilised’ humans who were surveying the area. His mother died in the attack, his uncle and sister were lost while trying to escape and he was left to live in the wilderness for another three years before he decided to walk into the land of ‘civilised’ humans.
Perhaps he was contemplating suicide, we’d never know.
Once he was back, he was subjected to extensive research to learn more about his lost culture. The made his speak his language, recorded it. Made his create projectile points that were used his tribesmen for hunting, recreate the houses and pieces of his culture for the academic purpose and what not.
They even autopsied his body against his culture and beliefs, despite the requests by his few well wishers among the research community he treated him like a human and maintained strong bonds with the lonely man.
He was hunted even after the death. Sounds american. They should be proud!
They made him wear western clothes, but they could never wipe off that melancholic solitude that simmered in his eyes. Humanity has its own strange ways to find completeness. New places can bring about excitement, but happiness needs people who belong to us.
Look at his eyes. Our generation, or perhaps the last 2-3 generations in civilisation, wouldn’t have endured that much pain. I can only imagine.
Story of Ishi points to a lot of historic realities we seem to forget. The points in history that are directly linked to human greed leading to suffering and decimation of the less privileged.
As an Indian, I can sympathise. My country was kept in captive and exploited by the British which resulted in the death of millions of my country men. All the name of their god - His Highness, Profit of the Bullion.
If you want to know more, you could read about some of the horrific native american massacres here. | https://blog.hashin.me/2017/07/21/the-story-of-ishi/ |
During the ensuing Wounded Knee Massacre, fierce fighting broke out and 150 Indians were slaughtered. The battle was the last major conflict between the U.S. government and the Plains Indians.
When was the last battle of the American Indian wars?
For the most part, armed American Indian resistance to the U.S. government ended at the Wounded Knee Massacre December 29, 1890, and in the subsequent Drexel Mission Fight the next day.
How did the Indian Wars end?
A bloody end
The Plains Indian Wars ended with the Wounded Knee massacre on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. On December 29, 1890, the U.S. Army slaughtered around three hundred Native Americans, two-thirds of them unarmed elderly, women, and children.
When was the last Indian raid in the US?
Perhaps the most gripping event to occur in the Bethel region during the American Revolution was the “Last Indian Raid in New England,” which took place in the upper Androscoggin River valley on August 2 and 3, 1781.
How long did the American Indian wars last?
I take issue with the characterization that the war in Afghanistan is America’s longest war. America’s real longest war was the conflict against Indigenous Americans, called the American Indian Wars, which most historians characterize as beginning in 1609 and ending in 1924 or 313 years, mainly over land control.
When did the last free Sioux surrender?
Crazy Horse and the allied leaders surrendered on 5 May 1877.
Did Native Americans win battles?
The U.S. Army faced the Western Confederacy of Native Americans, as part of the Northwest Indian War. It was “the most decisive defeat in the history of the American military” and its largest defeat ever by Native Americans.
…
St. Clair’s defeat.
|Battle of the Wabash|
|Northwestern Confederacy||United States|
|Commanders and leaders|
Did Native Americans fight wars?
Native Americans definitely waged war long before Europeans showed up. The evidence is especially strong in the American Southwest, where archaeologists have found numerous skeletons with projectile points embedded in them and other marks of violence; war seems to have surged during periods of drought.
Who won the American Indian war?
The result of the Indian Wars was a total victory by the United States of America. The conflicts lasted 150 years and were almost constant for most of the 19th century.
When was Wounded Knee?
When Geronimo was captured on September 4, 1886, he was the last Native American leader to formally surrender to the U.S. military.
Which Native American tribes were peaceful?
Prior to European settlement of the Americas, Cherokees were the largest Native American tribe in North America. They became known as one of the so-called “Five Civilized Tribes,” thanks to their relatively peaceful interactions with early European settlers and their willingness to adapt to Anglo-American customs.
How many natives were killed by colonizers?
European settlers killed 56 million indigenous people over about 100 years in South, Central and North America, causing large swaths of farmland to be abandoned and reforested, researchers at University College London, or UCL, estimate.
What happened at the Wounded Knee Massacre?
Wounded Knee Massacre, (December 29, 1890), the slaughter of approximately 150–300 Lakota Indians by United States Army troops in the area of Wounded Knee Creek in southwestern South Dakota. The massacre was the climax of the U.S. Army’s late 19th-century efforts to repress the Plains Indians. | https://worldbeneaththefeet.com/landmarks/what-was-the-last-battle-of-the-american-indian-wars.html |
Take a peek at West Virginia history. Discover an overview of West Virginia's rich history, heritage, historic events, and culture.
In 1861, Virginians in the northwestern part of the state defied Virginia's secession from the United States. The region chose to remain in the Union and form a new state. West Virginia was admitted into the Union in 1863, after conditions requiring the gradual emancipation of slaves had been met. The state motto is "Mountaineers are always free," and West Virginia lives up to its nickname of the "Mountain State." With an average altitude of 1,500 feet above sea level, it's the highest of any state east of the Mississippi River. For a long time, West Virginia was a leading producer of coal in North America, but many people left to pursue better employment opportunities. That trend has turned around, and now the state's economy is in a more stable condition. The capital is Charleston, and the state flower is the big rhododendron.
In the 1600s, Europeans started crossing the Appalachian Mountains to explore the area. In 1606, England established the Virginia Colony. This very large area of land included what is now West Virginia. In 1669, King Charles II granted land patents, including the eastern part of the present state of West Virginia, to supporters of his family.
Alexander Spotswood from Virginia came in 1716 and claimed the land for England. By 1719, Thomas, Lord Fairfax, had consolidated claim to the entire 5,282,000 acres in his own name.
The white settlement of present-day West Virginia probably began with the first Germans in search of religious freedom at Mecklenburg (present-day Shepherdstown) in 1727, despite earlier claims that Morgan Morgan had been the first.
Winning a dispute over the state of Virginia in 1746, Fairfax was officially granted all the land to the North Branch of the Potomac by the King of England. Fairfax had the land surveyed and leased to European immigrants in a manner similar to the European feudal system. He also sold much of it to land speculators.
Over the next two decades, England granted other large tracts of property to various land companies, attempting to copy Fairfax's success, but the Native Americans, French, and scattered settlers complicated their efforts.
Dispute over land in the Ohio Valley in the 1740s led to armed conflict in 1754. Treaties between the British, French, and Native Americans in the 1740s failed to clear title to the property in question. The French had laid claim to the territory on the basis of explorations of Robert Cavelier, the Sieur de La Salle and Celeron de Bienville. The British claims were based also on early explorations, as well as the original charter of the colony of Virginia, which claimed all the territory extending to the Mississippi River. Treaties with the Iroquois in 1722 and 1744, and with the Delaware and Shawnee tribes in 1752, gave England a more legal claim. However, under terms of the Native American concept of the land, many tribes other than the Iroquois, Delaware, and Shawnee claimed rights to the territory. Forced into a confrontational stance with Great Britian, the Native Americans allied with the French, who primarily wanted the territory for trading purposes rather than for settlement, which Native Americans perceived as a threat to their way of life. As a result, much of the French and Indian War (or Seven Years War), from 1756 and 1763, took place in the Appalachian region.
Early defeats in the French and Indian War led Virginia Governor Dinwiddie to construct forts in present West Virginia as defensive positions from attack. These forts became a boundary that approximate the eastern border of West Virginia. Native American warriors attacked Fort Evans in present-day Berkeley County in 1756, and Forts Seybert and Upper Tract in present-day Pendleton County in 1758, as well as sites throughout the Monongahela, New River, and Greenbrier valleys. In November 1758, the British captured Fort Duquesne (renamed Fort Pitt) at the mouth of the Ohio River at present-day Pittsburgh, securing the Ohio Valley. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 ended the French and Indian War, giving England title to virtually all territory east of the Mississippi River. The 1768, peace treaties forced Cherokee and Iroquois out of West Virginia. Colonists rushed to settle the land between the Alleghenies and the Ohio River. The Alleghenies Mountains separated the western and eastern counties of Virginia, which soon became very different in social and economic structure.
With the French eliminated, the Native Americans were left alone in their fight against colonial agression. In the summer of 1763, the Delaware and Shawnee tribes decided to attack settlements west of the Allegheny Mountains. Under the Ottawa chief Pontiac, Native American warriors captured most of the trans-Allegheny forts, with the exception of Fort Pitt. On August 6, 1763, British forces, under Colonel Henry Bouquet destroyed Delaware and Shawnee forces at Bushy Run in present-day western Pennsylvania, paving the way for colonial settlement. However, England's King George III's Proclamation of 1763 prohibited settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains in an attempt to avoid contact with Native Americans.
In 1768, the Iroquois and Cherokee tribes released their claims to the territory between the Ohio River and the Allegheny Mountains. This nullified the Proclamation of 1763, producing a rapid increase in settlement. Land speculators again became concerned with their legal rights to the land on which white settlers were squatters. One of the speculators was none other than George Washington, who acquired 45,000 acres of present-day Mason, Putnam, and Kanawha counties.
With the incursion of colonial surveyors into the trans-Allegheny region, Shawnee forces once again attempted to defend their property. Colonists attempted pre-emptive attacks which further infuriated the Native Americans. In 1773, land speculator Michael Cresap led a group of volunteers from Fort Fincastle (later renamed Fort Henry) at present-day Wheeling, murdering several Shawnee at Captina Creek. Among many other atrocities, on April 30, 1774, colonists murdered the family of Mingo chieftain Tah-gah-jute, who had been baptized under the English name of Logan. Although Logan had previously lived peacefully with whites, he killed at least 13 settlers that summer in revenge, justifying his actions in a famous letter.
Virginia Governor John Murray, Earl of Dunmore, decided to end the conflict in the Ohio Valley by force. Dummore created two armies, one marching from the North, consisting of 1,700 men led by himself and the other marching from the South, comprised of 800 troops led by western Virginia resident and land speculator Captain Andrew Lewis. Shawnee chieftain Keigh-tugh-qua, or Cornstalk, elected to strike the southern regiment before they united with Dunmore's forces. On October 10, 1774, Cornstalk's approximately 1,200 men attacked Lewis' forces at the confluence of the Kanawha and Ohio Rivers, present-day Point Pleasant. After the battle, which resulted in significant losses on both sides and a Shawnee retreat to protect their settlements in the Scioto Valley, Lord Dummore met with members of the Delaware, Shawnee, and Mingo tribes. As a condition of the subsequent Treaty of Camp Charlotte, the Native American tribes relinquished all property and hunting claims on land south of the Ohio River.
The Battle of Point Pleasant eliminated Native Americans as a force on the frontier for the first three years of the American Revolutionary War, clearing the way for peaceful settlement of the region. It was the second colonial step in eliminating the elements restricting settlement and successful land speculation, as the Treaty of Paris had removed the French eleven years before. The Revolutionary War would eventually remove British claims from the Appalachian region, leaving the area in the hands of large non-resident land holders such as George Washington, Robert Morris, and DeWitt Clinton.
After the defeat of the French and their Native American allies, England and American colonists finally clashed over the ownership of what became the United States. Despite years of conflict with the British, by 1777, many Native American tribes had joined in the fight against the colonists. The great Indian chief Cornstalk was taken hostage at Fort Randolph at present-day Point Pleasant while trying to warn settlers that the Shawnee had decided to fight on behalf of the British. In retaliation for the murder of a colleague, soldiers at the fort murdered Cornstalk and his son. In 1777 and 1778, British and Native American forces attacked outposts held by colonials, including Fort Henry (present-day Wheeling), Fort Randolph, and Fort Donnally (west of present-day Lewisburg). In 1778, George Rogers Clark, accompanied by troops from the Monongahela and Shenandoah valleys, temporarily broke the British-Indian alliance with victories in the Illinois territory at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes. Colonials rejected an attempt by Wyandots and some Shawnee to negotiate a peace in 1779. One of the most violent skirmishes in present-day West Virginia took place when Wyandot and Delaware warriors laid siege to Fort Henry in 1782, nearly a year after the surrender of the main British army at Yorktown. American aims were consolidated with General Anthony Wayne's victory at Fallen Timbers in present-day northwestern Ohio, effectively removing any remaining Indian claims in the Ohio Valley. A number of prominent Revolutionary War officers came from present-day West Virginia, including Horatio Gates, Charles Lee, Adam Stephen, Hugh Stephenson, and William Darke.
Besides determining self-rule of the country, the American Revolution negated all claims upon land in western Virginia by the third and final group, the British. The Revolution opened up settlement of territory west of the Allegheny Mountains, but at the same time, cleared a route to a frontier beyond the Ohio River, which was often more appealing than that territory guarded by the mountains.
Those unwilling or unable to purchase property from land companies claimed homesteads on the frontier through squatter's rights. Although avoiding considerable expense, the settlers faced problems on the frontier, such as conflict with Native Americans and disease. Furthermore, the government and land speculators in eastern Virginia, disregarding the "squatter's rights," surveyed and distributed the land.
Early settlers pushed west of the Alleghenies and settled first along the major river valleys, including the Greenbrier, Monongahela, Cheat, Tygart, Kanawha, and Ohio. It was not until the 1780s, that a substantial number of people had moved west of the mountains, but after that settlement proceeded at a rapid rate. In 1790, there were 56,000 people in present-day West Virginia. By 1810, there were 105,000, and on the eve of the Civil War, 377,000.
In 1794, President Washington personally led federal troops into western Pennsylvania. Washington's actions united settlers on the western frontier, including present-day West Virginia, against the power of a strong central government. Over the next seventy years, western Virginians continued to struggle against their state government which they felt did not truly represent their interests
By 1860, great contention had grown between west and east counties in Virginia. Huge disputes developed over issues such as slavery, taxation, education, and equal representation within their government. In 1861, Virginia seceded from the Union and the Civil War began. When Virginia seceded from the Union in 1861, the residents of the western counties, few of whom owned slaves, decided to stay with the Union. "Mountaineers always freemen" is the state's motto. They voted to break away from Virginia and form their own government. West Virginia became the 35th state on June 20, 1863.
During the late 1800s, railroads expanded throughout the state. With new advanced technology, lumber and coal production increased dramatically. New industries such as chemical, glass, and steel moved into the state to use the huge amounts of natural gas produced there.
Much of West Virginia's population worked in coal mines during the early 1900s. The work was dangerous and accidents killed hundreds of miners. In 1902, the United Mine Workers labor union organized several miners and demanded safer working conditions, shorter work hours, and better wages. Deadly fights often broke out between mine owners and union members, which ended for a short time under military law. In 1933, the National Recovery Administration was established. It protected union members and helped to bring about the needed changes within the mines. Despite these reforms, many workers left West Virginia from the 1940s to the 1970s in search of better economic opportunities.
A trend of increased retirement to West Virginia in the 1980s resulted in renewed population growth for the state. The wealth of natural resources attracted retirees to West Virginia, which is the state highest in elevation east of the Mississippi and is part of the Appalachian Mountain system. Forest forms approximately three-fourths of the state, while farms cover many of the ridges and fertile valley bottoms. West Virginia boasts thirty-three state parks, and is considered one of the best spots in the world for white water rafting, which constitutes an important part of the state's growing tourist industry. | https://www.ereferencedesk.com/resources/state-history/west-virginia.html |
For most of the 19th century, the government of the United States was locked in a land dispute with the Native American population. In the 1830s, during the Andrew Jackson presidency, the U.S. government passed the infamous Indian Removal Act, which ordered all Native Americans to relocate west of the Mississippi River. Though the Supreme Court found the law to be unconstitutional, the Executive Branch continued to enforce it, relocating large numbers of Native Americans to land that, according to the law, was now legally theirs. Ironically, this policy later caused a major problem for the United States. Once the U.S. government saw value in encouraging white settlers to occupy land west of the Mississippi, white Americans had to decide whether to honor their word or whether to force Native Americans from land that the government had formally acknowledged their right to occupy. The government chose to break their word and use any means necessary—typically violence and treachery—to relocate Native Americans once again, laying bare their own hypocrisy. Each chapter of Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee discusses a regional land dispute between Native American tribes and the government-backed white settlers who forced them from their land.
In the myriad land disputes between Native Americans and white settlers, Brown identifies many common themes. The United States government wanted legal cover for westward expansion, so having tribal chiefs sign treaties depriving themselves of their own land was a top U.S. priority in most land disputes. To “persuade” chiefs to sign such treaties, the U.S. used several strategies over and over. First, some government negotiators took advantage of the Native Americans’ concept of property rights, which was much different than the view of white settlers. Native Americans tended to view land as a free, collective resource, which couldn’t be claimed as any single person’s “property.” In this way, Brown suggests that certain chiefs thought they were humoring U.S. government officials by allowing them to own the land. Second, and somewhat similarly, Brown suggests that certain tribes, such as the Nez Percé, may have had a similar conception of property as citizens of the United States, but believed that there was enough land for everyone. They underestimated the scope of American expansion (or maybe just the extent of Americans’ greed), and paid a heavy price for doing so. Third, Brown shows that in many cases, government negotiators lavishly bribed chiefs into selling their people’s rights. Fourth, and most importantly, Brown shows that in many cases, Native American chiefs were bullied and intimidated into giving up land rights. In most of the chapters in the book, the chief of a tribe agrees to an unfair treaty with the U.S., rather than risking prolonged war with the U.S. military, which even Native Americans recognized as the deadliest force in the country.
In this way, Brown brings Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee to a depressing conclusion about the relationship between law, property, and power. Judging by the Native Americans’ experience, law is not an impartial arbiter. On the contrary, the law can be manipulated and reinterpreted to favor one side over the other. When the U.S. broke its own laws (for example, when it backed out terms of Andrew Jackson’s Indian Removal Act), there were no legal repercussions, but when the U.S. became aware of even a whisper of impropriety from the Native American side, the U.S. howled in indignation and enforced the law to its fullest extent. For example, when a renegade group of Utes attacked American soldiers, the U.S. military used the incident as an excuse to punish the entire Ute tribe for breaking its peace agreement with the U.S., and they relocated all Utes (not just the renegades) to a reservation. Quite simply, Native Americans lacked the power to enforce U.S. laws, while the U.S., with its superior military force, enforced its own laws when it had an economic incentive to do so, and didn’t enforce them, or barely enforced them, when it had an incentive not to.
In legal property disputes, Brown suggests, the side with more power—in this case, the U.S.—often wins in the end by twisting the laws to advance its own economic interests, even if doing so means effectively robbing others of their homes. And in this way, the more powerful side can win a corrupt, illegal victory against its opponent, while using the law as empty “proof” of its decency and civilization.
Law and Property ThemeTracker
Law and Property Quotes in Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
Samoset knew that land came from the Great Spirit, was as endless as the sky, and belonged to no man. To humor these strangers in their strange ways, however, he went through a ceremony of transferring the land and made his mark on a paper for them.
Before these laws could be put into effect, a new wave of white settlers swept westward and formed the territories of Wisconsin and Iowa. This made it necessary for the policy makers in Washington to shift the "permanent Indian frontier" from the Mississippi River to the 95th meridian.
The superintendent examined the soil on the reservation and pronounced it unfit for cultivation of grain because of the presence of alkali. “The water is black and brackish, scarcely bearable to the taste, and said by the Indians to be unhealthy, because one-fourth of their population have been swept off by disease.” The reservation, Norton added, had cost the government millions of dollars.
Thus did the Cheyennes and Arapahos abandon all claims to the Territory of Colorado. And that of course was the real meaning of the massacre at Sand Creek.
The offer was four hundred thousand dollars a year for the mineral rights; or if the Sioux wished to sell the hills outright the price would be six million dollars payable in fifteen annual installments. (This was a markdown price indeed, considering that one Black Hills mine alone yielded more than five hundred million dollars in gold.)
There was not enough to eat in this empty land—no wild game, no clear water to drink, and the agent did not have enough rations to feed them all. To make matters worse, the summer heat was unbearable and the air was filled with mosquitoes and flying dust.
Ouray was to receive a salary of one thousand dollars a year for ten years, "or so long as he shall remain head chief of the Utes and at peace with the United States." Thus did Ouray become a part of the establishment, motivated to preserve the status quo.
"Indians!" Sitting Bull shouted. "There are no Indians left but me!" | https://www.litcharts.com/lit/bury-my-heart-at-wounded-knee/themes/law-and-property |
The Pequot War
The Pequot people lived in what is now southeastern Connecticut before the arrival of Europeans in the area.
From the 1620s, the Pequot traded valuable furs, especially beaver, with Dutch traders, in return for European-made goods such as cloth, metal tools, and firearms. [Read more about the Pequot War]
English Settlement
By 1635, there were several English settlements in the area, including the small towns of Wethersfield, Windsor and Saybrook. These towns initially relied on trade with Native Americans to supply them with food.
But in 1637, amid growing friction between the Pequots and the English, about 200 Pequot warriors attacked settlers near the town of Wethersfield, killing nine people and taking two girls hostage.
Mystic Massacre
In May 1637, an army of English colonists and their Native American allies attacked the Pequot camp near the Mystic River and killed hundreds of people, effectively wiping out the Pequot tribe.
The Pequot War lasted until September 1638, when the few survivors of the tribe fled the area.
Museum Finds
But now archaeologists have traced part of the site to the early 1630s — around the time of the Pequot War.
The artifacts they have found are some of the earliest traces of European settlement in North America. [Read more about the excavations]
Archaeological Excavations
The excavations have been carried out by archaeologists from a local non-profit, the Public Archaeology Survey Team, and funded by the state of Connecticut and the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America, which owns and operates the museum.
Buried Treasures
Several of the items found show that the site was occupied by Europeans from the 1630s — more than 100 years before the colonial houses of the museum were built after the 1750s.
17th-century windows
The glass is badly discolored after almost 400 years in the ground.
This image also shows two brass tacks found in the 17th century layers of the excavations.
400 Year-Old Fastenings
This photograph shows iron clothing hooks, metal buttons, and what is left of a pair of embroidery scissors.
Wooden Palisade
Archaeologists will investigate the palisade further, to try to determine if it guarded just one or several houses of the settlement from violent attacks.
17th Century Coins
These include several small coins from the early 17th century. Most are farthings from the reign of King Charles I, minted after 1625, but one farthing is from the reign of James I, and would have been minted sometime after 1603.
Wampum Pieces
Wampum would have been preferred over coins by Native Americans, who initially traded food to the settlers in return European-made goods. But it was also used by settlers as currency, who suffered from a shortage of coins. | https://www.livescience.com/65143-photos-pequot-war.html |
November is National Native American Heritage Month, an annual celebration of the rich ancestry and traditions of the indigenous peoples of the United States. Join FRCC this month in recognizing the many contributions that the first Americans have made to the establishment and growth of our country.
You may—or may not—already know that there are…
- 324 distinct, federally recognized American Indian reservations.
- 574 federally recognized Indian tribes.
- 3.7 million people who identify as American Indian and Alaska Native only (not with any other race)*
- 120,944 single-race American Indian and Alaska Native veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces.
Learning More
But there’s so much more to learn about the indigenous people of this country. One of the best ways to celebrate Native American Heritage Month is to educate ourselves. The Native people of this country have faced many atrocities, yet have shown incredible resilience.
Throughout this month, let’s keep learning about the history of the people who arrived here some 15,000 years ago and were removed from their ancestral lands as European explorers began arriving to this land in the 15th century. Keep reading for profiles on some influential Native Coloradans—and for places where you can learn more about indigenous culture, traditions and history.
Important Native Coloradans
There are many Native Americans who played a significant role in our nation’s history. Let’s meet four influential figures who spent much of their lives here in Colorado:
Historic Figures
Chief Ouray (1833-1880)
Ever been to the gorgeous town of Ouray, Colorado? It was named after Chief Ouray, the Tabeguache (Uncompahgre) Ute leader who in the 1860s negotiated on behalf of the Ute people in treaties that created reservations for them to live in the Colorado Territory. He was appointed head chief of the Ute by the government in 1868 when he traveled to Washington, DC, to represent his people.
Sadly, much of the Utes’ lands ended up in government hands, but Chief Ouray was steadfast in his efforts to work peacefully with white settlers and the government. Treaty after treaty resulted in more losses for the Ute people, and they eventually revolted as settlers tried to force them to assimilate and abandon their traditions and way of life.
This conflict came to a head in October 1879, when area settlers demanded the Utes’ removal from their land. By March 1880, Chief Ouray explained to his people that they must leave their homeland. The Southern Ute agreed to settle on the La Plata River, the Uncompahgre on the Grand near the mouth of the Gunnison River, and the White River Ute on the Uinta reservation in Utah.
Ouray’s wife, Chipeta, was often by his side in negotiations. In summer 1880, the couple travelled to the Southern Ute agency at Ignacio with the intent to negotiate once again. But Ouray was very sick by the time he arrived. He died of Brights Disease on August 24, 1880.
His obituary described him as, “a friend to the white man and protector to the Indians alike,” and named him, “…the greatest Indian of his time.” Chipeta continued to work for the Ute and negotiate on behalf of her people until her death in 1924.
Chief Black Kettle (1803-1868)
Black Kettle was born in the Black Hills of South Dakota. He gained prominence as a warrior as a teen and joined the Elkhorn Scraper Society, which met with their chief to discuss important tribal matters. In 1854, his father-in-law died and Black Kettle was made chief of the Wotapio Band of Cheyenne and chosen to be a member of the Council of 44, the Cheyenne tribal government.
In the wake of the Gold Rush, many white settlers moved west, bringing many changes throughout the 1840s. Black Kettle felt that these changes couldn’t be stopped and wanted to work toward peace with the settlers. He and other members of Colorado plains tribes met and a treaty was formed in 1851 that would prove to be largely unfavorable to the Cheyenne.
Many young warriors waged war upon the settlers who flooded the region. John Evans, governor of the territory of Colorado, eventually ordered all Native Americans to move to forts in Colorado and Kansas as tensions continued to increase between them and the settlers, and Black Kettle moved his band to Fort Lyon.
Many parties were still attempting to maintain peace, and Black Kettle was encouraged by Major Scott Anthony to hunt near Sand Creek. On November 29, 1864, however, Colonel John Chivington moved his troops to the plains and attacked Chief Black Kettle’s village. In what’s now known as the Sand Creek Massacre, some 150-200 people were killed, more than half of them women and children.
In the years that followed, Chief Black Kettle continued to try to negotiate peace for his people. However, many were unsatisfied with treaties in 1865 and 1867, and fighting continued. The US Army attacked the Cheyenne in November 1868, and Black Kettle and his wife were shot while trying to escape the attack.
Current Figures
Lucille Echohawk
Lucille Echohawk served as the executive director of the Denver Indian Family Resource Center until her retirement in 2014. This organization was founded in 2000 as a child welfare agency focused on meeting the needs of Native American children in the Denver area.
This citizen of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma who resides in Arvada, Colorado, has been a longtime advocate for Native American youth and people—both locally and nationally. She has been a member of the National Support Council for the Native American Rights Fund and is an at-large member of the Colorado Commission of Indian Affairs. She continues to work in the tribal and Native non-profit arena.
John “Thunderbird Man” Emhoolah Jr. (1929-2021)
If you live in Denver, perhaps you’re familiar with the John “Thunderbird Man” Emhoolah Jr. Branch Library, which is the new (as of 2021) name of the Denver Public Library Byers Branch Library.
Emhoolah spent his life advocating for Native education and people. He was a Kiowa and Arapaho and a descendant of survivors of the Sand Creek Massacre. He served on the National Native American Veterans Memorial Advisory Committee and the American Indian Higher Education Consortium in Denver, where he lobbied the government for better funding of tribal colleges.
Emhoolah also served as Executive Director of the American Indian Center in Denver, was Director of the Adams County Five Star Schools Indian Education Program and was co-founder of the Denver March Powwow.
Celebrate All Year
The above represent just a handful of names, but there are many other Native Americans who have made significant contributions to our state and country.
History.com is a great place to start in learning more about Native American history, culture and leaders. There are many other amazing places to visit here in Colorado as well:
Sites
Canyons of the Ancients Visitor Center & Museum | Dolores, Colorado
Crow Canyon Archaeological Center | Cortez, Colorado
Hovenweep National Monument | Montezuma Creek, Utah (UT and CO border)
Mesa Verde National Park | Cortez, Colorado
Plains Conservation Center | Aurora, Colorado
Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site | Eads, Colorado
Southern Ute Museum | Ignacio, Colorado
Ute Council Tree | Delta, Colorado
Museums
Ute Indian Museum | Montrose, Colorado
Denver Museum of Nature and Science permanent exhibit on North American Indian Cultures
Written on the Land exhibit at the History Colorado Center
Return of the Corn Mothers exhibit at History Colorado Center
Indigenous Arts of North America Galleries at the Denver Art Museum
We’ll leave you with this: There are so many ways to acknowledge the influences of Native Americans and the incredible culture and history of their people.
We invite you to continue learning all year long about the land you live on, the cultures that existed here and the impact of European exploration and colonization of the Americas. Although a complicated and tragic history, it is important for all of us to learn about. | https://blog.frontrange.edu/2022/11/01/native-american-heritage-month-honoring-people-who-have-shaped-our-nations-history/ |
In the Pacific Northwest, Native American tribes enjoyed a wet and mild climate that allowed for ample agriculture and fishing. Many tribes inhabited the modern-day states of Oregon and Washington, as well as northern California. Along the coast, tribes relied heavily on the Pacific salmon for food. Of all the regions in the United States, the Pacific Northwest was the last to be explored by Europeans. The Spanish did not push north from Mexico and southern California until the mid-1770s, around the same time that Russian explorers were pushing south from present-day Alaska. Sadly, as with other Native American populations, the tribes of the Pacific Northwest were also devastated by smallpox that arrived with European explorers.
Native Americans Migrate South From Alaska
Approximately 8,000 years ago, the first Native American tribes settled in the Pacific Northwest after migrating south through modern-day Alaska and Canada. They quickly adapted to the more temperate coastal climate and used large canoes to travel swiftly along rivers and coastlines. Famed for its enormous trees, the Pacific Northwest had plenty of wood for tribes to use as resources. Tall cedars could make canoes up to 70 feet long! Canoe travel was popular due to the difficulty of overland travel through thick forests.
In addition to allowing the creation of large and elaborate canoes, the tall trees of the Pacific Northwest had fibrous roots and inner bark that could be woven into baskets. Board could be harvested from living trees, and bark could be used for its medicinal properties. Thanks to the abundance of high-quality wood, which was very long-lasting due to natural insecticide (repelling insects) qualities, Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest became renowned for their wood carving abilities, including the creation of totem poles in the northern regions.
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The First Nations tribes of the Pacific Northwest made large and ornate totem poles to tell stories and commemorate important events. Like the length of canoes, totem poles could reach over sixty feet tall. The tallest poles tended to be memorials. Totem pole creation peaked in the early 1800s with the arrival of Europeans and tools that allowed for more elaborate carvings. Carving a totem pole was a very serious task, and until the modern era, only men were allowed to carve them.
Arrival of the Spanish
Spurred by news of Russians beginning to explore Alaska, as rumored by the British, the Spanish were prompted to increase their exploration of North America. At the time, the Spanish were primarily based in Mexico and had little settlement in what is currently the present-day American Southwest. In December 1773, Juan Perez received orders from Spain to explore northward along the west coast of North America. On August 6, 1774, Perez landed at Vancouver Island and met with Native Americans, commencing in brief trade. Although the British would later argue that they had claim to settle the area, a pair of silver spoons that changed hands during Perez’s visit to Vancouver Island proved that Spain had visited the region first.
Russian Exploration of the Pacific Northwest
Although Juan Perez did not discover any Russian explorers or fur-traders as anticipated, the Russians were indeed active in the region. Having already built settlements in present-day Alaska, Russia began looking to expand its fur trade in the Pacific Northwest starting in the 1760s. In 1778, the British expedition under Captain James Cook to search for the Northwest Passage between the northern Pacific and the northern Atlantic, sailing through the Arctic, encountered the Russians near Alaska.
Russian exploration and settlement of the Pacific Northwest did not advance the way the Spanish and British feared. The fur trade declined in the 1780s and 1790s, forcing the consolidation of competing Russian fur companies. The new Russian-American Company received a trade monopoly in the area of present-day Alaska. Dwindling otter catches around 1800 led the company to explore southward along the coast of California. After a series of explorations in northern California to discover a new site for settlement, the Russians built Fort Ross in 1812.
British Exploration of the Pacific Northwest
The British first explored the Pacific Northwest while seeking the Northwest Passage. In the 1780s, the British sent a flurry of vessels to the region, many more than the Spanish. While the Spanish looked for settlement and missionary opportunities, the British were far more interested in trade. In 1789, the Spanish captured several British ships in the region to defend their claims, prompting the 1790 Nootka Sound Resolution. In 1792, a British expedition under George Vancouver, after whom Vancouver Island is named, explored the Pacific Northwest coast.
American Explorers Arrive in the Pacific Northwest
After the victorious Revolutionary War, the new United States of America expanded westward. Many leaders adhered to the belief in Manifest Destiny, which stated that the United States should expand to cover the continent from coast to coast. President Thomas Jefferson wanted to send an expedition from America’s current boundaries, in the modern-day state of Ohio, west to the Pacific Ocean. The famous Lewis and Clark Expedition, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, was launched in 1804.
By 1805, the expedition had crossed into previously unexplored territory. Meeting with Native Americans, Lewis and Clark discovered the importance of salmon as a primary food source. The expedition found that there was already considerable trade in the region, with Native American tribes inland having traded dried and pounded fish for European goods possessed by coastal tribes. Although no hostility erupted, relations between the American explorers and Native Americans in the new Oregon Territory were rather tense.
The cross-land journey by Lewis and Clark marked some of the first thorough explorations of the Oregon Territory, as Europeans tended to stay along the coastline via ship. Very positive relations were developed between the Nez Perce tribe and the explorers, with the Native Americans providing crucial aid and support and the explorers later reciprocating with medical supplies. However, relations with tribes further west in Oregon Territory were strained, as they were less open to trade.
The Oregon Trail & Native Americans
Beginning in the 1840s, American settlers began heading for the Oregon Territory. Between 1840 and 1860, up to 400,000 settlers used the Oregon Trail to settle in Utah, northern California, and Oregon. Famous today for being featured in the popular computer game of the same name, the Oregon Trail saw families of settlers brave rough conditions in wagon trains to reach the natural bounty of the Pacific Northwest.
Settlement of the Oregon Territory was encouraged by the US government as early as the 1820s due to fears that the British would occupy it from nearby Canada. In 1841, the first wagon train traveled the Oregon Trail and saw some settlers head to northern California while others diverted to Oregon. By 1850, thousands of settlers traveled the trail each year, with many heading to northern California thanks to the 1849 gold rush. The Oregon Donation Land Law of 1850, arguably the most generous land act in US history, allowed settlers to claim up to 640-acre tracts.
The US Secures Oregon Territory
In 1846, the United States made a deal with Britain to secure the boundaries of Oregon Territory. The British agreed to today’s modern-day borders between Washington state and Canada in exchange for unchallenged control of Vancouver Island. With hostilities looming in the new state of Texas between the US and Mexico, securing the Pacific Northwest from potential British incursion was a political victory. This meant that Native American tribes in the region would have to deal solely with the United States government.
In 1850, the US began seeking formalized settlement of the Oregon Territory. As in the American Northeast and South, the government encouraged tribes to adopt an agrarian way of life. Initial attempts to convince tribes to move east, out of desired settlement territory near the coast, were resisted. In a rarity, the Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Oregon Territory, unlike his counterparts in the rest of the nation, was forced to allow the tribes to remain in their homeland in 1851. However, the US Senate refused to ratify these treaties, and settlers demanded that the Native Americans be removed.
Conflicts In Oregon Territory: The Rogue River War
In 1853, conflicts arose between gold miners and the Rogue River tribes. Again, the tribes refused to move east. Angry settlers attacked Native Americans living in the Rogue Valley in October 1855. Politicians in the area and nearby northern California proposed exterminating all Native Americans who refused to live on reservations. While anti-Native rhetoric was increasing, a drought that had limited the success of gold prospectors in the territory likely added an incentive to join volunteer militias. Out-of-work prospectors could receive food and pay for joining volunteer militias targeting Native Americans.
In late October, the US Army joined the skirmishes. The settlers and Army pursued a group of Native Americans who had left the Table Rock Reservation. On the morning of October 31, the battle commenced. The Army forces were disorganized and repelled from the Takelma Native Americans’ defensive positions. The Battle of Hungry Hill was a rare defeat for the US Army during the Indian War era. However, reinforcements were quickly brought in, and the Army returned to the offensive.
By June 1856, Native American resistance in the Willamette Valley region ended. However, after the coastal reservation opened in 1857, most tribes remained in the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation. A twenty-year treaty guaranteed the provision of some infrastructure, including a school, on the reservation. By the beginning of the US Civil War in 1861, the Pacific Northwest region was largely pacified from Native American resistance.
Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest Today
After the brief Rogue River War in late 1855, the Pacific Northwest was largely pacified in terms of violence between Native Americans and settlers. Today, there are 29 federally-recognized tribes in Washington state and several unrecognized tribes. Oregon has nine federally-recognized tribes, several of which are coalitions of smaller tribes. After the Boldt decision in the 1970s, federally-recognized tribes in the Pacific Northwest regained commercial and self-governing rights that they had initially been promised in the 1800s.
Today, Native American tribes in the Pacific Northwest are economically engaged in tourism, casinos and gaming, and commercial fishing and agriculture. While conflicts between Native Americans and European Americans in the region did not rise to the level of violence seen in the West during the Indian Wars era, many treaties were broken, and Native Americans were forced onto reservations much smaller than initially proposed. Fortunately, legislation and court decisions in the last fifty years have helped reverse some inequities. | https://www.thecollector.com/northwest-native-americans-history/ |
EAST LACKAWANNOCK TOWNSHIP — Aside from an occasional passing car in the distance, the sound of leaves underfoot or natural wind or wildlife noises, the area known as "Hell's Hollow" outside of Mercer is a generally quiet spot. But some say they can hear something else — the sound made by the restless spirit of an American Indian whose life might have come to a violent end.
Normally known for the annual "Hell's Hollow Haunt" barn and hayride Halloween tradition, the area known as Hell's Hollow features only a few structures, such as an old iron mill from the early 1800s secluded in the woods, a barn from 1872 at the latest, and landmarks such as a waterfall known as "Spirit Falls."
Though the pandemic cancelled this year's attraction, Barbara Mills — whose family owns the property — said she has to wear headphones when decorating the area for Halloween.
"Usually when I'd decorate, I'd have headphones on to drown out the weird noises," Mills said. "It may be thumping or banging. It's something that's there but you can't put your finger on what it is."
The area has been referred to as "Hell's Hollow" since at least the late 19th century. The 1888 "History of Mercer County" book even refers to the hollow as one of the principal physical features of what is today East Lackawannock Township, and it details the incident which led to the hollow's name.
Backstory
The Mercer County area was first settled in the 1790s by veterans of the Revolutionary War, who were often paid in land for their service in the Continental Army. But those land grants displaced American Indians – including the Delaware and Seneca tribes – already living here.
There were no major battles or skirmishes between the American Indians and European descendants like those seen out west almost a century later, said Bill Philson, executive director of the Mercer County Historical Society.
Instead, relations between the settlers and American Indians were often positive and even friendly sometimes, according to the historical record. In one instance, a native named Peter visited the home of the Pew family, which had settled the area in the late 1700s, and insisted he give the settler family an entire bear in exchange for a "corn pone," similar to corn bread, even though the Pews thought an entire bear excessive.
In fact, the record says that American Indians often stopped to visit at the Pew home near Mercer, which was founded in 1803. Philson said those type of exchanges were common back in the day, particularly at winter.
A legend is born
However, one particular native named Harthegig was recorded as being disliked by both settlers and American Indians alike. Harthegig, the son-in-law of Petty, a local native chief, was prone to alcoholism, which did not improve his reported personality flaws.
"He was ugly in physical appearance, and his disposition partook of the characteristics of his body," according to the historical record.
Though Harthegig was regarded among the prominent hunters of the Seneca tribe who lived north of the mouth of Pymatuning Creek, an incident in the early 1800s secured his place in local folklore.
Samuel Pew, a boy who may have been about 10 years old at that time, was warming himself by the fire when Harthegig, accompanied by two other American Indians, entered the home. Such visits were not uncommon, but Harthegig was reportedly drunk this time, and grabbed Pew by the hair, held up a hunting knife and threatened to scalp the boy, the record states.
Along with the other American Indians, the Pew home had another visitor — a neighbor and hunter of "long experience" named James Jeffers, who is believed to have had relatives killed by American Indians during the French and Indian War, and is recorded as being openly hostile toward them.
Upon seeing Harthegig threaten Samuel Pew, the other two American Indians and Jeffers disarmed Harthegig and threw him outside, the record states.
The next day, people recorded seeing Harthegig run past the Pew home and disappeared into the woods, pursued by Jeffers, carrying a rifle. Jeffers asked Pew, who was working in the front yard, where Harthegig went. When Pew answered, Jeffers quickly followed the American Indian into the woods.
Jeffers left the woods a few hours later with "a pleased expression on his countenance," the record indicates, and never said what happened in the woods, but Harthegig was never seen again. Though it is suspected that Harthegig was murdered, Philson said, at that time period, someone disappearing did not always automatically indicate suspicions of foul play.
"You could have someone out hunting and have an accident or get attacked by an animal. There were a lot of things that could happen to people back then," Philson said.
Jeffers left the area at some point before the War of 1812, but a discovery nine years after the incident at the Pew house provided a clue to Harthegig's fate. While working near Yankee Ridge, settler John Johnston saw a large skeleton tumble out of a tree. People believed the skeleton belonged to Harthegig.
Aftermath
Despite being the son-in-law of the local chief, Harthegig's apparent murder did not cause offense to the Seneca tribe, the record states.
"The thing about sycamore trees is they get soft in the center where people can hide things, so they've had cases like that where people would hide bodies or skeletons in the trees," Philson said.
Such incidents were not unheard of at the time. Another instance in the historical record said Jeffers was walking through the woods and encountered two American Indians. He killed them, reportedly, in self-defense. In another instance, an American Indian named Flynn drunkenly killed his wife, and was himself later killed in retaliation.
A lasting effect
However, the death of Harthegig seemed to have a lasting effect on the area in which he was killed. The historical record mentions what might have been supernatural activity in Hell's Hollow in the years following Harthegig's death.
"(Harthegig's spirit), troubled and restive, has been unable to find peace in its happy hunting grounds, but returns each night to the scene of its taking off, where, in storm and tempest, its deep groans and wailing lamentations sound loud above the echo of the howling winds," according to "History of Mercer County."
Hell's Hollow is not the only evidence of Harthegig's legacy. The now-defunct "Harthegig Bottling Company" advertised its soft drinks in an area newspaper, and the Harthegig Conservation Club still exists today, Philson said.
Much has changed in the last 200 years. The Pew home's location is now occupied by an apartment complex, Philson said. However, there are still plenty of historical remnants in the area to indicate what life was like, such as the old iron mill or the foundations where a water wheel was once located, Barbara's brother Bob Mills said.
"There's a lot of history in this area," he said.
VIDEO: Bob Mills of Hell's Hollow talks about what to look out for along the trail at the historical attraction in Mercer.
Like David L. Dye on Facebook or email him at [email protected]. | https://www.sharonherald.com/news/mysterious-noises-reputed-to-be-american-indians-unsettled-spirit/article_8f48e3e0-1afc-11eb-b444-0b5ecc9be008.html |
Oklahoma, a fairly centrally located state in America with the nickname Sooner State. According to ablogtophone, Oklahoma has an area of 181,196 km² and approximately 3.9 million inhabitants. Oklahoma City is the state capital.
The state of Oklahoma was visited by French and Spanish explorers in both the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, but it was not until 1824 that forts were built in the area by Americans. America had acquired the area in 1803 through the so-called Louisiana Purchase, in which America bought an area of about 2.1 million km² west of the Mississippi River from France for 15 million dollars.
America initially used the area mainly to expel Native American tribes there. The soil in Oklahoma was so arid that the Americans still considered it the best destination for the soil. Five large and well-developed Indian tribes (Cherokese, Choctaws, Creeks, Ckickasaw and Seminoles) came to the area and founded small republics with their own constitutions. These Native Americans held slaves and so sided with the southern Confederate States during the American Civil War (1861-1865).
After the American Civil War, the Native American tribes lost a significant portion of their land and white settlers also settled in the area. After this, several Indian reservations were also abolished and given to the white population. The population increased rapidly during this period. The white settlers who were the first to claim land in the area were known as Sooners. This is where the state’s nickname comes from: Sooner State.
According to bestitude, Oklahoma became the 46th state to join the Union on November 16, 1907.
Flag
The flag of Oklahoma consists of a blue area with a shield of the Osage Indians in the middle. Under this shield is the name of the state in white. Some crosses can be found on the shell, these stand for peace. The olive branch and the peace pipe that can be seen in the shield also symbolize this. The flag has been officially in use since April 2, 1925. However, the name of the state was not added to the flag until 1951.
Oklahoma first got its flag in 1911. This flag consisted of a red area with in it a blue-rimmed white star with the number 46 in it. This number could be found on the flag because Oklahoma was the 46th state to join the Union. In the 1920s, however, resistance to the flag arose. This is because the red color was often associated with communism. During a referendum it was decided that a different flag should be used.
Washita Battlefield National Historic Site
In 1868, a significant battle took place on the prairies of the Washita River, located northwest of the town of Clinton. Just before dawn on November 27, 1868, a Native American village was attacked by American soldiers. That’s when the Seventh Cavalry of Colonel George Custer and the fighters of the Cheyenne chief called Černý kotlík – Black Kettle clashed here. However, it was an unequal fight that ended in a heavy defeat for the Indians. Almost a hundred of them were shot here, their cattle slaughtered, the camp burned and their provisions for the winter stolen.
Decimated and defeated, the tribe was forced to leave their land and agree to move to a hated reservation. Even many years after his death, Chief Black Kettle is revered among the Native American population as a prominent leader who never stopped striving for peace, even when his efforts ultimately cost him his life.
Today, this place where the Indians experienced a sad defeat is the Washita Battlefield Historical Park, which was established in 1965. It can be found about 150 miles west of the capital city of Oklahoma City. The park was also listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 and is administered by the National Park Service. You can get important information about the battle at the Washita Battlefield Historical Park Visitor Center as well as the Black Kettle Museum. | https://www.topschoolsintheusa.com/history-of-oklahoma/ |
Adventurous Europeans came from the "Old World" to the "New World" after being inspired by Columbus who had discovered America in 1492. They came in look for land, furs and minerals. In exchange, Europe got new foods such as sunflowers, corn, peanuts and chocolate. Native Americans traded horses, steel and guns. Unfortunately, the two worlds did not mix well. White settlers often took land by force and shot buffalo. The Native Americans could not understand this type of behaviour, because they were used to sharing and not wasting. The Native Americans used buffalo for food, their fur for clothing and skin for tents.
To begin with the immigrants were on friendly terms with Native Americans, but when moving West, the Europeans fought hard with the Native Americans over land, and forced thousands out of areas where they had lived for hundreds of years. President Jackson passed a law in 1830, saying the government could set up so called reservations, where the Native Ameicans could live. These reservations had often poor soil and a bad climate, making it difficult for the Native Americans to grow food, causing hardship since many tribes had never farmed before. They were unable to hunt and move freely, making life feel like imprisonment.
In 1830 President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal act, which was a law that gave the government the "right" to move thousands of Indians that lived in the southern states. This forced re-location of several indian tribes and was called the trail of tears. Over 100 000 indians were moved, the journey was hard, and thousands did not make it to the northern states.
In the early part of the 19th Century there was a great move towards California and Oregon. People were moving because they heard the land was cheap and fertile. One of the ways to get to the West from the East was to travel west via the Oregon Trail. Wagons rolled along the trail from 1839, and were very rarely attacked by the Indians, particularly if they stuck to the trail. The only time they came under attack was if they tried to take the land belonging to the Indians away from them. Life could be hard on the 'trains' of wagons that travelled across the prairies and deserts. By the mid 1850's the deserts were littered with animal skeletons, wagons that were broken and human remains. By 1860 175,000 settlers had crossed the plains and mountains from the Mississippi to the land called California, while thousands went to Oregon, which was further north. In 1848 pure gold was found in a river in the Sacramento valley California. This spark off what is known as 'The Great American Gold Rush'.
A Cowboy's job was very important. He had to look after the cattle on the ranch and on the trail. The job was not easy and could be quite uncomfortable. It was dangerous, cattle could trample a cowboy to death. There were dangers from Indians, and also the weather could be rough. Most cowboys became very skilled on horseback, learning to rope cattle and round them up. Cowboys wore 'chaps' made from leather over their denim jeans. These 'chaps' provided protection for their legs. A rifle may well be used to kill a cow that was badly injured, or a threat from a cougar or wolf. When the cowboys went into town, which could be a rough and dangerous place to visit, they often took their guns.
Native American life is different today than it was centuries ago, but there is still alot of pride and independence in Native American life. Pride in one’s tribe, care of the land and respect for nature characterize native American life, and many Native Americans share these principles today.
Today, many Native Americans still live on reservations, but in generations past, they spanned the continent and their lifestyles and traditions varied from tribe to tribe as they do today. Some Native Americans survived by hunting ,gathering, and lived in tents. Others lived in longhouses and had a very organized and political system. Before white settlers came to the continent, Native American life was free of European influences. Although there was often colaboration between tribes regarding farming and trade, other tribes were continuously at war with each other, such as the Algonquin and the Iroquois. Many of these alliances and rivalries were exploited when white settlers landed on the American continent, and some tribes were pitted against others to serve the colonist’s rules.
Do you want to know more about different Indian tribes? | http://www.melaskole.no/the-wild-west.html |
Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas and Columbian Exchange Cultural areas of North America at time of European contact The European colonization of the Americas fundamentally changed the lives and cultures of the native peoples of the continents. The majority of these losses are attributed to the introduction of Afro-Eurasian diseases into the Americas. Epidemics ravaged the Americas with diseases such as smallpoxmeaslesand cholerawhich the early colonists and African slaves brought from Europe.
Whereas Europeans eventually came to look upon slaves of African descent as being racially inferior, Native Americans took slaves from other Native American groups, and therefore did not have the same racial ideology for their slavery.
Native slaves could be looked down upon as ethnically inferior, however. Captives could be enslaved for life, killed, or adopted. In some cases, captives were only adopted after a period of slavery. For example, the Iroquoian peoples not just the Iroquois tribes often adopted captives, but for religious reasons there was a process, procedures, and many seasons when such adoptions were delayed until the proper spiritual times.
In many cases, new tribes adopted captives to replace warriors killed during a raid. Some Native Americans would cut off one foot of captives to keep them from running away. Others allowed enslaved male captives to marry the widows of slain husbands.
The children did not have slave status. More typically, tribes took women and children captives for adoption, as they tended to adapt more easily into new ways.
Several tribes held captives as hostages for payment.
Slaves would often be killed in potlatchesto signify the owners' contempt for property. European enslavement of Native Americans[ edit ] When Europeans arrived as colonists in North America, Native Americans changed their practice of slavery dramatically.
Native Americans began selling war captives to Europeans rather than integrating them into their own societies as they had done before. As the demand for labor in the West Indies grew with the cultivation of sugar caneEuropeans enslaved Native Americans for the Thirteen Coloniesand some were exported to the "sugar islands".
The British settlers, especially those in the southern colonies, purchased or captured Native Americans to use as forced labor in cultivating tobacco, rice, and indigo.
Accurate records of the numbers enslaved do not exist. Scholars estimate tens of thousands of Native Americans may have been enslaved by the Europeans, being sold by Native Americans themselves.
Slaves became a caste of people who were foreign to the English Native Americans, Africans and their descendants and non-Christians. The Virginia General Assembly defined some terms of slavery in All servants imported and brought into the Country All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves within this dominion If any slave resists his master It gave rise to a series of devastating wars among the tribes, including the Yamasee War.
The Indian Wars of the early 18th century, combined with the increasing importation of African slaves, effectively ended the Native American slave trade by Colonists found that Native American slaves could easily escape, as they knew the country.
The wars cost the lives of numerous colonial slave traders and disrupted their early societies. The remaining Native American groups banded together to face the Europeans from a position of strength.
Many surviving Native American peoples of the southeast strengthened their loose coalitions of language groups and joined confederacies such as the Choctawthe Creekand the Catawba for protection.
Native American women were at risk for rape whether they were enslaved or not; during the early colonial years, settlers were disproportionately male. They turned to Native women for sexual relationships.
The exact number of Native Americans who were enslaved is unknown because vital statistics and census reports were at best infrequent.
In the Spanish colonies, the church assigned Spanish surnames to Native Americans and recorded them as servants rather than slaves. Native American slaves suffered from European diseases and inhumane treatment, and many died while in captivity.
Consequently, the Natives who were captured and sold into slavery were often sent to the West Indies, or far away from their home.
Before the s indentured servitude was dominant form of bondage in the colonies, but by only Caucasians could lawfully receive contracts as indentured servants. While both Native Americans and Africans were considered savages, Native Americans were romanticized as noble people that could be elevated into Christian civilization.I.
Introduction. Native Americans long dominated the vastness of the American West. Linked culturally and geographically by trade, travel, and warfare, various indigenous groups controlled most of the continent west of the Mississippi River deep into the nineteenth century.
Although they had already begun topeace negotiationswith the U.S. government, more than Native Americans were killed and mutilated, more than 2/3 of which were women and children.
Slavery among Native Americans in the United States includes slavery by Native Americans as well as slavery of Native Americans roughly within the present-day United States. Tribal territories and the slave trade ranged over present-day borders. Some Native American tribes held war captives as slaves prior to and during European colonization, some Native Americans were captured and sold by.
The history of Native Americans in the United States began in ancient times tens of thousands of years ago with the settlement of the Americas by the Paleo-Indians.
Anthropologists and archeologists have identified and studied a wide variety of cultures that existed during this era. Throughout the 19th century and early 20th century, the United States government engaged in a policy of involuntary cultural assimilation of Native Americans, which included taking several generations of Native American children from their parents to be enrolled in Native American boarding schools.
Introd uction. Ever since humanity's ancestors left their native habitat in the tropical rainforests, they had to exploit new energy sources. Whether it was tools to scavenge predator kills, weapons that made humans into super-predators, fur from human prey worn as clothing, felling trees and using deforested land to grow crops and pasture animals, the game was always about securing or. | https://zohecobesituja.timberdesignmag.com/an-introduction-to-the-issue-of-american-settlers-and-their-killing-of-native-americans-37273yz.html |
Americas.
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The team from the Natural Environment Research Council and led by Dr. Silvia Gonzalez, analysed the DNA of skulls with markedly different morphologies to Native American Indians, commonly regarded as the first settlers of the Americas. The skulls are long and narrow, not in keeping with the Native Indians' broader, rounder features.
"They appear more similar to southern Asians, Australians and populations of the South Pacific Rim than they do to Northern Asians," said Dr Gonzalez of Liverpool John Moores University.
"DNA analysis of the Mexican remains suggest these people were at least partly contemporaneous to the first native American Indian settlers on the continent," she added.
"We think there were several migration waves into the Americas at different times by different human groups. The timing, route and point of origin of the first colonisation of the Americas remains a most contentious topic in human evolution."
This debate has been running for more than a century. Consensus is split between two camps: the first camp believe settlers came across the Bering Straits, from Russia to Alaska, at the end of the last ice age 12-15,000 years ago. Evidence for this theory comes from Clovis Points - huge tools used to hunt mammoths - found all over the American continent. DNA analysis of skeletal remains close to these Clovis Points suggest just four tribes are responsible for populating the continent. The second camp say colonisation happened much earlier than this, 20-30,000 years ago, but their techniques, using genetics, linguistics and dental morphology, have been steeped in controversy.
Dr. Gonzalez's team have evidence of a previously unknown group, the Pericues, who went extinct in the 18th Century. She suggests this tribe may not have taken the traditional route to the continent.
The work is one of 11 projects investigating whether environmental factors played a part in human evolution and dispersal. Funded by the Natural Environment Research Council, the programme is tackling major anthropological questions such as: how did we become the only true global species? Why did our ancestors swap the tropical beaches of Africa for the icy tundra? How do we explain our trademark big brains? What role did climate play in making us adapt quickly to different environments?
The programme, Environmental Factors in the
Chronology of Human Evolution
and Dispersal, is truly global in its outlook with scientists working
in
South America, Europe, Africa, the Middle East and southern Asia.
Sources:
British Informaton Services
Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
Environmental Factors in the Chronology of Human Evolution and Dispersal Programme
|
|
The Settlement of the American Continents: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Human Biogeography
edited by C. Michael Barton, Geoffrey A. Clark, David R. Yesner and Georges A. Pearson
The University of Arizona Press, 2004
The editors, all professional anthropologists, selected papers representing many different research protocols and data sources in order to provide a multidisciplinary view of the issues. Contributors include evolutionary biologists, geneticist, behavioral ecologists, and historical linguists.
Kamille R. Schmitz, in her "Review of Bioarchaeological Thought," points out that "Genetic, skeletal, and dental morphological evidence overwhelming identify Asia as the homeland of the first Americans." Whether new evidence contradicts this finding, and how and when the Asians became Americans remains the subject o much theory and debate.
Carole A.S. Mandryk, in a paper entitled "Invented Traditions and the Ultimate American Origin Myth," debunks the long-standing consensus of an ice-free corridor that allowed early inhabitants of the New World to move south through the Canadian ice sheets. "This myth is still preferred by many individuals, despite the lack of supporting archaeological and geological evidence, partly because ideological and theoretical assumptions in academia and the popular press regarding the earliest Americans block consideration of alternative scenarios."
The papers in this volume are arranged in three parts responding to three areas of inquiry:
1.
Who were the Pleistocene
settlers of the American continents?
"It
has no escaped the attention
of its critics that much research on New World origins is heavily
dominated
by pattern searching and by a relatively mechanistic approach to
interpretation
that lacks any explicit conceptual framework to lend meaning to
pattern,"
the editors point out. "The papers in this book are, perhaps, an
initial
step in redressing that deficiency." | http://www.outriderbooks.com/ot24.html |
Early 19th Century Native American Leader. He is remembered as the chief of a large tribal Native American confederacy which opposed the United States during Tecumseh's War (the conflict between the US and Native Americans in the area of the Northwest Territory from about 1809 to late 1811) and the War of 1812. It is believed he was been born along the Scioto River, near the present-day city of Chillicothe, Ohio, or in another village the Shawnee Kispoko tribe had erected not far away, along a small tributary stream of the Scioto, where his family moved just before or not long after his birth. When he was a boy, his father Puckshinwa, a minor Shawnee Kispoko war chief, was killed by white frontiersmen who had crossed onto Indian land in violation of a treaty, at the Battle of Point Pleasant in present-day West Virginia during Lord Dunmore's War in 1774. The Shawnee were military allies with the British during the American Revolutionary War and repeatedly battled the Americans. Following his father's death, his family moved back to Chief Blackfish's nearby village of Chillicothe. The town was destroyed in 1779 by Kentucky militia in reprisal for Blackfish's attack on famed frontiersman Daniel Boone's settlement of Boonesburough, Kentucky. His family then fled to another nearby Kispoko village, but it was destroyed in 1780 by forces under the command of George Rogers Clark. The family moved a third time to the village of Sanding Stone, which was attacked again by Clark in November 1782, and the family moved to a new Shawnee settlement near modern Bellefontaine, Ohio. Around the age of 15, he joined a band of Shawnee who were determined to stop the white invasion of their lands by attacking settlers' flatboats traveling down the Ohio River from Pennsylvania. For a while, these raids were so effective that river traffic virtually ceased. In early 1789 he traveled south with his older brother Cheeseekau and a small band of Shawnee warriors to live among, and fight alongside, the Chickamauga faction of the Cherokee. There he met Dragging Canoe, a was chief leader who was leading a resistance movement against US expansion. Cheeseekau was killed while leading a raid, and Tecumseh assumed leadership of the small Shawnee band, and subsequent Chickamauga raiding parties. In 1790 he returned to the Ohio territory and participated in several battles, including Fallen Timbers in 1794, in which the Native Americans were defeated by General Anthony Wayne's American forces, which ended the Northwestern Indian Wars. He eventually settled in what is now Greenville, Ohio, the home of his younger brother Lalawethika, who would later take the new name of Tenskwatawa and became known as "The Prophet." A religious leader, he advocated a return of the Shawnee and other American Indians to their ancestral lifestyle and rejection of the colonists and Americans. Around 1808, Tecumseh relocated with "The Prophet" near the confluences of the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers, near present-day Battle Ground, Indiana, and established the village of Prophetstown. "The Prophet's" religious teachings became more widely known, as did his predictions on the coming doom of the Americans, and it attracted numerous members of other tribes to Prophetstown. They formed the basis of a sizeable confederacy of tribes in the southwestern Great Lakes region and Tecumseh emerged as the primary leader of this confederation. In September 1809, William Henry Harrison, governor of the newly formed Indiana Territory, negotiated the Treaty of Fort Wayne in which a delegation of Native Americans ceded 3 million acres of their lands to the US. Tecumseh opposed this and in August 1810 he led 400 armed warriors to confront Harrison at his home in Vincennes, Indiana, and demand the treaty be overturned, which Harrison refused to do. He met with Harrison again in 1811 without any resolution and he travelled south to recruit allies among the Five Civilized Tribes consisting of the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole. Harrison sensed that war was imminent and decided to strike first. On September 26, 1811 he led a force of 1,000 trained soldiers to Prophetstown and early on November 7th, the Native Americans launched a sneak attack. Harrison's forces prevailed and they won the battle and destroyed the village. In spite of this setback, Tecumseh rallied his confederacy and joined up with British forces at the beginning of the War of 1812. He teamed with British Major General Sir Isaac Brock in the Siege of Detroit, helping to force the city's surrender in August 1812. In the summer of 1813, with the American Naval victory on Lake Erie and Harrison's successful defense of Fort Miegs, the British found themselves in an indefensible position and withdrew from Detroit. Harrison continued to pursue the British forces and their Native American allies into Canada and on October 5, 1813, he defeated them at the Battle of the Thames, near Moraviantown, in the present-day Canadian province of Ontario. Tecumseh was killed, and shortly after the battle, most tribes of his confederacy surrendered to Harrison at Detroit. Several in Harrison's army claimed to have killed him, including Col. Richard Mentor Johnson of the Kentucky Mounted Rifles, and this fame helped him be elected to the US vice presidency in 1837.
Bio by: Find a Grave
Inscription
THE BONES OF CHIEF TECUMSEH ARE ENTOMBED IN THIS CAIRN
Family Members
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Chief Pucksinwah
1729–1774
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Methotaske Pekowi
1737 – unknown
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Chief Cheeseekau
1760–1792
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The Shawnee Prophet Tenskwatawa
1775–1836
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Jane T. Cross Penn
1787–1860
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Skwato Shawnee Rainey
1799–1833
Flowers
Plant Memorial Trees
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See more Tecumseh memorials in: | https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2710/chief-tecumseh |
The Tohono O’odham people also referred to as the Papago, are a Native American tribe of the Sonoran Desert who primarily live in Arizona and the Mexican state of Sonora. Tohono O’odham means “Desert People.” When the Spanish came upon them, they called them Papago, but the people rejected this name and officially changed it to Tohono O’odham in the 1980s.
They are thought to be descendants of the prehistoric Hohokam culture. They share linguistic and cultural roots with the closely related Akimel O’odham or Pima people, whose lands lie just south of present-day Phoenix along the lower Gila River.
These people were a settled tribe that raised crops, including sweet Indian corn, beans, squash, lentils, and melons. They also took advantage of native plants, such as saguaro fruits, mesquite tree beans, and cholla buds, and made mesquite candy from the sap of mesquite trees.
Mission San Xavier del Bac near Tucson, founded in 1700 by the Jesuit missionary and explorer Eusebio Kino, was built by the Tohono O’odham. Though the Catholic priests were there to Christianize the area Indians, the Tohono O’odham villages resisted change for hundreds of years. During the 1660s and 1750s, two major rebellions rivaled in scale the 1680 Pueblo Revolt. During and after Spanish rule, the desert people preserved their traditions largely intact for generations. Today, the beautiful church sits on the Tohono O’odham reservation.
The nomadic Apache often raided the tribe for their food. The relationship between the two tribes became especially strained after 92 O’odham warriors joined the Mexicans and Anglo-Americans in an attack on the Aravaipa Apache at Camp Grant, Arizona, on April 30, 1871. Known as the Camp Grant Massacre, an angry mob of citizens from Tucson and their Papago Indian mercenaries attacked an Aravaipa camp, clubbing and shooting 144 people, primarily women and children. All but eight of the corpses were women and children, as the men had been off hunting in the mountains. The attack was retaliation for a Gila Apache raid in which six people had been killed and some livestock stolen. Twenty-seven children who were captured were sold in Mexico by the O’odham Indians.
It was not until American settlers began to move into Arizona territory that the outsiders began to oppress the people’s traditional ways. When territorial lands were opened under the Dawes Act of 1888, more missionaries came to the area, building schools and missions. Under U.S. Federal Indian policy from the late 19th century, the government required native children to attend Indian boarding schools, where they were forced to use English, practice Christianity, and give up much of their culture in an attempt to promote assimilation into the American mainstream.
Though the Tohono O’odham never signed a treaty with the Federal Government, they were assigned to a reservation that incorporated a portion of their original Sonoran desert lands. Most people live on more than the 2.7 million-acre reservation in Pima, Pinal, and Maricopa Counties. With more than 24,000 people, the reservation is the third-largest Indian reservation area in the United States, after the Navajo Nation and the Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation.
Today, some people continue to farm, but most have turned more to raising cattle as the primary source of income. Over the years, the Papago tribe has had little involvement with white settlers, a tradition that continues today, allowing them to preserve many of their aboriginal traits. Their language is still alive today.
© Kathy Alexander/Legends of America, updated December 2022.
Also See: | https://www.legendsofamerica.com/tohono-oodham-tribe/ |
Disaster impacts around the world are increasing with 2011 and 2017 the largest on record in terms of total losses from disasters in recorded history (USD 444billion and USD 341billion, respectively). The reasons for the increase in losses are multiple. Climate change is increasing the likelihood and intensity of several natural hazard types, and as the world’s population and economy grow, and humans increasingly develop in areas exposed to natural hazard (e.g. along rivers, and coastal areas), the values exposed are also rapidly increasing. These multiple factors contribute to the complex nature of disaster risk, which is considered to be the combination of natural hazard intensity and extent, exposure (assets, people, other values), and vulnerabilities of the exposed values to the characteristics of the hazards. This can be considered the risk triangle – hazard, exposure and vulnerability – and each of these factors change into the future impacted by a range of drivers; population and economic change, technology, urbanisation rates, political actions etc.
To reduce the impacts of disasters, risk management and reduction activities are designed and implemented, and are typically underpinned by risk assessments. Risk assessments use qualitative and/or quantitative approaches to attempt to characterise the likelihood and impact of disaster types for a region or organisation. Currently, risk assessments do not capture future changes across all dimensions of risk in a manner that provides insight into the strategic threats and opportunities of emergent disaster risks. Therefore, there is a need for approaches to consider realistic degrees of complexity within the disaster risk system and account for the uncertainty in emergent risk. By capturing this within disaster risk assessments, treatment options can be developed and tested that strategically manage these risks over time.
This research has developed these approaches and provides three key contributions through the use of foresight, primarily scenarios within disaster risk assessment processes, to support effective policy and investment decision making to reduce future impacts. The thesis is organised around three publications, all contributing to the development of a generic framework which integrates foresight into disaster risk management and specific approaches to develop and use scenarios for strategic risk assessment and management of emergent disaster risk. The first paper (Chapter 2) proposes and demonstrates this generic framework for the incorporation of the principles of foresight into risk assessment and management processes. The second paper (Chapter 3) focuses on the design of scenarios to support policy making for disaster risk reduction through several improvements to the methodological approach for constructing relevant and challenging scenarios using an “outcomes of interest” framing. The third paper (Chapter 4) outlines and applies an approach for the use of exploratory scenarios within quantitative disaster risk assessment through the development of alternative pathways of disaster risk using scenarios and integrated risk models. | https://www.bnhcrc.com.au/publications/biblio/bnh-6661 |
Computational Intelligence is a field of computer science that deals with complex real-world problems that cannot be reduced to mathematical algorithms. Computational Intelligence approximates human intelligence and can handle uncertainty and incomplete information, adapt to new situations, learn from mistakes, and find the optimal way to solve a problem.
Artificial Intelligence is a field of computer science that applies deductive and inductive reasoning to do human things like visual perception, speech recognition, or creative problem-solving. An Expert System can be created that has specific knowledge about its domain and a set of rules or heuristics to enhance its ability, similar to human experts.
Machine learning is a branch of computer science that develops methods for a computer to operate without a detailed plan of action, to learn new approaches to a problem from its actions and data. Machine learning methods are used to discover previously unrecognized patterns in data, find a better path from start to finish (optimization), or to make predictions about system outcomes and behavior.
Optimization refers to computational methods to find better solutions. Optimization draws from machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques to handle logistical problems like scheduling, shipping, workflow, and resource management. These are complex problems that require machines to compare thousands of possible paths to a desired outcome.
How do we use Predictive Analytics?
Predictive analytics is the use of historical data, statistical modeling, and machine-learning algorithms to predict the likelihood of possible future outcomes.
In Health Care, predictive analytics can identify opportunities and threats well in advance and can be used to optimize patient flow and outcomes.
In World politics, predictive analytics has been used to develop insight into the potential consequences of changes in policy, trade, alliances, and other factors influencing international affairs.
In Business, these same methods can be used to understand the market and make predictions, rank strategies, and manage risk. | https://randbsoft.com/computational-intelligence/ |
No cell coverage? No internet access? No heat or air conditioning? We have all experienced a temporary loss of electricity which quickly becomes an annoyance in our modern world accustomed to 24/7 everything.
However living without electricity for a more extended period of time, weeks or months, is a reality for so many after a major natural disaster occurs.
Not having access to modern day necessities for a long period of time impacts individuals’ health and safety, impacts the security posture locally and often times nationally, and has far reaching economic implications. When major natural disasters like category 4 or 5 hurricanes hit land, and subsequently bring down the area’s electrical grid, every aspect of life is disrupted and severe economic loss can occur.
In addition, with hurricanes Katrina, Sandy and Maria as examples, we are seemingly witnessing an increase in frequency and intensity of natural disasters. Over the last twenty years, technology has dramatically improved the ability to track and forecast the arrival and intensity of natural disasters.
However technology that estimates a disaster’s impact on electrical grids, using precise detail in the network modeling, has not existed until now.
A team of Laboratory scientists and researchers has developed and deployed groundbreaking technology to do just that - test the impacts of damage to many specific network components. The Severe Contingency Solver for Electric Power Transmission Systems (SCS-EPT) is the only open-source software that reliably models impacts to electrical grids and computes the maximum number of customers that can be served by the severely damaged grid to ensure reliable operations.
Significance of the work
A power network consists of many components including generators, lines, loads, transformers, shunts and buses that connect to each other in the form of a grid and delivers electrical power to customers. Extreme events, such as natural disasters or planned attacks, cause severe damage to many components in a power network in a very short period of time. If many components are damaged simultaneously and a large amount of power loss occurs, it can be weeks or even months before the affected components are repaired. After hurricane Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico, it took almost one year (328 days) to completely restore power to the debilitated island.
Today, individuals and economies are more dependent on power supply than ever before and natural disasters are a constant threat to populations and power networks. It is critical for network owners and operators, policymakers and government officials to understand where their networks are most vulnerable during an attack. Until now the ability to quantify the impact of damaged network components from these extreme events has been non-existent. The LANL team tackled this seemingly unsolvable problem by creating the open-source software that is just that—a solver.
Computing large ensembles of damage scenarios is desirable in extreme event analysis for quantifying risk and monitoring a broad range of possible vulnerabilities. By developing complex algorithms that quantify the impact of damage on a power network, and specifying how many electrical loads must be dropped and where in order to regain power, SCS-EPT answers the question of impact on the power grid when extreme events occur. For hurricanes, floods, ice storms and earthquakes, SCS-EPT can be coupled with sophisticated natural disaster forecasts and component fragility models in order to compute the maximum amount of power that can be delivered shortly after the event has passed but before repair crews are dispatched.
How does the analysis process work? The basic approach to analyzing the impacts of seasonal hurricanes, is to first run a physics-based simulation of an approaching hurricane to generate wind speed estimates. For each component in a power network, these wind speeds are combined with wind fragility models to generate a number of power network damage scenarios. These scenarios are then fed into the SCS-EPT software to provide a basic understanding of how much load must be dropped from the network in order to restore power after a hurricane event. A similar workflow can be designed for a wide range of other events where disaster forecasts and network asset fragility models are available.
Additionally, SCS-EPT is the only software available today guaranteed to provide a solution for a severely damaged power network or one with hundreds of damage points. It is the combination of cost (free), ubiquity (runs on any operating system) and reliability that makes SCS-EPT the number one choice for all power networks, from smaller utility companies to national government agencies. A guaranteed solution is a valuable algorithmic property because it removes the need for human intervention reducing the time to result from several hours to just a few seconds and increases the number of damage scenarios that can be simulated from just a few to hundreds or even thousands.
Achievements
It took an expert understanding of power networks, mathematical programming and computation to develop SCS-EPT, the product of hard-earned scientific advances in power network mathematics. Previously, the analysis included extremely complicated calculations simulating the nonlinear physics of the grid which were conducted by hand, work that involved 100,000 variables and equations. The Los Alamos team developed new, advanced algorithms making the calculations more reliable and removing the need for human mediation. Not only is SCS-EPT the first software to analyze extreme event damage to a power network, but it is the first to do so reliably, consistently and accurately. Peer-reviewed by field experts, SCS-EPT is currently used by a number of U.S. government agencies. Los Alamos scientists also are called upon by the U.S. government to perform rigorous analytics using SCS-EPT, formally called Crisis Action, when major hurricanes are approaching.
SCS-EPT is open-source software providing critical information during times of power crisis. Written in high-level scientific computing language Julia, anyone can download this software for free, further customize it for their specific needs, employ it to assess the impacts of severe damage on a power network and determine a stable operating condition for the damaged network. Only SCS-EPT allows this type of customization.
SCS-EPT is truly novel. The use of the software is inspiring the development of a new generation of power system analysis tools at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The LANL team is currently working on similar solver capabilities for other sectors including power distribution and gas networks. These new tools will further assist network operators and policymakers to understand and quantify how a power network will respond to extreme events where many components are simultaneously out-of-service. Providing invaluable situational awareness above and beyond commercially available analysis software, SCS-EPT is helping stakeholders better plan for and respond to extreme events. Whether the decision is to mobilize FEMA, dispatch additional repair crews from neighboring areas, or bring in generators for life saving measures, SCS-EPT produces invaluable information and solutions in minutes - a game changer in this field.
The research team: Carleton Coffrin, James Arnold, Scott Backhaus, David Fobes, Kaarthik Sundar and Byron Tasseff of the Information Systems and Modeling group and Russell Bent of the Applied Mathematics and Plasma Physics group.
Publications: McDonald, R. (2019, February). Out of the Dark. 1663, 18-24. C. Coffrin, R. Bent, B. Tasseff, K. Sundar and S. Backhaus, "Relaxations of AC Maximal Load Delivery for Severe Contingency Analysis," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 1450-1458, March 2019.
Funding: Department of Homeland Security’s National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center (NISAC). U.S. Department of Energy through the Los Alamos National Laboratory LDRD Program and the Center for Nonlinear Studies
This research supports Los Alamos National Laboratory’s Global Security and Energy Security mission areas and the Information Science and Technology pillar(s) by proving a new capability for quantifying vulnerability in critical infrastructure systems.
Caption for image below: Carleton Coffrin, James Arnold and Mary Ewers review the impacts of a disaster scenario using the Severe Contingency Solver. | https://www.lanl.gov/discover/science-briefs/2019/March/0326-natural-disaster-technology.php |
Is Math required for Data Science?
Data science cannot exist without the application of mathematics. A solid foundation in various mathematical subfields is required of all data scientists, whether actively engaged in the field or simply considering pursuing it as a potential career path.
Mathematical training is necessary for a job in data science because the development of machine learning algorithms, the execution of analyses, and the extraction of insights from data all require math. Even if mathematics will not be the sole prerequisite for your educational and professional route in data science, it will likely be one of the most crucial requirements. It is generally agreed that one of the most significant steps in the process that a data scientist goes through is figuring out the business problems that need to be solved and then converting those problems into mathematical ones.
In today’s article, we will discuss subsets of mathematics that are constantly being leveraged in data science and the applications of mathematics in Data science. We decide if Math is required for Data Science or not. Let’s get started.
Various mathematical specializations are put to use in the field of data science
The following is a list of some of the most prevalent forms of mathematics that you will encounter throughout your work as a data scientist.
Linear Algebra
Understanding how to construct linear equations is a fundamental skill necessary for the creation of machine learning algorithms. These are the tools that you will use to investigate and analyze data sets. In the field of machine learning, linear algebra is utilized in a variety of areas, including loss functions, regularization, covariance matrices, and support vector machine classification.
Calculus
Calculus of multivariable is applied in gradient descent and the process of algorithm training. Derivatives, curvature, divergence, and quadratic approximations are some of the topics that you will learn. It is absolutely necessary to have a solid understanding of elementary calculus in order to work with intermediate data science techniques. Differentiation, integration, and multivariate calculus are some of the topics covered in this domain. When you start working with more complex algorithms, having some familiarity with stochastic calculus will come in very handy.
Statistics
When working with classifications in machine learning, such as logistic regression and discrimination analysis—as well as hypothesis testing and distributions, this is a necessary step. Every company is making efforts to transform themselves into a data-driven organization. Because of this, there has been a significant uptick in the demand for data scientists and analysts in recent years. Now that we have the data, we need to make sense of it so that we can solve problems, answer questions, and devise a strategy. The good news is that statistics provides a collection of tools that can be used to obtain those insights.
Probability
This is an extremely important factor to consider when testing hypotheses and calculating distributions like the Gaussian distribution and the probability density function.
After going over the different categories in mathematics and data science, the next step is to investigate the applications.
Mathematics' Most Commonly Employed Applications in Data Science
On a day-to-day basis, companies operating in any sector require the assistance of data scientists to function properly and achieve their goals. If you have an understanding of how mathematics may be applied in real-world situations, you will have a better understanding of why organizations want data scientists and how mathematics comes into play.
Let's have a look at some of the real-world applications of mathematics in some of the most popular applications and technologies in the fields of data science and machine learning that are being used by the most successful companies today:
The processing of natural languages (NLP)
Word embeddings and unsupervised learning approaches like topic modeling and predictive analytics both make use of linear algebra in natural language processing (NLP). Chatbots, language translation, speech recognition, and the study of sentiment are all examples of applications for natural language processing.
Computer Vision
The field of computer vision, which includes image representation and image processing, is another application of linear algebra. People often think of firms like Tesla when they consider computer vision because of the self-driving automobiles that they produce. Computer vision is also utilized often in a variety of other areas, such as agriculture and healthcare, with the goals of increasing crop yields and improving diagnostic accuracy respectively.
Marketing and Sales
Testing the viability of marketing efforts, also known as hypothesis testing, is made easier with the help of statistics. It is also used to study customer behavior, such as why people are purchasing from a specific brand, through the use of techniques such as causal impact analysis or survey design, as well as personalized recommendations through the use of predictive modeling or clustering.
Final Words
We have reached the end of the article, but are yet to answer the question: Is Math Required for Data Science? A big fat “YES”. The essence of Math can never be summarized in an article or covered in a video. It is important not only in the world of data science but also in real life. Without mathematics, calculations and inventions would be near impossible to happen. To summarize what we have discussed, we understood the various subsets of mathematics and their application in the data science domain. We witnessed that it is not possible to understand data science without including math in it.
So, if you are really good at math and wish to see yourself in the data science domain, Skillslash is the only support system that you will ever require. Apart from having the recognition of the best data science institute in Bangalore, Skillslash has built a top-notch online presence through its Data Science Course In Hyderabad and Full Stack Developer Course In Hyderabad. To know how you can experience a transformational journey, Get in touch with the support team. Good luck. | https://the-readers.com/@shashihyderabad123/math-required-data-science |
Drawing on the authors’ two decades of experience in applied modeling and data mining, Foundations of Predictive Analytics presents the fundamental background required for analyzing data and building models for many practical applications, such as consumer behavior modeling, risk and marketing analytics, and other areas. It also discusses a variety of practical topics that are frequently missing from similar texts.
The book begins with the statistical and linear algebra/matrix foundation of modeling methods, from distributions to cumulant and copula functions to Cornish–Fisher expansion and other useful but hard-to-find statistical techniques. It then describes common and unusual linear methods as well as popular nonlinear modeling approaches, including additive models, trees, support vector machine, fuzzy systems, clustering, naïve Bayes, and neural nets. The authors go on to cover methodologies used in time series and forecasting, such as ARIMA, GARCH, and survival analysis. They also present a range of optimization techniques and explore several special topics, such as Dempster–Shafer theory.
An in-depth collection of the most important fundamental material on predictive analytics, this self-contained book provides the necessary information for understanding various techniques for exploratory data analysis and modeling. It explains the algorithmic details behind each technique (including underlying assumptions and mathematical formulations) and shows how to prepare and encode data, select variables, use model goodness measures, normalize odds, and perform reject inference.
Web Resource
The book’s website at www.DataMinerXL.com offers the DataMinerXL software for building predictive models. The site also includes more examples and information on modeling.
Introduction
What Is a Model?
What Is a Statistical Model?
The Modeling Process
Modeling Pitfalls
Characteristics of Good Modelers
The Future of Predictive Analytics
Properties of Statistical Distributions
Fundamental Distributions
Central Limit Theorem
Estimate of Mean, Variance, Skewness, and Kurtosis from Sample Data
Estimate of the Standard Deviation of the Sample Mean
(Pseudo) Random Number Generators
Transformation of a Distribution Function
Distribution of a Function of Random Variables
Moment Generating Function
Cumulant Generating Function
Characteristic Function
Chebyshev’s Inequality
Markov’s Inequality
Gram–Charlier Series
Edgeworth Expansion
Cornish–Fisher Expansion
Copula Functions
Important Matrix Relationships
Pseudo Matrix Inversion
A Lemma of Matrix Inversion
Identity for a Matrix Determinant
Inversion of Partitioned Matrix
Determinant of Partitioned Matrix
Matrix Sweep and Partial Correlation
Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
Diagonalization of a Matrix
Spectral Decomposition of a Positive Semi-Definite Matrix
Normalization in Vector Space
Conjugate Decomposition of a Symmetric Definite Matrix
Cholesky Decomposition
Cauchy–Schwartz Inequality
Relationship of Correlation among Three Variables
Linear Modeling and Regression
Properties of Maximum Likelihood Estimators
Linear Regression
Fisher’s Linear Discriminant Analysis
Principal Component Regression (PCR)
Factor Analysis
Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR)
Generalized Linear Model (GLM)
Logistic Regression: Binary
Logistic Regression: Multiple Nominal
Logistic Regression: Proportional Multiple Ordinal
Fisher Scoring Method for Logistic Regression
Tobit Model: A Censored Regression Model
Nonlinear Modeling
Naive Bayesian Classifier
Neural Network
Segmentation and Tree Models
Additive Models
Support Vector Machine (SVM)
Fuzzy Logic System
Clustering
Time Series Analysis
Fundamentals of Forecasting
ARIMA Models
Survival Data Analysis
Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) and GARCH(1, 1)
Data Preparation and Variable Selection
Data Quality and Exploration
Variable Scaling and Transformation
How to Bin Variables
Interpolation in 1-D and 2-D
Weight of Evidence (WOE) Transformation
Variable Selection Overview
Missing Data Imputation
Step-Wise Selection Methods
Mutual Information, KL Distance
Detection of Multicollinearity
Model Goodness Measures
Training, Testing, Validation
Continuous Dependent Variable
Binary Dependent Variable (2-Group Classification)
Population Stability Index Using Relative Entropy
Optimization Methods
Lagrange Multiplier
Gradient Descent Method
Newton–Raphson Method
Conjugate Gradient Method
Quasi-Newton Method
Genetic Algorithms (GA)
Simulated Annealing
Linear Programming
Nonlinear Programming (NLP)
Nonlinear Equations
Expectation-Maximization (EM) Algorithm
Optimal Design of Experiment
Miscellaneous Topics
Multidimensional Scaling
Simulation
Odds Normalization and Score Transformation
Reject Inference
Dempster–Shafer Theory of Evidence
Appendix A
Appendix B: DataMinerXL — Microsoft Excel Add-in for Building Predictive Models
Bibliography
Index
"The book deals with the necessary knowledge for understanding the theoretical and practical aspects regarding the common techniques of exploratory data analysis and modeling. For a better understanding, the underlying assumptions, mathematical formulations, and the algorithms involved by these techniques are presented. The authors made the text self-contained, the book being designed as a supplemental and referential resource for the practitioners dealing with this domain. The book also discusses a variety of practical topics more or less present in the literature."
—Book Review by Florin Gorunescu, appearing in Zentralblatt MATH, 1306 | 1
We provide complimentary e-inspection copies of primary textbooks to instructors considering our books for course adoption. | https://www.crcpress.com/Foundations-of-Predictive-Analytics/Wu-Coggeshall/p/book/9781439869468 |
What is failure prediction?
Failure prediction is essential for predictive maintenance due to its ability to prevent failure occurrences and maintenance costs. At present, mathematical and statistical modeling are the prominent approaches used for failure predictions. … These are then used to monitor and predict the potential failure occurrences.
How is prediction done in machine learning?
What does Prediction mean in Machine Learning? “Prediction” refers to the output of an algorithm after it has been trained on a historical dataset and applied to new data when forecasting the likelihood of a particular outcome, such as whether or not a customer will churn in 30 days.
Why do machines fail?
Causes of Machine Failure
Loss of usefulness can be broken down into three main categories: accidents, obsolescence, and surface degradation.
Can preventive maintenance predict failure?
Historical data about asset equipment failures can help maintenance engineers to predict when a next failure is going to happen, and how it is going to happen. … In the case of a preventive maintenance program, data can tell you when it is the right time to replace a component or when an asset is going to break down.
What is predictive failure disk?
A predictive hard drive failure is a notification produced by a system in advance of an actual hard drive failure. It indicates that there is something wrong with the drive, and that the drive will need to be replaced soon.
What is the meaning of predictive maintenance?
Predictive maintenance refers to the use of data-driven, proactive maintenance methods that are designed to analyze the condition of equipment and help predict when maintenance should be performed.
How can I test my prediction?
Collect data using your senses, remember you use your senses to make observations. Search for patterns of behavior and or characteristics. Develop statements about you think future observations will be. Test the prediction and observe what happens.
How do you do predictive modeling?
The steps are:
- Clean the data by removing outliers and treating missing data.
- Identify a parametric or nonparametric predictive modeling approach to use.
- Preprocess the data into a form suitable for the chosen modeling algorithm.
- Specify a subset of the data to be used for training the model.
How does model predict work?
model. predict() : given a trained model, predict the label of a new set of data. This method accepts one argument, the new data X_new (e.g. model. predict(X_new) ), and returns the learned label for each object in the array.
What is a machine failure?
Machine failure is a condition when the machine can not operate optimally due to known or unknown-intentional or unintentional causes.
What is an equipment failure?
Equipment failure refers to any event in which any equipment cannot accomplish its intended purpose or task. It may also mean that the equipment stopped working, is not performing as desired, or is not meeting target expectations.
How do you control machine breakdown?
9 Ways to Reduce Downtime in Manufacturing
- Increase and Improve Staff Communication. …
- Hold Regular Staff Evaluations. …
- Set Specific Manufacturing Plant Goals. …
- Conduct Regular Manufacturing Equipment Maintenance. …
- Upgrade Your Manufacturing Equipment. …
- Track Manufacturing Downtime Carefully.
What are the 3 predictive maintenance?
There are three main areas of your organization that factor into predictive maintenance:
- The real-time monitoring of asset condition and performance.
- The analysis of work order data.
- Benchmarking MRO inventory usage.
What is an example of predictive maintenance?
Examples of Predictive Maintenance
- Refrigeration Sensor. In a restaurant, the health of any food storage or cooking utility is paramount to the business’s success. …
- Power Outage Prevention. …
- Oil and Gas Industry. …
- Building Management. …
- Manufacturing Monitoring. …
- Aircraft maintenance.
What are the 3 types of maintenance?
The Three Types of Maintenance
- Corrective Maintenance.
- Preventative Maintenance.
- Predictive Maintenance. | https://themagicfest.com/divination/how-do-you-predict-machine-failure.html |
A minisymposium consists of one or more technical sessions that focus on a specific topic or research area in the scope of COMPSAFE. The technical sessions provide a flexible format that accommodates keynote lectures, invited, and contributed papers. Volunteer minisymposium organizers will develop each minisymposium individually. The organizers are responsible for the technical contents of their minisymposia; they select the invited participants, and review abstracts of contributed papers.
MS-01: Frontiers of Nonlinear, Impact and Instability Analysis of Solids and Structures
Daigoro Isobe* (University of Tsukuba), Kostas Danas (École Polytechnique), Jinkoo Kim (Sungkyunkwan University), Yunwei Mao (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Dai Okumura (Nagoya University), Shingo Ozaki (Yokohama National University), Hiroyuki Yamada (National Defense Academy)
Catastrophic failures of solids and structures occurred daily are mainly caused by sudden, extreme external loads such as aircraft collision, explosion, large seismic excitation, tsunami, typhoon, tornado, and big fire. These failures of solids and structures are often connected to their nonlinear behaviors and instabilities that can occur in various application fields. In many applications, harnessing the potential of such nonlinearity hinges on whether the deformation, failure, and instabilities of solids and structures can be understood, prevented, or controlled. Recently, researchers are planning to take advantage of the presence of nonlinear behaviors and instabilities in order to design solids and structures that have advantageous properties. Analyzing these phenomena requires the development of new modeling and computational approaches and techniques. The main purpose of this mini-symposium is to bring together researchers and academics who work in the fields mentioned above, and to discuss the state-of-the-art theories and computational methods applied to nonlinear, impact and instability problems of solids and structures.
Topics of interest include (but are not limited to):
Impact problems, structural collapse problems, material failure, nonlinear analysis, instability problems, friction, self-healing materials/behavior.
MS-02: Multiscaling for Safety and Environmental Problems
Akiyuki Takahashi* (Tokyo University of Science), Yuichi Tadano (Saga University), Tong-Seok Han (Yonsei University)
This minisymposim focuses on the developments and applications of computational methods for multiscale modeling and analyses with a view to safety assessment of materials and structures, including all pending challenges. In this context, a class of computational homogenization methods must be one of the promising strategies for determining the effective behavior of complex and highly heterogeneous materials, and for computing the response of structures composed of these materials. Also, multiscale materials modeling using the hierarchy of simulation techniques and coupling techniques from first principles to continuum must be another approach for exploring thoroughly the physical picture of complex material deformation behavior. Although some of the methods are of great utility value even in practical applications and seems to be mature in the field of computational mechanics, there must be some room for further development in view of safety and environmental engineering.
The topics covered include (but not limited to):
1. Heterogeneous, time-dependent and nonlinear material behavior, including material dynamics;
2. Heterogeneous materials with coupled multi-physics behavior (phase change, chemo-mechanics, nonlinear thermo-mechanics...), including extended homogenization schemes;
3. Materials with a complex physical geometry, e.g. provided by high resolution 3D imaging techniques;
4. Multiscale damage modeling, capturing the transition from homogenization to localization;
5. Computational homogenization including size and second-order effects;
6. Microstructures with complex interfaces
7. Multiscale simulations with non-local phenomena like cracks, instabilities or shear bands;
8. Reduction of computational costs associated with multiscale algorithms;
9. Integration of phenomena occurring at nanoscale;
MS-03: Computational Damage and Fracture Analyses on Engineering Structures
Kiminobu Hojo (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.), Padraic O’Donoghue, (University of Ireland), Zhuo Zhuang (Tsinghua University), Toshio Nagashima (Sophia University), Yoshitaka Wada (Kindai University), X. Fan (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Hiroshi Okada* (Tokyo University of Science)
The safeties and reliabilities of artifacts, such as power plants, automobile, ships, aircrafts, bridges, buildings, the other infrastructures, etc., are increasingly demanded. Their failure/fracture predictions give useful information to assure their safeties and reliabilities, such as their residual lives and ultimate load carrying capacities. In this minisymposium, we will discuss i) theories, ii) computational methodologies, iii) industrial applications and iv) any related topics in the field of computational damage and fracture analyses.
MS-04: Advances in Impact/Blast Analyses for Protective Structures
Masuhiro Beppu* (National Defense Academy), Akemi Nishida (Japan Atomic Energy Agency), Masato Komuro(Muroran Institute of Technology), Thong Pham (Curtin University)
Extreme natural disasters such as falling rock, debris flow, tornado, volcanic eruption, earthquake, tsunami, and typhoon have historically threatened human lives and man-made structures. In addition to the natural disasters, anthropogenic disasters such as aircraft impact, vehicle impact, bombing terrorism and explosions in chemical plants have attracted researchers and engineers for protecting humans and developing design methods for constructing protective structures. To this end, investigating the failure mechanisms of protective structures is indispensable by analyzing the impact and blast phenomena. The main purpose of this mini-symposium is to bring together researchers and engineers working in the aforementioned research fields, and to discuss state-of-the-art computational methods with regard to impact and blast problems of solids and structures.
Topics of interest include (but are not limited to):
Impact problems, blast problems, dynamic material characteristics, nonlinear analysis.
MS-05: Structural Optimization for Creating a Better Society
Shintaro Yamasaki* (Osaka University), Junji Kato (Nagoya University), Akihiro Takezawa (Hiroshima University), Gil Ho Yoon (Hanyang University)
This mini-symposium is intended to discuss the development of novel structural optimization methods for creating a better society. Now, we are surrounded by a lot of functional devices and artifacts, which play important roles for improving our quality of life, and their performances often strongly depend on their own structures. On the other hand, designing structural shape and topology of those devices and artifacts is a difficult task for designers because they must find a satisfactory solution in a large design space while considering many requirements. Structural optimization, which is roughly classified into sizing, shape, and topology optimizations, is a promising design methodology for the above task because it can find the optimal, at least a locally optimal, solution on the basis of mathematics and physics.
This mini-symposium expects to foster the exchange of the ideas and the information about fundamental and application aspects of structural optimization.
Topics of interest include:
Fundamental improvements of sizing, shape, and topology optimizations, including level-set- and phase-field-based methods. Applications of sizing, shape, and topology optimization methods for creating a better society; the organizes suppose sustainability, safety, and emergency management as representative application fields, but not restricted into them.
MS-06: Multi-Stage Failure Simulations
Mao Kurumatani*(Ibaraki University), Yoshihito Yamamoto (Nagoya University), Kenjiro Terada (Tohoku University), Norio Takeuchi (Hosei University), John E Dolbow (Duke University)
Most materials and structures result in multiple stages of failure; deterioration, damage, crack formation and propagation and collapse, involving various time-scale and spatial-scale. Multi-stage failure simulations target such phenomena with multi-mechanisms and necessitates novel numerical simulation schemes to reproduce the step-by-step failure behavior of materials and structures. This mini-symposium is open to contributions on computational modeling of damage, cracking or fracture behavior at any failure stage and bridging techniques of different failure stages. We also welcome experimental determinations and measurements to demonstrate the validity of computational modeling and to compare with numerical results.
MS-07: Resilience of Built Environment against Extreme Disaster
Hideo Fujitani (Kobe University), Yoichi Mukai* (Kobe University), Erik A. Johnson (University of Southern California), Richard Christenson (University of Connecticut), Gilberto Mosqueda (University of California San Diego)
Huge earthquakes, mega typhoons, and tsunami have high potential for damaging the human environment in the near future. To protect buildings, infrastructures and important facilities in urban areas against extreme disasters, the required countermeasure is not only damage reduction but also ensuring resilience in order to recover urban facilities' functions rapidly after the disasters. The purpose of this mini-symposium is put on to discuss the resilient structure systems/devices/designs that contribute to the urban formation of resilience and robustness against disasters.
Topics of interest include (but are not limited to):
Resilient structural system, structural response control, high-performance material, structural retrofit, structural health monitoring, online hybrid simulation, onsite sensing and visualization.
MS-08: Computational Methods for Water Environmental Problems and Coastal/Flood Disaster Mitigation
Kazuo Kashiyama (Chuo University), Joannes Westerink (University of Notre Dame), Clint Dawson (University of Texas at Austin), Ethan Kubatoko (Ohio State University), Seizo Tanaka* (University of Tsukuba)
The scope of this mini-symposium is to discuss the development of simulation methods for natural disasters such as tsunamis, floods, storm surges, landslides, etc. Simulation of these types of events is crucial to the prediction of resulting damages. This mini-symposium will examine the latest developments in computational methods useful for disaster prevention and disaster mitigation.
Topics of interest include: Fluid Flow Mechanics, Damage Estimation, Mitigation Simulation, Methodology of Numerical Simulation for Natural Disaster, Fluid-Structure Interactions, High-performance computing, Error analysis, verification and validation
MS-09: Numerical Methods and Simulation in Geomechanics (co-organized by Technical Committee 103, ISSMGE; International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering)
Kazunori Fujisawa* (Kyoto University), Shuji Moriguchi (Tohoku University), Giovanna Biscontin (University of Cambridge)
The mechanical behavior of soils is complex and significantly related to intergranular water flow. Hence, for example, sophisticated constitutive modelling of soils and fully coupled analysis of the solid and water phases have been conducted in the field of soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering. Presentations of numerical approaches oriented toward geomechanics are welcomed. The mini-symposium discusses numerical treatment for the soil behavior, such as large deformation and elasto-plasticity of soils, dynamic or seismic response of soil structures, and soil-fluid interaction.
MS-10: High Performance Computing for Environmental Problems
Ryuji Shioya* (Toyo University), Gabriel Wittum(Goethe University Frankfurt), Moon Ki Kim (Sungkyunkwan University), Masao Ogino (Daido University)
Efficient computational solution of high fidelity large-scale problems in computational science and engineering is still a major challenge.
Complex applications include difficulties such as transient problems with widely varying time and spatial scales, strongly coupled multiphysics, heterogeneous media, nonlinearlities, etc. The development of efficient linear system solvers for these classes of problems has many challenges, especially for high fidelity large-scale simulations. This minisymposium will focus on high performance computing, parallel computing, large scale problems, highly scalable preconditioners, e.g. multigrid or domain decomposition approaches, multiphysics solvers, nonlinear preconditioning, multiscale solvers for heterogeneous problems or space-time solvers and related topics for environmental problems. Contributions discussing algorithms that can exploit many-core processors and accelerators are also welcomed.
MS-11: Computational Methods and Modeling for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
Tomonori Yamada* (The University of Tokyo), Rong Tian (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Shinobu Yoshimura (The University of Tokyo)
It is now highly demanded to quantitatively assess various types of risks for disaster prevention and mitigation caused by external as well as internal hazards. For such purposes, computer simulations are regarded as the most powerful and reliable methods. This mini-symposium aims to gather recent developments on such computational technologies in finite elements, finite difference, finite volume, meshless and particle methods as well as the high performance computing techniques. The phenomena to be addressed are solid, fluid, thermal, multi-physics and multi-scale phenomena.
MS-12: Particle Methods for Safety and Engineering Problems
Seiya Hagihara* (Saga University), Seiichi Koshizuka (The University of Tokyo)，Mikio Sakai(The University of Tokyo), Shunying Ji (Dalian University of Technology)
Particle methods, meshfree methods and related methods have been developed in computational mechanics fields. This mini-symposium titled “Particle Methods for Safety and Engineering Problems” is intended to discuss studies of these methods ranging from basic mathematical theories to applications for disaster and industry etc. until now. It has been shown that these methods have potentials to solve complex multi-physics problems. Applications of large-scale and parallel computation for these methods are also intended to discussed by using GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) and other systems. The purpose of this mini-symposium is also to provide discussions for researchers of particle methods, meshfree methods, and related methods for safety and engineering problems to share their recent knowledge and advanced insights among engineers, mathematicians, computer scientists, and industrial researchers.
Topics of interest include:
Particle methods and related methods, Meshfree methods and related methods, Mathematical theory, Multi physics analysis, Applications, Imposition of boundary conditions, Numerical accuracy, Adaptive analysis, Parallel processing, Large scale analysis
MS-13: HPC-based Simulations for the Wide Industrial Realm: Aerospace, Automotive, Bio, Construction, Heavy, etc. (In the Celebration of 60th Birthday of Professor Takayuki Aoki)
Makoto Tsubokura*(RIKEN), Mariano Vazquez (Barcelona Supercomputing Center), Yohsuke Imai (Kobe University), Kenji Takizawa (Waseda University), Andreas Lintermann(RWTH Aachen University, Jülich Aachen Research Alliance Center for Simulation and Data Science)
Supercomputers have made available to researchers an unprecedented amount of computing power. But "power without grip is useless": this availability of thousands of processors to compute must be accompanied with a steep evolution in software development based on HPC techniques, to open a completely new way of facing the most complex simulation problems of Computational Physics and Engineering. Especially in technology niches such as industrial, energy, environmental or biomechanical applications, treatment of complicated or coupled phenomena of fluid and solid motions are always a big issue, which always require as much computer resource as possible.
Thus the objective of this Mini-Symposium is to communicate and discuss issues and perspectives of HPC simulation, targeting industrial applications which cover fields of such as bio, automotive, aerospace, pharmacology, energy, environmental and so on. The expected topics should include algorithms, simulation strategies, and programming techniques for the kind of complex simulations of fluid/solid phenomena (usually including coupled multiphysics) requiring massively HPC environment. Parallel issues such as the robustness and performance analysis, and introduction of pre- and post-processing techniques such as CAD integration, mesh generation or visualization are also welcome. It is preferable, but not indispensable, that authors include some numerical results of the applications to discuss the validity of the proposed methods.
MS-14: Advances in Numerical Methods for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation of/in Buildings
Takuzo Yamashita* (National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience), Yasuyuki Nagano (University of Hyogo), Makoto Ohsaki (Kyoto University), Daigoro Isobe (University of Tsukuba), Peng Pan (Tsinghua University), Manolis Papadrakakis (National Technical University of Athens)
Designing new building structures with enough seismic resistance and upgrading performance of existing structures against largest possible seismic events are required for mitigation of earthquake disaster. In addition, estimation of damage of buildings suffered from earthquake disaster is essential for emergency response, recovery and reconstruction. For this purpose, it is important to develop numerical methods of accessing earthquake resistance performance, predicting damage of structures, and evaluating the effect of the devices for reduction of seismic responses.
Recently, high-fidelity models have been developed for seismic response analyses of buildings including non-structural components such as furniture, doors, ceilings, walls and equipment leveraging a large-scale parallel computing. By the advanced numerical method, both structural and nonstructural damage can be simulated in detail and earthquake-resistance performance of devices such as braces, steel dampers for passive control and rubber bearings for base isolation can be investigated precisely.
In this mini-symposium, we share recent developments of research on high-fidelity seismic response simulation of building structures including non-structural component and earthquake-resistance devices and their application to seismic design and disaster response. We also discuss issues on modeling and mesh generation, visualization and V&V, in relation to recent trends of machine learning, optimization, data-driven approach, and advanced numerical algorithms.
MS-15: Physics-based Simulation of Earthquake Hazards with HPC and HQC
Takane Hori* (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology), Tsuyoshi Ichimura (The University of Tokyo), Thorsten Becker (University Texas at Austin), Alice-Agnes Gabriel (LMU Munich), Kengo Nakajima(University of Tokyo)
Scope of this mini-symposium is to discuss developments and directions for large scale hazard and disaster simulation related earthquakes and tsunamis using high performance computing technology for high quality computing. Broadband aspects from earthquake engineering to seismology are expected with a special emphasis on use of super computers, for example, structural response, soil amplification, city and social response, evacuation, recovery, fluid-structure coupling, global tsunami propagation, local tsunami run-up, earthquake ground motion, crustal deformation, earthquake cycle and the other related issues in earthquake, tsunami, and other geo-hazards.
MS-16: Computational Materials Science: Phase-Field and Related Methods
Tomohiro Takaki* (Kyoto Institute of Technology), Damien Tourret (IMDEA Materials Institute), Munekazu Ohno (Hokkaido University)
This minisymposium invites presentations regarding computational materials science. Although we are mainly interested in the following topics, the presentation is not limited to those.
Topics of interest
- Solidification, phase transformation, recrystallization, and grain growth
- Phase-field method, cellular automaton, molecular dynamics, crystal plasticity, and finite element method
- Multi-physics approaches, multi-scale approaches, and data science
MS-17: Hyper-Complex Disaster Simulation
Mitsuteru Asai* (Kyushu University), Kenjiro Terada (Tohoku University), Shinsuke Takase (Hachinohe Institute of Technology), Eduard M.B. Campello (University of São Paulo), Miguel Ángel Celigueta (Internatinal Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering), Antonia Larese De Tetto(University of Padova)
This mini-symposium is intended to discuss the development of novel simulation methods for a variety of natural disasters such as tsunami, flood, storm surge, landslide and etc., which are associated with advanced fluid modeling and analysis schemes. Since the problems to be solved have the nature of multiphase, multiphysics, multiscale and multistage phenomena, our numerical simulations inevitably become "hypercomplex". For example, the methods of numerical simulations necessitate the treatment of moving interface such as water surface and run-up waterfront, the representation of transition from solid to fluid and the characterization of fluid-solid interaction. Also, the capabilities of these simulation methods are demonstrated with reasonable verification strategies and the simulation results must be validated whether or not high accuracy is guaranteed with reference to reliability experimental data. This mini-symposium expected to foster the exchange of the ideas and the information about the related numerical schemes so as to be contributory to disaster prevention and mitigation in the near future.
Topics of interest include:
Methodology of numerical simulations for natural disaster modeling of tsunami, flood and storm surge, Modeling of boulder flow, landslide and avalanche, Fluid-structure interaction simulations, Damage estimation for structures, Disaster prevention and mitigation, Uncertainty quantification, Verification and validation, Data-driven approaches and etc. Enhancement of individual numerical schemes in finite elements, finite difference, finite volume and particle methods.
MS-18: Reliability and Safety of Composite Structures
Masahiro Arai* (Nagoya University), Marino Quaresimin (University of Padova), Tetsuya Matsuda (University of Tsukuba), Keita Goto (Nagoya University)
In this mini symposium, safety and reliability of composites, which are carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), a particle reinforced plastic and a metal matrix composites and so on, are discussed. Presentations in terms of the strength, damage, fatigue, vibration and optimization about composites demonstrated by computational mechanics are welcomed.
MS-19: Uncertainty Modeling in Engineering Simulation and Biomedical Simulation
Naoki Takano*(Keio University), Heong Jae Chun (Yonsei University), Tetsuya Matsuda (University of Tsukuba), Shinya Yamamoto (Shimizu Corporation)
The uncertainty quantification (UQ) is becoming a matter of concern in both academic research and industrial CAE activities in wide area including mechanical engineering and civil engineering. With the progress of IoT technologies, we will obtain huge data with variability. The interaction between data in the real world and numerical model, and the synergetic impact on the design and manufacturing will be discussed through presentations on the uncertainty modeling for probabilistic/stochastic simulation. The uncertainty modeling is also important in the biomedical simulation, because there are many unknown parameters in the biomedical simulation and because validation of the numerically predicted quantity is very hard or impossible. Collecting all recent research works in many directions on the theoretical studies, numerical techniques and practical applications in engineering and biomedical field, the quality assurance of the simulation, risk management, innovative design and the contribution to biomedical field will be discussed in this mini-symposium.
MS-20: Computational Mechanics on Smart Materials and Structures for Safety
Heung Soo Kim* (Dongguk University), Junyoung Park (Kumoh National Institute of Technology), Jun-Sik Kim (Kumoh National Institute of Technology), Gil Ho Yoon (Hanyang University), Do-Nyun Kim (Seoul National University), Seunghwa Yang (Chung-Ang University)
This symposium will provide a forum for discussions from fundamental research to engineering applications in the fields of computational mechanics on smart materials and structures. Interested researchers are invited to submit papers on related topics which include, but not limited to:
• Shape Memory Polymers • Graphene-based hybrids and structures • Smart Composite Structures • Piezoelectric Sensors and Actuators • Multi-functional Structures • Structural Battery • Smart Biomaterials and Molecular Structures • Computational Evacuation Dynamics
MS-21: Data Assimilation and Uncertainty Quantification for Safety and Environmental Problems
Takemasa Miyoshi* (RIKEN), Serge Guillas (University College London), Hiromichi Nagao, Earthquake Research Institute (University of Tokyo), Brad Weir (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center), Hiroshi Nishiura (Hokkaido University)
Recent advancement of high-performance computation (HPC) enabled more precise and realistic simulations of complex phenomena related to various safety and environmental problems such as high-impact weather, earthquakes, tsunami, and infectious diseases. For real-time prediction and control, data assimilation (DA) and uncertainty quantification (UQ) play vital roles in synchronization and synergy of the HPC-based simulations with real-world data. This mini-symposium aims to bring together a broad range of researches on the theory and applications of DA and UQ in various topics of safety and environmental problems, and to discuss about the future perspectives.
MS-22: Multiscale Modeling of the Failure of Crystalline and Amorphous Metals from Nano to Macro
Seunghwa Ryu* (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology), Sung Youb Kim (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology),
Byeongchan Lee (Kyunghee University), Keonwook Kang (Yonsei University)
Advanced metallic materials are widely utilized in a variety of manufacturing and structural engineering industries as indispensable ingredients. Understanding and predicting its failure is crucial for the reliable design of most tools, vehicles, and structures in the modern society. With ever increasing computational power and continued advancement of modeling techniques, the failure of metallic systems can now be understood and predicted from atomic scale defect initiation to macroscale plastic deformation. This mini-symposium aims to bring together researchers work in modeling the failure of both crystalline and amorphous metallic systems at a wide range of length and time scale, and to discuss the state-of-the-art modeling techniques adequate for each scale as well as scale-bridging methods to seamlessly integrate the simulation results from different scales.
MS-23: Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Approach on the Failure, Damage and Durability Issues of Complex Structures and Large-Scale Systems
Maenghyo Cho* (Seoul National University), Seunghwa Yang (Chung-Ang University),
Janghyuk Moon (Chung-Ang University), Jaehun Lee (Kyungnam University)
This minisymposium will provide a forum for multiscale and multiphysics computational modeling and simulation strategies for the durability-related issues in complex structures including nano- and macroscale composites and large scale systems such as transportation and infrastructures. The durability issues of load-bearing structures and materials involve extreme spatial scale phenomena of the change of chemical structure of condensed matters and macroscale catastrophic failure of the systems. The participants to this minisymposium are encouraged to present and discuss novel computational modeling and simulation techniques and tools against the failure, damage evolution, and environmental aging of materials and structures. To understand the physics behind these phenomena and develop the structure-to-property relationships, combinatory applications of quantum mechanics (QM), molecular mechanics (MM), molecular dynamics (MD), and Monte-Carlo (MC) simulation techniques can be considered. Combined efforts to scale bridge these computational tools to the existing theories are the key issues for the application of the multiscale modeling and simulation techniques to the durability issues. To overcome the gap between extreme scale simulations and large scale predictive algorithms in continuum mechanics over a long temporal scale, development and validations of more efficient while still accurate computational techniques such as reduced order modeling and optimization techniques are of primary concerns in this minisymposia.
Topics of interests will be (but not limited to)
- Atomistic modeling of damage, defect, and fractures in condensed matters and composites
- Durability of energy materials including battery, capacitors, electronics
- Prediction of the degradation of materials and structures due to the aging and damage
- Computational and multiscale fracture mechanics and cohesive FEM
- Application of peridynamics approach for complex structures.
- Micromechanics and damage mechanics of heterogeneous structures
- Efficient model-order reduction methods for managing massive computational requirements
MS-24: Simulation-Based Computational Mechanics and Engineering for Safety Issues
Zhuo Zhuang* (Tsinghua University), Jie Chen (Beijing International Center for Theoretical and Applied Mechanics)
Tao Wang (Tsinghua University)
The topics of presentation in this MS can be included by a wide range of simulation-based damage, fracture, and safety in structural engineering, soil and rock engineering, aerospace engineering, and material design, etc. The interest topics are not limited. It can be computational methods, multi-field coupling calculation, engineering case studies based on computation, applied research and other computational related research.
MS-25: Application of Computational Modeling and Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Problems
Shu-Wei Chang* (National Taiwan University), Seunghwa Ryu (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology)
In recent years, computational modeling and artificial intelligence have been employed widely by scientists to many engineering applications, including exciting advances in understanding the mechanical behaviors of synthetic and biological materials/composites and the development of novel materials, which demonstrate great potential in a wide range of engineering applications for the energy, construction, environment, and biomedical industry. Novel computational modeling techniques and artificial intelligence could lead to breakthroughs for the discovery of new materials and new methods for many engineering applications. The persisting growth of computational modeling and artificial intelligence has strongly reshaped the way scientists resolve and overcome engineering challenges. The integration of computational modeling and artificial intelligence has brought great opportunities for many fields. This minisymposium welcomes high-quality papers that report significant advances on the development and application of computational modeling and artificial intelligence for engineering problems. The aim of this mini-symposium is to foster and exchange the state of the art on the development and application of computational modeling and artificial intelligence for engineering problems. Topics of interests are the computational modeling at specific length and time scales, a scale-bridging simulation techniques, combined modeling-and-experiment studies, and the applications of artificial intelligence related to the broad area of engineering applications.
MS-26: Machine Learning and Data Driven Based Engineering Computation
Zhanli Liu* (Tsinghua University), Xiaoying Zhuang (Tongji University),
Yongxing Shen(Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Leiting Dong (Beihang University)
With the steady development of computer science, machine learning and data science have made significant progress in recent decades. These techniques generally rely on a substantial amount of data samples to extract the abstract mapping hidden within the data. Hence, these technologies have gradually attracted the attention of researchers in the field of computational mechanics and computational engineering. This mini-symposium aims at bringing together mechanicians, computer scientists, and industrial researchers to promote research and application in big data analysis, data driving computing and artificial intelligence in engineering as well as the scientific exchanges among scientists, practitioners, and engineers in affiliated disciplines.
The topics of interest are, but not limited to:
Data-driven based constitutive modelling
Machine learning based solutions of PDEs
Big data for design and optimization
Data-driven simulation techniques
Data-driven techniques in multi-scale and multi-field simulations of materials
Data-driven modelling of geo- and environmental data
Visualization and visual analytics of geo-data
Data-driven techniques for continuous and discrete method
MS-27: Computational Methods and Numerical Simulations for Impact Dynamics
Fei Xu (Northwestern Polytechnical University), Chao Zhang (Northwestern Polytechnical University),
Yulong Li (Northwestern Polytechnical University), Yang Yang (Northwestern Polytechnical University)
Recent technical advancements and security concerns have led to a significant increase in the use of numerical simulation of events involving short duration, high-intensity and impulsive loading. With the development of new methods and algorithms, the larger scale and faster computational resources to assess the applications of high intensity and impulsive environments has enabled a new look at the structure safety.
The main purpose of this mini-symposium is to bring together scientists and engineers who work in the fields of computational mechanics for impact and explosion, dealing with theoretical developments, multi-physics coupling, element-based technologies, meshfree modeling and related numerical algorithms and methods. New constitutive modeling, experimental validation and practical applications are all welcome.
MS-28: Computational Analysis on Structural Dynamics under Multi-field Environments
Yueming Li (Xi'an Jiaotong University), P. Jeyaraj (National Institute of Technology),
Xiongwei Yang (Xi'an Jiaotong University)
Structure undergoes multi-filed environments (vibro, acoustic, thermal, etc.) can be commonly noticed in airplane, high-speed train, power plants, rockets. Predication of the dynamic behaviors is critical for new structural design, safety evaluation, energy harvesting, and so on. In this minisymposim, we will discuss the structural dynamic behavior under combined environments, including but not limited to the following topics:
1. Composites and metamaterials
2. Vibro-acoustic analysis under multi-field environments
3. Energy harvesting
4. Numerical methods and applications
MS-29: Novel Computational Methods for Extreme Events
Leiting Dong (Beihang University), Yan Liu (Tsinghua University),
Hui Zheng (Nanchang University), Ji Lin (Hohai University)
Extreme events, such as slope failure, fluid-structure interaction, impact and explosion, fracture and fragmentation, pose great challenges to theoretical analyses and experiments. Simulation-based prediction for extreme events is desired, but also faces great challenges. Developing novel computational methods for extreme events is essential because traditional methods encounter many difficulties due to strong non-linearity. This mini-symposium aims at bringing together the researchers working in the field of numerical methods and extreme events to communicate the state-of-art of the fields related to novel computational methods for extreme events.
The mini-symposium includes but is not limited to the following themes:
1. Large scale numerical simulation for extreme events;
2. Meshfree particle methods for extreme events;
3. eXtended finite element methods for extreme events;
4. Combination of discrete and continuum-based methods for extreme events;
5. Other novel numerical methods for extreme events;
6. Dynamical behavior of materials under extreme loading;
7. Multiscale and multiphysics simulation of complex processes during extreme events;
8. Software development for extreme events.
MS-30: Microstructure-based Modeling and Numerical Methods in Materials and Environmental Sciences
Xiaofan Gou (Hohai University), HongGuang Sun (Hohai University),
Wenxiang Xu (Hohai University), Deshun Yin (Hohai University)
In materials and environmental sciences, porous or granular media are commonly encountered. Their transport properties play significant roles in durability and service life in relevant practical engineering structures. Physico-mechanical properties of porous or granular media are generally dependent of their microstructures including interfacial and porous characteristics. Mass and heat transfer together with electric conduction processes, which are important for applications of materials and environmental remediation, have close connection with its geometric and physical properties. Extensive previous experimental data and field measurements have shown strong derivation from the classical Fick's law and Fourier's law, most likely due to the intrinsic heterogeneity embedded in real and usually fractal media. Numerous physical and mathematical models have been proposed to interpret these kinds of complex transport processes over the past decades. Meanwhile, many new numerical methods include finite difference method, finite element method, meshless method, spectral collocation method, Lagrangian method, and various approximate methods, have been introduced to provide accurate and efficient description of above processes. The aim of this session is to present the recent research progresses in related topics including theory, numerical methods and its applications in engineering fields.
Topics related to this session, but are not limited to:
1. Mechanics of granular materials
2. Geometric and physical properties of porous media
3. Recent development of mathematical physical models for transport properties
4. Analytical and approximate solutions
5. Numerical methods and numerical analysis
6. The link between model parameters and physical medium properties
7. Application in materials, geophysics, fluid mechanics, hydrology, biology, etc. | https://compsafe2020.org/minisymposia.html |
Mandated reporters need to know where to report. An example might be a child that cannot hear. The volume on the Exercises in the Monumenta Historica Societatis Jesu1 bears eloquent witness to this.
Conceived thus, he denies that there are such entities.
They are selling themselves as really interesting people, even when there is no product to be sold. Realism, be it direct or indirect, has an account of why such a conditional holds: I feel that technology is a great way to start or raise awareness about an issue; however, it is not the place to take action about an issue.
Such instruction is shown to accelerate reading acquisition in general, even as it reduces the incidence of reading failure. Can two people ever perceive the same thing. For him, physical objects consist in collections of ideas or, what have later come to be called, "sense data.
As discussed above, it allows people to contact each other, raise awareness and help reduce environmental problems. And, how can such non-physical entities be describable in the spatial way we describe physical bodies. The first and greatest problem for the dualist concerns explaining the interaction between mind and body.
References and Further Reading 1. We have seen that it is the point at which the philosophy of mind, epistemology and metaphysics meet.
My experience consists in more than simply representing that the world is a certain way; it is also the case that the way I acquire representations strikes my consciousness distinctively. For example, sudden joint pain from a long-standing health condition of arthritis.
Antipsychotic Used to treat symptoms of a psychotic illness such as schizophrenia or certain stages of bipolar disorder. The hidden assumption here is that any causing the mind does must be done by willing and such willing must be accessible to consciousness.
I seem to be able to interpret what you are thinking by considering your behavior, by watching your actions and listening to your utterances. Chisholm argues that one cannot provide translations of statements about physical objects in terms of statements about sense data.
The causes of ADHD are still unknown and the symptoms can temporarily disappear for a few minutes or even an entire day. These involve trial-and-error and infants might start performing actions to gain attention from others.
This, we shall see below, the intentionalist and the disjunctivist attempt to do. How can that which is sensible be like that which is insensible. They continue to look where an object was, but for only a few moments.
Attending skills Demonstrating that you are interested and involved in what another person is talking about by leaning slightly forward, maintaining eye contact, and keeping both feet on the floor and arms uncrossed. Aftershock A small earthquake or tremor that follows a major earthquake.
User: 1. This is the awareness that objects and people continue to exist, even if they are out of sight.
This is the awareness that objects and people continue to exist, even if they are out of sight. This is the awareness that objects and people continue to exist, even if they are out of sight.
Object permanence 2. During this stage, motor skills are developed; however, there is little or no capacity for symbolic representation. Sensorimotor 3. This is the term for when children view the world from only their perspective. Egocentric thought 4. The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and.
Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be perceived (seen, heard, touched, smelled or sensed in any way).
This is a fundamental concept studied in the field of developmental psychology, the subfield of psychology that addresses the development of young children's social and mental capacities. Instead, Piaget claimed that infants less than 9 months do not understand that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
During the preoperational stage, according to Piaget, children can solve not only this simple problem (which they actually can solve after 9 months) but show a wide variety of other symbolic-representation. Object permanence is the awareness that objects and people continue to exist even if they are out of sight. | https://wybarilekajid.thesanfranista.com/1-this-is-the-awareness-that-objects-and-people-continue-to-exist-even-if-they-are-out-of-sight-33803ov.html |
Warm Up Do you have an imaginary friend? If not make one up…. Write a scenario where your imaginary friend helped you out of a situation.
How do we change what we know? • Schema: Conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world. • Assimilation: The process of fitting objects and experiences into one’s schemas. • Accommodation: The adjustment of one’s schemas to include newly observed events and experiences.
Wow that was confusing, so here’s a big example: • Suppose an infant encounters a new block. The block fits his schema for other blocks he has encountered before. • He may fit it into his “stacking schema.” The infant has stacked blocks before and can easily assimilate the new block into an existing schema.
More… • Assimilation and Accommodation work together to produce intellectual growth. • When events do not fit into existing schemas, new and grander schemas have to be created. • Therefore, a child begins to see and understand things in new ways!
Object Permanence • An infant’s understanding of things lies totally in the here and now. • The sight of a toy, the way it feels, and the sensation it produces in an infants mouth are all he/she knows. • He or she cannot and does not imagine it, picture it, think of it, or even remember it. • When an infants toy is hidden from them, they act as if it no longer exists.
As they get older things change… • If you take an infants toy and hide it under a blanket while they are watching, they will look under the blanket for it. • However, if you then take the toy from under the blanket and hide it behind your back, the infant will continue to look under the blanket. • Piaget called this object permanence: A child’s realization that an object exists even when he or she cannot touch it. • “Things continue to exist even though they cannot be seen or touched”
Representational Thought • Representational Thought: The intellectual ability of a child to picture something in his or her mind. • Once this is achieved, a child’s intelligence is no longer based on actions only. • In other words, a child can now think of something, rather than having to see it first!
The Principle of Conservation • The principle that a given quantity does not change when its appearance is changed. • What?? • For example, you take two identical short wide jars filled with water. • Then you pour the contents of one of these jars into a tall, thin jar. • A child under 5 will say that the tall jar contains more water than the shorter jar.
Cont… • If you pour the water back into the short jar to show the amount has not changed, the child will still say that there is more water in the taller container. • Children under 5 can’t think two dimensionally (height and width). This happens because children are egocentric. • Egocentric: a young child’s inability to understand another person’s perspective.
So lets meet the man who said all this! • Jean Piaget • 1896 – 1980 • Born: Switzerland • Question: How does knowledge grow? • He studied his own 3 children and thousands of other children! • He created the different levels of cognitive development!
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development! • According to Piaget, there are “4” stages of cognitive development! • Stage One (0-2 years): Sensorimotor Stage. During this stage the infant uses schemas that primarily involve his/her body and sensations. • Stage Two (2-7 years): Preoperational Stage. During this stage, the child begins to use mental images or symbols to understand things.
Stage Three (7-11 years): Concrete Operations. During this stage, children are able to use logical schemas but their understanding is limited to concrete objects or problems. Stage Four (11-upward): Formal Operations Stage. During this stage, a person is able to solve abstract problems. According to Piaget, a person’s development through these four stages depends on both the maturation of his or her nervous system and on the kinds of experiences that he or she has had. Everyone goes through the stages in some order, but not necessarily at the same age.
Emotional Development • As children develop their abilities to use their bodies, think and express themselves they are also developing emotionally. Children become attached to specific people and begin to care about what they think and feel.
Experiments with Animals • Experiments with baby birds and monkeys have shown if the infant is too young or too old, the attachment usually cannot be formed, but the attachment itself is a kind of learning. If the attachment is not made, or a different attachment is made, the infant will develop in a different way.
So what does this mean? • Lorenz (1903-1989) became a pioneer in the field of animal learning. He discovered that baby geese become attached to their mothers in a rapid, virtually permanent learning process called imprinting. • Imprinting: Inherited tendencies or responses that are displayed by newborn animals when they encounter new stimuli in their environment. • After a few hours the baby geese are out of their shells, and ready to start waddling after the first thing they see that moves…do you see a problem here?
Lorenz substituted himself or some moving objects like a green box being dragged along the ground, the goslings would follow that. Goslings are especially sensitive just after birth, and whatever they learn during this critical period, about 13 to 16 hours after birth, makes a deep impression that resist change.
What is a Critical Period? • Critical Period: A specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned.
The Importance of Mothers • Separation Anxiety: Occurs whenever a child is suddenly separated from his or her mother. If the separation persists, the child may develop psychological disorders. • Soft “monkey mom” example.
Wrap up • What are your impressions about imprinting? Explain.
Activity Time • Please Partner Up with the person nearest to you. • When you get the worksheet please put both of your names on it. • I will put up a chart to help you answer some questions about Types of Attachments in Children. You may use the chart, your notes and your own knowledge. • Depending on time I may pair you up with another group to go over the answers, if not I will collect the sheet and grade it. | https://fr.slideserve.com/maude/warm-up-powerpoint-ppt-presentation |
One key way of assessing whether a dog can remember an object is not visible is to use an invisible displacement task. In this task, an object is hidden, and then moved in some way. The question is where the dog will search to find the object.
How do you test a dog’s object permanence?
Dogs were tested for object permanence using an invisible displacement in which an object was hidden in one of two containers at either end of a beam and the beam was rotated. Consistent with earlier research, when the beam was rotated 180º, the dogs failed to find the object.
How do you test object permanence in animals?
The development of object permanence is measured by observing the infant’s response to disappearing objects. Over time, this changes from the abandonment of hidden objects to the active and focused retrieval of hidden objects. Required Readings: Burbacher, Thomas M; Grant, Kimberly S; Mottet, N.
Can dogs have object permanence?
Dogs are able to reach a level of object permanence that allows them to find food after it has been hidden beneath one of two cups and rotated 90°. Similarly, cats are able to understand object permanence but not to the same extent that dogs can.
What animals have no object permanence?
The only animal that does not appear to achieve basic object permanence is the common pigeon (Columba livia), unable to even be operant conditioned to respond to a disappearing object (Plowright, Reid & Kilian, 1998).
What age do dogs learn object permanence?
Overall, the results suggest that the development of object permanence is similar in dogs and wolves, both species reaching Stage 5b of object permanence by the age of 11 weeks. In terms of sensorimotor intelligence, Stage 4 was the upper limit of sensorimotor intelli- gence we observed in wolves.
Miller et al. (2008) found that when a hidden object is placed inside of one of two identical occluders placed on either end of a rotating beam, and that beam is rotated 90°, dogs will search accurately for the invisibly displaced object. The results of the current study confirm this finding.
Can dogs understand time?
Dogs have a sense of time but don’t understand the ‘concept’ of time. Unlike humans, dogs don’t have the ability to create actual measures of time, like the second, hour, and minute, and they don’t know how to read clocks.
Are cats smarter than dogs?
However, various studies have concluded that, overall, cats are not smarter than dogs. One study often cited is that of neurologist Suzana Herculano-Houzel, who has spent nearly 15 years analyzing cognitive function in humans and animals.
Do dogs miss their owners?
Whilst this is a natural concern if you’ll be gone for weeks, it’s not something you need to fear. The truth is that your dog will almost always remember you, however long you’ve been apart. Dogs don’t forget their beloved owners, even after months or even years apart.
Do dogs recognize objects?
First clear evidence that dogs do not naturally distinguish objects by shape. Summary: Researchers have provided the first empirical evidence that the way in which dogs relate words to objects is fundamentally different to humans.
They do indeed. In fact, all mammals except marsupials like kangaroos have one. The belly button, or umbilicus as it’s called in medical lingo, is simply a residual scar that’s usually almost imperceptible to see and is where the placenta from the mother is attached to the puppy in the womb.
Do dogs remember people?
You may not remember what you were doing a few minutes ago. But your dog probably does. A study of 17 dogs found they could remember and imitate their owners’ actions up to an hour later. The results, published Wednesday in Current Biology, suggest that dogs can remember and relive an experience much the way people do.
Are dogs smart?
Dog lovers will often extol the intelligence of their canine counterparts, and not without reason—dogs are indeed pretty smart. Man’s best friend can understand up to 250 words, interpret human emotions, and even pull off crafty tricks when trying to score a snack.
Do cats and dogs understand object permanence?
(1971), that cats do possess the full range of concepts involved in object permanence. It appears that “sensorimotor intelligence” is fully de- veloped in these animals and also in dogs, which have roughly comparable cortical development.
What is object permanence in ADHD?
Object permanence refers to the ability to understand that objects exist when they are out of sight. While technically speaking, the potential issue in people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not a problem with actual object permanence, there is no widely accepted term. | https://pushpushi.com/health/question-how-could-you-test-other-animals-eg-a-dog-to-learn-whether-they-have-object-permanence.html |
younger children. He relied on two methods: interviews and observations.
ï: the child actively seeks knowledge, also known as the
constructivist view- the idea that children actively create their understanding of
the world as they encounter new info and have new experiences. Opposite of
behaviorism where children passively wait for info (or stimuli).
ï
increasingly more complex cognitive structures- an organized group of interrelated
memories, thoughts, and strategies that the child uses in try to understand a
situation.
A lot of his theory was based on the concept of schema/schemas- an organized unit
of knowledge that the child uses to try to understand a situation; a schema forms the
basis for organizing actions to respond to the environment.
Organization- combining simple mental structures into more complex systems.
Operations- schemas based on internal mental activities that develops as you get
older instead of based on overt physical activities like in young children.
Adaptation- ïä
Assimilation- molding a new experience to fit an existing way of responding to the
environment. (applying existing schemes to the new experience.)
Accomodation- modifying an existing way of responding to the environment to fit
the characteristics of a new experience.
Stages of Cognitive Development- comprehensive, qualitative changes over time in
the way a child thinks. Based on experience so not every one reaches each stage at
the same age, but you have to go through each stage one by one, no skipping.
Sensorimotor stage (0-2yrs)- ïá
which children move from purely reflexive behaviour to the beginning of symbolic
thought and goal-directed behaviours. There are 6 substages in this stage, one
important substage involves learning about objects and object permanence- the
notion that entities external to the child, such as objects and people, continue to
ïg or interacting with them or out of sight. May
be a prerequisite for self-recognition.
Substage 1: basic reflex activity (0-1month)- ï
proficiency in the use of innate reflexes. Involuntary behaviors are replaced by
behaviors that are similar in form but are controlled voluntarily. Object concept-
look only at object directly in front.
www.notesolution.com
Substage 2: Primary Circular Reactions (1-4months)- behaviors in which infants
repeat and modify actions that focus on their own bodies and that are pleasurable
and satisfying. (thumb sucking repeatedly) Object concept- no idea of object
permanence yet, if toy drops from hand, stare at hand instead of looking for toy.
Substage 3: Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8months)- behaviors focused on
ï
engages in because they are pleasurable. (rattle shaking repeatedly) also can now
combine schemes to perform more complex behaviors. Object concept- some
awareness of object permanence, they try to track down objects but cover it
ï
for it.
Substage 4: Coordination of Secondary Schemata (8-12months)- ï
combination of different schemes to achieve a specific goal. The beginning of
problem solving behavior, moving one toy out the way to get another. Object
concept- even completely concealed objects will be searched for, but if taken and
áï-not-B
error)
Substage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18months)- behaviors in which
infants experiment with the properties of external objects and try to learn how
objects respond to various actions. Instead of repeating exact behaviors, they now
perform similar äòó
Piaget called them. Object concept- still problems with looking for something when
you put it somewhere else but there not as puzzled. (invisible displacement is what
áï
Substage 6: Inventing New means by mental combination (18-24months)-
children begin to combine schemes mentally, thus relying less on physical trial and
error. Also the appearance of Symbolic thought- the use of mental images to
represent people, objects, and events. No longer limited to physically exploring,
manipulating, and acting on objects. Symbolic thought proven by new language
abilities and Deferred imitation- mimicry of an action some time after having
observed it, requires that the child has stored mental image of the action. Object
Concept- Full grasp of object permanence and they can now locate unseen objects
no matter how many times its displaced. Renee Baillargeon showed that even 3.5-
month infants could be aware of object permanence since they looked longer at an
impossible event vs possible event. (involved watching a car roll down a ramp)
Core Knowledge systems- ways of reasoning about ecologically important objects
and events, such as the solidity and continuity of objects. (event knowledge and laws
of physics) research relied on violation of expectation method. 4.5 months looked
longer at unexpected occlusion events, 7.5 months looked longer at containment
events. These methods are widely debated; point is that Piaget may be wrong about
how early some abilities appear. They may have object knowledge early on, but
ïw to plan and problem solve yet. | https://oneclass.com/textbook-notes/ca/utsc/psy/psyb-32h3/3311-chapter-8.en.html |
Individual[ edit ] The formalization of constructivism from a within-the-human perspective is generally attributed to Jean Piaget, who articulated mechanisms by which information from the environment and ideas from the individual interact and result in internalized structures developed by learners.
The development of memory in children becomes evident within the first 2 to 3 years of a child's life as they show considerable advances in declarative memory. This enhancement continues into adolescence with major developments in short term memoryworking memorylong term memory and autobiographical memory.
There is contradicting evidence on whether causal perception is innate and present at birth or whether it is a result of perception development. Through research with very young infants, many studies have shown support for the theory that humans are born with the mechanisms needed for the perception of causality.
Object permanence[ edit ] Object permanence is the understanding that an object continues to exist, even when one cannot see it or touch it.
It is an important milestone in the stages of cognitive development for infants.
Numerous tests regarding it have been done, usually involving a toy and a crude barrier which is placed in front of the toy, and then removed repeatedly peekaboo. In early sensorimotor stagesthe infant is completely unable to comprehend object permanence.
Psychologist Jean Piaget conducted experiments with infants which led him to conclude that this awareness was typically achieved at eight to nine months of age. Infants before this age are too young to understand object permanence, which explains why infants at this age do not cry when their mothers are gone — "Out of sight, out of mind".
A lack of object permanence can lead to A-not-B errorswhere children look for an object at the location where they first discovered it rather than where they have just seen it placed. Depth perception[ edit ] Studies in psychology also suggest that three dimensionality and depth perception is not necessarily fully intuitiveand must be partially learned in infancy using an unconscious inference.
The acquisition of depth perception and its development in infant cognitive systems was researched by Richard D.
Walk found that human infants is able to discriminate depth well from an "innate learned" point of view, they are able to discriminate depth from the age at which they can be tested.
However, their visual mechanisms are still maturing. Walk discovered that infants are better able to discriminate depth when there is a definitive pattern separating the deeper and shallower areas, than if either one is at all indefinite, and the depth and distance must be of a certain level of distance in order to be successfully distinguished by the infant.
According to Walk there is a clear development of perceptual behaviour, as with increasing age it is shown that children are able to discriminate between depths more accurately, and gauge more subtle differences between depths.
Much of this research depends on carefully observing when infants react as if events are unexpected. For example, if an infant sees an object that appears to be suspended in mid-air, and behaves as if this is unexpected, then this suggests that the infant has an understanding that things usually fall if they are not supported.
Language acquisition From birth, babies are learning to communicate. The communication begins with crying and then begins to develop into cooing and babbling. Infants develop their speech by mimicking those around them.
Gestures and facial expressions are all part of language development. In the first three months of life babies will generally use different crying types to express their different needs, as well as making other sounds such as cooing.
They will begin mimicking facial expressions and smiling at the sight of familiar faces. Between the ages of 4—6 months infants have a greater response towards different tones in voices, and greater engagement, watching the speaker's face. The child's own language skills develop with larger variation in babbling sounds, and elicit responses in conversation through babbling.
From 7 months to the end of their first year babies are able to understand frequently heard words and can respond to simple requests. Their babbling becomes more complex and they communicate with it as if they are making sense, they use babbling to express their desires.
Non-verbal communication also develops and actions such as waving goodbye are produced. This is also the period in which babies often say their first word, an important milestone in the child's life.Provides a foundation for understanding how humans acquire and continue to hone their movement skills throughout the life span.
Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory Words | 44 Pages. erik erikson's psychosocial crisis life cycle model - the eight stages of human development Erikson's model of psychosocial development is a very significant, highly regarded and meaningful concept.
Life is a serious of lessons and challenges which help us to grow. Psychosocial theory Erik Erikson was a German psychoanalyst who devised psychosocial theory from clinical and naturalistic observation and the analysing of biographies of famous men 3 / six actors in search for a plot.
This is the Fred Rogers we know: a thin, wholesome man straight out of a small-town pulpit, with a gentle manner, who looks directly at us, speaks slowly and tells us that he likes us just the way we are.
This is the man Canadians have been watching since October , when Misterogers was a fifteen-minute black-and-white children’s program on the CBC that lasted nine months. Thus, this essay looks at Erikson’s psychological theories of development that comprises of five stages of development, and its implications and benefits of understanding the theory in following paragraphs.
This essay also talks about the crises that must be resolved in every stage that we attain in the process of development. search essay examples. to top.
Psychosocial Development Essay Examples. 7 total results.
An Observation of the Improved Development Skills of My Sister During the Holiday Vacation with the Family. words. 2 pages. The Relationship Between a Person's Life and Erikson's Psychosocial Stages.
words.
2 pages. The . | https://dakavuniqasax.iridis-photo-restoration.com/what-is-psychosocial-development-essay-23086ae.html |
The Piaget stages of development is a blueprint that describes the stages of normal intellectual development, from infancy through adulthood. This includes thought, judgment, and knowledge. The stages were named after psychologist and developmental biologist Jean Piaget, who recorded the intellectual development and abilities of infants, children, and teens.
Between ages 7 and 9 months, infants begin to realize that an object exists even if it can no longer be seen. This important milestone -- known as object permanence -- is a sign that memory is developing.
After infants start crawling, standing, and walking, their increased physical mobility leads to increased cognitive development. Near the end of the sensorimotor stage (18-24 months), infants reach another important milestone -- early language development, a sign that they are developing some symbolic abilities.
During this stage (toddler through age 7), young children are able to think about things symbolically. Their language use becomes more mature. They also develop memory and imagination, which allows them to understand the difference between past and future, and engage in make-believe.
At this time, elementary-age and preadolescent children -- ages 7 to 11 -- demonstrate logical, concrete reasoning.
Children's thinking becomes less egocentric and they are increasingly aware of external events. They begin to realize that one's own thoughts and feelings are unique and may not be shared by others or may not even be part of reality.
During this stage, however, most children still can't think abstractly or hypothetically.
Adolescents who reach this fourth stage of intellectual development -- usually at age 11-plus -- are able to logically use symbols related to abstract concepts, such as algebra and science. They can think about multiple variables in systematic ways, formulate hypotheses, and consider possibilities. They also can ponder abstract relationships and concepts such as justice.
Although Piaget believed in lifelong intellectual development, he insisted that the formal operational stage is the final stage of cognitive development, and that continued intellectual development in adults depends on the accumulation of knowledge.
Wood, K. "Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development," in M. Orey Emerging perspectives on learning, teaching, and technology, 2001.
PBS.org: "Piaget describes stages of cognitive development 1923-1952."
Huitt, W. "Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development. Educational Psychology Interactive," 2003. | https://www.webmd.com/children/piaget-stages-of-development |
Hello everyone, welcome to our October newsletter! As always, we provide an overview of what is happening within our childcare community. This month we will focus on the sensorimotor stages of development that occur in the first 12 months of a baby’s life.
From the moment they are born, babies soak in all the information they can about their surroundings. They take in the world around them and learn to react, manipulate, and interact to achieve their goals.
Jean Piaget first theorised how intelligence begins in infancy by showing how babies start to make sense of the world around them and develop ways to adapt to their environment. Through careful observation, he identified several sensorimotor stages and divided an infant’s first year of life into 3 stages.
In the first 4 months, babies start to learn how to smile from seeing people around them with the same facial expression. Not only that, they also learn to express their joy through smiling. They begin to evoke smiles from people by smiling pointedly.
As they discover joy, they also soon discover discomfort. However, one good thing is they learn coping skills like repeatedly doing self-soothing behaviours like sucking their thumbs.
Along with newly discovered expressions, babies start to become more coordinated, practising their limbs through stretching and kicking. This helps them build their muscles while also learning how their limbs work.
Another innate and primitive behaviour a baby will exhibit is that of grasping anything within their reach. A baby’s grip will be strong and show no control in their limbs except gripping and attaching themselves. After grasping an object, their next step will be to taste and smell it, learning everything it can about an object through touch, taste, and smell.
At 4 months, babies start to learn cause-and-effect relationships. They begin to understand they can influence their environment and their actions have consequences. This is why suddenly the rattle becomes a prized possession. A baby learns that when they shake it, it produces a sound that’s delightful to their ears. Or they may now try to reach for the wind chime over their crib to make it spin or produce sound.
Babies will also start to smile directly at their parent or caregiver to make the other person smile. These intentional interactions help the baby learn cause-and-effect relationships that they initiate.
After learning cause-and-effect relationships between their action towards an object and its outcome, 8-12-month old babies will now act more purposefully. This is also the time babies will explore more using their mouths so parents and caregivers must ensure the objects or sensory materials available to babies are clean and not a choke-hazard. To babies at this age, just absolutely everything needs to be inspected through hands and mouth.
Babies engaged in sensory play will now have goals in their play, coordinating their actions and movements to achieve that goal. For example, they may crawl to the other side of the room to get to their favourite toy. Or they may push aside other toys to reach for it. These actions show how your baby is learning that they can do a series of actions that achieves their goal.
They will also be more attentive to certain words they hear, turning their attention to the source.
Object permanence is a cognitive concept where babies learn that an object continues to exist even when it’s not in sight.For the first few months, babies tend to think an object has ceased to exist when it’s out of sight. This is why peak-a-boo is such a revelation for them. However, starting at 8 months or even as early as 6 months, some babies start to realise that an object does continue to exist even when it’s not in their sight.
Another game that reinforces a baby’s concept of object permanence, hide-n-seek gives a baby a chance to harness their goal-oriented actions. Whereas a 3-month old baby will ignore a hidden toy and will not look for it anymore while an 8-month old will now search for the hidden object.
Starting from 8 months, babies learn that an object continues to exist whether or not they can see them. And their cognitive development at this stage allows them to concentrate enough to seek the toy that has been hidden from them. It also boosts their problem-solving skills as they try to find the hidden object.
Best for 8-12 month old babies, building blocks allow babies at this stage to fully exercise their hand-eye coordination while also manipulating and exploring objects to meet their goal. Whether it’s building a tower or a random structure, it gives a baby autonomy and opportunity to flex their creative solving skills and improve their fine motor skills.
While commercially available playdough is still off-limits for infants who use their hands and mouth to inspect and test everything, edible playdough materials are the best substitutes for a sensory-filled activity. Anything from fruits and vegetables with various textures like apples and pears to carrots, broccoli and cauliflower to oats or oatmeal, mashed potatoes or rice, these highly manipulative or malleable foods allow babies to explore them at their own pace. Whether it’s grouping, separating, combining, shaping, or even throwing, these sensory materials allow babies to interact with it and improve their sensory experiences.
Moving from solids to liquids, babies aged 8-12 month old are constantly developing their ability to use their hands and fingers. Gradually their sense of control will get stronger. Having them create oobleck helps babies establish the cause-and-effect relationship and transformation of separate ingredients to an oobleck. Depending on the ratio of cornstarch and water, the oobleck can change consistency from gooey to dough-y. This oobleck is highly malleable and great for sensory play as babies run their fingers through it, grab it, and form it into any shape they want.
These bottles give babies a lot to look at and observe. These bottles are usually filled with materials that interact with each other, create visions that are uniquely interesting to babies or produce unique sounds particular to the materials in a bottle. It could be a bottle specifically for vision, hearing, or a combination of both.
As babies learn cause-and-effect relationships, they can interact with a vision bottle, for example, to see a red blob floating around a much bigger green liquid. Or they can shake and roll a hearing bottle that produces various sounds from the different materials in the bottle.
Sensorimotor stage is the developmental stage where infants make sense of their immediate environment. From starting to learn how to smile and entertain themselves to exploring ways to get what they want, infants develop and learn at an incredible speed in their first 12 months and become a solid foundation for the coming developmental stages.
Author: Anna Turns
Breast milk has been routinely recommended as the best food for an infant to up to 2 years of age but why is that? Researchers have gone on to study what makes breast milk better than formula and how it can help milk manufacturers formulate a better and closer formula. As studies have shown, while breast milk seems like a simple combination of water, fat, protein, and maternal antibodies among others, the formulation of breast milk can differ based on the mother’s diet, the time of day, and even along the feeding timeline.
Learn more about the science of breast milk and how manufacturers of infant formula are trying to improve its formulation here.
Author: Gwen Dewar, Ph.D.
Are you wondering when your 1-year old or infant is going to start trotting off on their own? Read on to find out about the milestones infants take that show signs of development in the department of walking for a child here.
Author: Kayla Garritano
What toddlers eat fuel their brains and if their diet consists of food that’s high in sugar and is ultra-processed, it may hinder their cognitive development. Studies show that children who eat these food types have trouble with basic cognitive functions, inhibiting their development.
Find out which food types help children’s cognitive development in this article.
Author: Matthew Utley
At this age, toddlers start to test their newfound independence and mobility by exploring, sometimes, if not often, by putting things in their mouths. When introduced to new things, their instinct to grab it, hold onto it tight, and straight into their mouths. But there can also be different reasons why a toddler proceeds to stuff things in their mouth like if they’re thirsty, hungry, teething, want attention or anxious.
So before this behaviour becomes a habit, find out how you can prevent your child from being an expert in taste testing of things here.
Author: Caitlin Beale, MS, RDN
After a long active day for your child, how do you wind them down and get them ready to sleep? Are you guilty of allowing your child to have screen time just so they finally sit still and calm down? While having your child become more digitally adept is not bad, new research shows that screen time can contribute to your child’s interrupted sleep patterns. Images and scenes they encounter before bedtime may cause children to have nightmares and wake them in the middle of the night.
Read on to find out how screen time can be the secret culprit to your child’s less-than-ideal sleep pattern and find alternative ways you can wind them down.
Quench children’s thirst for learning by having them make their own fizzy lemonade. Adult supervision may be required when adding a teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda. We advise the teacher to add the bicarbonate of soda to every cup to avoid any accidental ingestion.
Get the recipe for a thrilling fizzy lemonade here.
Children love to play in a sandbox but there’s more to the soil than it looks. Help teach them about how fabulous the earth is with these soil layers activity that helps them visualise the layers of soil in our environment using yummy substitutes like chocolate pudding, gummy worms and chocolate chips.
Find instructions for this edible soil layers activity here.
This craft teaches young ones how water cycles through the earth and atmosphere. An activity that lasts for multiple days, based on the weather, sharpen their observational skills and cognitive development with this activity.
See how this simple yet interesting activity can be started here.
Launch mini rockets with the force of a toddler’s stomp with this STEAM activity. While they may need help when it comes to measuring the fins, they can practise their fine motor skills cutting, pasting and crafting their tiny rocket into the juice pouch propeller.
Get the instructions on how to create this mini stop rocket here. | https://www.vacancy.care/childcare-newsletters |
BEH STUD: Child social development (DEFINITIONS (PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:…
BEH STUD: Child social development
DEFINITIONS
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT: Maturation of bodily structures
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT: Progression of various motor skills
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: Growth of intellectual functioning
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: Changes in the way children deal with others
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
PIAGET'S THEORY
: Believed the way infants and children see the world is profoundly different to adults. Children construct their understanding of the world through active involvement and interactions. They use assimilation and accomodation.
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
: Ages 0-2y. No concept of time or self. Use of senses and motor skills. They "think" with their eyes, hands, ears etc.
REFLEXIVE SCHEMAS: 1st month. Suck, grasp. By 4 weeks they become voluntary.
PRIMARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS: 1-4 months. Develop simple motor skills - motivated by basic needs. eg. Sucking thumb.
SECONDARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS: 4-8 months. Repeat actions that get a response from others. Imitate actions.
COORDINATION OF SECONDARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS: 8-12 months. Develop hand-eye coordination. Intentional behaviour to solve problems. Struggle with object permanence.
TERTIARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS: 12-18 months. Repeat actions (mimicry). Trial and error. Advanced object permanence and self-awareness.
MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS: 18-24 months. Can solve problems using symbolic means instead of trial and error. Insight and creativity. Imaginary play.
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
: Ages 2-7y. Mental representations of objects and use of symbolic thought and language. Do not yet understand logic. Why? questioning begins.
EGOCENTRISM: Inability to see viewpoint of others.
ANIMISM: Belief that inanimate objects have feelings.
THEORY OF MIND: Can't understand that other people may be thinking different things to you.
CONSERVATION: Don't understand the concept of properties eg. volume.
CENTRATION: Can only focus on one thing at a time.
TRANSITIVE INFERENCE: Can't understand hypothetical rules eg. feather breaks glass experiment.
CONCRETE OPERATIONS STAGE
: Ages 7-11y. Use logic to solve problems. Can do Theory of Mind false beliefs test. Egocentrism and animism disappear. Learn about conservation. Learn about reversibility - if things change they can still be the same as they used to be. Start to understand hypotheticals.
FORMAL OPERATIONS STAGE
: Ages 11+y. Can think rationally and logically. Develop hypothetic-deductive reasoning and metacognition. Easily do transitive-inference.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
ATTACHMENT THEORY
ATTACHMENT
: Emotional attachment The first human bond between a caregiver and child is thought to influence all later relationships.
ATTACHMENT PHASES
: 1. 0-3 months - undiscriminating social responsiveness. 2. 3-7 months - discriminating social responsiveness. 3. 7 months - 3 years - activity proximity seeking/true attachment. 4. 3+ years - goal-corrected partnership.
SIGNS OF ATTACHMENT
: Contact-maintaining attachment eg. smile, holding on to person. Proximity-seeking behaviours eg. crawl towards person.
SEPARATION AND LOSS
: Once an infant becomes attached they become wary and distressed when separated. Happens around 6-8 months. Can be seen in older children.
MEASURING ATTACHMENT
: Mary Ainsworth. Examined behaviour of children when separated and reunited with caregiver.
ATTACHMENT STYLES
SECURE ATTACHMENT
: 60-65% of American children. Comforted by presence of caregiver. Easily play independently.
PARENTING: Sensitive and responsive to needs and emotional signals.
INSECURE ANXIOUS-RESISTANT
: 10-15% of American children. Little play - preoccupied by caregiver. High distress when separated and angry with caregiver when reunited.
PARENTING: Inconsistent caregiving.
INSECURE ANXIOUS-AVOIDANT
: 15-20% of American children. Ignores caregiver. Doesn't show distress when separated.
PARENTING: Too much or too little stimulation.
INSECURE DISORGANISED
: 5-15% of American children. Demonstrates contradictory behaviour. Very stressed when separated, doesn't know what to dp.
PARENTING: Often severely depressed caregivers.
ANIMALS - IMPRINTING: Attachment occurs in the form of imprinting to first moving object they see. Studied by Konrad Lorenz - ducks and geese. Imprinting on moving duck on wheels. Found that imprinting occurs within 2 days of birth.
ANIMALS - HARLOW: Examined love and attachment in monkeys. Found monkeys stayed with soft "mother" even though "hard" mother gave milk.
INFANT ATTACHMENT: John Bowlby. Infants are born seeking direct contact with an adult. Positive cause - matter of enjoyment. Negative cause - fear of the unfamiliar.
WHY IS ATTACHMENT IMPORTANT? Secure attachment promotes exploratory behaviour. No strong attachments = medical problems, delays in physical, cognitive and social-emotional development. Secure attachment in infancy help to form stronger relationships later in life. Bowlby - attachment contributes to our survival. | https://coggle.it/diagram/WRmy5yDIIAABVTte/t/beh-stud-child-social-development |
Such a study demonstrates cognitive development is not purely dependent on maturation but on cultural factors too — spatial awareness is crucial for nomadic groups of people. He defined this field as the study of child development as a means of answering epistemological questions.
Metacognitionthe capacity for "thinking about thinking" that allows adolescents and adults to reason about their thought processes and monitor them. Children in the preoperational stage lack this logic.
They start solving problems in a more logical fashion. As several studies have shown Piaget underestimated the abilities of children because his tests were sometimes confusing or difficult to understand e. He is able to understand numbers, weight, and other physical features of objects. Other examples of mental abilities are language and pretend play.
Irreversibility refers to when children are unable to mentally reverse a sequence of events. The sensorimotor stage is divided into 6 substages: During this stage they can do things intentionally.
The assumption is that we store these mental representations and apply them when needed. This child may have difficulty here understanding that "A" is also greater than "C". At the time, there was much talk and research about RNA as such an agent of learning, and Piaget considered some of the evidence.
Object permanence in young infants: Children tend to think very concretely and specifically in earlier stages, and begin to consider possible outcomes and consequences of actions. An example of this is being able to reverse the order of relationships between mental categories. Children can now conserve and think logically they understand reversibility but are limited to what they can physically manipulate.
While this clearly presents problems with the sample size, Piaget also probably introduced confounding variables and social desirability into his observations and his conclusions based on his observations. For instance, a two- or three-year-old child doesn't have enough intelligence to understand this world.
Testing for concrete operations[ edit ] Piagetian tests are well known and practiced to test for concrete operations. For example, the level of equal volume of water in different shapes of glass will be different. A primary circular reaction is when the infant tries to reproduce an event that happened by accident ex.: For example, a person might have a schema about buying a meal in a restaurant.
Because Piaget concentrated on the universal stages of cognitive development and biological maturation, he failed to consider the effect that the social setting and culture may have on cognitive development.
In his studies, he noticed there was a gradual progression from intuitive to scientific and socially acceptable responses. Birth through about 2 years. In his interviews with children, he asked questions specifically about natural phenomenasuch as: There are some important aspects that the experimenter must take into account when performing experiments with these children.
Children in the preoperational stage lack this logic. The child has acquired the ability to represent objects mentally and to identify them based on their membership in classes, however this child now reacts to all similar objects as if they were identical.
Artificialism refers to the belief that environmental characteristics can be attributed to human actions or interventions. Intuitive thought substage[ edit ] At between about the ages of 4 and 7, children tend to become very curious and ask many questions, beginning the use of primitive reasoning.
There is an emergence in the interest of reasoning and wanting to know why things are the way they are. Also at this phase, passive reactions, caused by classical or operant conditioningcan begin.
Also, this stage marks the beginning of goal orientationthe deliberate planning of steps to meet an objective. New information needs to be added to the existing schema about dogs. The Pre-operational Stage is split into two substages: While children in primary school years mostly used inductive reasoningdrawing general conclusions from personal experiences and specific facts, adolescents become capable of deductive reasoningin which they draw specific conclusions from abstract concepts using logic.
For Piaget, language is seen as secondary to action, i. Later, after carefully analyzing previous methods, Piaget developed a combination of naturalistic observation with clinical interviewing in his book Judgment and Reasoning in the Child, where a child's intellect was tested with questions and close monitoring.
Preoperational from age two to age seven:. Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development is a description of cognitive development as four distinct stages in children: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and.
Piaget divided the cognitive development of children into four stages. Let's know more about the stages of cognitive development and its salient features in the sections below. 1. Sensorimotor Stage. It is a development phase between a child's birth until 2 years of age.
This page presents an overview of the development of intellectual abilities. Children are not little adults. Until they reach the age of 15 or so they are not capable of reasoning as an adult. The following information is based on the work of Jean Piaget. He was not a psychologist. He was a.
The Stages of Cognitive Development. Piaget's four stages of development occur in infancy, preschool, childhood, and adolescence. Each stage is characterized by a general cognitive structure that affects all of the child's thinking.
According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, children at this stage understand object permanence, but they still don’t get the concept of conservation.
Piaget's stage theory describes the cognitive development of children. Cognitive development involves changes in cognitive process and abilities. | https://doguvaferyjof.cwiextraction.com/piaget-cognitive-development-13216ln.html |
1. Peekaboo (also spelled peek-a-boo) is a game played primarily with a baby. In the game, one player hides his or her face, pops back into the view of the other, and says Peekaboo!, sometimes followed by I see you! There are many variations: for example, where trees are involved, “Hiding behind that tree!” is sometimes added. Another variation involves saying “Where’s the baby?” while the face is covered and “There’s the baby!” when uncovering the face.
Peekaboo uses the fundamental structure of all good jokes – surprise, balanced with expectation.
Peekaboo is thought by developmental psychologists to demonstrate an infant’s inability to understand object permanence. Object permanence is an important stage of cognitive development for infants. In early sensorimotor stages, the infant is completely unable to comprehend object permanence. Psychologist Jean Piaget conducted experiments with infants which led him to conclude that this awareness was typically achieved at eight to nine months of age. Infants before this age are too young to understand object permanence. A lack of Object Permanence can lead to A-not-B errors, where children reach for a thing at a place where it should not be.
2. Sometime ideas, like men, jump up and say ‘hello’. They introduce themselves, these ideas, with words. Are they words? These ideas speak so strangely. All that we see in this world is based on someone’s ideas. Some ideas are destructive, some are constructive. Some ideas can arrive in the form of a dream. I can say it again: some ideas arrive in the form of a dream. | http://henrykgallery.com/en/peekaboo/ |
How much do infants know about the world in which they live? At what age do humans begin to develop an understanding of object permanence and of the reality that people act in response to different things around them? These are the kinds of questions Yuyan Luo, Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychological Sciences, seeks to answer. In addition to teaching cognition development courses—from infancy to toddler—she runs the Infant Cognition Lab, which tests psychological and biological knowledge development through a series of lab experiments. Now in its second year of operation, the lab conducts experiments with participants as young as two and one-half months old.
Most of Luo’s studies use the so-called “looking-time method,” which measures how long an infant looks at different events. Typically, two types of events are shown to the infant: one that is consistent with the type of knowledge being tested, and one that is inconsistent. “If babies do have that kind of knowledge, they will be surprised by the inconsistent event and look a long time,” Luo observes. For example, in one type of looking-time experiment, babies are shown a box floating in mid-air. If babies are intrigued by the floating box and watch it for a long period of time, “that means they know that something needs support in order to be stable, that it shouldn’t just float.” Luo is currently using this kind of task to compare “infants' responses to a floating box and a floating person. Eight-month-olds seem to know that people cannot float and thus find the floating person somehow aversive.”
Luo’s interest in studying infant cognition began in graduate school when she encountered a paper authored by her advisor, Dr. Renée Baillargeon, on the subject of object permanence—“knowing that objects move and exist continuously in time and space.” Jean Piaget, the famous Swiss psychologist, had previously claimed that the notion of object permanence could not be understood before the age of eight months. However, Baillargeon proved that when given the proper task infants as young as two or three months displayed an awareness of object permanence. The problem with Piaget’s method lay in his experimental procedure: he was using a two-step manual search task that required infants to lift a piece of cloth to find a toy underneath it. As Luo explains, “if you think more about this task, as adults we have to plan ahead. We have to understand this is a two-step action—we need to lift the piece of cloth, and then get the toy. Babies younger than eight months are not good at reaching for something, using their hands, or planning for this two-step action. They have trouble with that kind of task, which is why they cannot succeed in the search task.” Methods that employ looking-time studies, as used by Baillargeon, prove to be simple and reliable in testing infant cognition before they have gone through certain developmental stages.
Some of the first looking-time experiments Luo conducted while she was in graduate school tested very young infants’ understanding of object permanence. In these studies, she showed the babies events during which an object moved behind two screens. In one setup, the infant would see the object appear in between the gap in the two screens. In another setup, the object would not appear in the gap. Comparisons between these two situations showed that young infants can grasp the reality that an object should be permanent and therefore should not disappear behind the screens. Such results allowed Luo to start thinking more deeply about what other physical concepts infants could manage, such as liquid permanence or transparency.
Since infants are frequently given baths, they are of course exposed to water very early in life. Luo wondered if “maybe they don’t pay much attention to water since it’s colorless and it’s just something weird.” However, she reasoned, “the notion of object permanence should apply to all kinds of objects and substances.” To pursue this question, she began a study with twelve-month-old babies to test whether they recognize that liquid cannot inexplicably disappear or appear. In this experiment, which is presently underway, a screen hides a glass filled with colored liquid. When the screen is raised, the glass is empty. Luo finds that babies are very surprised when the liquid vanishes into thin air. They are also very surprised by the opposite development—when an empty glass becomes full of liquid after being hidden. Another physical understanding experiment involves the perception of transparency. In her initial object permanence study, an object moved behind an opaque screen that infants could not see through. Luo found that infants understood that the object should continue to exist even though they could not see it. But what if they couldn’t see an object that was lowered behind a transparent screen? In this case, Luo has found that babies do not seem surprised until they are about seven and one-half months old, perhaps because their vision may not be developed enough to perceive transparency until about seven months of age.
Another type of experiment Luo conducts revolves around determining the level of infants’ psychological reasoning. About ten years ago, researchers discovered that babies as young as five months old have the ability to understand personal preference given the proper task. Using the looking-time method, babies were shown two different toys, “Toy A” and “Toy B.” They would then watch a person repeatedly choose Toy A to play with, never touching Toy B. Eventually, the person would “change their mind” and choose Toy B. Researchers found that babies were surprised when the person stopped choosing Toy A and switched to Toy B.
Luo decided to take this research one step farther, conducting several variations on the basic experiment: “I wanted to find out if this kind of psychological reasoning in infancy also includes nonhuman objects,” as she puts it. “If we see something moving on its own and we don’t know what it’s made of, we’re probably willing to attribute it to object preferences or goals. We think, ‘Ok, it’s probably moving for a reason.’” To test this hypothesis, she worked with five-month old babies and a “self-moving box.” She presented the same scenario involving Toy A and Toy B, but instead of a human it was a Kleenex-sized box that moved towards the toy for a period of time before changing its preference to choose the other toy. Again, the babies were surprised that the non-human object moved to Toy B. Luo is investigating whether even younger infants are able to recognize this psychological process.
Luo now wonders if her experiments could be applied to younger children, the idea being that “if even two and one-half-month-old babies have the notion of object permanence or some understanding of others’ goals and preferences […] then we could push the age even further back and say, ‘Well, maybe babies are born with some basic physical and psychological knowledge.’”
Watch for Luo’s future research with infants and toddlers on their psychological and physical understanding of the world, as she is sure to challenge longstanding assumptions about these fascinating stages of early childhood. | http://syndicate.missouri.edu/articles/show/58 |
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Introduction
Over many years, development theories have been made about the development of children and the stages they move through in order to grow and mature. There are five stages of childhood development; cognitive, physical, social & emotional and moral & spiritual. In this report, there will be a focus on three types of development theories. The three development theories that will be researched in this report are Jean Piaget (1896-1980), Erik Erikson (1902-1994) and Abraham Maslow (1908-1970).
Developmental Theory One- Jean Piaget
4.1Jean Piaget was born on the 9th August 1896 in Neuchatel which is in the Francophone region of Switzerland. As a young boy he was always interested in biology and the natural world. He attended the University of Neuchatel and also briefly attended the University of Zurich. He didn’t study biology however. His interests changed as he became older and he graduated from university with two published papers on his thinking at that time. After he graduated he moved from Switzerland to Paris, France where he taught at a boy’s school. It was here at this school, where he was helping to mark the Binet intelligence test, that he noticed that the younger children were consistently answering the same questions wrong, which the older children were getting right. From these results he produced the theory that young children’s cognitive processes are naturally different to adults thinking.
In 1923, Piaget married and had three children, which he studied through infancy. Through the next couple of decades he became Directors and chiefs of a couple of different organizations and universities. Piaget sadly passed away on the 16th September 1980.
4.2Piaget’s theories are focused around two areas, which are language and cognitive. His theory was split into four parts which were the sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage and the formal operational stage. These will be expanded on later on in the report.
4.3Some significant ideas in Piaget’s cognitive theory include the following: cognitive development is mainly a result of the child’s active and independent interaction and exploration of their environment, that the role of the adult is as a provider and facilitator for the child, that children have differently distinct thinking processes from, that new knowledge is compounded on from previous knowledge and lastly that intellectual functioning is a very important factor in determining the behaviour of the child.
4.4In Piaget’s theory, it is split into four parts which are the sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage and the formal operation stage. The sensorimotor stage for a child is between the ages of birth to approximately two years of age. For children in this stage, they have minimal competence in representing their environment using a different range of images, language and/or symbols. Infants also have no awareness of objects or people. Piaget called this a lack of “object permanence”. When people develop object permanence it means that they can understand that people and objects continue to exist even when they aren’t in that present environment.
The preoperational stage is from the ages of approximately two to seven years. These years can differ or change for any stage depending on the developmental of the child. This stage focuses around the language area of development. In this stage, children develop an internal representation of the world which helps them describe events, people and feelings which may be their own and/or others. During this stage they also use symbols as a way of playing and explaining themselves. Although the child’s thinking has developed from the sensorimotor stage it is still extremely lower than the thinking of adults. Children in this stage are very egocentric. This means that the child only thinks from their perspective and has no concept of thinking for others.
In the concrete operational, children have some difficulty with abstract thought and often think in very “concrete” terms- hence the name. Their thinking is very black and white and they are attentive to the values of
fairness and rules. The concrete operational stage is focused around children from the ages for seven to twelve years old. In this stage, children also have a better understanding of time and space, but still have limits to their thinking. They also tend to think in a more logical manner and begin to overcome the egocentric manner and characteristics of the previous stage.
In the last stage, the formal operational stage, it usually focuses around children aged twelve years old and continues into adulthood. In this stage they finally begin to develop the ability to think formally, logically and abstractly. At this stage they can think hypothetically and problem solve using their logic.
Developmental Theory Two- Erik Erikson
5.1.Erik Erikson was born in Frankfurt, on the 15th May, 1902 to Danish parents and died on the 12th May 1994 in America. Erikson was the result of an extramarital affair by his mother. The circumstances surrounding his birth were concealed throughout his entire childhood. Erikson had a major issue with identity which is shown through his theories and through his life.
5.2.Erikson’s theory is based around psychosocial development. His theory was organized into eight stages which extended from birth to death. These stages are hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love and care. These eight stages are expanded and explained later on in the report.
5.3.Erikson’s theory was based around the psychosocial beliefs that: a.People tend to have the same basic needs
b.Personality develops and changes in response to the basic needs c.Development occurs in stages that reflect physical life span changes d.That in each stage of development, the individual us confronted by a “crisis” or developmental task which is critical to that particular stage of development e.Lastly, that the motivation of each person to meet these challenges will vary from stage to stage as their needs vary.
5.4.Stage One in the theory of Erikson is Hope: Trust vs. Mistrust and is from birth to one years of age. The psychosocial crisis is trust v. mistrust and the virtue is hope. This stage focuses around if the infant’s needs are being met by the parents as infants depend entirely on their parents, especially their mother who provides food, sustenance and comfort. What the parent provides their child is what the child will learn to accept. For example, if the parents expose the child to warmth, a sense of regularity and dependable affection then the infant will view the world with trust. If the parents fail to provide these things and instead provide an insecure, cold, abusive and unloving environment then mistrust of the world will be developed.
The second stage is Will: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt which is from the ages of two to four years of age. This stage is focused around the question of “can I do things by myself or must I always rely on others?” As the child begins to gain motor skills and enough knowledge, they begin to explore their surroundings. In this stage caregivers are encouraged to support self sufficient behaviour which enables the child to become capable of fulfilling their own needs such as dressing and feeding themselves.
Stage three is Purpose: initiative vs. guilt and focused around the ages of four to six years of age. The main question in this stage is “Am I good or bad?” In this stage, children learn how to control and understand the world around them.
The fourth stage is from age seven to twelve. This stage is called Competence: Industry vs. Inferiority. The main question asked in this stage is “How can I be good?” Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities. They also find it easier to share and co-operate with others. When the children are encouraged by parents, teachers and peers they begin to believe in their skills. Those children who receive little encouragement from anyone will doubt their own abilities and doubt their ability to becoming more successful.
Stage five is Fidelity: Identity vs. Role confusion and is from the ages of 13 to 19 years of age. The main question asked in this stage is “Who am I and where am I going?” In this stage the adolescents are developing and exploring their independence and sense of self. Like the other stages, those who receive encouragement will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self and a feeling of not only independence but control of themselves and sometimes others as well.
The sixth stage is Love: Intimacy and Isolation. This stage includes the ages from 20 to 40 years old. The main question in this stage is “Am I loved and wanted?” and “Shall I share my life with someone or live alone?” During this stage there is the exploration of personal relationships. Erikson believed that people developed a close and committed relationship with other people. Those who are successful will then develop relationships which become safe, committed and secure and are able to incorporate a level of intimacy. If they are unable to develop these relationships they may develop a sense of isolation.
The seventh and second last stage of Erikson’s theory is Care: Generativity vs. Stagnation and is from the ages of 45 to 64 years of age. “Will I produce something of real value?” is the main question asked in this stage. During this stage, they have already developed and build on their lives, with a main focus on family and career. Those who are unsuccessful during this stage and fail to obtain this skill may feel unproductive and uninvolved in their world.
The last and eighth stage is Wisdom: Ego Integrity vs. Despair which is from the age of 65 onwards. The main question is “Have I lived a full life?” This phase is mainly focused on looking back over life and assessing their achievements. Those who are unable to complete this stage will experience a large amount of regrets and despair; however those who are successful look back on their life with few regrets and a feeling of satisfaction.
Developmental Theory Three- Abraham Maslow
6.1Abraham Harold Maslow was born on the April 1st 1908, in Brooklyn, New York. Maslow had six siblings and was the eldest child. Maslow recalls his childhood as rather lonely and unhappy. This was because his parents were un-educated Jews, and he was brought up in a non Jewish neighbourhood. This resulted in Maslow spending most of his time in libraries and with books. Maslow wanted to pursue law, but ended up graduating at the University of Wisconsin with a psychology degree. While studying at the University, he married his first cousin Bertha in December 1928. While at numerous other universities, including Columbia and Brooklyn he researched and found mentors which he began to take notes on, resulting in the basis of his research. Maslow sadly died on June 8th 1970 of a heart attack while being a resident fellow of the Laughlin Institute in California.
6.2Maslow’s theory has a couple of areas of development it focuses on. Due to the number of levels, there are a large number of areas which are developed such as emotional development, cognitive development and social development. Using these areas of development, Maslow developed his Hierarchy of Needs, which was a layer of needs. Each layer has to be completed before you are able to move up to the next level. Some people never manage to reach the top layer, but some people manage to reach that level very early on in adulthood.
6.3The principle idea of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is self actualization. In the Hierarchy of Needs, above air, water, food and sex he laid out five broader layers of basic needs. Above these basic needs, higher levels of needs exist. These five broader layers of basic needs, which can be classified as other principle ideas are physiological needs, the need for safety and security, need for love and belonging, need for esteem and the need to self actualize.
6.4In this report, the focus will be on an interpretation of the Hierarchy of Needs which is shown in the diagram below and only shows the basic needs. These basic needs are human instinct. These basic needs are expanded:
a)Physiological Needs: This need is a biological need. This layer consists of the need for oxygen, food, shelter, water, health, sex and a constant body temperature. These are in the first layer because if a person was deprived of these needs, they would not be able to survive and would come first in a person’s search for satisfaction.
b)The second tier in the Hierarchy of Needs is Safety. This layer consists of the need for security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health and property. This layer can only be achieved when the first layer has been achieved to its full extent. This goes for every tier/layer in the Hierarchy of Needs.
c)The third tier in the Hierarchy of Needs is Love and Belonging, which focuses on building friendships, family and sexual intimacy. Once the second layer has been completed, the need for friends, family and sexual intimacy and affectionate relationships in general becomes larger. This stage also means giving and receiving love, affection and the sense of belonging. If this level doesn’t get reached, the person can often be susceptible to loneliness and experience social anxieties.
d)Esteem is the second last tier in Maslow’s theory which focuses on self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others and respect by others. Maslow split this level into two types of esteem- high and low. The lower type of esteem is the need for the respect of others and the need for status, fame, glory, attention, reputation, dignity and in some cases dominance. The higher form of esteem is the need for self respect and the need for feelings such as confidence, achievement, independence and freedom. Once self respect has been accomplished, it is a lot harder to lose than the lower form of esteem. If this level isn’t reached, a person can feel inferior, weak, helpless and worthless.
e)The last tier in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is self actualization which is one of the principal ideas of the theory. This last layer has the needs of morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice and the acceptance of facts. Maslow describes this level as a person’s need to
be and do what that person “was born to do. All these stages can be seen in this diagram below.
Conclusion
Through Jean Piaget’s, Erik Erikson and Abraham Maslow’s theories we can see how each man has developed how they think children develop whether it be through language, cognitive, emotionally, socially or a mixture of all or some. Each theory gives an in depth explanation on how they think children and in some cases, adolescents develop. Some people only believe one theory but there are also others who believe in many different theories on the development of children. Whatever theory/theories people believe is not right or wrong as there are many different views on the subject. | http://lametalleriedupressin.com/child-developmental-theorists-essay |
There has been a great deal of talk about “sleep regressions.” What is a sleep regression? A sleep regression is reported to occur when a baby who was sleeping well (or relatively well) all of a sudden has a sleep issue, whether that issue is falling asleep at bedtime or waking frequently during the night. According to the cultural commentary that focuses on sleep regressions, they can occur multiple times in the first year of life (and beyond), whether at 4 months, at 8, 9, or 10 months, 12 months, or 18 months.
A look at the data of sleep in young children, however, does not support a set time or month when sleep becomes problematic. The data simply do not show that there are specific months when all of a sudden a sleep problem develops. Instead, sleep is always changing and your baby will likely hit a bump in the sleep road at some point in the first year. This is totally normal.
To illustrate, a look at over 3,500 babies shows that the same percent of parents report sleep problems at every month across the first year of a baby’s life. For example, 32% of mothers report a sleep problem at 3 months of age, 25% at 4 months, and 30% at 5 months. These figures are consistently in that range for older infants as well. Similarly, mothers report just about the same number of night wakings, on average, at each month of age across the first year of life (1.7 wakings per night at 3 months, 1.6 at 4 months, 1.5 at 5 months, etc.). Note that these are average night wakings, not that a baby literally wakes up 1 and ½ times during a night. So, those sleep changes that are experience at different times across the first year are totally normal for a baby.
Instead of thinking of a “sleep regression” when your baby’s sleep changes, realize that sleep is always evolving and sleep develops as your baby develops. So, consider thinking of it as a “sleep progression,” and potentially a sign of healthy development. There are many reasons why your baby may suddenly start having a hard time falling asleep or waking more often at night. She may be sick. She may have just learned to roll over, pull to stand, or crawl. All of these things are much more fun to practice than going to sleep, and they may interfere with falling asleep. Research even shows, for instance, that sometimes sleep becomes problematic right before a major developmental change.
It may also be that she is becoming more aware of the world. For example, at 3 to 6 months of age, sleep habits are becoming engrained. Babies are also beginning to develop sleep onset associations, or cues, objects, and/or people in their environments that help set the stage for sleep and – out of habit – sometimes become required for a baby to be able to fall asleep. Again, a sign of healthy cognitive development. Around the same time, babies also come to understand that objects exist even when they are out of sight, referred to as object permanence. This means that when you step out of the room at bedtime, she may fuss or cry since she has a better understanding that although you are out of sight (that is, you left the room), you still exist (you haven’t disappeared into thin air). Before developing object permanence, your baby likely has an out-of-sight, out-of-mind mentality. So, a bit of protesting at bedtime is completely normal and a sign of healthy development.
So, what should you do if your child’s sleep suddenly changes?
The first thing is to be sure that your child is not sick or having any medical issues, such as an ear infection or reflux. The second thing to understand is that you do have some control over your baby’s behavior and it is not something that you just need to live with. Third, stick with what you have always done. Be careful not to make changes to what you have always done or else you may end up heading down a path of developing habits that you may not want to continue (such as starting to rock your baby to sleep every night if you hadn’t before). And finally, consider making changes if things do not get back on track after 1 to 2 weeks. For example, if your baby fed to sleep at bedtime but always slept through the night but now wakes during the night, it may be time to start shifting to helping your baby self-soothe to sleep at bedtime or doing a bit of sleep training during the night. For more information, check out our section dedicated to sleep training.
My baby now cries at bedtime. What should I do?
When should I move my baby from a crib to a bed?
Should I wake my baby from his nap if he sleeps for too long? | https://www.babysleep.com/sleep-advice/what-is-a-sleep-regression/ |
What is Object Permanence Syndrome?
Object Permanence Syndrome is that feeling people have that there is no connection to the all, that things like morals don’t matter if no one considered to be of import by the medical subject is watching, and that unless someone is caught red-handed and successfully prosecuted in a court of law — returning a guilty charge — the idea they are not socially or morally or in any way personally accountable for any act or action.
In medical terms, Object Permanence Syndrome is something Cluster B people have a lot of but most people considered Empath, high EQ, and or HSP don’t. People with healthy neurological tissue and fully functioning EQ do not go through daily struggles trying, for instance, to feel a connection between other people and themselves.
Further, people with healthy emotional intelligence don’t tend to anguish by physically trying to force themselves to emulate people with Newtonian Syndrome who are by nature groomed vertical thinkers.
Object Permanence is the complex emotional understanding that objects continue to exist in the universe whether or not a particularly grandiose and tunnel-visioned perspective person behaves as if that is not at all the case.
People with issues related to grasping the concept of Object Permanence are likely to have been highly unsuccessful in understanding the importance or moral lesson of playing Peek-A-Boo games with their parents and caregivers.
If the adults in their life never took the time to help them understand the concept that even when they, as a moral actor, are not seen, heard, touched, smelled or sensed in any way doing some sort of action — positive or negative — that their action did not count or impact the world around them in some way.
By touching and handling objects that a parent takes out of, for instance, a toy basket put away in the closest then taking it back out to allow them to play with later, even the youngest of infants tend to develop implicit confidence in generalized object permanence.
By the time they figure out that covering mommy or daddy’s face with their hands does not mean their face stops existing, they get a sense that the people that come and go in their life can be trusted to physically still exist whether or not that person or peer is out of the young infant or toddler’s presence.
“Object permanence typically starts to develop between 4-7 months of age and involves a baby’s understanding that when things disappear, they aren’t gone forever. Before the baby understands this concept, things that leave his view are gone, completely gone.” reports VEIPD.org in an article about how to teach Object Permanence using the playing Peek-A-Boo technique.
A spouse who acts like a serial cheater when his wife or her husband is out of the room then pretends because betrayal has not been witnessed directly by the betrayed love interest that it does not count with regard to the social and karmic assessment of their character is likely to be profoundly Cluster B and suffering from a common variation of the disorder. One where they truly believe covert exposure to trauma or immoral and arguably toxic [clandestine] social activity does not impact their own neuroplasticity or their genetics.
What is Gaslighting by Forensic Psychology and Social Psychology definition?
Who is Roger Stone to Donald Duck? | http://celebritynarcissists.com/forensic-psychology-research/object-permanence-syndrome/ |
Sensorimotor stage is the first of the stages in piagets theory cognitive development.
From birth to 2 years old. It is a fast cognitive growth stage, an infant develops an understanding of everything using their action and senses. An infant can really be egocentrism because they have no understanding of the world besides of what they think. The main development in this stage is the understanding that the objects exist. For example, if you put a toy underneath a bed and the child who has managed to find the object that is object permanence, the child knows its there finds it quickly.
At first the child acts like the toy has disappeared. That’s achievement of object permanence, which transitions the child to the next stage of the development, (pre-operational).Pre-operational stage is the second stage in piagets theory of cognitive development. Age from 2 to 7 years old.
During this stage children imitate what they see because they’re not in that stage to use cognitive development. The child at this stage is pre (before) operations. This means a child cannot use their sense or to transform, or bring together something or separate ideas. A child development is gained through experiences in the world by adaption and towards (concrete) stage where they can use their logic thoughts. at the end of this stage children can mentally show events and objects (the semiotic function), and join in symbolic play. | https://cheapjewelryus.com/sensorimotor-stage-is-the-first-of-the-stages-in-piagets-theory-cognitive-development/ |
A monochromatic color scheme consists of different values (tints and shades) of one single color. These color schemes are easy to get right and can be very effective, soothing and authoritative. They do, however, lack the diversity of hues found in other color schemes and are less vibrant.
Showing 1 - 12 of 157. | https://www.provenwinners.com/color-scheme-type/monochromatic |
Monochromatic colors are all the colors of a single hue. Monochromatic color schemes are derived from a single base hue, and extended using its shades, tones and tints and white. Monochromatic color schemes may be considered boring unless there is diversity within the design. In this post we’ll showcase examples of monochromatic photos and art. We hope that you will enjoy this wonderful showcase. Don’t forget to share your comment in our comment section. | https://creativeherald.com/artwork/examples-of-monochromatic-photos-and-art/ |
Nothing is easier than a monochromatic color palette because it takes the guesswork out of color theory. A monochromatic palette is varying lighter or darker shades of one color. In this case, the doors are the darkest color in the palette and some of the hardware, such as the hinges, have been painted to match. The house's vinyl siding is the lightest of the three colors, and the trim work around the doors is the in-between shade. The double doors each have two panels of differing sizes. The top panel is square. Both panels are raised. The brushed brass hardware blends into the color of the door. Hardware pictured includes a lock and a door handle, and the exterior plate on what is likely an interior-only dead bolt. A white, metal outdoor porch light is the only contrasting element. | http://www.doorandwindow.com/doors/types/panel/door-in-monochromatic-color-palette.php |
Gray-Scale Images. Ph.D. Thesis, Bar Ilan University, 2007.
(unavailable)
Stereoscopic vision is one of the most interesting tasks used in daily life. It facilitates depth perception used in order to safely navigate in our three--dimensional (3D) world to self-orient in space, and to visually recognize objects. Color vision supplies us with important additional information. The percept generated by the human visual system is far more complex than the sum of both images seen by the two eyes. It is well known that depth perception can be obtained by viewing a stereo pair that was acquired from slightly different angles of view through a stereoscope. A stereo pair consisting of two monochromatic (gray-scale) images yields a monochromatic 3D image and a stereo pair consisting of two color images fused into a colorful 3D image. Computer vision systems and remote controlled teleoperation systems use algorithms that combines color and depth. Both features are important for obstacle and target detection and benefits are gained from combining both. When both eyes are presented with dissimilar stimuli the visual system is "confused" and does not always manage to fuse them into a single stable percept. This unstable phenomenon is called binocular rivalry. Previous works have involved images with different features being presented to the two eyes: Contrast, different content (house vs. face), different line direction and two different colors. However, a number of questions were left open: What if one of the color images within a color stereo pair is replaced by a gray-scale image? Will depth perception remain intact even though chromatic data is absent from one of the stereo images pairs? Will color perception still be valid? This thesis addresses these open questions. Controlled psychophysical experiments validated the hypothesis that a stereo pair consisting of one gray-scale image and one color image (will be referred to as MIX) produces 3D color perception. Four basic combinations were presented to each subject: 1) Full color stereo pair (color image on both sides); 2) Full monochromatic pair (gray-scale image on both sides); 3) Two MIX stereo pair (color image on the right side and a gray-scale image on the left side and vice versa). Various image sets were presented to the subjects with two apparatus: A stereoscope an HMD (Head Mounted Display). All subjects perceived a colored image with depth. No degradation in depth perception was measured, although some degradation in the perception of color was observed. It is already known that the two images in a stereo pair are not required to have equal sharpness in order to perceive depth. A certain amount of blur on one of the images within a gray-scale pair or color pair will not affect the depth perception obtained from both images. We have found that when the gray-scale image is blurred, depth perception remains nearly the same while color perception improves. An effect of color perception asymmetry while viewing the MIX stereo pair was found. The interposition of the color image within the stereo pair (right or left image) influenced the color perception. Most subjects reported that when color image was presented to the right eye, color perception was better then when the color image was presented to the left eye. We further investigated adding rivalrous patterns of diagonal lines (inclined +45 degrees on one image and -45 degrees on the other image) to both images of the MIX pair. While the direction of the line was altered, depth and color perception was stable. Additional experiments were conducted with various compression techniques applied to the gray-scale image. Results have shown that the basic effect can endure compression of various sorts. Utilizing the findings reported in this study will allow the perception of color and depth while reducing the number of channels needed to be transmitted or stored from six channels to only four channels. In addition, compression if added to the gray-scale image can further decrease the amount of data. The research presented explores the minimal requirements necessary for viewing a stereoscopic color image, from a psychophysical aspect. These finding might be relevant to solving various computer vision tasks like bandwidth reduction and an efficient storage of color stereoscopic images. | https://u.cs.biu.ac.il/~galk/publications/b2hd-termin-phd.html |
By Aranyu Soltesz. Coloring Worksheet. At Tuesday, December 10th 2019, 18:45:59 PM.
I′m sure you have seen purple skies and pink grass when you last came out of your house. No? Well I guess you′ve seen that on your child′s latest coloring book. I believe that is the beauty of this activity. Children are not bound to rules. They just use whatever color they like and apply it on the picture. As a preschool teacher, I recommend that you just let your child color the way he/she likes it. As mush as possible, refrain from instructing what colors to use. Or worse, criticize them. Instead, let them develop their creativity and imagination by giving them free reign on what colors to use. Anyways, there′s plenty of time of them to follow rules when they grow up. For now, let′s just let them be creative.
A split complementary scheme includes one dominant color and the two colors directly adjacent to the dominant color's complement. This creates a more nuanced color palette than a complementary color scheme while still retaining the benefits of contrasting colors. The split complementary color scheme can be difficult to balance well because unlike analogous or monochromatic color schemes, the colors used all provide contrast (similar to the complementary scheme). I can imagine using the following split complementary color scheme in a variety of ways. I could use this in an chart or graph because it gives me the contrast I need and the colors remain visually appealing.
Coloring pages are a great way for kids to learn to concentrate and improve their focus. This also has a lot to do with the exposure to boundaries, that is, coloring within the lines. When kids immerse themselves in the process of coloring, they concentrate on making the pictures inside the coloring pages come to life, which results in them greatly improving those skills. Improved focus and concentration skills help kids not only in learning how to write, but also in a number of other activities that they will indulge later in life. Being able to focus better will also help them perform better at school, so it is very important for each and every child to acquire them when they are younger.
Any content, trademark/s, or other material that might be found on this site that is not this site property remains the copyright of its respective owner/s. | https://troublewithcomics.com/amazing-2nd-grade-math/2nd-grade-math-coloring-inspirational-number-counting-of-free-worksheets-3rd-practice-first-school-activities-packet-playground-second-printable-super-success-envision/ |
Published at Wednesday, December 06th, 2017 - 04:03:27 AM. Bedroom. By Norberte Fischer.
This way a balance will be created. As for the floor, you could use a soft rug or carpet to cover most of it. Since black is a very strong and dramatic color as well as a cold and dark one, you should use elements that add warmth to the décor in order to balance everything evenly and to end up with a cozy and inviting bedroom.
We go now from a generous color palette to a monochromatic décor. This bedroom features various shades of the same color: yellow. The designer played with textures and patterns to create a dynamic décor. Everything here seems to match perfectly and the color shades complement each other beautifully.
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Any content, trademark’s, or other material that might be found on the Noglet Inc website that is not Noglet Inc’s property remains the copyright of its respective owner/s. In no way does Noglet Inc claim ownership or responsibility for such items, and you should seek legal consent for any use of such materials from its owner. | http://noglet.com/bunk-beds-for-kids-bedrooms-are-made-with-many-different-materials-these-days/grey-varnished-wooden-bunk-beds-for-kids-white-elegant-stairs-blue-pillows-blue-carpet-leg-model-glass-windows-white-iron-rack-blue-mattress-dolls/ |
Students worked on formative building pages in their visual journals to continue building upon their knowledge of the basics of painting and color theory. Students reinforced knowledge of art specific vocabulary with written and visual examples and learned about the importance of light source, values and gradation to working towards creating the illusion of form in drawing and painting.
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Weekly Update
9/9/2016
Weekly Update
9/6/2016
Introduction to color theory and the psychology behind color. Students created a sketchbook page exploring the basic of mixing colors, color schemes through the color wheel and tints and shades by creating monochromatic value scales.
Weekly Update
8/20/2016
Welcome back to school! This week was all about introductions, catching up and starting to get back in a creative state of mind. The syllabus can be accessed on the side button by clicking on the appropriate link. This contains the class overview and expectations. Students are only required to have a sketchbook for the semester as well as drawing pencils and an art eraser.
Students were introduced to the expectations for their sketchbook and we discussed different required components and ways to be creative in designing each page. At the end of the semester students will be assessed on 4 different criteria in their sketchbook. Expectations for the sketchbook assessment criteria can be found in the the appropriate link button the side of this page
First Week Break in Creativity Assignment- To get students engaging in the creative process and experimenting with different mediums and materials, students are work through 6 different stations over this week and into next. Each station asks students to respond to a creative activity. | http://highschoolatsage.weebly.com/10th-grade-art |
Impressionist Frank Benson brought a fresh breeze of sparkling light and color to Boston's conservative exhibition halls and, along with his fellow artists, changed the course of American painting. Now, nearly a century after his sun-splashed canvases were first shown, the work of this talented American painter still evokes the admiration of art students and public alike. His depictions of rosy-cheeked young women, children on holiday, duck hunters prowling the Massachusetts wetlands and fishermen wading through sun-dappled streams capture not only the nostalgia of a bygone era but also a quality of light and color that's unmistakably Benson's.
A study of Benson's output reveals not only an impressionist in search of new solutions to picture making, but also a stubborn Yankee who refused to trade his love of structural solidity for a visual effect. Drawing upon the color innovations of the French impressionists, Benson and his band of likeminded contemporaries set out to challenge the inhibiting tonal approach then prevalent throughout Boston's artistic community, and legitimize the use of the natural effects of light and color as a valid way to paint.
BACKGROUND AND INFLUENCES
Born in Salem, Massachusetts in 1862, Frank Weston Benson began studying art in his late teens at the Boston Museum School. Upon completion, he traveled to Paris, furthering his studies at the Academie Julian and spending summers painting in Brittany. With a strong academic background and a newfound awareness of light and color, Benson returned to Boston in 1885, earning a living teaching at the Museum School. There, he settled down to fashion the raw material he gleaned from abroad into a technique distinctly his own, characterized by glittering light and color as well as solid volumes and draftsmanship.
Within the next nine years, Benson's active role in the Boston artistic community led to his acceptance as a member of the "Ten." This elite group of plein-air painters included Childe Hassam, Edward Simmons, Willard Metcalf, J. Alden Weir, Robert Reid, Edmund Tarbell, Thomas Dewing, Joseph De Camp and John Twachtman, and provided Benson with a support group whose company he continued to enjoy and exhibit with for the rest of his career.
Aside from a mural commission for the Library of Congress, Benson's artistic output falls into two general categories. The first - and the area in which he is now most famous-are his outdoor compositions of single figures or groups. The best of these works were done from about 1900 on. These usually depicted his attractive, goldenhaired daughters in flowing white dresses, basking under brilliant sunlight and silhouetted against verdant, colorful landscapes, bright blue skies and fleecy clouds. These paintings show the artist's fascination with light and color and are much more spontaneous than his earlier works.
During this fertile period, Benson also painted portraits and still lifes. His portrait commissions were mostly of society figures, and in the mode of 18th-century aristocratic portraiture, many included women with children.
The second category reflects Benson's involvement in sporting subjects, especially duck shooting. The popularity these paintings brought him enabled him to give up his 25-year teaching career to paint full time until his death in 1951 at the age of 89.
WORKING PROCEDURE
Preferring either a white or lightly toned canvas and using charcoal or a thin, neutral color, Benson began his paintings with a sketchy, yet well proportioned drawing. Usually working from life, he would then mass in the large patterns of light and dark with a thin oil wash and, as was the custom with most of the American impressionists, immediately begin to apply thick, opaque paint, filling in the large mosaic of broad patterns and colors that formed the basis of the effect he was trying to capture. Elaborating on his lay-in, Benson would then establish and develop the secondary passages of the subject, carefully noting both the color and value changes of a form.
Last would come the final layer of strokes that would carry the painting to completion. Though considerable time may have been spent in finishing a work, Benson was careful to keep his brushwork crisp and incisive, avoiding any tendency to overly detail a piece. Like Monet, the artist refused to work on a sunstruck subject if the day turned overcast, choosing instead to wait for the particular effect to return. Because of the many time lapses, it's doubtful the artist developed his entire painting wet-into-wet. Close inspection of various works reveals numerous drybrush effects that could only be accomplished by painting over dry pigment.
RAINBOW PALETTE
Benson's early palette relied heavily on earth colors, using changes of value rather than changes of hue to solidify a form. Soon tiring of the limitations imposed by this academic approach, he began employing the more effervescent "rainbow" palette similar to the one pioneered by the French impressionists. Umbers, ochres and siennas were discarded in favor of more primary spectrum colors.
No record exists of the actual hues Benson employed. Because of Monet's strong influence, however, it's safe to say he used a similar range of colors which included: chrome yellow (long since replaced by the more permanent cadmium yellow medium), lemon yellow, vermilion, cobalt violet, Prussian blue, cobalt blue, emerald green, viridian green and chrome green.
Now free to explore the fall range of color inherent in his subject, Benson quickly became adept at such techniques as graying a color with a complement, juxtaposing warm and cool hues, and accenting shadows with pure color. Study the painting, Calm Morning (above) and notice how the artist splashed the warm yellow of the early morning sun into all the lightstruck passages of the composition. Even the blue of the water is tinged with traces of yellow. To emphasize this effect, observe how the shadows lean toward blue-purple, effectively complementing the warm areas of light.
Notice also Benson's use of colorful darks. The bow in the hair of the foreground figure, the sock of the standing boy and the shadowed hair of the figure to the right could all have been painted with black or burnt umber but Benson instead chose to liven up these areas with darks mixed from reds, oranges and blues.
JUGGLING TONE AND COLOR
One of the biggest challenges that face impressionists of any school is how to handle the light-to-dark gradations of tone needed to render the solidity of a form without dissipating the purity of the colors. Dark-value hues such as blue, purple and green present no problem because the addition of white can actually increase their brilliance. Colors high on the value scale such as yellow, orange and red, however, are easily muddied when attempts are made to darken them. Black and earth tones in particular can easily destroy the intensity of such colors.
But the French impressionists discovered that by lightening the overall tonality of a painting, you decrease the degree to which a color needs to be darkened. This means a yellow object need now be only deepened a value or two to provide a suitable range of modeling tones. This is one reason many impressionists preferred painting white or light-toned subjects rather than dark motifs. Monet solved this problem by minimizing any modeling values and concentrated instead on recording only the various color changes that met his eye. Eventually his canvases became nothing more than a myriad of colorful brushstrokes, dissolving even the faintest hint of tonal modeling into a shimmering effect of light.
Reluctant to sacrifice form for color, Benson seldom let go of his feeling for the volumes of a form, and, while wholeheartedly accepting the color theories of French impressionism, he found his own way to maintain the weight and solidity of a subject.
DIFFERENT STROKES
It's interesting to study the ways various painters apply pigment to a surface. Sargent painted in swaggering dashes, Cézanne used a twill pattern, while Seurat employed a series of dots. Most artists interested in light usually apply the paint thickly and employ consistently shaped brushstrokes throughout the composition. This equalizes the surface texture of a painting and forces the viewer to take in the entire effect rather than any one part
Benson, like Monet, Pissarro and Sisley, preferred to build his painting up with a fabric of small, daub-like strokes. This allowed him to incorporate dozens of color changes into any given area. Study Benson's treatment of the water in Salmon Fishing (below) and notice how each separate stroke records a different color note. Observe also the handling of the dress in Eleanor (above) and study how the small swatches of color act like the facets of a diamond, each taking on a different hue.
LIVELY REFLECTED LIGHTS
Another hallmark of Benson's impressionistic style is his lively handling of light. Capitalizing on the dazzling brightness of New England's coastal light, the artist began backlighting his models to make use of color-charged reflected lights. This not only heightens the feeling of brilliant sunlight but also adds glowing luminosity to the shadows.
Study the handling of the dress in Eleanor and notice the phantasmagoria of reflected color. To show how effectively Benson's color juxtapositions work, focus on the shoulder and observe how blue the fabric appears. Now isolate the knee and notice that it looks violet, whereas the underplanes of the waist and lower torso appear orange. Studying the dress as a whole, however, it magically takes on the glow of a pinkish-white fabric veiled in pulsating shadow.
Another example of Benson's color wizardry is the sun-drenched figures and boat in Calm Morning (above). Here again, the artist's choice of backlighting enables him to use reflected light as a modeling tone in the shadows. Notice how the warmth of the sun is splashed into the cooler shadow areas and how inventively the artist has reflected subtle shades of warm yellows into the cooler darks. This effect is particularly noticeable in the shadows of the white dress and shirt of the standing and seated figures, the underplanes of the standing figure's face and the shadowed interior of the boat. It's this kind of sensitive observation that gives Benson's paintings such a remarkable quality of existence.
COMPOSITION, MOOD AND EFFECT
With the exception of commissioned portraits, most of Benson's figure compositions tend to be candid in layout. Like casual snapshots, these works have an intimacy and relaxed quality that make them his most successful works. The brushwork is fresh and the mood is friendly with almost a holiday atmosphere. Nothing appears forced or overstudied.
In contrast to these are the artist's more contrived hunting and fishing subjects. Here the mood is definitely more dramatic and monumental, and rather than the figures taking precedence, the landscape prevails. These paintings also tend to be more tonal, with color used to subordinate rather than accentuate an effect. Pintails Decoyed (above), for example, is essentially a study in pale gray, yellow and brown, and it appears nearly monochromatic when compared to Eleanor or Calm Morning. Benson's restrained palette, however, does fit the subject, and it's no wonder he received such wide public acclaim for this series. It would be interesting to imagine, however, what mood Pintails Decoyed might have taken on if painted with the same assertive color used in his figurative pieces.
Frank Benson was one of the first painters of his time to "Americanize" impressionism and capture the light of New England in all its raw beauty. His work will always have a place in the art history of our culture and will continue to be a source of learning and inspiration to artists of all schools and expression. | http://www.sovek.com/publications/articles/benson/index.htm |
What color is 0001EA?
The RGB color code for color number #0001EA is RGB(0, 1, 234). In the RGB color model, #0001EA has a red value of 0, a green value of 1, and a blue value of 234. The CMYK color model (also known as process color, used in color printing) comprises 100.0% cyan, 99.6% magenta, 0.0% yellow, and 8.2% key (black). The HSL color scale has a hue of 239.7° (degrees), 100.0 % saturation, and 45.9 % lightness. In the HSB/HSV color space, #0001EA has a hue of 239.7° (degrees), 100.0 % saturation and 91.8 % brightness/value.
Color Codes - Color Space Conversions
HEX #0001EA color codes / color number / color space conversions - RGBA, HSL, HSV/HSB, HYZ, CMY
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RGBA - RGB(0, 1, 234)
|Red||0 (0.0%)|
|Green||1 (0.4%)|
|Blue||234 (91.8%)|
|Alpha||1 (100.0%)|
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HSL
|Hue||239.74°|
|Saturation||100.00 %.|
|Lightness||45.88 %.|
|LRV||~ 6 %|
|Munsell Color System||7.2PB 2.8/28|
|XYZ||X : 14.86
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Y : 5.96
Z : 78.21
|YXY||Y1 : 5.96
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X : 0.15
Y2 : 0.06
|CMY||C : 100.00%
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M : 99.61%
Y : 8.24%
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CMYK
|Cyan||100.00 %.|
|Magenta||99.57 %.|
|Yellow||0.00 %.|
|Key||8.24 %.|
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HSV/HSB
|Hue||239.74°|
|Saturation||100.00 %.|
|Brightness / Value||91.76 %.|
|CIE-Lab||L : 29.32
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A : 74.04
B : -100.98
|CIE-Lch||L : 29.32
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C : 125.22
H : 306.25
|CIE-Luv||L : 29.32
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U : -8.55
V : -118.15
|Hunter-Lab||L : 24.42
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A : 65.92
B : -172.81
Color Names and Paint
Color Name of HEX #0001EA
Paint color for Hex #0001EA
PPG Paints
Benjamin Moore
Behr
Sherwin Williams
Color Combinations
#0001EA Color Palettes and Scheme Combination
Monochromatic Color Palette
Monochromatic colors belong to the same hue angle but different tints and shades. Monochromatic color palette can be generated by keeping the exact hue of the base color and then changing the saturation and lightness.
Analogous Color Palette
Analogous colors are a group of colors adjacent to each other on a color wheel. Group of these adjacent colors forms Analogous color scheme Palette. Analogous Palette can be generated by increasing or decreasing the hue value by 30 points.
Here is the Triadic and Tetradic Color Scheme of ~ Blue. The triadic color palette has three colors separated by 120° in the RGB color wheel and tetradic colour scheme composed of two sets of complementary colors in a rectangular shape on the color wheel.
Hexadic Color Palette
Hexadic color scheme palette is derived from drawing a hexagon on a color wheel. The palette contains three pairs of complementary colors, each colors are separated by a 120-degree hue angle.
Complementary Color Palette
Complementary or Dyadic color combination is composed using two colors opposite each other on the color wheel. Then the color Palette is be generated by changing the lightness/brightness of these two colors.
Split-Complementary Color Palette
Split-Complementary color combination contains three colors, a base color and secondary colors of complementary color. | https://www.colorxs.com/color/hex-0001ea |
America not only did brilliantly, it accomplished it on schedule. More than three decades later, Apollo instills wonder even in those, like me, who witnessed the whole thing. That wonder was, and is, as much a result of the technological achievements as the lunar explorations themselves. The Saturn 5 that was destined for Apollo 18 but never launched is now displayed in its own building at the Kennedy Space Center Visitors Center. Meticulously restored, it lays on its side, stages separated, stretching for hundreds of feet along the huge display hall, from the mighty F-1 engines to the tip of the command module escape tower. I have watched the expressions of teenagers stand there with their mouths open in disbelief, and men and women shake their heads in amazement.
That sense of wonder surfaced briefly when the rovers Spirit and Opportunity were successfully deployed on Mars and sent back stunning images of their environs as they scooted over the Martian landscape. In many respects, the wonder of these exploratory missions must be an essential element of future manned missions back to the Moon and eventually to Mars. But what inspires wonder to motivate current and future generations to explore our universe? For many of an earlier generation it all began with a book.
Anyone who has studied the history of space exploration will inevitably come across the name of Chesley Bonestell. If one book could be said to define the aspirations of an entire generation of future scientists, engineers and even astronauts, that book would be The Conquest of Space, published in 1949. A collaborative effort of Bonestell and Willy Ley, it became a best seller in its day. In Melvin H. Schutz’s book, A Chesley Bonestell Space Art Chronology, Ron Miller wrote, “The late Carl Sagan said that he didn’t know what other worlds looked like until he saw Bonestell’s paintings of the solar system. Joseph Chamberlain, director of the Adler Planetarium, maintained that ‘It might even be suggested that without Bonestell and his early space age artistry, the NASA era might have been delayed for many years, or it might not even have happened at all.’”
|It might even be suggested that without Bonestell and his early space age artistry, the NASA era might have been delayed for many years, or it might not even have happened at all.|
How could one book have such an impact? Bonestell’s paintings of future lunar exploration, orbiting space stations and the surface of the outer planets were rendered in such exquisite detail and the text written with such believability (backed up with hard science that reflected emerging technology) that it instilled a sense of wonder and belief that exploration of our solar system was indeed possible in our lifetime. Dr. Kathryn D. Sullivan, the first American female astronaut to walk in space, spoke of this book’s impact on her life at her induction into the Astronaut Hall of Fame earlier this month at KSC. Dr. Sullivan’s accomplishments before, during and after her career at NASA are impressive to say the least. She stated her future path was all but determined as a child when she read The Conquest of Space that she got from the library. The book had the same effect on thousands of others who eventually entered careers in aerospace or related fields.
What might have been the impact on America’s space program if this book had not been published? Thousands of men and women would not have been inspired to pursue careers in all the fields of science that would be essential to America’s nascent space exploration program in the 1950s that became a reality in the 1960s. Of course, a great many other events also converged at this time that allowed the ultimate goal of landing on the moon to happen. Nevertheless, this shows the profound impact something can have on one’s view of life, whether it is a book, a person or an event. | http://thespacereview.com/article/143/1 |
Sept. 24 (UPI) — In 1928, scientist Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin. The antibiotic was produced by a mold that had started growing in a Petri dish in Fleming’s lab.
Now, nearly a century later, scientists have successfully sequenced the genome of the original mold, a member of the genus Penicillium, and compared it those of later penicillin-producing molds.
The analysis, published Thursday in the journal Scientific Reports, showed the mold strains used to produce penicillin industrially in the United States and Europe synthesize the antibiotic in slightly different ways.
The discovery could help researchers develop new techniques for producing antibiotics at industrial scales.
“We originally set out to use Alexander Fleming’s fungus for some different experiments, but we realized, to our surprise, that no-one had sequenced the genome of this original Penicillium, despite its historical significance to the field,” lead researcher Timothy Barraclough, an evolutionary biologist and professor at both Oxford University and Imperial College London, said in a news release.
After Fleming’s discovery, drug makes began using mold from moldy cantaloupes to produce penicillin, selecting from strains with the greatest antibiotic production volumes.
To sequence the genome of Fleming’s Penicillium mold, researchers allowed a frozen sample from the original mold to regenerate before extracting DNA.
When comparing Fleming’s mold to modern strains, researchers focused on genes that regulate the enzymes responsible for penicillin production. Scientists also paid close attention to the genes that regulate the production of said enzymes.
Molds evolved penicillin production in response to the threat of invading microbes. Scientists suspect differences in the microbial threats in the United States and Europe caused the industrial mold strains — and the wild Penicillium molds from which they’re derived — to evolve slightly different antibiotic production enzymes.
Researchers hope followup studies will offer additional insights into how genetic differences between the two mold strains influence regulation of penicillin-producing enzymes.
“Our research could help inspire novel solutions to combating antibiotic resistance. Industrial production of penicillin concentrated on the amount produced, and the steps used to artificially improve production led to changes in numbers of genes,” said first study author Ayush Pathak, computational biologist at Imperial.
“But it is possible that industrial methods might have missed some solutions for optimizing penicillin design, and we can learn from natural responses to the evolution of antibiotic resistance,” Pathak said.
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Science
U.S. space mining policies may trigger regulatory ‘race to the bottom,’ scientists warn
Oct. 8 (UPI) — In a newly published policy paper, a pair of Canadian scientists warn that the United States is angling to establish itself as the de facto gatekeeper of the moon and other celestial bodies.
Earlier this year, NASA published a new set of rules for lunar mining and other space activities, dubbing the voluntary guidelines the “Artemis Accords.”
Aaron Boley and Michael Byers, authors of the new Science paper, argue that the Artemis Accords are part of a concerted effort by the U.S. and NASA to set a legal precedent for space-based resource extraction.
“It’s not the Artemis Accords alone that are problematic,” Michael Byers, professor of global politics and international law at the University of British Columbia, told UPI in an email. “Rather, it’s the ongoing and concerted U.S. diplomatic effort to promote national regulation of space mining and to proceed with resource extraction before a multilateral agreement has been negotiated.”
In 2015, Congress passed the Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act, which allowed U.S. citizens and companies to “engage in the commercial exploration and exploitation of space resources.”
Last month, NASA said it plans to buy lunar soil from a commercial company.
“We are buying the regolith, but we’re doing it really to demonstrate that it can be done, that the resources extracted from the moon are in fact owned by the people who invest their sweat, and their treasure, and their equity into that effort,” NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine said during a virtual presentation in September.
Byers and his co-author Boley, professor of astronomy and physics at the University of British Columbia, see the succession of legislative and policy moves by the United States as an attempt to establish national regulation of space mining.
“The current U.S. approach to space mining emphasizes national regulation and rejects space as being a ‘global commons,'” Byers told UPI. “The result could be inconsistent national laws, a regulatory ‘race to the bottom’ and even ‘flags of convenience’ as nations compete to attract space mining companies.”
Without international standards and an independent system of monitoring, Byers and Boley argue, bad behavior by one nation begets bad behavior by another. The paper’s authors suggest bilateral agreements like the Artemis Accords could imperil efforts to forge future international space agreements.
“A better alternative would be to negotiate a multilateral agreement, and to do so now, rather than seeking to set precedents through unilateral and bilateral actions,” Byers said.
Byers and Boley would like to see a multilateral approach to space resource management. The authors point to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer as a model for international cooperation.
“The key is to have solid science, open information sharing, alternative technologies, and cooperation among actors,” Byers said. “An international framework will set the standards and provide the required transparency. It will also give a voice to nations that cannot operate in space now, but will in the future. Scientists, engineers, and industry can do the rest.”
While the Montreal Protocol has enjoyed considerable success in shrinking the hole in the ozone layer, the fight to curb the release of ozone-depleting chemicals isn’t a precise corollary for regulating space mining.
“Many in the U.S. space industry would disagree with the idea that we need an international, multi-lateral treaty to move forward with space mining,” Alex Gilbert, research fellow at the Payne Institute at the Colorado School of Mines, told UPI in an email. “There is no evidence that a multilateral or global treaty would be more effective than the approach the United States is taking.”
Rather than the Montreal Protocol, Gilbert points to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea — not as an ideal model but as an example of a multinational agreement gone wrong. The United States declined to sign the law because it requires participation in an international profit sharing mechanism.
“The administration of UNCLOS deep sea mining regime leaves much to be desired — commercial extraction has yet to take place, the profit sharing mechanism is not clearly established, and it is unclear whether there will be sufficient levels of environmental protection,” Gilbert said. “Most deep seabed mining leases have gone to China and without effective governance it is not clear that that system is more effective than alternatives.”
To date, attempts to establish a multinational space mining regulatory regime have faltered, and Gilbert suggests bilateral agreements like the Artemis Accords can serve as a stepping stone to a multinational space governance regime.
“The U.S. is uniquely suited to be a leader on space mining policy and space policy more broadly,” Gilbert said. “It is currently engaged with space partners around the globe and its efforts are making it a global leader in space policy. International accords are difficult to negotiate but the U.S. approach is well suited to developing an iterative, collaborative and international process.”
Science
Ocean patterns help scientists forecast drought, water flow in the Colorado river
Oct. 9 (UPI) — By analyzing what researchers call “long-term ocean memory,” scientists have been able to identify connections between flow rates in the Colorado River and sea surface temperatures in parts of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
The breakthrough analysis — described Friday in the journal Communications Earth and Environment — allowed scientists to develop a forecasting model capable of predicting the Colorado River water supply on multi-year timescales.
The Colorado River, the most important water resource in the West, is essential to energy production, food and drinking water security, forestry and tourism in California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Utah.
Access to more accurate long-term forecasting models could aid water resource management decisions.
“Using our tool we can develop an operational forecast of the Colorado River’s water supply,” lead study author Yoshimitsu Chikamoto, assistant professor of earth systems modeling at Utah State University, said in a news release.
Current forecasting models for predicting droughts and Colorado River flow are over-reliant on short-term weather patterns. The models are easily skewed by short-term weather phenomena — a big storm or an especially dry couple of months, for example.
“This new approach is robust and means that water managers, for the first time, have a tool to better estimate water supply in the Colorado River for the future,” said study co-author Robert Gillies, director of the Utah Climate Center and professor at Utah State University. “The model can be run iteratively so every year a new forecast for the next three years can be created.”
A two to three year lead on water flow and drought forecasts can allow farmers to make important decisions on crop rotations.
To build their model, scientists used their ocean memory analysis to draw connections between sea surface temperature and subsequent atmospheric effects. Next, researchers accounted for the influence of land systems on precipitation patterns — including soils, groundwater, vegetation and snowpack.
Because the upper basin of the Colorado River isn’t located in the Southwest, forecasters have previously failed to account for the influence of climate pattern El Niño and La Niña on Colorado River flow.
The new predictive model accounts for a complex array of natural phenomena: currents, water mixing and heat exchange in the ocean; clouds and aerosols in the atmosphere; and surface characteristics across the West’s semi-arid landscape.
In addition to aiding the decision making of farmers and water resource managers, the new model could used to inform preparations for future wild fire seasons.
Science
Scientists warn of human-to-wildlife COVID-19 transmission risk
Oct. 9 (UPI) — The risk of human-to-wildlife COVID-19 transmission is real and significant, scientists warn in a paper published this week in the journal Mammal Review.
Although the exact origins of the COVID-19 pandemic aren’t clear, most researchers estimate the virus made the jump from bats to pangolins before infecting humans. Now, scientists worry the virus could make the jump from humans back into wild animal populations.
If COVID-19 managed to infect and spread among wild animals, it could pose a threat to endangered species. As well, wild animal populations could serve as a reservoir for further virus evolution and a source of future human outbreaks.
So far, scientists have documented human-to-animal coronavirus spread on a mink farm and at the zoo, where several tigers and lions were infected.
At home, humans have transmitted the virus to domestic cats and dogs. Some semi-feral cats in Wuhan and the Netherlands have also tested positive for antibodies triggered by a coronavirus infection.
“There have not been any reports yet of actual wildlife being infected with [the coronavirus],” lead study author Sophie Gryseels told UPI in an email.
“We hope this is because it has actually not happened yet, but then again, there is not much surveillance going on of healthy wildlife for [coronavirus] infections, so if it had happened already, we might not know about it,” said Gryseels, a biologist at the University of Antwerp in Belgium.
As well, infected animals have exhibited only mild symptoms, but Gryseels said it’s possible the disease takes a more serious course among other animal species.
Though COVID-19 has yet to have grave consequences for animal populations, Gryseels suggests the threat of human-to-animal transmission is real and significant.
“We know of several mammal species that are about as susceptible to [the coronavirus] as humans are, like ferrets, mink, hamsters, North American deer mice, tigers and macaques and a few other species,” she said. “When they are experimentally inoculated with [the coronavirus], or in some cases accidentally infected by human caretakers, the infection takes off easily, and they can further transmit the virus to co-housed animals.”
Gryseels and her colleagues hope their paper will inspire caretakers, scientists and others who interact with wild and captive animals to take extra precautions.
Researchers suggest the same safety precautions that can help slow human transmission — hand washing, mask wearing and social distancing — can help prevent human-to-animal transmission.
For most people, the risk of human-to-animal COVID-19 transmission is minimal.
“Luckily for us the mammal species that humans probably have the most interactions with in total in global terms, and would thus seem to be most likely to catch the virus if they were biologically susceptible, are house mice and brown and black rats — who luckily don’t seem to be susceptible,” Gryseels said.
While researchers expect humans to eventually develop herd immunity against COVID-19, via a combination of infection-triggered immunity and vaccination, other animal species might not be so lucky.
The combination of susceptibility and short lifespan could leave some species especially vulnerable to COVID-19, including the North American deer mouse, the bank vole in Europe, macaques in Asia and stray cat populations all over the world. | https://realbutcrazynews.co.uk/scientists-sequence-genome-of-alexander-flemings-penicillin-mold/ |
By Terri Cook, GSA Science Communication Fellow
Fifty years ago, 600 million people breathlessly watched a live television broadcast during which astronaut Neil Armstrong took humankind’s first steps on the surface of another world—an achievement that many still consider one of humanity’s greatest feats. The first lunar landing is all the more impressive when you contemplate that it occurred just eight years after our nation’s first space flight—Alan B. Shepard Jr.’s 15-minute suborbital “pop-up”—and less than seven months after Apollo 8’s thrilling initial voyage around the Moon.
Armstrong’s first, tentative steps on the dusty lunar surface on 20 July, 1969 were the culmination of many converging factors. These included President John F. Kennedy’s inspiring leadership; massive budget appropriations totaling $25 billion—about $153 billion in 2018 dollars; years of dedicated work from an estimated 400,000 engineers, technicians, scientists, mechanics, pilots, support staff, and other professionals; and numerous technological advances, including computers with integrated circuits and the invention of new materials such as Teflon, which our society continues to benefit from.
As “lunatics” around the globe prepare to celebrate Apollo 11’s golden anniversary, I think it’s instructive to also reflect on the Apollo program’s monumental scientific accomplishments. These include tangible discoveries that have revolutionized our understanding not only of the Moon, but also the Earth and the rest of the solar system.
Chief among these is a better understanding of how the Moon formed. Prior to the Apollo program, there were three competing theories: the co-formation hypothesis, which suggested the Earth and Moon simultaneously coalesced from the same mass of interstellar dust and gas; the capture hypothesis, which argued that the Moon, after accreting at the same time as the rest of the solar system but in a different location, was later captured by Earth’s gravity; and the giant impact hypothesis, which posited that about 4.5 billion years ago the Moon condensed out of the debris thrown up after a Mars-sized object (named Theia) smashed into the proto-Earth.
Although many lines of evidence are consistent with the giant impact hypothesis, for years scientists failed to find the difference in isotopic ratios that numerical models predicted should exist between lunar and terrestrial samples to reflect the Moon’s greater proportion of Theia-derived material. It wasn’t until five years ago, when scientists first measured a significant difference between the Moon’s and Earth’s oxygen isotopic ratios in basalt samples from three Apollo landing sites, that planetary scientists really coalesced around the giant impact hypothesis. Many additional scientific discoveries have led to a much more sophisticated understanding of the Moon’s age, composition, internal layering, and evolution, including the formation of the lunar highlands from a great magma “ocean” and the Mare (the so-called “seas”) from huge impact craters that later filled with dark lava flows.
But just as important as these discoveries are the intangible scientific benefits, in particular how the lunar landings and associated space race inspired many geoscientists. These include Tanya Atwater, a Professor Emeritus at the University of California–Santa Barbara and this year’s recipient of the Penrose Medal, GSA’s highest honor, for outstanding, original contributions that mark a major advance in the science of geology. The “Mother of Plate Tectonics” told me in a 2013 interview that the launch of Sputnik changed an entire generation of careers, including hers. “When I was a kid,” she said, “there was all this science fiction: Guys were zooming off in spaceships and walking around on the Moon and planets. We assumed it really was fiction, so when humans put Sputnik into orbit, that seemed astonishing, and it made me think that science could do anything.” So instead of pursuing a career as a commercial artist, Atwater switched to science.
Brown University’s James W. Head III, the 2015 recipient of the Penrose Medal and numerous additional honors, told me in a 2017 interview that his illustrious career in planetary geology began when he responded to an ad that consisted of a full-page photo of the Moon with a single line of text that read, “Our job is to think our way to the Moon and back.” He leapt at the chance to work at Bellcomm, Inc., an organization whose sole purpose was to offer technical advice to the Apollo program, and eventually helped select some of the Apollo landing sites and train NASA astronauts in geology.
As NASA prepares to unveil a stash of never-before-studied Moon rocks brought back by the Apollo 17 astronauts and to implement the ambitious Artemis Program, whose stated goal is “to send the first woman and the next man to the lunar South Pole by 2024,” we can only hope this next generation of Moon exploration will inspire similarly talented people to pursue careers in geology.
That will be another small step for a (wo)man—and a giant leap for the geosciences. | https://speakingofgeoscience.org/2019/07/19/a-giant-leap-for-the-geosciences/?shared=email&msg=fail |
We are living in a new golden age of exploration. Planet hunters are searching far beyond our solar system and they are actually finding new worlds orbiting other suns. Thousands of these alien worlds have already been found, but this is the story of perhaps the greatest discovery yet, a star 40 light-years away with seven Earth-sized planets: Trappist-1.
This new discovery of seven alien Earth-like planets in a faraway solar system is a major milestone in our hunt for extraterrestrial life, and experts investigate the secrets of Trappist -1's mysterious worlds to reveal if we're truly alone in the universe.
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Space Deepest Secrets
Second Genesis
2018 Technology
In episode 3, Artemis arrives on the exoplanet Minerva B, but will she find evidence of life? This is a vision of our future, the fateful day in a far-flung corner of the universe, when a probe from Earth initiates the first descent onto an alien world, looking for proof of life beyond our solar system.
There are no witnesses, no cheering crowds in the control room. A decade or more will pass before news finally reaches us, back across the dark oceans of space. But the seeds of this mission are already being sowed today by the first generation of scientists bold enough to believe it could be possible.
Series
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Living Universe
Is Anybody Out There
2015 Science
In August 1977, the Big Ear Radio-telescope in Ohio received a strange signal from the Sagittarius constellation while searching for intelligent extra-terrestrial life. It had a duration of 72 seconds and an intensity 30 times higher than usual. Named the Wow signal, it is still being considered as one of the best examples of having being sent by intelligent extraterrestrial life. But, nothing has revolutionised the search of extra-terrestrial intelligent life as much as the recent discovery by the Kepler Satellite, of thousands of Earth-like planets where life could be possible. Join the debate with this stunning documentary, as we ask Is Anybody Out There?
Oceans of the Solar System
2016 Science
The oceans define the earth. They are crucial to life and we used to think that they were unique to our blue planet. But we were wrong. It has recently been discovered that there are oceans all over our solar system, and they are very similar to our own. And now scientists are going on an epic journey in search of new life in places that never seemed possible. Nasa is even planning to dive to the depths of a strange, distant ocean in a remarkable submarine. Discover that the hunt for oceans in space is marking the dawn of a new era in the search for alien life.
The Planet Hunters
2018 Technology HD
The next great voyage of human exploration has already begun: the search for life on planets orbiting distant stars. With extraordinary CGI, the world's most inspiring scientists, via extreme environments on Earth and around the solar system, the film takes viewers aboard the next generation of space ships, across the cosmos and beneath the clouds of the exo-planets to discover The Living Universe.
Part 1: 'The Planet Hunters' For as long as we’ve had eyes to see and minds to wonder we’ve marveled at the stars. Since the discovery of the first so-called exoplanet in 1994, the Planet Hunters have transformed the way we see the universe. It is the year 2157, and spacecraft Artemis enters the final phase of construction.
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Tag Archives: Stephen Hawking
The problems with ensuring humanity’s survival with space colonies
Stephen Hawking, as he has done before, expresses a common sentiment, that we need to colonize space in order to survive. Humans should go and live in space within the next 1,000 years, or it will die out, Stephen Hawking … Continue reading
Posted in Space Tagged and planet Earth, Future, Humanity, humans, interstellar travel, Mars, mars colonies, Risks to civilization, Space, space colonies, Stephen Hawking 7 Comments
Should we fear AI? Neil deGrasse Tyson’s answer is the right one.
HuffPost has an article up with quotes from various people on the dangers, or non-dangers of artificial intelligence. They include the usual suspects: Elon Musk, Stephen Hawking, Bill Gates, etc. Most of them express concern about the dangers. But I think … Continue reading
Posted in Zeitgeist Tagged AI, Artificial intelligence, Bill Gates, Elon Musk, Neil deGrasse Tyson, Stephen Hawking, Steve Wozniak 80 Comments
Alien search won’t doom planet Earth, say scientists who want to contact ET
It’s interesting how these related stores seem to come in batches: Alien search won’t doom planet Earth, say scientists who want to contact ET | Science | The Guardian. Fears that a major program to contact alien life could spell disaster … Continue reading
When should we consider an AI a fellow being? | https://selfawarepatterns.com/tag/stephen-hawking/ |
A team of UK scientists are helping to investigate the occurrence and behaviour of water on the Moon.
Scientists from the Science and Technology Facilities Council’s (STFC) RAL Space and the Open University (OU) are collaborating on the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA mission.
Understanding the lunar ‘water cycle’
Led by the OU’s Dr Simeon Barber, the UK team has developed a sensor known as the Exospheric Mass Spectrometer (EMS). The EMS is an integral part of the Peregrine Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer (PITMS), which is now being shipped from RAL Space to NASA.
The PITMS instrument is led by Dr Barbara Cohen at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Centre and will be delivered to the Moon later by Astrobotic, one of the companies under contract for NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative.
The instrument will measure the water and other molecules in the very thin atmosphere of the Moon throughout a lunar day. This will help scientists understand the emerging concept of a lunar ‘water cycle’.
UK involvement
PITMS was developed within a very short time, using a fast-track development strategy that balanced high efficiency of instrument development with a careful risk management approach.
RAL Space was responsible for:
- the EMS overall mechanical design
- the electronic design
- instrument software
- ground support equipment.
They also worked closely with NASA on the PITMS thermal design. The OU led on the on the Ion Trap sensor.
Artemis generation
NASA’s Artemis missions combine robotic and human exploration on and around the Moon that will prepare for the next giant leap, sending astronauts to Mars. Commercial and international partners including ESA, aim to develop the first long-term presence on the Moon.
Understanding resources such as water on the Moon and learning how to use these as supplies for drinking water or rocket propellant could reduce mission costs and enable human exploration of our solar system.
The delivery of the PITMS instrument, which is a joint ESA-NASA undertaking, for its integration with the lunar lander is an important milestone. It provides a new generation of instruments that will enable Artemis to deliver its ambitious program of science and exploration.
Next steps beyond the Moon
The Apollo Moon landings originally found the Moon to be a dry place. Decades later, advanced analysis of the returned samples showed that there were small amounts of water within lunar samples.
Based on observations and modelling, the Moon likely has a complex water cycle. Water may migrate from equatorial regions, driven by extreme day-night temperature cycles, until it becomes tightly ‘trapped’ at permanently cold polar locations.
PITMS measurements will help scientists understand the source and movement of this water, which is a key open question in lunar science. This could pave the way for developing plans to harvest lunar water as a resource to support future human exploration missions and the establishment of lunar bases.
Dr Simeon Barber, EMS lead from the Open University, said:
PITMS will study how water and other molecules behave during the warm lunar daytime near a lunar lander. We will obtain ground truth measurements to fill in the detail of the broader view we already have from remote measurements by orbiters.
And then we will complete the picture using similar instruments on future landers near the cold lunar poles, where these molecules may have accumulated over billions of years to form a treasure trove of scientifically and practically valuable resources.
Chris Howe, Production and Software Group Leader at STFC RAL Space said:
We have landed a similar instrument on a comet as part of ESA’s Rosetta mission but nothing has been as challenging as developing an instrument against the backdrop of the pandemic. To have designed, built and tested a proto-flight lunar instrument in just 18 months has been a huge achievement for RAL Space and the OU.
Now we look forward to discovering more about the lunar water cycle and playing our part in furthering human exploration of the solar system.
Ellis Elliot, Project Manager at STFC RAL Space, said:
It has been a great experience to be part of such a new and different project. Although not always being easy to organise the project in a pandemic, I’ve been so proud to be part of the team and oversee their design work transforming into an instrument that will be on the moon’s surface.
The collaboration with the Open University and ESA has been very rewarding and hopefully a channel to further partnerships to build on the teams experience. | https://beta.ukri.org/news/uk-scientists-join-nasas-first-steps-back-to-the-moon/ |
Abstract: This paper proposes the development of the mass driver to launch atmospheric sounding probes to study the ozone layer of the Earth’s atmosphere. At least one of the proposed mass drivers is to be installed on Antarctica to study changes occurring in the ozone layer there. The mass driver technology is developed to support the mission to planet Earth. This atmospheric sounding mass driver serves as a basis for the further development of a space-capable mass driver.
Demonstration of a Beam-Powered and a Beam-Riding Helicopter/William C. Brown, Weston, Massachusetts, pg. 30
Abstract: There is a need to familiarize the public-at-large with the concept of power transfer by microwave beam by some highly visible demonstration that could be carried out repetitively in science museums or similar public structures. A free-flying helicopter model that would be both positioned and powered by a microwave beam would meet this need. All of the basic technology and hardware is available for such a demonstration. In the time period of 1964 to 1970 highly successful demonstrations of (1) a beam powered but tethered helicopter and (2) a beam riding helicopter with power supplied by means of an electric cable were made. Since that time much progress has been made in the technology of beam formation, reduction of rectenna mass, and availability of electric-powered, radio-controlled model helicopters, that would make the demonstration of an untethered flight of a microwave powered helicopter readily achievable. The specifications for the proposed demonstration would be basically determined by the availability of model electric powered helicopters which typically have a three or four foot rotor diameter and fly on less than 500 watts of DC power. The rectenna size would be four square feet, and the transmitting antenna would be three feet in diameter. The helicopter would use the face of the transmitting antenna as a launching and landing pad. In typical demonstrations the helicopter would rise vertically to a maximum of twenty feet where it would hover and possibly ascend and descend under the control of the viewer. As a safety precaution the viewer would be screened from any stray microwave radiation by means of a transparent glass screen with an “invisible” wired mesh embedded in it.
Early Lunar Access/Paul H. Bialla, General Dynamics Space Systems Division, pg. 38
Abstract: An approach is described for the return of crews to the moon by the end of this century. It is accomplished through the use of existing transportation systems or their derivatives, e.g. Space Shuttle, Titan IV and/or Ariane V, and the Centaur stage. New developments include a new lunar excursion vehicle and a derivative of the Apollo command module, used for crew delivery and return. As the majority of the transportation infrastructure already exists, the approach offers low risk and low cost. Also described are the scientific and technological benefits of such a program. Space operational scenarios, a critical aspect of lunar expeditions, are developed along with cargo manifests for the first three missions, the last of which is the first piloted mission, performed with a crew of two. A program schedule illustrates how the piloted mission can be achieved by the year 2000. It is concluded that the proposed program is feasible and of considerable value. Further, it is shown that Early Lunar Access may be structured as an international venture, with the participation of several partners, mutually dependent on the others to achieve program success.
Transatmospheric Microwave-Boosted Lightcraft with Inflatable Tensile Structures/Leik N. Myrabo, Joel D. Limmand Martin Rahn, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, pg. 46
Abstract: Conceptual designs for microwave-boosted orbital shuttlecraft (i.e.. “Lightcraft”) are presented. Inflatable tensile aerospace structures utilizing advanced composite materials technology are analytically investigated. A survey of candidate microwave-energized engine concepts is assembled, and various methods of integrating the various optics/airframe/engine requirements are suggested. A rough, first-order estimate of the weight breakdown of a representative 10m vehicle is assembled. One propulsion concept suitable for the low altitude, low velocity maneuvering/stationkeeping role is identified. Two other hypervelocity engine concepts are highlighted (along with an innovative method for active drag reduction): the potential of one such thruster—a repetitively pulsed-detonation engine (PDE)—is analytically explored. The atmospheric limitations of microwave and millimeter wave power transmission for this mission are discussed. Finally, thermal management issues and promising future research directions for the microwave-boosted Lightcraft project are discussed.
Logistical Implications of Water Extraction from Near-Earth Asteroids/John S. Lewis, University of Arizona, pg. 71
Abstract: Round-trip missions between highly eccentric Earth orbit (HEEO) and the surfaces of near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) benefit greatly from the use of asteroid-derived water as a propellant. The most advantageous schemes utilize solar thermal or nuclear thermal propulsion with water as the working fluid (the “steam rocket”). Multiple round trips by steam rocket between HEEO and NEAs can achieve mass payback ratios of 50:1 to over 100:1, compared to about 2.4:1 for the best scenarios for lunar missions using lunar-derived liquid oxygen (LLOX). The MPBR advantage of NEA-derived propellants arises from the low delta V required for soft landings on many NEAs, the very low delta V for return from these asteroid surfaces to Earth orbit, and the near-optimal specific impulse of the steam rocket. The great resource diversity of the NEAs, especially the high abundances of volatile elements in carbonaceous asteroids, adds to their value. The main disadvantage of NEAs relative to the Moon as sources of materials for use in near-Earth space is the trip time.
SHARP, A First Step Towards a Full Sized Jules Verne Launcher/Louis R. Bertolini and John W. HuntLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, James R. Powell, BNL, and Derek A. Tidman, General Dynamics, pg. 79
Abstract: A vital element for space exploration and utilization is the ability to affordably place large quantities of consumables and building material into low earth orbit. Calculations and supportive data indicate this can be done with a large hydrogen gas gun referred to as the Jules Verne Launcher (JVL). We present a design for the JVL based upon the concept of side injecting preheated hydrogen along a long barrel. This dramatically reduces the peak pressures in the launcher as well as the pressures and g-loads at the vehicle. The JVL has the promise of reducing pay load delivery costs to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to below $500/kg.
The Super High Altitude Research Project (SHARP) is a conventional two-stage hydrogen gas gun which is configured to launch 5 kg packages on suborbital trajectories. It is the first step towards the much larger Jules Verne system and will demonstrate several important features of the larger system. SHARP is currently in the middle of a series of tests aimed at its first milestone. This is to launch 5 kg at 4 km/sec horizontally. In its inclined configuration SHARP should launch vehicles to apogees in excess of 400 km and ranges in excess of 700 km.
Aluminum-A Lunar Engineering Material/Rudolph Keller and David B. Stofesky, EMEC Consultants, pg. 87
Abstract: Metallic aluminum is a valuable engineering material in space, with many uses, e.g., as electrical conductor and structural material. Fortunately, aluminum is abundant on the lunar surface, occurring as the oxide, complexed with other metal oxides to minerals such as anorthite. A concept to produce aluminum from lunar oxides is proposed. It involves separation of oxides at elevated temperatures in vacuum, then the electrolysis of aluminum oxide dissolved in a fluoride melt. Oxygen and calcium metal would be by-products of the process.
Application of Ceramic-Ceramic Joining to In-Situ Resources in the Construction of Large Lunar Structures/ R. S. Crockett and B. D. Fabes, University of Arizona, pg. 90
Abstract: Structural materials that can potentially be produced in-situ from lunar resources include sintered regolith, glass, or glass-ceramic blocks, plates, and beams. The total volume of each of these components will be on the order of 1 cubic meter, limited by processing constraints. Joining of basic building units will thus be required to produce large lunar structures. In this paper, ceramic-ceramic joining methods are applied to the potential products of lunar soil. Joining options and associated issues are presented. A series of experiments using simulated lunar soil was performed for selected joining techniques. Results indicate that both material selection and heat treatment of components are areas with significant issues which will require further research.
Status and Prospects of the Search for Near Earth Asteroids/Keith Rogers, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, pg. 100
Abstract: Near Earth asteroids are one of the least well characterized potential sources of extraterrestrial materials. This poor characterization is mainly due to the fact that only a tiny fraction of the NEA’s thought to exist have yet been discovered. This paper takes a look at the technologies being used to search for near Earth asteroids and the programs which carry out the search. Future prospects for the search are then examined, including the only current proposal for a large scale search program. The conclusion is that such a program should probably be implemented, but that it would benefit from a delay on the order of ten years. This would give time for current programs to greatly expand the base of known asteroids, providing a more firm statistical basis on which to plan a comprehensive search. In addition, such a delay would allow for improvements in data processing and communications technology which would facilitate the conduct of the search.
POLICY
Chair: John Pike, American Federation of Scientists
UNSATS: Merging Classical Political Theory with Advanced Space Surveillance Technology for the Post Cold War World/Robert M. Lawrence, Colorado State University, and Andrei A. Strategic Studies Centre of Moscow, pg. 111
Abstract: It is proposed that the “Deep Black” satellite surveillance and reconnaissance assets operated by the United States, and similar systems operated by Russia, be merged to provide photographic coverage of national and sub-national activities which threaten the peace of the world. Since threats to the peace are the responsibility of the United Nations Security Council the new entity should be under that body’s jurisdiction, and could be called the United Nations Satellite System (UNSATS). Such an addition to Mission to Planet Earth is as urgently needed as the proposed environmental monitoring that awaits the development of new monitoring satellites and a comprehensive earth monitoring program. In comparison to proposed earth environmental monitoring the “Deep Black” technology already exists and is being used, only the political will is needed to implement the proposal whose justification is the perspective that a more open world, transparent world, is a safer world. The major barrier to the implementation of UNSATS is not technology, it is politics.
Law and Policy Considerations for Space Mining in the 21st Century/Bruce S. Marks and Michael A. Walker, University of Denver College of Law, pg. 12
Abstract: This paper assesses the law and policy pursuant to which space mining and related industrial activities could actually proceed sooner than most imagine. One of the fundamental economic incentives for colonizing space has been its vast potential for natural resources to provide for our needs on Earth and in space. The primary barrier to the development of extraterrestrial resources is neither high capital requirements nor technological obstacles. Rather, it is the currently perceived investment risk associated with the presumed absence of legally binding rules to govern the development of celestial resources. Considering United States mining law, and the international support generally found in current treaties, conventions and protocols for natural resource appropriation in space, in addition to the trend toward globalization of free-market systems, it is now possible to suggest a straightforward legal regime which merges principles from these previously diverse areas of terrestrial law to form a practical framework for peaceful and productive in-space mining ventures.
The Current and Proposed Space Programs of NPO Energia/Christopher J. Faranetta, Energia USA, pg. 14
Abstract: This paper briefly examines space programs currently conducted, and under development, by NPO Energia. These progams range from basic communications satellites to manned spacecraft. The author will also give an overview of the ramifications that could result from Western utilization of NPO Energia space technology.
American Space Policy Revisited: Seven Generations Down/George S. Robinson, Smithsonian Institution, pg. 156
Abstract: This paper addresses the generally recognized, diffuse and drifting nature of America’s current national space policy. Initial motivations and underlying justifications need to be revisited…reassessed anew. Two broad areas of program policy can help illuminate underlying justifications for an ongoing, strong commitment to space exploration, exploitation, and human occupation: (1) outbound, back-, and cross-contamination of planets, spacecraft, and interstitial space, and (2) those space-related, manned activities that demand knowledge of, and interaction with, the very essence or nature of humankind. Revisiting both of these program areas can offer a reassessment and perhaps reaffirmation of basic philosophic constructs for why humankind must continue to explore, exploit, and occupy space…and how it will do so.
An Overview of the Operational Requirements Process for Military Space Systems/J. Alex Gimarc, U.S. Air Force, pg. 167
Abstract: Military space systems exist to support worldwide military operations. In an increasingly fragmented and dangerous world, the contribution of space systems for navigation, surveillance, communications, weather prediction, warning and battlefield preparation is vital. In 1991, the Department of Defense (DoD) installed a new acquisition process for all systems (including space systems) designed to provide rigid traceability from the first statement of a new operational need to the fielding of a combat capable system. This process is triggered by the operational needs of the ultimate user of the new capability and must be used by all of DoD to field new combat or support capabilities. Within the USAF, operational space systems have been assigned to Air Force Space Command. Air Force Space Command will carefully weigh support to current or future military missions by fielding, upgrading, modifing and operating space systems. New technologies and new capabilities must demonstrate clear operational and fiscal superiority to successfully make it through the review and approval process. New military space systems must compete for funding on the same terms as other military systems.
SOCIAL AND MEDICAL SCIENCES
Co-chairs: Stanley Mohler, Wright State University and Nathan C. Goldman, Rice University
Materials Handling for Lunar Base Agriculture/Judith Fielder and Nickolaus E. Leggett, Reston, Virginia, pg. 177
Abstract: The lunar base and lunar base agriculture are dependent on the reliable flow of materials through the system. Solid, liquid, and gaseous materials are cycled in controlled flows between the base habitat, the composter-recycler, and the agricultural modules. Delivery of C02 enriched air from the base habitat and composter-recycler to the agricultural chambers via forced air ducts is discussed as well as the impact on plant growth by the delivery system. Return flow of 02 rich air is also presented. The handling of solid plant growth medium and plant materials by conveyor systems is discussed as is the handling of contaminated solid materials.
Potential Benefits of a Vegetarian Diet in Space Settlements/Keith Trivelpiece, California Polytechnic University, pg. 185
Abstract: The paper discusses how a vegetarian diet might be beneficial to people living on the moon, free-space settlements, or other planets. The argument is made from a logistical perspective. Some medical results are cited so as to suggest other ramifications of continuing with a vegetarian diet. This paper reviews four topics: water usage, job performance and oxygen use, the human body’s calcium balance, and the health benefits of miso, a soybean paste. The combined results of not eating meat or transporting animals would be less water required for a mission, astronauts with a better state of health, and mitigated body damage due to weightlessness and radiation exposure.
Surgery 2001: A Technologic Framework for the Future/Richard M. Satava, Defense AdvanProjects Agency, pg. 195
Abstract: It has become apparent over the past few years that technology is advancing at a rate beyond even the wildest expectations. It is difficult to keep up with all the aspects of a changing surgical practice let alone those technologies which promise to change the future of surgery. An example of this rapid change is laparoscopic surgery. The technologies behind this innovation have been in place in academia, industry and business for decades, even though they appear new to physicians. The application of these technologies resulted in telepresence surgery, a remote form of surgery which will have applications to space medicine by permitting surgeons to operate upon patients in space from earth.
The Architecture of Artificial Gravity: Archetypes and Transformations of Terrestrial Design/Theodore W. Hall, University of Michigan, pg. 198
Abstract: In artificial gravity, conformance to the hypothetical comfort zone does not guarantee an earth-normal environment, nor does it sanction design based on terrestrial norms. This paper begins by examining the range of gravity environments encompassed by the comfort zone. It compares Coriolis slope distortions with typical slopes in terrestrial architecture. It then offers a detailed analysis of the abnormalities inherent in relative motion through artificial gravity, using stair-climbing and material-handling as prototypical activities. The effect of Coriolis acceleration is such that it is impossible to design a stair for artificial gravity that meets the terrestrial design requirement of constant apparent slope at constant velocity in both the ascending and descending directions. Coriolis forces may also significantly reduce a person’s effective lifting and carrying strength, even under partial gravity conditions. The only way to simulate a normal gravitational environment, with minimal Coriolis acceleration and rotational cross-coupling, is with a maximal radius of rotation. Where a large radius is not possible, habitat module orientation becomes important. The most comfortable orientation places the module axis parallel to the rotational axis. A deliberate, proactive approach to design may make artificial gravity more feasible by specifically planning for abnormal gravitational effects at small radii.
Death in Space-Emotional and Physical Considerations/Erik T. Paterson, Paterson Medical Services Inc., pg. 210
Abstract: While life in Space has received a lot of attention, there has been little consideration given to what happens when someone dies there. But death is a part of the natural history of life and deserves serious study. The emotional aspects are considered within the framework developed by Kubler-Ross (which is actually a general response to stressful situations), from the following viewpoints: 1. the person experiencing the dying process, and 2. those involved with the dying person, whether the death comes suddenly or comes with warning. It has always been assumed that the body of someone dying would be somehow recycled. Again this is an over-simplification. Consideration is given to the issues of organ donation, and the means by which recycling is carried out. Finally consideration is given to the disposition of people of particular note. Euthanasia is likely to be determined by the culture of those living in Space.
Risk/Benefit Analysis for Space Solar Power/Gay E. Canough, ExtraTerrestrial Materials, pg. 216
Abstract: At the last conference on Space Manufacturing, I presented a paper on the problem of learning the environmental impacts of space solar power stations and on how to educate people once this information was attained. The environmental impact studies should include risk/cost/benefit analysis. This paper explains why doing a risk/cost/benefit analysis is important for all new power stations, transmission lines or other installations and shows the mechanics of how it is done. The main conclusion is that both good judgment and detailed quantitative analysis should be employed when making decisions, especially when large numbers of people will be affected by the decision.
Is Launching a Rocket Still an Ultra-Hazardous Activity? Toward a Negligence Theory for Launch/James E. Dunstan, Haley, Bader & Potts, pg. 226
Abstract: All of human activity comes associated with some degree of risk. From a legal standpoint, the degree of risk society is willing to tolerate in conjunction with a type of activity will determine the standard of liability toward innocent third parties which will attach to such activities. This paper explores three different transportation activities of man: automobile travel, airplane travel, and space travel. In particular, the development of liability theory for airplane travel is explored in some depth. As the airplane matured from a balsa wood and bailing wire toy to a vehicle for transporting goods and people, the developed nations of the world agreed that aircraft travel was so critical that limits to liability should be adopted, such that a single air disaster would not cripple or destroy an entire industry. The result was a flourishing airline industry that moved from dependency on airmail contracts to profitable passenger service in a period of less than two decades.
In the area of space travel, however, all countries in the world concluded that launching states should be strictly liable for damages. The result has been a stagnant launch industry which must contend with huge potential liabilities and shoulder enormous insurance premiums to operate. This paper concludes that similar to the early 1920s, it is time for the countries of the world to come together to agree to limit the liability for space launches to a reasonable sum, similar to that experienced in air travel after the adoption of the Warsaw Convention, thus encouraging the expansion of space travel.
Space Law: The Third Generation/Nathan C. Goldman, Rice University, pg. 233
Abstract: This paper analyses the development of space law in terms of three generations, each with its own characteristics. The first era of space law, 1957 to 1979, was truly the era of international space law in which the players were almost entirely nation states and only the United States and the Soviet Union really mattered. The second transitional era, 1979 to 1991, was a period in which international space law atrophied and domestic, space law emerged to fill the gap. This period was characterized by the increase in nations involved in space and the concomitant rise in private enterprises. This paper suggests the beginnings of a third era after 1991, characterized by the fall of Communism, removing the major condition for the general anti-private enterprise bias in much of space development that encourages a new public-private balance in space activities.
STRUCTURES
Chair: Faye Bailiff, Martin Marietta Manned Space System
Incremental Fabrication of Structures in Space/David W. Gore, Incre, Inc., pg. 243
Abstract: This paper introduces a new metal fabrication technique which may have value for the conversion of extraterrestrially-derived metals into useful shapes. Criteria are suggested for assessing the value of various fabrication methods for space-based manufacture, and the merits of different techniques are discussed. Also, there is some discussion of the use of this method to lower the cost of terrestrial launch vehicle manufacture.
Creating Habitable Volumes from Lunar Lava Tubes/William Bogen, Ann Arbor Space Society, pg. 247
Abstract: Lunar lava tubes, large caverns formed by lava flows on the surface of the Moon, can provide safe shelter for lunar colonists. A colony may start as a cluster of inflatable or modular structures within a lava tube. Over time, permanent settlers could seal the ends of a length of tube with indigenous materials, add atmosphere, and use the entire volume of the tube segment as living space.
Astropolis-Space Colonization in the 21st Century/Antonio Germano and Werner Grandl, Germano & Grandl Architects, Advanced Studies Company, pg. 252
Abstract: With this paper the authors approach their main topic, the conceptual design of big space stations by creating a step by step system of generations (stages) of space stations and space colonies. The presented General Time Table for Space Exploration (GTTSE) is a coordination and planning instrument which visualises potential space budgets giving also a survey of possible or planned time-extensions of space projects in their intrinsic dependence from each other. The proposed space station projects are divided in categories from ST1 to ST4 (stage 1 to 4). Two basic ST2 stations (“Wheel” and spherical design) and a (cylindrical) ST4 space colony are highlighted from the point of view of general and structural design. For ST4 an artificial eco-system has been analysed, concentrating on the close relation between “climate-models” and space colonies like ST4. It is shown that the structural design, a double membrane-space frame-aided system chosen for ST4 is strictly dependant on the applied climate-model. For self-contained climate systems the authors established a maximum and minimum size space colony. The proposed structural systems are also considered necessary to improve the safety aspects of a space station in case of meteorite damage.
Ground Integrated ET-Derived Space Platforms for On Orbit Applications/A. R. Pagano Jr. and E. M. Enright, Martin Marietta Manned Space System, pg. 269
Abstract: This paper discusses a departure from the standard approach for deployment and outfitting of a Space Shuttle External Tank (ET) for onorbit applications. Since the beginning of the development of the ET for the Space Transportation System (STS) project, a multitude of concepts have been proposed for using the ET as a space platform. The design studies are based on three major assumptions: 1) free delivery of the ET to Low Earth Orbit (LEO), 2) availability of the shuttle for outfitting, and 3) extensive use of Extravehicular Activity (EVA) and telerobotics to accomplish the outfitting. However, the design studies have all encountered the following three obstacles: 1) limited availability and timeliness of STS flights, 2) the high cost of EVA, and 3) reduced funding in telerobotic development. The development and use of the ETs for complex space platforms becomes even more imperative with today’s space programs facing funding reduction and/or implementation delays, cancellation, and the possible elimination or reduction in the number of STS flights in favor of various cargo vehicles and the Personnel Launch System (PLS).
With these considerations and the assembly problems that influenced all the design studies, a different approach must be found to enable a more near-term realization of using the ET for onorbit applications. That approach is not to be found in any innovative deployment and outfitting scenarios but in a return to the lessons learned from the Skylab project. An orbiting space lab/platform would be constructed from various modified ET components. The lab could vary in size depending upon how many LH2 tank barrel sections are used. The basic ET structure and tooling would be utilized to assemble a platform based on the customer’s requirements. In addition, the equipment and systems for a space lab would be outfitted and tested on the ground before the platform is launched. This method follows the installation and testing procedures currently being used in the commercial satellite industry. The completed space lab/platform would be mated to a launch vehicle and delivered to orbit. Upon insertion into orbit, the lab’s solar arrays, radiators, and antennas would be deployed and become fully operational. Without specifying any one particular mission, this paper examines how the modular ET-derived space platforms can offer a number of different configurations for individual users such as commercial enterprises, Government sponsored scientific research, and DoD.
Biosphere 2 and Its Lessons for Long-Duration Space Habitats/Mark Nelson and Abigail Alling, Space Biospheres Ventures, pg. 280
Abstract: Living in and operating Biosphere 2 presents a unique opportunity to study the practical issues humans confront each day in managing a large, complex closed habitat. This paper illustrates the impact such a system has on human well-being and the demands it makes on human ingenuity and intelligence in operating – particularly in view of the very rapid response time of a closed system. The complex interaction of every component in a created ecological system (through such processes as leaching of metals or outgassing), the effect of different environmental factors (such as light levels, seasonal variations, atmospheric content and flux rates), the isolation of populations from their previous genetic pools – these factors and more underline the importance of the humans as integral components in the management of ecological, regenerative systems. In miniaturizing and creating model biosphere laboratories, scientists face a myriad of unknown factors. Long-term study of Biosphere 2 biomes affords opportunities for environmental studies of potential value to restoration ecology, the dynamics of small populations, and to teaching how the interaction of these ecosystems maintains biogeochemical cycling of elements. Such studies will undoubtedly prove useful to both better understand how the ecosystems of Earth operate and to improve our ability to build biological life-support systems in space.
SPACE APPLICATIONS
Co-chairs: Peter Glaser, Arthur D. Little Company, and William Whittaker, Camegie Melon University
Feasibility of a Beamed-Energy Propulsion System Using a Heated-Tube Array/Thomas F. Jolly, Lockheed Missiles and Space Corporation, pg. 291
Abstract: This article will examine a beamed-energy propulsion system wherein the vehicle carries an array of tubes which are heated by a ground-based laser. The tubes carry the propellant, water, from the storage tank to the thrust nozzles, superheating the fluid to 2000K before it reaches the nozzles. The model examined is a 20,000 Newton engine with a thrust-to-weight ratio of 1.3, with no payload. Numerous assumptions are made, the major assumption being that materials exist which can withstand the high temperatures and pressures required of this model. The model is developed to determine tube length required for the fluid to reach 2000K, mass flow needed to produce the thrust, and final velocity of the vehicle assuming complete usage of the propellant. Once the model is developed, we examine what changes are produced by varying mass-ratio, temperature, tube diameter, and mass-flow per tube. Based on this information, we suggest an ideal version of the proposed model, while realizing that practically speaking, the materials to build such a model do not yet exist.
Terrestrial Mining Technology Applied to Lunar Mining/F. R. Podnieks and J. A. Siekmeier, Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, pg. 301
Abstract: Space exploration and extraterrestrial resource utilization research programs are being encouraged to develop equipment systems faster, cheaper, and better. In support of this philosophy, the U. S. Bureau of Mines is applying terrestrial mining experience and technology to the conceptual design of lunar mining equipment. Previously proposed lunar surface mining equipment designs were reviewed for compliance with the lunar environment and for adherence to mining principles. Current Bureau mining research programs were evaluated for potential lunar application. Several projects that have operational terrestrial prototypes, which could be adapted to the lunar environment, were identified and are presented in this paper.
Space-Based Geoengineering-Benefiting the Global Environment/Lyle M. Jenkins, NASA Johnson Space Center, pg. 309
Abstract: The “overview effect”, looking at the entire Planet Earth from space, has communicated the reality of the limited extent of our environment and its apparent fragility. Space continues to play a key role in understanding the Earth system processes in the Mission to Planet Earth portion of the U.S. Global Change Research Program. In addition to monitoring environmental parameters, operations in space may offer benefits in mitigating adverse environmental effects. Countermeasures such as geoengineering to mitigate the effects of change can be space-based. Examples of space-based concepts are space power systems that deliver energy to Earth, orbiting electromagnetic radiation generators that interact with greenhouse gases, space-based sunscreens that shade the earth, and the development of fusion energy using lunar materials. Incontrovertible evidence of the effects of environmental change may not be established until those changes are far advanced. To reduce the risk in policy implementation, geoengineering strategies need to be supported by technology development and demonstrations, both to discern the potential benefits and to assess the risks of execution of those strategies.
Optical Waveguide Solar Energy System for Lunar Materials Processing/T. Nakamura and C. L. Senior, Physical Sciences, Inc., J. M. Shoji, Rocketdyne Division of Rockwell International, and R. D. Waldron, Space Systems Division of Rockwell International, pg. 317
Abstract: In this paper, we discuss the application of the Optical Waveguide (OW) Solar Energy System for lunar materials processing. In the OW Solar Energy System, solar radiation is collected by the concentrator which transfers the concentrated solar energy to the OW transmission line consisting of low-loss optical fibers. The OW line transmits the high intensity solar radiation to the thermal reactor which is used for lunar materials processing. In the OW Solar Energy System the intensity or the spectral characteristics can be tailored to specific materials processing steps. Furthermore, the system can provide solar energy to locations or inside of enclosures that would not otherwise have an access to solar energy. The modular system can be easily transported and deployed at the lunar site. Thermal load calculations for several reactor configurations show that process temperatures in the range of 1400 to 2500 K can be achieved at thermal efficiencies in the range of 75% to 85%. This temperature range is compatible with most high temperature processes according to a survey of In-Space Resource Utilization (ISRU) processes.
Cheap, Fast, Electric Thrust Human/Freight Missions in the Solar System Including D+3He Fusion-Electric Thrusters/T. M. Morse, Moorseville, North Carolina, pg. 327
Abstract: Electric thrust is the best way for freight/humans to reach planets. A pathway utilizing L1, and base on Moon, saves so much delta-V, time, and money that the cost of developing lunar base is made up in reduced cost of exploring the first planet. Two unoccupied units, the Habitat and nuclear fission Power Supply, each with its own electric thrusters, are lifted to LEO and proceed to L1 using electric thrust. In L1 the units are telerobotically mated into one Spaceship, which automatically stationkeeps until a chemically powered Lander with Astronauts arrives from LEO and docks. A small centrifuge, from which Spaceship is telerobotically controlled by crew, provides artificial gravity. Spaceship, after loading low-gravity lunar supplies (like fuels, shielding, rectennas), uses Lander’s chemical engines to obtain a lunar gravity-assist toward Mars. When chemical engines shutdown, the nuclear Power Supply is undocked and uses own thrusters to stationkeep a safe distance behind Habitat, and beams maser power to Habitat for thrusters, which thrust/brake to Mars orbit, where Lander is refueled from preparked tanker before and after landing. On return to L1, Habitat/Power Supply is parked in auto-stationkeep mode. After refueling, astronauts return to LEO in Lander, parking it until next mission. Astronauts return to Earth by shuttle. On subsequent missions, only astronauts need lift to LEO. Lander is refueled from Moon. Paper describes Russian SPT thrusters using strong magnetic/electric fields made possible in space, and which may lead to fusion-electric thrusters using D+3He as fusion fuel. Ions produced, plus Xe ions, act as propellant. A D+3He fusion reactor supplies coil current for SCM to initiate fusion-electric thruster. D+3He fusion produces no neutrons.
Wireless Power Transmission-A Strategy for Decarbonizing Global Energy Use/Peter E. Glaser, Arthur D. Little, Inc., pg. 335
Space Robotics Programs at Sandia National Laboratories/P. Klarer, Sandia National Laboratories, pg. 342
Abstract: Existing robotic rover and space satellite technologies at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), coupled with existing launch vehicles and converted military Multiple Independent Reentry Vehicle (MIRV) technologies, can be applied towards the realization of a robotic lunar rover mission in the near term. SNL’s Advanced Vehicle Development Department has been designing, producing, and operating prototype rover systems at the Robotic Vehicle Range facility since 1984, and has extensive experience with teleoperated and semiautonomous mobile robotic systems. SNL’s Space Systems Directorate has been designing, producing, and operating satellite systems and subsystems in Earth orbit for national security missions since the early 1960’s. The facilities and robotic vehicle fleet at SNL’s Robotic Vehicle Range (SNL-RVR) have been used to support technology base development in applications ranging from DoD battlefield and security missions, to multi-agency nuclear emergency response team exercises and the development of a prototype robotic rover for planetary exploration. Recent activities at the SNL-RVR include the Robotic All Terrain Lunar Exploration Rover (RATLER) prototype development program, exploratory studies on a Near Term Lunar Return Mission scenario for small robotic rovers based on existing space hardware technology, and demonstrations of the utility of existing rover technologies for performing remote field geology tasks similar to those envisioned on a robotic lunar rover mission. Specific technologies demonstrated include low data rate teleoperation, multi-vehicle control, remote site and sample inspection, and standard bandwidth stereo vision. These activities serve to support the use of robotic rovers for an early return to the lunar surface by demonstrating capabilities that are attainable with off-the-shelf technology and existing control techniques. Due to the breadth of technical activities at SNL, there are many supporting technology areas for space robotics applications development. These range from core competency areas in advanced aerodynamics, computing, and microsensor technologies, to the actual design, production, and space-qualification of flight components using existing in-house capabilities. These various capabilities have been developed over the years to serve SNL’s role in missions for a variety of customers, including U.S. industry, NASA, the U.S. Departments of Defense and Energy, and other federal agencies. The paper describes Sandia National Laboratories’ activities in the Space Robotics area, and highlights the laboratory’s supporting technical capabilities.
Adapting Small Robots to Asteroid Exploration/Charles A. Lurio, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, and Richard P. Binzel, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, pg. 348
Abstract: Small, low mass robots developed at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (AI Lab) are capable of autonomous operations in a range of environments by using relatively simple operational rules and nested ‘behaviors’ rather than detailed internal modeling. We consider adapting them to asteroid exploration tasks. Current data suggest that small asteroids have a rocky regolith layer along with a large scale angular outline; this is coupled with milli-g local gravity. A mobility strategy is presented that uses an initial high survey jump followed by multiple short hops. The robot software would be able to adapt the magnitude of the hops to local requirements, analogous to the ability of the AI Lab robots to exhibit self-taught walking behavior on Earth. Requirements on the asteroid could include following the body’s rotation to maintain power and thermal limits. It should be possible for the robots to carry out simple spectral and mechanical tests of the soil using miniature cameras and insect-analogue ‘mandibles’. Small samples could be returned to a landing vehicle anchored to the asteroid. Due to the low mass of the robots, a single spacecraft launched by a small booster might carry several of them.
Daedalus: A Walking Robot for Autonomous Planetary Exploration/Gerald P. Roston and Kevin Dowling, Carnegie Mellon University, pg. 352
Abstract: Carnegie Mellon University’s Autonomous Planetary Exploration Program (APEX) is currently building the Daedalus robot; a system capable of performing extended autonomous planetary exploration missions. Extended autonomy is an important capability because the continued exploration of the moon, Mars and other solid bodies within the solar system will probably be carried out by autonomous robotic systems. There are a number of reasons for this – the most important of which are the high cost of placing a man in space, the high risk associated with human exploration and communication delays that make teleoperation infeasible. The Daedalus robot represents an evolutionary approach to robot mechanism design and software system architecture. Daedalus incorporates key features from a number of predecessor systems. Using previously proven technologies, the Apex project endeavors to encompass all of the capabilities necessary for robust planetary exploration.
Beamwalker Rover Design Modification: A Continuous Momentum Payload/Daniel K. Boorsma, Locust Corporation, pg. 360
Abstract: The “beamwalker” was generated by Martin Marietta as a rover design for a NASA mission called the Mars Sample Return Mission. With some modifications new key design goals are integrated such as: energy efficiency, superior obstacle climbing performance, low vibrational stress to the payload, traversal of unconsolidated ground, and roll over recovery are added to the previous design goals. “Beamwalker type” performance has been enhanced by adding an extra layer of mechanism which maintains a constant payload velocity. The mechanism which facilitates this functionality is focused at the main beam, the middle module, and the payload module. This maintains its constant forward momentum and velocity of the payload. The efficiency of the gait seems to be high over very rough terrain.
The ability to right itself in the event of: a roll over, hangup, wedged part, or up ended is crucial for long term autonomous operation in space or hostile environments (e.g., hazardous waste disposal). This rover system has no one feature to accomplish this task but instead the whole design is cooperatively able to provide many different kinds of roll over recovery. The beamwalker is capable of a tortuous gait, superseding the normal gait activity. It may be that the terrain has become so rough that the rover must plan and place each footfall with great care. This indexed motion is characterized by higher power consumption per foot of travel, more computations per foot of travel, and greater chance of losing its poise. The climbing of obstacles is clearly an interesting possibility, allowing access to very remote terrain. The alternate side of tortuous gait is that damage can occur to the rover and instead of turning into an immobile monument it can still hobble along. This making the most of the situation has great advantage when in a hostile environment and help is not at hand. The solution to this problem is again integrally a part of the designed structure.
Human and Robotic Precursor Missions to the Polar Icecaps of Mercury/Jonathan V. Post, Computer Futures Inc., pg. 370
Abstract: Since Caltech/JPL observations suggest possible water ice at the north and south poles of the planet Mercury, it is now feasible to consider a new class of human exploration missions to these sites, and three classes of robotic precursor missions that would precede human exploration (impact/orbital spectroscopy, lander, sample-return). Mercury polar ice could provide neutrino detection opportunities and would provide in situ resources for refueling spacecraft for return to Earth.
REPORT CARD ON PROGRESS: VISION OR REALITY?
Honorary Chairman: David Thompson, Orbital Sciences
The High Frontier Vision: 1993 Status and Strategy/Gregg E. Maryniak, Board of Directors, Space Studies Institute, pg. 381
Abstract: This paper reviews the vision for the human breakout into space as contained in O’Neill’s classic work, The High Frontier. The status of key technologies and programs needed to open the High Frontier are examined. A suggested strategy for near-term action to attain our long-term goal is presented.
DEFINING THE CRITICAL PATH
Co-chairs: David Webb, Embry-Riddle, and Morris Hornik, Space Studies Institute
Defining the Critical Path: Summary of a Discussion/Morris and Carole Hornik, Space Studies Institute, pg. 391
Abstract: A formal discussion was held among Conference attendees to learn if there was any consensus on how to most effectively direct our efforts toward the settlement of space. After opening remarks by an invited panel, in which the roles of government, business, and small organizations or individuals were considered, a wide-ranging exploration of personal views on many space-development matters ensued. From this we conclude that there is no consensus, but that there is direction that may be used to advantage.
POSTER SESSION
Co-chairs: James Burke and Gregg E. Maryniak, Board of Directors, Space Studies Institute
An Ethical Foundation for Space Habitation/David G. Duemler, Eugene, Oregon, pg. 399
Abstract: The present paper attempts to provide a coherent ethical foundation from which the question of whether we should spread life beyond Earth may be addressed. First, three criteria are presented with which proposed ethical foundations may be judged: the availability of supporting empirical evidence, biological plausibility, and inherent value or consistency. The criteria are then used to judge the proposed foundations of pleasure and pain, life itself, natural rights, integrity/diversity, and the soul. It is concluded that only the proposal of pleasure and pain succeeds in passing all three criteria. Life itself and integrity/diversity fail criterion three. The soul fails criterion one. And natural rights fail all three criteria. The foundation pleasure and pain is placed within a utilitarian framework and criticisms of utilitarianism are addressed. Finally an implication for space habitation is drawn with the help of two axioms: 1) Life which exists in a fulfilling environment (in which pleasure is predominant rather than pain) tends to be of positive value, 2) In such an environment two lives are on average of twice the value of one life. Given some qualifications, these axioms lead to the conclusion that if life were to spread throughout the solar system or the galaxy in new fulfilling worlds and the population of sentient beings would thereby increase countless times, then the total value of life would itself increase countless times.
Space Debris Collection System/Harvey E. McDaniel Jr., Systems Technology, Inc., pg. 405
Abstract: With over 3,200 launches (3,800 payloads put into orbit) since the beginning of spaceship travel, 7,000 + artificial objects have been orbiting the earth (2+ million kilograms). They have been tracked by the Space Surveillance Network (SSN) operated by the United States Space Command (USSPACECOM). To date, only 6% of the cataloged objects are functional satellites, allowing the rest to fall into the “orbital” or “space debris” category. The debris includes a wide assortment of artificial satellites ranging in size from a millimeter or smaller to a fully deactivated satellite or spent rocket stage. Orbital debris travels in a wide variety of orbits used by Earth orbiting satellites. Orbital debris may orbit the Earth for as long as centuries moving in many different directions and velocities. With a velocity of 4 to over 8 kilometers per second they will cause potential hazards to working spacecraft, space stations, satellites, processing facilities, etc.
The below paper will outline a workable systems for: (1) Rendezvous with existing space debris and initiate deorbit for vaporization in the earth’s upper atmosphere or shuttle interception. (2) Capture defunct satellites (LEO, GEO, Sun Synchronous, HEO, etc.) as well as radioactive ones for shuttle interception. (3) Utilization as space weapon (with modification). (4) Rendezvous (modification) with material sent into orbit by mass driver and transport to processing facility in higher orbit (increase mission effectiveness). With constant communication Tracking and Data Relay Satellite Systems (TDRSS) will work with a defunct or near end of mission satellite can use its residual fuel for deorbit and rendezvous with the Debris Collection System (savings of fuel and weight) and initiate any of the above mission profiles.
The Sentinel System: Engineering the Universe/Erik T. Paterson, Erik Paterson Medical Services Inc., pg. 413
Abstract: Some years ago an unmanned interstellar probe system, based upon and elaborating the “Daedalus” system, was described in which the probe replicated itself at the target star system. To carry out such replication a very versatile manufacturing system is required which is easily adapted to more complex tasks given maintenance of interstellar communications, by either radio or laser, with the home star system to update the programming as time goes by. This leads logically to two forms of activity, l) the development of the “Sentinel System”, and, in turn, 2) the evolution of a cosmos spanning, evolving, non-biological intelligence.
The “Sentinel System” operates at three levels of activity. A. Where a star system is found that cannot have indigenous biological systems, a probe sets up a beacon to attract colonists from its originating system. B. Where a planet is found that has a high probability of intelligence evolving, a probe sets up a beacon to warn away all colonising ventures, observes the evolution of the intelligences, and sets up an interface with the wider interstellar civilization once the intelligences become Space travelling. C. Where a star system contains an uninhabitable planet which could become the abode of evolving intelligences, a probe carries out the necessary terraforming and introduces low level life forms, created from computer generated templates, to initiate an evolving biological system, and then enters the B. mode of activity. In the meantime, by parallel processing, the entire network of probes, through their mutual communications, evolves into an increasingly powerful, increasingly autonomous, self-regulating intelligence that can continue to carry out the function of fostering. | http://ssi.org/ssi-conference-abstracts/space-manufacturing-9/ |
Types of control/sensor data used in manufacturing robots and their associated periods (delays).
Abstract
In this study, we present the requirements of a real-time robot software (SW) platform that can be used for industrial robots and examine whether various kinds of existing middleware satisfy them. Moreover, we propose a real-time robot SW platform that extends RTMIA to various industrial applications, which is implemented on Xenomai real-time operating system and Linux. The proposed SW platform utilizes the timer-interrupt based approach to keep strict period and the shared memory for convenient usage, on which the shared variable is designed and used. We verify the proposed platform by showing that the robot task and the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) program are performing with interlocking each other on the presented platform.
Keywords
- software platform
- real-time
- middleware
- industrial robot
- PLC
1. Introduction
A robot software (SW) platform is an execution environment that provides various functions to easily execute various robot softwares. Therefore, a middleware that provides such functions can be considered as a platform.
Middleware is a type of software that exists between an application and an operating system, and it employs communication protocols on the hardware, thereby facilitating the development applications by users and reducing the cost and risk when developing them . Several types of middleware have been applied in the field of robotics, such as Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) [2, 3], Real-Time CORBA (RT-CORBA) [2, 4], Data Distribution Service (DDS) [2, 5], OPC Unified Architecture (OPC-UA) , Robot Operating System (ROS) [7, 8], Open Platform for Robotic Services (OPRoS) [9, 10, 11], OpenRTM (open robotics technology middleware) , open robot control software (OROCOS) , XbotCore , and real-time middleware for industrial automation devices (hereafter, referred to as RTMIA).
A common feature of these middleware is that they support message-based communication. Thus, a majority of middleware can be implemented in multiple nodes, such as processes, threads, or CPU boards that support middleware-unique communication protocol to facilitate data exchange between them. The difference among these middleware is whether the real-time constraint is satisfied or not, from the perspective of the application thread or process. Even in the real-time viewpoint, providing real-time from a communication point of view is different from providing real-time from a (application) process point of view. In general, the term “real-time” in this study indicates the real-time used in the process viewpoint. Hence, middleware must be able to control user-created programs using processes or threads.
Even though middleware such as CORBA, RT-CORBA, OPRoS, openRTM, OROCOS, XbotCore, and RTMIA control threads, in other middleware such as OPC-UA, ROS, and DDS, the control of threads or processes is implemented by the operating system. Hence, they do not directly control threads or processes. Except CORBA, all of the above-mentioned thread controlling middleware satisfy the real time constraint. However, if they are analyzed in detail, RT-CORBA, OPRoS, openRTM, and OROCOS have conditions to satisfy the real time, in which the execution type is limited to thread type and threads can be controlled in the time range such as over 1 ms or 10 ms . In EtherCAT-based robot real-time SW platform is proposed, which is a Xenomai-based robot control middleware that satisfies the hard real-time requirements and is designed to perform 1 kHz control loops in a multi-axis system consisting of 33 axes. RTMIA is middleware that can execute control loops in 100 μs and can simultaneously control both processes and threads in real-time.
OPC-UA, ROS, and DDS are a kind of communication middleware. That is, they do not satisfy the real time requirement since they are in charge of the data exchange part between multiple nodes. Note that ROS 2.0 utilizes DDS. OPC-UA is a middleware that performs data exchange among various robots and controls devices such as the FMS controller or the server on the upper level. OPC-UA is not a middleware that can be used for robot control like ROS. The use cases of ROS shows that most types of the user program are process types rather than thread types. In other words, the thread type provided by the real-time middleware is reluctant to be used because their basic usage forms may introduce inconvenience and unfamiliarity for robot software developers. ROS has big advantage of using the conventional programming method, which users are familiar with, and utilizes the ready-made existing robot program. However, ROS must use ‘sleep()’ function for periodic processing. ‘sleep()’ function does not always wake up at the correct time, resulting in time shift occurrence. Accumulation of such shifts cause loss of some periods, which may lead to states that cannot be controlled properly. In order to avoid such situation, some constraints must be kept to strictly control the number of applications and the execution environment.
The current trend of commercial PLC-related products [16, 17] shows that platforms such as CODESYS and TwinCAT control robot systems, including grippers, by embedding robot motion control SWs to PLC SWs. The feature of these platform is that they use the robot block language proposed by PLCopen , while their principal advantage is the ability to link robots to related automation devices efficiently using PLC program. However, the types of robots that can be controlled through these platforms are still limited. To solve this, the platform should simultaneously perform both PLC function blocks, including robot function blocks, and robot (task) programs defined directly by users or robot developers.
In this study, we presented the requirements of the real-time robot SW platform for industrial robots and examined whether various types of existing middleware satisfy them. Additionally, we extend the RTMIA and propose a real-time robot SW platform that can be used for various industrial applications and satisfies the presented requirements. We implemented our proposed platform on the Xenomai real-time operating system and Linux, and verify it via a few practical examples, wherein the interlocking programs of robot task and PLC are simultaneously performed.
The remainder of the study is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present the requirements of the real-time robot SW platform for industrial applications and discuss whether various kinds of existing middleware satisfy them. Section 3 presents the implementation of the real-time robot SW platform, and Section 4 describes the practical results obtained by mutually interlocked work of programs of robot task and PLC on the proposed platform. Finally, Section 5 concludes the study.
2. Operation requirements and analysis of real-time robot SW platform
For a real-time robotic SW platform for various industrial applications, we must know the characteristics (period, etc.) of the data used for processing periods and events. Referring to the data presented in , the data used in the manufacturing robot can be roughly described as in Table 1. It may differ slightly from other classifications because it is categorized based on type and period (or delay time) of control/sensor data.
|Level||Data type||Period (delay time)|
|4||Obstacle recognition, object recognition, device status||Seconds|
|3||Position profiles||Hundreds of ms|
|2||Position data||Tens of ms|
|1||Motor torque and speed control data||100 μs|
In fact, the data generated at each level in Table 1 is used as basis for the target data. For example, upon recognizing an obstacle at level 4, its position data is used to generate a level 3 position profile that provides relevant position data of level 2, based on which, at level 1, a position control loop moves the motor to the desired position by controlling the speed or torque of the motor. That is, data of each level is interlocked with each other in terms of control.
A real-time robot SW platform should satisfy the following requirements.
R1: Support data exchange
R2: Real time support (strict period execution and sporadic performance support)
R3: Supports thread and process types for user defined programs
R4: Easy configuration of applications (robot control SW, PLC SW, vision inspection SW, non-real-time SW, etc.)
R5: Support multiple periods.
R6: Threads or processes running in the same period are classified by priority.
R7: Check and handle the event through the event handler.
R1 serves as a communication middleware by providing a method for exchanging data between configured applications. R2 supports real time operation and requires a minimal amount of jitter to perform periodic operations. It must also be able to handle real-time events. For instance, conditions for use in various control loop programs are strict periodic execution conditions, including the program for directly controlling the motor without using a separate controller, and sporadic to handle emergency event such as an emergency stop. In many cases, such execution condition is required. In particular, the 100 μs period can be used to control the motor current. R3 uses threads for real-time support, but also allows the process to be used for soft real-time execution. Process support, as mentioned earlier, is about using legacy programs. R4 does not control the developed application software modules in a hard-coded program, but rather configures them by freely setting the period, priority, application name, etc. through a configuration file.
R5 and R6 are about the execution period. As shown in Table 1, various execution periods are required. For example, in the case of motor control, if the order of sensor reading (RS), control value generation (GC), and motor value writing (WM) are different, the value sampled in the previous period is used. In other words, when RS, GC, and WM are executed, the control value can be read within one period and sent to the motor. However, when operating in the order of GC, RS, and WM, the control value calculated using the value read in the previous period affects the motor. That is, the previous value without using the current motor related data may affect the motor control. Therefore, to avoid such effects, it is necessary to set the execution priority of SW module within the same period so that they can operate in the order of RS, GC, and WM.
R7 relates to how to handle events. Depending on the event behavior utilized by the operating system, there exist interrupt-based and program-based event handling methods. Interrupt-based events can be used if the HW interrupt can be controlled directly, however, modern operating systems prevent such handling for system stability. Therefore, it is common to introduce an event handler to first check whether an event has occurred, and further handle it. Even those manufacturing robots can generate and handle relevant events such as when there is an emergency stop switch, or the maximum value of sensor input or output exceeds a certain limit. Meanwhile, the processing time for these events is also important. Emergency stop switches should be used as quickly as possible because they are related to safety.
The comparison of the results of whether the existing middleware satisfy each of the presented requirements, is presented in Table 2.
3. Implementation and motion analysis of real-time robot SW platform
In general, multiple periods are controlled by using the greatest common divisor (GCD) and the least common multiple (LCM) of the periods. If the period, which is the greatest common divisor, is less than the minimum period provided by the middleware, the multiple periods must be adjusted so that the GCD period is equal to or greater than the minimum period. The smaller the provided period, the better it is because it can be used for various applications. Let the GCD period be the basic period and the LCM period be the macro period . Table 3 illustrates a periodic scheduling table using GCD/LCM based on Figure 1.
|No. of basic period||Execution time (ms)||Execution module (in priority)||Macro period|
|0||0||cntr3 > cntr2 > cntr1 > cntr4||Repeat basic periods every 0.5 ms|
|1||0.1||cntr3 > cntr2|
|2||0.2||cntr3 > cntr2|
|3||0.3||cntr3 > cntr2|
|4||0.4||cntr3 > cntr2|
The middleware must be implemented to execute the periodic threads and processes, the sporadic threads and processes, as well as the non-real-time processes, as shown in Figure 1. Periodic threads and processes should be executed within given periods, while sporadic threads and processes should be executed within the deadline once the corresponding events occur. An example of this behavior is shown in Figure 2. Of course, non-real-time modules are executed only when execution time remains in a period. As shown in Figure 2, periodic execution has the highest priority, followed by sporadic execution. After the execution of periodic modules, sporadic execution checks whether the event occurs and if true, the event handler invokes the corresponding event processing function to handle it. These operations demonstrate that requirements R2, R3, R5, R6, and R7 are satisfied. Especially, we use time-based interrupts to keep the period strict and calculate the n-th jitter, as shown in Eq. (1) :
where
From Eq. (1) and Figure 2, we can observe that it is important to keep the period (n = 0,1,2, …) correctly. There are two approaches to implement the periodic execution: use timer interrupt and use the sleep function. The second method is the most frequently used one and its usage can be described as follows: after executing the SW modules, the operating system sleeps during the remaining time until the next period. However, this method has a disadvantage that the remaining time period does not keep up correctly, leading to increasing jitter. Therefore, in this study, we use a method of implementing period based on timer interrupts. That is, the minimum period is the minimum interval of the timer interrupt generated by the operating system. This allows middleware to be designed to meet requirements R2 and R5. In addition, the platform should be designed using the POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) standard.
The real-time robot SW platform should be able to exchange data or remotely perform necessary functions among periodic SW module, sporadic SW module and non-real-time SW module. This is because only cooperation between SW modules can achieve the desired result. For this purpose, the proposed middleware implements a method of obtaining the desired results by performing exchange of data and remote functions using shared memory. The advantage of using shared memory is that it is easy to maintain data consistency and to use the data. In other words, when SW modules including input module write input data to shared memory, other SW modules read them and calculate the control values at the same time. And if necessary, the module writes the result to shared memory for other modules to use the data. In addition, it provides a shared function in the shared memory method so that other SW modules can use the shared functions of the modules. Of course, when using shared memory, the problem of mutual exclusion between threads is solved.
A file named .glb is used to define shared variables that are implemented using shared memory. For example, if a file called knuRobot.glb is created as shown in Figure 3, a conversion function creates the header file and a .cpp function to access shared variables. The difference from existing shared variable is that, just like global variables, the shared variable that resides in shared memory can be used in all the software modules. This method makes the program very simple. Example programs that use shared variables in Figure 3 are shown in Figures 4 and 5, in which, “#include <indurop/generated.h>” is a header file that should be added when shared variables are used, which is generated from .glb file during preprocessing. Therefore, simply by adding “indurop/generated.h”, the variables ‘tick’ and ‘joints ’ defined in the knuRobot.glb file can be accessed. The INDUROP_MODULE statement in Figures 4 and 5 represents information about the module’s name, description, author, license, and callback function. The middleware periodically executes the module, where the function to be called is specified as “run = &::onRun.” Furthermore, ‘run’ is the tag name of the periodically called callback function and “&::onRun” defines the address of the function “void onRun()” presented in each figure. Using INDUROP_TYPEOF(argument) in Figure 5, the same data type as the variable defined in .glb file can be created and used.
The event handler in Figure 5 is invoked using the basic period in Figure 2. In other words, it is invoked after executing periodic modules and before processing the sporadic service. Event handlers can be implemented using sporadic threads or sporadic processes. The algorithm of the event handler is shown in Figure 6. Figures 7 and 8 show examples of sporadic thread and process-related programs that allow event handling, respectively.
Figure 6 depicts an algorithm that describes the event handler’s operation. It can execute the thread program of Figure 7 and the process program of Figure 8. The event handler first calls the thread’s ‘condition()’ function and if the execution result is true, calls the ‘run()’ function to handle the event. Then it sends signal to the processes to handle the event occurred. In case of thread, event handling function can be specified separately, but, in this study, ‘run()’ function is used for simplicity, whose example is shown in Figure 7. Figure 8 shows an example of a process that handles an event. In this example, it utilizes signal because the process cannot be called directly from an event handler. Figures 7 and 8 also illustrate the use of shared variables.
4. Robot system integrating robot controller and PLC
The XML file in Figure 9 is a configuration file consisting of programs of robot task, PLC, and an input/output data processing. As shown in Figure 9, the program consists of three periodic threads, where the period of all SW modules is 10 ms. main.so consists of a ladder program, which is converted to C/C++ program, and a C++ program that calls the program, which is shown in Figure 12. The robot task program in Figure 13 is stored in Robot.so. The reason why we only used thread type is that, comparing to process type, it runs more precisely with real-time. The execution order is as follows: the input/output data processing module, the robot task module, and the PLC module. Of course, users can modify the execution order by changing priorities of modules. Once this configuration file is processed, the robot system will operate as shown in Figure 10, which can be configured and operated with the process.
Defined in Figure 11, shared variables are used in the integrated application system of Figure 10, in the PLC ladder program in Figure 12 and also in the robot control program in Figure 13. The name space ‘PLC_ROBOT’ is used in Figure 13, which makes the program look more sophisticated. As shown in Figures 11 and 13, the name space ‘PLC_ROBOT’ indicates that shared variables are utilized. The PLC ladder program shown in Figure 12 is converted to C/C++ function named ‘POU_PROGRAM()’ and made into a thread to run. Through this, various types of PLC programs can be operated. Threads that link shared variables to I/O modules are defined in the libiodispat.so, which is illustrated in the third part of Figure 11, and the middleware executes the thread. If the thread libiodispat.so periodically reads sensing data from the input module and stores into shared variables, then control threads of robot of Robot.so and PLC of main.so access shared variables.
5. Conclusions
In this study, we presented seven requirements of real-time robot SW platform that can be used for industrial robot and examined whether existing middleware such as ROS, OPROS, openRTM, and RTMIA satisfy these requirements. In particular, communication middleware such as ROS has a disadvantage of demanding the user to have more knowledge about the real-time operating system to use the industrial robot but advantage that its usage is simpler because it does not manage execution of processes and/or threads. On the other hand, OPRoS, openRTM, and OROCOS manage the execution of threads for periodic execution but does not control the execution of processes.
In this study, we proposed the real-time robot SW platform that satisfied the presented seven requirements R1–R7 by extending RTMIA and demonstrated its implementation on the Xenomai real-time operating system and Linux. The proposed SW platform utilized the timer-interrupt based approach to keep strict period and the shared memory for convenient usage.
We applied our method to a practical robot system, wherein the programs of PLC and the robot were used simultaneously, and their corresponding operating results were also presented. In this implementation, PLC ladder program and robot control program were managed using period of 10 milliseconds. As the implemented application was simple, it was not shown that event handling and execution of periodic processes were working well. But they did work well. That is, it can be known that the proposed platform satisfied requirements R1–R7. As a result, the platform proposed in this study was verified.
The other advantage of this study is the method to access shared variable. It can be known that it is generally easy and convenient to read and write the shared variables using the conventional variable access method when the shared variables defined in other threads are accessed. Hence the proposed method for accessing of shared variables is designed for multiple processes or threads to have mutually exclusive access to shared variables using the conventional variable access method. And it is shown that the proposed method for accessing of shared variables is working well.
Future work may include investigating a robotic platform that optimally operates multiple threads in multicore systems. And the proposed platform will be implemented on the μC/OS.
Acknowledgments
This work was partially supported by KITECH research fund and Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology (KEIT) grant funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (KOREA) (No. 20004535 and No. 20005055). | https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/70985 |
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This paper presents the work in progress of a mobile-based distributed system which aims to minimize the social impact of abandoned or lost animals. System is based on the use of smart mobile devices to provide message warnings of animals localized. Messages are stored in a database to be processed. In order to enter data such as photography, audio...
This paper presents a proposal to extend the event management subsystem of the Distribution Data Service standard (DDS). The proposal allows user to optimize the use of DDS in networked control systems (NCS). DDS offers a simple event management system based on message filtering. The aim of the proposal is to improve the event management with three...
This paper introduces a flexible hardware and software architecture for a smart video sensor. This sensor has been applied in a video surveillance application where some of these video sensors are deployed, constituting the sensory nodes of a distributed surveillance system. In this system, a video sensor node processes images locally in order to e...
This paper introduces a new 3D-based surveillance solution for large infrastructures. Our proposal is based on an accurate 3D reconstruction using the rich information obtained from a network of intelligent video-processing nodes. In this manner, if the scenario to cover is modeled in 3D with high precision, it will be possible to locate the detect...
Modern cyber-physical systems assume a complex and dynamic interaction between the real world and the computing system in real-time. In this context, changes in the physical environment trigger changes in the computational load to execute. On the other hand, task migration services offered by networked control systems require also management of dyn...
Partitioned systems permit to isolate in partitions sev-eral applications with different security levels and/or crit-icality. Hypervisor technology provides virtual machines to execute partitions under two basic principles: space and time isolation. This view is complemented with the "dedicated devices" technique that assigns devices exclu-sively t...
Partitioned software architectures represent the future of secure systems. They have evolved to fulfill security and avionics requirements where predictability is extremely important. The idea behind a partitioned system is the virtualization. A virtual machine (VM) is a software implementation of a machine that executes programs like a real machin...
In this paper we present the control and surveillance platform that is currently being developed within the ViCoMo project. This project is aimed at developing a context modeling system which can reconstruct the events that happen in a large infrastructure. The data is presented through a 3D visualization where all the information collected from th...
A current trend in the development and implementation of industrial applications is to use wireless networks to communicate the system nodes, mainly to increase application flexibility, reliability and portability, as well as to reduce the implementation cost. However, the nondeterministic and concurrent behavior of distributed systems makes their...
A Real-Time Wireless Distributed Embedded System (RTWDES) is formed by a large quantity of small devices with certain computing power, wireless communication and sensing/actuators capabilities. These types of networks have become popular as they have been developed for applications which can carry out a vast quantity of tasks, including home and bu...
In this paper we propose a new augmented virtuality framework where the synthetic scenario is populated with the information coming from the real-world. Our proposal is based on a smart camera which processes the images to detect objects. With this information, our framework relies on the collisions of the optical rays with the scenario to locate t...
Messaging systems are widely used in distributed systems to hide the details of the communications mechanism to the multi agents systems. However, the Quality of Service is treated in different way depending on the messaging system used. This article presents a review and further analysis of the quality of service treatment in the mainly messaging...
Computer vision is one of the most challenging applications in sensor systems since the signal is complex from spatial and logical point of view. Due to these characteristics vision applications require high computing resources, which makes them especially difficult to use in embedded systems, like mobile robots with reduced amount memory and compu...
This paper describes an implementation of a region-based memory manager that performs the allocation and deallocation in constant-time. Also, additional functionality for generating arrays which can grow arbitrarily has been implemented. Thus, external fragmentation is overcomed, and the appearance of memory leaks has been considerably reduced. All...
Los sistemas de visión artificial son una de las aplicaciones más complejas del ámbito de los sistemas sensoriales en tanto la señal a tratar es compleja en términos lógicos y de espacio. Por este motivo en este tipo de aplicaciones los requerimientos computacionales son siempre muy altos lo cual hace todavía más compleja su implantación en sistema...
Multi Agent Systems (MAS) are one of the most suitable frameworks for the implementation of intelligent distributed control system. Agents provide suitable flexibility to give support to implied heterogeneity in cyber-physical systems. Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Control (QoC) parameters are commonly utilized to evaluate the efficiency...
Current trends in the development of industrial applications enforce the use of wireless networks to communicate the system nodes mainly to increase flexibility and reliability of these applications and to reduce the implementation cost. However, in control applications, as consequence of the latency and jitter generated by the network, not always...
La robótica humanoide es uno de los campos en los que se viene trabajando en los últimos años desde un amplio abanico de áreas de conocimiento. Esto viene dado por los fundamentos multidisciplinares sobre los que se asienta esta disciplina. Por ello estas plataformas son utilizadas para validar un gran número de sistemas de diferente naturaleza, de... | https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jose-Simo |
Stream and Event Processing Services
The goal of Real-time Linked Dataspaces is to support a real-time response from intelligent systems to situations of interests within a smart environment by providing data processing support services that follow the data management philosophy of dataspaces and meet the requirements of real-time data processing. This part of the book details support services to process streaming and event data which support loose semantic integration and administrative proximity, support services include entity-centric queries, quality of service composition, stream dissemination, and semantic matching for heterogeneous events. The goal of these services is to support a real-time linked dataspace to get up and running with a low overhead for administrative setup costs (e.g. establishing data agreements, service selection, and service composition).
Driven by the adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT), smart environments are enabling data-driven intelligent systems that are transforming our everyday world. To support the interconnection of intelligent systems in the data ecosystem that surrounds a smart environment, there is a need to enable the sharing of data among systems. A data platform can provide a clear framework to support the sharing of data among a group of intelligent systems within a smart environment.
Dynamic data from sensors and IoT devices comprise a significant portion of data generated in a smart environment. Responding to this trend requires a data platform to provide specific support services designed to work with real-time data sources. These services must keep with the dataspace philosophy; thus, they must coexist, and co-evolve over time, and ensure a rigid data management approach does not subsume the source systems. Within the dataspace paradigm, data management pushes the boundaries of traditional databases in two main dimensions:
- Administrative Proximity: which describes how data sources within a space of interest are close or far in terms of control, and
- Semantic Integration: which refers to the degree of how much the data schemas within the data management system are matched up.
We have created the Real-time Linked Dataspace (RLD) as a data platform for intelligent systems within smart environments. The RLD combines the pay-as-you-go paradigm of dataspaces with linked data and real-time stream and event processing capabilities to support a large-scale distributed heterogeneous collection of streams, events and data sources. The RLD follows a set of principles to describe the specific requirements within a real-time setting:
- An RLD must deal with many different formats of streams and events.
- An RLD does not subsume the stream and event processing engines; they still provide individual access via their native interfaces.
- Queries in the RLD are provided on a best-effort and approximate basis.
The RLD must provide pathways to improve the integration between the data sources, including streams and events, in a pay-as-you-go fashion.
In order to enable these principles to support real-time data processing for events and streams, we explore new techniques to support approximate and best-effort stream and event processing services within an RLD-Support Platform (RLD-SP). The RLD-SP services support many formats of data, do not depend on prior-agreement for composition or dissemination, and provide a best-effort quality of service and approximate answers using a pay-as-you-go approach. As shown in figure above, the stream and event processing services provided by the RLD-SP are:
- Entity-centric Index: The entity-centric index enables unified queries across live streams, historical streams, and entity data to enable full entity-centric views of the current and past state of the smart environment.
Further details available in: Ch 10. Stream and Event Processing Services for Real-time Linked Dataspaces
- Complex Event Processing: The individual and compositions of event services within a smart environment can have different quality-of-service levels. An RLD-SP must support quality-of-service aware complex event service compositions to maximise the level of service available.
Further details available in: Ch 11. Quality of Service-Aware Complex Event Service Composition in Real-time Linked Dataspaces
- Stream Dissemination: A key challenge for an RLD-SP is to disseminate events and streams to relevant data consumers efficiently. The dataspace must facilitate machine-to-machine communications to build an efficient stream dissemination system for a smart environment.
Further details available in: Ch 12. Dissemination of Internet of Things Streams in a Real-time Linked Dataspace
- Approximation: RLD-SP needs to be able to support the processing of heterogeneous events. Semantic event matchers are one approach to handle data heterogeneity within real-time events when few or no prior-agreements exist.
Further details available in: Ch 13. Approximate Semantic Event Processing in Real-time Linked Dataspaces
Each of these support services is designed following a tiered model for service provision. This means that it can provide incremental support for participants in the RLD in a “pay-as-you-go” fashion.
References
Curry, E. et al. (2019) ‘A Real-time Linked Dataspace for the Internet of Things: Enabling “Pay-As-You-Go” Data Management in Smart Environments’, Future Generation Computer Systems, 90, pp. 405–422. doi: 10.1016/j.future.2018.07.019.
Gao, F. et al. (2017) ‘Automated discovery and integration of semantic urban data streams: The ACEIS middleware’, Future Generation Computer Systems, 76, pp. 561–581. doi: 10.1016/j.future.2017.03.002.
Hasan, S. and Curry, E. (2014) ‘Approximate Semantic Matching of Events for the Internet of Things’, ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, 14(1), pp. 1–23. doi: 10.1145/2633684.
Qin, Y., Sheng, Q. Z. and Curry, E. (2015) ‘Matching Over Linked Data Streams in the Internet of Things’, IEEE Internet Computing, 19(3), pp. 21–27. doi: 10.1109/MIC.2015.29. | http://dataspaces.info/stream-and-event-processing-services-for-real-time-linked-dataspaces/ |
— This work aims at improving real-time motion control and dead-reckoning of wheeled skid-steer vehicles by considering the effects of slippage, but without introducing the complexity of dynamics computations in the loop. This traction scheme is found both in many off-the-shelf mobile robots due to its mechanical simplicity and in outdoor applications due to its maneuverability. In previous works, we reported a method to experimentally obtain an optimized kinematic model for skid-steer tracked vehicles based on the boundedness of the Instantaneous Centers of Rotation (ICRs) of treads on the motion plane. This paper provides further insight on this method, which is now proposed for wheeled skid-steer vehicles. It has been successfully applied to a popular research robotic platform, Pioneer P3-AT, with different kinds of tires and terrain types.
Anthony Mandow, Jorge L. Martínez, Jes&uacu
Real-time Traffic
IROS 2007
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Real-time Motion Control
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Robotics
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Skid-steer Tracked Vehicles
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Skid-steer Vehicles
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IROS
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Anthony Mandow, Jorge L. Martínez, Jesús Morales, Jose-Luis Blanco, Alfonso García-Cerezo, Javier Gonzalez
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Copyright © 2009-2011 Sciweavers LLC. All rights reserved. | http://www.sciweavers.org/publications/experimental-kinematics-wheeled-skid-steer-mobile-robots |
Join Veer Alakshendra and Maitreyee Mordekar as they discuss the control strategy for targeting a ball at the target relevant to robotics competitions such as Robocon.
Veer and Maitreyee first show how you can extend Simscape MultibodyTM throwing mechanism models with physical effects modeled in SimscapeTM. Then they build a closed-loop control system to produce the required amount of spool input for the desired piston movement. PID controller block has been used to control the system. Finally, Veer and Maitreyee show that with proper tuning of the PID tuner, the ball can successfully land in the yellow box.
You can find the example models used in this video on MATLAB Central File Exchange.
Introduction to Robotic Systems Meet MATLAB and Simulink Robotics Arena team members Sebastian Castro and Connell D’Souza as they discuss designing a robotic system and the support provided to robotics student competition teams.
Introduction to Contact Modeling, Part 1 Sebastian Castro and Ed Marquez Brunal introduce the fundamentals of mechanical contact modeling and simulation with Simulink, as well as show examples for automotive and robotics applications.
Introduction to Contact Modeling, Part 2 Sebastian Castro and Ed Marquez Brunal discuss various approaches and online resources for modeling mechanical contact and friction forces using Simulink, Simscape, and Simscape Multibody.
Direction of Arrival with MATLAB Stephen Cronin from the Robotics Association at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University demonstrates how to detect the direction of arrival of an underwater acoustic signal using MATLAB.
Walking Robots, Part 1: Modeling and Simulation Join Sebastian Castro as he shows you how to model a two-legged walking robot, including joint motion actuation and contact forces, using Simscape Multibody.
Walking Robots, Part 2: Actuation and Control Join Sebastian Castro as he shows you how you can use Simulink and the Simscape product family to connect a walking robot model to detailed actuator models with motion planning and control algorithms.
Walking Robots, Part 3: Trajectory Optimization Join Sebastian Castro as he shows you how you can use MATLAB and the Global Optimization Toolbox to find optimal motion trajectories for a Simulink model of a walking robot.
Real-Time Beat Tracking Challenge Jeremy Bell, Angus Keatinge, and James Wagner of The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) discuss their team’s winning entry to the IEEE Signal Processing Cup 2017.
Getting Started with MATLAB and ROS Join Sebastian Castro and Pulkit Kapur as they show how Robotics System Toolbox can help you connect MATLAB and the Robot Operating System (ROS).
Getting Started with Simulink and ROS Join Sebastian Castro and Pulkit Kapur as they show how Robotics System Toolbox can help you connect Simulink and the Robot Operating System (ROS).
Deploying Algorithms to ROS Join Sebastian Castro and Pulkit Kapur as they show how automatic code generation tools can help you deploy algorithms developed in MATLAB and Simulink to run in the Robot Operating System (ROS).
Building Interactive Design Tools Build interactive design tools to reduce development time. Zachary Leitzau from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University demonstrates the use of a self-built app to help design a model airplane.
Simulating Quadcopter Missions Simulation is a great way to test and tune control algorithms for quadcopters. Julien Cassette talks about using Simulink, Robotics Operating System (ROS), and Gazebo to simulate quadcopter missions from student competitions.
Optimizing Airframe Sizing Follow Joshua Williams from Cornell University Unmanned Air Systems (CUAir) as he demonstrates the use of a genetic algorithm to optimize airframe sizing for model airplanes.
Building Apps with MATLAB and App Designer Build apps with MATLAB to automate repetitive interactive code. Sebastian Castro and Connell D'Souza from the Robotics Arena demonstrate building interactive apps using App Designer.
Designing Distributed Systems with ROS Join Sebastian Castro and Connell D’Souza as they discuss techniques in Simulink to design and deploy multirate and multiplatform robotics algorithms with the Robot Operating System (ROS).
Designing Robot Manipulator Algorithms Accelerate the design of robot manipulator algorithms by using the Robotics Systems Toolbox functionality and integrating robot models with simulation tools to program and test manipulation tasks.
Introduction to Filter Design Join Mark Schwab and Connell D'Souza as they demonstrate the use of the Filter Designer app and interactively design filters for digital signal processing that can be implemented in MATLAB or Simulink.
From Data to Model Create a model for a piece of hardware from input and output data using the System Identification app. Connell D'Souza and Kris Fedorenko explain the workflow from data gathering to model evaluation.
Controlling Robot Manipulator Joints Learn how MATLAB, Simulink, and Robotics System Toolbox can help you design joint torque controllers for robotic manipulation and grasping tasks.
Getting Started with the Mobile Robotics Simulation Toolbox Learn how to work with the Mobile Robotics Simulation Toolbox on the MATLAB Central File Exchange.
MATLAB Apps with ROS Learn how to design interactive MATLAB apps to communicate with ROS enabled robots and simulators.
Robotics Education with MATLAB Professor Peter Corke and Sebastian Castro discuss how MATLAB and Simulink can be used in robotics education.
Programming Robot Swarms Explore how to use MATLAB and Simulink for prototyping and implementation of robot swarm behavior.
Using Ground Truth for Object Detection, Part 1 Use the Ground Truth Labeler app to generate quality ground truth data that can be used to train and evaluate object detectors.
Using Ground Truth for Object Detection, Part 2 Use labeled ground truth data to train and evaluate object detectors.
Deep Learning with NVIDIA Jetson and ROS Learn how GPU Coder can be used to deploy deep learning algorithms from MATLAB to embedded NVIDIA GPUs, and how the deployed code can be used with the Robot Operating System (ROS).
Sensor Fusion for Orientation Estimation Join Roberto Valenti and Connell D’Souza as they discuss using Sensor Fusion and Tracking Toolbox to perform sensor fusion for orientation estimation.
Modeling Pneumatic Robot Actuators, Part 1 Veer and Maitreyee show how you can model a pneumatic system by using physical blocks available in Simscape.
Modeling Pneumatic Robot Actuators, Part 2 Veer and Maitreyee show you how to build a throwing mechanism to throw a ball at a certain target using Simscape Multibody.
Modeling Pneumatic Robot Actuators, Part 3 Veer and Maitreyee first show how you can extend Simscape Multibody throwing mechanism models with physical effects modeled in Simscape. Later, controller is implemented in the system to track the reference piston position.
Autopilot Development Using Model-Based Design Claudio Conti of Sapienza Flight Team at Sapienza University of Rome joins Connell D’Souza to talk about using Model-Based Design and Real-Time Simulation to design a custom autopilot.
LQR Control of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Learn the basics of implementing a Linear-Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controller for an autonomous underwater vehicle with Juan Rojas and Nathan Liebrecht of the Autonomous Robotic Vehicle Project.
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Walking Robots Use MATLAB, Simulink, and Reinforcement Learning Toolbox to train control policies for humanoid robots using deep reinforcement learning.
Programming Soccer Robot Behavior Explore how to use MATLAB and Simulink for prototyping and implementation of multiagent systems through an autonomous soccer robot example.
Walking Robots: Pattern Generation Learn how MATLAB and Simulink can be used to design walking pattern generators for legged humanoid robots. | https://it.mathworks.com/videos/matlab-and-simulink-robotics-arena-modeling-pneumatic-robot-actuators-part-3-1542794959663.html |
Many mobile robot navigation frameworks and systems have been proposed since the first service robots were created . These frameworks laid the groundwork for the service robots that are being rolled out in factories, retail stores, and on sidewalks today. While many have been proposed, very few have rivaled the impact of the ROS Navigation Stack on the growing mobile robotics industry.
Indeed, this open-source project has fueled companies, governments, and researchers alike. It has gathered more than 400 citations, over 1,000 papers indexed by Google Scholar mention it, and 1,200 forks on GitHub, as of February 2020. Proposed in 2010, it provided a rich and configurable navigation system that has been reconfigured for use on a variety of robot platforms. It provided a reference framework and a set of foundational implementations of algorithms including A* and DWA
for planning and control. Navigation, however, suffered from perception and controller issues in highly dynamic environments and lacked a general state estimator. Further, ROS1 lacks in security and performance aspects, rendering it unsuitable for safety critical applications.
In this work, we studied current trends and robotics systems to create a new navigation system leveraging our collective experiences working with popular robotics frameworks. This work looks to build off of the success of Navigation while supporting a wider variety of robot shapes and locomotion types in more complex environments.
In this paper, we propose a new, fully open-source, navigation system with substantial structural and algorithmic refreshes, Navigation2. Navigation2 uses a configurable behavior tree to orchestrate the planning, control, and recovery tasks . Its federated model is structured such that each behavior tree node invokes a remote server to compute one of the above tasks with one of a growing number of algorithm implementations. Each server implements a standard plugin interface to allow for new algorithms or techniques to be easily created and selected at run-time.
This architecture makes use of multi-core processors and leverages the real-time, low-latency capabilities of ROS2 . ROS2 was redesigned from the ground up to be industrial-grade providing security, reliability, and real-time capabilities for the next generation of robots. ROS2 also introduces the concept of Managed Nodes, servers whose life-cycle state can be controlled, which we exploit to create deterministic behavior for each server in the system.
Our proposed algorithmic refreshes are focused on modularity and operating smoothly in dynamic environments. This includes: Spatio-Temporal Voxel Layer (STVL) , layered costmaps , Timed Elastic Band (TEB) controller , and a multi-sensor fusion framework for state estimation, Robot Localization . Each supports holonomic and non-holonomic robot types. However, Navigation2 is specifically designed such that all components are run-time configurable and in many cases, multiple alternative algorithms are already available for use. Our navigation system, the first of its kind built using ROS2, is shown to safely operate in a highly-dynamic campus setting. Through long-duration experiments, we show that it can robustly navigate a distance in excess of a marathon (37.4 miles total) with the Tiago & RB-1 base, shown in Figure 1, through high-trafficked areas.
Ii Related Work
Ii-a Navigation Systems
Dervish was one of the first robots that implemented an effective navigation system in an office environment . It used a coarse probabilistic representation of the environment using a sonar ring to navigate through a hallway scene for the Office Delivery Robot Competition. Soon after, and introduced the museum robots, RHINO and MINERVA. These robots primarily used probabilistic occupancy grids to localize in their environments with varying planning approaches. To avoid obstacles, DWA was used . These robots relied on 2D environmental representations for positioning and navigation, which could lead to collisions with out of plane obstacles.
presented a navigation system and environmental representation utilizing 3D information from tilting 2D laser scanners to navigate an environment. Many of the early techniques, such as A* and DWA, were used for planning and obstacle avoidance. Over time, tilting 2D laser scanners have given way to ubiquitous inexpensive 3D depth cameras and laser scanners. Some of the approach’s formulation is specialized for the geometry, low accuracy, and effects displayed by a 2D tilting laser configuration. Additionally, with the introduction of sparse multi-beam laser scanners, pure raycasting methods can no longer effectively clear out free space, especially in a dynamic scene. STVL created a more scalable alternative for many, sparse, and long-range sensors that is utilized in place of such techniques .
An outdoor robot navigation experiment was presented in 2013 . That work focused on the mapping, localization, and simple dynamic obstacle detection method used to navigate the streets of Germany over 7 km. Our work focuses on a modular navigation framework to build many types of applications using behavior trees and extended experimentation to showcase its maturity. While we do not directly consider the detection of dynamic obstacles in our experiments, all the necessary interfaces exist to do this through Navigation2 with an use-case specific detector enabled. We implemented an optimal local trajectory planner and 3D environmental modelling technique that is functionally efficient in the presence of dynamic obstacles without explicit detection, but can be augmented with such information if available.
Ii-B Models
Behavior trees (BT) have been shown to be successful for task planning in robotics, as a replacement for finite state machines (FSM) . With growing numbers of states and transitions, modeling complex behaviors and multi-step tasks as FSMs can become intractably complex for real-world tasks. successfully demonstrates the use of behavior trees to model motion and shooting tactics for soccer game play that would otherwise be intractable with a FSM.
BTs have also been applied heavily to the domain of robot mission execution, robot manipulation, and complex mobile-manipulator tasks . Further, behavior trees can be easily modified with widely reusable primitives and loaded at run-time, requiring no programmed logic. For this reason, behavior trees are used in our approach as the primary structure of the navigation framework.
Iii Navigation2 Design
The Navigation2 system was designed for a high-degree of configurability and future expansion. While the marathon experiments display one such configuration of Navigation2, the intent of our work is to support a large variety of robot types (differential, holonomic, ackermann, legged) for a large variety of environments and applications. Further, this support is not only targeted for research and education, but for production robots as well. The design took into account the requirements for robotics products needs including safety, security, and determinism without loss of the above generality.
Iii-a Reliable
For professional mobile robots moving in excess of 2 m/s near humans, there are many safety and reliability concerns that must be addressed. Navigation2 is designed on top of a real-time capable meta-operating system, ROS2, to address functional safety standards and determinism. ROS2 is the second generation of ROS, the popular robot middleware, built on Data Distribution Service (DDS) communication standard . DDS is used in critical infrastructure including aircraft, missile systems, and financial systems. It exposes the same strict messaging guarantees from the DDS standard to enable applications to select a policy for messaging. ROS2 leverages DDS security features to allow a user to securely transmit information inside the robot and to cloud servers without a dedicated network. These features create a viable communication framework for industrial-grade mobile robots.
Further, ROS2 introduces the concept of Managed Nodes (also known as Lifecycle Nodes). A managed node implements a server structure with clear state transitions from instantiation through destruction . This server is created when the program is launched, but waits for external stimulus to transition through a deterministic bringup process. At shutdown or error, the server is stepped through its state machine from an active to finalized state. Each state transition has clear responsibilities including management of memory allocation, networking interfaces, and beginning to process its task. All servers in Navigation2 make use of managed nodes for deterministic program lifecycle management and memory allocations.
Iii-B Modular and Reconfigurable
To create a navigation system that can work with a large variety of robots in many environments, Navigation2 must be highly modular. Similarly, our design approach favored solutions that were not simply modular, but also easy to reconfigure and select at run-time. Navigation2 created 2 design patterns to accomplish this: a behavior tree navigator and task-specific asynchronous servers, shown in Figure 2.
The Behavior Tree Navigator uses a behavior tree to orchestrate the navigation tasks; it activates and tracks progress of planner, controller, and recovery servers to navigate. Unique navigation behaviors can be created by modifying a behavior tree, stored as an XML. BTs are trivial to reconfigure with different control flow and condition node types, requiring no programming. Changing navigation logic is as simple as creating a new behavior tree markup file that is loaded at run-time. We exploit BT action node statuses and control flow nodes to create a contextual recovery system where the failure of a specific server will trigger a unique response.
Using ROS2, the behavior tree nodes in the navigator can call long running asynchronous servers in other processor cores. Making use of multi-core processors substantially increases the amount of compute resources a navigation system can effectively utilize. The Navigation2 BT navigator makes use of dynamic libraries to load plugins of BT nodes. This pattern allows for reusable primitive nodes to be created and loaded with a behavior tree XML at run-time without linking to the navigator itself. More than simply utilizing multiple processor cores, these nodes can call remote servers on other CPUs in any language with ROS2 client library support.
The task-specific servers are designed to each host a ROS2 server, environmental model, and run-time selected algorithm plugin. They are modular such that no or many of them can run at the same time to compute actions. The ROS2 server is the entry-point for BT navigator nodes. This server also processes cancellation, preemption, or new information requests. The requests are forwarded to the algorithm plugin to complete their task with access to the environmental model.
In summary, we can create configurable behavior trees whose structure and nodes can be loaded at run-time. Each BT node manages the communications with a remote server, that hosts an algorithm written in an array of languages, loaded at run-time through plugin interfaces.
Iii-C Support Feature Extensions
Using the modularity and configurability of Navigation2, several commercial feature extensions were proposed in the design phase. This subsection will highlight key examples and the design considerations to enable them. Behavior trees are most frequently used to model complex or multi-step tasks, where navigating to a position is a node of that larger task. The BT library BehaviorTree.CPP222https://github.com/BehaviorTree/BehaviorTree.CPP was selected for its popularity and support for subtrees to allow Navigation2 to be used in larger BT tasks. Users with complex missions may use a provided ’Navigation2 BT node’ wrapper to use Navigation2 as a subtree of their mission.
Many service robots will autonomously dock to recharge or operate elevators without requiring human assistance . Traditional navigation frameworks have not addressed this class of task in their formulation. While these extensions are not implemented due to lack of vendor standardization, we provide instruction to easily enable them. Each server supports multiple algorithm plugins; a docking controller algorithm can be loaded into the controller server and called from the BT to dock a robot. A BT action node can be trivially added to call an elevator using other IoT APIs provided by vendors .
Iv Navigation2 Implementation
In this section, each of the recovery, planner, and controller servers provided in Navigation2 are examined. Each may be customized or replaced by the user, but we will address the specific algorithm plugins and servers provided, recommended, and used in our experiment. Each server contain an environmental model relevant for their operation, a network interface to ROS2, and a set of algorithm plugins to be defined at run-time. Provided plugins can be seen in Figure I.
Iv-a Behavior Tree Navigator
The behavior tree navigator is the highest level component of Navigation2, hosting the tree used to implement navigation behaviors. Navigation2 builds upon BehaviorTree.CPP, an open source C++ library supporting type-safe asynchronous actions, composable trees, and logging/profiling infrastructures for development. The top level node, BT navigator server, seen in Figure 2, is where user defined BT are loaded and run. Each node calls a server, below, to complete a task.
Figure 3 depicts a conventional Navigation2 BT, also used in our experiments. Following the logical flow from left to right, a policy ticks the global planner action at a rate of 1 Hz. If the global planner fails to find a path, the fallback node advances to the next child action to clear the global environment of prior obstacles. The parent sequence node then ticks the controller or similar clear fallback behavior. Should local fallback actions and subsequent sequence node return failure, the root fallback node then ticks the final child, attempting evermore aggressive recovery behaviors. First by cleaning all environments, then spinning the robot in place to reorient local obstacles, and finally waiting for any dynamic obstacles to give way.
Iv-B Recovery
Recovery behaviors are used to mitigate complete navigation failures. By convention, these behaviors are ordered from conservative to aggressive actions.
Note, however, that recovery behaviors can either be specific to its subtree (e.g. the global planner or controller) or system level in the subtree containing only recoveries in case of system failures. Those used for experiments are as follows:
Clear Costmap: A recovery to clear costmap layers in case of perception system failure. Spin: A recovery to clear out free space and nudge robot out of potential local failures, e.g. the robot perceives itself to be too entrapped to back out. Wait: A recovery to wait in case of time-based obstacle like human traffic or collecting more sensor data.
Iv-C Perception
As range and resolution of depth sensing technologies have improved, so too have world representations for modeling a robot’s environment. To leverage these improvements, a layered costmap approach is used, allowing the user to customize the hierarchy of layers from various sensor modalities, resolutions, and rate limits. A layered costmap allows for a single costmap to be coherently updated by a number of data sources and algorithms. Each layer can extend or modify the costmap it inherits, then forward the new information to planners and controllers.
While the costmap is two dimensional, STVL maintains a 3D representation of the environment to project obstacles into the planning space. This layer uses temporal-based measurement persistence to maintain an accurate view of the world in the presence of dynamic obstacles. It scales better than raycasting approaches with many, high-resolution, and long-range sensors such as 2D and 3D laser scanners, depth cameras, and Radars . Figure 4 shows the robot planning a route in a central stairwell and its view of the environment using STVL to represent a voxel grid. The map (shown in black) and inflation of the static map (colored gradient) are also displayed in the local and global costmaps.
Those used for experiments are as follows:
Static Layer: Uses the static map, provided by a SLAM pipeline or loaded from disk, and initializes occupancy information. Inflation Layer: Inflates lethal obstacles in costmap with exponential decay by convolving the collision footprint of the robot. Spatio-Temporal Voxel Layer: Maintains temporal 3D sparse volumetric voxel grid that decays over time via sensor models from the laser and RGBD cameras.
Iv-D Global Planner and Controller
The task of the global planner is to compute the shortest route to a goal and the controller uses local information to compute the best local path and control signals. The global planner and controller are plugins delegated to task-specific asynchronous servers. For performance, relevant global and local costmaps are co-located in their respective server.
New algorithms are employed for smoothly navigating in highly dynamic environments by combining the TEB Local Planners with the STVL for dynamic 3D perception. The TEB controller is capable of taking in object detections and tracks to inform the controller of additional constraints on the environment. It is also suitable for use on differential, omnidirectional, and ackermann style robots. DWB, a DWA implementation (DW ”B” being incrementally named), is also implemented as a highly-configurable scoring-based controller. However it is not used in these experiments due to its performance in dynamic scenes. Those used for experiments are as follows:
A* Planner: Navigation function planner using A* expansion and assumes a 2D holonomic particle. TEB Controller: Uses Timed-elastic-bands for time-optimal point-to-point nonlinear model predictive control.
Iv-E State Estimation
For state estimation, Navigation2 follows ROS transformation tree standards to make use of many modern tools available from the community. This includes Robot Localization
, an general sensor fusion solution using Extended or Unscented Kalman Filters. It is used to provide smoothed base odometry from N arbitrary sources, which often includes wheel odometry, multiple IMUs, and visual odometry algorithms.
However, locally filtered poses are insufficient to account for integrated odometric drift, thus a global localization solution remains necessary for navigation. The global localization solutions used for experiments are as follows:
SLAM Toolbox: an configurable graph-based SLAM system using 2D pose graphs and canonical scan matching to generate a map and serialized files for multi-session mapping . This was used to create the static map in preparation for the experiment. AMCL: An implementation of an Adaptive Monte-Carlo Localization, which uses a particle filter to localize a robot in a given occupancy grid using omni-directional or differential motion models . This was used as the primary localization tool for the duration of the experiments.
Iv-F Utilities
Navigation2 also includes tools to aid in testing and operations. It includes the Lifecycle Manager to coordinate the program lifecycle of the navigator and various servers. This manager will step each server through the managed node lifecycle: inactive, active, and finalized.
The lifecycle manager can be set to transition all provided servers to the active state on system bringup. Alternatively, it may wait for a signal to activate the system. Navigation2 enables users to activate, manage, and command their system through a GUI. This GUI includes controlling the lifecycle manager, issuing navigation commands, selecting waypoints to navigate through, and canceling current tasks in real-time. For autonomous applications, all of these commands are available through ROS2 server interfaces with examples.
Iv-G Quality Assurance
System wide integration tests are employed for quality assurance purposes; helping to avoid regressions over time. In addition to basic unit testing, code style linters, and memory static analysis - simulation tests are used by a continuous integration pipeline to emulate an entire robot software stack. As shown in Figure 5, a 3D robotic simulator, Gazebo, is used to test community contributions over an assortment of virtual scenarios including static and dynamic environments.
Such system tests allow maintainers to monitor not only navigation failures over tested trajectories, but also performance analytics for various algorithms over an assortment of robot platforms with unique locomotion kinematics.
V Experiment and Analysis
V-a Experiment Overview
To show the robustness of Navigation2, we conducted a more extensive experiment than proposed in , an ”utra-marathon” (a distance greater than a standard marathon). This test demonstrated the robustness and reliability of our system in long-term operations without human assistance using two professional robots: the Tiago and RB-1 base, shown in Figure 1. These robots operated in a human-filled environment in a University setting running at near-industrial speeds.
The experiment took place in the Technical School of Telecommunications Engineers at the Rey Juan Carlos University. Figure 7 shows the map of this environment with the track used in the experiment. The robot was made to navigate this track around a central stairwell (surrounding waypoints 3, 11, 13, 14), a high-traffic bridge and hallway (waypoints 4-10), and back into a lab (waypoint 1) through a narrow doorway without intervention. The robot shared the environment alongside students, Figure 6, whom sometimes spontaneously block the path of the robot. We define a 300 meters route for the experiment through this set of waypoints.
The characteristics of both robots are similar, described in Table II. Both use differential steering, with similar diameters but varying heights. They each use RGBD cameras and safety laser scanners with different ranges and resolutions for perception and obstacle avoidance. Both robots were set to have a maximum speed of 0.45 m/s for functional safety, below their maximum allowable speed. Two different robots were used to show the portability of our system across multiple hardware vendors with trivial reconfiguration. The Tiago utilized an external computer because its internal operating system is not supported by ROS2. Both robot vendors provide supported drivers and interfaces for users. We created a custom bridge between it and ROS2 which supports continuous flow of data. This was required to support high-frequency data requirements on transformations and odometry.
The robot saves the following information once a second:
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timestamp: Current time.
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distance: Odometric distance travelled.
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recovery_executed: Logged executed recoveries.
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vel_x: Instantaneous linear velocity.
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vel_theta: Instantaneous angular velocity.
All of the software, configurations, and data used in this experiment is available in the marathon333https://github.com/IntelligentRoboticsLabs/marathon_ros2 repository. This repository contains instructions to reproduce the experiment as well as the data described above collected in the experiment. We collected the following information for the experiment dataset: localized pose with covariance, instantaneous speed commanded, whether a recovery behavior was triggered, time and distance navigated, laser scan readings, geometric transformations, inertial sensor data, and map. This data is publicly available in the repository for experimental verification.
V-B Analysis
Table III shows the results of the experiment. The robots successfully navigated over 37 miles in under 23 hours in a dynamic campus environment. During the experiment the average linear speed was 0.37 m/s. Neither robot suffered a collision or a dangerous situation requiring an emergency stop during the test. The robots operated without direct assistance throughout the experiment and never failed to complete a navigation task.
Figure 8
shows a time-lapse panel of a situation that the robot faced in a crowded hallway during the moments of the start of classes. In this period, many students are walking quickly to their destinations, frequently using phones. This sequence shows how the robot interacts with several groups of students. On approach, the robot first slows and navigates around first two people in the group in the first panel. The third person pauses, giving the robot the right of way to continue – in panel 2. Then, after navigating around the first group in panels 1-3, a new person from panel 3 to 4 walks through the scene and the robot corrects its trajectory to navigate away from their path. Panel 5 shows the robot exiting the complex scenario without collision or stoppage.
Passive assistance was rendered to the robot on rare instances when students occupied the exact pose of a waypoint the robot was navigating towards. At that time, students were asked to move to allow the robot to continue. This was a fault in the application built for the marathon experiment, which utilizes Navigation2. The application did not account for occupation of the goal pose, however, this does not represent an issue or failure mode of Navigation2 itself.
While the total number of recoveries seems high, triggering recovery behaviors is not a generally a poor-performance indicator since it is part of a fault-tolerant system. Recoveries indicated that the robot had some difficulty due to a potentially blocked path or erroneous sensor measurement. The system automatically performs the recovery required to overcome a given challenge resulting in the robust system presented.
The majority of recovery behaviors executed were due to two cases. The first happened in crowded spaces where the robot was unable to compute a route to its goal. In this case, the robot cleared its environmental representation, usually the local costmap, of obstacles. If this was insufficient, typically, the path was blocked by students and the wait recovery paused navigation until the path was clear. The second case was when the localization confidence was low. Long corridor areas with repetitive features in the presence of many people around caused occasional issues. AMCL works well in dynamic environments when enough rays can reach the static map, however, many changes over a long duration can degrade positioning quality. In this situation, the robot’s spin recovery helped regain localization confidence to continue on its path.
A video highlight reel of this experiment can be found in the footnote 444https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXp8wFZr68M.
Vi Limitations
While shown in experiments to effectively navigate in narrow spaces around people for many miles without human intervention, there are some limitations to the Navigation2 system which will be addressed in future work. Currently, the A* planner used does not create feasible paths for non-circular non-holonomic robots. This does not generally cause an issue for differential drive robots used in this experiment as they can rotate to a new heading in-place. However, this creates an issue for complex geometry robots or car-like robots resulting in an inability to move because of an infeasible path to follow. Extensions are in development to support non-holonomic robots of arbitrary shape.
Further, the TEB controller can account for dynamic obstacles in computing velocity commands, however, no explicit obstacle detection was utilized in these experiments. Without these explicit detections, our system was able to successfully navigate in the presence of many dynamic obstacles. However, detections and predictive models will further enable robots to operate safely around humans and other agents.
Vii Conclusion
It has been shown that the Navigation2 navigation system can reliably navigate a campus environment in the presence of students during long-duration testing. Our demonstration had 2 different industrial-grade robots, using our system, navigate in excess of a marathon without any human intervention or collision. The system made use of behavior trees to orchestrate navigation algorithms to be highly configurable and leverage multi-core processors – enabled by ROS2’s industrial-grade reliable communications. We used modern algorithms such as STVL and TEB for perception and control in large and dynamic environments while continuing to build on the legacy of the popular work of the ROS Navigation Stack.
There are gaps in dynamic obstacle tracking and planning which are being developed and will be addressed in future work. This work is open-source under permissive licensing and we anticipate many more extensions and algorithms to be created using our framework, further improving over time.
Acknowledgements
Other major contributors on Navigation2 include: Matt Hansen, Carl Delsey, Brian Wilcox, Mohammad Haghighipanah, and Carlos Orduno.
References
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W. Burgard, A. Cremers, D. Fox, D. Hahnel, G. Lakemeyer, D. Schulz, W. Steiner, and S. Thrun, ”The interactive museum tour-guide robot,” in Proc. of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 1998.
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- Y. Maruyama, S. Kato, T. Azumi, ”Exploring the Performance of ROS2”, Proc. of ACM EMSOFT, pp. 5:1-5:10, 2016.
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- T. Moore and D. Stouch. A generalized extended kalman filterimplementation for the robot operating system. InIntelligentAutonomous Systems 13, pages 335–348. Springer, 2016.
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The hypothesis that artificial emotion-like mechanisms can improve the adaptive performance of robots and intelligent systems has gained considerable support in recent years. To test this hypothesis, a mobile robot navigation system has been developed that employs affect and emotion as adaptation mechanisms. The robot’s emotions can arise from hard-coded interpretations of local stimuli, as well as from learned associations stored in global maps. They are expressed as modulations of planning and control parameters, and also as location-specific biases to path-planning. Our focus is on affective mechanisms that have practical utility rather than aesthetic appeal, so we present an extensive quantitative analysis of the system’s performance in a range of experimental situations.
Artificial affect representations can be broadly categorized into symbolic and neurophysiological models (Aylett, 2006). Symbolic models are typically favored by large-scale general-purpose AI frameworks, and emphasize cognitive roles of affect such as goal prioritization and memory management. They are often based on cognitive appraisal theories of emotion such as that proposed by Ortony et al. (1988). These types of models often have limited applicability in the robotics domain, where symbolic objects are not simply assumed to exist; they must be derived from real-world sensor data.
Thus, robotic implementations are typically more heavily inspired by neurobiological theories of emotion such as that proposed by Damasio (1999). Affect and emotions may be employed as internal ‘sensors’, or as discrete states that drive action selection. One of the main functions of this type of affect representation is to motivate a robot to respond quickly to certain events without waiting for its slower cognitive processes to ponder the situation. Affect is thus regarded as a potential replacement for deliberative processing in robotic controllers. Interactions between affect and deliberative processing have received little attention in the robotics domain, because they are often viewed as competitors for the same role.
One robotic affect model that has inspired various implementations is Valásquez’s Cathexis architecture (Valásquez, 1997), which models Ekman’s six basic emotions (anger, fear, happiness, sadness, disgust and surprise) (Ortony and Turner, 1990) as ‘proto-specialist’ agents (Minsky, 1986) executing in parallel. Emotions are one of several inputs that control behavior activation. A similar approach is adopted by Breazeal (2003) for the robotic head Kismet. In Kismet’s model, stimuli are tagged with three dimensions of affective information (valence, arousal and stance), and their associated emotional responses compete for activation in a winner-takes-all manner. In addition to driving certain cognitive processes, emotions are portrayed as variations in the robot’s facial expression, gaze direction and tone of voice.
Survival Drive: An affective state governing parameter modulations that directly influence the likelihood or potential outcomes of existence-threatening events such as collisions.
Deliberative Navigation: Following paths that are planned utilizing global maps constructed a priori and/or updated in response to environmental dynamics.
Affective Stimulus: A function of an internal or external event that elicits an affective response.
Dynamic Window: A rectangular search space of discrete linear and angular velocities bounded by a robot’s kinematic and dynamic constraints.
Reactive Control: Real-time selection of motor outputs in response to short-term sensor data or local map data.
Mapped Emotion: A set of emotional intensities associated with specific locations in the environment due to previous stimuli.
Strategic Drive: An affective state governing parameter modulations that alter cognitive strategies without directly affecting an intelligent system’s prospects for survival.
Global Emotion: A single intensity value representing an emotion elicited by stimuli perceived at the present time. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/robotic-emotions-navigation-feeling/21504 |
The inverted pendulum problem is one of the most well-known exercises in control theory.The premise is simple:
- A pendulum, when placed upside-down, becomes an unstable equilibrium. Keeping it upright requires effort, as minute, natural disturbances can cause the pendulum to quickly topple over.
- By applying a well-calculated force to the base of the pendulum, one can counteract any torque an unbalanced pendulum experiences from gravity, allowing it to remain upright.
- Keeping an inverted pendulum upright requires constant execution of precise adjustments. These adjustments must be performed in real-time, as latency can easily disrupt the system, allowing the pendulum to tip over. High-speed signal processing and calculations are thus required.
To demonstrate the capabilities of SIMulation Workbench and Concurrent Real-Time’s Programmable FPGA card, Concurrent Real-Time has designed and built a working model of an inverted pendulum system. Using advanced features of SIMulation Workbench such as the the Real-Time Database (RTDB), Human Interface builder (HMI), and FPGA IP Core Modules, Concurrent Real-Time is able to balance this inverted pendulum system.
Balance is achieved through a user program written in C. The program updates every 250 microseconds, meaning that the control loop operates at 4000Hz. At the beginning of each 250µs frame, the user program reads the current angle of the pendulum, provided by an Angular Decoder IP Core. The program then uses proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control to calculate an appropriate response. The output is then sent to a PWM Output IP Core, which controls the motor controller onboard the pendulum cart.
Additionally, an ultrasonic sensor is used to measure the position of the cart along the track. This is achieved using both a PWM Output and PWM Input IP Core. By sending a fixed duty cycle signal to the ultrasonic sensor and observing the received duty cycle from the sensor, the user program can determine where the cart is on the track. The user program can then correct the cart if it strays too close to the edge of the track.
During operation, various aspects of the control program can be observed through the HMI display. The HMI is a GUI that features real-time graphs showcasing the angle of the pendulum, the throttle and acceleration of the cart, as well sliders that allow the operator to tune the PID controller on-the-fly.
The inverted pendulum problem possesses many real-world applications. Some examples include self-balancing robots, rocket thrust control systems, and personal mobility devices such as segways and “hoverboards.” By showcasing Simulation Workbench’s ability to solve the inverted pendulum problem with ease, Concurrent Real-Time hopes to clearly illustrate the potential for Simulation Workbench to be effectively utilized in similar, yet more complex applications. | https://concurrent-rt.com/inverted-pendulum/ |
For the last few years, the concept of the Internet as a concept that we often hear about not only in the corporate arena but also in the individual consumer, refers to the “Intelligent” “Things” that began with the arrival of all kinds of objects in a continuous data exchange.
The most important subject in this regard is Machine-Machine (M2M) communication. M2M is not what you mean when talking about making machines smarter. This point is the “perceptors” that stand out.
The sensors measure and evaluate; In short, it collects and distributes data. The concept of the internet of objects becomes more valuable when it is thought of as the talk of the machines with the perceptions. But the information gathered by the perceptors loses significance if there is no infrastructure to process them in real time.
Cloud-based applications are now at a critical point in terms of real-time processing of the data. Continuous, accessible, secure cloud systems are a must for the “internet of objects” age.
SMARIS IOT and Sensor Applications
- Sensor Development, Production, Support
- Sensor Fusion and Production
- Sensor Data Collection (Historian)
- Sensor Data Integration, Analytics
Electronic Design Applications
In today’s world, embedded systems are used all over our mobile phones, from entry control systems in our workplaces to CNCs in production bands.
Embedded systems correspond to the embedding of software that can perform that task on a piece of equipment designed as an application-specific or larger application or part of the product.
Key Features
a) Embedded systems are implemented and singular functions; the application is already known, the steps are run repeatedly.
b) Efficiency is of vital importance for embedded systems. Energy, code size, processing times, weight & size and cost should be optimized.
c) Embedded systems are typically designed to meet real-time needs, a real-time system triggered by a device or operator at any time within the environment in which it is located. All triggers must respond as fast as necessary. Late answers (or very early answers) are errors.
d) Embedded systems often interact with the environment through sensors or actuators, so they are interactive systems. What is needed for continuous interaction is to keep pace with the rate of interaction that the environment imposes.
e) They do not have interfaces. If it is, it will be very limited. | http://www.smaris.com/o-services/ |
This course aims at teaching students basic knowledges and more recent advances on mobile robotics, such as robot sensing, localization, mapping, and motion planning.
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Introduction to sensors and actuators, especially flexible devices. These sensors and actuators have wide applications in wearable electronics, Internet of Things, robotics, and mobile health, etc. This course prepares students to work professionally in academic researching or companies focusing on advanced technology.
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Project Report is a task of the capstone project focusing on combining existing academic theories or advanced technologies with an evaluation of a case study or academic project. Students will be asked to select a topic, or an engineering problem that arouses their interests, conduct literature review and research on the topic, design the experimental or testing methodology, acquire a portfolio of findings or results, create a final product or a written report demonstrating their learning acquisition or conclusions and finally give an oral presentation on the capstone project to a panel who collectively evaluate the quality of the task.
|Required Elective Courses||
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4 required electives chosen from Group 1 (12 credits)
AND
2 required electives chosen from Group 2 (6 credits)
|Total Credits||30 credits|
List of Required Elective Courses (3 credits for each course)
|ECEN7019||
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This is a project oriented course of Embedded System for postgraduate students. It emphasizes general concepts and design techniques of embedded system. Topics include overview of embedded system, real-time system, hardware and software co-design, and components selection.
|EMEN7011||
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Analyzes kinematic characteristics of planar and spatial manipulators. Differential kinematics and statics. Dynamics. Trajectory planning. Introduction to feedback control of physical system behavior. State-space and functional descriptions of linear and nonlinear systems. Feedback, stability, and robustness. Design of PID controllers and compensators. Interaction control. Actuators and sensors. Robot control architecture.
|EMEN7032||
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This course introduces the fundamentals of intelligent system technologies and their engineering applications. It will present the principles of knowledge-based systems, fuzzy logic, artificial neural networks, evolutionary computing, and explore how intelligent machines and automation could benefit from application of these technologies. It will also discuss the representation of knowledge, knowledge acquisition, decision making mechanism, learning and machine learning, as well as its applications in various engineering domains.
|EMEN7103||
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This course aims to introduce students to the fundamental concepts involved in the design and operation of aerial robots, visiting the topics of rotorcraft modelling, navigation guidance and control, as well as motion planning. In particular we will derive dynamic models of robotic quadrotors, discuss the available sensors to be installed onboard and sensor fusion techniques rooted on the concepts of Kalman Filtering for linear and nonlinear systems, present methods for aerial robot control with stability analysis, and basic algorithms for efficient robot motion in unstructured environments. Finally, some applications are presented and future uses of aerial robots are discussed.
|EMEN7104||
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Any specialized topic in Robotics chosen by staff member who has experience in that particular field, but the topic is not covered by the other postgraduate courses in the MSc. programme.
|EMEN7105||
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This course will give students an in-depth perspective on the most advanced techniques and algorithms currently used in wheeled mobile, aerial, space, and ocean autonomous robots, working in unstructured environments. These techniques will include recent results from machine vision, robotic image and video processing, sensor-based control for autonomous robots, sensor fusion for robot pose estimation, advanced nonlinear motion estimation and control, simultaneous localization and mapping, learning and deep neural networks, perception and compliance of human behaviour, and advanced robotic trajectory tracking and path planning. Case studies of successful algorithms employed in single and multiple autonomous robots will be presented and discussed.
List of Required Elective Courses (3 credits for each course)
|CISC7201||
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This course is designed for students who are new to the world of data science. After the introduction of some basic arithmetic, variables, and data structures in Python, students will start to learn how to collect and extract data from real datasets. Some data analytical skills using the control flows and Python packages (e.g., NumPy, SciPy, Pandas, etc.) will be introduced. To address the needs of big data processing, some distributed computing frameworks (e.g., Spark) and visualization tools with Python will be discussed. Students may apply some basic learning algorithms with Python packages (e.g., scikit-learn) to extract knowledge from data.
|CISC7202||
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The course will start from the very beginning of the ML basis. First, the basic concepts such as liner algebra; probability and information theory, and numerical methods will be introduced. Next machine learning overview, inductive learning, and representation learning will be introduced. Basic deep learning processes are designed as artificial neural network; Bayesian Networks and learning; Deep learning and deep neural networks; convolution neural network. Throughout the course, practical methodology of using tools such as Tensorflow or Karas etc. will be be emphasized.
|ECEN7101||
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This course introduces students to advanced topics in Internet of Things. The detailed contents may change from year to year depending on current developments and teacher specialization.
|EMEN7039||
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This course provides the concepts and methods of prognostics and health management (PHM) of engineering system, which describes PHM techniques and their applications in engineering systems. A variety of tools and techniques for developing health management and monitoring of components and systems will be discussed. Topics related to sensor signal acquisition, data pre-processing techniques, various signals processing methods for feature extraction, machine learning methods and data driven prognostics models. After successfully completing this course, students will have a good understanding of system health monitoring, optimum sensor placement for health assessment, and current challenges and opportunities in the PHM field. | https://www.fst.um.edu.mo/eme/msc-ras/ |
For engineers, a wide variety of information cannot be directly obtained through measurements. Some parameters (constants of an electrical actuator, delay in a transmission, etc.) or internal variables (robot’s posture, torques applied to a robot, localization of a mobile robot, etc.) are unknown or unmeasured. In addition, usually the signals from sensors are distorted and tainted by measurement noises. In order to simulate, to control or to supervise processes, and to extract information conveyed by the signals, one has to estimate parameters or variables.
Estimation techniques are, under various guises, present in many parts of control, signal processing and applied mathematics. Such an important area gave rise to a huge international literature. From a general point of view, the performance of an estimation algorithm can be characterized by three indicators:
- The computation time (the time needed to obtain the estimation). Obviously, the estimation algorithms should have as small as possible computation time in order to provide fast, real-time, on-line estimations for processes with fast dynamics (for example, a challenging problem is to make an Atomic Force Microscope work at GHz rates).
- The algorithm complexity (the easiness of design and implementation). Estimation algorithms should have as low as possible algorithm complexity, in order to allow an embedded real-time estimation (for example, in networked robotics, the embedded computation power is limited and can be even more limited for small sensors/actuators devices). Another question about complexity is: can an engineer appropriate and apply the algorithms? For instance, an algorithm application is easier if the parameters have a physical meaning w.r.t. the process under study.
- The robustness. The estimation algorithms should exhibit as much as possible robustness with respect to a large class of measurement noises, parameter uncertainties, discretization steps and other issues of numerical implementation. A complementary point of view on robustness is to manage a compromise between existence of theoretical proofs versus universalism of the algorithm. In the first case, the performance is guaranteed in a particular case (a particular control designed for a particular model). In the second case, an algorithm can be directly applied in “most of the cases”, but it may fail in few situations.
Within the very wide area of estimation, Non-A addresses 3 particular theoretical challenges:
- Design annihilators for some general class of perturbations;
- Estimate on-line the derivatives of a signal;
- Control without sophisticated models.
All of them are connected with the central idea of designing or exploiting algorithms with the finite-time convergence property. In particular, the non-asymptotic estimation techniques (numerical differentiation, finite-time differentiators or observers) constitute a central objective of the project, explaining the name Non-Asymptotic estimation for on-line systems. Below, these 3 challenges will be shortly described in relation to the above indicators.
The researches developed by Non-A are within the continuity of the project-team ALIEN in what concerns the algebraic tools that are developed for finite-time estimation purposes. However, Non-A also aims at developing complementary estimation techniques, still aiming at the finite-time performance but based on the so-called higher-order sliding mode algorithms, interval estimation techniques and, as well as, fixed-time algorithms.
Non-A also wants to confront these theoretical challenges with some application fields:
- Networked robots
- Nano/macro machining
- Multicell chopper
- i-PID for industry
- Ecological monitoring, modelling, estimation and identification of biological systems
Today, most of our effort (i.e. engineering staff) is devoted to the first item, according to the theme `Internet of Things’ promoted by Inria in its Strategic Plan for the Lille North-Europe research center. Indeed, WSNR (Wireless Sensor and Robot Networks) integrate mobile nodes (robots) that extends various aspects of the sensor network.
Null controllability and finite time stabilization for the heat equations with variable coefficients in space in one dimension via backstepping approach. | https://team.inria.fr/non-a/ |
— In this paper, navigation and control of autonomous mobile unicycle robots in a complex and partially known obstacleridden environment is considered. The unicycle dynamic model used has two differentially-driven wheels, with the two wheel motor torques as the system input. Two novel controllers are derived which stabilize the robot within a surrounding disk-shaped area (henceforth called a bubble) of arbitrary size for any initial velocities. The first controller takes the unicycle to the center of its bubble while the second corrects its orientation. The torque- levels can be controlled by adjusting gains. The control laws are independent of inertial parameters. An existing global planner is used by each robot to create a string of bubbles connecting its start point to its goal point, with each bubble’s size indicative of the radial obstacle-clearance available from its center. Each robot then uses its local bubble-controllers to follow its global planned path. This method is t...
Kaustubh Pathak, Sunil Kumar Agrawal
Real-time Traffic
ICRA 2005
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Mobile Unicycle Robots
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Robot
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Robotics
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Unicycle
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Psychology could play a vital role in tackling diabetes, according to researchers.
A series of articles which focused on the condition combined with the power of the mind were published in a special edition of American Psychologist called Diabetes and Psychology.
The documents looked at how current and potential contributions of psychological science can affect the well-being of people with or at risk of developing diabetes.
Among the 10 articles in the special issue were Understanding Diabetes and the Role of Psychology in its Prevention and Treatment and Psychology, Technology and Diabetes Management.
The social context of diabetes was reviewed by Deborah Wiebe and colleagues at the University of Utah. The review spread its focus across the positive and negative effects on management of relationships with family, friends and partners.
The role of psychological conditions, such as depression, anxiety and disordered eating is another factor that can play a complicating role in diabetes management.
Other aspects which the articles covered were the role of changing technology, medication adherence and behavioral intervention programs.
Dr Christine Hunter, from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, part of the National Institutes of Health, said: “Diabetes is a common, chronic and costly condition that currently affects millions of people in the United States and worldwide, with even greater numbers at high risk for developing the disease.
“Behavioral, psychological and social factors play an important role in the delay or prevention of type 2 diabetes as well as the self-management and coping skills required to prevent or delay complications in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
“Psychologists and psychological research have an important role to play in improving the prevention and care of diabetes.”
The role of psychology plays a varied role in diabetes
Psychology could play a vital role in tackling diabetes, according to researchers. | https://www.diabetes.co.uk/news/2016/oct/the-role-of-psychology-plays-a-varied-role-in-diabetes-91043564.html |
Area of Emphasis: Health Psychology Description of Area of Emphasis: The Health Psychology area emphasizes understanding the myriad connections between psychological and physical health and well-being in support of the development of meaningful prevention, assessment, and intervention strategies. Health Psychologists specialize in assessing and treating many populations of adults and children including: individuals experiencing co-morbid medical and psychological diagnoses (e.g., schizophrenia and diabetes), individuals who have medical illnesses exacerbated by psychological conditions (e.g., stress in cardiac patients), individuals experiencing significant psychological distress related to their medical diagnosis/prognosis (e.g., coping with end of life issues), individuals who have psychological symptoms caused by physical processes (e.g., cognitive impairments in dementia and traumatic brain injury patients), individuals who have chronic medical conditions that require high levels of behavioral adherence to complex regimens of care (e.g., asthma or diabetes), and individuals with significant behavioral lifestyle management issues related to physical disability (e.g., obesity, smoking, etc.). The Health Psychology area teaches students to work within the context of multidisciplinary teams in a variety of settings including primary care, specialty care, inpatient, outpatient, and integrated care environments. Faculty and students in this area often collaborate with colleagues from other departments at EMU as well as those from other universities and training facilities. Research Training: Similar to other areas of emphasis in the department, research training takes place within our mentorship model, wherein students are paired with specific faculty whose interests are a good fit for promoting the students’ development of research skills. Students must complete the master’s thesis, qualifying paper, and/or dissertation project in an area related to health psychology (e.g., identifying psychosocial barriers to regimen adherence among a chronically ill population). Students typically present their findings at research conferences such as those affiliated with the Society for Behavioral Medicine, the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, and the Society of Pediatric Psychology. Students are also encouraged to submit manuscripts for peerreviewed publications. Internal sources of funding exist to support student research expenses and travel to research conferences. Clinical Training: Clinical training in the Health Psychology area covers a broad range of empirically supported assessment and treatment approaches. All students in the doctoral program are trained in both adult and child/family treatment approaches through required coursework, supervised clinical practica experiences, as well as a course in organized systems of care. In addition to these core courses, students within this area of emphasis also take specialized courses in Psychopharmacology, Behavioral Medicine, and Integrated Primary Care. Beyond the classroom, students complete a one-year practicum in-house at our own Psychology Training Clinic, and continue to maintain a small caseload thereafter. At our Clinic, students may request that they be assigned cases related to their area of interest when it is possible and feasible to do so. After a year in-house, students complete advanced practicum training at a wide range of health-related external practicum sites including the Ann Arbor Rehabilitation Center, Ann Arbor Veteran’s Administration Medical Center, the Henry Ford Health System, St. Joseph Mercy Health System, and the University of Michigan Health System. . Affiliated Faculty and Related Interests: Jin Bo, Ph.D. (Cognitive Neuroscience) – Behavioral and neural mechanisms of age-related differences in individuals with cognitive and motor difficulties, such as children with Autism Spectrum Disorders, Developmental Coordination Disorder, ADHD and older adults with mild cognitive impairments. Approaches to facilitate learning to improve cognitive and motor functions in these populations. Michelle Byrd, Ph.D. (Child Clinical and Health Psychology) – Integration of behavioral and medical care in pediatric healthcare settings, parent training programs, the incorporation of acceptance-based strategies in the treatment of medically ill populations. Flora Hoodin, Ph.D. (Health Psychology) – Behavioral medicine and integrated care, particularly the intersection of biomedical parameters with cognitive compromise, depression, anxiety, and behavioral sequelae in adult and pediatricbone marrow/stem cell transplant; Cognitive-Behavioral and modern behavior therapies. Heather Janisse, Ph.D. (Developmental and Health Psychology) – Pediatric obesity, interventions for at-risk preschoolers, health disparities in at-risk minority populations, parent-child relationships and child outcomes, developmental methodologies. Ellen Koch, Ph.D. (Adult Psychopathology and Health Psychology) – Exposure-based treatments for PTSD as well as other anxiety disorders, behavior therapy and cognitive-behavior therapy for adult anxiety disorders, treatment outcome research, anxiety sensitivity and its relationship to other constructs predicting psychopathology, secondary prevention of psychopathology resulting from elevated anxiety sensitivity, and one-session exposure treatment for small animal phobias. Renee Lajiness O’Neil, Ph.D. (Pediatric Neuropsychology) – Neurodevelopmental disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorders, language based learning disability, and ADHD, cognitive, behavioral and neural correlates of these disorders using neuropsychological measures and functional neuroimaging such as magnetoencephalography (MEG), early identification of risk and resilience factors in neurodevelopmental and acquired disorders of childhood. Tamara Loverich, Ph.D. (Adult Psychopathology and Health Psychology) – Emotion regulation, excessive behavior, eating behavior, modern behavior therapies, multicultural therapy. Catherine Peterson, Ph.D. (Pediatric Psychology) – Neurocognitive and psychological issues associated with chronic medical conditions in childhood such as childhood cancer, type 1 diabetes, sickle cell disease, and recurrent pain; psychological outcomes, academic achievement, quality of life, family burden, and family intervention related to pediatric medical populations. Karen Saules, Ph.D. (Health Psychology) – Addictive behaviors, interaction of addictive and eating behaviors, binge eating, obesity, bariatric surgery, weight management/ maintenance, body image, weight stigma. | https://studyres.com/doc/64618/area-of-emphasis-description-of-area-of-emphasis |
Dr. Lavoie's work focuses on research in three areas: (1) the impact of psychological stress (e.g., depression, anxiety) and lifestyle factors (diet, exercise, smoking, adherence) on the development and progression of chronic illnesses (e.g., cardiovascular disease, asthma, COPD, obesity); (2) psychophysiological and behavioral mechanisms linking psychological stress to disease; and (3) behavioural medicine (e.g., behavioral interventions for chronic illnesses, including motivational communication and cognitive-behavioral therapy).
Dr. Kim Lavoie, co-Director of the MBMC and co Lead of the International Behavioural Trials Network (IBTN), holds the Chair of Behavioural Medicine at the University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM) and is a researcher in the Chronic Disease Research Division at Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal. She is a Full Professor in the Department of Psychology at UQAM and an Adjunct Professor of Medicine at University of Montreal. She is the Chair of Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine at the Canadian Psychological Association, Chair of the Canadian Network for Health Behaviour Change and Promotion (CAN-Change) and an active member of the CHEP recommendation panel (Adherence Subcommittee). Finally, she is an internationally recognized expert in motivational communication; over 10,000 health professionals across Canada, the US, Europe (France, Spain, Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Portugal, Italy, Estonia, the UK), Australia and New Zealand have attended her professional training workshops. She currently holds FRQS and CIHR Investigator Awards and multiple grants in the area of motivational communication training and efficacy for behaviour change in chronic disease. | http://mbmc-cmcm.ca/member/kim-lavoie-2/ |
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Adherence to asthma medication regimens by asthma patients is often poor and contributes to the continued and substantial burden of asthma in the community. There is evidence of increased rates of behavioural problems, anxiety and depression in people with moderate-to-severe asthma and these factors may interfere with adherence and contribute to poor asthma control. An alternative explanation is that the relationship between feelings of anxiety and depression, and adherence to the treatment regimen may be more accurately predicted from the coping styles used, rather than the experience of asthma itself. The objective of this paper was to review evidence for associations between coping strategies used by asthma patients, asthma management and health outcomes. The Medline and PsychInfo databases were searched for articles containing the terms "asthma" and "coping". Patients with asthma tended to use different strategies for coping with stress and illness compared to healthy participants and individuals with other chronic illnesses. Emotion-focussed coping strategies such as denial were commonly used by patients with poor medication adherence, those who attended emergency departments for asthma, were admitted to hospital for asthma, or suffered near-fatal asthma attacks. Interventions to improve coping strategies have been effective in reducing symptoms and psychological distress. The availability of coping resources to patients and/or their caregivers and the coping strategies that are used are likely to mediate the influence of psychosocial factors on the management of asthma. Further studies exploring the ways in which individuals cope with asthma will improve our understanding of the mechanisms linking psychological and social status to asthma morbidity and mortality.
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12854624?dopt=Abstract |
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is now as much a disease of adults as of children and adolescents. An important focus of recent research has been the impact of the complex, expensive, and time consuming routine of self-care and medical treatment that is required by adults with CF to maintain health. A growing concern for medical and allied health teams is the issue of patient adherence to prescribed health management plans. A summary of the particular medical and treatment context of CF is followed by a review of adherence measurement issues and the determinants of adherence to treatment regimens in people with CF, primarily adults. Evidence for factors which influence adherence decisions of people with CF is examined. The medical and psychological aspects of this complex problem have not been adequately addressed because of difficulties with definition and measurement. Only a small proportion of the variance in adherence has been accounted for in the literature. New measurement technologies and new theoretical directions offer promise for a better understanding of this complex and important issue and may result in more effective intervention strategies to improve adherence.
- adherence
- cystic fibrosis
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DEMOGRAPHIC DATA, AETIOLOGY, AND TREATMENT OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common severe genetically inherited condition in the population of north west European descent, affecting approximately one in every 2500 live births.1 Significant advances in the management of respiratory infection and pancreatic insufficiency, coupled with better quality of care by specialist multidisciplinary teams, have resulted in a significant improvement in life expectancy to around 30 years.2 Preventative management and symptomatic treatment is instituted in early childhood for most people with CF, so management and treatment routines have been a daily concern for most adults with CF for many years.
People with CF have relatively good psychosocial health.3 The incidence of recognisable mental health disorders in people with CF is very similar to that in the general population.4 However, high levels of stress and, intermittently, high levels of distress are common and require recognition and attention. Moise et al5 noted higher self-esteem, lower levels of psychological distress, and better adaptation in patients who used avoidant coping strategies than in those who used more direct and positive coping methods. More recently, Abbott et al6 found that adults with the most serious disease more often reported their health to be better than others with CF. As will be discussed later, these findings raise questions about the interactions between treatment adherence and the use of coping strategies which depend on a high level of denial of the disease process and its threats to ongoing health and physical wellbeing.
Better life expectancy has brought with it the challenges of maintaining a complex and time consuming CF treatment regimen.7 For most people with CF, management involves continuous home care with daily prophylactic medications such as oral or nebulised antibiotics, pancreatic enzymes, nebulised mucolytic agents, and vitamin supplements, as well as daily physiotherapy treatments.8 Ideal home care also involves optimising nutrition and exercise. From time to time most patients with CF require admission to hospital for intravenous antibiotics and intensive physiotherapy treatment of acute infective exacerbations of their lung disease.8 CF can also be complicated by diabetes9 and liver disease, conditions requiring substantial day to day management routines in their own right. There is also a growing concern about bone disease associated with CF.10 Lung transplantation does not reduce the requirement for ongoing self-care and close supervision.
In view of the complexity and extent of the treatment requirements for CF, ongoing adherence to treatments is of interest and concern to CF clinicians.
ADHERENCE TO MEDICAL REGIMENS
Poor adherence to medical advice and treatment in chronic illness in general is well documented, with reports of patient adherence rarely exceeding 80% and more often falling between 30% and 70%.11 The extent to which people adhere to recommended treatments appears to depend on the complexity and longevity of both the disease and its treatment. Research results are also influenced by the particular definition of adherent behaviour and the measurement strategies employed.12 In a substantial review of studies on life threatening disorders,13 the mean adherence rate for long term preventative regimens was found to be only 57% while the mean adherence rate for long term treatments was slightly less at 54%.
The consequences of poor adherence—both for individuals and in terms of costs to the health system—are significant.14 Cluss and Epstein12 cited “exacerbation of disability, progression of the disease, more frequent medical emergencies, unnecessary prescriptions of more potent and/or toxic drugs and, ultimately, failure of treatment” to be important consequences of poor adherence to medical regimens and treatments.
Other reasons for examining patient adherence include quality assurance and accuracy in clinical trials11 and the collection of accurate data on the efficacy of ongoing treatments. The study of adherence may also allow us to gain a better understanding of patients' health beliefs and behaviour that hopefully will be a precursor to the design of better treatment programmes and improved relationships between patients and health professionals. This latter goal takes on particular significance in light of the dilemma which exists for health professionals between promoting good psychological health (and perhaps condoning and accepting denial and avoidance coping strategies) and promoting adherence, which is dependent on attention to and recognition of the disease process and the need to treat it.
Definition of adherence
The terms “compliance” and “adherence” are generally used interchangeably in the literature. However, Meichenbaum and Turk11 argue that there is an important difference between them. They define compliance as “the extent to which patients are obedient and follow the instructions, proscriptions, and prescriptions of health care professionals”, while adherence is defined as an “active, voluntary, collaborative involvement of the patient in a mutually acceptable course of behaviour to produce a desired preventative or therapeutic result”. Although this is a useful definition and helps to conceptualise adherence, it does not assist in the establishment of criteria to define adherence behaviours—it does not tell us what someone must do to be considered adherent to a particular therapeutic or preventative regimen.
Many studies have found that substantially less than 100% adherence is sufficient to result in desired health changes. Gordis15 suggested that a suitable criterion for adherence behaviours is “the point below which the desired preventative or desired therapeutic result is unlikely to be achieved”. Meichenbaum and Turk advocated the need to develop specific criteria based on particular conditions and treatments, rather than adopting general criteria for adherence behaviours. While this appears to be an acceptable criterion, it is only practical for those conditions where it is known how much of any prescribed behaviour is required to produce the desired effect.11 The chronic and variable nature of CF with its interdependent components of care and lack of knowledge of “how much is enough” for most aspects of the CF health care regimen make determination of such criteria an ongoing process of adjustment and balance.
Lask16 suggested that patients should be described as fully adherent, partially adherent, or non-adherent—that is, he differentiated patient adherence using a quantitative approach. He noted that people may be adherent to some components of treatment and not others, and cautioned against the global labelling of patients as adherent or non-adherent. Koocher et al17 suggested that there are three different types of non-adherence: those who have inadequate knowledge, those who present psychosocial resistance, and those who are educatedly non-adherent—that is, have made an informed choice not to adhere. Lask16 classified non-adherent patients on the basis of their behaviour into three groups: “refusers” who say they don't want or don't need a particular treatment; “procrastinators” who are likely to say they will adhere more in future but never seem to get around to it; and “deniers” who will not admit to any non-adherence even when it is quite clear that their adherence is poor. Unfortunately, despite the recognition of various degrees and types of adherence, most of the literature reports adherence as a dichotomous construct—either adherent or non-adherent. We hypothesise that the majority of clinicians hold a similar view.
What emerges from these considerations is the importance of developing reasonable criteria for adherence which suit the specific context of patients' behaviour.
Measurement of adherence
The measurement of adherence is problematic. The most commonly reported techniques are to ask the patient, ask the physician, ask patients to keep a diary of their actions, count remaining pills, count the number of filled prescriptions, and review the medical record. All of these are indirect measures of the target behaviour and all are subject to problems of reporting bias, reporting errors, or intentional manipulation on the part of the reporter. Compared with more direct measurement techniques, all of the techniques described above have been shown to overestimate adherence.12,18
Another common approach involves drawing retrospective conclusions about adherence based on the therapeutic response, although this method carries substantial assumptions about the predictability and reliability of treatment responses to particular medications or other forms of treatment.18 When considering a complex disease such as CF, this method also forces assumptions about the interactions between different treatment elements and the stability of treatment effects for treatments other than the one targeted—for example, interactions between antibiotics and physiotherapy in the treatment of respiratory infections.
More direct measurement techniques have also been employed. In particular, blood serum levels or urinary excretion of medications, their metabolites, or of a tracer substance have been used to measure adherence with varying degrees of success. These methods have their own limitations, particularly the issue of pharmacokinetic variation.19 An additional concern with laboratory based measurements of adherence is the cost in time, money, and acceptability to the patient of collecting and analysing the data. Many blood and urine assays are only able to provide an accurate measure of the amount of medication consumed in the preceding 24 hours20 so, while such a measure may provide information about the patient's adherence on the day before the test, daily testing would be needed to make an accurate assessment of adherence. Clearly, this kind of approach is invasive, expensive, and impractical for longer term treatment regimens.
There are a smaller number of reports of other more direct attempts to measure adherence behaviours using various electronic recording devices attached to pill bottles, aerosol dispensers (puffers), and nebulisers which record the date and time of each use of the dispenser.21–25 These data can be periodically downloaded for analysis and provide a more dynamic and longitudinal view of adherence than was previously possible. Researchers in this area report high levels of accuracy and reliability with these devices.22–25 The methodology offers advantages over both direct biological methods and diary reporting methods:
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The recording devices are non-invasive, relatively non-intrusive, and less dependent on patient cooperation for the collection of data.
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They allow for the continuous collection of data over a long period of time without the patient having to attend the clinic.
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They provide a measure of behaviour—not of belief, memory, or drug effect.
The main downside of these devices is their high unit cost price. They are, however, inexpensive to maintain and are usually reusable over a considerable period of time.
This type of monitoring has its own limitations. The data provide information about the use of a medication dispenser, not about whether the patient actually ingested the medication removed from the dispenser. However, it is reasonable to assume that most patients who make the effort to remove medication from the dispenser in the prescribed way (particularly over a long period of time) will also consume the medication. This technology is presently limited to medications and certain other specific activities (such as physiotherapy using a physiotherapy vest) and cannot provide us with information about adherence to treatment regimens such as exercise or diet. Researchers using these devices have also questioned whether this form of monitoring actually changes adherence behaviour—that is, whether the knowledge that their medication is being monitored causes patients to adhere better to the medication. This is an interesting question which holds both surprises and possibilities. It has been shown that, even when the monitoring has been explained to the patient, adherence behaviour is not significantly affected by monitoring alone21,24 and that, where monitoring does change adherence, the effect is very short lived.18,23 Rand et al23 found that this form of monitoring allowed them to identify instances of medication “dumping” (the repeated use of the medication dispenser, far beyond prescribed levels, shortly before medical appointments) which could not be detected from other adherence measures, a finding that is inconsistent with the idea that monitoring itself improves long term adherence behaviour.
These findings may appear to be in contrast to the large body of psychological literature on the effectiveness of self-monitoring techniques in effecting behavioural change.26 Self-monitoring requires the patient to monitor and keep a written record of instances of a particular behaviour or emotion as part of a treatment programme, an approach used with many mental health disorders. It is known from this field of work that self-monitoring alone is usually insufficient to bring about desired changes in behaviour. The technique becomes effective with the addition of goal directed modifications of cognition and behaviour based on the self-monitoring observations. Of particular interest for the future are the opportunities presented by the merger of medication and health monitoring technologies and the methodology of self-monitoring to assist behavioural change—for example, the use of blood glucose monitors by people with diabetes in assisting dietary management and diabetic control.27,28
PREDICTORS OF ADHERENCE IN ADULTS WITH CF
People with CF often receive little positive reinforcement for their efforts to adhere to treatment. Furthermore, CF is an inexorable disease and, even with complete adherence, the health of an adult with CF will eventually decline. At best, good adherence is thought to reduce the rate of decline of respiratory disease. There is the real risk that adherence may be worse in those with the most severe disease because of the lack of positive reinforcement from any beneficial effect of treatment adherence.29
The treatment demands placed upon adults with CF are extraordinary when compared with most other chronic illnesses, let alone when compared with the healthy population. In addition to the complexity and number of treatments prescribed for adults with CF, adults living with this condition are faced with the challenge of interpreting and understanding the effects and priority of each of these treatments within their own treatment regime. It is not surprising that patients find this difficult, given the lack of consensus among treating physicians and multidisciplinary health care teams about which treatments are most important.7,30
People with CF often develop strong relationships with their multidisciplinary health teams. These relationships are usually developed over many years of treatment; CF is one of only a handful of chronic illnesses in which such long term treatment relationships may be developed. This feature of health care in CF will impact (both positively and negatively) on the communication between the health care professional and the patient.30 Such a relationship may enhance the clarity of the communication and may lend an important source of support to the patient. Importantly, though, it may also lead to assumptions on the part of both the health care professional and the patient about shared knowledge of the concerns to be dealt with and the treatment programme overall. The physician, physiotherapist, or dietician may assume, for example, that a patient knows how to manage a particular aspect of treatment if the subject has been discussed in a previous consultation. This assumption may be fair for much of the time, but there will be occasions when important information has not been exchanged which may result in adherence difficulties being unrecognised by both the CF team and the patient.
The disruption to longstanding health care relationships when older adolescents transfer their care from a paediatric to an adult facility must also be considered.31 The process of transfer can be an unsettling experience for some while, at the same time, it may herald a new sense of belonging or a fresh start. Important changes of this kind can impact on the dynamics of patients' self-perceptions and perceptions of place and belonging.32 In particular, transfer to an adult unit can signal a different level of parental involvement and supervision of the health care regimen for some young people. Changes in the dynamics of adherence may be predicted as part of this overall change process.
At present there is no information about the relationship between family functioning and either health outcomes or adherence in adults with CF. Unlike their healthy peers, more adults with CF remain within the family home or live alone than marry or share accommodation with others.3 It could be predicted that family functioning may be an important mediating variable for adherence for those adults who continue to live with immediate family and those who marry, but less so for adults with CF living independently. In this group, a broader definition of what constitutes family may be important to consider. The role of family cohesion, conflict, and stress have been linked to longer term trends in pulmonary functioning and weight gain for children and adolescents with CF.33–35 While the mechanisms for these links remain unclear,7 it has been postulated that treatment adherence is the mediator of the effect, with those patients experiencing lower family stress, higher parental availability, and positive family coping adhering better to treatments and enjoying better health.
A limited number of studies have reported on adherence in adults with CF. Most are of an exploratory nature and employ self-reports, physician reports, or medical record reviews as their measurement strategy. As noted, these measurement strategies are problematic, raising concerns about the validity of the information which is likely to overestimate the extent of true adherence.
These early self-report and physician report studies indicate that the level of adherence to antibiotic treatments (oral or intravenous) is relatively high (80–95%).36 This is a considerably higher rate of adherence to a longer term treatment than the figures previously found across a wide range of illnesses.13 Adherence to nebulised medications and pancreatic enzymes is reported to be moderate (65–80%) which is also better than the figures reported more generally for long term regimens. However, adherence to vitamin therapy, dietary changes, exercise, and physiotherapy is generally reported to be poor (40–55%).37
These findings are consistent with the literature on adherence generally which suggests that adherence decreases as the duration and complexity of treatment increases.30 Interestingly, disease severity and general knowledge about CF are poorly associated with adherence,37,38 while worry about the condition and trust in medical practitioners appear to be related to greater levels of adherence.39 When asked specifically about why they do not adhere to treatments, adults with CF most often cite forgetfulness.36,37
There are significant limitations in the literature on adherence in adult patients with CF. In addition to the problems with measurement techniques, studies to date have been cross sectional in design and have presented a static picture of adherence. There has been no literature examining variability in adherence over time. Most studies report treatment factors (such as complexity and time) or trait factors (such as worry and confidence) as explanations for poor adherence. While these factors appear to have some explanatory value, most of the statistical effects are small, leaving significant amounts of the variance in adherence behaviour unaccounted for.
MODELS OR THEORIES APPLIED TO ADHERENCE IN CF
Theories previously applied
Efforts to understand adherence behaviour in CF through the application of theoretical models have met with limited success. The health belief model,40 the health locus of control construct,41 and various models of coping42 have been applied. In addition, consideration has been given to the social cognitive theory of Bandura43 and, in particular, the concept of self-efficacy (the confidence to perform a particular behaviour).
Abbott et al39 found little support for the health belief model as a predictor of adherence in adults with CF. They were unable to discriminate between adherent and non-adherent patients on the basis of their health beliefs, with the exception of finding that those patients who worried more about their illness reported better adherence to most of their treatments. The results with the health locus of control model were more encouraging. Patients who believed that “chance factors” or “powerful others” controlled their health reported better adherence to physiotherapy regimens, enzymes and vitamin supplements, while those who believed they were in control of their own health reported better adherence to exercise regimens.
These findings warrant further investigation. Self-report of adherence behaviour was used in this study as the basis of testing the two theoretical models. However, it is likely that only a study using more objective measures of adherence will clarify the contribution of these theoretical models to the issue of adherence. It certainly seems reasonable to predict that patients who perceive their illness as serious, believe that treatment is beneficial, and are motivated or concerned for their health (as described in the health belief model) would adhere better to prescribed treatment programmes.
Czajkowski and Koocher42 explored the predictive value of six coping behaviours (understanding the severity of the illness, taking responsibility for medications at home, seeking information about the illness, future goal orientation, involvement in school or work, and openness with peers about illness) in distinguishing between adherent and non-adherent adolescents with CF. Reports of whether or not they used these coping behaviours reportedly discriminated between adherent and non-adherent patients; those who used the coping behaviours also had better adherence.
Parcel et al44 evaluated the importance of various skills in maintaining adherence to the CF treatment programme. Skills included confidence in managing various aspects of medical treatment, symptom and behaviour monitoring, communication, and adjustment. They found that self-efficacy was the most important factor in predicting whether patients and their caregivers effectively monitored health and treated respiratory problems.
New theoretical directions
Previous studies13 suggest that the difficulties experienced by patients in achieving adherence are not disease specific, so it is appropriate to investigate models which have been applied to other diseases and in other disciplines in adults with CF. New models in health psychology offer unexplored possibilities for understanding the mechanisms which influence adherence to treatment in adults with CF. In particular, the self-regulatory model45 has led to developments in the understanding and measurement of health behaviours including adherence to treatment. This model suggests that health related behaviours (including adherence) are influenced by the beliefs or cognitive schema (labelled “illness representations”) which the patient holds about the illness. In this model it is considered that people structure their beliefs around the following five separate components or themes relating to the illness: “identity”, “time line”, “cause”, “consequences”, and “cure/control”.
A questionnaire measure was developed by Weinman et al46 to measure patients' perceptions of their illness across these themes. Responses on this measure predicted patients' attendance for rehabilitation and their return to work following a myocardial infarction,47 suggesting a link between illness perceptions and adherence behaviours. The measurement of illness representations in adults with CF may assist us to predict the way in which they will adhere to their treatment and therefore to plan ways of managing the effects of illness representations on adherence.
Horne48 examined beliefs about medicines using the concept of illness representations but targeting the treatment rather than the illness itself. It has been found that the beliefs that patients hold about the necessity of medications prescribed for them as well as specific concerns about potentially adverse effects of their medications account for a significant amount of the variance (15–20%) in reported adherence to those medications. Across more than seven illness groups it was found that patients with a stronger belief about the necessity of their medication were more adherent than those with stronger concerns about potentially adverse effects. Patients who reported both a strong belief in the necessity of their medication as well as reporting a high level of concern about adverse effects were less adherent. It was hypothesised that such patients perform a “cost/ benefit analysis” of the pros and cons of taking medication, trying to minimise the perceived risks of the medication by taking less than the prescribed dose.
We propose that specific knowledge about a prescribed treatment may also influence the cost/benefit analyses performed by patients. It has been found that, although knowledge about CF in general has a very limited relationship with treatment adherence, there are strong relationships between accurate knowledge of a specific treatment regimen and better adherence to the regimen, at least among adolescents with CF.49,50
It seems therefore that the combination of better measurement techniques and appropriate theoretical models to guide our research questions may help us to predict (and test) more accurately the way in which people with CF adhere to their treatments.
DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
Adherence behaviour in patients with CF (particularly adults) is currently poorly understood and has been researched using exploratory and somewhat crude methodologies. We have not begun to understand the dynamics of symptom and treatment interactions which may guide the beliefs and decisions of adults with CF about how to adhere to their many and complex treatments, nor do we understand the processes and patterns which may be involved in treatment relationships between health professionals and patients over time. We know that many young people find it disruptive and unsettling to move from paediatric to adult services. We understand that people adhere with less consistency to more complex and time consuming treatments and we suspect that people who worry more about their disease adhere better to their treatments than those who are less worried. We have no information, however, about the way patients perform their treatments over time, and no accurate or objective information about how adherence to different treatment components relates to health outcomes in CF. People with CF are living longer, but we know that there is a high cost in both treatment demands and the development of additional symptoms in many cases.
If we are to develop our understanding of and ability to predict adherence to treatments in patients with CF (with the end goal of improving adherence), longitudinal studies of adherence behaviours are indicated with effective measurement tools. This is necessary as the current literature does not allow any understanding of the changing nature of adherence over time, with increasing age and maturity or disease severity. The complexity of the CF treatment regimen also provides an important opportunity to study adherence behaviour concurrently within multiple different management regimens (e.g. physiotherapy, antibiotics and vitamins). These studies are necessary if we are to gain an understanding of the relationship between adherence and outcome in CF.
Key points
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There is an increasing recognition among health care professionals that managing and promoting adherence to treatment is an essential component of CF care.
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Previous research indicates that patients with CF adhere more to some treatment components than others, and adhere to some treatments less than 50% of the time.
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Exploration of the issue of adherence in CF has been hampered by unclear criteria for adherence and limitations in measurement techniques.
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Electronic monitoring devices, in combination with longitudinal research designs, offer the promise of more valid and reliable information about rates and patterns of adherence in CF.
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Theoretical models such as the self-regulatory model, drawn from health psychology, may assist us to develop a more sophisticated understanding of adherence behaviours among patients with CF.
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Interventions for the promotion of adherence in CF must be developed with sensitivity for the individuals living with this complex and progressive disease, with its extraordinary treatment demands and lack of clarity about clinical best practice.
There are additional research challenges in relation to adherence which face the CF community. The issue of adequate criteria for adherence, both from a clinical and a research point of view, remains unresolved. International—and, in many cases, national—agreement about minimal standards of care in CF is yet to be achieved, together with an understanding within different treatment regimens of how much is enough. These issues make discussion about adherence criteria fraught with uncertainty. We have a poor understanding of the different adherence challenges faced by patients with CF who have different levels of disease severity and who are at different life stages. What may be true for one patient at a particular stage of life may not be true or appropriate for another at a different developmental stage. It is likely that qualitative studies will provide a deeper understanding of these issues.
On a broader level, CF and other chronic illnesses pose a challenge for those training doctors and other health care professionals. Training in most disciplines relevant to CF is focused on the treatment of acute illnesses (or a series of acute illnesses), a very different proposition from the long term management of people with a chronic illness.51 In addition, physicians receive limited training in communication skills and in strategies that may enhance the quality of communication within a consultation. The lack of knowledge about how adherence can be improved means that most health professionals receive little specific training about the simple communication strategies that can promote better adherence to the health care regimen.52
We have begun to investigate the links between patient beliefs and perceptions of their disease and its treatment and their adherence to those treatments. We have conducted a cross sectional pilot study to assist with the validation of a new questionnaire measure of beliefs and perceptions about CF and its treatment and are now using electronic monitoring technology to collect detailed information from adults with CF using two different medications over a period of 3 months.53 This will allow us to examine the relationship between patterns of adherence to those medications and patient beliefs about their treatments. It is hoped that a better understanding of treatment adherence in adults with CF will lead to improvements in treatments, health outcomes, and patient quality of life.
Few adherence interventions have been tested in patients with CF—whether children, adolescent, or adult. We believe that only with greater understanding of the complex issue of adherence to treatment in people with CF (and other chronic conditions) will we be able to design and test interventions that aim to improve and maintain adherence in order to improve health and wellbeing. | https://thorax.bmj.com/content/57/5/459?ijkey=49ada556f335c637526719a13fcae2990b24d85e&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |
The study of how biological, social, and psychological variables impact health and sickness is known as health psychology. Health psychologists research how patients cope with disease, why some individuals ignore medical advice, and the most efficient approaches to manage discomfort and modify bad behaviors.
Similarly, What is an example of health psychology?
Even in the midst of psychological stress, educating patients on adopting healthy choices, such as nutrition and exercise (i.e., avoiding stress eating, using exercise to reduce stress) As needed, participating in various therapies, such as those involving addiction or a sedentary lifestyle.
Also, it is asked, On which specific areas does health psychology focus quizlet?
The study of social, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional aspects that impact the maintenance of health, the genesis of sickness, the course of illness or disease, and the patients’ and families’ responses to illness and disease is known as health psychology.
Secondly, What is another term for health psychology?
Health psychology is a branch of psychology that studies how biology, psychology, behavior, and social factors affect health and disease. Medical psychology and behavioral medicine are two terminologies that are occasionally used interchangeably with the phrase health psychology.
Also, What is the nature of health psychology?
Health psychology investigates the psychological roots of disorders in order to comprehend how the mind and body interact in terms of healing or sickness.” The involvement of psychological elements in the origin, development, and consequences of health and sickness is emphasized in health psychology.
People also ask, What does a health psychologist do quizlet?
A branch of psychology concerned with the psychological impacts on how individuals remain well, why they become sick, and how they behave when they do. Health psychologists not only research problems, but also provide solutions to aid individuals.
Related Questions and Answers
Which of the following defines health psychology quizlet?
What is the definition of health psychology? The research of how cognitive and behavioral concepts may be utilized to prevent sickness and enhance physical health.
Which relationship has been shown through the study of psychoneuroimmunology quizlet?
Which association has been discovered via psychoneuroimmunology research? Cortisol levels are connected to a reduction in the number of lymphocytes.
What is psychology in health and social care?
Overview of the course. Psychology for Health and Social Care examines the psychological and social aspects that contribute to physical sickness, the effect of illness on people, psychological treatments, and how this knowledge may be used to healthcare and social care.
What is the importance of health psychology?
Health psychology plays a significant part in healthcare professional education by supporting patient-centered treatment that encourages enhanced self-management, giving people more control over their health and enabling them to make better decisions.
Which of these would a health psychologist study quizlet?
What exactly does health psychology entail? Investigate the effects of biology, environment, and behavior on health and sickness. a full condition of physical, mental, and social well-being
What is the name of the process of symmetrical holes that are believed to have been made intentionally with sharp tools to allow the evil spirit to leave the body?
Trepanation, also known as trephination, is the earliest surgical operation known to humans.
What is the term for stimuli or events that place a demand on an organism for adaptation or adjustment?
The stress as a stimulus idea was first proposed in the 1960s, and it defined stress as a major life event or change that necessitates a reaction, adjustment, or adaptation.
Which of the following statements best defines health psychology?
Which of the following is the most accurate definition of health psychology? *understanding the psychological impacts on how individuals remain healthy, why they become sick, and how they react while sick.
Which of the following best defines health promotion?
Health promotion is the process of empowering individuals to take charge of their health and enhance it.
What is psychoneuroimmunology in psychology?
PNI is a science that has developed over the past 40 years to research the link between immunity, the endocrine system, and the central and peripheral nervous systems.
What does the field of psychoneuroimmunology focus on?
Abstract. The study of interconnections between behavior, the brain, and the immune system is known as psychoneuroimmunology.
What does the term psychoneuroimmunology mean?
: a discipline of medicine concerned with the impact of emotional states (such as stress) and nervous system activity on immunological function, particularly in the context of illness initiation and progression.
What do clinical health psychologists do?
Psychological health psychology is a professionally recognized speciality that studies and implements clinical services to improve health and well-being and to prevent, treat, and manage disease and disability in a variety of groups and settings.
Which of the following early psychologists viewed the study of consciousness as central to psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt’s studies on consciousness, which began in 1879, were crucial in the establishment of psychology as a discipline.
How is a psychiatrist different from a clinical psychologist?
Clinical psychologists are experts in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. Psychiatrists are medical physicians who have completed at least 11 years of education and training. A medical degree from a university is required of psychiatrists.
What happens if someone stays awake for several days quizlet?
What happens if you remain up for a few days? Throughout the interval of waking, alertness gradually declines. On a virtually 24-hour period, you would alternate between being awake and sleeping.
What’s it called when they drill a hole in your head?
This technique, also known as “trepanning” or “trephination,” involves employing a sharp tool to drill a hole in the skull. Nowadays, surgeons may undertake a craniotomy — a treatment in which a portion of the skull is removed to get access to the brain — to perform brain surgery.
What is trepanation in psychology?
The act of drilling a hole through the skull to the surface of the brain, also known as trepanation or trepanning, may be used to cure a variety of medical ailments or for more mystical purposes. (Photo courtesy of the Science Museum in London/Wellcome Images.)
Which of the following mental health providers is able to provide psychological treatment?
Psychiatrists
What is biological stress cascade?
A stressful encounter, whether physical or emotional, may set off a chain reaction of stress hormones that cause physiological changes. The sympathetic nervous system is activated in this way, triggering an acute stress reaction known as the “fight or flight” response.
What is Hans Selye theory?
General Adaptation Syndrome is Hans Selye’s stress model based on physiology and psychobiology (GAS). According to his approach, a stressor (an event that affects an organism’s well-being) triggers a three-stage physical response: Stage 1: Warning. Resistance is stage two. Exhaustion is stage three.
What are the models of health psychology?
The health belief model, health locus of control model, theory of planned behavior, and transtheoretical theory of behavior modification are among them.
How does psychology promote health and wellbeing?
‘Sense of coherence,’ ‘optimism,’ and benefit seeking and post-traumatic development’ are key components of wellbeing that are crucial to health. Happy psychology methods have been designed to boost positive thoughts, feelings, and emotions in order to improve wellbeing.
What is the focus of health promotion activities?
People are kept healthy by health promotion and illness prevention initiatives. Individuals and communities are encouraged to select healthy habits and make changes that minimize the likelihood of acquiring chronic illnesses and other morbidities via health promotion initiatives.
What are health promoting behaviors?
Many chronic illnesses may be avoided by following a low-fat diet, engaging in regular physical activity, keeping a healthy body weight, and avoiding smoking and stress. The most crucial part of health promotion is eating habits.
Conclusion
“The health psychology focuses on what quizlet” is a quiz that will test your knowledge of the field. The quiz is broken down into multiple sections, and you have to answer questions in each section.
This Video Should Help:
The “health psychology notes” is a blog that focuses on health and mental health. The blog includes posts about what the author thinks are important topics in the field of health psychology. | https://homehealthmetairie.com/health-psychology-focuses-on-what/ |
The agenda of the Equally Well campaign is to enhance monitoring of the physical health of the mentally ill people through measuring care accessibility and their experiences in the healthcare services. The mentally ill Australians experience various barriers when accessing healthcare services compared to those with psychological health problems. According to Roberts et al. (2018), although the Equally Well campaign has greatly tried to address some of these factors, more work should be done to address numerous determinants of health and change the societal perception about people living with mental illnesses.
Care Accessibility
Barriers to quality care among people with mental health problems can be divided into system-level factors, provider factors, and patient-related issues (Lawrence & Kisely, 2010). Systemic factors contributing to inequality in care access among the mentally ill people include geographic issues, resource and managerial and resource separation of mental and physical healthcare facilities, unavailability of clarity on who is responsible for the mentally ill people’s health, lack of integration between psychiatry and medicine, inadequate community care and fragmentation of care among providers. The provider-related factors include limited care access among this population, including stigmatization, resource and time challenges, and the potential to treat physical complaints as psychosomatic symptoms. Patient-related issues involve cognitive impairment, social isolation, limited support from family, minimal pain sensitivity, difficulties in expressing health needs, and fear.
Australians with psychological health problems have more difficulty receiving the crucial care services they need. People with mental conditions are 10% more unlikely to access healthcare services compared to those without mental health issues (Lawrence & Kisely, 2010). Affordability is the greatest barrier to care access. Due to limited ability to negotiate for the care cost, this group is likely to pay more for care services. There is a disparity in the respect demonstrated by the nursing staff toward patients living with psychological conditions. The fear of the disrespect acts as a barrier to seeking care services among patients with psychological health conditions. Compared to the general population, Australians with mental problems face extra problems when negotiating with the healthcare system, affecting their access to health services.
Kilbourne et al. (2018) reveal stigmatization of people with mental health conditions as common in the health sector. Nobody likes being stigmatized, and people would always avoid going to places where others may feel uncomfortable while in their midst. This is what happens with most patients with mental health conditions, especially those who have experienced the medical staff’s stigmatization in their previous hospital visits. Healthcare professionals tend to see them being disruptive or difficult as individual characteristics rather than a symptom of mental illness and therefore perceive such patients to be difficult. Patients with mental illnesses are not given full attention during care, encouraging hopelessness and low expectation from the care services, which affects an individual’s willingness to disclose symptoms of a certain health problem.
People with mental illness are unlikely to have an existing good relationship with a regular care professional at a local community facility. Psychological problems impair the patients’ cognitive ability to recognize symptoms of a particular physical health problem, limiting their motivation to seek health advice. People with problems like agitation and anxiety may have some challenges dealing with busy care professionals, as one is supposed to wait for their appointments during care, which sometimes may be challenging for such patients who may decide to leave before the appointment as a way to cope with their condition, however, healthcare professionals may translate it as being uncooperative, and disrespecting, leading to the poor patient-physician relationship, therefore lack of motivation to establish long term contact and friendship.
Studies demonstrate that healthcare professionals are poor at determining and treating physical health symptoms in people with psychological health diseases (Brämberg et al., 2018). This happens because physical health complaints may happen as part of a psychiatric condition, and some care professionals would neglect the physical assessment of mentally ill patients, assuming the complained about symptom is psychological. Moreover, mental health illness may render psychiatric patients unlikely to communicate their physical needs, therefore making it hard to receive the deserving quality care.
Until the Equally Well campaign is able to address these barriers causing barriers among the mentally ill when accessing care services, the campaign is not enough. The campaign needs to get into the root of these barriers to identify the underlying factors behind each determiner of health and find a permanent solution to the causes. Some of the issues causing limiting the access of care among the population members are complex, and to have them fully resolved, the campaign should focus on such factors separately, for instance, systemic, provider-related, and patient-related barriers to developing suitable interventions for each.
Factors for Poor Physical Health
According to Firth et al. (2019), psychological health and physical health are significantly related; for instance, those with severe mental problems are vulnerable to experiencing a broad range of chronic physical health problems. Co-existing physical and mental problems may reduce the quality of life and result in prolonged sickness with worse health outcomes. People living with mental health problems experience a wide range of physical symptoms that come from both the problem itself and the effect of treatment. Psychological disorders can alter sleep cycles and hormonal balances, while various psychiatric drugs have side effects, including weight gains and irregular heart rhythms that are key risk factors for different chronic physical diseases, therefore exposing this population to serious physical health problems. Moreover, the way individuals experience mental illnesses can increase their risk of developing poor physical health. Mental diseases affect the cognitive and social function and reduce energy levels, which negatively affects health behaviors. The mentally ill are less motivated to take care of their own health and likely to adopt unhealthy sleeping and eating habit, abuse substances, or smoke as a way of responding to symptoms of their mental conditions, therefore leading to poor health outcomes.
According to Daniel et al. (2018), individuals living with mental health problems experience higher poverty and unemployment rates, social isolation, and lack of stable housing. These social determiners of health increase their vulnerability to developing chronic physical problems. For instance, poor people cannot afford healthier food alternatives and often go for the cheaper, unhealthy food options, which expose them to nutritional deficiencies. Additionally, it can be hard to engage in physical activity when living in unsafe housing or neighborhoods due to a lack of income to afford safe housing.
Psychological and physical diseases share various symptoms, including decreased energy levels and food cravings, increasing consumption of food, reducing physical activity, and resulting in weight gains. Such factors enhance the vulnerability of developing chronic physical problems. Excessive eating with reduced physical activity leads to obesity, which is a critical risk factor for many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular, diabetes, cancer, and stroke. Mentally ill people are likely to develop some physical problems, including heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory problems. Firth et al. (2019) reveal that symptoms of most mental illnesses like anxiety and depression are key risk factors for most chronic diseases.
Compared to the general population, individuals with mental disorders, including schizophrenia, are likely to have lifestyle risk factors for mortality and cardiovascular diseases (Daniel et al., 2018). This population is more likely to smoke compared to the general public. Tobacco cost renders most of the mentally ill poorer economically, worsening their physical health outcomes. Depressed people tend to smoke more than the general population, therefore exposing them to different tobacco-related complications, including cancer. Because of an unhealthy lifestyle, people with mental health conditions are likely to have increased intake of fat-rich diets and lower fiber intake compared to the general population.
Psychotropic medication is linked with numerous side effects and physical complications. Antipsychotic medication can particularly induce neurologic effects, such as tardive dyskinesia, endocrinologic effects like galactorrhea, and cardiovascular effects such as lengthening of the QT interval side effects. Although new antipsychotic agents are not toxic, they can worsen physical health outcomes (Daniel et al., 2018). Using such medication increases the vulnerability of mentally ill people for poor physical health status compared to those not taking such medications.
Although the Equally Well recognizes the role of social determinants of health on equal health outcomes for all, the campaign cannot guarantee fair care access to all without extra commitment to solve various underlying social disparities and promote healthy living environments on societal dimensions. Prioritizing factors like employment, education, and safe housing among the mentally ill population can be key to equal health outcomes among populations. The Equally Well campaigns need to be grounded on addressing the identified problems using evidence-based interventions; without that, achieving a recognizable positive change would be difficult.
Nutrition, Exercise-Based Interventions, and Pharmacological Treatments
People living with mental conditions have poor nutrition than those without such conditions, which may contribute to dyslipidemia, obesity, and impaired glucose regulation, increasing the risk for heart diseases. Studies demonstrate that nutrition interventions improve weight management among people living with a mental condition reduce blood glucose levels and waist circumference (Ilyas et al., 2017). Physical exercise among individuals with psychological health diseases like schizophrenia improves their physical fitness, which is associated with a decrease in psychiatric symptoms. However, reduced motivation to participate in physical activity programs makes it hard for mentally ill people to participate in physical activity programs.
Providing people living with mental conditions with lifestyle guidance is key to empowering them to address various challenges associated with the illness to increase their adherence to the right diet and physical activity. The Equally Well campaign should invest in physical exercise interventions, coaching, and educational sessions to enhance the uptake of people living with psychological problems in such programs. Studies suggest that advice on the physical activity programs is not solely enough to encourage more participation, and a more assertive approach is required. Pharmaceutical treatments are necessary to reduce psychological health symptoms among people with mental illnesses. Mental illness symptoms result from chemical imbalances in the brain. The pharmaceutical medication regulates these chemical imbalances and reduces the symptoms or relieves the pain completely.
Conclusively, the Equally Well initiative is critical to improving people’s well-being and physical health with psychological health conditions in Australia. However, the initiative needs to increase its effort to address numerous health determinants that limit care access and result in general health disparity. The initiative should increase its commitment to change the societal perception about the mentally ill and encourage equal treatment in the care setting by addressing provider and associated systemic factors.
References
Brämberg, E. B., Torgerson, J., Kjellström, A. N., Welin, P., & Rusner, M. (2018). Access to primary and specialized somatic health care for persons with severe mental illness: a qualitative study of perceived barriers and facilitators in Swedish health care. BMC family practice, 19(1), 1-11.
Daniel, H., Bornstein, S. S., & Kane, G. C. (2018). Addressing social determinants to improve patient care and promote health equity: an American College of Physicians position paper. Annals of internal medicine, 168(8), 577-578.
Firth, J., Siddiqi, N., Koyanagi, A., Siskind, D., Rosenbaum, S., Galletly, C., … & Stubbs, B. (2019). The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(8), 675-712.
Ilyas, A., Chesney, E., & Patel, R. (2017). Improving life expectancy in people with serious mental illness: should we place more emphasis on primary prevention?. The British journal of psychiatry, 211(4), 194-197.
Kilbourne, A. M., Beck, K., Spaeth‐Rublee, B., Ramanuj, P., O’Brien, R. W., Tomoyasu, N., & Pincus, H. A. (2018). Measuring and improving the quality of mental health care: a global perspective. World psychiatry, 17(1), 30-38.
Lawrence, D., & Kisely, S. (2010). Inequalities in healthcare provision for people with severe mental illness. Journal of psychopharmacology, 24(4_suppl), 61-68.
Roberts, R., Lockett, H., Bagnall, C., Maylea, C., & Hopwood, M. (2018). Improving the physical health of people living with mental illness in Australia and New Zealand. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 26(5), 354-362. | https://samples.freshessays.com/mental-illness-and-physical-health.html |
The Johns Hopkins Adherence Research Center (JHARC), soon to be called the Behavior and Implementation Research Center (BIRCH), is a leader in the design of innovative interventions supporting behavior change to improve health and healthcare delivery. Interventions include: promoting adherence, the measurement and evaluation of adherence within clinical trials, community and stakeholder partnerships, and implementation science. Over the last two decades, faculty have been conducting studies of adherence measurement and promotion interventions. JHARC has received continuous NIH funding for studies related to the measurement of adherence and self management interventions. In addition to investigator-initiated studies, faculty members consult with the pharmaceutical industry, nonprofit organizations, and faculty at other academic institutions. JHARC is an international leader in the development and use of electronic medication monitoring devices. Projects have included a broad age range (preschool to geriatrics) and a wide variety of illnesses (e.g., asthma, cystic fibrosis, CKD, cardiovascular disease, sickle cell disease, and diabetes). Faculty are particularly interested in identifying and addressing behavioral and social determinants associated with health outcomes and health disparities. JHARC values developing community and stakeholder partnerships on projects from research design to implementation and applies implementation science methods to improve healthcare deliver and access.
Research Labs
Consulting Areas of Expertise
- Data Management and Statistical Analyses
- Measurement
- Selection
- Development
- Intervention Development
- Dissemination and Implementation
- Clinical Settings
- Community Settings
Collaborations and Partnerships
- Baltimore City and Baltimore County Head Start Programs
- Baltimore City Health Department
- Boston Children’s Hospital
- Children’s National Medical Center
- The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation
If interested in consultations or collaborations, please visit our Faculty and Staff page for contact information.
Training Program
The JHARC faculty are dedicated to providing training and mentorship in the behavioral and psychosocial aspects of adherence research. Clinical research opportunities are available for trainees at all levels, ranging from undergraduate students through postdoctoral fellows.
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Undergraduate students majoring in psychology, pre-med, and other related fields at local universities can gain foundational research skills through their experiences as part-time research staff on JHARC studies. Previous college students have gained experience with data collection in medical clinics and home visits, have developed research lab organizational skills through data entry and management, and have participated in data analysis and dissemination by serving as a co-author on conference abstracts, presentations, and publications. Mentorship around higher education in the fields of behavioral and public health is available.
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Graduate students in medicine, public health, and psychology can gain advanced skills in clinical research across a variety of JHARC studies. Opportunities are available for clinical graduate students to deliver clinical interventions to children with chronic conditions and their families under the supervision of licensed clinical psychologists. In addition, previous graduate students have taken the lead on quantitative and qualitative data collection and analyses, submitted and presented abstracts at national conferences, and published peer-reviewed manuscripts from existing JHARC datasets. Mentorship around careers in behavioral health sciences and public health is available.
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The JHARC postdoctoral fellowship is a training program for individuals with a PhD in psychology or related medical/behavioral science fields with a primary interest and experience in health psychology or behavioral medicine. The fellowship focuses on research related to behavioral and psychosocial aspects of having and managing a chronic condition in children, adolescents, and young adults. Adherence to pulmonary conditions comprises the majority of research focus within JHARC, although there are also ongoing studies and opportunities for collaborative research in other chronic condition populations. The major fellowship training experiences include data analysis and manuscript publication, grantwriting, and study management. Fellows receive mentorship and support to develop their own research project. Didactic activities include participation in a multidisciplinary journal club and research in progress meetings with fellows in pulmonary medicine, in addition to a menu of medical and behavioral rounds available across the Johns Hopkins University and Hospital campuses. Specific training is provided in clinical trials methodology, advanced statistical analyses, and grantsmanship.
Previous postdoctoral fellows at JHARC have gone on to have successful academic careers. Many previous fellows have obtained independent funding from NIH and are involved in leadership positions within their own institution and on national efforts. Previous fellows are currently on faculty at the following institutions: | https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/pulmonary/research/adherence-research-center/ |
Medication Adherence: Fact or Fictions?
Abdul Kader Mohiuddin*
Alumni, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dhaka University, Bangladesh
Received Date: 17/11/2022; Published Date: 05/12/2022.
*Corresponding author: *Abdul Kader Mohiuddin, Alumni, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dhaka University, Bangladesh
DOI: 10.55920/IJCIMR.2022.03.001122
Abbreviations:
Adverse drug events (ADEs)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
World Health Organization (WHO)
Keywords: Patient compliance, Healthcare denials, Medication adherence, Elderly patient care, Treatment failure
Proper use of medicine or taking medicine in correct order is essential to cure any disease. According to the WHO, lack of adherence to treatment regimens leads to major problems among patients, mostly with chronic illnesses. "Right administration" depends on at least 5 right factors--right patient, right drug, right time, right dose and right route . "Medicines won't work if you don't take it right"--This simple fact is not understood by most people in the world, as a result still more than half of the patients with chronic diseases in the developed world do not take their medicine correctly-says WHO .
Patients with chronic diseases may find it particularly difficult to adhere because they frequently need to take their medications for an extended period of time, sometimes for the remainder of their lives. There are several reasons why patients may find it challenging to adhere to treatment regimens, and CDC estimates that medication non-compliance leads to 30 to 50% of chronic disease treatment failures. Poor adherence may cause treatment outcomes to not be achieved, symptoms to worsen, and one's health to deteriorate .
In the UK, up to 50% of medicines are not taken as intended and 60% of NHS patients failed to receive the right treatment within 18 weeks [4-6]. According to a New Zealand-based Journal medication non-adherence alone accounts for at least 10% of hospitalizations, $300 billion in annual medical costs, and more than 1,25,000 deaths in the US alone . A recent Canadian study found that 30% of patients stop taking their medication before it is instructed, and one in four do not fill their prescription or take less than prescribed . Medication non-adherence contributes more than half of the $500 billion total avoidable costs attributed to suboptimal medicine use globally each year .
A strange similarity can be found in under-developed, developing countries and the so-called developed world in the West or the Middle-East when it comes to not taking medicine properly. More than half of the antibiotics worldwide are sold without a prescription and CDC stated, 30-50% of antibiotics prescribed in hospitals are inappropriate or unnecessary [10, 11]. A recent study published by The Lancet, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, states that nearly 5 million deaths worldwide in 2019 were related to bacterial resistance, which is expected to double by 2050 .
Globally, NSAIDs are responsible for at least 650,000 hospitalizations and 165,000 deaths annually . Overuse of this class of drugs can cause kidney injury, and their side effects can be 3 to 4 times higher in kidney compromised patients . Many studies have reported widespread misuse of these drugs in Dengue, Chikungunya and Covid-19 patients. Especially in Dengue or Covid-19 patients, it is more important to maintain the hydration level of the body than to bring down the fever with the pain killers. In children, the use of excess Paracetamol syrup or suppositories may cause stomach irritation, which hampers digestion and led to vomiting and ended up with hospitalization. Most hospitalizations or ICU admissions among those patients could be prevented, with few exceptions, simply by preventing dehydration at home with saline and fruit juice or simply by drinking more water.
More or less 40% of Covid-19 patients report sleep disturbances–use of Benzodiazepines in Covid-19 patients increases the incidence of delirium, depresses the system in patients with compromised respiratory functions, and contraindicated with some anti-viral medications [15, 16].
Around 300 metric tons of morphine-type painkillers are used worldwide each year, less than 1% of which distributed to low-and-middle income countries, says the American Journal of Public Health . So their misuse and related side effects are also retained by the developed world.
According to a WHO report, only half of patients in developed countries adhere to treatment guidelines for chronic diseases, which is much less in developing countries . Several studies among diabetic patients in South Asian countries have shown that nearly half of patients do not adhere to their prescribed medication and are at risk of acute and long-term complications, resulting in increased hospitalization rates and medical costs [19, 20].
Three-quarters of elderly patients worldwide are unable to adhere to appropriate long-term treatment regimens—due to multiple physical complications and additional medication burden . Elderly patients taking at least 5 medications are at increased risk of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, falls, frailty, disability, and mortality, while ADEs are estimated to be 5% to 28% of acute geriatric medical admissions [22, 23].
A recent study by the American Heart Association revealed that patients with high blood pressure do not follow treatment guidelines because of--(1) suboptimal dosing or prescribing the wrong medication (2) lack of insurance or lack of health care access and (3) patient failure to comply prescribed medication or other lifestyle guidelines .
“Medical costs are barriers to adherence to proper clinical guidelines for long-term diseases in poor countries”-- although discussed in many forums but forgetfulness, confusion about the duration required for medication use and mistrust about the overall efficacy of medication are among the reasons for non-adherence to diabetes management protocols in Middle Eastern countries .
Epilepsy is still seen in most countries of the world as an evil spirit --although two-thirds of patients can become seizure-free with adequate treatment, poor adherence to proper guidelines is a major problem for effective recovery .
Several identified reasons for non-adherence to treatment guidelines for chronic diseases:
- Patient's socio-economic status: low health literacy, lack of family or social support network, unstable living or homelessness, financial insecurity
- Treatment-related: complexity and duration of treatment procedures, frequent changes in medication regimen, lack of immediate results, real or perceived unpleasant side effects, interference with lifestyle
- Health system-related: high treatment costs, limited health system for patient education and follow-up, doctor-patient relationship, patient trust in health care, long waits, lack of patient information materials
- Patient-related: visual-hearing and cognitive impairment, mobility and dexterity, psychological and behavioral factors, perceived risk of disease susceptibility, superstitions and stigmatization by disease, etc.
Finally, it can be said that patients' knowledge and perception of the disease is the main driving force in determining their adherence to the treatment regimen. Health care providers should explore providing more effective health-education to identify patients' attitudes toward disease, trust in medications, psychological stressors, and increase medication adherence.
Acknowledgement
I’m thankful to Khulud Alosaimi, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah for his valuable time to audit my paper and for his thoughtful suggestions. I’m also grateful to seminar library of Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka and BANSDOC Library, Bangladesh for providing me books, journal and newsletters.
Financial Disclosure or Funding: N/A
Conflict of Interest: The author declares that he has no competing interests.
Informed Consent: N/A
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- Barnett NLMedication adherence: where are we now? A UK perspective European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy: Science and Practice 2014;21:181-184. https://doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2013-000373
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- Andrews, Luke. “60% of Patients Waiting 18 Wks for Treatment at Worst-performing Trust.” Mail Online, 7 Mar. 2022, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10577387/60-NHS-patients-waited-18-weeks-treatment-worst-performing-hospital-trust.html.
- Cutler RL, Torres-Robles A, Wiecek E, Drake B, Van der Linden N, Benrimoj SI, Garcia-Cardenas V. Pharmacist-led medication non-adherence intervention: reducing the economic burden placed on the Australian health care system. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2019;13:853-862 https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S191482
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- Furniss D, Barber N, Lyons I, Eliasson L, Blandford A. Unintentional non-adherence: can a spoon full of resilience help the medicine go down? BMJ Qual Saf. 2014 Feb;23(2):95-8. doi: 10.1136/bmjqs-2013-002276.
- Bahta M, Tesfamariam S, Weldemariam DG, Yemane H, Tesfamariam EH, Alem T, Russom M. Dispensing of antibiotics without prescription and associated factors in drug retail outlets of Eritrea: A simulated client method. PLoS One. 2020 Jan 24;15(1):e0228013. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228013.
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- Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022 Feb 12;399(10325):629-655. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0.
- Kasciuškevičiūtė S, Gumbrevičius G, Vendzelytė A, Ščiupokas A, Petrikonis K, Kaduševičius E. Impact of the World Health Organization Pain Treatment Guidelines and the European Medicines Agency Safety Recommendations on Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Use in Lithuania: An Observational Study. Medicina (Kaunas). 2018 May 11;54(2):30. doi: 10.3390/medicina54020030.
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Mental Health Eating Disorder Specialist
- Expired: April 13, 2020. Applications are no longer accepted.
Job DescriptionProvides mental health assessment, diagnosis, treatment and crisis intervention services for adult and/or child members who present themselves from psychiatric evaluation with a broad range of mental health needs. Collaborates with treating physician, psychiatric and allied health professional team to plan and direct each individual members treatment program.Essential Responsibilities: Develops, implements, coordinates, and evaluates clinical treatment programs for the diagnosis, treatment, and/or referral of Health Plan members with acute or chronic mental illness. Participates in staff conferences to select, plan, and evaluate treatment programs.
Provides outpatient psychotherapy to individuals, couples, families and groups. Instructs and counsels patients and their families regarding compliance with prescribed therapeutic regimens and adherence to prescribed medication regimens, within the scope of practice. May administer specialized therapeutic procedures...
as appropriate. Provides appropriate support to member's family. May develop and conducts psychoeducational classes and groups.
Prepares intake summaries, treatment plans, and case summaries and maintains ongoing confidential records. Charts member's treatment and progress in accord with state and NCQA regulations and in keeping with accepted community standards. May be required to participate in the department on-call rotation.
Collaborates with physicians in screening and evaluating patients for psychotropic medications, within the scope of practice. Utilizes resources of public and private agencies and community organizations to meet the needs of the member's treatment. May develop, implements, and evaluates behavioral medicine and health psychology programs in a variety of settings, including primary care.
Provides consultation to other care providers and health educators on matters relating to mental health, health psychology and behavioral medicine. May supervise Post Master's Fellows, Associate Clinical Social Workers, Associate Marriage Family Therapists or Associate Professional Clinical Counselors as needed if supervision course is completed. May provide appropriate support to member's family, including explanation of treatment, instructions in how to support treatment and interventions to increase acceptance of and adherence to treatment, at member's request.
Utilizes resources of public and private agencies and community organizations to meet the needs of the member's treatment to include referral of the member and/or member's family to external resources, as appropriate. Participates in departmental program development, implementation and evaluation. Reports safety concerns to mandated reporting agencies.Qualifications:Basic Qualifications:Education Master's degree in Social Work, Social Welfare from a clinical track, Clinical or Counseling Psychology or related field required from an accredited college or university.License, Certification, Registration Valid Licensed Clinical Social Worker, Licensed Marriage Family Therapist in the State of California or Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor with the State of California approval by the Board of Behavioral Science.
Must have a National Provider Identifier (NPI) or obtain NPI, prior to employment start date.Additional Requirements: Must be familiar with DSM-V as a means of diagnosis. Has experience in assessing, diagnosing and treating a broad range of psychiatric conditions. Excellent interpersonal and communication skills.
Knowledge of social service agencies, state regulations, and professional board standards as is related to member treatment, patient rights, and member/patient confidentiality. May be required to participate in the department on-call rotation. Knowledge of Evidence-Based Practice and psychotherapy research methods. | https://www.ziprecruiter.com/c/Innova-People/Job/Mental-Health-Eating-Disorder-Specialist/-in-San-Francisco,CA?jid=3cc5246514ea998e&lvk=PN7xxIjsACnvMyQ4buVoDw.--Lmgx4QMaZ&tsid=152001402 |
for those with a severe mental illness, stress may contribute to the recurrence or exacerbation of symptoms (see the discussion of the stress/vulnerability/coping competence model in chapter 2). they have to manage a chronic illness that causes impairments in judgment and social functioning while also dealing with the stress and complex demands of parenting. this apathy and amotivation may be misunderstood as a lack of desire to engage in the parenting roles. severe deficits are easily recognized in the form of delusions and problems with forming coherent thoughts. despite the fact that hospitalization is sometimes required to stabilize symptoms and determine the most effective medication regimen, from the patient’s point of view it can be a frightening, dehumanizing experience.
schizophrenia can be a severe mental illness as it impairs important aspects of human emotion and cognition that are vital for living in a complex social setting. therefore reliable, sensitive, and selective analytical methods are required and have a very important role to play in adherence studies of antipsychotic drugs. hiv/aids is also more prevalent among persons with substance abuse and severe mental disorders, further increasing the risk of homelessness in persons with these multiple conditions. these controversial conclusions point to the necessity of further studies to understand the role and mechanisms of h2r in schizophrenia. now, a study aiming to evaluate the effectiveness, safety and tolerability of the treatment with the h3r antagonist pf-03654746 as an add-on therapy for the cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is completed, but the results are not disclosed so far (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: nct01346163).
mental illnesses are disorders that affect a person’s thinking, mood, and/or behavior —and they can range from mild to severe. serious mental illness (smi) is defined as a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder resulting in serious functional impairment, which substantially severe mental illness is often defined by its length of duration and the disability it produces. these illnesses include disorders that produce psychotic, .
it stated u201csevere mental illness is defined through diagnosis, disability, and duration, and includes disorders with psychotic symptoms such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, manic depressive disorder, autism, as well as severe forms of other disorders such as major depression, panic disorder, and obsessive serious mental illness (smi) is defined as someone over the age of 18 who has (or had within the past year) a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder that causes serious functional impairment that substantially interferes with or limits one or more major life activities. a wide range of mental health conditions affect mood, thinking and untreated mental illness can cause severe emotional, behavioral and the phrase “severe mental illness” often refers to persons with psychological problems that are so debilitating that the person’s ability to engage you may need to go to a psychiatric hospital. this could be because your mental illness is severe. or it could be because you are at risk of, .
When you try to get related information on severe mental health, you may look for related areas. mental health severe depression,mental health severe mood swings,severe pms mental health,inpatient severe mental health,severe mental health crisis,severe menopause mental health,mental health severe anxiety,extreme sports mental health,severe acne mental health . | http://www.reporttutor.com/severe-mental-health/ |
Kristin Riekert LabPrincipal Investigator:
Kristin Riekert, Ph.D.
Medicine
Work in the Kristin Riekert Lab focuses on methods for improving health care quality and delive...ry, particularly among underserved and disadvantaged populations. Our research covers a range of important topics, including health beliefs, treatment adherence, doctor-patient communication, self-management interventions, mobile health initiatives, health disparities and patient-reported outcome methodology. We also work with the National Institutes of Health on multiple intervention trials focused on improving adherence and health outcomes in asthma, chronic kidney disease, cystic fibrosis (CF), sickle cell disease and secondhand smoke reduction. view moreResearch Areas: health care quality, treatment adherence, cystic fibrosis, patient-provider relationships, chronic illnesses, health disparities
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Lisa Cooper LabLab WebsitePrincipal Investigator:
Lisa Cooper, M.D., M.P.H.
Medicine
The Lisa Cooper Lab is dedicated to researching patient-centered interventions for improving he...alth outcomes and overcoming racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Our primary focus is on the factors of physician communication skills and cultural competence training, patient shared decision-making and self-management skills training. Recently, we have explored patient-centered depression care for African Americans, tactics for improving patient-physician communication about management of hypertension, and reducing ethnic and social disparities in health. In addition, we are currently researching racial disparities in cardiovascular health outcomes for patients living in Baltimore. view moreResearch Areas: epidemiology, patient-centered health care, patient-provider relationships, hypertension, race, health services research, cultural competence, health disparities
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Michelle Eakin LabPrincipal Investigator:
Michelle Eakin, Ph.D., M.A.
Medicine
The Michelle Eakin Lab conducts research on behavioral science and adherence and asthma outcome...s in inner-city children. Our studies into behavioral science have included exploring the impact of medication adherence on lung health outcomes in patients with cystic fibrosis, disparities in anti-hypertensive medication adherence in adolescents and other key topics. We also investigate methods for improving asthma care and treatment as well as health disparities among various ethnicities, particularly in pediatric patients. view moreResearch Areas: cystic fibrosis, asthma, behavioral medicine, health disparities
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Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery GroupLab WebsitePrincipal Investigator:
Dale Needham, M.D., Ph.D.
Medicine
The Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery Group is focused on understanding and improving... patient outcomes after critical illness and surgery. Research projects include improving long-term outcomes research for acute respiratory distress syndrome/acute respiratory failure (ARDS/ARF) patients; examining the long-term outcomes for acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) patients; and evaluating the effects of lower tidal volume ventilation and other aspects of critical illness and ICU care on the long-term physical and mental health outcomes of ALI/ARDS patients. view moreResearch Areas: critical care medicine, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary medicine, acute lung injury, rehabilitation
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Rosalyn Stewart LabPrincipal Investigator:
Rosalyn Stewart, M.D., M.B.A., M.S. | https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/Research/research_lab_results.html?query=health%20outcomes&pagesize=10&page=1&firstLetter= |
Health Psychology Research Group
We are a thriving, internationally recognised health psychology group specialising in research, training, interdisciplinary work and working to improve public health and healthcare systems.
We lead the University Health and Behaviour Research Programme which is part of the broader Living Well Research Theme. We are committed to interdisciplinary research e.g., working with colleagues in Health Sciences and Sport and the Chief Scientist’s Office Nursing, Midwifery and Applied Health Professionals Research Unit (NMAHP-RU).
Our mission is to develop and apply psychological theory and methods to:
- identify determinants of health behaviours and develop behaviour change interventions (e.g., blood and organ donation, medication adherence, breastfeeding, healthy eating and exercise)
- improve the quality of health-related decision making and patient-professional communication
Our global research spans from pregnancy to older age and explores illnesses such as diabetes, pain, cancer, asthma, and obesity.
We deliver accredited professional training in Health Psychology via our MSc in Health Psychology (Stage 1) and our new Doctoral Training Programme in Health Psychology (Stage 2).
We work closely with patients, healthcare staff and the public to ensure that our research makes a difference to practice in order to improve health and wellbeing.
Examples of our research activities
Health Behavioural Change
Our MAP (motivation, action, prompts) project developed and tested a novel programme to train health professionals delivering diabetes care across Scotland – now being rolled out across health promotion teams.
Multidiscipline collaboration
Professor Ronan O’Carroll is collaborating with researchers and fish farmers in Vietnam. It is anticipated that this work will reduce antibiotic over-use and resistance in farm treated fish and introduce a vaccination programme - see our recent paper published in the journal Antibiotics. This work is funded by an International Development Research Centre Award.
Dr. Pamela Rackow is working with the company Game Doctor (led by Dr Carla Brown; ) to develop a mobile game to educate young people (8-16) on COVID-19. The game will contain 2-3 mini-games on vaccine/drug development and viral transmission, that will improve knowledge in these areas but also empower young people to follow government guidance. This project is funded by Innovate UK.
Facilities
We have a purpose-built health laboratory including a meeting space and four private testing rooms. The laboratory is well equipped with facilities including a treadmill, heart rate monitoring equipment, a weighing station, interview rooms with one-way mirrors and stress induction equipment. We have access to considerable further equipment within the department including a gait mat, mobile EEG and eye-tracker. Equipment is regularly reviewed and updated to meet changing research needs.
We also have access to the University of Stirling’s state of the art sport facilities, which received the UK Sports University of the Year award of the Times and Sunday Times University Guide 2020!
For our work in younger populations, we have access to a unique on-site Kindergarten, which is fully equipped with specific research rooms with one-way screens to allow tasks and observations of children’s play, decision making, and interactions in their familiar environment. See more about the .
Research team
Current staff members
Purva Abhyankar: informed and shared decision making about healthcare options, self-management and behaviour change in long-term conditions, health-services research.
Line Caes: childhood pain experience, parent-child interactions, coping with childhood chronic illnesses.
Elaine Cameron: I am interested in medication behaviours such as treatment adherence and prescribing in long-term conditions, antibiotic stewardship, and global health. I have expertise in evaluating intervention fidelity, and mixed methods and qualitative research.
Rachel Crockett: population level interventions to change health behaviours focussing on physical activity and healthy eating, mobility and healthy ageing, global health and food security.
Sinéad Currie: the application of health psychology into maternity care.
Hannah Durand: shared- and self-management of chronic illness across the lifespan, particularly treatment adherence and pain management.
Wendy Maltinsky: health psychology and behavioural change training as well as research and education in diabetes.
Lesley McGregor: cancer screening, health communication and informed health-related decision making
Ronan O’Carroll: behavioural medicine, organ transplantation, cancer screening, medication adherence.
Gozde Ozakinci (joining in September): I study community-based and citizen-led approaches to physical activity and health promotion. Another line of work I focus on is cancer survivorship and specifically fears of cancer recurrence.
Pamela Rackow: My research is concerned about individuals and their community and how their well-being and health can be improved by applying state of the art intervention strategies.
Vivien Swanson: Psychological wellbeing and models of behaviour change in relation to promoting health behaviours and coping with long-term conditions.
PhD students
Claire Jouanny: My research aims to inform an intervention to raise awareness of early prolapse symptoms and prompt women to seek help sooner.
Jordan Miller: Understanding and overcoming psychological barriers to organ donation.
Ilaria Pina: My research interests involve ageing, movement behaviours and their relationship with health outcomes, particularly physical activity and skeletal muscle changes in older adults.
Emma Scott-Smith: Using visual methodologies to understand identity and communication in persons with long-term chronic pain conditions.
Rebecca Skinner: I am interested in participant centred research especially in chronic conditions.
Hannah Welshman: I am interested in how women and their partners plan their pregnancies and how to optimise health before conception.
Professional doctorate students
Information to come
Honorary members
Stephan Dombrowski: behaviour change interventions, behavioural and weight loss maintenance, health care service use for acute conditions
Lindsay Wilson: Neuropsychology, functional outcome, and quality of life after brain injury
International links
Drs. Vivien Swanson and Wendy Maltinsky travelled to St Helena in 2019 to delivering MAP training for health and social care teams in remote areas.
Dr. Line Caes is working with collaborators in Ireland and Canada, to adjust a Canadian-based peer mentoring programme for adolescents with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis to meet the needs of Irish adolescents. This work is funded by the Irish Health Research Board.
Dr Rachel Crocket is working with colleagues at the South African MRC, and the Universities of Cape Town, Witwatersrand to explore the relation between food insecurity and psychological distress in African Townships. To achieve this, the project aims to analyse data collected from the two socially deprived areas of Cape Town (Khayelitsha) and Johannesburg (Soweto). It is anticipated that increasing our understanding of the impact of food insecurity on psychological outcomes will contribute to the development of effective interventions to tackle food insecurity.
Dr Pamela Rackow is working with colleagues at West Virginia University, USA, to develop and adapt a parent-youth teamwork intervention to improve medication adherence among adolescents with asthma. There is currently no intervention in the UK NHS that facilitates the transfer of self-management responsibilities from parents to adolescents, that also targets peer support. This research project is funded by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC).
Independent researchers
Stirling Psychology offers a vibrant and supportive environment for independent research fellows working on any aspect within our research groups, and we are always keen to welcome new members.
Information for teaching and training
We are uniquely well situated at the intersection of world leading research and evidence-based practice to support researchers and trainees at all stages of professional development. Members of the team continue to be instrumental in driving the development of the profession of health psychology profession in Scotland. Please talk to us if you would like more information.
For instance, Stirling has the largest health psychology team and the longest-running health psychology programme in Scotland. We have supported over 450 students in the first stage of health psychology training.
To hear about our MSc Health Psychology course from the perspective of our students watch the following YouTube video they created as an optional extracurricular activity.
We provide supervision of Stage 2 professional training in Health Psychology via the Professional Doctorate Health Psychology Programme, or via the BPS independent route.
Furthermore, we offer doctorate level supervision for those who already hold their Stage 2 qualification through our Top-up Health Psychology Programme.
If you want to find out more about the possible career opportunities within Health Psychology, the Division of Health Psychology have created a Careers Series.
Beyond the specific Health Psychology courses developed by our team, we are also involved in various other courses, such as
- the Universities of Stirling and Dundee for Clinical Associates in Applied Psychology, funded by NHS Education for Scotland (NES)
- Dr Vivien Swanson is currently Programme Lead for Health Psychology at NES, with overall responsibility for training health professionals in health psychology approaches. NES is the national training body for health professional education in Scotland. | https://www.stir.ac.uk/about/faculties/natural-sciences/our-research/research-groups/health-psychology-research-group/ |
Dr. Ellis is a Professor of Pediatrics and Psychiatry at Wayne State University School of Medicine. She received her doctoral degree in child clinical psychology from Michigan State University in 1993 and completed post-doctoral training at Children’s Hospital of Michigan. Her research interests are in the areas of behavioral interventions, including parenting interventions, to improve adherence to medical regimens in children and adolescents with chronic medical conditions. She has been continuously funded as a principal investigator for the past 15 years with grants from the National Institutes of Health focusing upon developing behavioral interventions to improve health outcomes among low income and minority adolescents.
Dr. Ellis has published over 50 peer reviewed publications and co-authored a text on behavioral assessment methods in youth with chronic conditions. In addition, she serves as the Chair of the Behavioral Institutional Review Board at Wayne State University (WSU). She is the recipient of numerous honors and awards, including WSU SOM Excellence in Teaching and Research awards. | http://missionthrottle.com/bios/deborah-ellis-ph-d/ |
Larry Percy, Gardner Advertising, Co.
ABSTRACT - While the effectiveness of advertising is directly related to a receiver's ability to comprehend its message, too frequently advertising utilizes language which is neither salient nor understandable to the receiver. This paper addresses this problem of advertiser-consumer language compatibility in advertising, and illustrates a method, based upon a qualitative-quantitative research progression, for insuring understandable and meaningful copy in one's advertising.
Martin R. Lautman and Larry Percy (1978) ,"Consumer-Oriented Versus Advertiser-Oriented Language: Comprehensibility and Salience of the Advertising Message", in NA - Advances in Consumer Research Volume 05, eds. Kent Hunt, Ann Abor, MI : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 52-56.
While the effectiveness of advertising is directly related to a receiver's ability to comprehend its message, too frequently advertising utilizes language which is neither salient nor understandable to the receiver. This paper addresses this problem of advertiser-consumer language compatibility in advertising, and illustrates a method, based upon a qualitative-quantitative research progression, for insuring understandable and meaningful copy in one's advertising.
The effectiveness of an advertisement is directly related to the ability of a target audience to comprehend its message. This comprehension is a function of the message being presented in a manner highly compatible in both linguistic structure and semantic content with that commonly experienced and expected by the target audience (Lautman, 1974). In the broadest sense, to the extent the audience must make a series of simplifying "transformations" of the message to understand it, comprehension can be expected to suffer. Various studies have been directed toward these issues. For example, it has been shown that certain sentence structures (Wright, 1969; Olson and Filby, 1972) and various technical wordings (Lautman, Siegel, and Burkett, 1973; Siegel, Lautman, and Burkett, 1974) tend to affect the comprehensibility of a prose message.
The results of these and other psycholinguistic studies directly relate to the issue of advertising comprehensibility. Frequently, an advertiser is concerned that detailed or technical attributes of his product be clearly communicated to consumers. He is apt to select some specific technological superiority and use that "benefit" as the basis for differentiating his product. Or, more commonly, he may wish to include all of the features he perceives to be important, regardless of their inherent meaningfulness or salience to the consumer.
In attempting to execute copy describing these technical features, a copywriter often finds that descriptions and terminology must be included which may have little meaning to the consumer. More often than not, there is a strong tendency to use the advertiser's technical terminology rather than the consumer's language in composing these product descriptions.
A somewhat different scenario with similar results occurs when the advertiser uses terminology which over time has acquired alternative meanings. In the pharmaceutical area, for example, usage of the term "broader spectrum" for an antibiotic can mean either effective against more strains of a single type of bacteria or effective against more types of bacteria. Once again, in order to accurately advertise his product and make clear its advantages the advertiser is faced with understanding how his target audience perceives this frequently used technical term. It is with these concerns in mind that this study is directed towards the problem of advertiser-consumer language compatibility and illustrates a method for insuring understandable and meaningful copy in one's advertising.
Key to this approach is a research strategy based on a qualitative-quantitative progression. Qualitative exploratory work alone, while generally able to develop a consumer language and identify salient attributes, may fail to answer for the advertiser both how best to use the consumer's language in his advertising, as well as how the consumer comprehends and perceives the salience of competitive messages. Exploratory quantitative work, while generally able to deal with these latter two questions effectively, without the benefit of the earlier qualitative exploration runs the dual risk of not identifying the most salient areas to the consumer and not developing an advertising language meaningful to him.
It should be pointed out that this qualitative-quantitative progression should not be viewed in the usual "hypotheses generating-validating" mode frequently assigned the step-wise use of focus groups and subsequent survey work. Rather, each contributes in its own right, with the initial qualitative work generating the parameters of consumer language and the subsequent quantitative exploration comparing those parameters with existing advertiser language.
This distinction is in part discussed by Calder (1976) in describing approaches for evaluating qualitative research goals. His "exploratory" approach follows the typical pattern of using focus groups to generate or select hypotheses which one plans to verify by fielding a large sample survey. A second approach, referred to as "clinical," belies the need for quantitative follow-up and relies on the "clinical" judgment of a specially trained analyst--frequently a psychologist--to reveal the underlying causes of behavior. His third approach closely follows the role of qualitative research as it is considered here within the qualitative-quantitative progression as applied to consumer vs. advertiser language. This Calder terms the "phenomenological" approach.
The phenomenological approach to qualitative research offers a description of how consumers perceive reality in their own terms. Calder points out that the goals of what he calls the phenomenological approach to qualitative marketing research is identical to that of phenomenological sociology as derived from Schutz (1967). For this reason, the phenomenological approach is ideal for describing the role qualitative research must play in the progression being suggested here for the study of consumer-advertiser language compatibility.
The advertiser for the most part, belongs to a social grouping whose perceptions are generally not the same as their target market. Reality to the advertiser is frequently divorced from that of the consumer. This appears to be especially true when the advertised products tend to be more "technologically" oriented (for example, electronics equipment) or when common usage of technical terms among a group of specialists (such as physicians) tends to vary from traditional definitions. Using qualitative research to understand how consumers perceive a product, in their own terms, helps to bridge this social distance between the advertiser and consumer.
Quantitative research, still in an exploratory mode, is then able to juxtapose the consumer developed language from the focus groups with that used by the advertiser in an effort to sort out commonalties and misinterpretations, and provide guidance for those message points, again based upon consumer language, important to a positive buyer response to the advertising.
In an effort to develop a consumer-relevant language for an electronics product, and assess the degree of congruence between the consumer-relevant language and that used by various advertisers in the category in describing product benefits, a two-part research study following the qualitative-quantitative progression outlined above was conducted. A general outline of the study design is shown in Figure 1.
Six focus groups were conducted among men and women owners, and those expressing an interest in owning an electronic product. Three groups were conducted in St. Louis and three in Philadelphia. In addition to the global concern of generating the parameters of consumer language, information was sought concerning awareness of brands in the category, specific evaluations of different product features, situational effects, etc. as they related to consumer conceptualizations of the entire product area.
Follow-up exploratory quantitative work was conducted among 120 male and female respondents in three cities: Pittsburgh, Tampa, and Phoenix. Personal interviews were conducted with a sample selected on an area-wide cluster basis, stratified to insure representation along a broad demographic base. Two basic exercises were conducted: 1) pairwise similarity data and a preference ordering in terms of intention to buy were gathered among selected advertising claims; 2) perceived pairwise belief congruence strength was measured among consumer suggested features along with a preference ordering in terms of importance of the features in a brand.
In the first exercise each subject was asked to provide pairwise similarity data on eight brand appeals currently in use by major category manufacturers by sorting a set of 28 cards, where each card contained one of the n(n-1)/2 pairs of appeals. Subjects were asked to look through all of the cards, placing those cards they felt contained similar appeals into one pile and all those cards they felt contained appeals which were not similar into a second. They were then asked to rank the first pile from the card containing the two most similar appeals, and to rank the cards in the second pile from those containing the two most dissimilar appeals. The order of the second pile was then inverted and added to the first, providing a ranking or all 28 pairs from most to least alike. Following this sort, each subject ranked the appeals in ascending order according to their likelihood of buying a product if all they knew about that particular brand was that it was advertised in the way described on each card.
Next, pairwise belief congruence ratings were collected for each of 28 pairs of salient attributes described in consumer-relevant terms, as identified by consumers in the initial qualitative focus groups (each pair representing one of the n(n-1)/2 pairs of eight attributes). Using a five-point Likert-type belief scale, each respondent was asked whether they thought a typical brand in this category that contained one attribute feature would also contain another.
Finally, considering each attribute individually, they were asked to rank the features from most to least important in terms of their brand choice decision. The eight advertiser-derived appeals and eight consumer-attributes are shown in Table 1.
The date collected in the pairwise similarity rankings of the eight current advertiser-derived appeals were submitted to Kruskal's (1969) M-D-SCAL 5M program for non-metric multidimensional scaling. Solutions were sought in three, two and one dimensions. The rank-order "likelihood-to-buy" data were then imbedded into the solution space via Carroll and Chang's (1967) PREFMAP. Solutions were explored for both Phases III and IV. This joint solution provides a geometric interpretation of the perceived cognitive similarity among existing product appeals as expressed in advertiser language, along with "ideal points" reflecting those appeals most likely to attract consumer interest.
The second exercise provided mean ratings on a five-point Likert-type belief scale for each pair of eight consumer-derived attributes. Rank ordering these means provided a belief proximity measure which was introduced into Kruskal's (1969) M-D-SCAL 5M program, solving for three, two, and one dimensional solutions. The rank order preference data for the eight attributes were then imbedded into the solution space via PREFMAP giving a geometrical representation of the belief congruence associated with the consumer-derived attributes and the salience of those attributes with respect to product preference.
The first step in our qualitative-quantitative progression was to generate an understanding of how consumers talk about specific consumer electronics products. The results of the focus group discussions revealed a set of eight specific product attributes, described in the consumer's own language. In addition, probing of specific technical terms indicated little consumer understanding of what a manufacturer meant when using those terms. These findings provided the necessary consumer input for the exploratory quantitative follow-up, along with a strong indication that the advertiser's language in this category was generally not understood by the consumer.
The next step was to utilize these results, along with a set of advertiser-derived appeals, in an effort to determine the impact of each on general consumer understanding and preference. Utilizing Kruskal's M-D-SCAL 5M to analyze the ri(n-l)/2 pairwise similarities rankings of the eight current advertiser-derived appeals considered provided a usable solution configuration in two dimensions. The results shown in Figure 2 demonstrate a significant amount of perceived discrimination among the various advertiser-derived appeals. It would appear that the executions of the Dependability, Rugged, and Strength appeals, which one might reasonably expect to be quite similar, are in fact perceived as highly dissimilar. While it should be cautioned that other executions of these same appeals could produce different results, it is nonetheless significant that the appeals of these three advertisers, as expressed in their language, were not perceived to have much in common by the consumer.
Figure 3 shows the results of a PREFMAP Phase III solution based on the likelihood to purchase given the advertiser-derived appeals. Those appeals most likely to stimulate consumer interest tend to be the Dependability appeal and the two Nurturant appeals.
In an attempt to judge the extent of belief congruence among the consumer-derived attributes, the beliefs for each of the n(n-1)/2 pairs of attributes were analyzed via Kruskal's M-D-SCAL 5M. The resulting configuration shown in Figure 4 suggests that while consumers believed a product may be rugged, solid state, and have a solid guarantee, a product with these attributes had little in common with a product described by any of the other attributes. A powerful product, for example, was unlikely to be believed easily repaired or foreign made.
Figure 5 shows the results of a PREFMAP Phase III analysis of preference within the belief congruence solution configuration. It shows that while the rugged-solid guarantee features tended to be most preferred among non-owners, single product owners skewed towards powerful, and owners of two or more towards easily repaired.
Perhaps the most interesting overall finding was the extent to which little compatibility seemed to exist between the advertiser-derived appeals and the consumer-derived attributes. Advertisers were not generally addressing consumer wants with consumer language. Only the Dependability appeal appeared to be compatible with the "rugged - solid guarantee - solid state" cluster of consumer-described attributes. The advertiser's version of Rugged and Strength were not perceived as such by the consumer; and the advertiser's interest in Nurturant appeals (and miscellaneous others) did not seem to be reflected in desired consumer attributes.
The technical approach outlined here did not include a direct joint comparison of advertiser appeals and consumer-derived attributes. Two separate analyses were conducted and the results were compared. A more direct approach, and one which is advocated, is to have respondents compare the appeals in terms of the attributes. For example, the appeals might be rank ordered or rated in terms of their perceived offering of each salient attribute. An unfolding analysis might then show how much each attribute is associated with each appeal. Appeals viewed as best in terms of offering positively salient attributes might then be selected. When the observed incompatibilities are not as great as they were here, this direct approach will be a more sensitive test.
While much research has been directed towards pinpointing consumer needs and preferences (for example, Haley, 1968; Sweitzer, 1975) and selecting advertising themes and executions which reflect them (for example, Percy, Lautman, and Kordish, 1976; Smith and Lusch, 1976) little, if any, research has been channeled towards directly studying the advertiser's use of language in the copy of the ads themselves. This study has shown that for at least one technical product marketed to a mass audience, serious communication problems may exist. It was demonstrated that consumers (1) often do not understand the advertiser's use of technical language in promoting the product and (2) do not necessarily interpret advertising appeals designed to promote a particular product benefit or benefits, as was intended, finding the advertiser's language incompatible with their own consumer-oriented needs. The qualitative-quantitative research progression outlined and demonstrated here provides a methodology for identifying and bridging language gaps between the advertiser and consumer, and helping to assure comprehensible advertising appeals describing positively salient product benefits.
It is important to recognize that the results of this study should not be interpreted as suggesting that all technical wording be removed from advertising. Obviously, in the pharmaceutical, industrial and other areas advertising must be technical. What is being recommended, however, is that the advertiser test his use of technical terminology so as to insure that his target market both understands it and views it in the context of his appeal as directed towards promoting positively salient attributes.
Compatibility problems between advertiser and consumer-oriented appeals emanating from language can have various sources. First, particular words may not be generally understood. Second, particular words while generally understood may have multiple meanings and the context in which they are presented may not clearly identify which one is appropriate. Third, certain syntactic structures are more difficult to process and comprehend. Finally, the theme of the advertising may be misinterpreted or missed entirely through problems such as poor copy organization, inappropriate use of examples, unexpected or unusual presentations of the copy, etc. This study dealt only with the first, second, and, to a certain extent, the last of these sources of problems. Research on the third problem, the comprehensibility of various sentence structures, while studied extensively by psycholinguists (see Wright, 1972; Garrod and Trabasso, 1973; Kanouse, 1972; Abelson and Kanouse, 1966), has not often been directly investigated by consumer researchers in terms of identifying prose structures most suitable for advertising communication. The authors have found in an as yet unreported study that variations in sentence structure can have a significant effect on advertising headline believability, suggesting more inquiry into this area by researchers interested in consumer response to communications.
Perhaps the most important conclusion which can be drawn from this study is that advertisers cannot take for granted that a target audience will comprehend and interpret their appeals/language in the manner intended by the agency (Lautman, Percy, and Kordish, in press). In the process of translating advertising objectives into copy, care must be taken that the creative approach should not overwhelm or distort the intended communication. Even when technical terminology is not involved, usage of a consumer-oriented language can be expected to lead to easier comprehensibility of the advertiser's message. Testing that the advertiser's intended message is, in fact, the one being communicated to the target audience is a necessary step in assessing the effectiveness of any advertising copy.
R. P. Abelson and D. E. Kanouse, "Subjective Acceptance of Verbal Generalization," In S. Feldman (Ed.), Cognitive Consistency: Motivational Antecedents and Behavioral Consequents, New York, Academic Press, 1966.
B. J. Calder, "Focus Groups and the Nature of Qualitative Marketing Research," Working Paper No. 76-23, Northwestern University, August, 1976.
J. D. Carroll and J. J. Chang, "Relating Preference Data to Multidimensional Scaling Solutions via a Generalization of Coomb's Unfolding Model," Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murry Hill, N. J., 1967.
S. Garrod and T. Trabasso, "A Dual-Memory Information Processing Interpretation of Sentence Comprehension," Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 155-167.
R. I. Haley, "Benefit Segmentation: A Decision-Oriented Research Tool," 32 (July, 1968), 30-35.
D. E. Kanouse, "Language, Labeling, and Attribution," In E. E. Jones, et al. (Eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior, Morristown, N. J., General Learning Press.
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M. R. Lautman, "Psycholinguistics and Consumer Awareness: The Message is the Medium," Paper presented at the 82nd Annual American Psychological Association Convention, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1974.
M. R. Lautman, L. Percy and G. Kordish, "Developing and Testing Advertising Campaigns Using Multidimensional Scaling Techniques," Journal of Advertising Research (in press).
M. R. Lautman, A. I. Siegel, and R. Burkett, "Effects of Simplification and Multimodal Presentation on the Comprehensibility of Technical Training Materials," Proceedings of the 81st Annual American Psychological Association, 8, 1973, 737-738.
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L. Percy, M. R. Lautman, and G. R. Kordish, "A Non-Metric Approach for Developing and Evaluating Alternative Advertising Strategies," Advances in Consumer Research, IV, 1976, 191-196.
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P. Wright, "Some Observations on How People Answer Questions About Sentences," Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 1972, 188-195. | http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/9400/volumes/v05/NA-05 |
Corporate culture is determined by human behaviors. It reflects the values shared by people who interact with an organization, affects the choices people make and impacts the day-to-day operations of the business process. These influences help companies become aware of the different habits of a variety of people (staff and consumers), enabling them to create a more sustainable and positive culture.
The phrase "this is how we do things around here" is not only a key denominator of behavior, but when applied to employees' daily habits, it reveals how strong or weak a company's culture is. For example, if an anthropologist observes staff rushing through tasks to meet specific deadlines, the workers' main focus (and therefore the company’s) is on speed of production, not necessarily on quality. It could be on quality if the fast processes have ways to reduce errors. But, as you can see, when the focus is on one thing, it might be missing out on other things. Just hang out and watch your own staff go through their day and see what matters to them.
This maybe how they deal with clients as well. What happens inside your company typically is applied outside the company. In fact, you are often proud of how you team is "living the brand."
Here's another example: In 2013, Intel’s in-house anthropologist, Dr. Genevieve Bell, was tasked with determining driver behavior during the company’s collaboration with Jaguar Land Rover. Following Dr. Bell's discovery that drivers use smart devices despite voice-command systems, she advised the two companies to develop a system of car-to-device synchronization when drivers enter their vehicles. Ultimately, this led to a better driving experience for Jaguar drivers, and Intel being hired by Toyota on a similar project shortly thereafter.
These two examples illustrate how behavior patterns provide insight into which habits can benefit a business, and how incorporating positive ones can improve both the workplace environment and the customer experience. Behavior-related insights can also influence other aspects of a business and help owners and executives create the ideal culture in and out of the company.
Interaction is another significant aspect of corporate culture. Based on the foundational work of Bronisław Malinowski in the 1920s, anthropologists still use fieldwork and participation to spend time with employees and customers to determine how people interact with brands. This helps companies reveal the various product traits that people hold in high regard.
Participation also allows experts to uncover the formal and informal rules that govern individual interaction and the common principles that guide higher social structures. A corporate anthropologist will listen in on conversations to observe patterns in communication and language use. This leads to a better understanding of how relationships are formed inside the corporate culture and whether the qualities displayed in real situations align with the company's desired values.
In the early 2000s, Adidas wanted to discover why customers led an active lifestyle despite not participating in sports competitions. They hired the firm ReD Associates, a strategy consulting company, which trained the company’s design team to conduct anthropological research. After spending 24 hours with a number of customers, the Adidas researchers came to the conclusion that 85% of women simply wanted to fit into their "little black dress."
These findings helped Adidas determine the actual relationship people have with their products and how they use them to solve major pain points. By getting in touch with their customers, the company changed their entire outlook on how consumers interact with the brand.
More and more, companies are employing corporate anthropologists to make sense of consumer behavior and decision making. Moreover, anthropologists' observational expertise allows marketers to better align promotional messages with their target audience and increase performance by adapting semantic meaning to improve communication and cross-cultural understanding.
In traditional market research, marketers rely on data — usually numbers and past decisions— to form an opinion about their customers. However, anthropology's holistic approach employs critical methods to understand the whole consumer process, not just the decision.
This approach is widely adopted by global corporations and businesses that have a culturally diverse audience. Such companies use ethnography (a sub-division of anthropology) to help them create advertising that will affect consumer decisions based on culturally-accepted norms and in addition, improve comprehension of the marketing message.
Case in point: In 2015, Coca-Cola wanted to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the soft drink Fanta but in doing so, overlooked a culturally significant reference. The ad explained how Fanta was invented during the Nazi regime in the 1940s, but short-sightedly, Coca-Cola neglected to take into account that the audience would find this reference extremely offensive. What a cultural mistake that was!
Bad advertising like this is a prime example of how cultural ignorance and traditional market research can lead to miscommunication and negatively affect consumer behavior. On the other hand, effective ethnographic observation of consumer behavior, practices and decision-making can produce ads that are not only effective at achieving marketing goals (sales) but that are so culturally insightful as to change social behavior.
An ideal example is the Always #LikeAGirl Super Bowl halftime commercial from 2014, which questions how femininity is perceived in Western Culture. With this ad, Always raised awareness about a burning issue among its target audience (women), specifically, the negative treatment of women and girls. By tapping into women's emotions and inner lives, Always showed women that their company "gets it," while also subtly reinforcing its brand.
Rick Harris: Shouldn't You Want to Delight Patients and Deliver Care?
Ready to Embrace Corporate Anthropology?
Without a doubt, corporate anthropology is here to stay. Every year, more and more companies are reaping the benefits of its tools and methods to aid and improve their market strategies in an increasingly competitive business environment. Corporate anthropology is also driving change in the world at large, and those who don’t embrace it fail to grow and miss key opportunities to move their enterprise forward.
At Simon Associates Management Consultants, we understand how difficult it can be to change. That’s why we've built a team of professionals who specialize in working with businesses that need or want to change. We can help you re-think your business strategy and apply the concepts, methods and tools of corporate anthropology to drive change in your organization.
Contact us today and schedule a meeting to find out how corporate anthropology can help your organization overcome its challenges and adapt to today's changing business environment. To learn all about how we apply anthropology to business, please visit our website. | https://blog.simonassociates.net/innovative-applications-of-corporate-anthropology-in-business |
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